Datasets:

PaulLerner

/

viquae_wikipedia

like 0

{ "end": [ 106, 112, 135, 161, 240, 37, 80, 176, 226, 286, 303, 351, 389, 477, 506, 75, 100, 123, 144, 35, 63, 45, 32, 30, 27, 40, 23, 22, 20, 20, 46 ], "href": [ "Coll%C3%A8ge%20de%20France", "IH%C3%89S", "Ohio%20State%20University", "Vanderbilt%20University", "Conservatoire%20national%20des%20arts%20et%20m%C3%A9tiers", "operator%20algebra", "von%20Neumann%20algebra", "Von%20Neumann%20algebra%23Factors", "Connes%20embedding%20problem", "K-theory", "index%20theory", "Baum%E2%80%93Connes%20conjecture", "cyclic%20homology", "noncommutative%20geometry", "Nicolas%20Bourbaki", "theoretical%20physics", "number%20theory", "differential%20geometry", "particle%20physics", "Fields%20Medal", "Crafoord%20Prize", "Matilde%20Marcolli", "Jean-Pierre%20Changeux", "Bost%E2%80%93Connes%20system", "Cyclic%20homology", "Factor%20%28functional%20analysis%29", "Higgs%20boson", "C%2A-algebra", "M-theory", "Groupoid", "Criticism%20of%20non-standard%20analysis" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 6, 6, 8, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 ], "start": [ 89, 108, 114, 140, 198, 21, 61, 170, 202, 269, 291, 329, 372, 441, 498, 56, 87, 102, 128, 23, 49, 29, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12 ], "text": [ "Collège de France", "IHÉS", "Ohio State University", "Vanderbilt University", "Conservatoire national des arts et métiers", "operator algebra", "von Neumann algebra", "factor", "Connes embedding problem", "operator K-theory", "index theory", "Baum–Connes conjecture", "cyclic cohomology", "noncommutative differential geometry", "Bourbaki", "theoretical physics", "number theory", "differential geometry", "particle physics", "Fields Medal", "Crafoord Prize", "Matilde Marcolli", "Jean-Pierre Changeux", "Bost–Connes system", "Cyclic homology", "Factor (functional analysis)", "Higgs boson", "C*-algebra", "M-theory", "Groupoid", "Criticism of non-standard analysis" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "295691", "14527", "22217", "282250", "434493", "455987", "294185", "294185", "25228957", "246748", "324752", "11774498", "1460172", "295917", "167394", "19594028", "21527", "8625", "23259", "10859", "256390", "29213286", "1798741", "31890842", "1460172", "294185", "20556903", "7184", "20406", "12543", "19172369" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "Collège de France", "Institut des hautes études scientifiques", "Ohio State University", "Vanderbilt University", "Conservatoire national des arts et métiers", "Operator algebra", "Von Neumann algebra", "Von Neumann algebra", "Connes embedding problem", "K-theory", "Atiyah–Singer index theorem", "Baum–Connes conjecture", "Cyclic homology", "Noncommutative geometry", "Nicolas Bourbaki", "Theoretical physics", "Number theory", "Differential geometry", "Particle physics", "Fields Medal", "Crafoord Prize", "Matilde Marcolli", "Jean-Pierre Changeux", "Bost–Connes system", "Cyclic homology", "Von Neumann algebra", "Higgs boson", "C*-algebra", "M-theory", "Groupoid", "Criticism of non-standard analysis" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Alain Connes\n", "Alain Connes (; born 1 April 1947) is a French mathematician, currently Professor at the Collège de France, IHÉS, Ohio State University and Vanderbilt University. He was an Invited Professor at the Conservatoire national des arts et métiers (2000).\n", "Section::::Work.\n", "Alain Connes studies operator algebras. In his early work on von Neumann algebras in the 1970s, he succeeded in obtaining the almost complete classification of injective factors. He also formulated the Connes embedding problem. Following this, he made contributions in operator K-theory and index theory, which culminated in the Baum–Connes conjecture. He also introduced cyclic cohomology in the early 1980s as a first step in the study of noncommutative differential geometry. He was a member of Bourbaki.\n", "Connes has applied his work in areas of mathematics and theoretical physics, including number theory, differential geometry and particle physics.\n", "Section::::Awards and honours.\n", "Connes was awarded the Fields Medal in 1982, the Crafoord Prize in 2001\n", "Section::::Books.\n", "BULLET::::- Alain Connes and Matilde Marcolli, \"Noncommutative Geometry, Quantum Fields and Motives\", Colloquium Publications, American Mathematical Society, 2007, \n", "BULLET::::- Alain Connes, Andre Lichnerowicz, and Marcel Paul Schutzenberger, \"Triangle of Thought\", translated by Jennifer Gage, American Mathematical Society, 2001,\n", "BULLET::::- Jean-Pierre Changeux, and Alain Connes, \"Conversations on Mind, Matter, and Mathematics\", translated by M. B. DeBevoise, Princeton University Press, 1998,\n", "BULLET::::- Alain Connes, \"Noncommutative Geometry\", Academic Press, 1994,\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Bost–Connes system\n", "BULLET::::- Cyclic homology\n", "BULLET::::- Factor (functional analysis)\n", "BULLET::::- Higgs boson\n", "BULLET::::- C*-algebra\n", "BULLET::::- M-theory\n", "BULLET::::- Groupoid\n", "BULLET::::- Criticism of non-standard analysis\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Alain Connes Official Web Site containing downloadable papers, and his book \"Non-commutative geometry\", .\n", "BULLET::::- Alain Connes' Standard Model\n", "BULLET::::- An interview with Alain Connes and a discussion about it\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "French mathematician", "enwikiquote_title": "Alain Connes", "wikidata_id": "Q313590", "wikidata_label": "Alain Connes", "wikipedia_title": "Alain Connes" }

{ "end": [ 36, 205, 313, 690, 30, 53, 306, 337, 100, 176, 219, 250, 349, 392, 416, 493, 41, 82, 92, 132, 89, 130, 155, 177, 399, 101, 128, 45, 73, 43, 32, 25, 37, 20, 37, 37, 35, 32, 26, 42, 32, 44, 31, 31, 37, 22, 23, 30, 24, 32, 38, 34, 35, 29, 34, 27, 30, 20, 31, 29, 26, 23, 32, 30, 26, 33, 32, 35, 32, 30, 28, 36, 26, 23, 17, 24, 23, 27, 31, 35, 25, 73, 87, 136, 22, 23, 29, 21, 28, 25, 33, 26, 27, 26, 27, 25, 26, 23, 19, 31, 30, 24, 22, 25, 27, 33, 18, 39, 17, 20, 33, 24, 29, 26, 25, 36, 32, 27, 29, 29, 31, 34, 36, 32, 34, 22, 26, 30, 29, 27, 53, 30, 22, 27, 29, 30, 26, 38, 34, 24, 20, 36, 32, 39, 28, 29, 32, 31, 29, 29, 37, 48, 27, 30, 27 ], "href": [ "Toronto", "Essanay%20Studios", "East%20Coast%20of%20the%20United%20States", "Motion%20Picture%20Directors%20Association", "Flying%20A%20Studios", "La%20Mesa%2C%20California", "Flying%20A%20Studios", "La%20Mesa%2C%20California", "Mary%20Pickford", "Douglas%20Fairbanks", "Robin%20Hood%20%281922%20film%29", "Gloria%20Swanson", "Phonofilm", "Thomas%20Meighan", "Henri%20de%20la%20Falaise", "The%20Lambs", "sound%20film", "Shirley%20Temple", "Heidi%20%281937%20film%29", "Rebecca%20of%20Sunnybrook%20Farm%20%281938%20film%29", "Victor%20Fleming", "The%20Wizard%20of%20Oz%20%281939%20film%29", "Gone%20with%20the%20Wind%20%28film%29", "Marshall%20Neilan", "Sands%20of%20Iwo%20Jima", "San%20Fernando%20Mission%20Cemetery", "Mission%20Hills%2C%20California", "Hollywood%20Walk%20of%20Fame", "Hollywood%20Boulevard", "Film%20Journal%20International", "The%20Restless%20Spirit", "Back%20to%20Life%20%281913%20film%29", "Bloodhounds%20of%20the%20North", "The%20Lie%20%281914%20film%29", "The%20Honor%20of%20the%20Mounted", "The%20Unwelcome%20Mrs.%20Hatch", "Remember%20Mary%20Magdalen", "Discord%20and%20Harmony", "The%20Embezzler%20%281914%20film%29", "The%20Lamb%2C%20the%20Woman%2C%20the%20Wolf", "The%20End%20of%20the%20Feud", "The%20Tragedy%20of%20Whispering%20Creek", "The%20Unlawful%20Trade", "The%20Forbidden%20Room%20%281914%20film%29", "The%20Hopes%20of%20Blind%20Alley", "Richelieu%20%28film%29", "Wildflower%20%281914%20film%29", "A%20Small%20Town%20Girl", "David%20Harum%20%281915%20film%29", "A%20Girl%20of%20Yesterday", "The%20Pretty%20Sister%20of%20Jose%20%281915%20film%29", "Jordan%20Is%20a%20Hard%20Road", "The%20Habit%20of%20Happiness", "The%20Good%20Bad%20Man", "An%20Innocent%20Magdalene", "The%20Half-Breed%20%281916%20film%29", "Accusing%20Evidence", "Panthea%20%281917%20film%29", "A%20Modern%20Musketeer", "Bound%20in%20Morocco", "Headin%27%20South", "Mr.%20Fix-It%20%281918%20film%29", "He%20Comes%20Up%20Smiling", "Cheating%20Cheaters%20%281919%20film%29", "The%20Dark%20Star%20%281919%20film%29", "Getting%20Mary%20Married", "Soldiers%20of%20Fortune%20%281919%20film%29", "In%20The%20Heart%20of%20a%20Fool", "The%20Forbidden%20Thing", "A%20Splendid%20Hazard%20%281920%29", "A%20Perfect%20Crime", "The%20Sin%20of%20Martha%20Queed", "A%20Broken%20Doll", "Robin%20Hood%20%281922%20film%29", "Zaza%20%281923%20film%29", "Big%20Brother%20%281923%20film%29", "Manhandled%20%281924%20film%29", "Argentine%20Love", "The%20Coast%20of%20Folly", "Night%20Life%20of%20New%20York", "Stage%20Struck%20%281925%20film%29", "Phonofilm", "The%20Lambs", "Metropolitan%20Opera%20House%20%2839th%20Street%29", "Padlocked", "Sea%20Horses", "Summer%20Bachelors", "Tin%20Gods", "French%20Dressing%20%281927%20film%29", "The%20Joy%20Girl", "East%20Side%2C%20West%20Side%20%281927%20film%29", "The%20Big%20Noise%20%281928%20film%29", "Frozen%20Justice", "The%20Iron%20Mask", "Tide%20of%20Empire", "The%20Far%20Call", "What%20a%20Widow%21", "Man%20to%20Man%20%281930%20film%29", "Wicked%20%281931%20film%29", "While%20Paris%20Sleeps%20%281932%20film%29", "Counsel%27s%20Opinion", "Black%20Sheep%20%281935%20film%29", "Navy%20Wife%20%281935%20film%29", "High%20Tension%20%281936%20film%29", "15%20Maiden%20Lane", "One%20Mile%20from%20Heaven", "Heidi%20%281937%20film%29", "Rebecca%20of%20Sunnybrook%20Farm%20%281938%20film%29", "Suez%20%28film%29", "Josette%20%281938%20film%29", "The%20Three%20Musketeers%20%281939%20film%29", "The%20Gorilla%20%281939%20film%29", "Frontier%20Marshal%20%281939%20film%29", "Sailor%27s%20Lady", "Young%20People%20%281940%20film%29", "Trail%20of%20the%20Vigilantes", "Look%20Who%27s%20Laughing", "Rise%20and%20Shine%20%28film%29", "Friendly%20Enemies", "Around%20the%20World%20%281943%20film%29", "Up%20in%20Mabel%27s%20Room%20%281944%20film%29", "Abroad%20with%20Two%20Yanks", "Getting%20Gertie%27s%20Garter", "Brewster%27s%20Millions%20%281945%20film%29", "Rendezvous%20with%20Annie", "Driftwood%20%281947%20film%29", "Calendar%20Girl%20%281947%20film%29", "Northwest%20Outpost", "The%20Inside%20Story%20%28film%29", "Angel%20in%20Exile", "Philip%20Ford%20%28film%20director%29", "Sands%20of%20Iwo%20Jima", "Surrender%20%281950%20film%29", "Belle%20Le%20Grand", "Wild%20Blue%20Yonder%20%28film%29", "I%20Dream%20of%20Jeanie%20%28film%29", "Montana%20Belle", "Woman%20They%20Almost%20Lynched", "Sweethearts%20on%20Parade", "Silver%20Lode%20%281954%20film%29", "Passion%20%281954%20film%29", "Cattle%20Queen%20of%20Montana", "Tennessee%27s%20Partner", "Pearl%20of%20the%20South%20Pacific", "Escape%20to%20Burma", "Slightly%20Scarlet%20%281956%20film%29", "Hold%20Back%20the%20Night%20%28film%29", "The%20Restless%20Breed", "The%20River%27s%20Edge", "Enchanted%20Island%20%28film%29", "Most%20Dangerous%20Man%20Alive", "Canadian%20pioneers%20in%20early%20Hollywood", "Kevin%20Brownlow", "Peter%20Bogdanovich", "Charles%20Foster%20%28writer%29" ], "paragraph_id": [ 3, 4, 4, 4, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 10, 10, 11, 11, 12, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 69, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 138, 140, 141, 142 ], "start": [ 29, 190, 303, 654, 14, 34, 290, 318, 87, 159, 209, 236, 340, 378, 397, 484, 34, 68, 87, 106, 75, 114, 137, 162, 382, 72, 103, 23, 54, 17, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 64, 78, 112, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 42, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 12, 12, 12, 12 ], "text": [ "Toronto", "Essanay Studios", "East Coast", "Motion Picture Directors Association", "Flying A Studios", "La Mesa, California", "Flying A Studios", "La Mesa, California", "Mary Pickford", "Douglas Fairbanks", "Robin Hood", "Gloria Swanson", "Phonofilm", "Thomas Meighan", "Henri de la Falaise", "The Lambs", "talkies", "Shirley Temple", "Heidi", "Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm", "Victor Fleming", "The Wizard of Oz", "Gone With the Wind", "Marshall Neilan", "Sands of Iwo Jima", "San Fernando Mission Cemetery", "Mission Hills, California", "Hollywood Walk of Fame", "Hollywood Boulevard", "Film Journal International", "The Restless Spirit", "Back to Life", "Bloodhounds of the North", "The Lie", "The Honor of the Mounted", "The Unwelcome Mrs. Hatch", "Remember Mary Magdalen", "Discord and Harmony", "The Embezzler", "The Lamb, the Woman, the Wolf", "The End of the Feud", "The Tragedy of Whispering Creek", "The Unlawful Trade", "The Forbidden Room", "The Hopes of Blind Alley", "Richelieu", "Wildflower", "A Small Town Girl", "David Harum", "A Girl of Yesterday", "The Pretty Sister of Jose", "Jordan Is a Hard Road", "The Habit of Happiness", "The Good Bad Man", "An Innocent Magdalene", "The Half-Breed", "Accusing Evidence", "Panthea", "A Modern Musketeer", "Bound in Morocco", "Headin' South", "Mr. Fix-It", "He Comes Up Smiling", "Cheating Cheaters", "The Dark Star", "Getting Mary Married", "Soldiers of Fortune", "In The Heart of a Fool", "The Forbidden Thing", "A Splendid Hazard", "A Perfect Crime", "The Sin of Martha Queed", "A Broken Doll", "Robin Hood", "Zaza", "Big Brother", "Manhandled", "Argentine Love", "The Coast of Folly", "Night Life of New York", "Stage Struck", "Phonofilm", "The Lambs", "Metropolitan Opera House", "Padlocked", "Sea Horses", "Summer Bachelors", "Tin Gods", "French Dressing", "The Joy Girl", "East Side, West Side", "The Big Noise", "Frozen Justice", "The Iron Mask", "Tide of Empire", "The Far Call", "What a Widow!", "Man to Man", "Wicked", "While Paris Sleeps", "Counsel's Opinion", "Black Sheep", "Navy Wife", "High Tension", "15 Maiden Lane", "One Mile from Heaven", "Heidi", "Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm", "Suez", "Josette", "The Three Musketeers", "The Gorilla", "Frontier Marshal", "Sailor's Lady", "Young People", "Trail of the Vigilantes", "Look Who's Laughing", "Rise and Shine", "Friendly Enemies", "Around the World", "Up in Mabel's Room", "Abroad with Two Yanks", "Getting Gertie's Garter", "Brewster's Millions", "Rendezvous with Annie", "Driftwood", "Calendar Girl", "Northwest Outpost", "The Inside Story", "Angel in Exile", "Philip Ford", "Sands of Iwo Jima", "Surrender", "Belle Le Grand", "Wild Blue Yonder", "I Dream of Jeanie", "Montana Belle", "Woman They Almost Lynched", "Sweethearts on Parade", "Silver Lode", "Passion", "Cattle Queen of Montana", "Tennessee's Partner", "Pearl of the South Pacific", "Escape to Burma", "Slightly Scarlet", "Hold Back the Night", "The Restless Breed", "The River's Edge", "Enchanted Island", "Most Dangerous Man Alive", "Canadian pioneers in early Hollywood", "Brownlow, Kevin", "Bogdanovich, Peter", "Foster, Charles" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "64646", "189204", "89126", "1836516", "21599987", "108047", "21599987", "108047", "18823", "29818009", "1089042", "171993", "5614164", "6712860", "1315738", "7603329", "70318", "804602", "10539303", "5227373", "157822", "561315", "2804704", "3264738", "154699", "180426", "108136", "105776", "725872", "12514371", "17877680", "17956170", "17956466", "17956621", "17956857", "44766854", "17956990", "17957118", "18019954", "18019996", "18020061", "18020144", "18020227", "18020281", "18024188", "18037450", "30065780", "18056901", "36320233", "29157958", "29070623", "60494389", "35357088", "32770422", "14850587", "51992815", "18128311", "47572267", "34115178", "32490206", "15022609", "32477039", "33838268", "47864737", "53467415", "57862615", "47017331", "50729497", "61271081", "47016574", "48976792", "60813391", "61273799", "1089042", "33076497", "45286807", "32176706", "42551042", "27163420", "45318972", "27877448", "5614164", "7603329", "23380987", "45334515", "45332009", "38290231", "36562125", "39547008", "25198436", "39704999", "52487222", "34099266", "2376252", "11960580", "36285560", "38480934", "38887936", "24580945", "39900761", "28820585", "47235206", "48285311", "48023607", "9084534", "48049874", "10539303", "5227373", "17050837", "46511578", "28103347", "2109157", "9426146", "9382617", "31982675", "39720692", "26230441", "47161550", "9391540", "43873985", "31982706", "34594150", "39424363", "21388424", "39756119", "44461437", "3673598", "38131545", "48610993", "48619197", "15897806", "154699", "48662315", "48668801", "35786977", "7708618", "22834770", "45537350", "48696179", "2557050", "43926584", "9140961", "472897", "43935124", "37987914", "2381687", "30489874", "25413766", "7571304", "21774220", "53010948", "182797", "2166782", "43855", "3971240" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "Toronto", "Essanay Studios", "East Coast of the United States", "Motion Picture Directors Association", "American Film Manufacturing Company", "La Mesa, California", "American Film Manufacturing Company", "La Mesa, California", "Mary Pickford", "Douglas Fairbanks", "Douglas Fairbanks in Robin Hood", "Gloria Swanson", "Phonofilm", "Thomas Meighan", "Henry de La Falaise", "The Lambs", "Sound film", "Shirley Temple", "Heidi (1937 film)", "Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm (1938 film)", "Victor Fleming", "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)", "Gone with the Wind (film)", "Marshall Neilan", "Sands of Iwo Jima", "San Fernando Mission Cemetery", "Mission Hills, California", "Hollywood Walk of Fame", "Hollywood Boulevard", "Film Journal International", "The Restless Spirit", "Back to Life (1913 film)", "Bloodhounds of the North", "The Lie (1914 film)", "The Honor of the Mounted", "The Unwelcome Mrs. Hatch", "Remember Mary Magdalen", "Discord and Harmony", "The Embezzler (1914 film)", "The Lamb, the Woman, the Wolf", "The End of the Feud", "The Tragedy of Whispering Creek", "The Unlawful Trade", "The Forbidden Room (1914 film)", "The Hopes of Blind Alley", "Richelieu (film)", "Wildflower (1914 film)", "A Small Town Girl", "David Harum (1915 film)", "A Girl of Yesterday", "The Pretty Sister of Jose (1915 film)", "Jordan Is a Hard Road", "The Habit of Happiness", "The Good Bad-Man", "An Innocent Magdalene", "The Half-Breed (1916 film)", "Accusing Evidence", "Panthea (1917 film)", "A Modern Musketeer", "Bound in Morocco", "Headin' South", "Mr. Fix-It", "He Comes Up Smiling", "Cheating Cheaters (1919 film)", "The Dark Star (1919 film)", "Getting Mary Married", "Soldiers of Fortune (1919 film)", "In the Heart of a Fool", "The Forbidden Thing", "A Splendid Hazard", "A Perfect Crime", "The Sin of Martha Queed", "A Broken Doll", "Douglas Fairbanks in Robin Hood", "Zaza (1923 film)", "Big Brother (1923 film)", "Manhandled (1924 film)", "Argentine Love", "The Coast of Folly", "Night Life of New York", "Stage Struck (1925 film)", "Phonofilm", "The Lambs", "Metropolitan Opera House (39th Street)", "Padlocked", "Sea Horses", "Summer Bachelors", "Tin Gods", "French Dressing (1927 film)", "The Joy Girl", "East Side, West Side (1927 film)", "The Big Noise (1928 film)", "Frozen Justice", "The Iron Mask", "Tide of Empire", "The Far Call", "What a Widow!", "Man to Man (1930 film)", "Wicked (1931 film)", "While Paris Sleeps (1932 film)", "Counsel's Opinion", "Black Sheep (1935 film)", "Navy Wife (1935 film)", "High Tension (1936 film)", "15 Maiden Lane", "One Mile from Heaven", "Heidi (1937 film)", "Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm (1938 film)", "Suez (film)", "Josette (1938 film)", "The Three Musketeers (1939 film)", "The Gorilla (1939 film)", "Frontier Marshal (1939 film)", "Sailor's Lady", "Young People (1940 film)", "Trail of the Vigilantes", "Look Who's Laughing", "Rise and Shine (film)", "Friendly Enemies", "Around the World (1943 film)", "Up in Mabel's Room (1944 film)", "Abroad with Two Yanks", "Getting Gertie's Garter", "Brewster's Millions (1945 film)", "Rendezvous with Annie", "Driftwood (1947 film)", "Calendar Girl (1947 film)", "Northwest Outpost", "The Inside Story (film)", "Angel in Exile", "Philip Ford (film director)", "Sands of Iwo Jima", "Surrender (1950 film)", "Belle Le Grand", "The Wild Blue Yonder (1951 film)", "I Dream of Jeanie (film)", "Montana Belle", "Woman They Almost Lynched", "Sweethearts on Parade", "Silver Lode (film)", "Passion (1954 film)", "Cattle Queen of Montana", "Tennessee's Partner", "Pearl of the South Pacific", "Escape to Burma", "Slightly Scarlet (1956 film)", "Hold Back the Night", "The Restless Breed", "The River's Edge", "Enchanted Island (film)", "Most Dangerous Man Alive", "Canadian pioneers in early Hollywood", "Kevin Brownlow", "Peter Bogdanovich", "Charles Foster (writer)" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Allan Dwan\n", "Allan Dwan (3 April 1885 – 28 December 1981) was a pioneering Canadian-born American motion picture director, producer, and screenwriter.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Born Joseph Aloysius Dwan in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Dwan, was the younger son of commercial traveler of woolen clothing Joseph Michael Dwan (1857–1917) and his wife Mary Jane Dwan, née Hunt. The family moved to the United States when he was seven years old on 4 December 1892 by ferry from Windsor to Detroit, according to his naturalization petition of August 1939. His elder brother, Leo Garnet Dwan (1883–1964), became a physician.\n", "Allan Dwan studied engineering at the University of Notre Dame and then worked for a lighting company in Chicago. He had a strong interest in the fledgling motion picture industry, and when Essanay Studios offered him the opportunity to become a scriptwriter, he took the job. At that time, some of the East Coast movie makers began to spend winters in California where the climate allowed them to continue productions requiring warm weather. Soon, a number of movie companies worked there year-round, and in 1911, Dwan began working part-time in Hollywood. While still in New York, in 1917 he was the founding president of the East Coast chapter of the Motion Picture Directors Association.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Dwan operated Flying A Studios in La Mesa, California from August 1911 to July 1912. Flying A was one of the first motion pictures studios in California history. On 12 August 2011, a plaque was unveiled on the Wolff building at Third Avenue and La Mesa Boulevard commemorating Dwan and the Flying A Studios origins in La Mesa, California.\n", "After making a series of westerns and comedies, Dwan directed fellow Canadian-American Mary Pickford in several very successful movies as well as her husband, Douglas Fairbanks, notably in the acclaimed 1922 \"Robin Hood\". Dwan directed Gloria Swanson in eight feature films, and one short film made in the short-lived sound-on-film process Phonofilm. This short, also featuring Thomas Meighan and Henri de la Falaise, was produced as a joke, for the 26 April 1925 \"Lambs' Gambol\" for The Lambs, with the film showing Swanson crashing the all-male club.\n", "Following the introduction of the talkies, Dwan directed child-star Shirley Temple in \"Heidi\" (1937) and \"Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm\" (1938).\n", "Dwan helped launch the career of two other successful Hollywood directors, Victor Fleming, who went on to direct \"The Wizard of Oz\" and \"Gone With the Wind\", and Marshall Neilan, who became an actor, director, writer and producer. Over a long career spanning almost 50 years, Dwan directed 125 motion pictures, some of which were highly acclaimed, such as the 1949 box office hit, \"Sands of Iwo Jima\". He directed his last movie in 1961.\n", "He died in Los Angeles at the age of ninety-six, and is interred in the San Fernando Mission Cemetery, Mission Hills, California.\n", "Dwan has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6263 Hollywood Boulevard.\n", "Daniel Eagan of \"Film Journal International\" described Dwan as one of the early pioneers of cinema, stating that his style \"is so basic as to seem invisible, but he treats his characters with uncommon sympathy and compassion.\"\n", "Section::::Partial filmography as director.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Gold Lust\" (1911)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Picket Guard\" (1913)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Restless Spirit\" (1913)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Back to Life\" (1913)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bloodhounds of the North\" (1913)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Lie\" (1914)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Honor of the Mounted\" (1914)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Unwelcome Mrs. Hatch\" (1914)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Remember Mary Magdalen\" (1914)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Discord and Harmony\" (1914)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Embezzler\" (1914)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Lamb, the Woman, the Wolf\" (1914)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The End of the Feud\" (1914)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Tragedy of Whispering Creek\" (1914)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Unlawful Trade\" (1914)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Forbidden Room\" (1914)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Hopes of Blind Alley\" (1914)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Richelieu\" (1914)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Wildflower\" (1914)\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Small Town Girl\" (1915)\n", "BULLET::::- \"David Harum\" (1915)\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Girl of Yesterday\" (1915)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Pretty Sister of Jose\" (1915)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Jordan Is a Hard Road\" (1915)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Betty of Graystone\" (1916)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Habit of Happiness\" (1916)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Good Bad Man\" (1916)\n", "BULLET::::- \"An Innocent Magdalene\" (1916)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Half-Breed\" (1916)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Manhattan Madness\" (1916)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Accusing Evidence\" (1916)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Panthea\" (1917)\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Modern Musketeer\" (1917)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bound in Morocco\" (1918)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Headin' South\" (1918)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mr. Fix-It\" (1918)\n", "BULLET::::- \"He Comes Up Smiling\" (1918)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cheating Cheaters\" (1919)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Dark Star\" (1919)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Getting Mary Married\" (1919)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Soldiers of Fortune\" (1919)\n", "BULLET::::- \"In The Heart of a Fool\" (1920) also producer\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Forbidden Thing\" (1920) also producer\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Splendid Hazard\" (1920)\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Perfect Crime\" (1921)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Sin of Martha Queed\" (1921)\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Broken Doll\" (1921)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Robin Hood\" (1922)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Zaza\" (1923)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Big Brother\" (1923)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Manhandled\" (1924)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Argentine Love\" (1924)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Coast of Folly\" (1925)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Night Life of New York\" (1925)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Stage Struck\" (1925)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Gloria Swanson Dialogue\" (1925) short film made in Phonofilm for The Lambs annual \"Gambol\" held at Metropolitan Opera House\n", "BULLET::::- \"Padlocked\" (1926)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sea Horses\" (1926)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Summer Bachelors\" (1926)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tin Gods\" (1926)\n", "BULLET::::- \"French Dressing\" (1927)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Joy Girl\" (1927)\n", "BULLET::::- \"East Side, West Side\" (1927)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Big Noise\" (1928)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Frozen Justice\" (1929)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Iron Mask\" (1929)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tide of Empire\" (1929)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Far Call\" (1929)\n", "BULLET::::- \"What a Widow!\" (1930)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Man to Man\" (1930)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Chances\" (1931)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Wicked\" (1931)\n", "BULLET::::- \"While Paris Sleeps\" (1932)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Counsel's Opinion\" (1933)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Black Sheep\" (1935)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Navy Wife\" (1935)\n", "BULLET::::- \"High Tension\" (1936)\n", "BULLET::::- \"15 Maiden Lane\" (1936)\n", "BULLET::::- \"One Mile from Heaven\" (1937)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Heidi\" (1937)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm\" (1938)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Suez\" (1938)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Josette\" (1938)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Three Musketeers\" (1939)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Gorilla\" (1939)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Frontier Marshal\" (1939)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sailor's Lady\" (1940)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Young People\" (1940)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Trail of the Vigilantes\" (1940)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Look Who's Laughing\" (1941) also producer\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rise and Shine\" (1941)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Friendly Enemies\" (1942)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Around the World\" (1943) also producer\n", "BULLET::::- \"Up in Mabel's Room\" (1944)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Abroad with Two Yanks\" (1944)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Getting Gertie's Garter\" (1945) also screenwriter\n", "BULLET::::- \"Brewster's Millions\" (1945)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rendezvous with Annie\" (1946)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Driftwood\" (1947)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Calendar Girl\" (1947)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Northwest Outpost\" (1947) also associate producer\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Inside Story\" (1948)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Angel in Exile\" (1948) (with Philip Ford)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sands of Iwo Jima\" (1949)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Surrender\" (1950)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Belle Le Grand\" (1951)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Wild Blue Yonder\" (1951)\n", "BULLET::::- \"I Dream of Jeanie\" (1952)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Montana Belle\" (1952)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Woman They Almost Lynched\" (1953)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sweethearts on Parade\" (1953)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Silver Lode\" (1954)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Passion\" (1954)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cattle Queen of Montana\" (1954)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tennessee's Partner\" (1955)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Pearl of the South Pacific\" (1955)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Escape to Burma\" (1955)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Slightly Scarlet\" (1956)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hold Back the Night\" (1956)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Restless Breed\" (1957)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The River's Edge\" (1957)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Enchanted Island\" (1958)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Most Dangerous Man Alive\" (1961)\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Canadian pioneers in early Hollywood\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Brownlow, Kevin, \"The Parade's Gone By...\" (1968)\n", "BULLET::::- Bogdanovich, Peter, \"Allan Dwan: The Last Pioneer\" (1971)\n", "BULLET::::- Foster, Charles, \"Stardust and Shadows: Canadians in Early Hollywood\" (2000)\n", "BULLET::::- Lombardi, Frederic, \"Allan Dwan and the Rise and Decline of the Hollywood Studios\" (2013)\n", "Print E-book \n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Allan Dwan profile, virtual-history.com; accessed 16 June 2014\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "film director, film producer, screenwriter", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q959677", "wikidata_label": "Allan Dwan", "wikipedia_title": "Allan Dwan" }

{ "end": [ 77, 128, 196, 227, 269, 320, 388, 492, 578, 585, 91, 100, 155, 44, 94, 133, 142, 209, 328, 88, 102, 257, 288, 409, 469, 561, 407, 441, 607, 629, 85, 97, 21, 42, 64, 120, 233, 258, 334, 369, 574, 830, 848, 869, 924, 934, 1016, 134, 276, 462, 605, 695, 794 ], "href": [ "Franks", "First%20Crusade", "Lord%20of%20Bouillon", "epithet", "Duke%20of%20Lower%20Lorraine", "Siege%20of%20Jerusalem%20%281099%29", "Kingdom%20of%20Jerusalem", "Jesus%20Christ", "Church%20of%20the%20Holy%20Sepulchre", "Latin", "Eustace%20II%2C%20Count%20of%20Boulogne", "Ida%20of%20Lorraine", "Godfrey%20III%2C%20Duke%20of%20Lower%20Lorraine", "Boulogne-sur-Mer", "Baisy", "Walloon%20Brabant", "Belgium", "Godfrey%20the%20Hunchback", "Duchy%20of%20Lower%20Lorraine", "Holy%20Roman%20Empire", "Henry%20IV%2C%20Holy%20Roman%20Emperor", "Bouillon", "Margraviate%20of%20Antwerp", "Pope%20Gregory%20VII", "Investiture%20Controversy", "Rudolf%20of%20Swabia", "Matilda%20of%20Tuscany", "Albert%20III%20of%20Namur", "Waleran%20I%20of%20Limburg", "Arnold%20I%20of%20Chiny", "Eustace%20III", "Baldwin%20I%20of%20Jerusalem", "Pope%20Urban%20II", "Crusade", "Jerusalem", "Byzantine%20Empire", "bishop%20of%20Li%C3%A8ge", "bishop%20of%20Verdun", "Holy%20Land", "Army%20of%20Godfrey%20of%20Bouillon", "Raymond%20IV%2C%20Count%20of%20Toulouse", "Adhemar%20of%20Le%20Puy", "papal%20legate", "bishop%20of%20Le%20Puy", "Bohemond%20I%20of%20Antioch", "Italo-Normans", "Robert%20II%20of%20Flanders", "Adriatic%20Sea", "People%27s%20Crusade", "Rhineland%20massacres", "Charlemagne", "Robert%20the%20Monk", "Solomon%20bar%20Simson%20Chronicle" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11 ], "start": [ 69, 115, 180, 221, 247, 302, 368, 480, 564, 580, 62, 97, 136, 28, 89, 118, 135, 188, 305, 71, 94, 249, 266, 393, 446, 545, 389, 422, 587, 612, 78, 90, 8, 35, 55, 104, 218, 242, 325, 342, 545, 823, 836, 853, 916, 928, 988, 122, 260, 443, 594, 680, 766 ], "text": [ "Frankish", "First Crusade", "Lord of Bouillon", "byname", "Duke of Lower Lorraine", "siege of Jerusalem", "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "Jesus Christ", "Holy Sepulchre", "Latin", "Eustace II, Count of Boulogne", "Ida", "Godfrey the Bearded", "Boulogne-sur-Mer", "Baisy", "Walloon Brabant", "Belgium", "Godfrey the Hunchback", "Duchy of Lower Lorraine", "Holy Roman Empire", "Henry IV", "Bouillon", "Margraviate of Antwerp", "Pope Gregory VII", "Investiture Controversy", "Rudolf of Swabia", "Matilda of Tuscany", "Albert III of Namur", "Waleran I of Limburg", "Arnold I of Chiny", "Eustace", "Baldwin", "Pope Urban II", "Crusade", "Jerusalem", "Byzantine Empire", "bishop of Liège", "bishop of Verdun", "Holy Land", "Army of Godfrey of Bouillon", "Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse", "Adhemar", "papal legate", "bishop of Le Puy", "Bohemond", "Norman", "Robert II, Count of Flanders", "Adriatic Sea", "People's Crusade", "Rhineland massacres", "Charlemagne", "Robert the Monk", "Solomon bar Simson Chronicle" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "2462183", "106128", "3407693", "514444", "6857216", "950767", "16822", "1095706", "7810", "17730", "78823", "14089009", "2331583", "128242", "175373", "80898", "3343", "2331632", "2776799", "13277", "27485413", "176208", "35383692", "37015", "235106", "1626386", "20188", "46399220", "5831679", "49901728", "78826", "144434", "24284", "4412145", "16043", "16972981", "3045454", "5508906", "148545", "53038505", "157667", "1875", "730694", "10591765", "157674", "6278574", "360742", "23275478", "1197020", "1304081", "5314", "5258943", "25500748" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "Franks", "First Crusade", "List of Lords of Bouillon", "Epithet", "List of rulers of Lorraine", "Siege of Jerusalem (1099)", "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "Jesus", "Church of the Holy Sepulchre", "Latin", "Eustace II, Count of Boulogne", "Ida of Lorraine", "Godfrey III, Duke of Lower Lorraine", "Boulogne-sur-Mer", "Genappe", "Walloon Brabant", "Belgium", "Godfrey IV, Duke of Lower Lorraine", "Lower Lorraine", "Holy Roman Empire", "Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor", "Bouillon", "Margraviate of Antwerp", "Pope Gregory VII", "Investiture Controversy", "Rudolf of Rheinfelden", "Matilda of Tuscany", "Albert III, Count of Namur", "Waleran I of Limburg", "Arnold I, Count of Chiny", "Eustace III, Count of Boulogne", "Baldwin I of Jerusalem", "Pope Urban II", "Crusades", "Jerusalem", "Byzantine Empire", "List of bishops and prince-bishops of Liège", "Bishopric of Verdun", "Holy Land", "Army of Godfrey of Bouillon", "Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse", "Adhemar of Le Puy", "Papal legate", "Roman Catholic Diocese of Le Puy-en-Velay", "Bohemond I of Antioch", "Italo-Normans", "Robert II, Count of Flanders", "Adriatic Sea", "People's Crusade", "Rhineland massacres", "Charlemagne", "Historia Hierosolymitana (Robert the Monk)", "Solomon bar Simson Chronicle" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Godfrey of Bouillon\n", "Godfrey of Bouillon (, , , ; 18 September 1060 – 18 July 1100) was a Frankish knight and one of the leaders of the First Crusade from 1096 until its conclusion in 1099. He was the Lord of Bouillon, from which he took his byname, from 1076 and the Duke of Lower Lorraine from 1087. After the successful siege of Jerusalem in 1099, Godfrey became the first ruler of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. He refused the title of King, however, as he believed that the true King of Jerusalem was Jesus Christ, preferring the title of Advocate (i.e., protector or defender) of the Holy Sepulchre (Latin: \"Advocatus Sancti Sepulchri\"). He is also known as the \"Baron of the Holy Sepulchre\" and the \"Crusader King\".\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Godfrey of Bouillon was born around 1060 as the second son of Eustace II, Count of Boulogne, and Ida, daughter of the Lotharingian duke Godfrey the Bearded by his first wife, Doda.\n", "His birthplace was probably Boulogne-sur-Mer, although one 13th-century chronicler cites Baisy, a town in what is now Walloon Brabant, Belgium.\n", "As second son, he had fewer opportunities than his older brother and seemed destined to become just one more minor knight in service to a rich landed nobleman. However his maternal uncle, Godfrey the Hunchback, died childless and named his nephew, Godfrey of Bouillon, as his heir and next in line to his Duchy of Lower Lorraine. This duchy was an important one at the time, serving as a buffer between the kingdom of France and the German lands.\n", "In fact, Lower Lorraine was so important to the German kingdom and the Holy Roman Empire that Henry IV, the German king and future emperor (reigned 1084–1105), decided in 1076 that he would place it in the hands of his own son and give Godfrey only Bouillon and the Margraviate of Antwerp as a test of Godfrey's abilities and loyalty. Godfrey served Henry IV loyally, supporting him even when Pope Gregory VII was battling the German king in the Investiture Controversy. Godfrey fought alongside Henry and his forces against the rival forces of Rudolf of Swabia and also took part in battles in Italy when Henry IV actually took Rome away from the pope.\n", "A major test of Godfrey’s leadership skills was shown in his battles to defend his inheritance against a significant array of enemies. In 1076 he had succeeded as designated heir to the Lotharingian lands of his uncle, Godfrey the Hunchback, and Godfrey was struggling to maintain control over the lands that Henry IV had not taken away from him. Claims were raised by his aunt Margravine Matilda of Tuscany, cousin Count Albert III of Namur, and Count Theoderic of Veluwe. This coalition was joined by Bishop Theoderic of Verdun, and two minor counts attempting to share in the spoils, Waleran I of Limburg and Arnold I of Chiny.\n", "As these enemies tried to take away portions of his land, Godfrey's brothers, Eustace and Baldwin, both came to his aid. Following these long struggles and proving that he was a loyal subject to Henry IV, Godfrey finally won back his duchy of Lower Lorraine in 1087. Still, Godfrey's influence in the German kingdom would have been minimal if it had not been for his major role in the First Crusade.\n", "Section::::First Crusade.\n", "In 1095 Pope Urban II called for a Crusade to liberate Jerusalem from Muslim forces and also to aid the Byzantine Empire which was under Muslim attack. Godfrey took out loans on most of his lands, or sold them, to the bishop of Liège and the bishop of Verdun. With this money he gathered thousands of knights to fight in the Holy Land as the Army of Godfrey of Bouillon. In this he was joined by his older brother, Eustace, and his younger brother, Baldwin, who had no lands in Europe. He was not the only major nobleman to gather such an army. Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse, also known as Raymond of Saint-Gilles, created the largest army. At age 55, Raymond was also the oldest and perhaps the best known of the Crusader nobles. Because of his age and fame, Raymond expected to be the leader of the entire First Crusade. Adhemar, the papal legate and bishop of Le Puy, travelled with him. There was also the fiery Bohemond, a Norman knight from southern Italy, and a fourth group under Robert II, Count of Flanders.\n", "Each of these armies travelled separately: some went southeast across Europe through Hungary and others sailed across the Adriatic Sea from southern Italy. Pope Urban II's call for the crusade had aroused the Catholic populace and spurred antisemitism. In the People's Crusade, beginning in the spring and early summer of 1096, bands of peasants and low-ranking knights set off early for Jerusalem on their own, and persecuted Jews during the Rhineland massacres. Godfrey, along with his two brothers, started in August 1096 at the head of an army from Lorraine (some say 40,000 strong) along \"Charlemagne's road\", as Urban II seems to have called it (according to the chronicler Robert the Monk)—the road to Jerusalem. A Hebrew text known to modern scholars as the Solomon bar Simson Chronicle, which seems to have been written more than 50 years after the events, says apparently of the Duke: \n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Godefroy de Bouillon" ] }, "description": "Medieval Frankish knight", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q76721", "wikidata_label": "Godfrey of Bouillon", "wikipedia_title": "Godfrey of Bouillon" }

{ "end": [ 79, 176, 67, 27, 144, 263, 47, 186, 64, 157, 204, 227, 219, 232, 531, 82, 153, 110, 132, 245, 359, 38, 133, 32, 207, 219, 38, 91, 28, 35, 21, 32, 30 ], "href": [ "philanthropist", "Barnardo%27s", "London%20Hospital", "Dublin", "furrier", "Plymouth%20Brethren", "Hamburg", "Venice", "East%20End%20of%20London", "cholera", "orphanage", "18%20Stepney%20Causeway%2C%20London", "foster%20care", "adoption", "Gordon%20Brown", "Elizabeth%20II%20of%20the%20United%20Kingdom", "Javed%20Khan%20%28executive%29", "underwriter", "Lloyd%27s%20of%20London", "Essex", "Down%20syndrome", "Syrie%20Maugham", "Henry%20Wellcome", "angina%20pectoris", "Barnardo%27s", "Dr%20Barnardo%27s%20Memorial", "Whitechapel%20murders", "Jack%20the%20Ripper", "The%20Likes%20of%20Us", "Charitable%20organization", "Orphanage", "Ragged%20School%20Museum", "List%20of%20Freemasons" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 2, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 9, 9, 9, 9, 10, 10, 13, 15, 15, 18, 18, 18, 18, 19, 19, 21, 21, 21, 26, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32 ], "start": [ 65, 166, 52, 21, 137, 246, 40, 180, 46, 150, 195, 208, 210, 224, 519, 59, 143, 99, 115, 240, 346, 18, 119, 17, 197, 211, 19, 85, 13, 12, 12, 12, 12 ], "text": [ "philanthropist", "Barnardo's", "London Hospital", "Dublin", "furrier", "Plymouth Brethren", "Hamburg", "Venice", "East End of London", "cholera", "orphanage", "18 Stepney Causeway", "fostering", "adoption", "Gordon Brown", "H.M. Queen Elizabeth II", "Javed Khan", "underwriter", "Lloyd's of London", "Essex", "Down syndrome", "Gwendolyn Maud Syrie", "Henry Wellcome", "angina pectoris", "Barnardo's", "memorial", "Whitechapel murders", "Ripper", "The Likes of Us", "Charitable organization", "Orphanage", "Ragged School Museum", "List of Freemasons" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "220050", "615860", "504946", "8504", "2427310", "252299", "13467", "32616", "21221606", "7591", "387703", "5322174", "387721", "38534", "13076", "12153654", "50485752", "927644", "152061", "40100758", "8303", "1580560", "1411863", "65862", "615860", "59817797", "14920919", "6860726", "5849980", "1176679", "387703", "14122742", "1103839" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "Philanthropy", "Barnardo's", "Royal London Hospital", "Dublin", "Fur clothing", "Plymouth Brethren", "Hamburg", "Venice", "East End of London", "Cholera", "Orphanage", "Stepney Causeway", "Foster care", "Adoption", "Gordon Brown", "Elizabeth II", "Javed Khan (executive)", "Underwriting", "Lloyd's of London", "Essex", "Down syndrome", "Syrie Maugham", "Henry Wellcome", "Angina", "Barnardo's", "Dr Barnardo's Memorial", "Whitechapel murders", "Jack the Ripper", "The Likes of Us", "Charitable organization", "Orphanage", "Ragged School Museum", "List of Freemasons" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Thomas John Barnardo\n", "Thomas John Barnardo (4 July 184519 September 1905) was an Irish philanthropist and founder and director of homes for poor children. From the foundation of the first Barnardo's home in 1867 to the date of Barnardo's death, nearly 60,000 children had been taken in.\n", "Although Barnardo never finished his studies at the London Hospital, he used the title of ‘doctor’ and later secured a licentiate.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Barnardo was born in Dublin, Ireland, in 1845. He was the fourth of five children (one died in childbirth) of John Michaelis Barnardo, a furrier who was of Sephardic Jewish descent, and his second wife, Abigail, an Englishwoman and member of the Plymouth Brethren.\n", "In the early 1840s, John emigrated from Hamburg to Dublin, where he established a business; he married twice and fathered seven children. The Barnardo family \"traced its origin to Venice, followed by conversion to the Lutheran Church in the sixteenth century\".\n", "As a young child, Barnardo thought that everything that was not his should belong to him. However, as he grew older, he abandoned this mindset in favour of helping the poor.\n", "Barnardo moved to London in 1866. At that time he was interested in becoming a missionary.\n", "Section::::Philanthropy.\n", "In the 1860s, Barnardo opened a school in the East End of London to care for and educate children of the area left orphaned and destitute by a recent cholera outbreak. In 1870 he founded a boys' orphanage at 18 Stepney Causeway and later opened a girls' home. By the time of his death in 1905, Barnardo's institutions cared for over 8,500 children in 96 locations.\n", "Barnardo's work was carried on by his many supporters under the name \"Dr Barnardo's Homes\". Following societal changes in the mid-20th century, the charity changed its focus from the direct care of children to fostering and adoption, renaming itself \"Dr Barnardo's\". Following the closure of its last traditional orphanage in 1989, it took the still simpler name of \"Barnardo's\".\n", "Section::::Philanthropy.:Controversies.\n", "There was controversy early on with Barnardo's work. Specifically, he was accused of kidnapping children without parents' permission and of falsifying photographs of children to make the distinction between the period before they were rescued by Barnardo's and afterwards seem more dramatic. He openly confessed to the former of these charges, describing it as 'philanthropic abduction' and basing his defence on the idea that the end justified the means. In all, he was taken to court on 88 occasions, largely on the charge of kidnapping. However, being a charismatic speaker and popular figure, he rode through these scandals unscathed. Other charges brought against him included presenting staged images of children for Barnardo's 'before and after' cards and neglecting basic hygiene for the children under his care.\n", "Barnardo's was implicated in the scandal of forced child migration], in which children from poor social backgrounds were taken to the former colonies (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa) by churches and charities, without their parents' consent and even under false claims of death. Although this was a legal scheme, favoured by Government and society, in many cases the children suffered harsh life conditions and many also suffered abuse. This practice went on until the 70's. This merited an apology by PM Gordon Brown in 2010.\n", "Section::::Philanthropy.:The charity today.\n", "The official mascot of Barnardo's is a bear called Barney. H.M. Queen Elizabeth II is the current patron of Barnardo's. Its chief executive is Javed Khan.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Marriage and family.\n", "In June 1873, Barnardo married Sara Louise Elmslie (1842–1944), known as Syrie, the daughter of an underwriter for Lloyd's of London. Syrie shared her husband's interests in evangelism and social work. The couple settled at Mossford Lodge, Essex, where they had seven children, three of whom died in early childhood. Another child, Marjorie, had Down syndrome.\n", "Another daughter, Gwendolyn Maud Syrie (1879–1955), known as Syrie like her mother, was married to wealthy businessman Henry Wellcome, and later to the writer Somerset Maugham, and became a socially prominent London interior designer.\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Death.\n", "Barnardo died of angina pectoris in London on 19 September 1905, and was buried in front of Cairns House, Barkingside, Essex. The house is now the head office of the children's charity he founded, Barnardo's. A memorial stands outside Cairn's House.\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Legacy.\n", "After Barnardo's death, a national memorial was instituted to form a fund of £250,000 to relieve the various institutions of all financial liability and to place the entire work on a permanent basis. William Baker, formerly the chairman of the council, was selected to succeed the founder of the homes as Honorary Director.Thomas Barnardo was the author of 192 books dealing with the charitable work to which he devoted his life.\n", "From the foundation of the homes in 1867 to the date of Barnardo's death, nearly 60,000 children had been taken-in, most being trained and placed out in life. At the time of his death, his charity was caring for over 8,500 children in 96 homes.\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Not a Jack the Ripper suspect.\n", "At the time of the Whitechapel murders, due to the supposed medical expertise of the Ripper, various doctors in the area were suspected. Barnardo was named a possible suspect long after his death. Ripperologist Gary Rowlands theorized that due to Barnardo's lonely childhood he had anger which led him to murder prostitutes. However, there is no evidence that he committed the murders. Critics have also pointed out that his age and appearance did not match any of the descriptions of the Ripper.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Likes of Us\"\n", "BULLET::::- Charitable organization\n", "BULLET::::- Orphanage\n", "BULLET::::- Ragged School Museum\n", "BULLET::::- List of Freemasons\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Attribution\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- British Home Child Group International - research site\n", "BULLET::::- IllustratedPast.com – photographs of a Barnardo orphanage in 1893\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Philanthropist, founder and director of homes for poor children", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q692235", "wikidata_label": "Thomas John Barnardo", "wikipedia_title": "Thomas John Barnardo" }

{ "end": [ 65, 121, 140, 162, 292, 52, 101, 126, 152, 190, 279, 451, 133, 298, 86, 103, 149, 169, 334, 605, 873, 59, 561, 629, 732, 822, 44, 78, 138, 201, 273, 286, 410, 538, 107, 153, 181, 203, 267, 278, 39, 695, 24, 17, 52, 20 ], "href": [ "Principality%20of%20Antioch", "William%20IX%20of%20Aquitaine", "Duke%20of%20Aquitaine", "Philippa%20of%20Toulouse", "Dangereuse%20de%20Chatelherault", "Bohemund%20II%20of%20Antioch", "Regent", "Baldwin%20II%20of%20Jerusalem", "Fulk%20of%20Jerusalem", "Alice%20of%20Antioch", "Constance%20of%20Antioch", "Henry%20I%20of%20England", "Roger%20II%20of%20Sicily", "Ralph%20of%20Domfront", "Byzantine%20Emperor", "John%20II%20Comnenus", "Cilicia", "Leo%20I%20of%20Armenia", "Fiefdom", "Siege%20of%20Shaizar", "citadel", "patriarch", "Manuel%20I%20Comnenus", "Cilicia", "Constantinople", "Greek%20Patriarch%20of%20Antioch", "Louis%20VII%20of%20France", "Eleanor%20of%20Aquitaine", "Second%20Crusade", "Jerusalem", "Aleppo", "Caesarea%20Palaestina", "John%20of%20Salisbury", "William%20of%20Tyre", "Battle%20of%20Inab", "Nur%20ad-Din%20Zangi", "Shirkuh", "Saladin", "Caliph", "Baghdad", "William%20of%20Tyre", "Revue%20de%20l%27orient%20latin", "Bohemund%20III%20of%20Antioch", "Maria%20of%20Antioch", "Manuel%20I%20Komnenos", "Philippa%20of%20Antioch" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 11, 11, 13, 14, 14, 15 ], "start": [ 48, 111, 123, 154, 265, 30, 94, 116, 148, 185, 270, 444, 115, 281, 69, 87, 142, 155, 330, 589, 866, 50, 555, 622, 718, 807, 35, 58, 124, 192, 267, 278, 393, 523, 93, 137, 174, 196, 261, 271, 24, 672, 12, 12, 35, 12 ], "text": [ "Prince of Antioch", "William IX", "Duke of Aquitaine", "Philippa", "Dangereuse de Chatelherault", "Bohemund II of Antioch", "regency", "Baldwin II", "Fulk", "Alice", "Constance", "Henry I", "Roger II of Sicily", "Ralph of Domfront", "Byzantine Emperor", "John II Comnenus", "Cilicia", "Leo of Armenia", "fief", "Siege of Shaizar", "citadel", "patriarch", "Manuel", "Cilicia", "Constantinople", "Greek patriarch", "Louis VII", "Eleanor of Aquitaine", "Second Crusade", "Jerusalem", "Aleppo", "Caesarea", "John of Salisbury", "William of Tyre", "Battle of Inab", "Nur ad-Din Zangi", "Shirkuh", "Saladin", "Caliph", "Baghdad", "William of Tyre", "Revue de l'orient latin", "Bohemond III", "Maria", "Manuel I Komnenos", "Philippa" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "256387", "544552", "176751", "8084427", "29304523", "157680", "35348624", "254731", "157702", "1673395", "531202", "14179", "79075", "40985788", "4016", "74206", "75462", "406314", "145893", "36228232", "6695", "175409", "44833", "75462", "5646", "274890", "48436", "9962", "106130", "16043", "159244", "78831", "153691", "44755", "643258", "254543", "925659", "26983", "804036", "4492", "44755", "13941799", "531250", "1796739", "44833", "27890758" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "Principality of Antioch", "William IX, Duke of Aquitaine", "Duke of Aquitaine", "Philippa, Countess of Toulouse", "Dangereuse de l'Isle Bouchard", "Bohemond II of Antioch", "Regent", "Baldwin II of Jerusalem", "Fulk, King of Jerusalem", "Alice of Antioch", "Constance of Antioch", "Henry I of England", "Roger II of Sicily", "Ralph of Domfront", "List of Byzantine emperors", "John II Komnenos", "Cilicia", "Leo I, King of Armenia", "Fief", "Siege of Shaizar", "Citadel", "Patriarch", "Manuel I Komnenos", "Cilicia", "Constantinople", "List of Greek Orthodox Patriarchs of Antioch", "Louis VII of France", "Eleanor of Aquitaine", "Second Crusade", "Jerusalem", "Aleppo", "Caesarea Maritima", "John of Salisbury", "William of Tyre", "Battle of Inab", "Nur ad-Din (died 1174)", "Shirkuh", "Saladin", "Caliphate", "Baghdad", "William of Tyre", "Revue de l'Orient Latin", "Bohemond III of Antioch", "Maria of Antioch", "Manuel I Komnenos", "Philippa of Antioch" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Raymond of Poitiers\n", "Raymond of Poitiers (c. 1099- 29 June 1149) was Prince of Antioch from 1136 to 1149. He was the younger son of William IX, Duke of Aquitaine and his wife Philippa, Countess of Toulouse, born in the very year that his father the Duke began his infamous liaison with Dangereuse de Chatelherault.\n", "Section::::Assuming control.\n", "Following the death of Prince Bohemund II of Antioch in 1130, the principality came under the regency first of King Baldwin II (1130–31), then King Fulk (1131–35), and finally Princess Alice (1135–36), Bohemond's widow. The reigning princess was Bohemond II's daughter, Constance (born 1127). Against the wishes of Alice, a marriage was arranged for Constance with Raymond, at the time staying in England, which he left only after the death of Henry I on 1 December 1135.\n", "Upon hearing word that Raymond was going to pass through his lands in order to marry the princess of Antioch, King Roger II of Sicily ordered him arrested. By a series of subterfuges, Raymond passed through southern Italy and only arrived at Antioch after 19 April 1136. Patriarch Ralph of Domfront then convinced Alice that Raymond was there to marry her, whereupon she allowed him to enter Antioch (whose loyal garrison had refused him entry) and the patriarch married him to Constance. Alice then left the city, now under the control of Raymond and Ralph.\n", "The first years of their joint rule were spent in conflicts with the Byzantine Emperor John II Comnenus, who had come south partly to recover Cilicia from Leo of Armenia, and to reassert his rights over Antioch. Raymond was forced to pay homage, and even to promise to cede his principality as soon as he was recompensed by a new fief, which John promised to carve out for him in the Muslim territory to the east of Antioch. The expedition of 1138, in which Raymond joined with John, and which was to conquer this territory, proved a failure. The expedition culminated in the unsuccessful Siege of Shaizar. Raymond was not anxious to help the emperor to acquire new territories, when their acquisition only meant for him the loss of Antioch. John Comnenus returned unsuccessful to Constantinople, after demanding from Raymond, without response, the surrender of the citadel of Antioch.\n", "Section::::Struggles.\n", "There followed a struggle between Raymond and the patriarch. Raymond was annoyed by the homage which he had been forced to pay to the patriarch in 1135 and the dubious validity of the patriarch's election offered a handle for opposition. Eventually Raymond triumphed, and the patriarch was deposed (1139). In 1142 John Comnenus returned to the attack, but Raymond refused to recognize or renew his previous submission, and John, though he ravaged the neighborhood of Antioch, was unable to effect anything against him. When, however Raymond demanded from Manuel, who had succeeded John in 1143, the cession of some of the Cilician towns, he found that he had met his match. Manuel forced him to a humiliating visit to Constantinople, during which he renewed his oath of homage and promised to acknowledge a Greek patriarch.\n", "In the last year of Raymond's life Louis VII and his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine (Raymond's niece) visited Antioch during the Second Crusade. Raymond sought to prevent Louis from going south to Jerusalem and to induce him to stay in Antioch and help in the conquest of Aleppo and Caesarea. Raymond was also suspected of having an incestuous affair with his beautiful niece Eleanor. According to John of Salisbury, Louis became suspicious of the attention Raymond lavished on Eleanor, and the long conversations they enjoyed. William of Tyre claims that Raymond seduced Eleanor to get revenge on her husband, who refused to aid him in his wars against the Saracens, and that \"\"contrary to [Eleanor's] royal dignity, she disregarded her marriage vows and was unfaithful to her husband.\"\" Most modern historians dismiss such rumours, however, pointing out the closeness of Raymond and his niece during her early childhood, and the effulgent Aquitainian manner of behaviour. Also, as the pious Louis continued to have relations with his wife, it is doubtful that he believed his charge of incest.\n", "Louis hastily left Antioch and Raymond was balked in his plans. In 1149 he was killed in the Battle of Inab during an expedition against Nur ad-Din Zangi. He was beheaded by Shirkuh, the uncle of Saladin, and his head was placed in a silver box and sent to the Caliph of Baghdad as a gift.\n", "Section::::Personality and family.\n", "Raymond is described by William of Tyre (the main authority for his career) as \"\"a lord of noble descent, of tall and elegant figure, the handsomest of the princes of the earth, a man of charming affability and conversation, open-handed and magnificent beyond measure\"\"; pre-eminent in the use of arms and military experience; \"litteratorum, licet ipse esset, cultor\" (\"although he was himself illiterate, he was a cultivator of literature\" – he caused the \"Chanson des chétifs\" to be composed); a regular churchman and faithful husband; but headstrong, irascible and unreasonable, with too great a passion for gambling (bk. xiv. c. xxi.). For his career see Rey, in the \"Revue de l'orient latin\", vol. iv.\n", "With Constance he had the following children: \n", "BULLET::::- Bohemond III\n", "BULLET::::- Maria, married emperor Manuel I Komnenos\n", "BULLET::::- Philippa\n", "BULLET::::- Baldwin\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Raymond of Antioch" ] }, "description": "Prince of Antioch", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q437271", "wikidata_label": "Raymond of Poitiers", "wikipedia_title": "Raymond of Poitiers" }

{ "end": [ 87, 127, 141, 305, 326, 44, 156, 178, 226, 323, 347, 373, 394, 421, 457, 469, 770, 970, 107 ], "href": [ "bass%20guitar", "Heavy%20metal%20music", "Skid%20Row%20%28American%20band%29", "T.%20Rex%20%28band%29", "Marc%20Bolan", "Toms%20River%2C%20New%20Jersey", "Kiss%20%28band%29", "Ace%20Frehley", "M%C3%B6tley%20Cr%C3%BCe", "the%20Luchagors", "WWE", "Amy%20Dumas", "Atlantic%20Records", "Godspeed%20%28band%29", "Prunella%20Scales%20%28band%29", "Solace%20%28band%29", "Stone%20Sour", "TRUSTcompany", "Rob%20Affuso" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4 ], "start": [ 76, 122, 133, 299, 316, 22, 152, 167, 215, 310, 344, 357, 378, 413, 442, 463, 760, 958, 97 ], "text": [ "bass guitar", "metal", "Skid Row", "T. Rex", "Marc Bolan", "Toms River, New Jersey", "Kiss", "Ace Frehley", "Mötley Crüe", "the Luchagors", "WWE", "Amy \"Lita\" Dumas", "Atlantic Records", "Godspeed", "Prunella Scales", "Solace", "Stone Sour", "TRUSTcompany", "Rob Affuso" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "3916", "13869", "1690020", "23998972", "194398", "29226889", "142238", "142245", "19364", "8053568", "62676", "240731", "59610", "5009910", "1705198", "5413855", "935148", "1054802", "6458460" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "Bass guitar", "Heavy metal music", "Skid Row (American band)", "T. Rex (band)", "Marc Bolan", "Toms River, New Jersey", "Kiss (band)", "Ace Frehley", "Mötley Crüe", "The Luchagors", "WWE", "Lita (wrestler)", "Atlantic Records", "Godspeed (band)", "Prunella Scales (band)", "Solace (band)", "Stone Sour", "Trust Company (band)", "Rob Affuso" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Rachel Bolan\n", "Rachel Bolan (born February 9, 1966), born James Richard Southworth, is the bass guitar player and main songwriter of the metal band Skid Row. His stage name 'Rachel' is a hybrid of his brother's name, Richard, and his grandfather's name, Manuel. 'Bolan' is a tribute to one of his childhood idols, T. Rex frontman, Marc Bolan. He is the youngest of four children.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Bolan, who grew up in Toms River, New Jersey, founded Skid Row in 1986 with guitarist Dave \"The Snake\" Sabo. Bolan has appeared as a vocalist on two of Kiss guitarist Ace Frehley's solo albums and back-up vocals on Mötley Crüe's \"Dr. Feelgood\" album. He has produced numerous bands including Rockets to Ruin , the Luchagors in 2007 with former WWE wrestler Amy \"Lita\" Dumas and Atlantic Records stoner metal band Godspeed. He formed the band Prunella Scales with Solace guitarist Tommy Southard and L. Wood. Prunella Scales released \"Dressing up the Idiot\" on Mutiny Records in 1997. Jack Roberts (guitar) and Ray Kubian (drums), both from the New Jersey-based band Mars Needs Women, joined Prunella Scales for touring. Recently, he played the bass guitar for Stone Sour on the band's new records House of Gold & Bones - Part 1 and House of Gold & Bones – Part 2 as a replacement for the departed bassist Shawn Economaki. He also can be seen playing bass in TRUSTcompany music video for the single \"Heart in My Hands\".\n", "Bolan has another side project called The Quazimotors. He did this project with Skid Row drummer Rob Affuso, Jonathan Callicutt and Evil Jim Wright (guitarist for Spectremen, BigFoot, Road Hawgs).\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "He married longtime girlfriend Donna \"Roxxi\" Feldman on June 10, 1994 but later divorced. He has no children.\n", "He drives racecars in his free time. He competes in high performance go-karts, Legends Cars, Thunder Roadster and Pro-Challenge series cars.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Musician, Song writer/Composer, Producer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1080476", "wikidata_label": "Rachel Bolan", "wikipedia_title": "Rachel Bolan" }

{ "end": [ 65, 93, 111, 138, 165, 196, 236, 290, 345, 354, 363, 376, 383, 403, 411, 437, 449, 462, 473, 483, 678, 73, 92, 116, 252, 262, 315, 416, 445, 574, 582, 37, 122, 148, 169, 231, 272, 338, 384, 399, 552, 569, 29, 52, 83, 112, 132, 151, 184, 311, 443, 490, 508, 94, 106, 162, 185, 239, 326, 533, 107, 157, 517, 677, 724, 738, 815, 839, 882, 977, 1135, 1176, 67, 200, 214, 315, 344, 663, 817, 891, 915, 942, 966, 223, 408, 423, 445, 457, 472, 486, 269, 437, 555, 725, 819, 841, 860, 25, 204, 210, 249, 67, 419, 457, 44, 66, 273, 351, 631, 68, 90, 138, 317, 50, 35, 87, 122, 167, 197, 185, 531, 51, 231, 328, 362, 412, 36, 113, 120, 127, 132, 142, 347, 393, 401, 34, 10, 146, 74, 98, 118, 131, 307, 425, 437, 26, 28, 31, 705, 733, 27, 359, 41, 64, 77, 152, 210, 12, 42, 69, 62, 109, 27, 204, 228, 278, 311, 177, 302, 327, 350, 374, 667, 123, 137, 151, 184, 205, 224, 263, 434, 461, 506, 91, 230, 281, 423, 568, 1015, 1057, 1091, 309, 85, 383, 415, 564, 51, 147, 306, 402, 512, 588, 677, 705, 715, 722, 808, 838, 848, 863, 999, 1111, 1200, 22, 58, 104, 525, 35, 646, 425, 637, 182, 220, 28, 225, 256, 87, 248, 315, 359, 551, 725, 352, 381, 123, 263, 739, 804, 16, 60, 116, 157, 168, 216, 235, 364, 587, 672, 939, 33, 46, 270, 116, 165, 216, 310, 371, 433, 554, 566, 587, 604, 50, 87, 165, 720, 531, 1071, 1103, 186, 221, 232, 265, 419, 451, 1042, 45, 75, 164, 199, 99, 150, 163, 186, 205, 215, 228, 246, 258, 195, 215, 64, 222, 236, 266, 321, 339, 367, 475, 577, 291, 337, 607, 91, 189, 80, 280, 290, 306, 377, 439, 781, 841, 65, 214, 396, 459, 483, 505, 548, 684, 805, 974, 992, 33, 26, 386, 62, 19, 61, 92, 187, 315, 55, 347, 38, 154, 192, 309, 97, 54, 280, 250, 398, 733, 840, 80, 157, 229, 252, 263, 274, 288, 336, 142, 187, 215, 515, 78, 95, 104, 120, 138, 149, 170, 231, 253, 289, 394, 468, 603, 23, 37, 134, 241, 32, 26, 26, 30, 30, 29, 25, 131, 54, 56, 47 ], "href": [ "philosopher", "Classical%20Greece", "Ancient%20Greece", "Lyceum%20%28Classical%29", "Peripatetic%20school", "Aristotelianism", "Plato", "Western%20philosophy", "Physics%20%28Aristotle%29", "biology", "zoology", "metaphysics", "logic", "aesthetics", "Poetics%20%28Aristotle%29", "rhetoric", "psychology", "linguistics", "economics", "politics", "lexicon", "Stagira%20%28ancient%20city%29", "Northern%20Greece", "Nicomachus%20%28father%20of%20Aristotle%29", "Plato%27s%20Academy", "Athens", "Circa", "Philip%20II%20of%20Macedon", "Alexander%20the%20Great", "papyrus", "scrolls", "Aristotelian%20physics", "Late%20Antiquity", "Early%20Middle%20Ages", "Renaissance", "Age%20of%20Enlightenment", "classical%20mechanics", "Aristotle%27s%20biology", "Hectocotylus", "octopus", "Peter%20Abelard", "John%20Buridan", "Judeo-Islamic%20philosophies%20%28800%E2%80%931400%29", "Middle%20Ages", "Christian%20theology", "Neoplatonism", "Early%20Church", "Scholasticism", "Catholic%20Church", "Thomas%20Aquinas", "virtue%20ethics", "Alasdair%20MacIntyre", "Philippa%20Foot", "Stagira%20%28ancient%20city%29", "Chalcidice", "Thessaloniki", "Nicomachus%20%28father%20of%20Aristotle%29", "Amyntas%20III%20of%20Macedon", "Proxenus%20of%20Atarneus", "Macedonia%20%28ancient%20kingdom%29%23Kingship%20and%20the%20royal%20court", "Platonic%20Academy", "Eleusinian%20Mysteries", "Speusippus", "Xenocrates", "Hermias%20of%20Atarneus", "Asia%20Minor", "Theophrastus", "Lesbos", "botany", "Pythias", "Philip%20II%20of%20Macedon", "Alexander%20the%20Great", "Macedon", "Ptolemy%20I%20Soter", "Cassander", "Persia", "Ethnocentricism", "Lyceum%20%28Classical%29", "Herpyllis", "Nicomachus%20%28son%20of%20Aristotle%29", "Suda", "eromenos", "Palaephatus", "treatise", "Physics%20%28Aristotle%29", "Metaphysics%20%28Aristotle%29", "Nicomachean%20Ethics", "Politics%20%28Aristotle%29", "On%20the%20Soul", "Poetics%20%28Aristotle%29", "Hagnothemis", "Eurymedon%20the%20Hierophant", "Chalcis", "Trial%20of%20Socrates", "Antipater", "executor", "Will%20%28law%29", "Prior%20Analytics", "mathematical%20logic", "Immanuel%20Kant", "Critique%20of%20Pure%20Reason", "Syllogism%23Types", "Organon", "Andronicus%20of%20Rhodes", "Substance%20theory", "essence", "hylomorphism", "Material%20substratum", "Genus-differentia%20definition", "Problem%20of%20universals", "ontology", "particular", "phenomena", "Theory%20of%20forms", "Potentiality%20and%20actuality", "Physics%20%28Aristotle%29", "On%20Generation%20and%20Corruption", "Dunamis", "entelecheia", "final%20cause", "Plato", "epistemology", "Theory%20of%20Forms", "Inductive%20reasoning", "Deductive%20reasoning", "A%20priori%20and%20a%20posteriori", "On%20Generation%20and%20Corruption", "Empedocles", "Earth%20%28classical%20element%29", "Water%20%28classical%20element%29", "Air%20%28classical%20element%29", "Fire%20%28classical%20element%29", "Aether%20%28classical%20element%29", "Celestial%20spheres", "friction", "vacuum", "Archimedes", "Archimedes%27%20principle", "Early%20Modern", "John%20Philoponus", "Middle%20Ages", "Galileo%20Galilei", "Carlo%20Rovelli", "Earth", "theory%20of%20impetus", "Material%20cause", "formal%20cause", "efficient%20cause", "developmental%20biology", "physiology", "final%20cause", "adaptation", "optics", "camera%20obscura", "Problems%20%28Aristotle%29", "aperture", "Accident%20%28philosophy%29", "astronomy", "Democritus", "Milky%20Way", "geology", "Uniformitarianism", "Charles%20Lyell", "Nile%20delta", "Homer", "Aeolian%20islands", "volcanic%20eruption", "Lesbos", "History%20of%20Animals", "Generation%20of%20Animals", "Movement%20of%20Animals", "Parts%20of%20Animals", "botany", "catfish", "electric%20ray", "frogfish", "cephalopod", "octopus", "paper%20nautilus", "hectocotylus", "ruminant", "Ovoviviparity", "hound%20shark", "heron", "duck", "Charles%20Darwin", "evolution", "Hybridisation%20%28biology%29", "common%20descent", "speciation", "extinction", "genomics", "biological%20rules", "Life%20expectancy", "gestation%20period", "fecundity", "animal", "scala%20naturae", "viviparity", "plant", "vertebrate", "invertebrate", "mammal", "bird", "reptile", "fish", "crustacea", "mollusc", "bivalve", "gastropod", "placenta", "convergent%20evolution", "teleological", "psychology", "On%20the%20Soul", "soul", "Nous%23Aristotle", "Hylomorphism%23Body%E2%80%93soul%20hylomorphism", "Alcmaeon%20of%20Croton", "stimulus%20%28psychology%29", "common%20sense", "Contiguity%20%28psychology%29", "Laws%20of%20Association", "just%20war%20theory", "natural%20slavery", "freedom", "virtue", "Nicomachean%20Ethics", "De%20Anima", "logos", "eudaimonia", "arete%20%28moral%20virtue%29", "phronesis", "nous", "Politics%20%28Aristotle%29", "polis", "social%20contract", "state%20of%20nature", "Protrepticus%20%28Aristotle%29", "economics", "Politics%20%28Aristotle%29", "property", "trade", "private%20property", "Lionel%20Robbins", "utility", "human%20nature", "money", "silver", "retail", "interest", "profit%20%28economics%29", "ethos", "pathos", "logos", "epideictic", "Forensic%20rhetoric", "Deliberative%20rhetoric", "Proof%20%28truth%29", "enthymeme", "syllogism", "paradeigma", "epic%20poetry", "Dithyramb", "mimesis", "Stephen%20Halliwell%20%28academic%29", "catharsis", "Pythia", "Aesop", "feminist%20metaphysics", "misogyny", "sexism", "Bryan%20Magee", "formal%20logic", "zoology", "Jonathan%20Barnes", "Theophrastus", "Historia%20Plantarum%20%28Theophrastus%29", "carpel", "pericarp", "Peripatetic%20school", "Aristoxenus", "Dicaearchus", "Demetrius%20of%20Phalerum", "Eudemos%20of%20Rhodes", "Harpalus", "Hephaestion", "Mnason%20of%20Phocis", "Nicomachus%20%28son%20of%20Aristotle%29", "Alexandria", "Ptolemaic%20Kingdom", "Herophilos", "vein", "artery", "pulse", "atomism", "Lucretius", "teleology", "natural%20theology", "Ernst%20Mayr", "Stephen%20of%20Alexandria", "John%20Philoponus", "theory%20of%20impetus", "Michael%20of%20Ephesus", "Anna%20Comnena", "Islamic%20theology", "Averroes", "Avicenna", "Alpharabius", "Thomas%20Aquinas", "Alkindus", "Dante%20Alighieri", "Islamic%20philosophy", "medieval", "Boethius", "Gerard%20of%20Cremona", "James%20of%20Venice", "William%20of%20Moerbeke", "Scholasticism", "Summa%20Theologica", "Greek%20language", "Renaissance", "Peter%20Abelard", "John%20Buridan", "Geoffrey%20Chaucer", "The%20tale%20of%20Phyllis%20and%20Aristotle", "Hans%20Baldung", "The%20Divine%20Comedy", "Early%20Modern", "William%20Harvey", "Galileo%20Galilei", "Galen", "circulation%20of%20the%20blood", "Friedrich%20Nietzsche", "Martin%20Heidegger", "George%20Boole", "Boolean%20algebra", "The%20Laws%20of%20Thought", "Validity%20%28logic%29", "Bertrand%20Russell", "Eduard%20Jan%20Dijksterhuis", "Peter%20Medawar", "Ayn%20Rand", "Alasdair%20MacIntyre", "Alexander%20%282004%20film%29", "Cinema%20of%20the%20United%20States", "Armand%20Marie%20Leroi", "Tinbergen%27s%20four%20questions", "animal%20behaviour", "function%20%28biology%29", "phylogeny", "mechanism%20%28biology%29", "ontogeny", "Immanuel%20Bekker", "exoteric", "esoteric", "Lyceum%20%28Classical%29", "Cicero", "Lucas%20Cranach%20the%20Elder", "Justus%20van%20Gent", "Raphael", "Paolo%20Veronese", "Jusepe%20de%20Ribera", "Rembrandt", "Francesco%20Hayez", "fresco", "The%20School%20of%20Athens", "Apostolic%20Palace", "vanishing%20point", "Aristotle%20with%20a%20Bust%20of%20Homer", "Jonathan%20Jones%20%28journalist%29", "Aristotle%20Mountains", "Antarctica", "Meteorology%20%28Aristotle%29", "Aristoteles%20%28crater%29", "Aristotelian%20Society", "Conimbricenses", "J.%20L.%20Ackrill", "Myles%20Burnyeat", "Eugene%20Gendlin", "Terence%20Irwin", "Alberto%20Jori", "International%20Academy%20of%20the%20History%20of%20Science", "Internet%20Encyclopedia%20of%20Philosophy", "Stanford%20Encyclopedia%20of%20Philosophy", "Tufts%20University" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 14, 14, 14, 14, 16, 16, 16, 27, 27, 27, 27, 27, 29, 29, 29, 29, 30, 32, 32, 32, 36, 36, 37, 37, 39, 39, 39, 39, 39, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 46, 50, 51, 51, 52, 52, 52, 52, 52, 52, 53, 56, 57, 58, 58, 58, 59, 59, 61, 61, 61, 61, 63, 65, 65, 65, 67, 67, 68, 68, 68, 68, 68, 71, 71, 71, 71, 71, 71, 72, 72, 72, 72, 72, 72, 72, 72, 72, 72, 73, 73, 73, 73, 73, 73, 73, 73, 76, 77, 77, 77, 77, 79, 79, 79, 79, 79, 79, 79, 79, 79, 79, 79, 79, 79, 79, 79, 79, 79, 82, 82, 82, 82, 83, 83, 85, 85, 88, 88, 96, 96, 96, 97, 99, 100, 100, 100, 100, 101, 101, 103, 104, 104, 104, 105, 107, 107, 107, 107, 107, 107, 107, 107, 107, 107, 108, 108, 108, 111, 111, 111, 111, 111, 111, 111, 111, 111, 111, 112, 112, 112, 112, 113, 113, 113, 115, 115, 115, 117, 117, 117, 117, 119, 119, 119, 119, 122, 122, 122, 122, 122, 122, 122, 122, 122, 124, 124, 125, 125, 125, 125, 125, 125, 125, 125, 125, 127, 127, 127, 128, 128, 130, 130, 130, 130, 130, 130, 130, 130, 132, 132, 132, 132, 132, 132, 132, 132, 132, 132, 132, 133, 134, 134, 135, 137, 137, 137, 137, 137, 139, 139, 140, 140, 140, 140, 142, 144, 144, 145, 145, 145, 145, 146, 146, 146, 146, 146, 146, 146, 149, 151, 151, 151, 151, 154, 154, 154, 154, 154, 154, 154, 154, 154, 154, 154, 154, 154, 156, 156, 156, 156, 158, 159, 162, 166, 170, 174, 175, 175, 187, 188, 191 ], "start": [ 54, 77, 97, 132, 147, 184, 231, 272, 338, 347, 356, 365, 378, 393, 405, 429, 439, 451, 464, 475, 671, 66, 77, 106, 237, 256, 313, 396, 426, 567, 575, 21, 108, 131, 158, 214, 253, 327, 355, 392, 539, 557, 14, 41, 65, 100, 120, 141, 169, 297, 430, 472, 495, 87, 96, 150, 175, 216, 306, 514, 92, 137, 507, 667, 705, 728, 803, 833, 876, 970, 1115, 1167, 60, 193, 205, 309, 332, 657, 808, 881, 911, 934, 945, 215, 401, 412, 427, 449, 461, 479, 255, 413, 537, 694, 810, 833, 856, 10, 186, 206, 226, 49, 412, 437, 35, 59, 261, 341, 620, 59, 82, 128, 308, 36, 28, 80, 94, 160, 186, 174, 526, 39, 226, 319, 353, 404, 8, 103, 115, 122, 129, 138, 341, 377, 393, 28, 0, 125, 62, 83, 107, 124, 294, 420, 420, 12, 16, 16, 677, 711, 16, 349, 35, 50, 69, 144, 193, 3, 32, 60, 52, 92, 14, 194, 223, 263, 294, 171, 284, 306, 331, 358, 661, 116, 125, 143, 174, 198, 210, 249, 426, 448, 495, 86, 226, 275, 414, 554, 1000, 1038, 1084, 301, 80, 375, 399, 555, 45, 134, 296, 397, 502, 576, 671, 701, 708, 718, 801, 831, 841, 854, 991, 1091, 1188, 12, 47, 100, 521, 31, 638, 418, 625, 172, 201, 13, 210, 249, 81, 230, 309, 354, 541, 720, 343, 377, 115, 258, 724, 789, 4, 44, 108, 149, 163, 200, 221, 357, 575, 667, 933, 27, 38, 264, 111, 159, 211, 300, 363, 421, 548, 557, 578, 594, 39, 69, 158, 703, 522, 1057, 1098, 166, 213, 226, 254, 407, 444, 1027, 33, 58, 158, 191, 81, 139, 152, 165, 188, 207, 217, 230, 248, 185, 206, 41, 218, 228, 261, 313, 330, 355, 459, 567, 270, 322, 590, 73, 177, 64, 272, 282, 295, 363, 431, 776, 823, 57, 206, 379, 444, 464, 495, 532, 679, 794, 961, 980, 26, 2, 374, 45, 7, 47, 77, 182, 291, 36, 331, 26, 139, 173, 301, 81, 31, 267, 242, 380, 724, 831, 62, 126, 213, 244, 254, 265, 280, 321, 134, 179, 209, 509, 55, 80, 97, 106, 122, 140, 155, 225, 233, 263, 379, 438, 589, 4, 27, 123, 230, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 84, 19, 21, 31 ], "text": [ "philosopher", "Classical period", "Ancient Greece", "Lyceum", "Peripatetic school", "Aristotelian", "Plato", "Western Philosophy", "physics", "biology", "zoology", "metaphysics", "logic", "aesthetics", "poetry", "rhetoric", "psychology", "linguistics", "economics", "politics", "lexicon", "Stagira", "Northern Greece", "Nicomachus", "Plato's Academy", "Athens", "c.", "Philip II of Macedon", "Alexander the Great", "papyrus", "scrolls", "physical science", "Late Antiquity", "Early Middle Ages", "Renaissance", "the Enlightenment", "classical mechanics", "his biology", "hectocotyl (reproductive) arm", "octopus", "Peter Abelard", "John Buridan", "Islamic thought", "Middle Ages", "Christian theology", "Neoplatonism", "Early Church", "scholastic", "Catholic Church", "Thomas Aquinas", "virtue ethics", "Alasdair MacIntyre", "Philippa Foot", "Stagira", "Chalcidice", "Thessaloniki", "Nicomachus", "King Amyntas of Macedon", "Proxenus of Atarneus", "Macedonian monarchy", "Plato's Academy", "Eleusinian Mysteries", "Speusippus", "Xenocrates", "Hermias of Atarneus", "Asia Minor", "Theophrastus", "Lesbos", "botany", "Pythias", "Philip II of Macedon", "Alexander", "Macedon", "Ptolemy", "Cassander", "Persia", "ethnocentric", "Lyceum", "Herpyllis", "Nicomachus", "Suda", "erômenos", "Palaephatus of Abydus", "treatise", "Physics", "Metaphysics", "Nicomachean Ethics", "Politics", "On the Soul", "Poetics", "unlikely claim", "Eurymedon the Hierophant", "Chalcis, on Euboea", "trial and execution of Socrates", "Antipater", "executor", "will", "Prior Analytics", "mathematical logic", "Kant", "Critique of Pure Reason", "types of syllogism", "Organon", "Andronicus of Rhodes", "substance", "essence", "hylomorphism", "substratum", "differentia", "universal", "ontology", "particular", "phenomena", "universal form", "kinesis", "Physics", "On Generation and Corruption", "dynamis", "entelecheia", "final cause", "Plato", "epistemology", "Forms", "induction", "deduction", "a priori", "On Generation and Corruption", "Empedocles", "Earth", "Water", "Air", "Fire", "Aether", "heavenly spheres", "friction", "vacuum", "Archimedes", "displace enough water", "Early Modern", "John Philoponus", "Middle Ages", "Galileo", "Carlo Rovelli", "Earth", "theory of impetus", "Material cause", "formal cause", "efficient cause", "how it develops from the egg", "how its body functions", "final cause", "adaptation", "optics", "camera obscura", "Problems", "aperture", "accidental things", "astronomy", "Democritus", "Milky Way", "geological", "geological change", "Charles Lyell", "Nile delta", "Homer", "Aeolian islands", "volcanic eruption", "Lesbos", "History of Animals", "Generation of Animals", "Movement of Animals", "Parts of Animals", "botany", "catfish", "electric ray", "frogfish", "cephalopod", "octopus", "paper nautilus", "hectocotyl arm", "ruminant", "ovoviviparous", "hound shark", "heron", "duck", "Darwin", "evolution", "hybridisations", "common ancestor", "change into another", "extinct", "genomics", "rules", "Lifespan", "gestation period", "fecundity", "animal", "scala naturae", "live birth", "plant", "vertebrate", "invertebrate", "mammal", "bird", "reptile", "fish", "shelled", "mollusc", "bivalve", "gastropod", "placenta", "convergent evolution", "teleological", "psychology", "On the Soul", "soul", "nous", "form", "Alcmaeon", "stimuli", "common sense", "contiguity", "Laws of Association", "just war theory", "natural slavery", "freedom", "virtue", "Nicomachean Ethics", "psuchē", "logos", "eudaimonia", "aretē", "phronesis", "nous", "Politics", "polis", "social contract", "state of nature", "Protrepticus", "economic thought", "Politics", "property", "trade", "private property", "Lionel Robbins", "utility", "human nature", "money", "silver", "retail", "interest", "profit", "ethos", "pathos", "logos", "epideictic", "forensic", "deliberative", "proofs", "enthymeme", "syllogism", "paradeigma", "epic poetry", "dithyrambic poetry", "mimesis", "Stephen Halliwell", "catharsis", "Delphic Oracle", "Aesop", "feminist metaphysics", "misogyny", "sexism", "Bryan Magee", "formal logic", "zoology", "Jonathan Barnes", "Theophrastus", "History of Plants", "carpel", "pericarp", "Peripatetic school", "Aristoxenus", "Dicaearchus", "Demetrius of Phalerum", "Eudemos of Rhodes", "Harpalus", "Hephaestion", "Mnason of Phocis", "Nicomachus", "Alexandria", "Ptolemies", "Herophilus of Chalcedon", "vein", "arteries", "pulse", "atomists", "Lucretius", "teleological", "natural theology", "Ernst Mayr", "Stephen of Alexandria", "John Philoponus", "theory of impetus", "Michael of Ephesus", "Anna Comnena", "Islamic theology", "Averroes", "Avicenna", "Alpharabius", "Thomas Aquinas", "Alkindus", "Dante", "Islamic philosophy", "medieval", "Boethius", "Gerard of Cremona", "James of Venice", "William of Moerbeke", "Scholastic", "Summa Theologica", "Greek", "Renaissance", "Peter Abelard", "John Buridan", "Chaucer", "cautionary medieval tale", "Hans Baldung", "The Divine Comedy", "Early Modern", "William Harvey", "Galileo Galilei", "Galen", "circulation of the blood", "Friedrich Nietzsche", "Martin Heidegger", "George Boole", "algebraic logic", "The Laws of Thought", "validity", "Bertrand Russell", "Eduard Jan Dijksterhuis", "Peter Medawar", "Ayn Rand", "Alasdair MacIntyre", "Alexander", "Hollywood", "Armand Marie Leroi", "Niko Tinbergen's four questions", "animal behaviour", "function", "phylogeny", "mechanism", "ontogeny", "Immanuel Bekker", "exoteric", "esoteric", "Lyceum", "Cicero", "Lucas Cranach the Elder", "Justus van Gent", "Raphael", "Paolo Veronese", "Jusepe de Ribera", "Rembrandt", "Francesco Hayez", "fresco", "The School of Athens", "Vatican's Apostolic Palace", "vanishing point", "Aristotle with a Bust of Homer", "Jonathan Jones", "Aristotle Mountains", "Antarctica", "Meteorology", "Aristoteles", "Aristotelian Society", "Conimbricenses", "Ackrill, J. L.", "Burnyeat, Myles F.", "Gendlin, Eugene T.", "Irwin, Terence H.", "Jori, Alberto", "International Academy of the History of Science", "Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy", "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy", "Tufts University" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "23276", "11936957", "66540", "25617723", "529396", "309909", "22954", "13704154", "1692795", "9127632", "34413", "18895", "46426065", "2130", "397064", "25447", "22921", "22760983", "9223", "22986", "18077", "879525", "27376630", "14063972", "2420319", "1216", "547420", "54204", "783", "23664", "1120048", "10279126", "823343", "532476", "25532", "30758", "19555586", "48691513", "1308109", "22780", "37464286", "172466", "1367068", "18836", "27968837", "23385833", "14117", "39872", "606848", "21490957", "261873", "595344", "1385364", "879525", "461152", "40471", "14063972", "1730", "10274454", "42012", "2420319", "52000", "612408", "171850", "9559842", "854", "98409", "2633994", "4183", "83779", "54204", "783", "42012", "84096", "164281", "14653", "9827", "25617723", "10274360", "14063954", "78815", "3352973", "3207470", "11896315", "1692795", "2590334", "591767", "1692804", "1692791", "397064", "1657210", "9654608", "171288", "30337", "258647", "603624", "77697", "491442", "19636", "14631", "347543", "48046", "499019", "1764", "27568", "480672", "162776", "2967231", "11964", "23474", "22261", "23196", "60931", "25754129", "2384021", "1692795", "1692739", "2384021", "2384021", "4599105", "22954", "9247", "25754129", "393736", "61093", "6679056", "1692739", "9553", "6317", "6316", "6315", "6314", "1949268", "383129", "11062", "32502", "1844", "333420", "1291656", "2673476", "18836", "29688374", "474202", "9228", "12320384", "4599105", "4599105", "4599105", "8449", "23597", "4599105", "942048", "22483", "48193", "25691182", "47474", "741128", "50650", "8211", "2589714", "12207", "32128", "7472", "498611", "13633", "44889", "8921015", "2633994", "1692666", "1692706", "3589686", "1692768", "4183", "47335", "437961", "4627070", "42726", "22780", "634032", "1308109", "246806", "354967", "4261505", "237577", "37674", "8145410", "9236", "41244", "5259", "29000", "49417", "55170", "50550012", "18669", "23496", "900798", "11039790", "177793", "354964", "19828134", "36856", "15223", "18838", "3410", "25409", "4699587", "40119056", "19773328", "202240", "179252", "67166", "82804", "80757", "22921", "1692791", "28297", "3657390", "162776", "2139512", "18546203", "21478754", "57395711", "35001481", "173505", "25655142", "43571413", "49901", "591767", "1692791", "319762", "189616", "581086", "839045", "3657390", "1692804", "131855", "39704", "278263", "30099671", "9223", "1692804", "23626", "29678", "147767", "471630", "45479", "4744384", "8983183", "27119", "183515", "146738", "14252702", "795780", "1009030", "319762", "4202524", "39131926", "39190318", "27952971", "515973", "48046", "44310332", "9418", "544080", "329625", "52031586", "197055", "53258", "20012109", "42412671", "19168", "27165", "851085", "19636", "34413", "2145896", "98409", "42773375", "2394288", "15881720", "529396", "98921", "47724", "260858", "3454204", "2107750", "203963", "9736495", "14063954", "3080", "7606081", "189622", "53227", "36790", "41600", "5756554", "37145", "80757", "21665", "9238", "7614405", "2673476", "12320384", "21688986", "157653", "42199619", "47836", "1130", "175040", "21490957", "272065", "8169", "166162", "18836", "195684", "231112", "9937124", "318826", "39872", "3047155", "11887", "25532", "37464286", "172466", "12787", "56990334", "14068", "31140", "1291656", "50203", "29688374", "12326", "57330", "10671", "37304", "38298", "54476844", "1993328", "21304742", "4163", "2337371", "172002", "339", "595344", "1138675", "418334", "3596643", "9314943", "9425", "10013669", "149326", "10013115", "22469", "162195", "407695", "495185", "25617723", "6046", "79884", "2970450", "44525", "236906", "902105", "4254144", "1016842", "11144", "3206582", "313895", "538119", "19146501", "2683604", "38117420", "18959138", "1692685", "890352", "7527838", "1069961", "9979204", "9653188", "1849918", "16310046", "8150928", "30428341", "1967949", "357356", "84077" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "Philosopher", "Classical Greece", "Ancient Greece", "Lyceum (Classical)", "Peripatetic school", "Aristotelianism", "Plato", "Western philosophy", "Physics (Aristotle)", "Biology", "Zoology", "Metaphysics", "Logic", "Aesthetics", "Poetics (Aristotle)", "Rhetoric", "Psychology", "Linguistics", "Economics", "Politics", "Lexicon", "Stagira (ancient city)", "Northern Greece", "Nicomachus (father of Aristotle)", "Platonic Academy", "Athens", "Circa", "Philip II of Macedon", "Alexander the Great", "Papyrus", "Scroll", "Aristotelian physics", "Late antiquity", "Early Middle Ages", "Renaissance", "Age of Enlightenment", "Classical mechanics", "Aristotle's biology", "Hectocotylus", "Octopus", "Peter Abelard", "Jean Buridan", "Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800–1400)", "Middle Ages", "Christian theology", "Neoplatonism", "History of Christianity", "Scholasticism", "Catholic Church", "Thomas Aquinas", "Virtue ethics", "Alasdair MacIntyre", "Philippa Foot", "Stagira (ancient city)", "Chalkidiki", "Thessaloniki", "Nicomachus (father of Aristotle)", "Amyntas III of Macedon", "Proxenus of Atarneus", "Macedonia (ancient kingdom)", "Platonic Academy", "Eleusinian Mysteries", "Speusippus", "Xenocrates", "Hermias of Atarneus", "Anatolia", "Theophrastus", "Lesbos", "Botany", "Pythias", "Philip II of Macedon", "Alexander the Great", "Macedonia (ancient kingdom)", "Ptolemy I Soter", "Cassander", "Iran", "Ethnocentrism", "Lyceum (Classical)", "Herpyllis", "Nicomachus (son of Aristotle)", "Suda", "Pederasty in ancient Greece", "Palaephatus", "Treatise", "Physics (Aristotle)", "Metaphysics (Aristotle)", "Nicomachean Ethics", "Politics (Aristotle)", "On the Soul", "Poetics (Aristotle)", "Hagnothemis", "Eurymedon the Hierophant", "Chalcis", "Trial of Socrates", "Antipater", "Executor", "Will and testament", "Prior Analytics", "Mathematical logic", "Immanuel Kant", "Critique of Pure Reason", "Syllogism", "Organon", "Andronicus of Rhodes", "Substance theory", "Essence", "Hylomorphism", "Hypokeimenon", "Genus–differentia definition", "Problem of universals", "Ontology", "Particular", "Phenomenon", "Theory of forms", "Potentiality and actuality", "Physics (Aristotle)", "On Generation and Corruption", "Potentiality and actuality", "Potentiality and actuality", "Four causes", "Plato", "Epistemology", "Theory of forms", "Inductive reasoning", "Deductive reasoning", "A priori and a posteriori", "On Generation and Corruption", "Empedocles", "Earth (classical element)", "Water (classical element)", "Air (classical element)", "Fire (classical element)", "Aether (classical element)", "Celestial spheres", "Friction", "Vacuum", "Archimedes", "Archimedes' principle", "Early modern period", "John Philoponus", "Middle Ages", "Galileo Galilei", "Carlo Rovelli", "Earth", "Theory of impetus", "Four causes", "Four causes", "Four causes", "Developmental biology", "Physiology", "Four causes", "Adaptation", "Optics", "Camera obscura", "Problems (Aristotle)", "Aperture", "Accident (philosophy)", "Astronomy", "Democritus", "Milky Way", "Geology", "Uniformitarianism", "Charles Lyell", "Nile Delta", "Homer", "Aeolian Islands", "Types of volcanic eruptions", "Lesbos", "History of Animals", "Generation of Animals", "Movement of Animals", "Parts of Animals", "Botany", "Catfish", "Electric ray", "Frogfish", "Cephalopod", "Octopus", "Argonaut (animal)", "Hectocotylus", "Ruminant", "Ovoviviparity", "Houndshark", "Heron", "Duck", "Charles Darwin", "Evolution", "Hybrid (biology)", "Common descent", "Speciation", "Extinction", "Genomics", "Biological rules", "Life expectancy", "Pregnancy (mammals)", "Fecundity", "Animal", "Great chain of being", "Viviparity", "Plant", "Vertebrate", "Invertebrate", "Mammal", "Bird", "Reptile", "Fish", "Crustacean", "Mollusca", "Bivalvia", "Gastropoda", "Placenta", "Convergent evolution", "Teleology", "Psychology", "On the Soul", "Soul", "Nous", "Hylomorphism", "Alcmaeon of Croton", "Stimulus (psychology)", "Common sense", "Contiguity (psychology)", "Laws of association", "Just war theory", "Natural slavery", "Freedom", "Virtue", "Nicomachean Ethics", "On the Soul", "Logos", "Eudaimonia", "Arete", "Phronesis", "Nous", "Politics (Aristotle)", "Polis", "Social contract", "State of nature", "Protrepticus (Aristotle)", "Economics", "Politics (Aristotle)", "Property", "Trade", "Private property", "Lionel Robbins", "Utility", "Human nature", "Money", "Silver", "Retail", "Interest", "Profit (economics)", "Ethos", "Pathos", "Logos", "Epideictic", "Forensic rhetoric", "Deliberative rhetoric", "Proof (truth)", "Enthymeme", "Syllogism", "Paradeigma", "Epic poetry", "Dithyramb", "Mimesis", "Stephen Halliwell (academic)", "Catharsis", "Pythia", "Aesop", "Feminist metaphysics", "Misogyny", "Sexism", "Bryan Magee", "Mathematical logic", "Zoology", "Jonathan Barnes", "Theophrastus", "Historia Plantarum (Theophrastus)", "Gynoecium", "Fruit anatomy", "Peripatetic school", "Aristoxenus", "Dicaearchus", "Demetrius of Phalerum", "Eudemus of Rhodes", "Harpalus", "Hephaestion", "Mnason of Phocis", "Nicomachus (son of Aristotle)", "Alexandria", "Ptolemaic Kingdom", "Herophilos", "Vein", "Artery", "Pulse", "Atomism", "Lucretius", "Teleology", "Natural theology", "Ernst Mayr", "Stephanus of Alexandria", "John Philoponus", "Theory of impetus", "Michael of Ephesus", "Anna Komnene", "Schools of Islamic theology", "Averroes", "Avicenna", "Al-Farabi", "Thomas Aquinas", "Al-Kindi", "Dante Alighieri", "Islamic philosophy", "Middle Ages", "Boethius", "Gerard of Cremona", "James of Venice", "William of Moerbeke", "Scholasticism", "Summa Theologica", "Greek language", "Renaissance", "Peter Abelard", "Jean Buridan", "Geoffrey Chaucer", "Tale of Phyllis and Aristotle", "Hans Baldung", "Divine Comedy", "Early modern period", "William Harvey", "Galileo Galilei", "Galen", "Circulatory system", "Friedrich Nietzsche", "Martin Heidegger", "George Boole", "Boolean algebra", "The Laws of Thought", "Validity (logic)", "Bertrand Russell", "Eduard Jan Dijksterhuis", "Peter Medawar", "Ayn Rand", "Alasdair MacIntyre", "Alexander (2004 film)", "Cinema of the United States", "Armand Marie Leroi", "Tinbergen's four questions", "Ethology", "Function (biology)", "Phylogenetic tree", "Mechanism (biology)", "Ontogeny", "August Immanuel Bekker", "Exoteric", "Western esotericism", "Lyceum (Classical)", "Cicero", "Lucas Cranach the Elder", "Justus van Gent", "Raphael", "Paolo Veronese", "Jusepe de Ribera", "Rembrandt", "Francesco Hayez", "Fresco", "The School of Athens", "Apostolic Palace", "Vanishing point", "Aristotle with a Bust of Homer", "Jonathan Jones (journalist)", "Aristotle Mountains", "Antarctica", "Meteorology (Aristotle)", "Aristoteles (crater)", "Aristotelian Society", "Conimbricenses", "J. L. Ackrill", "Myles Burnyeat", "Eugene Gendlin", "Terence Irwin", "Alberto Jori", "International Academy of the History of Science", "Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy", "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy", "Tufts University" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Aristotle\n", "Aristotle (; \"Aristotélēs\", ; 384–322 BC) was a Greek philosopher during the Classical period in Ancient Greece, the founder of the Lyceum and the Peripatetic school of philosophy and Aristotelian tradition. Along with his teacher Plato, he has been called the \"Father of Western Philosophy\". His writings cover many subjects – including physics, biology, zoology, metaphysics, logic, ethics, aesthetics, poetry, theatre, music, rhetoric, psychology, linguistics, economics, politics and government. Aristotle provided a complex synthesis of the various philosophies existing prior to him, and it was above all from his teachings that the West inherited its intellectual lexicon, as well as problems and methods of inquiry. As a result, his philosophy has exerted a unique influence on almost every form of knowledge in the West and it continues to be a subject of contemporary philosophical discussion.\n", "Little is known about his life. Aristotle was born in the city of Stagira in Northern Greece. His father, Nicomachus, died when Aristotle was a child, and he was brought up by a guardian. At seventeen or eighteen years of age, he joined Plato's Academy in Athens and remained there until the age of thirty-seven (c. 347 BC). Shortly after Plato died, Aristotle left Athens and, at the request of Philip II of Macedon, tutored Alexander the Great beginning in 343 BC. He established a library in the Lyceum which helped him to produce many of his hundreds of books on papyrus scrolls. Though Aristotle wrote many elegant treatises and dialogues for publication, only around a third of his original output has survived, none of it intended for publication.\n", "Aristotle's views on physical science profoundly shaped medieval scholarship. Their influence extended from Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages into the Renaissance, and were not replaced systematically until the Enlightenment and theories such as classical mechanics. Some of Aristotle's zoological observations found in his biology, such as on the hectocotyl (reproductive) arm of the octopus, were disbelieved until the 19th century. His works contain the earliest known formal study of logic, studied by medieval scholars such as Peter Abelard and John Buridan. Aristotle's influence on logic also continued well into the 19th century.\n", "He influenced Islamic thought during the Middle Ages, as well as Christian theology, especially the Neoplatonism of the Early Church and the scholastic tradition of the Catholic Church. Aristotle was revered among medieval Muslim scholars as \"The First Teacher\" and among medieval Christians like Thomas Aquinas as simply \"The Philosopher\". His ethics, though always influential, gained renewed interest with the modern advent of virtue ethics, such as in the thinking of Alasdair MacIntyre and Philippa Foot.\n", "Section::::Life.\n", "In general, the details of Aristotle's life are not well-established. The biographies written in ancient times are often speculative and historians only agree on a few salient points.\n", "Aristotle, whose name means \"the best purpose\" in Ancient Greek, was born in 384 BC in Stagira, Chalcidice, about 55 km (34 miles) east of modern-day Thessaloniki. His father Nicomachus was the personal physician to King Amyntas of Macedon. Both of Aristotle's parents died when he was about thirteen, and Proxenus of Atarneus became his guardian. Although little information about Aristotle's childhood has survived, he probably spent some time within the Macedonian palace, making his first connections with the Macedonian monarchy.\n", "At the age of seventeen or eighteen, Aristotle moved to Athens to continue his education at Plato's Academy. He probably experienced the Eleusinian Mysteries as he wrote when describing the sights one viewed at the Eleusinian Mysteries, “to experience is to learn” [παθείν μαθεĩν]. Aristotle remained in Athens for nearly twenty years before leaving in 348/47 BC. The traditional story about his departure records that he was disappointed with the Academy's direction after control passed to Plato's nephew Speusippus, although it is possible that he feared the anti-Macedonian sentiments in Athens at that time and left before Plato died. Aristotle then accompanied Xenocrates to the court of his friend Hermias of Atarneus in Asia Minor. After the death of Hermias, Aristotle travelled with his pupil Theophrastus to the island of Lesbos, where together they researched the botany and zoology of the island and its sheltered lagoon. While in Lesbos, Aristotle married Pythias, either Hermias's adoptive daughter or niece. She bore him a daughter, whom they also named Pythias. In 343 BC, Aristotle was invited by Philip II of Macedon to become the tutor to his son Alexander.\n", "Aristotle was appointed as the head of the royal academy of Macedon. During Aristotle's time in the Macedonian court, he gave lessons not only to Alexander, but also to two other future kings: Ptolemy and Cassander. Aristotle encouraged Alexander toward eastern conquest, and Aristotle's own attitude towards Persia was unabashedly ethnocentric. In one famous example, he counsels Alexander to be \"a leader to the Greeks and a despot to the barbarians, to look after the former as after friends and relatives, and to deal with the latter as with beasts or plants\". By 335 BC, Aristotle had returned to Athens, establishing his own school there known as the Lyceum. Aristotle conducted courses at the school for the next twelve years. While in Athens, his wife Pythias died and Aristotle became involved with Herpyllis of Stagira, who bore him a son whom he named after his father, Nicomachus. According to the \"Suda\", he also had an \"erômenos\", Palaephatus of Abydus.\n", "This period in Athens, between 335 and 323 BC, is when Aristotle is believed to have composed many of his works. He wrote many dialogues, of which only fragments have survived. Those works that have survived are in treatise form and were not, for the most part, intended for widespread publication; they are generally thought to be lecture aids for his students. His most important treatises include \"Physics\", \"Metaphysics\", \"Nicomachean Ethics\", \"Politics\", \"On the Soul\" and \"Poetics\". Aristotle studied and made significant contributions to \"logic, metaphysics, mathematics, physics, biology, botany, ethics, politics, agriculture, medicine, dance and theatre.\"\n", "Near the end of his life, Alexander and Aristotle became estranged over Alexander's relationship with Persia and Persians. A widespread tradition in antiquity suspected Aristotle of playing a role in Alexander's death, but the only evidence of this is an unlikely claim made some six years after the death. Following Alexander's death, anti-Macedonian sentiment in Athens was rekindled. In 322 BC, Demophilus and Eurymedon the Hierophant reportedly denounced Aristotle for impiety, prompting him to flee to his mother's family estate in Chalcis, on Euboea, at which occasion he was said to have stated: \"I will not allow the Athenians to sin twice against philosophy\" – a reference to Athens's trial and execution of Socrates. He died on Euboea of natural causes later that same year, having named his student Antipater as his chief executor and leaving a will in which he asked to be buried next to his wife.\n", "Section::::Speculative philosophy.\n", "Section::::Speculative philosophy.:Logic.\n", "With the \"Prior Analytics\", Aristotle is credited with the earliest study of formal logic, and his conception of it was the dominant form of Western logic until 19th-century advances in mathematical logic. Kant stated in the \"Critique of Pure Reason\" that with Aristotle logic reached its completion.\n", "Section::::Speculative philosophy.:Logic.:\"Organon\".\n", "What we today call \"Aristotelian logic\" with its types of syllogism (methods of logical argument), Aristotle himself would have labelled \"analytics\". The term \"logic\" he reserved to mean \"dialectics\". Most of Aristotle's work is probably not in its original form, because it was most likely edited by students and later lecturers. The logical works of Aristotle were compiled into a set of six books called the \"Organon\" around 40 BC by Andronicus of Rhodes or others among his followers. The books are:\n", "BULLET::::1. \"Categories\"\n", "BULLET::::2. \"On Interpretation\"\n", "BULLET::::3. \"Prior Analytics\"\n", "BULLET::::4. \"Posterior Analytics\"\n", "BULLET::::5. \"Topics\"\n", "BULLET::::6. \"On Sophistical Refutations\"\n", "The order of the books (or the teachings from which they are composed) is not certain, but this list was derived from analysis of Aristotle's writings. It goes from the basics, the analysis of simple terms in the \"Categories,\" the analysis of propositions and their elementary relations in \"On Interpretation\", to the study of more complex forms, namely, syllogisms (in the \"Analytics\") and dialectics (in the \"Topics\" and \"Sophistical Refutations\"). The first three treatises form the core of the logical theory \"stricto sensu\": the grammar of the language of logic and the correct rules of reasoning. The \"Rhetoric\" is not conventionally included, but it states that it relies on the \"Topics\".\n", "Section::::Speculative philosophy.:Metaphysics.\n", "The word \"metaphysics\" appears to have been coined by the first century AD editor who assembled various small selections of Aristotle's works to the treatise we know by the name \"Metaphysics\". Aristotle called it \"first philosophy\", and distinguished it from mathematics and natural science (physics) as the contemplative (\"theoretikē\") philosophy which is \"theological\" and studies the divine. He wrote in his \"Metaphysics\" (1026a16):\n", "Section::::Speculative philosophy.:Metaphysics.:Substance.\n", "Aristotle examines the concepts of substance (\"ousia\") and essence (\"to ti ên einai\", \"the what it was to be\") in his \"Metaphysics\" (Book VII), and he concludes that a particular substance is a combination of both matter and form, a philosophical theory called hylomorphism. In Book VIII, he distinguishes the matter of the substance as the substratum, or the stuff of which it is composed. For example, the matter of a house is the bricks, stones, timbers etc., or whatever constitutes the \"potential\" house, while the form of the substance is the \"actual\" house, namely 'covering for bodies and chattels' or any other differentia that let us define something as a house. The formula that gives the components is the account of the matter, and the formula that gives the differentia is the account of the form.\n", "Section::::Speculative philosophy.:Metaphysics.:Substance.:Immanent realism.\n", "Like his teacher Plato, Aristotle's philosophy aims at the universal. Aristotle's ontology places the universal (\"katholou\") in particulars (\"kath' hekaston\"), things in the world, whereas for Plato the universal is a separately existing form which actual things imitate. For Aristotle, \"form\" is still what phenomena are based on, but is \"instantiated\" in a particular substance. \n", "Plato argued that all things have a universal form, which could be either a property or a relation to other things. When we look at an apple, for example, we see an apple, and we can also analyse a form of an apple. In this distinction, there is a particular apple and a universal form of an apple. Moreover, we can place an apple next to a book, so that we can speak of both the book and apple as being next to each other. Plato argued that there are some universal forms that are not a part of particular things. For example, it is possible that there is no particular good in existence, but \"good\" is still a proper universal form. Aristotle disagreed with Plato on this point, arguing that all universals are instantiated at some period of time, and that there are no universals that are unattached to existing things. In addition, Aristotle disagreed with Plato about the location of universals. Where Plato spoke of the world of forms, a place where all universal forms subsist, Aristotle maintained that universals exist within each thing on which each universal is predicated. So, according to Aristotle, the form of apple exists within each apple, rather than in the world of the forms.\n", "Section::::Speculative philosophy.:Metaphysics.:Substance.:Potentiality and actuality.\n", "With regard to the change (\"kinesis\") and its causes now, as he defines in his \"Physics\" and \"On Generation and Corruption\" 319b–320a, he distinguishes the coming to be from:\n", "BULLET::::1. growth and diminution, which is change in quantity;\n", "BULLET::::2. locomotion, which is change in space; and\n", "BULLET::::3. alteration, which is change in quality.\n", "The coming to be is a change where nothing persists of which the resultant is a property. In that particular change he introduces the concept of potentiality (\"dynamis\") and actuality (\"entelecheia\") in association with the matter and the form. Referring to potentiality, this is what a thing is capable of doing, or being acted upon, if the conditions are right and it is not prevented by something else. For example, the seed of a plant in the soil is potentially (\"dynamei\") plant, and if it is not prevented by something, it will become a plant. Potentially beings can either 'act' (\"poiein\") or 'be acted upon' (\"paschein\"), which can be either innate or learned. For example, the eyes possess the potentiality of sight (innate – being acted upon), while the capability of playing the flute can be possessed by learning (exercise – acting). Actuality is the fulfilment of the end of the potentiality. Because the end (\"telos\") is the principle of every change, and for the sake of the end exists potentiality, therefore actuality is the end. Referring then to our previous example, we could say that an actuality is when a plant does one of the activities that plants do.\n", "In summary, the matter used to make a house has potentiality to be a house and both the activity of building and the form of the final house are actualities, which is also a final cause or end. Then Aristotle proceeds and concludes that the actuality is prior to potentiality in formula, in time and in substantiality. With this definition of the particular substance (i.e., matter and form), Aristotle tries to solve the problem of the unity of the beings, for example, \"what is it that makes a man one\"? Since, according to Plato there are two Ideas: animal and biped, how then is man a unity? However, according to Aristotle, the potential being (matter) and the actual one (form) are one and the same.\n", "Section::::Speculative philosophy.:Epistemology.\n", "Aristotle's immanent realism means his epistemology is based on the study of things that exist or happen in the world, and rises to knowledge of the universal, whereas for Plato epistemology begins with knowledge of universal Forms (or ideas) and descends to knowledge of particular imitations of these. Aristotle uses induction from examples alongside deduction, whereas Plato relies on deduction from \"a priori\" principles.\n", "Section::::Natural philosophy.\n", "Aristotle's \"natural philosophy\" spans a wide range of natural phenomena including those now covered by physics, biology and other natural sciences. In Aristotle's terminology, \"natural philosophy\" is a branch of philosophy examining the phenomena of the natural world, and includes fields that would be regarded today as physics, biology and other natural sciences. Aristotle's work encompassed virtually all facets of intellectual inquiry. Aristotle makes philosophy in the broad sense coextensive with reasoning, which he also would describe as \"science\". Note, however, that his use of the term \"science\" carries a different meaning than that covered by the term \"scientific method\". For Aristotle, \"all science (\"dianoia\") is either practical, poetical or theoretical\" (\"Metaphysics\" 1025b25). His practical science includes ethics and politics; his poetical science means the study of fine arts including poetry; his theoretical science covers physics, mathematics and metaphysics.\n", "Section::::Natural philosophy.:Physics.\n", "Section::::Natural philosophy.:Physics.:Five elements.\n", "In his \"On Generation and Corruption\", Aristotle related each of the four elements proposed earlier by Empedocles, Earth, Water, Air, and Fire, to two of the four sensible qualities, hot, cold, wet, and dry. In the Empedoclean scheme, all matter was made of the four elements, in differing proportions. Aristotle's scheme added the heavenly Aether, the divine substance of the heavenly spheres, stars and planets.\n", "Section::::Natural philosophy.:Physics.:Motion.\n", "Aristotle describes two kinds of motion: \"violent\" or \"unnatural motion\", such as that of a thrown stone, in the \"Physics\" (254b10), and \"natural motion\", such as of a falling object, in \"On the Heavens\" (300a20). In violent motion, as soon as the agent stops causing it, the motion stops also; in other words, the natural state of an object is to be at rest, since Aristotle does not address friction. With this understanding, it can be observed that, as Aristotle stated, heavy objects (on the ground, say) require more force to make them move; and objects pushed with greater force move faster. This would imply the equation\n", "incorrect in modern physics.\n", "Natural motion depends on the element concerned: the aether naturally moves in a circle around the heavens, while the 4 Empedoclean elements move vertically up (like fire, as is observed) or down (like earth) towards their natural resting places.\n", "In the \"Physics\" (215a25), Aristotle effectively states a quantitative law, that the speed, v, of a falling body is proportional (say, with constant c) to its weight, W, and inversely proportional to the density, ρ, of the fluid in which it is falling:\n", "Aristotle implies that in a vacuum the speed of fall would become infinite, and concludes from this apparent absurdity that a vacuum is not possible. Opinions have varied on whether Aristotle intended to state quantitative laws. Henri Carteron held the \"extreme view\" that Aristotle's concept of force was basically qualitative, but other authors reject this.\n", "Archimedes corrected Aristotle's theory that bodies move towards their natural resting places; metal boats can float if they displace enough water; floating depends in Archimedes' scheme on the mass and volume of the object, not as Aristotle thought its elementary composition.\n", "Aristotle's writings on motion remained influential until the Early Modern period. John Philoponus (in the Middle Ages) and Galileo are said to have shown by experiment that Aristotle's claim that a heavier object falls faster than a lighter object is incorrect. A contrary opinion is given by Carlo Rovelli, who argues that Aristotle's physics of motion is correct within its domain of validity, that of objects in the Earth's gravitational field immersed in a fluid such as air. In this system, heavy bodies in steady fall indeed travel faster than light ones (whether friction is ignored, or not), and they do fall more slowly in a denser medium.\n", "Newton's \"forced\" motion corresponds to Aristotle's \"violent\" motion with its external agent, but Aristotle's assumption that the agent's effect stops immediately it stops acting (e.g., the ball leaves the thrower's hand) has awkward consequences: he has to suppose that surrounding fluid helps to push the ball along to make it continue to rise even though the hand is no longer acting on it, resulting in the Medieval theory of impetus.\n", "Section::::Natural philosophy.:Physics.:Four causes.\n", "Aristotle suggested that the reason for anything coming about can be attributed to four different types of simultaneously active factors. His term \"aitia\" is traditionally translated as \"cause\", but it does not always refer to temporal sequence; it might be better translated as \"explanation\", but the traditional rendering will be employed here.\n", "BULLET::::- Material cause describes the material out of which something is composed. Thus the material cause of a table is wood. It is not about action. It does not mean that one domino knocks over another domino.\n", "BULLET::::- The formal cause is its form, i.e., the arrangement of that matter. It tells us what a thing is, that a thing is determined by the definition, form, pattern, essence, whole, synthesis or archetype. It embraces the account of causes in terms of fundamental principles or general laws, as the whole (i.e., macrostructure) is the cause of its parts, a relationship known as the whole-part causation. Plainly put, the formal cause is the idea in the mind of the sculptor that brings the sculpture into being. A simple example of the formal cause is the mental image or idea that allows an artist, architect, or engineer to create a drawing.\n", "BULLET::::- The efficient cause is \"the primary source\", or that from which the change under consideration proceeds. It identifies 'what makes of what is made and what causes change of what is changed' and so suggests all sorts of agents, nonliving or living, acting as the sources of change or movement or rest. Representing the current understanding of causality as the relation of cause and effect, this covers the modern definitions of \"cause\" as either the agent or agency or particular events or states of affairs. In the case of two dominoes, when the first is knocked over it causes the second also to fall over. In the case of animals, this agency is a combination of how it develops from the egg, and how its body functions.\n", "BULLET::::- The final cause (\"telos\") is its purpose, the reason why a thing exists or is done, including both purposeful and instrumental actions and activities. The final cause is the purpose or function that something is supposed to serve. This covers modern ideas of motivating causes, such as volition. In the case of living things, it implies adaptation to a particular way of life.\n", "Section::::Natural philosophy.:Physics.:Optics.\n", "Aristotle describes experiments in optics using a camera obscura in \"Problems\", book 15. The apparatus consisted of a dark chamber with a small aperture that let light in. With it, he saw that whatever shape he made the hole, the sun's image always remained circular. He also noted that increasing the distance between the aperture and the image surface magnified the image.\n", "Section::::Natural philosophy.:Physics.:Chance and spontaneity.\n", "According to Aristotle, spontaneity and chance are causes of some things, distinguishable from other types of cause such as simple necessity. Chance as an incidental cause lies in the realm of accidental things, \"from what is spontaneous\". There is also more a specific kind of chance, which Aristotle names \"luck\", that only applies to people's moral choices.\n", "Section::::Natural philosophy.:Astronomy.\n", "In astronomy, Aristotle refuted Democritus's claim that the Milky Way was made up of \"those stars which are shaded by the earth from the sun's rays,\" pointing out correctly that if \"the size of the sun is greater than that of the earth and the distance of the stars from the earth many times greater than that of the sun, then... the sun shines on all the stars and the earth screens none of them.\"\n", "Section::::Natural philosophy.:Geology.\n", "Aristotle was one of the first people to record any geological observations. He stated that geological change was too slow to be observed in one person's lifetime.\n", "The geologist Charles Lyell noted that Aristotle described such change, including \"lakes that had dried up\" and \"deserts that had become watered by rivers\", giving as examples the growth of the Nile delta since the time of Homer, and \"the upheaving of one of the Aeolian islands, previous to a volcanic eruption.\"'\n", "Section::::Natural philosophy.:Biology.\n", "Section::::Natural philosophy.:Biology.:Empirical research.\n", "Aristotle was the first person to study biology systematically, and biology forms a large part of his writings. He spent two years observing and describing the zoology of Lesbos and the surrounding seas, including in particular the Pyrrha lagoon in the centre of Lesbos. His data in \"History of Animals\", \"Generation of Animals\", \"Movement of Animals\", and \"Parts of Animals\" are assembled from his own observations, statements given by people with specialised knowledge such as beekeepers and fishermen, and less accurate accounts provided by travellers from overseas. His apparent emphasis on animals rather than plants is a historical accident: his works on botany have been lost, but two books on plants by his pupil Theophrastus have survived.\n", "Aristotle reports on the sea-life visible from observation on Lesbos and the catches of fishermen. He describes the catfish, electric ray, and frogfish in detail, as well as cephalopods such as the octopus and paper nautilus. His description of the hectocotyl arm of cephalopods, used in sexual reproduction, was widely disbelieved until the 19th century. He gives accurate descriptions of the four-chambered fore-stomachs of ruminants, and of the ovoviviparous embryological development of the hound shark.\n", "He notes that an animal's structure is well matched to function, so, among birds, the heron, which lives in marshes with soft mud and lives by catching fish, has a long neck and long legs, and a sharp spear-like beak, whereas ducks that swim have short legs and webbed feet. Darwin, too, noted these sorts of differences between similar kinds of animal, but unlike Aristotle used the data to come to the theory of evolution. Aristotle's writings can seem to modern readers close to implying evolution, but while Aristotle was aware that new mutations or hybridisations could occur, he saw these as rare accidents. For Aristotle, accidents, like heat waves in winter, must be considered distinct from natural causes. He was thus critical of Empedocles's materialist theory of a \"survival of the fittest\" origin of living things and their organs, and ridiculed the idea that accidents could lead to orderly results. To put his views into modern terms, he nowhere says that different species can have a common ancestor, or that one kind can change into another, or that kinds can become extinct.\n", "Section::::Natural philosophy.:Biology.:Scientific style.\n", "Aristotle did not do experiments in the modern sense. He used the ancient Greek term \"pepeiramenoi\" to mean observations, or at most investigative procedures like dissection. In \"Generation of Animals\", he finds a fertilised hen's egg of a suitable stage and opens it to see the embryo's heart beating inside.\n", "Instead, he practised a different style of science: systematically gathering data, discovering patterns common to whole groups of animals, and inferring possible causal explanations from these. This style is common in modern biology when large amounts of data become available in a new field, such as genomics. It does not result in the same certainty as experimental science, but it sets out testable hypotheses and constructs a narrative explanation of what is observed. In this sense, Aristotle's biology is scientific.\n", "From the data he collected and documented, Aristotle inferred quite a number of rules relating the life-history features of the live-bearing tetrapods (terrestrial placental mammals) that he studied. Among these correct predictions are the following. Brood size decreases with (adult) body mass, so that an elephant has fewer young (usually just one) per brood than a mouse. Lifespan increases with gestation period, and also with body mass, so that elephants live longer than mice, have a longer period of gestation, and are heavier. As a final example, fecundity decreases with lifespan, so long-lived kinds like elephants have fewer young in total than short-lived kinds like mice.\n", "Section::::Natural philosophy.:Biology.:Classification of living things.\n", "Aristotle distinguished about 500 species of animals, arranging these in the \"History of Animals\" in a graded scale of perfection, a \"scala naturae\", with man at the top. His system had eleven grades of animal, from highest potential to lowest, expressed in their form at birth: the highest gave live birth to hot and wet creatures, the lowest laid cold, dry mineral-like eggs. Animals came above plants, and these in turn were above minerals. see also: He grouped what the modern zoologist would call vertebrates as the hotter \"animals with blood\", and below them the colder invertebrates as \"animals without blood\". Those with blood were divided into the live-bearing (mammals), and the egg-laying (birds, reptiles, fish). Those without blood were insects, crustacea (non-shelled – cephalopods, and shelled) and the hard-shelled molluscs (bivalves and gastropods). He recognised that animals did not exactly fit into a linear scale, and noted various exceptions, such as that sharks had a placenta like the tetrapods. To a modern biologist, the explanation, not available to Aristotle, is convergent evolution. He believed that purposive final causes guided all natural processes; this teleological view justified his observed data as an expression of formal design.\n", "Section::::Natural philosophy.:Psychology.\n", "Section::::Natural philosophy.:Psychology.:Soul.\n", "Aristotle's psychology, given in his treatise \"On the Soul\" (\"peri psychēs\"), posits three kinds of soul (\"psyches\"): the vegetative soul, the sensitive soul, and the rational soul. Humans have a rational soul. The human soul incorporates the powers of the other kinds: Like the vegetative soul it can grow and nourish itself; like the sensitive soul it can experience sensations and move locally. The unique part of the human, rational soul is its ability to receive forms of other things and to compare them using the \"nous\" (intellect) and \"logos\" (reason).\n", "For Aristotle, the soul is the form of a living being. Because all beings are composites of form and matter, the form of living beings is that which endows them with what is specific to living beings, e.g. the ability to initiate movement (or in the case of plants, growth and chemical transformations, which Aristotle considers types of movement). In contrast to earlier philosophers, but in accordance with the Egyptians, he placed the rational soul in the heart, rather than the brain. Notable is Aristotle's division of sensation and thought, which generally differed from the concepts of previous philosophers, with the exception of Alcmaeon.\n", "Section::::Natural philosophy.:Psychology.:Memory.\n", "According to Aristotle in \"On the Soul\", memory is the ability to hold a perceived experience in the mind and to distinguish between the internal \"appearance\" and an occurrence in the past. In other words, a memory is a mental picture (phantasm) that can be recovered. Aristotle believed an impression is left on a semi-fluid bodily organ that undergoes several changes in order to make a memory. A memory occurs when stimuli such as sights or sounds are so complex that the nervous system cannot receive all the impressions at once. These changes are the same as those involved in the operations of sensation, Aristotelian 'common sense', and thinking.\n", "Aristotle uses the term 'memory' for the actual retaining of an experience in the impression that can develop from sensation, and for the intellectual anxiety that comes with the impression because it is formed at a particular time and processing specific contents. Memory is of the past, prediction is of the future, and sensation is of the present. Retrieval of impressions cannot be performed suddenly. A transitional channel is needed and located in our past experiences, both for our previous experience and present experience.\n", "Because Aristotle believes people receive all kinds of sense perceptions and perceive them as impressions, people are continually weaving together new impressions of experiences. To search for these impressions, people search the memory itself. Within the memory, if one experience is offered instead of a specific memory, that person will reject this experience until they find what they are looking for. Recollection occurs when one retrieved experience naturally follows another. If the chain of \"images\" is needed, one memory will stimulate the next. When people recall experiences, they stimulate certain previous experiences until they reach the one that is needed. Recollection is thus the self-directed activity of retrieving the information stored in a memory impression. Only humans can remember impressions of intellectual activity, such as numbers and words. Animals that have perception of time can retrieve memories of their past observations. Remembering involves only perception of the things remembered and of the time passed.\n", "Aristotle believed the chain of thought, which ends in recollection of certain impressions, was connected systematically in relationships such as similarity, contrast, and contiguity, described in his Laws of Association. Aristotle believed that past experiences are hidden within the mind. A force operates to awaken the hidden material to bring up the actual experience. According to Aristotle, association is the power innate in a mental state, which operates upon the unexpressed remains of former experiences, allowing them to rise and be recalled.\n", "Section::::Natural philosophy.:Psychology.:Dreams.\n", "Aristotle describes sleep in \"On Sleep and Wakefulness\". Sleep takes place as a result of overuse of the senses or of digestion, so it is vital to the body. While a person is asleep, the critical activities, which include thinking, sensing, recalling and remembering, do not function as they do during wakefulness. Since a person cannot sense during sleep they can not have desire, which is the result of sensation. However, the senses are able to work during sleep, albeit differently, unless they are weary.\n", "Dreams do not involve actually sensing a stimulus. In dreams, sensation is still involved, but in an altered manner. Aristotle explains that when a person stares at a moving stimulus such as the waves in a body of water, and then look away, the next thing they look at appears to have a wavelike motion. When a person perceives a stimulus and the stimulus is no longer the focus of their attention, it leaves an impression. When the body is awake and the senses are functioning properly, a person constantly encounters new stimuli to sense and so the impressions of previously perceived stimuli are ignored. However, during sleep the impressions made throughout the day are noticed as there are no new distracting sensory experiences. So, dreams result from these lasting impressions. Since impressions are all that are left and not the exact stimuli, dreams do not resemble the actual waking experience. During sleep, a person is in an altered state of mind. Aristotle compares a sleeping person to a person who is overtaken by strong feelings toward a stimulus. For example, a person who has a strong infatuation with someone may begin to think they see that person everywhere because they are so overtaken by their feelings. Since a person sleeping is in a suggestible state and unable to make judgements, they become easily deceived by what appears in their dreams, like the infatuated person. This leads the person to believe the dream is real, even when the dreams are absurd in nature.\n", "One component of Aristotle's theory of dreams disagrees with previously held beliefs. He claimed that dreams are not foretelling and not sent by a divine being. Aristotle reasoned naturalistically that instances in which dreams do resemble future events are simply coincidences. Aristotle claimed that a dream is first established by the fact that the person is asleep when they experience it. If a person had an image appear for a moment after waking up or if they see something in the dark it is not considered a dream because they were awake when it occurred. Secondly, any sensory experience that is perceived while a person is asleep does not qualify as part of a dream. For example, if, while a person is sleeping, a door shuts and in their dream they hear a door is shut, this sensory experience is not part of the dream. Lastly, the images of dreams must be a result of lasting impressions of waking sensory experiences.\n", "Section::::Practical philosophy.\n", "Aristotle's practical philosophy covers areas such as ethics, politics, economics, and rhetoric.\n", "Section::::Practical philosophy.:Just war theory.\n", "Aristotelian just war theory is not well regarded in the present day, especially his view that warfare was justified to enslave \"natural slaves\". In Aristotelian philosophy, the abolition of what he considers \"natural slavery\" would undermine civic freedom. The pursuit of freedom is inseparable from pursuing mastery over \"those who deserve to be slaves\". According to \"The Cambridge Companion to Aristotle's Politics\" the targets of this aggressive warfare were non-Greeks, noting Aristotle's view that \"our poets say 'it is proper for Greeks to rule non-Greeks'\".\n", "Aristotle generally has a favorable opinion of war, extolling it as a chance for virtue and writing that \"the leisure that accompanies peace\" tends to make people \"arrogant\". War to \"avoid becoming enslaved to others\" is justified as self-defense. He writes that war \"compels people to be just and temperate\", however, in order to be just \"war must be chosen for the sake of peace\" (with the exception of wars of aggression discussed above).\n", "Section::::Practical philosophy.:Ethics.\n", "Aristotle considered ethics to be a practical rather than theoretical study, i.e., one aimed at becoming good and doing good rather than knowing for its own sake. He wrote several treatises on ethics, including most notably, the \"Nicomachean Ethics\".\n", "Aristotle taught that virtue has to do with the proper function (\"ergon\") of a thing. An eye is only a good eye in so much as it can see, because the proper function of an eye is sight. Aristotle reasoned that humans must have a function specific to humans, and that this function must be an activity of the \"psuchē\" (\"soul\") in accordance with reason (\"logos\"). Aristotle identified such an optimum activity (the virtuous mean, between the accompanying vices of excess or deficiency) of the soul as the aim of all human deliberate action, \"eudaimonia\", generally translated as \"happiness\" or sometimes \"well being\". To have the potential of ever being happy in this way necessarily requires a good character (\"ēthikē\" \"aretē\"), often translated as moral or ethical virtue or excellence.\n", "Aristotle taught that to achieve a virtuous and potentially happy character requires a first stage of having the fortune to be habituated not deliberately, but by teachers, and experience, leading to a later stage in which one consciously chooses to do the best things. When the best people come to live life this way their practical wisdom (\"phronesis\") and their intellect (\"nous\") can develop with each other towards the highest possible human virtue, the wisdom of an accomplished theoretical or speculative thinker, or in other words, a philosopher.\n", "Section::::Practical philosophy.:Politics.\n", "In addition to his works on ethics, which address the individual, Aristotle addressed the city in his work titled \"Politics\". Aristotle considered the city to be a natural community. Moreover, he considered the city to be prior in importance to the family which in turn is prior to the individual, \"for the whole must of necessity be prior to the part\". He also famously stated that \"man is by nature a political animal\" and also arguing that humanity's defining factor among others in the animal kingdom is its rationality. Aristotle conceived of politics as being like an organism rather than like a machine, and as a collection of parts none of which can exist without the others. Aristotle's conception of the city is organic, and he is considered one of the first to conceive of the city in this manner.\n", "The common modern understanding of a political community as a modern state is quite different from Aristotle's understanding. Although he was aware of the existence and potential of larger empires, the natural community according to Aristotle was the city (\"polis\") which functions as a political \"community\" or \"partnership\" (\"koinōnia\"). The aim of the city is not just to avoid injustice or for economic stability, but rather to allow at least some citizens the possibility to live a good life, and to perform beautiful acts: \"The political partnership must be regarded, therefore, as being for the sake of noble actions, not for the sake of living together.\" This is distinguished from modern approaches, beginning with social contract theory, according to which individuals leave the state of nature because of \"fear of violent death\" or its \"inconveniences.\"\n", "In \"Protrepticus\", the character 'Aristotle' states:\n", "Section::::Practical philosophy.:Economics.\n", "Aristotle made substantial contributions to economic thought, especially to thought in the Middle Ages. In \"Politics\", Aristotle addresses the city, property, and trade. His response to criticisms of private property, in Lionel Robbins's view, anticipated later proponents of private property among philosophers and economists, as it related to the overall utility of social arrangements. Aristotle believed that although communal arrangements may seem beneficial to society, and that although private property is often blamed for social strife, such evils in fact come from human nature. In \"Politics\", Aristotle offers one of the earliest accounts of the origin of money. Money came into use because people became dependent on one another, importing what they needed and exporting the surplus. For the sake of convenience, people then agreed to deal in something that is intrinsically useful and easily applicable, such as iron or silver.\n", "Aristotle's discussions on retail and interest was a major influence on economic thought in the Middle Ages. He had a low opinion of retail, believing that contrary to using money to procure things one needs in managing the household, retail trade seeks to make a profit. It thus uses goods as a means to an end, rather than as an end unto itself. He believed that retail trade was in this way unnatural. Similarly, Aristotle considered making a profit through interest unnatural, as it makes a gain out of the money itself, and not from its use.\n", "Aristotle gave a summary of the function of money that was perhaps remarkably precocious for his time. He wrote that because it is impossible to determine the value of every good through a count of the number of other goods it is worth, the necessity arises of a single universal standard of measurement. Money thus allows for the association of different goods and makes them \"commensurable\". He goes to on state that money is also useful for future exchange, making it a sort of security. That is, \"if we do not want a thing now, we shall be able to get it when we do want it\".\n", "Section::::Practical philosophy.:Rhetoric and poetics.\n", "Aristotle's \"Rhetoric\" proposes that a speaker can use three basic kinds of appeals to persuade his audience: \"ethos\" (an appeal to the speaker's character), \"pathos\" (an appeal to the audience's emotion), and \"logos\" (an appeal to logical reasoning). He also categorises rhetoric into three genres: epideictic (ceremonial speeches dealing with praise or blame), forensic (judicial speeches over guilt or innocence), and deliberative (speeches calling on an audience to make a decision on an issue). Aristotle also outlines two kinds of rhetorical proofs: \"enthymeme\" (proof by syllogism) and \"paradeigma\" (proof by example).\n", "Aristotle writes in his \"Poetics\" that epic poetry, tragedy, comedy, dithyrambic poetry, painting, sculpture, music, and dance are all fundamentally acts of \"mimesis\" (\"imitation\"), each varying in imitation by medium, object, and manner. He applies the term \"mimesis\" both as a property of a work of art and also as the product of the artist's intention and contends that the audience's realisation of the \"mimesis\" is vital to understanding the work itself. Aristotle states that \"mimesis\" is a natural instinct of humanity that separates humans from animals and that all human artistry \"follows the pattern of nature\". Because of this, Aristotle believed that each of the mimetic arts possesses what Stephen Halliwell calls \"highly structured procedures for the achievement of their purposes.\" For example, music imitates with the media of rhythm and harmony, whereas dance imitates with rhythm alone, and poetry with language. The forms also differ in their object of imitation. Comedy, for instance, is a dramatic imitation of men worse than average; whereas tragedy imitates men slightly better than average. Lastly, the forms differ in their manner of imitation – through narrative or character, through change or no change, and through drama or no drama.\n", "While it is believed that Aristotle's \"Poetics\" originally comprised two books – one on comedy and one on tragedy – only the portion that focuses on tragedy has survived. Aristotle taught that tragedy is composed of six elements: plot-structure, character, style, thought, spectacle, and lyric poetry. The characters in a tragedy are merely a means of driving the story; and the plot, not the characters, is the chief focus of tragedy. Tragedy is the imitation of action arousing pity and fear, and is meant to effect the catharsis of those same emotions. Aristotle concludes \"Poetics\" with a discussion on which, if either, is superior: epic or tragic mimesis. He suggests that because tragedy possesses all the attributes of an epic, possibly possesses additional attributes such as spectacle and music, is more unified, and achieves the aim of its mimesis in shorter scope, it can be considered superior to epic. Aristotle was a keen systematic collector of riddles, folklore, and proverbs; he and his school had a special interest in the riddles of the Delphic Oracle and studied the fables of Aesop.\n", "Section::::Practical philosophy.:Views on women.\n", "Aristotle's analysis of procreation describes an active, ensouling masculine element bringing life to an inert, passive female element. On this ground, proponents of feminist metaphysics have accused Aristotle of misogyny and sexism. However, Aristotle gave equal weight to women's happiness as he did to men's, and commented in his \"Rhetoric\" that the things that lead to happiness need to be in women as well as men.\n", "Section::::Influence.\n", "More than 2300 years after his death, Aristotle remains one of the most influential people who ever lived. He contributed to almost every field of human knowledge then in existence, and he was the founder of many new fields. According to the philosopher Bryan Magee, \"it is doubtful whether any human being has ever known as much as he did\". Among countless other achievements, Aristotle was the founder of formal logic, pioneered the study of zoology, and left every future scientist and philosopher in his debt through his contributions to the scientific method. Taneli Kukkonen, writing in \"The Classical Tradition\", observes that his achievement in founding two sciences is unmatched, and his reach in influencing \"every branch of intellectual enterprise\" including Western ethical and political theory, theology, rhetoric and literary analysis is equally long. As a result, Kukkonen argues, any analysis of reality today \"will almost certainly carry Aristotelian overtones ... evidence of an exceptionally forceful mind.\" Jonathan Barnes wrote that \"an account of Aristotle's intellectual afterlife would be little less than a history of European thought\".\n", "Section::::Influence.:On his successor, Theophrastus.\n", "Aristotle's pupil and successor, Theophrastus, wrote the \"History of Plants\", a pioneering work in botany. Some of his technical terms remain in use, such as carpel from \"carpos\", fruit, and pericarp, from \"pericarpion\", seed chamber.\n", "Theophrastus was much less concerned with formal causes than Aristotle was, instead pragmatically describing how plants functioned.\n", "Section::::Influence.:On later Greek philosophers.\n", "The immediate influence of Aristotle's work was felt as the Lyceum grew into the Peripatetic school. Aristotle's notable students included Aristoxenus, Dicaearchus, Demetrius of Phalerum, Eudemos of Rhodes, Harpalus, Hephaestion, Mnason of Phocis, Nicomachus, and Theophrastus. Aristotle's influence over Alexander the Great is seen in the latter's bringing with him on his expedition a host of zoologists, botanists, and researchers. He had also learned a great deal about Persian customs and traditions from his teacher. Although his respect for Aristotle was diminished as his travels made it clear that much of Aristotle's geography was clearly wrong, when the old philosopher released his works to the public, Alexander complained \"Thou hast not done well to publish thy acroamatic doctrines; for in what shall I surpass other men if those doctrines wherein I have been trained are to be all men's common property?\"\n", "Section::::Influence.:On Hellenistic science.\n", "After Theophrastus, the Lyceum failed to produce any original work. Though interest in Aristotle's ideas survived, they were generally taken unquestioningly. It is not until the age of Alexandria under the Ptolemies that advances in biology can be again found.\n", "The first medical teacher at Alexandria, Herophilus of Chalcedon, corrected Aristotle, placing intelligence in the brain, and connected the nervous system to motion and sensation. Herophilus also distinguished between veins and arteries, noting that the latter pulse while the former do not. Though a few ancient atomists such as Lucretius challenged the teleological viewpoint of Aristotelian ideas about life, teleology (and after the rise of Christianity, natural theology) would remain central to biological thought essentially until the 18th and 19th centuries. Ernst Mayr states that there was \"nothing of any real consequence in biology after Lucretius and Galen until the Renaissance.\"\n", "Section::::Influence.:On Byzantine scholars.\n", "Greek Christian scribes played a crucial role in the preservation of Aristotle by copying all the extant Greek language manuscripts of the corpus. The first Greek Christians to comment extensively on Aristotle were Philoponus, Elias, and David in the sixth century, and Stephen of Alexandria in the early seventh century. John Philoponus stands out for having attempted a fundamental critique of Aristotle's views on the eternity of the world, movement, and other elements of Aristotelian thought. Philoponus questioned Aristotle's teaching of physics, noting its flaws and introducing the theory of impetus to explain his observations.\n", "After a hiatus of several centuries, formal commentary by Eustratius and Michael of Ephesus reappeared in the late eleventh and early twelfth centuries, apparently sponsored by Anna Comnena.\n", "Section::::Influence.:On the medieval Islamic world.\n", "Aristotle was one of the most revered Western thinkers in early Islamic theology. Most of the still extant works of Aristotle, as well as a number of the original Greek commentaries, were translated into Arabic and studied by Muslim philosophers, scientists and scholars. Averroes, Avicenna and Alpharabius, who wrote on Aristotle in great depth, also influenced Thomas Aquinas and other Western Christian scholastic philosophers. Alkindus greatly admired Aristotle's philosophy, and Averroes spoke of Aristotle as the \"exemplar\" for all future philosophers. Medieval Muslim scholars regularly described Aristotle as the \"First Teacher\". The title \"teacher\" was first given to Aristotle by Muslim scholars, and was later used by Western philosophers (as in the famous poem of Dante) who were influenced by the tradition of Islamic philosophy.\n", "Section::::Influence.:On medieval Europe.\n", "With the loss of the study of ancient Greek in the early medieval Latin West, Aristotle was practically unknown there from c. AD 600 to c. 1100 except through the Latin translation of the \"Organon\" made by Boethius. In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, interest in Aristotle revived and Latin Christians had translations made, both from Arabic translations, such as those by Gerard of Cremona, and from the original Greek, such as those by James of Venice and William of Moerbeke. After the Scholastic Thomas Aquinas wrote his \"Summa Theologica\", working from Moerbeke's translations and calling Aristotle \"The Philosopher\", the demand for Aristotle's writings grew, and the Greek manuscripts returned to the West, stimulating a revival of Aristotelianism in Europe that continued into the Renaissance. These thinkers blended Aristotelian philosophy with Christianity, bringing the thought of Ancient Greece into the Middle Ages. Scholars such as Boethius, Peter Abelard, and John Buridan worked on Aristotelian logic.\n", "The medieval English poet Chaucer describes his student as being happy by having\n", "A cautionary medieval tale held that Aristotle advised his pupil Alexander to avoid the king's seductive mistress, Phyllis, but was himself captivated by her, and allowed her to ride him. Phyllis had secretly told Alexander what to expect, and he witnessed Phyllis proving that a woman's charms could overcome even the greatest philosopher's male intellect. Artists such as Hans Baldung produced a series of illustrations of the popular theme.\n", "The Italian poet Dante says of Aristotle in \"The Divine Comedy\":\n", "Section::::Influence.:On Early Modern scientists.\n", "In the Early Modern period, scientists such as William Harvey in England and Galileo Galilei in Italy reacted against the theories of Aristotle and other classical era thinkers like Galen, establishing new theories based to some degree on observation and experiment. Harvey demonstrated the circulation of the blood, establishing that the heart functioned as a pump rather than being the seat of the soul and the controller of the body's heat, as Aristotle thought. Galileo used more doubtful arguments to displace Aristotle's physics, proposing that bodies all fall at the same speed whatever their weight.\n", "Section::::Influence.:On 19th-century thinkers.\n", "The 19th-century German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche has been said to have taken nearly all of his political philosophy from Aristotle. Aristotle rigidly separated action from production, and argued for the deserved subservience of some people (\"natural slaves\"), and the natural superiority (virtue, \"arete\") of others. It was Martin Heidegger, not Nietzsche, who elaborated a new interpretation of Aristotle, intended to warrant his deconstruction of scholastic and philosophical tradition.\n", "The English mathematician George Boole fully accepted Aristotle's logic, but decided \"to go under, over, and beyond\" it with his system of algebraic logic in his 1854 book \"The Laws of Thought\". This gives logic a mathematical foundation with equations, enables it to solve equations as well as check validity, and allows it to handle a wider class of problems by expanding propositions of any number of terms, not just two.\n", "Section::::Influence.:Modern rejection and rehabilitation.\n", "During the 20th century, Aristotle's work was widely criticised. The philosopher Bertrand Russell\n", "argued that \"almost every serious intellectual advance has had to begin with an attack on some Aristotelian doctrine\". Russell called Aristotle's ethics \"repulsive\", and labelled his logic \"as definitely antiquated as Ptolemaic astronomy\". Russell stated that these errors made it difficult to do historical justice to Aristotle, until one remembered what an advance he made upon all of his predecessors.\n", "The Dutch historian of science Eduard Jan Dijksterhuis wrote that Aristotle and his predecessors showed the difficulty of science by \"proceed[ing] so readily to frame a theory of such a general character\" on limited evidence from their senses. In 1985, the biologist Peter Medawar could still state in \"pure seventeenth century\" tones that Aristotle had assembled \"a strange and generally speaking rather tiresome farrago of hearsay, imperfect observation, wishful thinking and credulity amounting to downright gullibility\".\n", "By the start of the 21st century, however, Aristotle was taken more seriously: Kukkonen noted that \"In the best 20th-century scholarship Aristotle comes alive as a thinker wrestling with the full weight of the Greek philosophical tradition.\" Ayn Rand accredited Aristotle as \"the greatest philosopher in history\" and cited him as a major influence on her thinking. More recently, Alasdair MacIntyre has attempted to reform what he calls the Aristotelian tradition in a way that is anti-elitist and capable of disputing the claims of both liberals and Nietzscheans. Kukkonen observed, too, that \"that most enduring of romantic images, Aristotle tutoring the future conqueror Alexander\" remained current, as in the 2004 film \"Alexander\", while the \"firm rules\" of Aristotle's theory of drama have ensured a role for the \"Poetics\" in Hollywood.\n", "Biologists continue to be interested in Aristotle's thinking. Armand Marie Leroi has reconstructed Aristotle's biology, while Niko Tinbergen's four questions, based on Aristotle's four causes, are used to analyse animal behaviour; they examine function, phylogeny, mechanism, and ontogeny.\n", "Section::::Surviving works.\n", "Section::::Surviving works.:Corpus Aristotelicum.\n", "The works of Aristotle that have survived from antiquity through medieval manuscript transmission are collected in the Corpus Aristotelicum. These texts, as opposed to Aristotle's lost works, are technical philosophical treatises from within Aristotle's school. Reference to them is made according to the organisation of Immanuel Bekker's Royal Prussian Academy edition (\"Aristotelis Opera edidit Academia Regia Borussica\", Berlin, 1831–1870), which in turn is based on ancient classifications of these works.\n", "Section::::Surviving works.:Loss and preservation.\n", "Aristotle wrote his works on papyrus scrolls, the common writing medium of that era. His writings are divisible into two groups: the \"exoteric\", intended for the public, and the \"esoteric\", for use within the Lyceum school. Aristotle's \"lost\" works stray considerably in characterisation from the surviving Aristotelian corpus. Whereas the lost works appear to have been originally written with a view to subsequent publication, the surviving works mostly resemble lecture notes not intended for publication. Cicero's description of Aristotle's literary style as \"a river of gold\" must have applied to the published works, not the surviving notes. A major question in the history of Aristotle's works is how the exoteric writings were all lost, and how the ones we now possess came to us. The consensus is that Andronicus of Rhodes collected the esoteric works of Aristotle's school which existed in the form of smaller, separate works, distinguished them from those of Theophrastus and other Peripatetics, edited them, and finally compiled them into the more cohesive, larger works as they are known today.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "Section::::Legacy.:Depictions.\n", "Aristotle has been depicted by major artists including Lucas Cranach the Elder, Justus van Gent, Raphael, Paolo Veronese, Jusepe de Ribera, Rembrandt, and Francesco Hayez over the centuries. Among the best-known is Raphael's fresco \"The School of Athens\", in the Vatican's Apostolic Palace, where the figures of Plato and Aristotle are central to the image, at the architectural vanishing point, reflecting their importance. Rembrandt's \"Aristotle with a Bust of Homer\", too, is a celebrated work, showing the knowing philosopher and the blind Homer from an earlier age: as the art critic Jonathan Jones writes, \"this painting will remain one of the greatest and most mysterious in the world, ensnaring us in its musty, glowing, pitch-black, terrible knowledge of time.\"\n", "Section::::Legacy.:Eponyms.\n", "The Aristotle Mountains in Antarctica are named after Aristotle. He was the first person known to conjecture, in his book \"Meteorology\", the existence of a landmass in the southern high-latitude region and called it \"Antarctica\". Aristoteles is a crater on the Moon bearing the classical form of Aristotle's name.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Aristotelian Society\n", "BULLET::::- Conimbricenses\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "The secondary literature on Aristotle is vast. The following is only a small selection.\n", "BULLET::::- Ackrill, J. L. (1997). \"Essays on Plato and Aristotle\", Oxford University Press.\n", "BULLET::::- These translations are available in several places online; see External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Bakalis, Nikolaos. (2005). \"Handbook of Greek Philosophy: From Thales to the Stoics Analysis and Fragments\", Trafford Publishing\n", "BULLET::::- Bolotin, David (1998). \"An Approach to Aristotle's Physics: With Particular Attention to the Role of His Manner of Writing.\" Albany: SUNY Press. A contribution to our understanding of how to read Aristotle's scientific works.\n", "BULLET::::- Burnyeat, Myles F. \"et al.\" (1979). \"Notes on Book Zeta of Aristotle's Metaphysics\". Oxford: Sub-faculty of Philosophy.\n", "BULLET::::- Code, Alan (1995). Potentiality in Aristotle's Science and Metaphysics, Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 76.\n", "BULLET::::- De Groot, Jean (2014). \"Aristotle's Empiricism: Experience and Mechanics in the 4th Century BC\", Parmenides Publishing,\n", "BULLET::::- Frede, Michael (1987). \"Essays in Ancient Philosophy\". Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.\n", "BULLET::::- Gendlin, Eugene T. (2012). \"Line by Line Commentary on Aristotle's De Anima\", Volume 1: Books I & II; Volume 2: Book III. The Focusing Institute.\n", "BULLET::::- Gill, Mary Louise (1989). \"Aristotle on Substance: The Paradox of Unity\". Princeton University Press.\n", "BULLET::::- Halper, Edward C. (2009). \"One and Many in Aristotle's Metaphysics, Volume 1: Books Alpha – Delta\", Parmenides Publishing.\n", "BULLET::::- Halper, Edward C. (2005). \"One and Many in Aristotle's Metaphysics, Volume 2: The Central Books\", Parmenides Publishing.\n", "BULLET::::- Irwin, Terence H. (1988). \"Aristotle's First Principles\". Oxford: Clarendon Press.\n", "BULLET::::- Jori, Alberto (2003). \"Aristotele\", Bruno Mondadori (Prize 2003 of the \"International Academy of the History of Science\").\n", "BULLET::::- Knight, Kelvin (2007). \"Aristotelian Philosophy: Ethics and Politics from Aristotle to MacIntyre\", Polity Press.\n", "BULLET::::- Lewis, Frank A. (1991). \"Substance and Predication in Aristotle\". Cambridge University Press.\n", "BULLET::::- Lord, Carnes (1984). \"Introduction to \"The Politics\", by Aristotle\". Chicago University Press.\n", "BULLET::::- Loux, Michael J. (1991). Primary Ousia: An Essay on Aristotle's Metaphysics Ζ and Η. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.\n", "BULLET::::- Maso, Stefano (Ed.), Natali, Carlo (Ed.), Seel, Gerhard (Ed.) (2012) \"Reading Aristotle: Physics\" VII. 3: \"What is Alteration?\" \"Proceedings of the International ESAP-HYELE Conference\", Parmenides Publishing.\n", "BULLET::::- [Reprinted in J. Barnes, M. Schofield, and R.R.K. Sorabji, eds.(1975). \"Articles on Aristotle\" Vol 1. Science. London: Duckworth 14–34.]\n", "BULLET::::- Pangle, Lorraine Smith (2003). \"Aristotle and the Philosophy of Friendship\". Cambridge University Press.\n", "BULLET::::- Reeve, C. D. C. (2000). \"Substantial Knowledge: Aristotle's Metaphysics\". Hackett.\n", "BULLET::::- Scaltsas, T. (1994). \"Substances and Universals in Aristotle's Metaphysics\". Cornell University Press.\n", "BULLET::::- Strauss, Leo (1964). \"On Aristotle's \"Politics\"\", in \"The City and Man\", Rand McNally.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- At the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy:\n", "BULLET::::- From the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy:\n", "BULLET::::- Collections of works\n", "BULLET::::- At Massachusetts Institute of Technology\n", "BULLET::::- Perseus Project at Tufts University\n", "BULLET::::- At the University of Adelaide\n", "BULLET::::- P. Remacle\n", "BULLET::::- The 11-volume 1837 Bekker edition of \"Aristotle's Works\" in Greek (PDFDJVU)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Aristoteles", "Aristo", "Aristoételes", "Aristotelés", "Aristotel'", "Aristotile", "Aristotel", "Yalisiduode", "Aristóteles", "Aristóteles de Estagira", "Ya-li-ssu-to-te", "Yalishiduode", "Ya-li-shih-to-te", "Arisutoteresu", "Aristoteles Stagirites", "Aristotele", "Arestoteles", "Aristote", "Arystoteles", "Aristòtil", "Aristoeteles", "Aristoteles de Estagira", "Aristotil", "Aristotile.", "Aristotle.", "Aristotele.", "Aristote.", "Aristoteles Stagirites." ] }, "description": "Classical Greek philosopher, student of Plato and founder of Western philosophy", "enwikiquote_title": "Aristotle", "wikidata_id": "Q868", "wikidata_label": "Aristotle", "wikipedia_title": "Aristotle" }

{ "end": [ 125, 138, 171, 192, 229, 259, 273, 301, 33, 41, 198, 62, 71, 116, 180, 200, 216, 86, 248, 274, 310, 65, 99, 130, 165, 173, 215, 236, 260, 321, 331, 389, 420, 436, 465, 43, 107, 191, 231, 262, 288, 334, 361, 383, 401, 445, 487, 543, 600, 617, 644, 51, 100, 193, 209, 227, 297, 309, 415, 433, 444, 501, 518, 723, 804, 314, 542, 589, 628, 120, 144, 45, 70, 92, 57, 148, 253, 359, 377, 406, 456, 481, 11, 117, 46, 165, 72, 116, 103, 64, 93, 165, 50, 208, 45, 59, 45, 94, 194 ], "href": [ "Basil%20Fawlty", "Sybil%20Fawlty", "Fawlty%20Towers", "BAFTA%20award", "Elizabeth%20II", "A%20Question%20of%20Attribution", "Screen%20One", "Alan%20Bennett", "Sutton%20Abinger", "Surrey", "Eastbourne", "Bideford", "Devon", "Second%20World%20War", "Near%20and%20Far%20Sawrey", "Lancashire", "Cumbria", "Bristol%20Old%20Vic", "Hobson%27s%20Choice%20%281954%20film%29", "Room%20at%20the%20Top%20%281959%20film%29", "Waltz%20of%20the%20Toreadors%20%28film%29", "Marriage%20Lines", "Richard%20Briers", "Fawlty%20Towers", "BBC%20Radio%204", "Situation%20comedy", "After%20Henry%20%28radio%20series%29", "Smelling%20of%20Roses", "Ladies%20of%20Letters", "London%20Weekend%20Television", "Channel%204", "E.%20F.%20Benson", "Elizabeth%20II", "Alan%20Bennett", "A%20Question%20of%20Attribution", "Ronnie%20Barker", "Seven%20of%20One", "Escape%20from%20the%20Dark", "The%20Hound%20of%20the%20Baskervilles%20%281978%20film%29", "The%20Boys%20from%20Brazil%20%28film%29", "The%20Wicked%20Lady%20%281983%20film%29", "The%20Lonely%20Passion%20of%20Judith%20Hearne", "Stiff%20Upper%20Lips", "Howards%20End%20%28film%29", "Wolf%20%281994%20film%29", "BBC%20Television%20Shakespeare", "The%20Merry%20Wives%20of%20Windsor", "Theatre%20Night", "Timothy%20West", "Joe%20Orton", "What%20the%20Butler%20Saw%20%28play%29", "Jane%20Horrocks", "Tesco", "Richard%20Wilson%20%28Scottish%20actor%29", "Emily%20Mortimer", "Stephen%20Moyer", "Fowey", "Cornwall", "Chris%20Barfoot", "science-fiction", "Short%20film", "NBC%20Universal", "Syfy", "Sara%20Sugarman", "The%20World%20of%20Peter%20Rabbit%20and%20Friends", "Rumpole%20of%20the%20Bailey", "Queen%20Victoria", "Ian%20Partridge", "Albert%2C%20Prince%20Consort", "Gioachino%20Rossini", "La%20gazza%20ladra", "Academy%20Award", "Vanessa%20Redgrave", "Maximilian%20Schell", "Children%20in%20Need", "Hotel%20Babylon", "Wireless%20Theatre%20Company", "Carrie%27s%20War", "Nina%20Bawden", "Apollo%20Theatre", "Agatha%20Christie", "A%20Pocket%20Full%20of%20Rye", "John%20Cleese", "Bridget%20Turner", "3D%20film", "Cabin%20Pressure%20%28radio%20series%29", "Great%20Canal%20Journeys", "Samuel%20West", "John%20Murray%20%28publisher%29", "Order%20of%20the%20British%20Empire", "1992%20Birthday%20Honours", "1984%20Birthday%20Honours", "SOS%20Children%27s%20Villages", "World%20Orphan%20Week", "Lace%20Market%20Theatre", "Nottingham", "The%20Guardian", "Alzheimer%27s%20disease", "BBC%20Radio%204" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 10, 10, 10, 10, 11, 11, 12, 12, 12, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 14, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 22, 22, 24, 24, 25, 25, 28, 28, 28 ], "start": [ 113, 133, 158, 181, 211, 234, 263, 289, 19, 35, 188, 54, 66, 100, 169, 190, 209, 71, 233, 259, 288, 51, 85, 117, 154, 166, 204, 219, 243, 296, 322, 377, 402, 424, 440, 30, 95, 171, 202, 242, 273, 299, 345, 372, 397, 419, 461, 530, 588, 608, 625, 38, 95, 179, 195, 214, 292, 301, 402, 418, 439, 488, 504, 710, 767, 300, 528, 576, 615, 103, 130, 32, 54, 75, 41, 135, 229, 347, 366, 392, 441, 461, 0, 103, 44, 151, 52, 105, 92, 20, 72, 144, 27, 191, 26, 49, 33, 75, 183 ], "text": [ "Basil Fawlty", "Sybil", "Fawlty Towers", "BAFTA award", "Queen Elizabeth II", "A Question of Attribution", "Screen One", "Alan Bennett", "Sutton Abinger", "Surrey", "Eastbourne", "Bideford", "Devon", "Second World War", "Near Sawrey", "Lancashire", "Cumbria", "Bristol Old Vic", "Hobson's Choice", "Room at the Top", "Waltz of the Toreadors", "Marriage Lines", "Richard Briers", "Fawlty Towers", "BBC Radio 4", "sitcoms", "After Henry", "Smelling of Roses", "Ladies of Letters", "London Weekend Television", "Channel 4", "E. F. Benson", "Queen Elizabeth II", "Alan Bennett", "A Question of Attribution", "Ronnie Barker", "Seven of One", "Escape from the Dark", "The Hound of the Baskervilles", "The Boys From Brazil", "The Wicked Lady", "The Lonely Passion of Judith Hearne", "Stiff Upper Lips", "Howards End", "Wolf", "BBC Television Shakespeare", "The Merry Wives of Windsor", "Theatre Night", "Timothy West", "Joe Orton", "What the Butler Saw", "Jane Horrocks", "Tesco", "Richard Wilson", "Emily Mortimer", "Stephen Moyer", "Fowey", "Cornwall", "Chris Barfoot", "science-fiction", "short", "NBC Universal", "Sci Fi Channel", "Sara Sugarman", "The World of Peter Rabbit and Friends", "Horace Rumpole", "Queen Victoria", "Ian Partridge", "Prince Albert", "Gioachino Rossini", "La gazza ladra", "Academy Award", "Vanessa Redgrave", "Maximilian Schell", "Children in Need", "Hotel Babylon", "Wireless Theatre Company", "Carrie's War", "Nina Bawden", "Apollo Theatre", "Agatha Christie", "A Pocket Full of Rye", "John Cleese", "Bridget Turner", "3D", "Cabin Pressure", "Great Canal Journeys", "Samuel West", "John Murray", "Commander of the Order of the British Empire", "1992 Birthday Honours", "1984 Birthday Honours", "SOS Children's Villages", "World Orphan Week", "Lace Market Theatre", "Nottingham", "The Guardian", "Alzheimer's disease", "BBC Radio 4" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "5138759", "5271125", "11673", "150200", "12153654", "3579037", "33227668", "82767", "3103142", "48189", "18729001", "74839", "8166", "32927", "4914578", "50435", "73021", "728802", "5565401", "92688", "32359190", "4523492", "157729", "11673", "72758", "20913980", "576762", "2691198", "2691422", "226939", "6321", "82142", "12153654", "82767", "3579037", "75619", "1053108", "27546286", "10030670", "143834", "23205095", "7680880", "8191093", "133622", "686022", "187709", "201695", "42694226", "157721", "16486", "1830064", "153103", "98356", "151408", "869862", "7254161", "373411", "5648", "23024683", "26787", "498104", "650407", "272659", "1573298", "5279389", "479798", "47923", "31308604", "76811", "12406", "735984", "324", "63741", "161516", "1073488", "3978689", "22546681", "2481655", "1630829", "1225584", "984", "2292761", "15858", "10776363", "246007", "23641576", "50265098", "157663", "1422818", "212182", "38195205", "38436414", "611773", "17405318", "15436251", "39470", "19344515", "18914017", "72758" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "Basil Fawlty", "Sybil Fawlty", "Fawlty Towers", "British Academy Film Awards", "Elizabeth II", "A Question of Attribution", "Screen One", "Alan Bennett", "Abinger", "Surrey", "Eastbourne", "Bideford", "Devon", "World War II", "Near and Far Sawrey", "Lancashire", "Cumbria", "Bristol Old Vic", "Hobson's Choice (1954 film)", "Room at the Top (1959 film)", "Waltz of the Toreadors (film)", "Marriage Lines", "Richard Briers", "Fawlty Towers", "BBC Radio 4", "Sitcom", "After Henry (radio series)", "Smelling of Roses", "Ladies of Letters", "London Weekend Television", "Channel 4", "E. F. Benson", "Elizabeth II", "Alan Bennett", "A Question of Attribution", "Ronnie Barker", "Seven of One", "Escape from the Dark", "The Hound of the Baskervilles (1978 film)", "The Boys from Brazil (film)", "The Wicked Lady (1983 film)", "The Lonely Passion of Judith Hearne", "Stiff Upper Lips", "Howards End (film)", "Wolf (1994 film)", "BBC Television Shakespeare", "The Merry Wives of Windsor", "Theatre Night", "Timothy West", "Joe Orton", "What the Butler Saw (play)", "Jane Horrocks", "Tesco", "Richard Wilson (Scottish actor)", "Emily Mortimer", "Stephen Moyer", "Fowey", "Cornwall", "Chris Barfoot", "Science fiction", "Short film", "NBCUniversal", "Syfy", "Sara Sugarman", "The World of Peter Rabbit and Friends", "Rumpole of the Bailey", "Queen Victoria", "Ian Partridge", "Albert, Prince Consort", "Gioachino Rossini", "La gazza ladra", "Academy Awards", "Vanessa Redgrave", "Maximilian Schell", "Children in Need", "Hotel Babylon", "Wireless Theatre Company", "Carrie's War", "Nina Bawden", "Apollo Theatre", "Agatha Christie", "A Pocket Full of Rye", "John Cleese", "Bridget Turner", "3D film", "Cabin Pressure (radio series)", "Great Canal Journeys", "Samuel West", "John Murray (publisher)", "Order of the British Empire", "1992 Birthday Honours", "1984 Birthday Honours", "SOS Children's Villages", "World Orphan Week", "Lace Market Theatre", "Nottingham", "The Guardian", "Alzheimer's disease", "BBC Radio 4" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Prunella Scales\n", "Prunella Margaret Scales (\"née\" Illingworth; born 22 June 1932) is an English actress best known for her role as Basil Fawlty's wife Sybil in the BBC comedy \"Fawlty Towers\" and her BAFTA award-nominated role as Queen Elizabeth II in \"A Question of Attribution\" (\"Screen One\", BBC 1991) by Alan Bennett.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Scales was born in Sutton Abinger, Surrey, the daughter of Catherine (\"née\" Scales), an actress, and John Richardson Illingworth, a cotton salesman. She attended Moira House Girls School, Eastbourne. She had a younger brother, Timothy (\"Timmo\") Illingworth (1934–2017).\n", "Scales' parents moved their family to Bucks Mill near Bideford in Devon in 1939 at the start of the Second World War. Scales herself (and her brother) were evacuated to Near Sawrey (then in Lancashire, now in Cumbria).\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Scales started her career in 1951 as an assistant stage manager at the Bristol Old Vic. Throughout her career she has often been cast in comic roles. Her early work included the second UK adaptation of \"Pride and Prejudice\" (1952), \"Hobson's Choice\" (1954), \"Room at the Top\" (1959) and \"Waltz of the Toreadors\" (1962).\n", "Her career break came with the early 1960s sitcom \"Marriage Lines\" starring opposite Richard Briers. In addition to \"Fawlty Towers\", she has had roles in BBC Radio 4 sitcoms, and comedy series including \"After Henry\", \"Smelling of Roses\" and \"Ladies of Letters\"; on television she starred in the London Weekend Television/Channel 4 series \"Mapp & Lucia\" based on the novels by E. F. Benson. She played Queen Elizabeth II in Alan Bennett's \"A Question of Attribution\".\n", "In 1973, Scales was cast with Ronnie Barker in \"One Man's Meat\" which formed part of Barker's \"Seven of One\" series, also for the BBC. Her later film appearances include \"Escape from the Dark\" (1976), \"The Hound of the Baskervilles\" (1978), \"The Boys From Brazil\" (1978), \"The Wicked Lady\" (1983), \"The Lonely Passion of Judith Hearne\" (1987), \"Stiff Upper Lips\" (1997), \"Howards End\" (1992) and \"Wolf\" (1994). For the BBC Television Shakespeare production of \"The Merry Wives of Windsor\" (1982) she played Mistress Page and the \"Theatre Night\" series (BBC) she appeared with her husband Timothy West in the Joe Orton farce \"What the Butler Saw\" (1987) playing Mrs Prentice.\n", "For ten years, Prunella appeared with Jane Horrocks in advertisements for UK supermarket chain Tesco. In 1996, Scales starred in the television film, \"Lord of Misrule\", alongside Richard Wilson, Emily Mortimer and Stephen Moyer. The film was directed by Guy Jenkins and filming took place in Fowey in Cornwall. Also in 1996, she appeared as Miss Bates in Jane Austen’s Emma. In 1997, Scales starred in Chris Barfoot's science-fiction film short \"Phoenix\" which was first aired in 1999 by NBC Universal's Sci Fi Channel. Scales played 'The Client', an evil government minister funding inter-genetic time travel experiments. The same year she played Dr. Minny Stinkler in the comedy film \"Mad Cows\", directed by Sara Sugarman. In 1993 Scales voiced Mrs Tiggy-Winkle in The World of Peter Rabbit and Friends.\n", "In 2000 she appeared in the film \"The Ghost of Greville Lodge\" as Sarah. The same year she appeared as Eleanor Dunsall in Midsomer Murders Beyond the Grave. In 2001 she appeared in 2 episodes of Silent Witness, “Faith” as Mrs Parker. In 2003, she appeared as Hilda, \"she who must be obeyed\", wife of Horace Rumpole in four BBC Radio 4 plays, with Timothy West playing her fictional husband. Scales and West toured Australia at the same time in different productions. Scales appeared in a one-woman show called \"\"An Evening with Queen Victoria\"\", which also featured the tenor Ian Partridge singing songs written by Prince Albert.\n", "Also in 2003, she voiced the speaking (\"cawing\") role of Magpie, the eponymous thief in a recording of Gioachino Rossini's opera \"La gazza ladra\" (The Thieving Magpie).\n", "In 2006, she appeared alongside Academy Award winners Vanessa Redgrave and Maximilian Schell in the mini-series \"The Shell Seekers\".\n", "On 16 November 2007, Scales appeared in \"Children in Need\", reprising her role as Sybil Fawlty, the new manager who wants to take over Hotel Babylon. She appeared in the audio play \"The Youth of Old Age\", produced in 2008 by the Wireless Theatre Company, and available to download free of charge on their website. She appeared in a production of \"Carrie's War\", the Nina Bawden novel, at the Apollo Theatre in 2009. In 2008, she appeared in Agatha Christie's, \"A Pocket Full of Rye\", as Mrs. Mackenzie.\n", "John Cleese said in an interview on 8 May 2009 that the role of Sybil Fawlty was originally offered to Bridget Turner, who turned down the part, claiming \"it wasn't right for her\".\n", "She starred in the 2011 British live-action 3D family comedy film \"\" as the titular character's Great Aunt Greta.\n", "Scales appeared in a short audio story, \"Dandruff Hits the Turtleneck\", written by John Mayfield, and available for download.\n", "She starred in a Virgin Short \"Stranger Danger\" alongside Roderick Cowie in 2012. In 2013 she made a guest appearance in the popular BBC radio comedy \"Cabin Pressure\" as Wendy Crieff, the mother of Captain Martin Crieff.\n", "Alongside husband Timothy West she has appeared in \"Great Canal Journeys\" for Channel 4 every year since 2014. Stuart Heritage, writing for \"The Guardian\" in November 2016, commented that it \"is ultimately a work about a devoted couple facing something huge together. It’s a beautiful, meditative programme\". \"An emotional but unrooted glimpse of life with dementia\" was Christopher Howse's characterization in October 2018, writing for \"The Telegraph\".\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Scales is married to the actor Timothy West, with whom she has two sons; the elder is actor and director Samuel West. Their younger son Joseph participated in two episodes of \"Great Canal Journeys\" filmed in France. Scales also has a step-daughter, Juliet, by West's first marriage.\n", "Her biography, \"Prunella\", written by Teresa Ransom, was published by UK publishing imprint John Murray in 2005.\n", "She was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1992 Birthday Honours List. Her husband received the same honour in the 1984 Birthday Honours List.\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Other activities.\n", "Scales is an ambassador of SOS Children's Villages charity. an international orphan charity providing homes and mothers for orphaned and abandoned children. She supports the charity's annual World Orphan Week campaign, which takes place each February.\n", "Scales is a patron of the Lace Market Theatre in Nottingham.\n", "In 2005, she named the P&O cruise ship, \"Artemis\".\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Later life.\n", "In March 2014, her husband told \"The Guardian\" that Scales was living with Alzheimer's disease. The couple discussed practical measures in a radio programme about age and dementia on BBC Radio 4 in December 2014. In June 2018, her husband characterized her short-term memory as \"no good at all\", and admitted her condition \"slowed them down\", but \"not so it closes up opportunities.\"\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Prunella Margaret Rumney Illingworth" ] }, "description": "British actress", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q271348", "wikidata_label": "Prunella Scales", "wikipedia_title": "Prunella Scales" }

{ "end": [ 85, 173, 194, 260, 357, 659, 21, 81, 118, 137, 159, 247, 259, 280, 315, 327, 466, 577, 593, 201, 332, 359, 84, 128, 543, 671, 716, 751, 53, 106, 116, 128, 163, 193, 215, 353, 435, 495, 513, 151, 229, 317, 327, 465, 557, 570, 586, 610, 334, 437, 181, 254, 265, 285, 297, 37, 67, 209, 510, 67, 91, 122, 338, 375, 521, 76, 98, 203, 235, 299, 472, 515, 605, 70, 116, 950, 19, 145, 180, 165, 340, 493, 557, 584, 971, 1129, 1159, 74, 230, 466, 634, 645, 138, 154, 288, 384, 408, 429, 751, 65, 195, 336, 571, 675, 767, 824, 1057, 369, 446, 468, 505, 71, 327, 404, 513, 543, 683, 1053, 1062, 1083, 117, 120, 245, 541, 558, 176, 187, 197, 206, 253, 279, 307, 418, 660, 683, 748, 770, 877, 935, 962, 1082, 1159, 1167, 80, 38, 262, 275, 26, 115, 135, 225, 339, 353, 361, 383, 399, 52, 15, 121, 137, 300, 439, 532, 35, 54, 322, 412, 619, 56, 83, 119, 131, 264, 307, 326, 334, 343, 354, 376, 394, 556, 571, 805, 869, 395, 478, 545, 27, 100, 156, 209, 497, 894, 947, 986, 1346, 230, 163, 304, 329, 483, 122, 163, 372, 638, 678, 149, 222, 323, 66, 99, 153, 418, 433, 572, 55, 242, 425, 451, 73, 90, 108, 148, 167, 302, 321, 345, 353, 505, 527, 548, 608, 639, 686, 368, 396, 738, 764, 881, 900, 935, 46, 64, 123, 154, 193, 276, 296, 331, 348, 394, 538, 783, 57, 105, 196, 209, 231, 215, 269, 315, 361, 386, 33, 290, 321, 406, 478, 495, 549, 577, 882, 411, 497, 531, 591, 611, 72, 522, 913, 938, 955, 34, 246, 270, 29, 79, 71, 102, 198, 227, 243, 257, 306, 331, 347, 446, 608, 43, 349, 412, 421, 54, 84, 239, 317, 619, 649, 698, 31, 34, 32, 39, 24, 23, 42, 43, 40, 58, 49, 32, 33, 35, 81, 48 ], "href": [ "Russian-American", "The%20Fountainhead", "Atlas%20Shrugged", "Objectivism%20%28Ayn%20Rand%29", "Broadway%20theatre", "Objectivist%20periodicals", "reason", "faith", "Rational%20egoism", "ethical%20egoism", "Altruism%20%28ethics%29", "collectivism", "statism", "anarchism", "laissez-faire", "capitalism", "romantic%20realism", "Aristotle", "Thomas%20Aquinas", "Objectivist%20movement", "Libertarianism", "Conservatism%20in%20the%20United%20States", "Russian-Jewish", "Saint%20Petersburg", "Vladimir%20Nabokov", "Nabokov%20house", "constitutional%20monarchy", "republicanism", "February%20Revolution", "Alexander%20Kerensky", "Tsar", "Nicholas%20II", "October%20Revolution", "Bolshevik", "Vladimir%20Lenin", "Crimean%20Peninsula", "Russian%20Civil%20War", "atheist", "reason", "Petrograd%20State%20University", "social%20pedagogy", "Aristotle", "Plato", "Friedrich%20Nietzsche", "Fyodor%20Dostoevsky", "Victor%20Hugo", "Edmond%20Rostand", "Friedrich%20Schiller", "Tekhnikum", "Pola%20Negri", "Cyrillic", "Finnish%20language", "Aino%20%28given%20name%29", "Hebrew", "ayin", "Visa%20%28document%29", "Chicago", "Manhattan", "Hollywood", "Cecil%20B.%20DeMille", "Extra%20%28drama%29", "The%20King%20of%20Kings%20%281927%20film%29", "Permanent%20residence%20%28United%20States%29", "United%20States%20nationality%20law%23Naturalization", "RKO", "Red%20Pawn", "Universal%20Studios", "Night%20of%20January%2016th", "E.%20E.%20Clive", "Broadway%20theater", "Paramount%20Pictures", "The%20Night%20of%20January%2016th%20%28film%29", "Ideal%20%28novel%29", "We%20the%20Living", "Soviet%20Russia", "We%20the%20Living%20%28film%29", "Anthem%20%28novella%29", "dystopian", "totalitarian", "Wendell%20Willkie", "newsreels", "Henry%20Hazlitt", "Austrian%20School", "Ludwig%20von%20Mises", "Isabel%20Paterson", "non-fiction", "The%20God%20of%20the%20Machine", "The%20Fountainhead", "Howard%20Roark", "Bobbs-Merrill%20Company", "amphetamine", "Benzedrine", "The%20Fountainhead%20%28film%29", "Warner%20Bros.", "Hal%20B.%20Wallis", "Academy%20Awards", "Love%20Letters%20%281945%20film%29", "You%20Came%20Along", "Reader%27s%20Digest", "anti-communist", "Motion%20Picture%20Alliance%20for%20the%20Preservation%20of%20American%20Ideals", "American%20Writers%20Association", "Second%20Red%20Scare", "House%20Un-American%20Activities%20Committee", "Soviet%20Union", "Song%20of%20Russia", "The%20Best%20Years%20of%20Our%20Lives", "Alan%20Greenspan", "Nathaniel%20Branden", "Barbara%20Branden", "Leonard%20Peikoff", "magnum%20opus", "Objectivism%20%28Ayn%20Rand%29", "dystopia", "welfare%20state", "Strike%20action", "John%20Galt", "Mystery%20%28fiction%29", "Romance%20novel", "science%20fiction", "Mike%20Wallace", "Nathaniel%20Branden%20Institute", "Objectivist%20periodicals", "Objectivist%20movement", "cult", "Yale", "Princeton%20University", "Columbia%20University", "Harvard", "Massachusetts%20Institute%20of%20Technology", "Honorary%20degree", "Doctor%20of%20Humane%20Letters", "Ford%20Hall%20Forum", "Vietnam%20War", "military%20draft", "Israel", "Yom%20Kippur%20War", "European%20colonization%20of%20the%20Americas", "Indigenous%20peoples%20of%20the%20Americas", "homosexuality", "Republican%20Party%20%28United%20States%29", "Barry%20Goldwater", "1964%20United%20States%20presidential%20election", "Patrecia%20Scott", "lung%20cancer", "Social%20Security%20%28United%20States%29", "Medicare%20%28United%20States%29", "heart%20failure", "Kensico%20Cemetery", "Valhalla%2C%20New%20York", "Alan%20Greenspan", "metaphysics", "epistemology", "ethics", "political%20philosophy", "aesthetics", "philosophical%20realism", "epistemology", "axiom", "reason", "A%20priori%20and%20a%20posteriori", "Introduction%20to%20Objectivist%20Epistemology", "analytic%E2%80%93synthetic%20dichotomy", "Rational%20egoism", "ethical%20egoism", "The%20Virtue%20of%20Selfishness", "meta-ethical", "initiation%20of%20force", "individual%20rights", "Private%20property", "laissez-faire", "capitalism", "statism", "theocracy", "absolute%20monarchy", "Nazism", "fascism", "communism", "democratic%20socialism", "dictatorship", "Conservatism%20in%20the%20United%20States", "libertarian", "anarchism", "subjectivism", "romanticism", "free%20will", "romantic%20realism", "Aristotle", "history%20of%20philosophy", "Thomas%20Aquinas", "Mike%20Wallace", "Friedrich%20Nietzsche", "Rational%20egoism", "Nikolay%20Chernyshevsky", "What%20Is%20to%20Be%20Done%3F%20%28novel%29", "Immanuel%20Kant", "epistemology", "H.%20L.%20Mencken", "The%20New%20York%20Times", "Lorine%20Pruette", "bestseller", "National%20Review", "Whittaker%20Chambers", "Religion%20in%20the%20Soviet%20Union", "John%20Chamberlain%20%28journalist%29", "Mimi%20Reisel%20Gladstein", "For%20the%20New%20Intellectual", "Sidney%20Hook", "Gore%20Vidal", "Edward%20Rothstein", "The%20New%20York%20Times", "utopian", "pseudo-philosophy", "GQ", "Left%20Behind", "Library%20of%20Congress", "Bible", "Ayn%20Rand%20Institute", "Modern%20Library", "Ira%20Levin", "Kay%20Nolte%20Smith", "L.%20Neil%20Smith", "Erika%20Holzer", "Terry%20Goodkind", "comic%20book", "Steve%20Ditko", "Neil%20Peart", "Rush%20%28band%29", "John%20A.%20Allison%20IV", "Ed%20Snider", "Comcast%20Spectacor", "Mark%20Cuban", "Dallas%20Mavericks", "Whole%20Foods", "Nick%20Gillespie", "Reason%20%28magazine%29", "Academy%20Award%20for%20Best%20Documentary%20Feature", "The%20Passion%20of%20Ayn%20Rand%20%28film%29", "List%20of%20people%20on%20stamps%20of%20the%20United%20States%23R", "Postage%20stamps%20and%20postal%20history%20of%20the%20United%20States", "Nick%20Gaetano", "conservative", "libertarian", "right-wing%20politics", "Jim%20Powell%20%28historian%29", "Cato%20Institute", "Rose%20Wilder%20Lane", "Isabel%20Paterson", "American%20libertarianism", "David%20Nolan%20%28libertarian%29", "Libertarian%20Party%20%28United%20States%29", "Brian%20Doherty%20%28journalist%29", "George%20Reisman", "William%20F.%20Buckley%2C%20Jr.", "National%20Review", "Whittaker%20Chambers", "Garry%20Wills", "M.%20Stanton%20Evans", "pro-choice", "The%20New%20York%20Times", "Presidency%20of%20Ronald%20Reagan", "United%20States%20Congress", "pundits", "financial%20crisis%20of%202007%E2%80%932008", "John%20Galt", "Tea%20Party%20protests", "political%20left", "Rational%20egoism%23Ayn%20Rand", "free%20markets", "Alan%20Greenspan", "Mother%20Jones%20%28magazine%29", "The%20Nation", "The%20Personalist", "Robert%20Nozick", "meta-ethical", "is%E2%80%93ought%20problem", "David%20Hume", "Routledge%20Encyclopedia%20of%20Philosophy", "Michael%20Huemer", "classical%20liberalism", "Ludwig%20von%20Mises", "Friedrich%20Hayek", "Charles%20Murray%20%28political%20scientist%29", "John%20Locke", "Friedrich%20Nietzsche", "The%20Literary%20Encyclopedia%20%28English%29", "John%20David%20Lewis", "Allan%20Gotthelf", "David%20Kelley", "American%20Philosophical%20Association", "Harry%20Binswanger", "Allan%20Gotthelf", "John%20Hospers", "Leonard%20Peikoff", "Chris%20Matthew%20Sciabarra", "Tara%20Smith%20%28philosopher%29", "Journal%20of%20Ayn%20Rand%20Studies", "Chronicle%20of%20Higher%20Education", "University%20of%20Pittsburgh%20Press", "Cambridge%20University%20Press", "Clemson%20University", "Duke%20University", "Douglas%20B.%20Rasmussen", "Ayn%20Rand%20Institute", "David%20Kelley", "The%20Atlas%20Society", "University%20of%20Texas%20at%20Austin", "University%20of%20Pittsburgh", "University%20of%20North%20Carolina%20at%20Chapel%20Hill", "We%20the%20Living", "The%20Fountainhead", "Atlas%20Shrugged", "Night%20of%20January%2016th", "Anthem%20%28novella%29", "Ideal%20%28novel%29", "For%20the%20New%20Intellectual", "The%20Virtue%20of%20Selfishness", "The%20Romantic%20Manifesto", "Introduction%20to%20Objectivist%20Epistemology", "List%20of%20people%20influenced%20by%20Ayn%20Rand", "Letters%20of%20Ayn%20Rand", "Journals%20of%20Ayn%20Rand", "Murder%20of%20Marion%20Parker", "Ayn%20Rand%20Institute", "C-SPAN" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 12, 12, 12, 12, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 16, 16, 16, 17, 17, 17, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 22, 22, 22, 22, 22, 22, 22, 22, 25, 25, 25, 25, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 27, 28, 28, 28, 28, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 31, 32, 32, 32, 33, 33, 33, 33, 35, 35, 35, 35, 35, 36, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 38, 38, 38, 38, 38, 39, 39, 39, 39, 39, 39, 39, 39, 39, 39, 39, 39, 39, 39, 39, 39, 40, 40, 40, 41, 41, 41, 41, 41, 41, 41, 41, 41, 42, 45, 45, 45, 45, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 49, 49, 49, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 52, 52, 52, 52, 53, 53, 53, 53, 53, 53, 53, 53, 53, 53, 53, 53, 53, 53, 53, 54, 54, 54, 54, 54, 54, 54, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 57, 57, 57, 57, 57, 58, 58, 58, 58, 58, 59, 59, 59, 59, 59, 59, 59, 59, 59, 62, 62, 62, 62, 62, 65, 65, 65, 65, 65, 66, 66, 66, 67, 67, 69, 69, 69, 69, 69, 69, 69, 69, 69, 69, 69, 70, 70, 70, 70, 71, 73, 73, 73, 73, 73, 73, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 87, 89, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 100 ], "start": [ 69, 157, 180, 249, 349, 648, 15, 76, 110, 123, 151, 235, 252, 271, 302, 317, 450, 568, 579, 181, 320, 337, 70, 112, 527, 656, 693, 734, 34, 88, 112, 117, 145, 184, 201, 336, 418, 488, 507, 125, 214, 308, 322, 446, 540, 559, 572, 592, 325, 427, 173, 247, 261, 279, 293, 33, 60, 200, 489, 51, 86, 105, 311, 356, 518, 68, 81, 182, 224, 291, 454, 484, 600, 57, 103, 937, 13, 136, 168, 150, 331, 480, 542, 568, 956, 1118, 1137, 58, 218, 445, 623, 635, 126, 142, 275, 379, 396, 415, 736, 51, 132, 308, 555, 637, 755, 810, 1030, 355, 429, 461, 490, 60, 316, 396, 500, 537, 674, 1046, 1055, 1068, 105, 93, 222, 521, 554, 172, 178, 189, 199, 216, 271, 280, 403, 649, 669, 742, 756, 859, 919, 949, 1072, 1144, 1163, 66, 27, 247, 267, 13, 99, 117, 211, 328, 341, 355, 363, 389, 31, 3, 116, 131, 292, 399, 504, 27, 40, 304, 400, 600, 39, 68, 106, 121, 257, 298, 309, 328, 336, 345, 356, 382, 544, 560, 796, 857, 384, 469, 529, 18, 79, 149, 197, 478, 879, 926, 967, 1333, 218, 150, 286, 315, 473, 107, 145, 365, 622, 657, 125, 211, 313, 50, 81, 146, 401, 431, 561, 36, 237, 407, 437, 64, 75, 95, 136, 153, 292, 310, 335, 349, 493, 518, 531, 598, 623, 675, 354, 390, 696, 741, 877, 882, 923, 34, 53, 104, 144, 179, 260, 281, 308, 337, 377, 525, 769, 34, 90, 178, 198, 215, 205, 251, 294, 350, 379, 4, 281, 303, 392, 467, 483, 535, 565, 872, 396, 484, 519, 575, 601, 36, 508, 893, 922, 940, 20, 236, 251, 8, 63, 57, 90, 164, 211, 229, 245, 291, 308, 337, 419, 579, 13, 323, 405, 417, 34, 66, 227, 300, 590, 625, 655, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 12, 13, 13, 12, 63, 42 ], "text": [ "Russian-American", "The Fountainhead", "Atlas Shrugged", "Objectivism", "Broadway", "periodicals", "reason", "faith", "rational", "ethical egoism", "altruism", "collectivism", "statism", "anarchism", "laissez-faire", "capitalism", "romantic realism", "Aristotle", "Thomas Aquinas", "Objectivist movement", "libertarians", "American conservatives", "Russian-Jewish", "Saint Petersburg", "Vladimir Nabokov", "Nabokov mansion", "constitutional monarchy", "republican ideals", "February Revolution", "Alexander Kerensky", "Tsar", "Nicholas II", "October Revolution", "Bolshevik", "Vladimir Lenin", "Crimean Peninsula", "Russian Civil War", "atheist", "reason", "Petrograd State University", "social pedagogy", "Aristotle", "Plato", "Friedrich Nietzsche", "Fyodor Dostoevsky", "Victor Hugo", "Edmond Rostand", "Friedrich Schiller", "Technicum", "Pola Negri", "Cyrillic", "Finnish", "Aino", "Hebrew", "ayin", "visa", "Chicago", "Manhattan", "Hollywood, California", "Cecil B. DeMille", "extra", "The King of Kings", "permanent American resident", "an American citizen", "RKO", "Red Pawn", "Universal Studios", "Night of January 16th", "E. E. Clive", "Broadway", "Paramount Pictures", "movie loosely based on the play", "Ideal", "We the Living", "Soviet Russia", "We the Living", "Anthem", "dystopian", "totalitarian", "Wendell Willkie", "newsreels", "Henry Hazlitt", "Austrian School", "Ludwig von Mises", "Isabel Paterson", "non-fiction", "The God of the Machine", "The Fountainhead", "Howard Roark", "Bobbs-Merrill Company", "amphetamine", "Benzedrine", "film version", "Warner Bros.", "Hal B. Wallis", "Oscar", "Love Letters", "You Came Along", "Reader's Digest", "anti-communist", "Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals", "American Writers Association", "Second Red Scare", "House Un-American Activities Committee", "Soviet Union", "Song of Russia", "The Best Years of Our Lives", "Alan Greenspan", "Nathaniel Branden", "Barbara", "Leonard Peikoff", "magnum opus", "Objectivism", "dystopia", "welfare state", "strike", "John Galt", "mystery", "romance", "science fiction", "Mike Wallace", "Nathaniel Branden Institute", "Objectivist periodicals", "Objectivist movement", "cult", "Yale", "Princeton", "Columbia", "Harvard", "Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "honorary", "Doctorate of Humane Letters", "Ford Hall Forum", "Vietnam War", "military draft", "Israel", "Yom Kippur War", "European colonists", "American Indians", "homosexuality", "Republican", "Barry Goldwater", "1964", "Patrecia Scott", "lung cancer", "Social Security", "Medicare", "heart failure", "Kensico Cemetery", "Valhalla, New York", "Alan Greenspan", "metaphysics", "epistemology", "ethics", "political philosophy", "aesthetics", "philosophical realism", "epistemology", "axiom", "reason", "a priori", "Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology", "analytic–synthetic dichotomy", "rational", "ethical egoism", "book of that title", "meta-ethical", "initiation of force", "individual rights", "property rights", "laissez-faire", "capitalism", "statism", "theocracy", "absolute monarchy", "Nazism", "fascism", "communism", "democratic socialism", "dictatorship", "conservative", "libertarian", "anarchism", "subjectivism", "romanticism", "free will", "romantic realism", "Aristotle", "history of philosophy", "Aquinas", "Mike Wallace", "Friedrich Nietzsche", "Rational egoism", "Nikolay Chernyshevsky", "What Is to Be Done?", "Immanuel Kant", "epistemology", "H. L. Mencken", "The New York Times", "Lorine Pruette", "bestseller", "National Review", "Whittaker Chambers", "Soviets", "John Chamberlain", "Mimi Reisel Gladstein", "For the New Intellectual", "Sidney Hook", "Gore Vidal", "Edward Rothstein", "The New York Times", "utopian", "pseudo-philosophy", "GQ", "Left Behind", "Library of Congress", "Bible", "Ayn Rand Institute", "Modern Library", "Ira Levin", "Kay Nolte Smith", "L. Neil Smith", "Erika Holzer", "Terry Goodkind", "comic book", "Steve Ditko", "Neil Peart", "Rush", "John Allison", "Ed Snider", "Comcast Spectacor", "Mark Cuban", "Dallas Mavericks", "Whole Foods", "Nick Gillespie", "Reason", "Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature", "The Passion of Ayn Rand", "1999", "U.S. postage stamp", "Nick Gaetano", "conservative", "libertarian", "right-wing politics", "Jim Powell", "Cato Institute", "Rose Wilder Lane", "Isabel Paterson", "American libertarianism", "David Nolan", "Libertarian Party", "Brian Doherty", "George Reisman", "William F. Buckley, Jr.", "National Review", "Whittaker Chambers", "Garry Wills", "M. Stanton Evans", "pro-choice", "The New York Times", "Reagan administration", "Congressmen", "pundits", "financial crisis of 2007–2008", "John Galt", "Tea Party protests", "political left", "selfishness", "free markets", "Alan Greenspan", "Mother Jones", "The Nation", "The Personalist", "Robert Nozick", "meta-ethical", "is–ought problem", "David Hume", "Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy", "Michael Huemer", "classical liberalism", "Ludwig von Mises", "Friedrich Hayek", "Charles Murray", "John Locke", "Friedrich Nietzsche", "Literary Encyclopedia", "John David Lewis", "Allan Gotthelf", "David Kelley", "American Philosophical Association", "Harry Binswanger", "Allan Gotthelf", "John Hospers", "Leonard Peikoff", "Chris Matthew Sciabarra", "Tara Smith", "Journal of Ayn Rand Studies", "Chronicle of Higher Education", "University of Pittsburgh Press", "Cambridge University Press", "Clemson", "Duke", "Douglas B. Rasmussen", "Ayn Rand Institute", "David Kelley", "The Atlas Society", "University of Texas at Austin", "University of Pittsburgh", "University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill", "We the Living", "The Fountainhead", "Atlas Shrugged", "Night of January 16th", "Anthem", "Ideal", "For the New Intellectual", "The Virtue of Selfishness", "The Romantic Manifesto", "Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology", "List of people influenced by Ayn Rand", "Letters of Ayn Rand", "Journals of Ayn Rand", "Murder of Marion Parker", "Ayn Rand Institute", "C-SPAN" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "3546725", "180464", "18951386", "22256", "725252", "23004330", "42446", "11064", "3117750", "9235", "3792257", "5708", "155577", "12", "165451", "5416", "3374258", "308", "21490957", "1459096", "3225498", "2298740", "210710", "24320051", "32442", "5074806", "5649", "25755", "45137597", "2543", "39879893", "30172853", "22661", "4927", "11015252", "163045", "26295", "15247542", "42446", "649879", "5783563", "308", "22954", "10671", "11625", "42146", "53506", "63742", "6017373", "909387", "5639", "19984080", "17560612", "13450", "1769180", "330265", "6886", "45470", "53849", "6176", "2576761", "1261355", "1823676", "993845", "36437899", "23006098", "170326", "1165276", "5236236", "725252", "22918", "42889836", "47233473", "356670", "24795561", "40814827", "234527", "20785969", "30439", "34134", "170644", "215751", "1030", "4826588", "1400094", "21857", "21705001", "180464", "180464", "1676209", "2504", "2504", "5274232", "34052", "1025115", "324", "181340", "14160863", "465434", "18940658", "1805315", "28828932", "43805", "23758960", "26779", "6298192", "42159", "161947", "188436", "1147923", "274095", "285554", "22256", "20785969", "222839", "155134", "10239178", "193291", "293632", "26787", "646487", "1375332", "23004330", "1459096", "1008588", "34273", "23922", "6310", "18426501", "18879", "464751", "7611849", "10895170", "32611", "5735", "9282173", "34276", "52447", "2402376", "5488304", "32070", "4792", "40566", "3092387", "18450", "48728", "58353", "249930", "305445", "127594", "161947", "18895", "9247", "9258", "23040", "2130", "1271121", "9247", "928", "42446", "6679056", "699712", "6395956", "3117750", "9235", "3170325", "18917", "2100873", "168592", "147767", "165451", "5416", "155577", "30875", "67366", "31045316", "11054", "9209651", "38443580", "9033", "2298740", "3225498", "12", "618435", "26094", "47921", "3374258", "308", "13692155", "21490957", "646487", "10671", "3117750", "38707829", "6787686", "14631", "9247", "54219", "30680", "34851942", "1318503", "216387", "180143", "1364162", "22387067", "23746425", "6098704", "1409290", "62169", "2282819", "30680", "31718", "229661", "558974", "18615", "18944081", "3390", "1090624", "227116", "143761", "6737110", "228817", "15531413", "81853", "6231", "29551", "22003", "25432", "2276277", "3242441", "7800124", "408743", "72880", "620343", "1478122", "334146", "62390", "13007900", "145252", "270009", "2435130", "6675", "3225498", "56522", "1396189", "151432", "195726", "1400094", "3264383", "177099", "32044", "3405159", "868006", "300279", "216387", "180143", "1937422", "22897313", "37600898", "30680", "871552", "31756", "1700192", "32005855", "10239178", "21898839", "18499", "3117750", "11826", "161947", "474402", "39902584", "18718611", "26275", "18917", "369040", "7925", "1979016", "40567577", "6677", "4826588", "11646", "869600", "16143", "10671", "1597434", "34273353", "8471259", "991862", "1189404", "1165295", "8471259", "531463", "274095", "1294244", "3871600", "20930147", "1473211", "1851454", "73199", "147456", "53273", "28170516", "1090624", "991862", "1293773", "32031", "239870", "89510", "356670", "180464", "18951386", "1165276", "234527", "47233473", "6098704", "3170325", "1375997", "699712", "38154879", "26266961", "24476510", "3194544", "1090624", "77799" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "Russian Americans", "The Fountainhead", "Atlas Shrugged", "Objectivism (Ayn Rand)", "Broadway theatre", "Objectivist periodicals", "Reason", "Faith", "Rational egoism", "Ethical egoism", "Altruism (ethics)", "Collectivism", "Statism", "Anarchism", "Laissez-faire", "Capitalism", "Romantic realism", "Aristotle", "Thomas Aquinas", "Objectivist movement", "Libertarianism", "Conservatism in the United States", "History of the Jews in Russia", "Saint Petersburg", "Vladimir Nabokov", "Nabokov House", "Constitutional monarchy", "Republicanism", "February Revolution", "Alexander Kerensky", "Tsar", "Nicholas II of Russia", "October Revolution", "Bolsheviks", "Vladimir Lenin", "Crimea", "Russian Civil War", "Atheism", "Reason", "Saint Petersburg State University", "Social pedagogy", "Aristotle", "Plato", "Friedrich Nietzsche", "Fyodor Dostoevsky", "Victor Hugo", "Edmond Rostand", "Friedrich Schiller", "Tekhnikum", "Pola Negri", "Cyrillic script", "Finnish language", "Aino (given name)", "Hebrew language", "Ayin", "Travel visa", "Chicago", "Manhattan", "Hollywood", "Cecil B. DeMille", "Extra (acting)", "The King of Kings (1927 film)", "Green card", "United States nationality law", "RKO Pictures", "Red Pawn", "Universal Pictures", "Night of January 16th", "E. E. Clive", "Broadway theatre", "Paramount Pictures", "The Night of January 16th (film)", "Ideal (novel)", "We the Living", "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic", "We the Living (film)", "Anthem (novella)", "Dystopia", "Totalitarianism", "Wendell Willkie", "Newsreel", "Henry Hazlitt", "Austrian School", "Ludwig von Mises", "Isabel Paterson", "Non-fiction", "The God of the Machine", "The Fountainhead", "The Fountainhead", "Bobbs-Merrill Company", "Amphetamine", "Amphetamine", "The Fountainhead (film)", "Warner Bros.", "Hal B. Wallis", "Academy Awards", "Love Letters (1945 film)", "You Came Along", "Reader's Digest", "Anti-communism", "Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals", "American Writers Association", "McCarthyism", "House Un-American Activities Committee", "Soviet Union", "Song of Russia", "The Best Years of Our Lives", "Alan Greenspan", "Nathaniel Branden", "Barbara Branden", "Leonard Peikoff", "Masterpiece", "Objectivism (Ayn Rand)", "Dystopia", "Welfare state", "Strike action", "John Galt", "Mystery fiction", "Romance novel", "Science fiction", "Mike Wallace", "Nathaniel Branden Institute", "Objectivist periodicals", "Objectivist movement", "Cult", "Yale University", "Princeton University", "Columbia University", "Harvard University", "Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "Honorary degree", "Doctor of Humane Letters", "Ford Hall Forum", "Vietnam War", "Conscription", "Israel", "Yom Kippur War", "European colonization of the Americas", "Indigenous peoples of the Americas", "Homosexuality", "Republican Party (United States)", "Barry Goldwater", "1964 United States presidential election", "Patrecia Scott", "Lung cancer", "Social Security (United States)", "Medicare (United States)", "Heart failure", "Kensico Cemetery", "Valhalla, New York", "Alan Greenspan", "Metaphysics", "Epistemology", "Ethics", "Political philosophy", "Aesthetics", "Philosophical realism", "Epistemology", "Axiom", "Reason", "A priori and a posteriori", "Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology", "Analytic–synthetic distinction", "Rational egoism", "Ethical egoism", "The Virtue of Selfishness", "Meta-ethics", "Non-aggression principle", "Individual and group rights", "Private property", "Laissez-faire", "Capitalism", "Statism", "Theocracy", "Absolute monarchy", "Nazism", "Fascism", "Communism", "Democratic socialism", "Dictatorship", "Conservatism in the United States", "Libertarianism", "Anarchism", "Subjectivism", "Romanticism", "Free will", "Romantic realism", "Aristotle", "Philosophy", "Thomas Aquinas", "Mike Wallace", "Friedrich Nietzsche", "Rational egoism", "Nikolay Chernyshevsky", "What Is to Be Done? (novel)", "Immanuel Kant", "Epistemology", "H. L. Mencken", "The New York Times", "Lorine Pruette", "Bestseller", "National Review", "Whittaker Chambers", "Religion in the Soviet Union", "John Chamberlain (journalist)", "Mimi Reisel Gladstein", "For the New Intellectual", "Sidney Hook", "Gore Vidal", "Edward Rothstein", "The New York Times", "Utopia", "Pseudophilosophy", "GQ", "Left Behind", "Library of Congress", "Bible", "Ayn Rand Institute", "Modern Library", "Ira Levin", "Kay Nolte Smith", "L. Neil Smith", "Erika Holzer", "Terry Goodkind", "Comic book", "Steve Ditko", "Neil Peart", "Rush (band)", "John A. Allison IV", "Ed Snider", "Comcast Spectacor", "Mark Cuban", "Dallas Mavericks", "Whole Foods Market", "Nick Gillespie", "Reason (magazine)", "Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature", "The Passion of Ayn Rand (film)", "List of people on the postage stamps of the United States", "Postage stamps and postal history of the United States", "Nick Gaetano", "Conservatism", "Libertarianism", "Right-wing politics", "Jim Powell (historian)", "Cato Institute", "Rose Wilder Lane", "Isabel Paterson", "Libertarianism in the United States", "David Nolan (libertarian)", "Libertarian Party (United States)", "Brian Doherty (journalist)", "George Reisman", "William F. Buckley Jr.", "National Review", "Whittaker Chambers", "Garry Wills", "M. Stanton Evans", "Abortion-rights movements", "The New York Times", "Presidency of Ronald Reagan", "United States Congress", "Pundit", "Financial crisis of 2007–2008", "John Galt", "Tea Party protests", "Left-wing politics", "Rational egoism", "Free market", "Alan Greenspan", "Mother Jones (magazine)", "The Nation", "Pacific Philosophical Quarterly", "Robert Nozick", "Meta-ethics", "Is–ought problem", "David Hume", "Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy", "Michael Huemer", "Classical liberalism", "Ludwig von Mises", "Friedrich Hayek", "Charles Murray (political scientist)", "John Locke", "Friedrich Nietzsche", "The Literary Encyclopedia (English)", "John David Lewis", "Allan Gotthelf", "David Kelley", "American Philosophical Association", "Harry Binswanger", "Allan Gotthelf", "John Hospers", "Leonard Peikoff", "Chris Matthew Sciabarra", "Tara Smith (philosopher)", "The Journal of Ayn Rand Studies", "The Chronicle of Higher Education", "University of Pittsburgh Press", "Cambridge University Press", "Clemson University", "Duke University", "Douglas B. Rasmussen", "Ayn Rand Institute", "David Kelley", "The Atlas Society", "University of Texas at Austin", "University of Pittsburgh", "University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill", "We the Living", "The Fountainhead", "Atlas Shrugged", "Night of January 16th", "Anthem (novella)", "Ideal (novel)", "For the New Intellectual", "The Virtue of Selfishness", "The Romantic Manifesto", "Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology", "List of people influenced by Ayn Rand", "Letters of Ayn Rand", "Journals of Ayn Rand", "Murder of Marion Parker", "Ayn Rand Institute", "C-SPAN" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Ayn Rand\n", "Ayn Rand (; born Alisa Zinovyevna Rosenbaum;  – March 6, 1982) was a Russian-American writer and philosopher. She is known for her two best-selling novels, \"The Fountainhead\" and \"Atlas Shrugged\", and for developing a philosophical system she named Objectivism. Educated in Russia, she moved to the United States in 1926. She had a play produced on Broadway in 1935 and 1936. After two early novels that were initially unsuccessful, she achieved fame with her 1943 novel, \"The Fountainhead\". In 1957, Rand published her best-known work, the novel \"Atlas Shrugged\". Afterward, she turned to non-fiction to promote her philosophy, publishing her own periodicals and releasing several collections of essays until her death in 1982.\n", "Rand advocated reason as the only means of acquiring knowledge and rejected faith and religion. She supported rational and ethical egoism and rejected altruism. In politics, she condemned the initiation of force as immoral and opposed collectivism and statism as well as anarchism, instead supporting \"laissez-faire\" capitalism, which she defined as the system based on recognizing individual rights, including property rights. In art, Rand promoted romantic realism. She was sharply critical of most philosophers and philosophical traditions known to her, except for Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas and classical liberals.\n", "Literary critics received Rand's fiction with mixed reviews and academia generally ignored or rejected her philosophy, though academic interest has increased in recent decades. The Objectivist movement attempts to spread her ideas, both to the public and in academic settings. She has been a significant influence among libertarians and American conservatives.\n", "Section::::Life.\n", "Section::::Life.:Early life.\n", "Rand was born Alisa Zinovyevna Rosenbaum () on February 2, 1905, to a Russian-Jewish bourgeois family living in Saint Petersburg. She was the eldest of three daughters of Zinovy Zakharovich Rosenbaum and his wife, Anna Borisovna (née Kaplan). Her father was upwardly mobile and a pharmacist and her mother was socially ambitious and religiously observant. Rand later said she found school unchallenging and began writing screenplays at the age of eight and novels at the age of ten. At the prestigious , her closest friend was Vladimir Nabokov's younger sister, Olga. The two girls shared an intense interest in politics and would engage in debates at the Nabokov mansion: while Olga defended constitutional monarchy, Alisa supported republican ideals.\n", "She was twelve at the time of the February Revolution of 1917, during which she favored Alexander Kerensky over Tsar Nicholas II. The subsequent October Revolution and the rule of the Bolsheviks under Vladimir Lenin disrupted the life the family had previously enjoyed. Her father's business was confiscated, and the family fled to the Crimean Peninsula, which was initially under control of the White Army during the Russian Civil War. While in high school, she realized that she was an atheist and valued reason above any other human virtue. After graduating from high school in the Crimea in June 1921, she returned with her family to Petrograd (as Saint Petersburg was renamed at that time), where they faced desperate conditions, on occasion nearly starving.\n", "After the Russian Revolution, universities were opened to women, allowing her to be in the first group of women to enroll at Petrograd State University. At the age of 16, she began her studies in the department of social pedagogy, majoring in history. At the university she was introduced to the writings of Aristotle and Plato, who would be her greatest influence and counter-influence, respectively. She also studied the philosophical works of Friedrich Nietzsche. Able to read French, German and Russian, she also discovered the writers Fyodor Dostoevsky, Victor Hugo, Edmond Rostand, and Friedrich Schiller, who became her perennial favorites.\n", "Along with many other bourgeois students, she was purged from the university shortly before graduating. After complaints from a group of visiting foreign scientists, however, many of the purged students were allowed to complete their work and graduate, which she did in October 1924. She then studied for a year at the State Technicum for Screen Arts in Leningrad. For an assignment she wrote an essay about the Polish actress Pola Negri, which became her first published work.\n", "By this time she had decided her professional surname for writing would be \"Rand\", possibly because it is graphically similar to a vowelless excerpt of her birth surname in Cyrillic handwriting, and she adopted the first name \"Ayn\", either from a Finnish name \"Aino\" or from the Hebrew word (\"ayin\", meaning \"eye\").\n", "Section::::Life.:Arrival in the United States.\n", "In late 1925, Rand was granted a visa to visit relatives in Chicago. She departed on January 17, 1926. When she arrived in New York City on February 19, 1926, she was so impressed with the skyline of Manhattan that she cried what she later called \"tears of splendor\". Intent on staying in the United States to become a screenwriter, she lived for a few months with her relatives, one of whom owned a movie theater and allowed her to watch dozens of films free of charge. She then left for Hollywood, California.\n", "In Hollywood, a chance meeting with famed director Cecil B. DeMille led to work as an extra in his film \"The King of Kings\" and a subsequent job as a junior screenwriter. While working on \"The King of Kings\", she met an aspiring young actor, Frank O'Connor; the two were married on April 15, 1929. She became a permanent American resident in July 1929 and an American citizen on March 3, 1931. Taking various jobs during the 1930s to support her writing, she worked for a time as the head of the costume department at RKO Studios. She made several attempts to bring her parents and sisters to the United States, but they were unable to acquire permission to emigrate.\n", "Section::::Life.:Early fiction.\n", "Rand's first literary success came with the sale of her screenplay \"Red Pawn\" to Universal Studios in 1932, although it was never produced. This was followed by the courtroom drama \"Night of January 16th\", first produced by E. E. Clive in Hollywood in 1934 and then successfully reopened on Broadway in 1935. Each night a jury was selected from members of the audience; based on the jury's vote, one of two different endings would be performed. In 1941, Paramount Pictures produced a movie loosely based on the play. Rand did not participate in the production and was highly critical of the result. \"Ideal\" is a novel and play written in 1934 which were first published in 2015 by her estate. The heroine is an actress who embodies Randian ideals.\n", "Rand's first published novel, the semi-autobiographical \"We the Living\", was published in 1936. Set in Soviet Russia, it focused on the struggle between the individual and the state. In a 1959 foreword to the novel, Rand stated that \"We the Living\" \"is as near to an autobiography as I will ever write. It is not an autobiography in the literal, but only in the intellectual sense. The plot is invented, the background is not ...\" Initial sales were slow and the American publisher let it go out of print, although European editions continued to sell. After the success of her later novels, Rand was able to release a revised version in 1959 that has since sold over three million copies. In 1942, without Rand's knowledge or permission, the novel was made into a pair of Italian films, \"Noi vivi\" and \"Addio, Kira\". Rediscovered in the 1960s, these films were re-edited into a new version which was approved by Rand and re-released as \"We the Living\" in 1986.\n", "Her novella \"Anthem\" was written during a break from the writing of her next major novel, \"The Fountainhead\". It presents a vision of a dystopian future world in which totalitarian collectivism has triumphed to such an extent that even the word 'I' has been forgotten and replaced with 'we'. It was published in England in 1938, but Rand initially could not find an American publisher. As with \"We the Living\", Rand's later success allowed her to get a revised version published in 1946, which has sold more than 3.5 million copies.\n", "Section::::Life.:\"The Fountainhead\" and political activism.\n", "During the 1940s, Rand became politically active. She and her husband worked as full-time volunteers for the 1940 presidential campaign of Republican Wendell Willkie. This work led to Rand's first public speaking experiences; she enjoyed fielding sometimes hostile questions from New York City audiences who had viewed pro-Willkie newsreels. This activity brought her into contact with other intellectuals sympathetic to free-market capitalism. She became friends with journalist Henry Hazlitt and his wife, and Hazlitt introduced her to the Austrian School economist Ludwig von Mises. Despite her philosophical differences with them, Rand strongly endorsed the writings of both men throughout her career, and both of them expressed admiration for her. Mises once referred to Rand as \"the most courageous man in America\", a compliment that particularly pleased her because he said \"man\" instead of \"woman\". Rand also became friends with libertarian writer Isabel Paterson. Rand questioned Paterson about American history and politics long into the night during their many meetings and gave Paterson ideas for her only non-fiction book, \"The God of the Machine\".\n", "Rand's first major success as a writer came in 1943 with \"The Fountainhead\", a romantic and philosophical novel that she wrote over a period of seven years. The novel centers on an uncompromising young architect named Howard Roark and his struggle against what Rand described as \"second-handers\"—those who attempt to live through others, placing others above themselves. It was rejected by twelve publishers before finally being accepted by the Bobbs-Merrill Company on the insistence of editor Archibald Ogden, who threatened to quit if his employer did not publish it. While completing the novel, Rand was prescribed the amphetamine Benzedrine to fight fatigue. The drug helped her to work long hours to meet her deadline for delivering the novel, but afterwards she was so exhausted that her doctor ordered two weeks' rest. Her use of the drug for approximately three decades may have contributed to what some of her later associates described as volatile mood swings.\n", "\"The Fountainhead\" became a worldwide success, bringing Rand fame and financial security. In 1943, Rand sold the rights for a film version to Warner Bros. and she returned to Hollywood to write the screenplay. Finishing her work on that screenplay, she was hired by producer Hal B. Wallis as a screenwriter and script-doctor. Her work for Wallis included the screenplays for the Oscar-nominated \"Love Letters\" and \"You Came Along\". Rand also worked on other projects, including a planned nonfiction treatment of her philosophy to be called \"The Moral Basis of Individualism\". Although the planned book was never completed, a condensed version was published as an essay titled \"The Only Path to Tomorrow\" in the January 1944 edition of \"Reader's Digest\" magazine.\n", "Rand extended her involvement with free-market and anti-communist activism while working in Hollywood. She became involved with the Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals, a Hollywood anti-Communist group, and wrote articles on the group's behalf. She also joined the anti-Communist American Writers Association. A visit by Isabel Paterson to meet with Rand's California associates led to a final falling out between the two when Paterson made comments, which Rand considered rude, to valued political allies. In 1947, during the Second Red Scare, Rand testified as a \"friendly witness\" before the United States House Un-American Activities Committee. Her testimony described the disparity between her personal experiences in the Soviet Union and the portrayal of it in the 1944 film \"Song of Russia\". Rand argued that the film grossly misrepresented conditions in the Soviet Union, portraying life there as much better and happier than it actually was. She wanted to also criticize the lauded 1946 film \"The Best Years of Our Lives\" for what she interpreted as its negative presentation of the business world, but she was not allowed to testify about it. When asked after the hearings about her feelings on the effectiveness of the investigations, Rand described the process as \"futile\".\n", "After several delays, the film version of \"The Fountainhead\" was released in 1949. Although it used Rand's screenplay with minimal alterations, she \"disliked the movie from beginning to end\", and complained about its editing, acting, and other elements.\n", "Section::::Life.:\"Atlas Shrugged\" and Objectivism.\n", "In the years following the publication of \"The Fountainhead\", Rand received numerous letters from readers, some of whom the book profoundly influenced. In 1951, Rand moved from Los Angeles to New York City, where she gathered a group of these admirers around her. This group (jokingly designated \"The Collective\") included future Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan, a young psychology student named Nathan Blumenthal (later Nathaniel Branden) and his wife Barbara and Barbara's cousin Leonard Peikoff. Initially the group was an informal gathering of friends who met with Rand on weekends at her apartment to discuss philosophy. She later began allowing them to read the drafts of her new novel, \"Atlas Shrugged\", as the manuscript pages were written. In 1954 Rand's close relationship with the younger Nathaniel Branden turned into a romantic affair, with the consent of their spouses.\n", "\"Atlas Shrugged\", published in 1957, was considered Rand's \"magnum opus\". Rand described the theme of the novel as \"the role of the mind in man's existence—and, as a corollary, the demonstration of a new moral philosophy: the morality of rational self-interest\". It advocates the core tenets of Rand's philosophy of Objectivism and expresses her concept of human achievement. The plot involves a dystopian United States in which the most creative industrialists, scientists, and artists respond to a welfare state government by going on strike and retreating to a mountainous hideaway where they build an independent free economy. The novel's hero and leader of the strike, John Galt, describes the strike as \"stopping the motor of the world\" by withdrawing the minds of the individuals most contributing to the nation's wealth and achievement. With this fictional strike, Rand intended to illustrate that without the efforts of the rational and productive, the economy would collapse and society would fall apart. The novel includes elements of mystery, romance, and science fiction, and it contains an extended exposition of Objectivism in the form of a lengthy monologue delivered by Galt.\n", "Despite many negative reviews, \"Atlas Shrugged\" became an international bestseller. In an interview with Mike Wallace, Rand declared herself \"the most creative thinker alive\". However, Rand was discouraged and depressed by the reaction of intellectuals to the novel. \"Atlas Shrugged\" was Rand's last completed work of fiction; it marked the end of her career as a novelist and the beginning of her role as a popular philosopher.\n", "In 1958, Nathaniel Branden established Nathaniel Branden Lectures, later incorporated as the Nathaniel Branden Institute (NBI), to promote Rand's philosophy. Collective members gave lectures for NBI and wrote articles for Objectivist periodicals that she edited. Rand later published some of these articles in book form. Critics, including some former NBI students and Branden himself, later described the culture of NBI as one of intellectual conformity and excessive reverence for Rand, with some describing NBI or the Objectivist movement itself as a cult or religion. Rand expressed opinions on a wide range of topics, from literature and music to sexuality and facial hair, and some of her followers mimicked her preferences, wearing clothes to match characters from her novels and buying furniture like hers. However, some former NBI students believed the extent of these behaviors was exaggerated, and the problem was concentrated among Rand's closest followers in New York. Rand was unimpressed with many of the NBI students and held them to strict standards, sometimes reacting coldly or angrily to those who disagreed with her.\n", "Section::::Life.:Later years.\n", "Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, Rand developed and promoted her Objectivist philosophy through her nonfiction works and by giving talks to students at institutions such as Yale, Princeton, Columbia, Harvard, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She received an honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from Lewis & Clark College on 2 October 1963. She also began delivering annual lectures at the Ford Hall Forum, responding afterward to questions from the audience. During these speeches and Q&A sessions, she often took controversial stances on political and social issues of the day. These included supporting abortion rights, opposing the Vietnam War and the military draft (but condemning many draft dodgers as \"bums\"), supporting Israel in the Yom Kippur War of 1973 against a coalition of Arab nations as \"civilized men fighting savages\", saying European colonists had the right to develop land taken from American Indians, and calling homosexuality \"immoral\" and \"disgusting\", while also advocating the repeal of all laws about it. She also endorsed several Republican candidates for President of the United States, most strongly Barry Goldwater in 1964, whose candidacy she promoted in several articles for \"The Objectivist Newsletter\".\n", "In 1964, Nathaniel Branden began an affair with the young actress Patrecia Scott, whom he later married. Nathaniel and Barbara Branden kept the affair hidden from Rand. When she learned of it in 1968, though her romantic relationship with Branden had already ended, Rand terminated her relationship with both Brandens, which led to the closure of NBI. Rand published an article in \"The Objectivist\" repudiating Nathaniel Branden for dishonesty and other \"irrational behavior in his private life\". In subsequent years, Rand and several more of her closest associates parted company.\n", "Rand underwent surgery for lung cancer in 1974 after decades of heavy smoking. In 1976, she retired from writing her newsletter and, after her initial objections, she allowed social worker Evva Pryor, an employee of her attorney, to enroll her in Social Security and Medicare. During the late 1970s her activities within the Objectivist movement declined, especially after the death of her husband on November 9, 1979. One of her final projects was work on a never-completed television adaptation of \"Atlas Shrugged\".\n", "Rand died of heart failure on March 6, 1982, at her home in New York City, and was interred in the Kensico Cemetery, Valhalla, New York. Rand's funeral was attended by some of her prominent followers, including Alan Greenspan. A floral arrangement in the shape of a dollar sign was placed near her casket. In her will, Rand named Leonard Peikoff to inherit her estate.\n", "Section::::Philosophy.\n", "Rand called her philosophy \"Objectivism\", describing its essence as \"the concept of man as a heroic being, with his own happiness as the moral purpose of his life, with productive achievement as his noblest activity, and reason as his only absolute\". She considered Objectivism a systematic philosophy and laid out positions on metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, political philosophy, and aesthetics.\n", "In metaphysics, Rand supported philosophical realism, and opposed anything she regarded as mysticism or supernaturalism, including all forms of religion.\n", "In epistemology, she considered all knowledge to be based on sense perception, the validity of which she considered axiomatic, and reason, which she described as \"the faculty that identifies and integrates the material provided by man's senses\". She rejected all claims of non-perceptual or \"a priori\" knowledge, including instinct,' 'intuition,' 'revelation,' or any form of 'just knowing. In her \"Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology\", Rand presented a theory of concept formation and rejected the analytic–synthetic dichotomy.\n", "In ethics, Rand argued for rational and ethical egoism (rational self-interest), as the guiding moral principle. She said the individual should \"exist for his own sake, neither sacrificing himself to others nor sacrificing others to himself\". She referred to egoism as \"the virtue of selfishness\" in her book of that title, in which she presented her solution to the is-ought problem by describing a meta-ethical theory that based morality in the needs of \"man's survival \"qua\" man\". She condemned ethical altruism as incompatible with the requirements of human life and happiness, and held that the initiation of force was evil and irrational, writing in \"Atlas Shrugged\" that \"Force and mind are opposites.\"\n", "Rand's political philosophy emphasized individual rights (including property rights), and she considered \"laissez-faire\" capitalism the only moral social system because in her view it was the only system based on the protection of those rights. She opposed statism, which she understood to include theocracy, absolute monarchy, Nazism, fascism, communism, democratic socialism, and dictatorship. Rand believed that natural rights should be enforced by a constitutionally limited government. Although her political views are often classified as conservative or libertarian, she preferred the term \"radical for capitalism\". She worked with conservatives on political projects, but disagreed with them over issues such as religion and ethics. She denounced libertarianism, which she associated with anarchism. She rejected anarchism as a naïve theory based in subjectivism that could only lead to collectivism in practice.\n", "In aesthetics, Rand defined art as a \"selective re-creation of reality according to an artist's metaphysical value-judgments\". According to her, art allows philosophical concepts to be presented in a concrete form that can be easily grasped, thereby fulfilling a need of human consciousness. As a writer, the art form Rand focused on most closely was literature, where she considered romanticism to be the approach that most accurately reflected the existence of human free will. She described her own approach to literature as \"romantic realism\".\n", "Rand acknowledged Aristotle as her greatest influence and remarked that in the history of philosophy she could only recommend \"three A's\"—Aristotle, Aquinas, and Ayn Rand. In a 1959 interview with Mike Wallace, when asked where her philosophy came from she responded: \"Out of my own mind, with the sole acknowledgement of a debt to Aristotle, the only philosopher who ever influenced me. I devised the rest of my philosophy myself.\" However, she also found early inspiration in Friedrich Nietzsche, and scholars have found indications of his influence in early notes from Rand's journals, in passages from the first edition of \"We the Living\" (which Rand later revised), and in her overall writing style. However, by the time she wrote \"The Fountainhead\", Rand had turned against Nietzsche's ideas, and the extent of his influence on her even during her early years is disputed. Rational egoism was embodied by Russian author Nikolay Chernyshevsky in the 1863 novel \"What Is to Be Done?\" and several critics claim that \"What Is to Be Done?\" is one of the sources of inspiration for Rand's thought. For example, the book's main character Lopuhov says \"I am not a man to make sacrifices. And indeed there are no such things. One acts in the way that one finds most pleasant.\" Among the philosophers Rand held in particular disdain was Immanuel Kant, whom she referred to as a \"monster\", although philosophers George Walsh and Fred Seddon have argued that she misinterpreted Kant and exaggerated their differences.\n", "Rand said her most important contributions to philosophy were her \"theory of concepts, [her] ethics, and [her] discovery in politics that evil—the violation of rights—consists of the initiation of force\". She believed epistemology was a foundational branch of philosophy and considered the advocacy of reason to be the single most significant aspect of her philosophy, stating: \"I am not \"primarily\" an advocate of capitalism, but of egoism; and I am not \"primarily\" an advocate of egoism, but of reason. If one recognizes the supremacy of reason and applies it consistently, all the rest follows.\"\n", "Section::::Reception and legacy.\n", "Section::::Reception and legacy.:Critical reception.\n", "During Rand's lifetime, her work evoked both extreme praise and condemnation. Rand's first novel, \"We the Living\", was admired by the literary critic H. L. Mencken, her Broadway play \"Night of January 16th\" was both a critical and popular success, and \"The Fountainhead\" was hailed by \"The New York Times\" reviewer Lorine Pruette as \"masterful\". Rand's novels were derided by some critics when they were first published as being long and melodramatic. However, they became bestsellers largely through word of mouth.\n", "The first reviews Rand received were for \"Night of January 16th\". Reviews of the production were largely positive, but Rand considered even positive reviews to be embarrassing because of significant changes made to her script by the producer. Rand believed that her first novel, \"We the Living\", was not widely reviewed, but Rand scholar Michael S. Berliner writes \"it was the most reviewed of any of her works\", with approximately 125 different reviews being published in more than 200 publications. Overall these reviews were more positive than the reviews she received for her later work. Her 1938 novella \"Anthem\" received little attention from reviewers, both for its first publication in England and for subsequent re-issues.\n", "Rand's first bestseller, \"The Fountainhead\", received far fewer reviews than \"We the Living\", and reviewers' opinions were mixed. Lorine Pruette's positive review in \"The New York Times\" was one that Rand greatly appreciated. Pruette called Rand \"a writer of great power\" who wrote \"brilliantly, beautifully and bitterly\", and stated that \"you will not be able to read this masterful book without thinking through some of the basic concepts of our time\". There were other positive reviews, but Rand dismissed most of them as either not understanding her message or as being from unimportant publications. Some negative reviews focused on the length of the novel, such as one that called it \"a whale of a book\" and another that said \"anyone who is taken in by it deserves a stern lecture on paper-rationing\". Other negative reviews called the characters unsympathetic and Rand's style \"offensively pedestrian\".\n", "Rand's 1957 novel \"Atlas Shrugged\" was widely reviewed and many of the reviews were strongly negative. In \"National Review\", conservative author Whittaker Chambers called the book \"sophomoric\" and \"remarkably silly\". He described the tone of the book as \"shrillness without reprieve\" and accused Rand of supporting a godless system (which he related to that of the Soviets), claiming \"From almost any page of \"Atlas Shrugged\", a voice can be heard, from painful necessity, commanding: 'To a gas chamber—go!. \"Atlas Shrugged\" received positive reviews from a few publications, including praise from the noted book reviewer John Chamberlain, but Rand scholar Mimi Reisel Gladstein later wrote that \"reviewers seemed to vie with each other in a contest to devise the cleverest put-downs\", calling it \"execrable claptrap\" and \"a nightmare\"—they also said it was \"written out of hate\" and showed \"remorseless hectoring and prolixity\".\n", "Rand's nonfiction received far fewer reviews than her novels had. The tenor of the criticism for her first nonfiction book, \"For the New Intellectual\", was similar to that for \"Atlas Shrugged\", with philosopher Sidney Hook likening her certainty to \"the way philosophy is written in the Soviet Union\", and author Gore Vidal calling her viewpoint \"nearly perfect in its immorality\". Her subsequent books got progressively less attention from reviewers.\n", "On the 100th anniversary of Rand's birth in 2005, Edward Rothstein, writing for \"The New York Times\", referred to her fictional writing as quaint utopian \"retro fantasy\" and programmatic neo-Romanticism of the misunderstood artist while criticizing her characters' \"isolated rejection of democratic society\". In 2007, book critic Leslie Clark described her fiction as \"romance novels with a patina of pseudo-philosophy\". In 2009, \"GQ\"s critic columnist Tom Carson described her books as \"capitalism's version of middlebrow religious novels\" such as \"\" and the \"Left Behind\" series.\n", "Section::::Reception and legacy.:Popular interest.\n", "In 1991, a survey conducted for the Library of Congress and the Book-of-the-Month Club asked club members what the most influential book in the respondent's life was. Rand's \"Atlas Shrugged\" was the second most popular choice, after the Bible. Rand's books continue to be widely sold and read, with over 29 million copies sold (with about 10% of that total purchased for free distribution to schools by the Ayn Rand Institute). In 1998, Modern Library readers voted \"Atlas Shrugged\" the 20th century's finest work of fiction, followed by \"The Fountainhead\" in second place, \"Anthem\" in seventh, and \"We the Living\" eighth; none of the four appeared on the critics' list. Although Rand's influence has been greatest in the United States, there has been international interest in her work.\n", "Rand's contemporary admirers included fellow novelists, such as Ira Levin, Kay Nolte Smith and L. Neil Smith; and later writers such as Erika Holzer and Terry Goodkind have been influenced by her. Other artists who have cited Rand as an important influence on their lives and thought include comic book artist Steve Ditko and musician Neil Peart of Rush. Rand provided a positive view of business and subsequently many business executives and entrepreneurs have admired and promoted her work. John Allison of BB&T and Ed Snider of Comcast Spectacor have funded the promotion of Rand's ideas, while Mark Cuban (owner of the Dallas Mavericks) as well as John P. Mackey (CEO of Whole Foods) among others have said they consider Rand crucial to their success.\n", "Rand and her works have been referred to in a variety of media: on television shows including animated sitcoms, live-action comedies, dramas, and game shows, as well as in movies and video games. She, or a character based on her, figures prominently (in positive and negative lights) in literary and science fiction novels by prominent American authors. Nick Gillespie, editor in chief of \"Reason\", has remarked that \"Rand's is a tortured immortality, one in which she's as likely to be a punch line as a protagonist...\" and that \"jibes at Rand as cold and inhuman, run through the popular culture\". Two movies have been made about Rand's life. A 1997 documentary film, \"\", was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. \"The Passion of Ayn Rand\", a 1999 television adaptation of the book of the same name, won several awards. Rand's image also appears on a 1999 U.S. postage stamp illustrated by artist Nick Gaetano.\n", "Section::::Reception and legacy.:Political influence.\n", "Although she rejected the labels \"conservative\" and \"libertarian\", Rand has had continuing influence on right-wing politics and libertarianism. Jim Powell, a senior fellow at the Cato Institute, considers Rand one of the three most important women (along with Rose Wilder Lane and Isabel Paterson) of modern American libertarianism, and David Nolan, one of the founders of the Libertarian Party, stated that \"without Ayn Rand, the libertarian movement would not exist\". In his history of the libertarian movement, journalist Brian Doherty described her as \"the most influential libertarian of the twentieth century to the public at large\" and biographer Jennifer Burns referred to her as \"the ultimate gateway drug to life on the right\". Economist and Ayn Rand student George Reisman wrote: \"Ayn Rand...in particular, must be cited as providing a philosophical foundation for the case of capitalism, and as being responsible probably more than anyone else for the current spread of pro-capitalist ideas.\"\n", "She faced intense opposition from William F. Buckley, Jr. and other contributors for the \"National Review\" magazine. They published numerous criticisms in the 1950s and 1960s by Whittaker Chambers, Garry Wills, and M. Stanton Evans. Nevertheless, her influence among conservatives forced Buckley and other \"National Review\" contributors to reconsider how traditional notions of virtue and Christianity could be integrated with support for capitalism.\n", "The political figures who cite Rand as an influence are usually conservatives (often members of the Republican Party), despite Rand taking some positions that are atypical for conservatives, such as being pro-choice and an atheist. A 1987 article in \"The New York Times\" referred to her as the Reagan administration's \"novelist laureate\". Republican Congressmen and conservative pundits have acknowledged her influence on their lives and have recommended her novels.\n", "The financial crisis of 2007–2008 spurred renewed interest in her works, especially \"Atlas Shrugged\", which some saw as foreshadowing the crisis. Opinion articles compared real-world events with the plot of the novel. During this time, signs mentioning Rand and her fictional hero John Galt appeared at Tea Party protests. There was also increased criticism of her ideas, especially from the political left, with critics blaming the economic crisis on her support of selfishness and free markets, particularly through her influence on Alan Greenspan. For example, \"Mother Jones\" remarked that \"Rand's particular genius has always been her ability to turn upside down traditional hierarchies and recast the wealthy, the talented, and the powerful as the oppressed\" while equating Randian individual well-being with that of the \"Volk\" according to Goebbels. Corey Robin of \"The Nation\" alleged similarities between the \"moral syntax of Randianism\" and fascism.\n", "Section::::Reception and legacy.:Academic reaction.\n", "Section::::Reception and legacy.:Academic reaction.:Scholarly reception during Rand's lifetime.\n", "During Rand's lifetime, her work received little attention from academic scholars. When the first academic book about Rand's philosophy appeared in 1971, its author declared writing about Rand \"a treacherous undertaking\" that could lead to \"guilt by association\" for taking her seriously. A few articles about Rand's ideas appeared in academic journals before her death in 1982, many of them in \"The Personalist\". One of these was \"On the Randian Argument\" by libertarian philosopher Robert Nozick, who argued that her meta-ethical argument is unsound and fails to solve the is–ought problem posed by David Hume. Other philosophers, writing in the same publication, argued that Nozick misstated Rand's case. Academic consideration of Rand as a literary figure during her life was even more limited. Academic Mimi Gladstein was unable to find any scholarly articles about Rand's novels when she began researching her in 1973, and only three such articles appeared during the rest of the 1970s.\n", "Section::::Reception and legacy.:Academic reaction.:Posthumous overall assessments.\n", "Since Rand's death, interest in her work has gradually increased. In 2009, historian Jennifer Burns identified \"three overlapping waves\" of scholarly interest in Rand, including \"an explosion of scholarship\" since the year 2000. However, as of that same year, few universities included Rand or Objectivism as a philosophical specialty or research area, with many literature and philosophy departments dismissing her as a pop culture phenomenon rather than a subject for serious study.\n", "Writing in the 1998 edition of the \"Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy\", political theorist Chandran Kukathas summarizes the mainstream philosophical reception to her work in two parts. Her ethical argument, he says, is viewed by most commentators as an unconvincing variant of Aristotle's ethics. Her political theory, he says, \"is of little interest\", marred by an \"ill-thought out and unsystematic\" effort to reconcile her hostility to the state with her rejection of anarchism. Libertarian philosopher Michael Huemer argues that very few people find Rand's ideas convincing, especially her ethics, which he believes are difficult to interpret and may lack logical coherence. He attributes the attention she receives to her being a \"compelling writer\", especially as a novelist, noting that \"Atlas Shrugged\" outsells Rand's non-fiction works as well as the works of other philosophers of classical liberalism such as Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich Hayek, or Frederic Bastiat.\n", "Political scientist Charles Murray, while praising Rand's literary accomplishments, criticizes her claim that her only \"philosophical debt\" was to Aristotle, instead asserting that her ideas were derivative of previous thinkers such as John Locke and Friedrich Nietzsche. Although Rand maintained that Objectivism was an integrated philosophical system, philosopher Robert H. Bass argues that her central ethical ideas are inconsistent and contradictory to her central political ideas.\n", "In the \"Literary Encyclopedia\" entry for Rand written in 2001, John David Lewis declared that \"Rand wrote the most intellectually challenging fiction of her generation\".\n", "Section::::Reception and legacy.:Academic reaction.:Rand-specific scholarship.\n", "Some scholars focus specifically on Rand's work. In 1987 Allan Gotthelf, George Walsh and David Kelley co-founded the Ayn Rand Society, a group affiliated with the American Philosophical Association. Gladstein, Harry Binswanger, Allan Gotthelf, John Hospers, Edwin A. Locke, Wallace Matson, Leonard Peikoff, Chris Matthew Sciabarra, and Tara Smith have taught her work in academic institutions. Sciabarra co-edits the \"Journal of Ayn Rand Studies\", a nonpartisan peer-reviewed journal dedicated to the study of Rand's philosophical and literary work. In a 1999 interview in the \"Chronicle of Higher Education\", Sciabarra commented, \"I know they laugh at Rand\", while forecasting a growth of interest in her work in the academic community.\n", "In 2012, the University of Pittsburgh Press launched an \"Ayn Rand Society Philosophical Studies\" series based on the proceedings of the Society. Smith has written several academic books and papers on Rand's ideas, including \"Ayn Rand's Normative Ethics: The Virtuous Egoist\", a volume on Rand's ethical theory published by Cambridge University Press. Rand's ideas have also been made subjects of study at Clemson and Duke universities. Scholars of English and American literature have largely ignored her work, although attention to her literary work has increased since the 1990s.\n", "Rand scholars Douglas Den Uyl and Douglas B. Rasmussen, while stressing the importance and originality of her thought, describe her style as \"literary, hyperbolic and emotional\". Political writer and Rand scholar Jack Wheeler writes that despite \"the incessant bombast and continuous venting of Randian rage\", Rand's ethics are \"a most immense achievement, the study of which is vastly more fruitful than any other in contemporary thought\". \n", "Section::::Reception and legacy.:Objectivist movement.\n", "In 1985, Rand's intellectual heir Leonard Peikoff established the Ayn Rand Institute, a nonprofit organization dedicated to promoting Rand's ideas and works. In 1990, after an ideological disagreement with Peikoff, philosopher David Kelley founded the Institute for Objectivist Studies, now known as The Atlas Society. In 2001, historian John McCaskey organized the Anthem Foundation for Objectivist Scholarship, which provides grants for scholarly work on Objectivism in academia. The charitable foundation of BB&T Corporation has also given grants for teaching Rand's ideas or works. The University of Texas at Austin, the University of Pittsburgh, and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill are among the schools that have received grants. In some cases, these grants have been controversial due to their requiring research or teaching related to Rand.\n", "Section::::Selected works.\n", "Novels:\n", "BULLET::::- 1936 \"We the Living\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1943 \"The Fountainhead\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1957 \"Atlas Shrugged\"\n", "Other fiction:\n", "BULLET::::- 1934 \"Night of January 16th\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1938 \"Anthem\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2015 \"Ideal\"\n", "Non-fiction:\n", "BULLET::::- 1961 \"For the New Intellectual\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1964 \"The Virtue of Selfishness\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1966 \"\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1969 \"The Romantic Manifesto\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1971 \"\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1979 \"Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1982 \"\"\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of people influenced by Ayn Rand\n", "BULLET::::- \"Letters of Ayn Rand\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Journals of Ayn Rand\"\n", "BULLET::::- Murder of Marion Parker\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Frequently Asked Questions About Ayn Rand from the Ayn Rand Institute\n", "BULLET::::- Rand's papers at The Library of Congress\n", "BULLET::::- Ayn Rand Lexicon – searchable database\n", "BULLET::::- \"Writings of Ayn Rand\" – from C-SPAN's \"\"\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Alisa Zinov'yevna Rosenbaum" ] }, "description": "Russian-American novelist and philosopher", "enwikiquote_title": "Ayn Rand", "wikidata_id": "Q132524", "wikidata_label": "Ayn Rand", "wikipedia_title": "Ayn Rand" }

{ "end": [ 144, 188, 228, 246, 362, 37, 62, 88, 185, 209, 37, 79, 119, 332, 491, 521, 598, 616, 826, 859, 908, 1018, 1028, 37, 65, 144, 187, 225, 616, 682, 692, 716, 90, 664, 693, 866, 198, 263, 420, 516, 585, 737, 831, 949, 45, 123, 518, 618, 829, 46, 81, 93, 231, 392, 458, 510, 574, 601, 127, 77, 90, 43, 97, 193, 52, 105, 169, 282 ], "href": [ "Kingdom%20of%20France", "First%20Crusade", "Count%20of%20Toulouse", "Duke%20of%20Narbonne", "County%20of%20Tripoli", "Pons%20of%20Toulouse", "Almodis%20de%20La%20Marche", "Saint-Gilles%2C%20Gard", "Philippa%2C%20Countess%20of%20Toulouse", "William%20IV%20of%20Toulouse", "William%20Bertrand%20of%20Provence", "Provence", "First%20Crusade", "Church%20of%20the%20Holy%20Sepulchre", "Army%20of%20Raymond%20of%20Saint-Gilles", "Elvira%20of%20Castile%2C%20Countess%20of%20Toulouse", "Adhemar%20of%20Le%20Puy", "papal%20legate", "Durr%C3%ABs", "Constantinople", "Bohemond%20I%20of%20Antioch", "Byzantine%20emperor", "Alexius%20I", "siege%20of%20Nicaea", "Battle%20of%20Dorylaeum%20%281097%29", "siege%20of%20Antioch", "Antioch", "Seljuk%20Turks", "Kerbogha", "Holy%20Lance", "monk", "Peter%20Bartholomew", "Jerusalem", "Tripoli%2C%20Lebanon", "siege%20of%20Arqa", "Principality%20of%20Antioch", "Krak%20des%20Chevaliers", "Jerusalem", "siege%20of%20Jerusalem%20%281099%29", "Kingdom%20of%20Jerusalem", "Jesus", "siege%20of%20Tripoli", "Tower%20of%20David", "Godfrey%20of%20Bouillon", "battle%20of%20Ascalon", "Egypt", "Latakia", "Constantinople", "Byzantine%20Empire", "Crusade%20of%201101", "Mersivan", "Anatolia", "Tancred%2C%20Prince%20of%20Galilee", "Akko", "Tartus", "Citadel%20of%20Raymond%20de%20Saint-Gilles", "Tripoli%2C%20Lebanon", "Alexios%20I%20Komnenos", "consanguinity", "Geoffrey%20I%20of%20Provence", "Roger%20I%20of%20Sicily", "Elvira%20of%20Castile%2C%20Countess%20of%20Toulouse", "Alfonso%20VI%20of%20Le%C3%B3n", "Alfonso%20Jordan", "William-Jordan", "Baldwin%20I%20of%20Jerusalem", "County%20of%20Tripoli", "Raymond%20of%20Aguilers" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 10, 10, 10, 10, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 19, 19, 20, 20, 20, 21 ], "start": [ 138, 175, 211, 230, 345, 21, 42, 76, 155, 199, 9, 71, 106, 304, 478, 515, 573, 604, 815, 845, 889, 1001, 1019, 22, 46, 128, 180, 213, 608, 672, 688, 699, 81, 657, 680, 843, 179, 254, 405, 496, 580, 721, 817, 930, 28, 118, 510, 604, 813, 31, 73, 85, 224, 388, 452, 495, 567, 592, 114, 55, 73, 37, 79, 179, 38, 83, 152, 263 ], "text": [ "France", "First Crusade", "Count of Toulouse", "Duke of Narbonne", "County of Tripoli", "Pons of Toulouse", "Almodis de La Marche", "Saint-Gilles", "Philippa, Duchess of Aquitaine", "William IV", "William Bertrand of Provence", "Provence", "First Crusade", "Church of the Holy Sepulchre", "large company", "Elvira", "Adhemar, bishop of Le Puy", "papal legate", "Dyrrhachium", "Constantinople", "Bohemond of Taranto", "Byzantine emperor", "Alexius I", "siege of Nicaea", "Battle of Dorylaeum", "siege of Antioch", "Antioch", "Seljuk Turks", "Kerbogha", "Holy Lance", "monk", "Peter Bartholomew", "Jerusalem", "Tripoli", "siege of Arqa", "Principality of Antioch", "Krak des Chevaliers", "Jerusalem", "months of siege", "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "Jesus", "siege of Tripoli", "Tower of David", "Godfrey of Bouillon", "battle of Ascalon", "Egypt", "Laodicea", "Constantinople", "Byzantine Empire", "Crusade of 1101", "Mersivan", "Anatolia", "Tancred", "Acre", "Tartus", "Mons Peregrinus", "Tripoli", "Alexius I", "consanguinity", "Geoffrey I of Provence", "Roger I of Sicily", "Elvira", "Alfonso VI of León", "Alfonso Jordan", "William-Jordan", "Baldwin I of Jerusalem", "County of Tripoli", "Raymond of Aguilers" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "2687967", "106128", "730569", "9654460", "256428", "7330783", "1484325", "928056", "8084427", "1909680", "8318398", "48503", "106128", "7810", "53168251", "178639", "1875", "730694", "263530", "5646", "157674", "4016", "1613", "1163432", "398093", "1119248", "36900", "6116724", "163057", "163075", "419369", "284567", "16043", "268796", "36179385", "256387", "345757", "16043", "950767", "16822", "1095706", "3593371", "1341873", "157639", "1169177", "8087628", "195594", "5646", "16972981", "574162", "3056047", "854", "1127415", "55690", "879212", "21328634", "268796", "1613", "412395", "7527000", "157904", "178639", "69607", "1879", "786468", "144434", "256428", "875059" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "Kingdom of France", "First Crusade", "Count of Toulouse", "Duke of Narbonne", "County of Tripoli", "Pons, Count of Toulouse", "Almodis de la Marche", "Saint-Gilles, Gard", "Philippa, Countess of Toulouse", "William IV, Count of Toulouse", "William Bertrand of Provence", "Provence", "First Crusade", "Church of the Holy Sepulchre", "Army of Raymond of Saint-Gilles", "Elvira of Castile, Countess of Toulouse", "Adhemar of Le Puy", "Papal legate", "Durrës", "Constantinople", "Bohemond I of Antioch", "List of Byzantine emperors", "Alexios I Komnenos", "Siege of Nicaea", "Battle of Dorylaeum (1097)", "Siege of Antioch", "Antioch", "Seljuq dynasty", "Kerbogha", "Holy Lance", "Monk", "Peter Bartholomew", "Jerusalem", "Tripoli, Lebanon", "March from Antioch to Jerusalem during the First Crusade", "Principality of Antioch", "Krak des Chevaliers", "Jerusalem", "Siege of Jerusalem (1099)", "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "Jesus", "Siege of Tripoli", "Tower of David", "Godfrey of Bouillon", "Battle of Ascalon", "Egypt", "Latakia", "Constantinople", "Byzantine Empire", "Crusade of 1101", "Merzifon", "Anatolia", "Tancred, Prince of Galilee", "Acre, Israel", "Tartus", "Citadel of Raymond de Saint-Gilles", "Tripoli, Lebanon", "Alexios I Komnenos", "Consanguinity", "Geoffrey I of Provence", "Roger I of Sicily", "Elvira of Castile, Countess of Toulouse", "Alfonso VI of León and Castile", "Alfonso Jordan", "William II Jordan", "Baldwin I of Jerusalem", "County of Tripoli", "Raymond of Aguilers" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse\n", "Raymond IV ( 1041 – 28 February 1105), sometimes called Raymond of Saint-Gilles or Raymond I of Tripoli, was a powerful noble in southern France and one of the leaders of the First Crusade (1096–99). He was the Count of Toulouse, Duke of Narbonne and Margrave of Provence from 1094, and he spent the last five years of his life establishing the County of Tripoli in the Near East.\n", "Section::::Early years.\n", "Raymond was a son of Pons of Toulouse and Almodis de La Marche. He received Saint-Gilles with the title of \"count\" from his father and displaced his niece Philippa, Duchess of Aquitaine, his brother William IV's daughter, in 1094 from inheriting Toulouse.\n", "In 1094, William Bertrand of Provence died and his margravial title to Provence passed to Raymond. A bull of Urban's dated 22 July 1096 names Raymond \"comes Nimirum Tholosanorum ac Ruthenensium et marchio Provintie Raimundus\" (\"Raymond, count of Nîmes, Toulouse and Rouergue and margrave of Provence\").\n", "Section::::The First Crusade.\n", "Raymond was deeply religious, and wished to die in the Holy Land, and so when the call was raised for the First Crusade, he was one of the first to take the cross. He is sometimes called \"the one-eyed\" (\"monoculus\" in Latin) after a rumour that he had lost an eye in a scuffle with the doorkeeper of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre during an earlier pilgrimage to Jerusalem. The oldest and the richest of the crusaders, Raymond left Toulouse at the end of October 1096, with a large company that included his wife Elvira, his infant son (who would die on the journey) and Adhemar, bishop of Le Puy, the papal legate. He ignored requests by his niece, Philippa (the rightful heiress to Toulouse) to grant the rule of Toulouse to her in his stead; instead, he left Bertrand, his eldest son, to govern. He marched to Dyrrhachium, and then east to Constantinople along the same route used by Bohemond of Taranto. At the end of April 1097, he was the only crusade leader not to swear an oath of fealty to Byzantine emperor Alexius I. Instead, Raymond swore an oath of friendship, and offered his support against Bohemond, mutual enemy of both Raymond and Alexius.\n", "He was present at the siege of Nicaea and the Battle of Dorylaeum in 1097, but his first major role came in October 1097 at the siege of Antioch. The crusaders heard a rumour that Antioch had been deserted by the Seljuk Turks, so Raymond sent his army ahead to occupy it, offending Bohemond of Taranto who wanted the city for himself. The city was, however, still occupied, and was taken by the crusaders only after a difficult siege in June 1098. Raymond took the \"palatium Cassiani\" (the palace of the emir, Yaghi-Siyan) and the tower over the Bridge Gate. He was ill during the second siege of Antioch by Kerbogha which culminated in a controversial rediscovery of the Holy Lance by a monk named Peter Bartholomew.\n", "The \"miracle\" raised the morale of the crusaders, and to their surprise they were able to rout Kerbogha outside Antioch. The Lance itself became a valuable relic among Raymond's followers, despite Adhemar of Le Puy's skepticism and Bohemond's disbelief and occasional mockery. Raymond also refused to relinquish his control of the city to Bohemond, reminding Bohemond that he was obligated to return Antioch to the court of Emperor Alexius, as he had sworn to do. A struggle then arose between Raymond's supporters and the supporters of Bohemond, partly over the genuineness of the Lance, but mostly over the possession of Antioch.\n", "Section::::Extending his territorial reach.\n", "Many of the minor knights and foot soldiers preferred to continue their march to Jerusalem, and they convinced Raymond to lead them there in the autumn of 1098. Raymond led them out to besiege Ma'arrat al-Numan, although he left a small detachment of his troops in Antioch, where Bohemond also remained. As Adhemar had died in Antioch, Raymond, along with the prestige given to him by the Holy Lance, became the new leader of the crusade. Bohemond however, expelled Raymond's detachment from Antioch in January 1099. Raymond then began to search for a city of his own. He marched from Ma'arrat, which had been captured in December 1098, into the emirate of Tripoli, and began the siege of Arqa on 14 February 1099, apparently with the intent of founding an independent territory in Tripoli that could limit the power of Bohemond to expand the Principality of Antioch to the south.\n", "The siege of Arqa, a town outside Tripoli, lasted longer than Raymond had hoped. Although he successfully captured Hisn al-Akrad, a fortress that would later become the important Krak des Chevaliers, his insistence on taking Tripoli delayed the march to Jerusalem, and he lost much of the support he had gained after Antioch. Raymond finally agreed to continue the march to Jerusalem on 13 May, and after months of siege the city was captured on 15 July. Raymond was offered the crown of the new Kingdom of Jerusalem, but refused, as he was reluctant to rule in the city in which Jesus had suffered. He said that he shuddered to think of being called \"King of Jerusalem\". It is also likely that he wished to continue the siege of Tripoli rather than remain in Jerusalem. However, he was also reluctant to give up the Tower of David in Jerusalem, which he had taken after the fall of the city, and it was only with difficulty that Godfrey of Bouillon was able to take it from him.\n", "Raymond participated in the battle of Ascalon soon after the capture of Jerusalem, during which an invading army from Egypt was defeated. However, Raymond wanted to occupy Ascalon himself rather than give it to Godfrey, and in the resulting dispute Ascalon remained unoccupied. It was not taken by the crusaders until 1153. Godfrey also blamed him for the failure of his army to capture Arsuf. When Raymond went north, in the winter of 1099–1100, his first act was one of hostility against Bohemond, capturing Laodicea from (Bohemond had himself recently taken it from Alexius). From Laodicea he went to Constantinople, where he allied with Alexius I, Bohemond's most powerful enemy. Bohemond was at the time attempting to expand Antioch into Byzantine territory, and blatantly refused to fulfill his oath to the Byzantine Empire.\n", "Section::::Crusade of 1101, siege of Tripoli, and death.\n", "Raymond was part of the doomed Crusade of 1101, where he was defeated at Mersivan in Anatolia. He escaped and returned to Constantinople. In 1102 he traveled by sea from Constantinople to Antioch, where he was imprisoned by Tancred, regent of Antioch during the captivity of Bohemond, and was only dismissed after promising not to attempt any conquests in the country between Antioch and Acre. He immediately broke his promise, attacking and capturing Tartus, and began to build a castle on the Mons Peregrinus (\"Pilgrim's Mountain\") which would help in his siege of Tripoli. He was aided by Alexius I, who preferred a friendly state in Tripoli to balance the hostile state in Antioch. Raymond died on February 28, 1105, before Tripoli was captured.\n", "Section::::Spouses and progeny.\n", "Raymond IV of Toulouse was married three times, and twice excommunicated for marrying within forbidden degrees of consanguinity. \n", "BULLET::::- His first wife was his cousin, daughter of Geoffrey I of Provence and the mother of his son Bertrand.\n", "BULLET::::- His second wife was Matilda (Mafalda), the daughter of Count Roger I of Sicily.\n", "BULLET::::- Raymond's third wife was Elvira, the illegitimate daughter of King Alfonso VI of León, the Spanish king who also campaigned furiously against the Moors. Their son was Alfonso Jordan.\n", "Following Raymond's death, his nephew William-Jordan in 1109, with the aid of King Baldwin I of Jerusalem, finally captured Tripoli and established the County of Tripoli. William was deposed in the same year by Raymond's eldest son Bertrand, and the county remained in the possession of the counts of Toulouse throughout the 12th century.\n", "Raymond of Toulouse seems to have been driven both by religious and material motives. On the one hand he accepted the discovery of the Holy Lance and rejected the kingship of Jerusalem, but on the other hand he could not resist the temptation of a new territory. Raymond of Aguilers, a clerk in Raymond's army, wrote an account of the crusade from Raymond's point of view.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Occitan noble", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q299612", "wikidata_label": "Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse", "wikipedia_title": "Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse" }

{ "end": [ 143, 177, 246, 350, 369, 406, 439, 16, 49, 113, 130, 376, 473, 510, 565, 684, 775, 842, 863, 993, 100, 161, 264, 524, 562, 577, 591, 600, 615, 644, 713, 816, 941, 1021, 1128, 44, 192, 226, 403, 84, 108, 156, 183, 222, 272, 312, 425, 439, 453, 523, 585, 645, 801, 872, 220, 257, 161, 199, 405, 457, 276, 140, 55, 82, 358, 63, 296, 312, 325, 351, 366, 385, 405, 477, 181, 198, 252, 278, 320, 383, 77, 273, 44, 77, 123, 158, 532, 101, 143, 252, 372, 584, 96, 151, 95, 42, 88, 269, 366, 113, 188, 227, 87, 229, 326, 556, 790, 838, 916, 8, 119, 281, 335, 356, 246, 100, 144, 51, 59, 82, 130, 254, 90, 153, 211, 297, 414, 711, 53, 539, 788, 233, 400, 162, 466, 487, 569, 853, 141, 409, 418, 452, 486, 771, 486, 832, 69, 168, 260, 318, 515, 668, 803, 935, 1093, 1167, 10, 367, 391, 506, 41, 86, 424, 437, 488, 68, 42, 353, 401, 620, 637, 651, 670, 93, 170, 592, 30, 145, 158, 173, 48, 188, 253, 557, 657, 681, 123, 340, 42, 387, 758, 104, 160, 57, 135, 305, 758, 1063, 46, 273, 317, 24, 361, 639, 117, 263, 319, 409, 548, 889, 31, 102, 213, 491, 44, 301, 325, 343, 655, 351, 370, 387, 499, 552, 653, 694, 32, 51, 117, 193, 133, 162, 198, 63, 204, 239, 288, 457, 104, 157, 246, 285, 327, 90, 132, 225, 257, 173, 227, 285, 58, 116, 213, 295, 510, 141, 213, 198, 462, 41, 71, 136, 390, 40, 99, 149, 39, 63, 142, 110, 180, 550, 91, 116, 485, 326, 579, 64, 143, 691, 712, 735, 929, 157, 251, 180, 627, 148, 145, 10, 282, 414, 467, 623, 99, 160, 221, 317, 466, 123, 258, 341, 412, 76, 106, 59, 274, 167, 312, 403, 620, 134, 186, 250, 13, 64, 53, 68, 126, 753, 146, 53, 80, 253, 547, 598, 726, 47, 246, 258, 61, 996, 128, 249, 319, 346, 390, 549, 829, 36, 304, 547, 311, 355, 115, 289, 310, 346, 409, 531, 548, 651, 66, 204, 216, 81, 202, 376, 1091, 1123, 1309, 106, 122, 153, 84, 100, 150, 239, 367, 84, 102, 118, 138, 231, 256, 285, 306, 226, 767, 788, 22, 38, 40, 30, 24, 25, 50, 40, 59, 53, 93, 76, 157 ], "href": [ "president%20of%20the%20United%20States", "assassination%20of%20Abraham%20Lincoln", "American%20Civil%20War", "Union%20%28American%20Civil%20War%29", "Thirteenth%20Amendment%20to%20the%20United%20States%20Constitution", "Federal%20government%20of%20the%20United%20States", "Economy%20of%20the%20United%20States", "Kentucky", "American%20frontier", "Whig%20Party%20%28United%20States%29", "Illinois", "history%20of%20the%20United%20States%20Republican%20Party", "Stephen%20A.%20Douglas", "%20Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas%20debates", "Northern%20United%20States", "constitutional%20right", "Secession", "Confederate%20States%20of%20America", "Fort%20Sumter", "Union%20%28American%20Civil%20War%29", "Radical%20Republican", "War%20Democrats", "Copperhead%20%28politics%29", "Gettysburg%20Address", "nationalism", "republicanism", "Civil%20and%20political%20rights", "liberty", "democracy", "habeas%20corpus", "Trent%20Affair", "Union%20blockade", "Emancipation%20Proclamation", "Border%20States%20%28American%20Civil%20War%29", "Thirteenth%20Amendment%20to%20the%20United%20States%20Constitution", "1864%20United%20States%20presidential%20election", "Battle%20of%20Appomattox%20Court%20House", "John%20Wilkes%20Booth", "Historical%20rankings%20of%20Presidents%20of%20the%20United%20States%23Scholar%20survey%20results", "Thomas%20Lincoln", "Nancy%20Lincoln", "Abraham%20Lincoln%20Birthplace%20National%20Historical%20Park", "Hodgenville%2C%20Kentucky", "Samuel%20Lincoln", "Hingham%2C%20Norfolk", "Hingham%2C%20Massachusetts", "New%20Jersey", "Pennsylvania", "Virginia", "Abraham%20Lincoln%20%28captain%29", "Jefferson%20County%2C%20Kentucky", "Northwest%20Indian%20War", "Tennessee", "Hardin%20County%2C%20Kentucky", "Elizabethtown%2C%20Kentucky", "Sarah%20Lincoln%20Grigsby", "Title%20%28property%29", "Indiana", "History%20of%20Perry%20County%2C%20Indiana", "Spencer%20County%2C%20Indiana", "Separate%20Baptists", "Little%20Pigeon%20Creek%20Community", "milk%20sickness", "Sarah%20Lincoln%20Grigsby", "stillborn", "Sarah%20Bush%20Lincoln", "King%20James%20Version", "Aesop%27s%20Fables", "John%20Bunyan", "The%20Pilgrim%27s%20Progress", "Daniel%20Defoe", "Robinson%20Crusoe", "Mason%20Locke%20Weems", "The%20Autobiography%20of%20Benjamin%20Franklin", "Macon%20County%2C%20Illinois", "Decatur%2C%20Illinois", "Lincoln%20Log%20Cabin%20State%20Historic%20Site", "Coles%20County%2C%20Illinois", "Lincoln%27s%20New%20Salem", "flatboat", "Ann%20Rutledge", "typhoid%20fever", "Mary%20Todd%20Lincoln", "Robert%20Smith%20Todd", "Lexington%2C%20Kentucky", "Springfield%2C%20Illinois", "Lincoln%20Home%20National%20Historic%20Site", "Robert%20Todd%20Lincoln", "Edward%20Baker%20Lincoln", "William%20Wallace%20Lincoln", "Tad%20Lincoln", "Robert%20Todd%20Lincoln%20Beckwith", "history%20of%20depression", "major%20depressive%20disorder", "History%20of%20slavery", "Denton%20Offutt", "Lincoln%27s%20New%20Salem", "Illinois%20General%20Assembly", "raconteur", "Black%20Hawk%20War", "William%20Blackstone", "Commentaries%20on%20the%20Laws%20of%20England", "Whig%20Party%20%28United%20States%29", "Illinois%20House%20of%20Representatives", "Illinois%20and%20Michigan%20Canal", "abolitionism%20in%20the%20United%20States", "Henry%20Clay", "American%20Colonization%20Society", "Liberia", "Admission%20to%20the%20bar%20in%20the%20United%20States", "John%20T.%20Stuart", "Stephen%20T.%20Logan", "Lincoln-Herndon%20Law%20Offices%20State%20Historic%20Site", "William%20Herndon%20%28lawyer%29", "internal%20improvements", "United%20States%20House%20of%20Representatives", "John%20J.%20Hardin", "United%20States%20House%20Committee%20on%20Post%20Office%20and%20Post%20Roads", "United%20States%20House%20Committee%20on%20Expenditures%20in%20the%20War%20Department", "Mexican%E2%80%93American%20War", "James%20K.%20Polk", "Wilmot%20Proviso", "Spot%20Resolutions", "Zachary%20Taylor", "1848%20United%20States%20presidential%20election", "General%20Land%20Office", "Oregon%20Territory", "Abraham%20Lincoln%27s%20patent", "Alton%20Railroad", "Supreme%20Court%20of%20Illinois", "Illinois%20Central%20Railroad", "judicial%20notice", "Farmers%27%20Almanac", "Compromise%20of%201850", "Nebraska%20Territory", "Kansas%20Territory", "Popular%20sovereignty%20in%20the%20United%20States%23Emergence%20of%20the%20term%20%26quot%3Bpopular%20sovereignty%26quot%3B%20and%20its%20pejorative%20connotation", "Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska%20Act", "Abraham%20Lincoln%27s%20Peoria%20speech", "Free%20Soil%20Party", "Liberty%20Party%20%28United%20States%2C%201840%29", "Democratic%20Party%20%28United%20States%29", "Republican%20Party%20%28United%20States%29", "Know%20Nothing", "Lyman%20Trumbull", "Joel%20Aldrich%20Matteson", "Bleeding%20Kansas", "United%20States%20elections%2C%201856", "Bloomington%20Convention", "Illinois%20Republican%20Party", "Lincoln%27s%20Lost%20Speech", "1856%20Republican%20National%20Convention", "John%20C.%20Fr%C3%A9mont", "James%20Buchanan", "Millard%20Fillmore", "William%20Henry%20Bissell", "Eric%20Foner", "republicanism%20in%20the%20United%20States", "Founding%20Fathers%20of%20the%20United%20States", "United%20States%20Declaration%20of%20Independence", "Dred%20Scott%20v.%20Sandford", "Roger%20B.%20Taney", "Slave%20Power", "Lecompton%20Constitution", "slave%20state", "Lincoln%27s%20House%20Divided%20Speech", "Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas%20debates", "all%20men%20are%20created%20equal", "Freeport%20Doctrine", "William%20H.%20Seward", "Salmon%20P.%20Chase", "Edward%20Bates", "Simon%20Cameron", "Cooper%20Union%20speech", "List%20of%20national%20founders", "Noah%20Brooks", "David%20Herbert%20Donald", "David%20Davis%20%28Supreme%20Court%20justice%29", "Norman%20B.%20Judd", "Leonard%20Swett", "1860%20Republican%20National%20Convention", "Hannibal%20Hamlin", "Ticket%20balance", "John%20C.%20Breckinridge", "Constitutional%20Union%20Party%20%28United%20States%29", "John%20Bell%20%28Tennessee%20politician%29", "Wide%20Awakes", "slavery", "United%20States%20Electoral%20College", "Confederate%20States%20of%20America", "Jefferson%20Davis", "Crittenden%20Compromise", "Territories%20of%20the%20United%20States", "Corwin%20Amendment", "Baltimore%20Plot", "Abraham%20Lincoln%27s%20first%20inaugural%20address", "Peace%20Conference%20of%201861", "Lincoln%27s%20second%20inaugural%20address", "Robert%20Anderson%20%28Civil%20War%29", "Battle%20of%20Fort%20Sumter", "Allan%20Nevins", "William%20Tecumseh%20Sherman", "Richmond%2C%20Virginia", "Mason-Dixon%20line", "Baltimore%20riot%20of%201861", "Maryland%20in%20the%20American%20Civil%20War%23Imposition%20of%20martial%20law", "Habeas%20corpus%20in%20the%20United%20States%23Suspension%20during%20the%20Civil%20War", "John%20Merryman", "Roger%20B.%20Taney", "ex%20parte%20Merryman", "Battle%20of%20Fort%20Sumter", "Union%20%28American%20Civil%20War%29", "commander-in-chief", "Confiscation%20Act%20of%201861", "John%20C.%20Fr%C3%A9mont", "Senate%20Foreign%20Relations%20Committee", "Charles%20Sumner", "Trent%20Affair", "James%20G.%20Randall", "Simon%20Cameron", "Edwin%20Stanton", "United%20States%20Secretary%20of%20War", "Henry%20Halleck", "Antoine-Henri%20Jomini", "Mississippi%20River", "Vicksburg%2C%20Mississippi", "First%20Battle%20of%20Bull%20Run", "Winfield%20Scott", "George%20B.%20McClellan", "Peninsula%20Campaign", "Henry%20Halleck", "John%20Pope%20%28military%20officer%29", "Army%20of%20Virginia", "Second%20Battle%20of%20Bull%20Run", "Robert%20E.%20Lee", "Potomac%20River", "Battle%20of%20Antietam", "Emancipation%20Proclamation", "Don%20Carlos%20Buell", "Army%20of%20the%20Ohio", "William%20Rosecrans", "1862%20and%201863%20United%20States%20House%20of%20Representatives%20elections", "Ambrose%20Burnside", "Rappahannock%20River", "Battle%20of%20Fredericksburg", "Battle%20of%20Fredericksburg", "Joseph%20Hooker", "Conscription", "Joseph%20Hooker", "Ulysses%20S.%20Grant", "Battle%20of%20Chancellorsville", "George%20Meade", "Gettysburg%20Campaign", "compensated%20emancipation", "David%20Hunter", "Confiscation%20Act%20of%201862", "Horace%20Greeley", "Andrew%20Johnson", "Lorenzo%20Thomas", "Battle%20of%20Shiloh", "Vicksburg%20campaign", "Battle%20of%20Shiloh", "George%20Washington", "Overland%20Campaign", "City%20Point%2C%20Virginia", "William%20Tecumseh%20Sherman", "Jubal%20Early", "Battle%20of%20Fort%20Stevens", "Oliver%20Wendell%20Holmes%20Jr.", "Alexander%20H.%20Stephens", "Hampton%20Roads%20Conference", "Appomattox%20Court%20House%20National%20Historical%20Park", "War%20Democrats", "Edwin%20M.%20Stanton", "National%20Union%20Party%20%28United%20States%29", "David%20Farragut", "perfidy", "Lincoln%27s%20second%20inaugural%20address", "Mark%20Noll", "Thaddeus%20Stevens", "Charles%20Sumner", "Benjamin%20Wade", "Ten%20percent%20plan", "Frederick%20Steele", "Nathaniel%20P.%20Banks", "Salmon%20P.%20Chase", "Thirteenth%20Amendment%20to%20the%20United%20States%20Constitution", "Freedmen%27s%20Bureau", "James%20G.%20Randall", "Eric%20Foner", "Homestead%20Act", "Morrill%20Land-Grant%20Colleges%20Act", "List%20of%20agricultural%20universities%20and%20colleges", "First%20Transcontinental%20Railroad", "Greenback%20%281860s%20money%29", "Income%20tax%20in%20the%20United%20States", "Morrill%20Tariff", "Revenue%20Act%20of%201861", "Revenue%20Act%20of%201862", "National%20Banking%20Act", "United%20States%20Department%20of%20Agriculture", "Dakota%20War%20of%201862", "Sioux%23Santee%20%28Is%C3%A1%C5%8Byathi%20or%20Eastern%20Dakota%29", "New%20York%20World", "The%20Journal%20of%20Commerce", "Thanksgiving%20%28United%20States%29", "James%20Madison", "Yosemite%20National%20Park", "Noah%20Haynes%20Swayne", "Samuel%20Freeman%20Miller", "Stephen%20Johnson%20Field", "Supreme%20Court%20of%20the%20United%20States", "United%20States%20district%20courts", "United%20States%20circuit%20court", "West%20Virginia", "Nevada", "John%20Wilkes%20Booth", "Good%20Friday", "Ford%27s%20Theatre", "Our%20American%20Cousin", "Henry%20Rathbone", "Petersen%20House", "coma", "Funeral%20and%20burial%20of%20Abraham%20Lincoln%23Funeral%20train", "Walt%20Whitman", "When%20Lilacs%20Last%20in%20the%20Dooryard%20Bloom%27d", "Moses", "religious%20skepticism", "evangelicalism", "Protestantism", "The%20Doctrine%20of%20Philosophical%20Necessity%20Illustrated", "Holy%20Land", "list%20of%20photographs%20of%20Abraham%20Lincoln", "multiple%20endocrine%20neoplasia%20type%202b", "mucosal%20neuromata%20with%20endocrine%20tumors", "marfanoid", "Marfan%20syndrome", "De%20Musset%27s%20sign", "Grand%20Army%20of%20the%20Republic", "Abraham%20Lincoln%27s%20first%20inaugural%20address", "George%20Washington", "Franklin%20Delano%20Roosevelt", "classical%20liberalism", "Allen%20C.%20Guelzo", "Progressive%20Era", "Lincoln%20Memorial", "National%20Mall", "New%20Deal", "self-made%20man", "welfare%20state", "Cold%20War", "Communist", "Conservatism%20in%20the%20United%20States", "John%20Locke", "Edmund%20Burke", "Lerone%20Bennett%20Jr.", "white%20supremacy", "American%20Colonization%20Society", "negative%20capability", "John%20Keats", "Barack%20Obama", "Theodore%20Roosevelt", "Woodrow%20Wilson", "Franklin%20Delano%20Roosevelt", "Penny%20%28United%20States%20coin%29", "United%20States%20five-dollar%20bill", "U.S.%20presidents%20on%20U.S.%20postage%20stamps%23Abraham%20Lincoln", "Lincoln%2C%20Nebraska", "Grace%20Bedell", "Mount%20Rushmore", "Lincoln%20Memorial", "Ford%27s%20Theatre", "Petersen%20House", "Abraham%20Lincoln%20Presidential%20Library%20and%20Museum", "Springfield%2C%20Illinois", "Lincoln%20Home%20National%20Historic%20Site", "Lincoln%27s%20Tomb", "Great%20Depression", "postmodernism", "multiculturalism", "United%20States%20Navy", "Outline%20of%20Abraham%20Lincoln", "Sexuality%20of%20Abraham%20Lincoln", "Dakota%20War%20of%201862", "Grace%20Bedell", "The%20Towers%20%28Ohio%20State%29", "List%20of%20photographs%20of%20Abraham%20Lincoln", "List%20of%20civil%20rights%20leaders", "C-SPAN", "C-SPAN", "Shapell%20Manuscript%20Foundation", "National%20Endowment%20for%20the%20Humanities", "Library%20of%20Congress" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 9, 10, 11, 13, 13, 13, 14, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 19, 19, 20, 20, 20, 20, 22, 22, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 26, 26, 27, 30, 30, 30, 30, 31, 32, 32, 34, 34, 34, 34, 34, 34, 34, 35, 35, 35, 35, 35, 37, 38, 38, 40, 41, 43, 43, 43, 44, 46, 46, 46, 46, 48, 49, 49, 49, 50, 50, 54, 54, 54, 54, 54, 55, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 57, 57, 59, 59, 59, 59, 59, 59, 59, 59, 59, 59, 61, 61, 61, 61, 63, 63, 63, 65, 65, 66, 67, 67, 67, 68, 68, 68, 68, 69, 69, 69, 70, 72, 72, 72, 73, 73, 73, 75, 75, 75, 77, 77, 80, 83, 83, 84, 84, 85, 86, 86, 87, 87, 89, 89, 89, 90, 91, 91, 92, 92, 92, 92, 92, 92, 94, 94, 94, 95, 96, 97, 97, 97, 97, 98, 98, 98, 99, 99, 99, 99, 101, 101, 101, 101, 102, 102, 102, 103, 104, 104, 104, 104, 105, 105, 105, 105, 105, 106, 106, 106, 106, 107, 108, 108, 109, 109, 109, 111, 111, 112, 113, 116, 116, 121, 121, 121, 122, 123, 124, 124, 126, 126, 126, 127, 127, 127, 129, 129, 129, 131, 131, 132, 132, 134, 134, 134, 134, 135, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 142, 142, 142, 142, 143, 144, 144, 144, 144, 145, 145, 145, 145, 146, 146, 147, 147, 148, 151, 151, 151, 153, 153, 153, 155, 155, 157, 157, 157, 157, 158, 159, 159, 163, 163, 163, 163, 165, 165, 165, 166, 166, 168, 168, 168, 168, 168, 168, 168, 172, 174, 174, 175, 175, 177, 177, 177, 177, 177, 177, 177, 177, 178, 178, 178, 179, 179, 179, 179, 179, 179, 181, 181, 181, 183, 183, 183, 183, 183, 184, 184, 184, 184, 184, 184, 184, 184, 185, 185, 185, 186, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 214, 215, 216, 218, 221 ], "start": [ 113, 160, 228, 345, 352, 388, 423, 8, 41, 103, 122, 360, 455, 481, 560, 664, 752, 813, 852, 988, 82, 148, 253, 506, 551, 564, 579, 593, 606, 631, 699, 802, 916, 1008, 1074, 24, 160, 209, 397, 70, 89, 137, 162, 208, 256, 290, 415, 427, 445, 500, 559, 634, 792, 849, 197, 252, 146, 192, 393, 434, 259, 111, 42, 77, 349, 36, 280, 298, 314, 329, 354, 370, 388, 439, 169, 191, 239, 256, 311, 375, 65, 260, 35, 60, 104, 137, 525, 82, 123, 236, 352, 556, 86, 132, 82, 29, 79, 244, 357, 99, 178, 192, 83, 196, 299, 544, 780, 809, 909, 0, 105, 265, 323, 341, 225, 71, 130, 12, 12, 62, 117, 240, 74, 139, 185, 278, 398, 680, 28, 517, 763, 218, 384, 144, 448, 471, 550, 834, 128, 400, 411, 436, 470, 759, 472, 811, 27, 154, 238, 293, 503, 633, 788, 921, 1077, 1146, 0, 343, 375, 479, 19, 72, 413, 415, 477, 48, 35, 328, 384, 603, 622, 639, 657, 71, 154, 581, 10, 134, 147, 160, 18, 173, 235, 537, 631, 672, 112, 333, 25, 358, 743, 83, 149, 41, 110, 284, 734, 1039, 25, 262, 305, 0, 353, 623, 96, 249, 306, 396, 534, 872, 10, 97, 195, 475, 29, 267, 311, 331, 639, 338, 357, 374, 486, 546, 636, 685, 24, 37, 98, 175, 120, 153, 182, 38, 191, 226, 270, 432, 88, 141, 229, 263, 311, 72, 99, 211, 244, 155, 221, 280, 32, 104, 194, 271, 498, 117, 199, 184, 448, 25, 53, 130, 373, 23, 79, 125, 28, 40, 121, 102, 167, 540, 78, 100, 474, 312, 572, 40, 134, 675, 698, 722, 909, 141, 233, 165, 573, 131, 129, 0, 269, 383, 446, 592, 89, 142, 207, 298, 447, 103, 233, 327, 399, 62, 87, 39, 261, 145, 294, 382, 599, 100, 157, 223, 0, 58, 36, 57, 112, 734, 132, 39, 76, 240, 535, 558, 721, 30, 235, 247, 40, 987, 117, 244, 303, 326, 375, 534, 803, 13, 287, 522, 294, 340, 100, 273, 297, 338, 396, 518, 540, 642, 43, 197, 209, 63, 185, 356, 1072, 1113, 1297, 88, 108, 128, 79, 93, 136, 232, 355, 70, 86, 104, 124, 184, 235, 271, 298, 210, 754, 772, 4, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 53, 47, 64, 39, 138 ], "text": [ "president of the United States", "his assassination", "American Civil War", "Union", "abolished slavery", "federal government", "the U.S. economy", "Kentucky", "frontier", "Whig Party", "Illinois", "Republican Party", "Stephen A. Douglas", "1858 Illinois Senate campaign", "North", "constitutional right", "seceding from the union", "Confederate States of America", "Fort Sumter", "Union", "Radical Republican", "War Democrats", "Copperheads", "Gettysburg Address", "nationalism", "republicanism", "equal rights", "liberty", "democracy", "habeas corpus", "\"Trent\" Affair", "naval blockade", "Emancipation Proclamation", "border states", "Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution", "re-election campaign", "Battle of Appomattox Court House", "John Wilkes Booth", "ranked", "Thomas Lincoln", "Nancy Hanks Lincoln", "Sinking Spring Farm", "Hodgenville, Kentucky", "Samuel Lincoln", "Hingham, Norfolk", "Hingham, Massachusetts", "New Jersey", "Pennsylvania", "Virginia", "Captain Abraham Lincoln", "Jefferson County, Kentucky", "Indian raid", "Tennessee", "Hardin County, Kentucky", "Elizabethtown, Kentucky", "Sarah", "property titles", "Indiana", "Perry County", "Spencer County, Indiana", "Separate Baptists", "Little Pigeon Creek Community", "milk sickness", "Sarah", "stillborn", "Sarah \"Sally\" Bush Johnston", "King James Bible", "Aesop's Fables", "John Bunyan", "The Pilgrim's Progress", "Daniel Defoe", "Robinson Crusoe", "Mason Locke Weems", "The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin", "Macon County", "Decatur", "new homestead", "Coles County, Illinois", "New Salem", "flatboat", "Ann Rutledge", "typhoid fever", "Mary Todd", "Robert Smith Todd", "Lexington, Kentucky", "Springfield, Illinois", "a house", "Robert Todd Lincoln", "Edward Baker Lincoln", "\"Willie\" Lincoln", "Thomas \"Tad\" Lincoln", "Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith", "melancholy", "clinical depression", "slave traders", "Denton Offutt", "New Salem", "Illinois General Assembly", "raconteur", "Black Hawk War", "Blackstone", "Commentaries on the Laws of England", "Whig", "Illinois House of Representatives", "Illinois and Michigan Canal", "abolitionism", "Henry Clay", "American Colonization Society", "Liberia", "Admitted", "John T. Stuart", "Stephen T. Logan", "his practice", "William Herndon", "internal improvements", "U.S. House of Representatives", "John J. Hardin", "Committee on Post Office and Post Roads", "Committee on Expenditures in the War Department", "Mexican–American War", "James K. Polk", "Wilmot Proviso", "Spot Resolutions", "Zachary Taylor", "1848 presidential election", "General Land Office", "Oregon Territory", "a patent for a flotation device", "Alton & Sangamon Railroad", "Illinois Supreme Court", "Illinois Central Railroad", "judicial notice", "Farmers' Almanac", "Compromise of 1850", "Nebraska Territory", "Kansas Territory", "popular sovereignty", "Kansas–Nebraska Act", "Peoria Speech", "Free Soil", "Liberty", "Democratic Party", "Republican Party", "Know Nothing", "Lyman Trumbull", "Joel Aldrich Matteson", "violent political confrontations in Kansas", "1856 elections", "Bloomington Convention", "Illinois Republican Party", "final speech", "1856 Republican National Convention", "John C. Frémont", "James Buchanan", "Millard Fillmore", "William Henry Bissell", "Eric Foner", "republicanism principles", "Founding Fathers", "Declaration of Independence", "Dred Scott v. Sandford", "Roger B. Taney", "Slave Power", "Lecompton Constitution", "slave state", "House Divided Speech", "debates", "all men are created equal", "Freeport Doctrine", "William H. Seward", "Salmon P. Chase", "Edward Bates", "Simon Cameron", "speech at Cooper Union", "Founding Fathers", "Noah Brooks", "David Herbert Donald", "David Davis", "Norman Judd", "Leonard Swett", "Republican National Convention", "Hannibal Hamlin", "balance the ticket", "John C. Breckinridge", "Constitutional Union Party", "John Bell", "Wide Awakes", "slavery", "electoral college", "Confederate States of America", "Jefferson Davis", "Crittenden Compromise", "territories", "Corwin Amendment", "evaded possible assassins", "his inaugural address", "Peace Conference of 1861", "second inaugural address", "Major Robert Anderson", "Fort Sumter", "Allan Nevins", "William Tecumseh Sherman", "Richmond", "Mason-Dixon line", "attacked Union troops", "local Maryland", "habeas corpus", "John Merryman", "Roger B. Taney", "ex parte Merryman", "Battle of Fort Sumter", "Union", "commander-in-chief", "Confiscation Act", "John C. Frémont", "Senate Foreign Relations Committee", "Charles Sumner", "Trent Affair", "James G. Randall", "Simon Cameron", "Edwin Stanton", "War Secretary", "Henry Halleck", "Jomini", "Mississippi River", "Vicksburg", "Bull Run", "Winfield Scott", "George B. McClellan", "Peninsula Campaign", "Henry Halleck", "John Pope", "Army of Virginia", "Second Battle of Bull Run", "Robert E. Lee", "Potomac River", "Battle of Antietam", "Emancipation Proclamation", "Don Carlos Buell", "Army of the Ohio", "William Rosecrans", "1862 midterm elections", "Ambrose Burnside", "Rappahannock River", "defeated by Lee at Fredericksburg", "Fredericksburg", "Joseph Hooker", "military draft law", "Hooker", "Grant", "Battle of Chancellorsville", "George Meade", "Gettysburg Campaign", "compensated emancipation", "David Hunter", "Confiscation Act of 1862", "Horace Greeley", "Andrew Johnson", "Lorenzo Thomas", "Battle of Shiloh", "Vicksburg campaign", "Shiloh", "George Washington", "Overland Campaign", "City Point, Virginia", "William Tecumseh Sherman", "Jubal Early", "raided Washington, D.C.", "Oliver Wendell Holmes", "Stephens", "Hampton Roads", "Appomattox", "War Democrats", "Edwin M. Stanton", "Union Party", "David Farragut", "perfidy", "second inaugural address", "Mark Noll", "Thaddeus Stevens", "Charles Sumner", "Benjamin Wade", "Amnesty Proclamation", "Frederick Steele", "Nathaniel P. Banks", "Salmon P. Chase", "Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution", "Freedmen's Bureau", "James G. Randall", "Eric Foner", "Homestead Act", "Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act", "agricultural colleges", "First Transcontinental Railroad", "greenbacks", "Federal income tax", "Morrill Tariff", "Revenue Act of 1861", "Revenue Act of 1862", "National Banking Act", "Department of Agriculture", "Sioux Uprising", "Santee Dakota", "New York World", "Journal of Commerce", "Thanksgiving holiday", "James Madison", "Yosemite National Park", "Noah Haynes Swayne", "Samuel Freeman Miller", "Stephen Johnson Field", "Supreme Court of the United States", "United States district courts", "United States circuit court", "West Virginia", "Nevada", "John Wilkes Booth", "Good Friday", "Ford's Theatre", "Our American Cousin", "Henry Rathbone", "Petersen House", "coma", "funeral train", "Walt Whitman", "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd", "Moses", "religious skeptic", "evangelical", "Protestants", "Doctrine of Necessity", "Holy Land", "photographs", "MEN2b", "mucosal neuromas", "Marfanoid appearance", "Marfan syndrome", "DeMusset's sign", "Grand Army of the Republic", "first inaugural address", "George Washington", "Franklin Delano Roosevelt", "classical liberal", "Allen C. Guelzo", "Progressive Era", "Lincoln Memorial", "National Mall", "New Deal", "self-made man", "welfare state", "Cold War", "Communist", "political conservatives", "Lockean", "Burkean", "Lerone Bennett Jr.", "white supremacist", "sending freed slaves", "negative capability", "John Keats", "Barack Obama", "Theodore Roosevelt", "Woodrow Wilson", "Franklin Delano Roosevelt", "penny", "$5 bill", "postage stamps", "capital", "Grace Bedell", "Mount Rushmore", "Lincoln Memorial", "Ford's Theatre", "Petersen House", "Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum", "Springfield, Illinois", "Lincoln's home", "his tomb", "Great Depression", "postmodernism", "multiculturalism", "United States Navy", "Outline of Abraham Lincoln", "Sexuality of Abraham Lincoln", "Dakota War of 1862", "Grace Bedell", "Lincoln Tower", "List of photographs of Abraham Lincoln", "List of civil rights leaders", "C-SPAN", "C-SPAN", "Shapell Manuscript Foundation", "National Endowment for the Humanities", "Library of Congress" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "24113", "4924254", "863", "481130", "31665", "195149", "32022", "16846", "252507", "32078", "14849", "4157940", "22418929", "447485", "509638", "2339023", "144732", "7023", "81464", "481130", "352697", "30872339", "303134", "12384", "21748", "25755", "37071", "936385", "7959", "14091", "427977", "1984020", "9515", "427798", "31665", "40520", "1478485", "15919", "1855342", "1498400", "1986746", "2323857", "115298", "13275737", "5671722", "424587", "21648", "23332", "32432", "4051193", "95585", "1055471", "30395", "95595", "115137", "21538760", "226179", "21883857", "96083", "96070", "362827", "48052152", "3834429", "21538760", "226748", "6273666", "16767", "240755", "39661", "173974", "8193", "55483", "516163", "1880338", "96211", "111543", "4459992", "96269", "797542", "2407924", "1408009", "31596", "345728", "60186776", "50352", "57706", "2088047", "337019", "5588306", "4469458", "3848490", "13395672", "20529621", "8389", "6585135", "4907919", "797542", "861658", "81450", "84154", "221256", "265070", "32078", "861662", "50379", "40318770", "47620", "259151", "17791", "235222", "11586701", "5588200", "4468446", "1331104", "838942", "19468510", "11586671", "9998492", "1732139", "21073732", "15980", "55576", "3353905", "19729624", "40515", "883651", "357621", "34160378", "2696387", "2890724", "1158422", "1436290", "1985079", "45976", "452718", "447560", "18697878", "17042", "15971229", "195138", "19118138", "5043544", "32070", "13698725", "2011485", "1942952", "445407", "43179043", "44638412", "6495584", "16998162", "3781916", "91440", "19732383", "19729548", "418300", "1297053", "1764584", "540802", "31874", "105816", "21833588", "3645215", "447568", "505770", "2546031", "447485", "331170", "1226820", "81455", "188978", "651121", "375081", "14462245", "20982080", "3316866", "1053958", "21808276", "11586823", "16351105", "791707", "13976", "1558297", "89141", "648570", "724148", "1268739", "27992", "85533", "7023", "16134", "1160129", "509785", "547674", "13890231", "17048150", "1884082", "374097", "380082", "339819", "556446", "46720", "53274", "82334", "951969", "6696304", "8758045", "1352158", "21833588", "146274", "339819", "481130", "254428", "5829969", "91440", "465701", "273845", "427977", "6921449", "375081", "375066", "44000", "360125", "358590", "19579", "122459", "228867", "61403", "104977", "264756", "360125", "563367", "1375163", "54492", "25740", "59308", "84849", "9515", "371236", "1475372", "375983", "1434853", "171473", "690834", "48833", "48833", "171480", "5735", "171480", "31752", "48780", "146580", "1513953", "4353300", "224424", "4226342", "171486", "1624", "2024742", "144155", "390638", "144155", "11968", "1375548", "1419002", "46720", "22441617", "1282769", "517136", "309515", "1889137", "512187", "30872339", "375066", "5238368", "102728", "3990490", "374097", "2263283", "365602", "273845", "354112", "3573946", "2992941", "149932", "188978", "31665", "395175", "6921449", "1297053", "55589", "55593", "6257086", "36541", "12472957", "3136256", "55588", "880135", "1616252", "55596", "70896", "9096304", "56125", "593160", "21924100", "8304348", "15950", "48664", "827826", "890515", "912055", "31737", "70235", "1352224", "32905", "21216", "15919", "58009", "408213", "186347", "3561945", "2636070", "5721", "1358013", "33870", "2699343", "19577", "3501153", "10370", "25814008", "13044506", "148545", "38746858", "18031668", "18031668", "22798873", "45475", "3236385", "173067", "17048150", "11968", "10979", "6677", "10203056", "560252", "52369", "167796", "19283361", "36045906", "222839", "325329", "9209651", "2298740", "16143", "10030", "4161349", "33178", "259151", "236895", "16455", "534366", "30535", "33523", "10979", "164092", "477327", "27715261", "17653", "2974165", "185973", "52369", "408213", "2636070", "1926746", "57706", "2088047", "1135572", "19283335", "23603", "51885", "20518076", "51326799", "1316116", "9096304", "2974165", "40011140", "38746858", "295019", "77799", "77799", "43244107", "732612", "18944081" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "President of the United States", "Assassination of Abraham Lincoln", "American Civil War", "Union (American Civil War)", "Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution", "Federal government of the United States", "Economy of the United States", "Kentucky", "American frontier", "Whig Party (United States)", "Illinois", "History of the United States Republican Party", "Stephen A. Douglas", "Lincoln–Douglas debates", "Northern United States", "Constitutional right", "Secession", "Confederate States of America", "Fort Sumter", "Union (American Civil War)", "Radical Republicans", "War Democrat", "Copperhead (politics)", "Gettysburg Address", "Nationalism", "Republicanism", "Civil and political rights", "Liberty", "Democracy", "Habeas corpus", "Trent Affair", "Union blockade", "Emancipation Proclamation", "Border states (American Civil War)", "Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution", "1864 United States presidential election", "Battle of Appomattox Court House", "John Wilkes Booth", "Historical rankings of presidents of the United States", "Thomas Lincoln", "Nancy Lincoln", "Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historical Park", "Hodgenville, Kentucky", "Samuel Lincoln", "Hingham, Norfolk", "Hingham, Massachusetts", "New Jersey", "Pennsylvania", "Virginia", "Abraham Lincoln (captain)", "Jefferson County, Kentucky", "Northwest Indian War", "Tennessee", "Hardin County, Kentucky", "Elizabethtown, Kentucky", "Sarah Lincoln Grigsby", "Title (property)", "Indiana", "Perry County, Indiana", "Spencer County, Indiana", "Separate Baptists", "Little Pigeon Creek Community", "Milk sickness", "Sarah Lincoln Grigsby", "Stillbirth", "Sarah Bush Lincoln", "King James Version", "Aesop's Fables", "John Bunyan", "The Pilgrim's Progress", "Daniel Defoe", "Robinson Crusoe", "Mason Locke Weems", "The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin", "Macon County, Illinois", "Decatur, Illinois", "Lincoln Log Cabin State Historic Site", "Coles County, Illinois", "Lincoln's New Salem", "Flatboat", "Ann Rutledge", "Typhoid fever", "Mary Todd Lincoln", "Robert Smith Todd", "Lexington, Kentucky", "Springfield, Illinois", "Lincoln Home National Historic Site", "Robert Todd Lincoln", "Edward Baker Lincoln", "William Wallace Lincoln", "Tad Lincoln", "Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith", "History of depression", "Major depressive disorder", "History of slavery", "Denton Offutt", "Lincoln's New Salem", "Illinois General Assembly", "Storytelling", "Black Hawk War", "William Blackstone", "Commentaries on the Laws of England", "Whig Party (United States)", "Illinois House of Representatives", "Illinois and Michigan Canal", "Abolitionism in the United States", "Henry Clay", "American Colonization Society", "Liberia", "Admission to the bar in the United States", "John T. Stuart", "Stephen T. Logan", "Lincoln-Herndon Law Offices State Historic Site", "William Herndon (lawyer)", "Internal improvements", "United States House of Representatives", "John J. Hardin", "United States House Committee on Post Office and Post Roads", "United States House Committee on Oversight and Reform", "Mexican–American War", "James K. Polk", "Wilmot Proviso", "Spot Resolutions", "Zachary Taylor", "1848 United States presidential election", "General Land Office", "Oregon Territory", "Abraham Lincoln's patent", "Alton Railroad", "Supreme Court of Illinois", "Illinois Central Railroad", "Judicial notice", "Farmers' Almanac", "Compromise of 1850", "Nebraska Territory", "Kansas Territory", "Popular sovereignty in the United States", "Kansas–Nebraska Act", "Abraham Lincoln's Peoria speech", "Free Soil Party", "Liberty Party (United States, 1840)", "Democratic Party (United States)", "Republican Party (United States)", "Know Nothing", "Lyman Trumbull", "Joel Aldrich Matteson", "Bleeding Kansas", "1856 United States elections", "Bloomington Convention", "Illinois Republican Party", "Lincoln's Lost Speech", "1856 Republican National Convention", "John C. Frémont", "James Buchanan", "Millard Fillmore", "William Henry Bissell", "Eric Foner", "Republicanism in the United States", "Founding Fathers of the United States", "United States Declaration of Independence", "Dred Scott v. Sandford", "Roger B. Taney", "Slave Power", "Lecompton Constitution", "Slave states and free states", "Lincoln's House Divided Speech", "Lincoln–Douglas debates", "All men are created equal", "Freeport Doctrine", "William H. Seward", "Salmon P. Chase", "Edward Bates", "Simon Cameron", "Cooper Union speech", "List of national founders", "Noah Brooks", "David Herbert Donald", "David Davis (Supreme Court justice)", "Norman B. Judd", "Leonard Swett", "1860 Republican National Convention", "Hannibal Hamlin", "Ticket balance", "John C. Breckinridge", "Constitutional Union Party (United States)", "John Bell (Tennessee politician)", "Wide Awakes", "Slavery", "United States Electoral College", "Confederate States of America", "Jefferson Davis", "Crittenden Compromise", "Territories of the United States", "Corwin Amendment", "Baltimore Plot", "Abraham Lincoln's first inaugural address", "Peace Conference of 1861", "Abraham Lincoln's second inaugural address", "Robert Anderson (Civil War)", "Battle of Fort Sumter", "Allan Nevins", "William Tecumseh Sherman", "Richmond, Virginia", "Mason–Dixon line", "Baltimore riot of 1861", "Maryland in the American Civil War", "Habeas corpus in the United States", "John Merryman", "Roger B. Taney", "Ex parte Merryman", "Battle of Fort Sumter", "Union (American Civil War)", "Commander-in-chief", "Confiscation Act of 1861", "John C. Frémont", "United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations", "Charles Sumner", "Trent Affair", "James G. Randall", "Simon Cameron", "Edwin Stanton", "United States Secretary of War", "Henry Halleck", "Antoine-Henri Jomini", "Mississippi River", "Vicksburg, Mississippi", "First Battle of Bull Run", "Winfield Scott", "George B. McClellan", "Peninsula Campaign", "Henry Halleck", "John Pope (military officer)", "Army of Virginia", "Second Battle of Bull Run", "Robert E. Lee", "Potomac River", "Battle of Antietam", "Emancipation Proclamation", "Don Carlos Buell", "Army of the Ohio", "William Rosecrans", "1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections", "Ambrose Burnside", "Rappahannock River", "Battle of Fredericksburg", "Battle of Fredericksburg", "Joseph Hooker", "Conscription", "Joseph Hooker", "Ulysses S. Grant", "Battle of Chancellorsville", "George Meade", "Gettysburg Campaign", "Compensated emancipation", "David Hunter", "Confiscation Act of 1862", "Horace Greeley", "Andrew Johnson", "Lorenzo Thomas", "Battle of Shiloh", "Vicksburg campaign", "Battle of Shiloh", "George Washington", "Overland Campaign", "City Point, Virginia", "William Tecumseh Sherman", "Jubal Early", "Battle of Fort Stevens", "Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.", "Alexander H. Stephens", "Hampton Roads Conference", "Appomattox Court House National Historical Park", "War Democrat", "Edwin Stanton", "National Union Party (United States)", "David Farragut", "Perfidy", "Abraham Lincoln's second inaugural address", "Mark Noll", "Thaddeus Stevens", "Charles Sumner", "Benjamin Wade", "Ten percent plan", "Frederick Steele", "Nathaniel P. Banks", "Salmon P. Chase", "Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution", "Freedmen's Bureau", "James G. Randall", "Eric Foner", "Homestead Acts", "Morrill Land-Grant Acts", "List of agricultural universities and colleges", "First Transcontinental Railroad", "Greenback (1860s money)", "Income tax in the United States", "Morrill Tariff", "Revenue Act of 1861", "Revenue Act of 1862", "National Bank Act", "United States Department of Agriculture", "Dakota War of 1862", "Sioux", "New York World", "The Journal of Commerce", "Thanksgiving (United States)", "James Madison", "Yosemite National Park", "Noah Haynes Swayne", "Samuel Freeman Miller", "Stephen Johnson Field", "Supreme Court of the United States", "United States district court", "United States circuit court", "West Virginia", "Nevada", "John Wilkes Booth", "Good Friday", "Ford's Theatre", "Our American Cousin", "Henry Rathbone", "Petersen House", "Coma", "Funeral and burial of Abraham Lincoln", "Walt Whitman", "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd", "Moses", "Religious skepticism", "Evangelicalism", "Protestantism", "The Doctrine of Philosophical Necessity Illustrated", "Holy Land", "List of photographs of Abraham Lincoln", "Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B", "Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B", "Marfanoid", "Marfan syndrome", "De Musset's sign", "Grand Army of the Republic", "Abraham Lincoln's first inaugural address", "George Washington", "Franklin D. Roosevelt", "Classical liberalism", "Allen C. Guelzo", "Progressive Era", "Lincoln Memorial", "National Mall", "New Deal", "Self-made man", "Welfare state", "Cold War", "Communism", "Conservatism in the United States", "John Locke", "Edmund Burke", "Lerone Bennett Jr.", "White supremacy", "American Colonization Society", "Negative capability", "John Keats", "Barack Obama", "Theodore Roosevelt", "Woodrow Wilson", "Franklin D. Roosevelt", "Penny (United States coin)", "United States five-dollar bill", "Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps", "Lincoln, Nebraska", "Grace Bedell", "Mount Rushmore", "Lincoln Memorial", "Ford's Theatre", "Petersen House", "Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum", "Springfield, Illinois", "Lincoln Home National Historic Site", "Lincoln Tomb", "Great Depression", "Postmodernism", "Multiculturalism", "United States Navy", "Outline of Abraham Lincoln", "Sexuality of Abraham Lincoln", "Dakota War of 1862", "Grace Bedell", "The Towers (Ohio State)", "List of photographs of Abraham Lincoln", "List of civil rights leaders", "C-SPAN", "C-SPAN", "Shapell Manuscript Foundation", "National Endowment for the Humanities", "Library of Congress" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Abraham Lincoln\n", "Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was an American statesman and lawyer who served as the 16th president of the United States from 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the nation through the American Civil War, its bloodiest war and its greatest moral, constitutional, and political crisis. He preserved the Union, abolished slavery, strengthened the federal government, and modernized the U.S. economy.\n", "Born in Kentucky, Lincoln grew up on the frontier in a poor family. Self-educated, he became a lawyer, Whig Party leader, Illinois state legislator and Congressman. In 1849, he left government to resume his law practice, but angered by the success of Democrats in opening the prairie lands to slavery, reentered politics in 1854. He became a leader in the new Republican Party and gained national attention in 1858 for debating national Democratic leader Stephen A. Douglas in the 1858 Illinois Senate campaign. He then ran for President in 1860, sweeping the North and winning. Southern pro-slavery elements took his win as proof that the North was rejecting the constitutional rights of Southern states to practice slavery. They began the process of seceding from the union. To secure its independence, the new Confederate States of America fired on Fort Sumter, one of the few U.S. forts in the South. Lincoln called up volunteers and militia to suppress the rebellion and restore the Union.\n", "As the leader of the moderate faction of the Republican Party, Lincoln confronted Radical Republicans, who demanded harsher treatment of the South; War Democrats, who rallied a large faction of former opponents into his camp; anti-war Democrats (called Copperheads), who despised him; and irreconcilable secessionists, who plotted his assassination. Lincoln fought the factions by pitting them against each other, by carefully distributing political patronage, and by appealing to the American people. His Gettysburg Address became an iconic call for nationalism, republicanism, equal rights, liberty, and democracy. He suspended \"habeas corpus\", and he averted British intervention by defusing the \"Trent\" Affair. Lincoln closely supervised the war effort, including the selection of generals and the naval blockade that shut down the South's trade. As the war progressed, he maneuvered to end slavery, issuing the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863; ordering the Army to protect escaped slaves, encouraging border states to outlaw slavery, and pushing through Congress the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which outlawed slavery across the country.\n", "Lincoln managed his own re-election campaign. He sought to reconcile his damaged nation by avoiding retribution against the secessionists. A few days after the Battle of Appomattox Court House, he was shot by John Wilkes Booth, an actor and Confederate sympathizer, on April 14, 1865, and died the following day. Abraham Lincoln is remembered as the United States' martyr hero. He is consistently ranked both by scholars and the public as among the greatest U.S. presidents.\n", "Section::::Family and childhood.\n", "Section::::Family and childhood.:Early life.\n", "Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, as the second child of Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks Lincoln, in a one-room log cabin on Sinking Spring Farm near Hodgenville, Kentucky. He was a descendant of Samuel Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk, to its namesake Hingham, Massachusetts, in 1638. Samuel's grandson and great-grandson began the family's westward migration, passing through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincoln's paternal grandfather and namesake, Captain Abraham Lincoln, moved the family from Virginia to Jefferson County, Kentucky, in the 1780s. Captain Lincoln was killed in an Indian raid in 1786. His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's father, witnessed the attack. Thomas then worked at odd jobs in Kentucky and in Tennessee, before settling with members of his family in Hardin County, Kentucky, in the early 1800s.\n", "Lincoln's mother, Nancy, is widely assumed to have been the daughter of Lucy Hanks, although no record documents this. Thomas and Nancy married on June 12, 1806, in Washington County, and moved to Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They produced three children: Sarah, born on February 10, 1807; Abraham, on February 12, 1809; and Thomas, who died in infancy.\n", "Thomas Lincoln bought or leased farms in Kentucky. Thomas became embroiled in legal disputes, and lost all but of his land in court disputes over property titles. In 1816, the family moved to Indiana, where the survey process was more reliable and land titles were more secure. Indiana was a \"free\" (non-slaveholding) territory, and they settled in an \"unbroken forest\" in Hurricane Township, Perry County. (Their land became part of Spencer County, Indiana, when the county was established in 1818.) In 1860, Lincoln noted that the family's move to Indiana was \"partly on account of slavery\", but mainly due to land title difficulties.\n", "In Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas worked as a farmer, cabinetmaker, and carpenter. He owned farms, town lots and livestock, paid taxes, sat on juries, appraised estates, served on country slave patrols, and guarded prisoners. Thomas and Nancy were members of a Separate Baptists church, which forbade alcohol, dancing, and slavery.\n", "Overcoming financial challenges, Thomas eventually obtained clear title to of land in what became known as the Little Pigeon Creek Community.\n", "Section::::Family and childhood.:Mother's death.\n", "On October 5, 1818, Nancy Lincoln died of milk sickness, leaving 11-year-old Sarah in charge of a household that included her father, 9-year-old Abraham, and Dennis Hanks, Nancy's 19-year-old orphaned cousin. Those who knew Lincoln later recalled that he was distraught over his sister's death; she died on January 20, 1828, while giving birth to a stillborn son.\n", "On December 2, 1819, Thomas married Sarah \"Sally\" Bush Johnston, a widow from Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with three children of her own. Abraham became close to his stepmother, whom he referred to as \"Mother\". Lincoln disliked the hard labor associated with farm life. He was called lazy for all his \"reading, scribbling, writing, ciphering, writing Poetry, etc.\". His stepmother acknowledged he did not enjoy \"physical labor\", but loved to read.\n", "Section::::Family and childhood.:Education.\n", "Lincoln was largely self-educated. His formal schooling (from travelling teachers) was intermittent, totaling less than 12 months; however, he was an avid reader and retained a lifelong interest in learning. Family, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled that he read and reread the King James Bible, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's \"The Pilgrim's Progress\", Daniel Defoe's \"Robinson Crusoe\", Mason Locke Weems's \"The Life of Washington\", and \"The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin\", among others.\n", "Teenaged Lincoln took responsibility for chores. He accepted the customary practice that a son give his father all earnings from work outside the home until age 21. Lincoln became adept at using an axe. Tall for his age, Lincoln was strong and athletic. He became known for his strength and audacity after winning a wrestling match with the renowned leader of a group of ruffians known as \"the Clary's Grove boys\".\n", "Section::::Family and childhood.:Illinois.\n", "In early March 1830, partly out of fear of a milk sickness outbreak, several members of the extended Lincoln family moved west to Illinois, a free state, and settled in Macon County, west of Decatur. Historians disagree on who initiated the move; Thomas Lincoln had no obvious reason to do so. One possibility is that other members of the family, including Dennis Hanks, might not have matched Thomas's stability and steady income.\n", "After the family relocated to Illinois, Abraham became increasingly distant from Thomas, in part because of his father's lack of education, although occasionally lending him money. In 1831, as Thomas and other family prepared to move to a new homestead in Coles County, Illinois, Abraham left home. He lived in New Salem for six years. Lincoln and some friends took goods by flatboat to New Orleans, where he witnessed slavery firsthand.\n", "Section::::Family and childhood.:Marriage and children.\n", "According to some sources, Lincoln's first romantic interest was Ann Rutledge, whom he met when he first moved to New Salem; these sources indicate that by 1835, they were in a relationship but not formally engaged. She died on August 25, 1835, most likely of typhoid fever. In the early 1830s, he met Mary Owens from Kentucky.\n", "Late in 1836, Lincoln agreed to a match with Mary if she returned to New Salem. Mary arrived in November 1836, and Lincoln courted her for a time; however, they both had second thoughts. On August 16, 1837, Lincoln wrote Mary a letter suggesting he would not blame her if she ended the relationship. She never replied.\n", "In 1840, Lincoln became engaged to Mary Todd, a daughter of Robert Smith Todd, a wealthy slave-owner in Lexington, Kentucky. They met in Springfield, Illinois in December 1839 and were engaged a year later. A wedding set for January 1, 1841, was canceled at Lincoln's initiative. They reconciled and married on November 4, 1842, in the Springfield mansion of Mary's married sister. While anxiously preparing for the nuptials, Lincoln was asked where he was going and replied, \"To hell, I suppose.\" In 1844, the couple bought a house in Springfield near Lincoln's law office. Mary kept house, often with the help of a relative or hired servant.\n", "He was an affectionate, though often absent, husband and father of four children. Robert Todd Lincoln was born in 1843 and Edward Baker Lincoln (Eddie) in 1846. Edward died on February 1, 1850, in Springfield, probably of tuberculosis. \"Willie\" Lincoln was born on December 21, 1850, and died of a fever on February 20, 1862. The Lincolns' fourth son, Thomas \"Tad\" Lincoln, was born on April 4, 1853, and died of heart failure at the age of 18 on July 16, 1871. Robert reached adulthood and produced children. The Lincolns' last descendant, great-grandson Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith, died in 1985. Lincoln \"was remarkably fond of children\", and the Lincolns were not considered to be strict with their own. In fact, Lincoln's law partner William H. Herndon would grow irritated when Lincoln would bring his children to the law office. Their father, it seemed, was often too absorbed in his own work to notice his children's behaviour. Herndon recounted, \"I have felt many and many a time that I wanted to wring their little necks, and yet out of respect for Lincoln I kept my mouth shut. Lincoln did not note what his children were doing or had done.\"\n", "The deaths of their sons had profound effects on both parents. Abraham suffered from \"melancholy\", a condition later referred to as clinical depression. Later in life, Mary struggled with the stresses of losing her husband and sons, and Robert committed her temporarily to a mental health asylum in 1875.\n", "Lincoln's father-in-law and others of the Todd family were either slave owners or slave traders. Lincoln was close to the Todds, and he and his family occasionally visited them.\n", "Mary cooked for Lincoln often during his presidency. Raised by a wealthy family, her cooking was simple, but satisfied Lincoln's tastes, which included imported oysters.\n", "Section::::Early career and militia service.\n", "In 1832, Lincoln and partner Denton Offutt bought a general store on credit in New Salem, Illinois. Although the economy was booming, the business struggled and Lincoln eventually sold his share. That March he entered politics, running for the Illinois General Assembly, advocating navigational improvements on the Sangamon River. He could draw crowds as a raconteur, but he lacked an education, powerful friends, and money and lost the election.\n", "Lincoln interrupted his campaign to briefly serve as a captain in the Illinois Militia (during the Black Hawk War). He then returned to his campaign. At his first speech, he observed a supporter in the crowd under attack, grabbed the assailant by his \"neck and the seat of his trousers\" and tossed him. Lincoln finished eighth out of 13 candidates (the top four were elected), though he received 277 of the 300 votes cast in the New Salem precinct.\n", "Lincoln served as New Salem's postmaster and later as county surveyor, all the while reading voraciously. He decided to become a lawyer and began teaching himself law by reading Blackstone's \"Commentaries on the Laws of England\" and other law books. Of his learning method, Lincoln stated: \"I studied with nobody\".\n", "Section::::Illinois state legislature.\n", "His second state legislature campaign in 1834 was successful. Although he ran as a Whig, many Democrats favored him over a more powerful Whig opponent. Lincoln served four successive terms in the Illinois House of Representatives as a Whig from Sangamon County. He supported the construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, later serving as a Canal Commissioner. In the 1835–36 legislative session, he voted to expand suffrage beyond white landowners to all white males. He was known for his \"free soil\" stance of opposing both slavery and abolitionism. He first articulated this in 1837, saying, \"[The] Institution of slavery is founded on both injustice and bad policy, but the promulgation of abolition doctrines tends rather to increase than abate its evils.\" He followed Henry Clay in supporting the American Colonization Society program of advocating abolition and helping freed slaves to settle in Liberia.\n", "Admitted to the Illinois bar in 1836, he moved to Springfield, Illinois, and began to practice law under John T. Stuart, Mary Todd's cousin. Lincoln developed a reputation as a formidable adversary during cross-examinations and closing arguments. He partnered with Stephen T. Logan from 1841 until 1844. Then Lincoln began his practice with William Herndon, whom Lincoln thought \"a studious young man\".\n", "Section::::U.S. House of Representatives, 1847–1849.\n", "From the early 1830s, Lincoln was a steadfast Whig and professed to friends in 1861 to be \"an old line Whig, a disciple of Henry Clay\". The party, including Lincoln, favored economic modernization in banking, tariffs to fund internal improvements including railroads, and urbanization.\n", "Lincoln ran for the Whig nomination for Illinois's 7th district of the U.S. House of Representatives in 1843, but was defeated by John J. Hardin. However, Lincoln won support for the principle of rotation, whereby Hardin would retire after only one term. Lincoln hoped that this arrangement would lead to his nomination in 1846. Lincoln was indeed elected to the House of Representatives in 1846, where he served one two-year term. He was the only Whig in the Illinois delegation, showing party loyalty by participating in almost all votes and making speeches that echoed the party line. Lincoln, in collaboration with abolitionist Congressman Joshua R. Giddings, wrote a bill to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia with compensation for the owners, enforcement to capture fugitive slaves, and a popular vote on the matter. He abandoned the bill when it failed to garner sufficient Whig supporters.\n", "Section::::U.S. House of Representatives, 1847–1849.:Committee assignments.\n", "BULLET::::- Committee on Post Office and Post Roads\n", "BULLET::::- Committee on Expenditures in the War Department\n", "Section::::U.S. House of Representatives, 1847–1849.:Political views.\n", "On foreign and military policy, Lincoln spoke out against the Mexican–American War, which he attributed to President James K. Polk's desire for \"military glory—that attractive rainbow, that rises in showers of blood\". Lincoln supported the Wilmot Proviso, which if passed would have banned slavery in any U.S. territory won from Mexico.\n", "Lincoln emphasized his opposition to Polk by drafting and introducing his Spot Resolutions. The war had begun with a Mexican slaughter of American soldiers in territory disputed by Mexico, and Polk insisted that Mexican soldiers had \"invaded our territory and shed the blood of our fellow-citizens on our own soil\". Lincoln demanded that Polk show Congress the exact spot on which blood had been shed and prove that the spot was on American soil.\n", "Congress neither debated nor enacted the resolution, the national papers ignored it, and it cost Lincoln political support in his district. One Illinois newspaper derisively nicknamed him \"spotty Lincoln\". Lincoln later regretted some of his statements, especially his attack on presidential war-making powers.\n", "Realizing Clay was unlikely to win the presidency, Lincoln, who had pledged in 1846 to serve only one term in the House, supported General Zachary Taylor for the Whig nomination in the 1848 presidential election. Taylor won and Lincoln hoped to be appointed Commissioner of the General Land Office, but lost out. The administration offered him the consolation prize of secretary or governor of the Oregon Territory. This distant territory was a Democratic stronghold, and acceptance of the post would have effectively ended his legal and political career in Illinois, so he declined and resumed his law practice.\n", "Section::::Prairie lawyer.\n", "Lincoln practiced law in Springfield, handling \"every kind of business that could come before a prairie lawyer\". Twice a year for 16 years, 10 weeks at a time, he appeared in county seats in the midstate region when the county courts were in session. Lincoln handled transportation cases in the midst of the nation's western expansion, particularly river barge conflicts under the many new railroad bridges. As a riverboat man, Lincoln initially favored those interests, but ultimately represented whoever hired him. He later represented a bridge company against a riverboat company in a landmark case involving a canal boat that sank after hitting a bridge. In 1849, he received a patent for a flotation device for the movement of boats in shallow water. The idea was never commercialized, but Lincoln is the only president to hold a patent.\n", "In 1851, he represented the Alton & Sangamon Railroad in a dispute with shareholder James A. Barret, who had refused to pay the balance on his pledge to buy shares on the grounds that the company had changed its original train route. Lincoln successfully argued that the railroad company was not bound by its original charter; the charter was amended in the public interest to provide a newer, superior, and less expensive route, and the corporation retained the right to demand Barret's payment. The decision by the Illinois Supreme Court was cited by many other courts. Lincoln appeared before the Illinois Supreme Court in 175 cases, in 51 as sole counsel, of which 31 were decided in his favor. From 1853 to 1860, another of Lincoln's largest clients was the Illinois Central Railroad. Lincoln's legal reputation gave rise to his nickname \"Honest Abe\".\n", "Lincoln's most notable criminal trial occurred in 1858 when he defended William \"Duff\" Armstrong, who was on trial for the murder of James Preston Metzker. The case is famous for Lincoln's use of a fact established by judicial notice in order to challenge the credibility of an eyewitness. After an opposing witness testified to seeing the crime in the moonlight, Lincoln produced a \"Farmers' Almanac\" showing the moon was at a low angle, drastically reducing visibility. Armstrong was acquitted.\n", "Lincoln rarely raised objections; but in an 1859 case, where he defended a cousin, Peachy Harrison, who was accused of killing a man, Lincoln angrily protested the judge's decision to exclude evidence favorable to his client. Instead of holding Lincoln in contempt of court as was expected, the judge, a Democrat, reversed his ruling, allowing the evidence and acquitting Harrison.\n", "Section::::Republican politics 1854–1860.\n", "Section::::Republican politics 1854–1860.:Emergence as Republican leader.\n", "The debate over the status of slavery in the territories exacerbated sectional tensions between the slave-holding South and the free North. The Compromise of 1850 failed to defuse the issue. In the early 1850s, Lincoln supported sectional mediation, and his 1852 eulogy for Clay focused on the latter's support for gradual emancipation and opposition to \"both extremes\" on the slavery issue. As the 1850s progressed, the debate over slavery in the Nebraska Territory and Kansas Territory became particularly acrimonious, and Senator Douglas proposed popular sovereignty as a compromise measure; the proposal would allow the electorate of each territory to decide the status of slavery. The proposal alarmed many Northerners, who hoped to prevent the spread of slavery into the territories. Despite this Northern opposition, Douglas's Kansas–Nebraska Act narrowly passed Congress in May 1854.\n", "For months after its passage, Lincoln did not publicly comment, but he came to strongly oppose it. On October 16, 1854, in his \"Peoria Speech\", Lincoln declared his opposition to slavery, which he repeated en route to the presidency. Speaking in his Kentucky accent, with a powerful voice, he said the Kansas Act had a \"\"declared\" indifference, but as I must think, a covert \"real\" zeal for the spread of slavery. I cannot but hate it. I hate it because of the monstrous injustice of slavery itself. I hate it because it deprives our republican example of its just influence in the world ...\" Lincoln's attacks on the Kansas–Nebraska Act marked his return to political life.\n", "Nationally, the Whigs were irreparably split by the Kansas–Nebraska Act and other efforts to compromise on the slavery issue. Reflecting the demise of his party, Lincoln wrote in 1855, \"I think I am a Whig, but others say there are no Whigs, and that I am an abolitionist [...] I do no more than oppose the \"extension\" of slavery.\" Drawing on the antislavery portion of the Whig Party, and combining Free Soil, Liberty, and antislavery Democratic Party members, the new Republican Party formed as a northern party dedicated to antislavery. Lincoln resisted early recruiting attempts, fearing that it would serve as a platform for extreme abolitionists. Lincoln hoped to rejuvenate the Whigs, though he lamented his party's growing closeness with the nativist Know Nothing movement.\n", "In the 1854 elections, Lincoln was elected to the Illinois legislature but declined to take his seat. In the elections' aftermath, which showed the power and popularity of the movement opposed to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, Lincoln instead sought election to the United States Senate. At that time, senators were elected by the state legislature. After leading in the first six rounds of voting, he was unable to obtain a majority. Lincoln instructed his backers to vote for Lyman Trumbull. Trumbull was an antislavery Democrat, and had received few votes in the earlier ballots; his supporters, also antislavery Democrats, had vowed not to support any Whig. Lincoln's decision to withdraw enabled his Whig supporters and Trumbull's antislavery Democrats to combine and defeat the mainstream Democratic candidate, Joel Aldrich Matteson.\n", "Section::::Republican politics 1854–1860.:Emergence as Republican leader.:1856 campaign.\n", "In part due to the ongoing violent political confrontations in Kansas, opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act remained strong throughout the North. As the 1856 elections approached, Lincoln joined the Republicans. He attended the May 1856 Bloomington Convention, which formally established the Illinois Republican Party. The convention platform asserted that Congress had the right to regulate slavery in the territories and called for the immediate admission of Kansas as a free state. Lincoln gave the final speech of the convention, in which he endorsed the party platform and called for the preservation of the Union. At the June 1856 Republican National Convention, Lincoln received significant support to run for vice president, though the party nominated William Dayton to run with John C. Frémont. Lincoln supported the Republican ticket, campaigning throughout Illinois. The Democrats nominated former Ambassador James Buchanan, who had been out of the country since 1853 and thus had avoided the slavery debate, while the Know Nothings nominated former Whig President Millard Fillmore. Buchanan defeated both his challengers. Republican William Henry Bissell won election as Governor of Illinois. Lincoln's vigorous campaigning had made him the leading Republican in Illinois.\n", "Section::::Republican politics 1854–1860.:Emergence as Republican leader.:Principles.\n", "Eric Foner (2010) contrasts the abolitionists and anti-slavery Radical Republicans of the Northeast, who saw slavery as a sin, with the conservative Republicans, who thought it was bad because it hurt white people and blocked progress. Foner argues that Lincoln was a moderate in the middle, opposing slavery primarily because it violated the republicanism principles of the Founding Fathers, especially the equality of all men and democratic self-government as expressed in the Declaration of Independence.\n", "Section::::Republican politics 1854–1860.:Emergence as Republican leader.:\"Dred Scott\".\n", "In March 1857, in \"Dred Scott v. Sandford,\" Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney wrote that blacks were not citizens and derived no rights from the Constitution. While many Democrats hoped that \"Dred Scott\" would end the dispute over slavery in the territories, the decision sparked further outrage in the North. Lincoln denounced it, alleging it was the product of a conspiracy of Democrats to support the Slave Power. Lincoln argued, \"The authors of the Declaration of Independence never intended 'to say all were equal in color, size, intellect, moral developments, or social capacity', but they 'did consider all men created equal—equal in certain inalienable rights, among which are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness'.\"\n", "Section::::Republican politics 1854–1860.:Lincoln–Douglas debates and Cooper Union speech.\n", "Douglas was up for re-election in 1858, and Lincoln hoped to defeat him. With the former Democrat Trumbull now serving as a Republican senator, many in the party felt that a former Whig should be nominated in 1858, and Lincoln's 1856 campaigning and willingness to support Trumbull in 1854 had earned him favor. Some eastern Republicans favored Douglas's re-election in 1858, since he had led the opposition to the Lecompton Constitution, which would have admitted Kansas as a slave state. Many Illinois Republicans resented this eastern interference. For the first time, Illinois Republicans held a convention to agree upon a Senate candidate, and Lincoln won the nomination with little opposition.\n", "Accepting the nomination, Lincoln delivered his House Divided Speech, drawing on , \"A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved—I do not expect the house to fall—but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other.\" The speech created an evocative image of the danger of disunion. The stage was then set for the campaign for statewide election of the Illinois legislature which would, in turn, select Lincoln or Douglas. When informed of Lincoln's nomination, Douglas stated, \"[Lincoln] is the strong man of the party ... and if I beat him, my victory will be hardly won.\"\n", "The Senate campaign featured seven debates, the most famous political debates in American history. The principals stood in stark contrast both physically and politically. Lincoln warned that \"The Slave Power\" was threatening the values of republicanism, and accused Douglas of distorting the values of the Founding Fathers that all men are created equal, while Douglas emphasized his Freeport Doctrine, that local settlers were free to choose whether to allow slavery, and accused Lincoln of having joined the abolitionists. The debates had an atmosphere of a prize fight and drew crowds in the thousands. Lincoln's argument was rooted in morality. He claimed that Douglas represented a conspiracy to extend slavery to free states. Douglas's argument was legal, claiming that Lincoln was defying the authority of the U.S. Supreme Court and the \"Dred Scott\" decision.\n", "Though the Republican legislative candidates won more popular votes, the Democrats won more seats, and the legislature re-elected Douglas. Lincoln's articulation of the issues gave him a national political presence. In May 1859, Lincoln purchased the \"Illinois Staats-Anzeiger\", a German-language newspaper that was consistently supportive; most of the state's 130,000 German Americans voted Democratic but the German-language paper mobilized Republican support. In the aftermath of the 1858 election, newspapers frequently mentioned Lincoln as a potential Republican presidential candidate, rivaled by William H. Seward, Salmon P. Chase, Edward Bates, and Simon Cameron. While Lincoln was popular in the Midwest, he lacked support in the Northeast, and was unsure whether to seek the office. In January 1860, Lincoln told a group of political allies that he would accept the nomination if offered, and in the following months several local papers endorsed his candidacy.\n", "On February 27, 1860, New York party leaders invited Lincoln to give a speech at Cooper Union to a group of powerful Republicans. Lincoln argued that the Founding Fathers had little use for popular sovereignty and had repeatedly sought to restrict slavery. Lincoln insisted that morality required opposition to slavery, and rejected any \"groping for some middle ground between the right and the wrong\". Despite his inelegant appearance—many in the audience thought him awkward and even ugly—Lincoln demonstrated intellectual leadership that brought him into contention. Journalist Noah Brooks reported, \"No man ever before made such an impression on his first appeal to a New York audience.\"\n", "Historian David Herbert Donald described the speech as a \"superb political move for an unannounced candidate, to appear in one rival's (Seward) own state at an event sponsored by the second rival's (Chase) loyalists, while not mentioning either by name during its delivery\". In response to an inquiry about his ambitions, Lincoln said, \"The taste \"is\" in my mouth a little.\"\n", "Section::::Republican politics 1854–1860.:1860 presidential election.\n", "On May 9–10, 1860, the Illinois Republican State Convention was held in Decatur. Lincoln's followers organized a campaign team led by David Davis, Norman Judd, Leonard Swett, and Jesse DuBois, and Lincoln received his first endorsement. Exploiting his embellished frontier legend (clearing land and splitting fence rails), Lincoln's supporters adopted the label of \"The Rail Candidate\". In 1860, Lincoln described himself: \"I am in height, six feet, four inches, nearly; lean in flesh, weighing, on an average, one hundred and eighty pounds; dark complexion, with coarse black hair, and gray eyes.\"\n", "On May 18, at the Republican National Convention in Chicago, Lincoln won the nomination on the third ballot, beating candidates such as Seward and Chase. A former Democrat, Hannibal Hamlin of Maine, was nominated for Vice President to balance the ticket. Lincoln's success depended on his campaign team, his reputation as a moderate on the slavery issue, and his strong support for Whiggish programs of internal improvements and the tariff.\n", "Pennsylvania put him over the top, led by Pennsylvania iron interests who were reassured by his tariff support. Lincoln's managers had focused on this delegation, while following Lincoln's dictate to \"Make no contracts that bind me\".\n", "Most Republicans agreed with Lincoln that the North was the aggrieved party, as the Slave Power tightened its grasp on the national government. Throughout the 1850s, Lincoln doubted the prospects of civil war, and his supporters rejected claims that his election would incite secession. Douglas was selected as the candidate of the Northern Democrats. Delegates from eleven slave states walked out of the Democratic convention, disagreeing with Douglas's position on popular sovereignty, and ultimately selected incumbent Vice President John C. Breckinridge as their candidate. A group of former Whigs and Know Nothings formed the Constitutional Union Party and nominated John Bell of Tennessee. Lincoln and Douglas competed for votes in the North, while Bell and Breckinridge primarily found support in the South.\n", "Lincoln's campaign team carefully projected his image as an ideal candidate. Michael Martinez wrote:\n", "Prior to the Republican convention, the Lincoln campaign began cultivating a nationwide youth organization, the Wide Awakes, which it used to generate popular support throughout the country to spearhead voter registration drives, thinking that new voters and young voters tended to embrace new parties. Lincoln's ideas of abolishing slavery grew, drawing more supporters. People of the Northern states knew the Southern states would vote against Lincoln and rallied supporters for Lincoln.\n", "As Douglas and the other candidates campaigned, Lincoln was the only one to give no speeches. Instead, he relied on the enthusiasm of the Republican Party. The party did the leg work that produced majorities across the North, and produced an abundance of campaign posters, leaflets, and newspaper editorials. Thousands of Republican speakers focused first on the party platform, and second on Lincoln's life story, emphasizing his childhood poverty. The goal was to demonstrate the superior power of \"free labor\", whereby a common farm boy could work his way to the top by his own efforts. The Republican Party's production of campaign literature dwarfed the combined opposition; a \"Chicago Tribune\" writer produced a pamphlet that detailed Lincoln's life, and sold 100,000–200,000 copies.\n", "On November 6, Lincoln was elected the 16th president of the United States. He was the first Republican president and his victory was entirely due to his support in the North and West; no ballots were cast for him in 10 of the 15 Southern slave states, and he won only two of 996 counties in all the Southern states. Lincoln received 1,866,452 votes, or 39.8% of the total in a four-way race. He won the free Northern states, as well as California and Oregon.\n", "Lincoln's victory in the electoral college was decisive: Lincoln had 180 and his opponents added together had only 123.\n", "Section::::Presidency.\n", "Section::::Presidency.:Secession and inauguration.\n", "After the November election, secessionists planned to leave the Union before he took office in March. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina took the lead by adopting an ordinance of secession; by February 1, 1861, Florida, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas had followed. Six of these states declared themselves to be a sovereign nation, the Confederate States of America and adopted a constitution. The upper South and border states (Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri, and Arkansas) listened to, but initially rejected, the secessionist appeal. President Buchanan and President-elect Lincoln refused to recognize the Confederacy, declaring secession illegal. The Confederacy selected Jefferson Davis as its provisional President on February 9, 1861.\n", "Attempts at compromise followed. Lincoln and the Republicans rejected the proposed Crittenden Compromise as contrary to the Party's free-soil in the territories platform. Lincoln rejected the idea, saying, \"I will suffer death before I consent ... to any concession or compromise which looks like buying the privilege to take possession of this government to which we have a constitutional right.\"\n", "Lincoln did tacitly support the proposed Corwin Amendment to the Constitution, which passed Congress before Lincoln came into office and was then awaiting ratification by the states. That proposed amendment would have protected slavery in states where it already existed. A few weeks before the war, Lincoln sent a letter to every governor informing them Congress had passed a joint resolution to amend the Constitution. Lincoln was open to the possibility of a constitutional convention to make further amendments to the Constitution.\n", "En route to his inauguration, Lincoln addressed crowds and legislatures across the North. The president-elect evaded possible assassins in Baltimore. On February 23, 1861, he arrived in disguise in Washington, D.C., which was placed under substantial military guard. Lincoln directed his inaugural address to the South, proclaiming once again that he had no intention, or inclination, to abolish slavery in the Southern states:\n", "Lincoln cited his plans for banning the expansion of slavery as the key source of conflict between North and South, stating \"One section of our country believes slavery is right and ought to be extended, while the other believes it is wrong and ought not to be extended. This is the only substantial dispute.\" The President ended his address with an appeal to the people of the South: \"We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies ... The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battlefield, and patriot grave, to every living heart and hearthstone, all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature.\" The failure of the Peace Conference of 1861 signaled that legislative compromise was impossible. By March 1861, no leaders of the insurrection had proposed rejoining the Union on any terms. Meanwhile, Lincoln and the Republican leadership agreed that the dismantling of the Union could not be tolerated. Lincoln said in his second inaugural address:\n", "Section::::Presidency.:The Civil War.\n", "Fort Sumter's commander, Major Robert Anderson, sent a request for provisions to Washington, and the execution of Lincoln's order to meet that request was seen by the secessionists as an act of war. On April 12, 1861, Confederate forces fired on Union troops at Fort Sumter and began the fight. Historian Allan Nevins argued that the newly inaugurated Lincoln made three miscalculations: underestimating the gravity of the crisis, exaggerating the strength of Unionist sentiment in the South, and not realizing the Southern Unionists were insisting there be no invasion.\n", "William Tecumseh Sherman talked to Lincoln during inauguration week and was \"sadly disappointed\" at his failure to realize that \"the country was sleeping on a volcano\" and that the South was preparing for war. Donald concludes that, \"His repeated efforts to avoid collision in the months between inauguration and the firing on Ft. Sumter showed he adhered to his vow not to be the first to shed fraternal blood. But he also vowed not to surrender the forts. The only resolution of these contradictory positions was for the confederates to fire the first shot; they did just that.\"\n", "On April 15, Lincoln called on the states to send detachments totaling 75,000 troops to recapture forts, protect Washington, and \"preserve the Union\", which, in his view, remained intact despite the seceding states. This call forced states to choose sides. Virginia seceded and was rewarded with the Confederate capital, despite the exposed position of Richmond close to Union lines. North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas followed over the following two months. Secession sentiment was strong in Missouri and Maryland, but did not prevail; Kentucky remained neutral. The Fort Sumter attack rallied Americans north of the Mason-Dixon line to defend the nation.\n", "States sent Union regiments south. On April 19, mobs in Baltimore, which controlled rail links, attacked Union troops who were changing trains. Local leaders' groups later burned critical rail bridges to the capital. The Army responded by arresting local Maryland officials. Lincoln suspended the writ of \"habeas corpus\" in areas the army felt it needed to secure for troops to reach Washington. John Merryman, a Maryland official involved in hindering the U.S. troop movements, petitioned Supreme Court Chief Justice and Marylander, Roger B. Taney, author of the \"Dred Scott\" opinion, to issue a writ of \"habeas corpus.\" In June Taney, acting as a circuit judge and not speaking for the Supreme Court, issued the writ, because in his opinion only Congress could suspend the writ. Lincoln continued the army policy that the writ was suspended in limited areas despite the ex parte Merryman ruling.\n", "Section::::Presidency.:The Civil War.:Union military strategy.\n", "After the Battle of Fort Sumter, Lincoln took executive control of the war and formed an overall Union military strategy. Lincoln responded to this unprecedented political and military crisis as commander-in-chief, using unprecedented powers. He expanded his war powers, imposed a blockade on Confederate ports, disbursed funds before appropriation by Congress, suspended \"habeas corpus\", and arrested and imprisoned thousands of suspected Confederate sympathizers. Lincoln was supported by Congress and the northern public for these actions. In addition, Lincoln had to reinforce Union sympathies in the border slave states and keep the war from becoming an international conflict.\n", "The war dominated Lincoln's time and attention. From the start, it was clear that bipartisan support would be essential to success, and that any compromise would alienate factions on both sides of the aisle, such as the appointment of Republicans and Democrats to command positions. Copperheads criticized Lincoln for refusing to compromise on slavery. The Radical Republicans criticized him for moving too slowly in abolishing slavery. On August 6, 1861, Lincoln signed the Confiscation Act that authorized judicial proceedings to confiscate and free slaves who were used to support the Confederates. In practice, the law had little effect, but it did signal political support for abolishing slavery.\n", "In late August 1861, General John C. Frémont, the 1856 Republican presidential nominee, without consulting his superiors in Washington, proclaimed a very harsh martial law in Missouri. Lincoln cancelled the proclamation, saying its emancipation plan was political, lacking military necessity and a legal basis. After Lincoln acted, Union enlistments from Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri increased by over 40,000.\n", "In foreign policy, Lincoln's main goal was to stop military aid to the Confederacy. Lincoln left most diplomatic matters to his Secretary of State, William Seward. At times Seward was too bellicose, so for balance Lincoln maintained a close working relationship with Senate Foreign Relations Committee chairman Charles Sumner. The Trent Affair of late 1861 threatened war with Great Britain. The U.S. Navy had illegally intercepted a British mail ship, the \"Trent\", on the high seas and seized two Confederate envoys; Britain protested vehemently while the U.S. cheered. Lincoln ended the crisis by releasing the two diplomats. Biographer James G. Randall dissected Lincoln's successful techniques:\n", "Lincoln painstakingly monitored the telegraph reports coming into War Department. He tracked all phases of the effort, consulted with governors, and selected generals based on their success (as well as their state and party). In January 1862, after many complaints of inefficiency and profiteering in the War Department, Lincoln replaced Simon Cameron with Edwin Stanton as War Secretary. Stanton centralized the War Department's activities, auditing and cancelling contracts, saving the federal government $17,000,000. Stanton was a staunchly Unionist, pro-business, conservative Democrat who moved toward the Radical Republican faction. He worked more often and more closely with Lincoln than any other senior official. \"Stanton and Lincoln virtually conducted the war together,\" say Thomas and Hyman.\n", "In terms of war strategy, Lincoln articulated two priorities: to ensure that Washington was well-defended, and to conduct an aggressive war effort leading to prompt, decisive victory. However major Northern newspapers demanded more—they expected victory within 90 days. Twice a week, Lincoln met with his cabinet in the afternoon. Occasionally Mary would force him to take a carriage ride, concerned that he was working too hard. Lincoln learned from reading his chief of staff General Henry Halleck's book, a disciple of the European strategist Jomini; he began to appreciate the critical need to control strategic points, such as the Mississippi River. Lincoln saw the importance of Vicksburg and understood the necessity of defeating the enemy's army, rather than simply capturing territory.\n", "Section::::Presidency.:The Civil War.:General McClellan.\n", "After the Union rout at Bull Run and Winfield Scott's retirement, Lincoln appointed Major General George B. McClellan general-in-chief. McClellan then took months to plan his Peninsula Campaign. McClellan's slow progress frustrated Lincoln, as did his position that no troops were needed to defend Washington. McClellan blamed Lincoln's holding troops back for his campaign's subsequent failure. Lincoln went as far as meeting with General McClellan in his home to discuss matters privately. Once McClellan heard Lincoln was in his home, McClellan stay hidden away until Lincoln left.\n", "Lincoln removed McClellan in March 1862, after McClellan offered unsolicited political advice. In July Lincoln elevated Henry Halleck. Lincoln appointed John Pope as head of the new Army of Virginia. Pope complied with Lincoln's desire to advance on Richmond from the north, thus protecting Washington from counterattack.\n", "Pope was then soundly defeated at the Second Battle of Bull Run in the summer of 1862, forcing the Army of the Potomac back to defend Washington.\n", "Despite his dissatisfaction with McClellan's failure to reinforce Pope, Lincoln restored him to command of all forces around Washington. Two days after McClellan's return to command, General Robert E. Lee's forces crossed the Potomac River into Maryland, leading to the Battle of Antietam in September. The ensuing Union victory was among the bloodiest in American history, but it enabled Lincoln to announce that he would issue an Emancipation Proclamation in January. Lincoln had waited for a military victory so that the Proclamation would not be perceived as the product of desperation.\n", "McClellan then resisted the president's demand that he pursue Lee's army, while General Don Carlos Buell likewise refused orders to move the Army of the Ohio against rebel forces in eastern Tennessee. Lincoln replaced Buell with William Rosecrans; and, after the 1862 midterm elections, replaced McClellan with Ambrose Burnside. Both were presumably more supportive of the commander-in-chief.\n", "Burnside, against presidential advice, launched an offensive across the Rappahannock River and was defeated by Lee at Fredericksburg in December. Desertions during 1863 came in the thousands and increased after Fredericksburg. Lincoln promoted Joseph Hooker.\n", "The midterm elections in 1862 cost the Republicans severe losses due to rising inflation, high taxes, rumors of corruption, suspension of \"habeas corpus\", military draft law, and fears that freed slaves would come North and undermine the labor market. The Emancipation Proclamation gained votes for Republicans in rural New England and the upper Midwest, but cost votes in the Irish and German strongholds and in the lower Midwest, where many Southerners had lived for generations.\n", "In the spring of 1863, Lincoln became optimistic about upcoming military campaigns to the point of thinking the end of the war could be near if a string of victories could be put together; these plans included attacks by Hooker on Lee north of Richmond, Rosecrans on Chattanooga, Grant on Vicksburg, and a naval assault on Charleston.\n", "Hooker was routed by Lee at the Battle of Chancellorsville in May. He then resigned and was replaced by George Meade as Lee moved north. Meade followed Lee into Pennsylvania and beat him in the Gettysburg Campaign, but then failed to follow up despite Lincoln's demands. At the same time, Grant captured Vicksburg and gained control of the Mississippi River, splitting off the far western rebel states.\n", "Section::::Presidency.:The Civil War.:Emancipation Proclamation.\n", "The Federal government's power to end slavery was limited by the Constitution, which before 1865, committed the issue to individual states. Lincoln argued that slavery would end by preventing its expansion into new territories. He sought to persuade the states to accept compensated emancipation in return for their prohibition of slavery. Lincoln believed that curtailing slavery would make it obsolete. Lincoln rejected Fremont's two emancipation attempts in August 1861 and one by Major General David Hunter in May 1862, on the grounds that it was not within their power, and would upset loyal border states.\n", "On June 19, 1862, endorsed by Lincoln, Congress passed an act banning slavery on all federal territory. In July, the Confiscation Act of 1862 was enacted, which set up court procedures to free the slaves of those convicted of aiding the rebellion. Although Lincoln believed this was not within Congress's power, he approved the bill in deference to the legislature. He felt such action could be taken only by the Commander-in-Chief, using Constitutional war powers, which he planned to do. Lincoln discussed a draft of the Emancipation Proclamation with his cabinet.\n", "Privately, Lincoln concluded that the Confederacy's slave base had to be eliminated. However, Copperheads argued that emancipation was a stumbling block to peace and reunification. Republican editor Horace Greeley of the \"New York Tribune\" agreed. Lincoln rejected this argument directly in his letter of August 22, 1862. Although he said he personally wished all men could be free, Lincoln stated that the primary goal of his actions as president (he used the first person pronoun and explicitly refers to his \"official duty\") was that of preserving the Union:\n", "The Emancipation Proclamation, issued on September 22, 1862, with effect on January 1, 1863, declared free the slaves in 10 states not then under Union control, with exemptions specified for areas under Union control in two states. Lincoln spent the next 100 days preparing the army and the nation for emancipation, while Democrats rallied their voters by warning of the threat that freed slaves posed to northern whites.\n", "Once the abolition of slavery in the rebel states became a military objective, Union armies advancing south liberated three million slaves. Lincoln's comment on the signing of the Proclamation was: \"I never, in my life, felt more certain that I was doing right, than I do in signing this paper.\" Lincoln continued earlier plans to set up colonies for the newly freed slaves. He supported this in the Proclamation, but the undertaking failed.\n", "Enlisting former slaves became official policy. By the spring of 1863, Lincoln was ready to recruit black troops in more than token numbers. In a letter to Tennessee military governor Andrew Johnson encouraging him to lead the way in raising black troops, Lincoln wrote, \"The bare sight of 50,000 armed and drilled black soldiers on the banks of the Mississippi would end the rebellion at once\". By the end of 1863, at Lincoln's direction, General Lorenzo Thomas had recruited 20 regiments of blacks from the Mississippi Valley.\n", "Section::::Presidency.:The Civil War.:Gettysburg Address (1863).\n", "Lincoln spoke at the Gettysburg battlefield cemetery on November 19, 1863. Defying his prediction that \"the world will little note, nor long remember what we say here\", the Address became the most quoted speech in American history.\n", "In 272 words, and three minutes, Lincoln asserted that the nation was born not in 1789, but in 1776, \"conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal\". He defined the war as dedicated to the principles of liberty and equality for all. He declared that the deaths of so many brave soldiers would not be in vain, that slavery would end, and the future of democracy would be assured, that \"government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth\".\n", "Section::::Presidency.:The Civil War.:General Grant.\n", "Grant's victories at the Battle of Shiloh and in the Vicksburg campaign impressed Lincoln. Responding to criticism of Grant after Shiloh, Lincoln had said, \"I can't spare this man. He fights.\" With Grant in command, Lincoln felt the Union Army could advance in multiple theaters, and incorporate black troops. Meade's failure to capture Lee's army after Gettysburg and the continued passivity of the Army of the Potomac persuaded Lincoln to promote Grant to supreme commander. Grant stayed with Meade's army and told Meade what to do.\n", "Lincoln was concerned that Grant might be considering a presidential candidacy in 1864, as was McClellan. Lincoln arranged for an intermediary to inquire into Grant's political intentions. Assured that he had none, Lincoln submitted Grant's appointment to the Senate. He obtained Congress's consent to make him Lieutenant General, a rank that had remained unoccupied since George Washington.\n", "Grant waged his bloody Overland Campaign in 1864, with heavy losses on both sides. Despite this, when Lincoln asked what Grant's plans were, the general replied, \"I propose to fight it out on this line if it takes all summer.\"\n", "Grant's army moved steadily south. Lincoln traveled to Grant's headquarters at City Point, Virginia to confer with Grant and William Tecumseh Sherman. Lincoln replaced the Union losses by mobilizing support throughout the North.\n", "Lincoln authorized Grant to target infrastructure—plantations, railroads, and bridges—hoping to destroy the South's morale and weaken its fighting ability. Lincoln emphasized defeat of the Confederate armies rather than destruction (which was considerable) for its own sake.\n", "In 1864 Confederate general Jubal Early raided Washington, D.C., while Lincoln watched from an exposed position; Captain Oliver Wendell Holmes shouted at him, \"Get down, you damn fool, before you get shot!\"\n", "As Grant continued to attrit Lee's forces, efforts to discuss peace began. Confederate Vice President Stephens led a group to meet with Lincoln, Seward, and others at Hampton Roads. Lincoln refused to allow any negotiation with the Confederacy as a coequal; his sole objective was an agreement to end the fighting and the meetings produced no results. On April 1, 1865, Grant nearly encircled Petersburg. The Confederate government evacuated and the city fell. Lincoln visited the conquered capital. On April 9, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox officially ending the war.\n", "Section::::Presidency.:Re-election.\n", "Lincoln ran again in 1864. He united the main Republican factions, along with War Democrats such as Edwin M. Stanton and Andrew Johnson. Lincoln used conversation and his patronage powers—greatly expanded from peacetime—to build support and fend off the Radicals' efforts to replace him. At its convention, the Republicans selected Johnson as his running mate. To broaden his coalition to include War Democrats as well as Republicans, Lincoln ran under the label of the new Union Party.\n", "Grant's bloody stalemates damaged Lincoln's re-election prospects, and many Republicans feared defeat. Lincoln confidentially pledged in writing that if he should lose the election, he would still defeat the Confederacy before turning over the White House: Lincoln did not show the pledge to his cabinet, but asked them to sign the sealed envelope.\n", "While the Democratic platform followed the \"Peace wing\" of the party and called the war a \"failure\", their candidate, McClellan, supported the war and repudiated the platform. Lincoln provided Grant with more troops and led his party to renew its support for Grant. Sherman's capture of Atlanta in September and David Farragut's capture of Mobile ended defeatism. The Democratic Party was deeply split, with some leaders and most soldiers openly for Lincoln. The National Union Party was united by Lincoln's support for emancipation. State Republican parties stressed the perfidy of the Copperheads. On November 8, Lincoln carried all but three states, including 78 percent of Union soldiers.\n", "On March 4, 1865, Lincoln delivered his second inaugural address. In it, he deemed the endless casualties to be God's will. Historian Mark Noll claims this speech to rank \"among the small handful of semi-sacred texts by which Americans conceive their place in the world\". Lincoln said:\n", "Section::::Presidency.:Reconstruction.\n", "Reconstruction began during the war, as Lincoln and his associates considered how to reintegrate the nation, and the fates of Confederate leaders and freed slaves. Shortly after Lee's surrender, a general asked Lincoln how to treat defeated Confederates. Lincoln replied, \"Let 'em up easy.\" Lincoln was determined to find meaning in the war even when it had passed, and did not want to continue to outcast the southern states. His main goal was to keep the union together. He planned to go forward not by focusing on who to blame, but on how to rebuild the nation as one. Lincoln led the moderates regarding Reconstruction policy, and was opposed by the Radicals, under Rep. Thaddeus Stevens, Sen. Charles Sumner and Sen. Benjamin Wade, who otherwise remained Lincoln's allies. Determined to reunite the nation and not alienate the South, Lincoln urged that speedy elections under generous terms be held. His Amnesty Proclamation of December 8, 1863, offered pardons to those who had not held a Confederate civil office, had not mistreated Union prisoners, and would sign an oath of allegiance.\n", "As Southern states fell, they needed leaders while their administrations re-formed. In Tennessee and Arkansas, Lincoln appointed Johnson and Frederick Steele as military governors, respectively. In Louisiana, Lincoln ordered General Nathaniel P. Banks to promote a plan that would restore statehood when 10 percent of the voters agreed. Democratic opponents accused Lincoln of using the military to ensure his and the Republicans' political aspirations. The Radicals denounced his policy as too lenient, and passed their own plan, the Wade-Davis Bill, in 1864, which Lincoln vetoed. The Radicals retaliated by refusing to seat elected representatives from Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee.\n", "Lincoln's appointments were designed to harness both moderates and Radicals. To fill Chief Justice Taney's seat on the Supreme Court, he named the Radicals' choice, Salmon P. Chase, who Lincoln believed would uphold his emancipation and paper money policies.\n", "After implementing the Emancipation Proclamation, Lincoln increased pressure on Congress to outlaw slavery throughout the nation with a constitutional amendment. He declared that such an amendment would \"clinch the whole matter\". By December 1863, an amendment was brought to Congress. This first attempt failed, falling short of the required two-thirds majority on June 15, 1864, in the House of Representatives. Passage became part of the Republican/Unionist platform. After a House debate, the second attempt passed on January 31, 1865. With ratification, it became the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution on December 6, 1865.\n", "Lincoln believed the federal government had limited responsibility to the millions of freedmen. He signed Senator Charles Sumner's Freedmen's Bureau bill that set up a temporary federal agency designed to meet the immediate needs of former slaves. The law opened land for a lease of three years with the ability to purchase title for the freedmen. Lincoln announced a Reconstruction plan that involved short-term military control, pending readmission under the control of southern Unionists.\n", "Historians agree that it is impossible to predict exactly how Reconstruction would have proceeded had Lincoln lived. Biographers James G. Randall and Richard Current, according to David Lincove, argue that:\n", "Eric Foner argues that:\n", "Section::::Presidency.:Other enactments.\n", "Lincoln adhered to the Whig theory of the presidency, giving Congress primary responsibility for lawmaking while the Executive enforced them. Lincoln vetoed only four bills; the only important one was the Wade-Davis Bill with its harsh Reconstruction program. The 1862 Homestead Act made millions of acres of Western government-held land available for purchase at low cost. The 1862 Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act provided government grants for agricultural colleges in each state. The Pacific Railway Acts of 1862 and 1864 granted federal support for the construction of the United States' First Transcontinental Railroad, which was completed in 1869. The passage of the Homestead Act and the Pacific Railway Acts was enabled by the absence of Southern congressmen and senators who had opposed the measures in the 1850s.\n", "In July 1861, the US issued paper currency for the first time. The currency became known greenbacks, because it was printed in green on the reverse side.\n", "Other important legislation involved two measures to raise revenues for the Federal government: tariffs (a policy with long precedent), and a Federal income tax. In 1861, Lincoln signed the second and third Morrill Tariffs, following the first enacted by Buchanan. Also in 1861, Lincoln signed the Revenue Act of 1861, creating the first U.S. income tax. This created a flat tax of 3 percent on incomes above $800 ($ in current dollar terms). The Revenue Act of 1862 adopted rates that increased with income.\n", "Lincoln presided over the expansion of the federal government's economic influence in other areas. The National Banking Act created the system of national banks. It also established a national currency. In 1862, Congress created the Department of Agriculture. In 1862, Lincoln sent a senior general, John Pope to put down the \"Sioux Uprising\" in Minnesota. Presented with 303 execution warrants for Santee Dakota who were convicted of killing innocent farmers, Lincoln conducted his own personal review of each warrant, eventually approving 39 for execution (one was later reprieved).\n", "In response to rumors of a renewed draft, the editors of the \"New York World\" and the \"Journal of Commerce\" published a false draft proclamation that created an opportunity for the editors and others employed at the publications to corner the gold market. Lincoln attacked the media about such behavior, ordering the military to seize the two papers. The seizure lasted for two days.\n", "Lincoln is largely responsible for the Thanksgiving holiday. Thanksgiving had became a regional holiday in New England in the 17th century. It had been sporadically proclaimed by the federal government on irregular dates. The prior proclamation had been during James Madison's presidency 50 years earlier. In 1863, Lincoln declared the final Thursday in November of that year to be a day of Thanksgiving.\n", "In June 1864, Lincoln approved the Yosemite Grant enacted by Congress, which provided unprecedented federal protection for the area now known as Yosemite National Park.\n", "Section::::Presidency.:Judicial appointments.\n", "Section::::Presidency.:Judicial appointments.:Supreme Court appointments.\n", "Lincoln's declared philosophy on court nominations was that \"we cannot ask a man what he will do, and if we should, and he should answer us, we should despise him for it. Therefore we must take a man whose opinions are known.\" Lincoln made five appointments to the United States Supreme Court. Noah Haynes Swayne was chosen as an anti-slavery lawyer who was committed to the Union. Samuel Freeman Miller, supported Lincoln in the 1860 election and was an avowed abolitionist. David Davis was Lincoln's campaign manager in 1860 and had served as a judge in Lincoln's Illinois court circuit. Democrat Stephen Johnson Field, a previous California Supreme Court justice, provided geographic and political balance. Finally, Lincoln's Treasury Secretary, Salmon P. Chase, became Chief Justice. Lincoln believed Chase was an able jurist, would support Reconstruction legislation, and that his appointment united the Republican Party.\n", "Section::::Presidency.:Judicial appointments.:Other judicial appointments.\n", "Lincoln appointed 32 federal judges, including four Associate Justices and one Chief Justice to the Supreme Court of the United States, and 27 judges to the United States district courts. Lincoln appointed no judges to the United States circuit courts during his time in office.\n", "Section::::Presidency.:States admitted to the Union.\n", "West Virginia was admitted to the Union on June 20, 1863. Nevada, which became the third State in the far-west of the continent, was admitted as a free state on October 31, 1864.\n", "Section::::Presidency.:Assassination.\n", "Abraham Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth on Good Friday, April 14, 1865, while attending a play at Ford's Theatre, five days after Lee's surrender. Booth was a well-known actor and a Confederate spy from Maryland; though he never joined the Confederate army, he had contacts with the Confederate secret service. After attending an April 11, 1865, speech in which Lincoln promoted voting rights for blacks, Booth decided to assassinate the President. Learning of Lincoln's intent to attend the play with Grant, Booth and his co-conspirators planned to assassinate Lincoln and Grant at the theater and to kill Vice President Johnson and Secretary of State Seward at their respective homes. Lincoln left to attend the play \"Our American Cousin\" on April 14. At the last minute, Grant decided to go to New Jersey to visit his children instead of attending the play.\n", "Booth crept up from behind and at about 10:13 pm, fired at the back of Lincoln's head, mortally wounding him. Lincoln's guest Major Henry Rathbone momentarily grappled with Booth, but Booth stabbed him and escaped.\n", "Lincoln was taken across the street to Petersen House. After remaining in a coma for nine hours, Lincoln died at 7:22 am on April 15. After death his face relaxed into a smile. Stanton saluted and said, \"Now he belongs to the ages.\"\n", "Lincoln's flag-enfolded body was then escorted in the rain to the White House by bareheaded Union officers, while the city's church bells rang. President Johnson was sworn in at 10:00 am, less than 3 hours after Lincoln's death.\n", "Booth was tracked to a farm in Virginia. Refusing to surrender, he was shot on April 26.\n", "Section::::Presidency.:Funeral and burial.\n", "The late President lay in state, first in the East Room, and then in the Capitol Rotunda from April 19 through April 21. The caskets containing Lincoln's body and the body of his son Willie traveled for three weeks on the \"Lincoln Special\" funeral train. The train followed a circuitous route from Washington D.C. to Springfield, Illinois, stopping at many cities for memorials attended by hundreds of thousands. Many others gathered along the tracks as the train passed with bands, bonfires, and hymn singing or in silent grief. Poet Walt Whitman composed \"When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd\" to eulogize him, one of four poems he wrote about Lincoln. African-Americans were especially moved; they had lost 'their Moses'. In a larger sense, the reaction was in response to the deaths of so many men in the war. Historians emphasized the widespread shock and sorrow, but noted that some Lincoln haters celebrated his death.\n", "Section::::Religious and philosophical beliefs.\n", "As a young man, Lincoln was a religious skeptic. Later in life, Lincoln's frequent use of religious imagery and language might have reflected his own personal beliefs or might have been a device to reach his audiences, who were mostly evangelical Protestants. He never joined a church, although he frequently attended with his wife. He was deeply familiar with the Bible, and he both quoted and praised it. He was private about his beliefs and respected the beliefs of others. Lincoln never made a clear profession of Christian beliefs. However, he did believe in an all-powerful God that shaped events and by 1865 was expressing those beliefs in major speeches.\n", "In the 1840s, Lincoln subscribed to the Doctrine of Necessity, a belief that asserted the human mind was controlled by some higher power. In the 1850s, Lincoln asserted his belief in \"providence\" in a general way, and rarely used the language or imagery of the evangelicals; he regarded the republicanism of the Founding Fathers with an almost religious reverence. With the death of his son Edward, Lincoln more frequently expressed a need to depend on God. The death of son Willie in February 1862 may have caused Lincoln to look toward religion for solace. After Willie's death, Lincoln considered why, from a divine standpoint, the severity of the war was necessary. He wrote at this time that God \"could have either saved or destroyed the Union without a human contest. Yet the contest began. And having begun, He could give the final victory to either side any day. Yet the contest proceeds.\" On the day Lincoln was assassinated, he reportedly told his wife he desired to visit the Holy Land.\n", "Section::::Health.\n", "Several claims have been made that Lincoln's health was declining before the assassination. These are often based on photographs appearing to show weight loss and muscle wasting. One such claim is that he suffered from a rare genetic disorder, MEN2b, which manifests with a medullary thyroid carcinoma, mucosal neuromas and a Marfanoid appearance. Others simply claim he had Marfan syndrome, based on his tall appearance with spindly fingers, and the association of possible aortic regurgitation, which can cause bobbing of the head (DeMusset's sign) – based on blurring of Lincoln's head in photographs, which required long exposure times. Confirmation of this and other diseases could possibly be obtained via DNA analysis of a pillow case stained with Lincoln's blood, currently in possession of the Grand Army of the Republic Museum & Library in Philadelphia, but as of 2009, the museum refused to provide a sample for testing.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "The successful reunification of the states had consequences for the name of the country. The term \"the United States\" has historically been used, sometimes in the plural (\"these United States\"), and other times in the singular, without any particular grammatical consistency. The Civil War was a significant force in the eventual dominance of the singular usage by the end of the 19th century.\n", "Historians such as Harry Jaffa, Herman Belz, John Diggins, Vernon Burton, and Eric Foner stress Lincoln's redefinition of \"republican values\". As early as the 1850s, a time when most political rhetoric focused on the Constitution, Lincoln redirected emphasis to the Declaration of Independence as the foundation of American political values—what he called the \"sheet anchor\" of republicanism. The Declaration's emphasis on equality and freedom for all, in contrast to the Constitution's tolerance of slavery, shifted the debate. Regarding the 1860 Cooper Union speech, Diggins notes, \"Lincoln presented Americans a theory of history that offers a profound contribution to the theory and destiny of republicanism itself.\" He highlights the moral basis of republicanism, rather than its legalisms. Nevertheless, Lincoln justified the war via legalisms (the Constitution was a contract, and for one party to get out of a contract all the other parties had to agree), and then in terms of the national duty to guarantee a republican form of government in every state. Burton argues that Lincoln's republicanism was taken up by the emancipated Freedmen.\n", "In Lincoln's first inaugural address, he explored the nature of democracy. He denounced secession as anarchy, and explained that majority rule had to be balanced by constitutional restraints. He said \"A majority held in restraint by constitutional checks and limitations, and always changing easily with deliberate changes of popular opinions and sentiments, is the only true sovereign of a free people.\"\n", "Section::::Legacy.:Historical reputation.\n", "In surveys of U.S. scholars ranking presidents conducted since the 1940s, Lincoln is consistently ranked in the top three, often as number one. A 2004 study found that scholars in the fields of history and politics ranked Lincoln number one, while legal scholars placed him second after George Washington. In presidential ranking polls conducted in the United States since 1948, Lincoln has been rated at the top in the majority of polls. Generally, the top three presidents are rated as 1. Lincoln; 2. Washington; and 3. Franklin Delano Roosevelt, although the order varies.\n", "President Lincoln's assassination left him a national martyr. He was viewed by abolitionists as a champion for human liberty. Republicans linked Lincoln's name to their party. Many, though not all, in the South considered Lincoln as a man of outstanding ability. Historians have said he was \"a classical liberal\" in the 19th century sense. Allen C. Guelzo states that Lincoln was a\n", "Lincoln became a favorite exemplar for liberal intellectuals across the world.\n", "Schwartz argues that Lincoln's American reputation grew slowly from the late 19th century until the Progressive Era (1900–1920s) when he emerged as one of America's most venerated heroes, even among white Southerners. The high point came in 1922 with the dedication of the Lincoln Memorial on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. In the New Deal era, liberals honored Lincoln not so much as the self-made man or the great war president, but as the advocate of the common man who they claimed would have supported the welfare state. In the Cold War years, Lincoln's image shifted to a symbol of freedom who brought hope to those oppressed by Communist regimes.\n", "By the 1970s, Lincoln had become a hero to political conservatives for his intense nationalism, support for business, his insistence on stopping the spread of human bondage, his acting in terms of Lockean and Burkean principles on behalf of both liberty and tradition, and his devotion to the principles of the Founding Fathers. As a Whig activist, Lincoln was a spokesman for business interests, favoring high tariffs, banks, infrastructure improvements, and railroads, in opposition to the agrarian Democrats. William C. Harris found that Lincoln's \"reverence for the Founding Fathers, the Constitution, the laws under it, and the preservation of the Republic and its institutions strengthened his conservatism\". James G. Randall emphasizes his tolerance and moderation \"in his preference for orderly progress, his distrust of dangerous agitation, and his reluctance toward ill digested schemes of reform\". Randall concludes that, \"he was conservative in his complete avoidance of that type of so-called 'radicalism' which involved abuse of the South, hatred for the slaveholder, thirst for vengeance, partisan plotting, and ungenerous demands that Southern institutions be transformed overnight by outsiders.\"\n", "By the late 1960s, some African American intellectuals, led by Lerone Bennett Jr., rejected Lincoln's role as the Great Emancipator. Bennett won wide attention when he called Lincoln a white supremacist in 1968. He noted that Lincoln used ethnic slurs and told jokes that ridiculed blacks. Bennett argued that Lincoln opposed social equality, and proposed sending freed slaves to another country. Defenders, such as authors Dirck and Cashin, retorted that he was not as bad as most politicians of his day; and that he was a \"moral visionary\" who deftly advanced the abolitionist cause, as fast as politically possible. The emphasis shifted away from Lincoln the emancipator to an argument that blacks had freed themselves from slavery, or at least were responsible for pressuring the government on emancipation. Historian Barry Schwartz wrote in 2009 that Lincoln's image suffered \"erosion, fading prestige, benign ridicule\" in the late 20th century. On the other hand, Donald opined in his 1996 biography that Lincoln was distinctly endowed with the personality trait of negative capability, defined by the poet John Keats and attributed to extraordinary leaders who were \"content in the midst of uncertainties and doubts, and not compelled toward fact or reason\". In the 21st century, President Barack Obama named Lincoln his favorite president and insisted on using Lincoln's Bible for his inaugural ceremonies.\n", "Lincoln has often been portrayed by Hollywood, almost always in a flattering light.\n", "Union nationalism, as envisioned by Lincoln, \"helped lead America to the nationalism of Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, and Franklin Delano Roosevelt.\"\n", "Section::::Legacy.:Memory and memorials.\n", "Lincoln's portrait appears on two denominations of United States currency, the penny and the $5 bill. His likeness also appears on many postage stamps and he has been memorialized in many town, city, and county names, including the capital of Nebraska. While he is usually portrayed bearded, he first grew a beard in 1860 at the suggestion of 11-year-old Grace Bedell.\n", "The most famous and most visited memorials are Lincoln's sculpture on Mount Rushmore; Lincoln Memorial, Ford's Theatre, and Petersen House (where he died) in Washington, D.C.; and the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum in Springfield, Illinois, not far from Lincoln's home, as well as his tomb.\n", "Sociologist Barry Schwartz argues that in the 1930s and 1940s, the memory of Abraham Lincoln was practically sacred and provided the nation with \"a moral symbol inspiring and guiding American life\". During the Great Depression, he argues, Lincoln served \"as a means for seeing the world's disappointments, for making its sufferings not so much explicable as meaningful\". Franklin D. Roosevelt, preparing America for war, used the words of the Civil War president to clarify the threat posed by Germany and Japan. Americans asked, \"What would Lincoln do?\" However, Schwartz also finds that since World War II, Lincoln's symbolic power has lost relevance, and this \"fading hero is symptomatic of fading confidence in national greatness\". He suggested that postmodernism and multiculturalism have diluted greatness as a concept.\n", "The United States Navy is named after Lincoln, the second Navy ship to bear his name.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Outline of Abraham Lincoln\n", "BULLET::::- Sexuality of Abraham Lincoln\n", "BULLET::::- Dakota War of 1862\n", "BULLET::::- Grace Bedell\n", "BULLET::::- Lincoln Tower\n", "BULLET::::- List of photographs of Abraham Lincoln\n", "BULLET::::- List of civil rights leaders\n", "Section::::References.\n", "Section::::References.:Citations.\n", "Section::::References.:Citations.:Historiography.\n", "BULLET::::- Barr, John M. \"Holding Up a Flawed Mirror to the American Soul: Abraham Lincoln in the Writings of Lerone Bennett Jr.,\" Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 35 (Winter 2014), 43–65.\n", "BULLET::::- Barr, John M. \"Loathing Lincoln: An American Tradition from the Civil War to the Present\" (LSU Press, 2014).\n", "BULLET::::- Holzer, Harold and Craig L. Symonds, eds. \"Exploring Lincoln: Great Historians Reappraise Our Greatest President\" (2015), essays by 16 scholars\n", "BULLET::::- Manning, Chandra, \"The Shifting Terrain of Attitudes toward Abraham Lincoln and Emancipation\", \"Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association\", 34 (Winter 2013), 18–39.\n", "BULLET::::- Smith, Adam I.P. \"The 'Cult' of Abraham Lincoln and the Strange Survival of Liberal England in the Era of the World Wars\", \"Twentieth Century British History\", (December 2010) 21#4 pp. 486–509\n", "BULLET::::- Spielberg, Steven; Goodwin, Doris Kearns; Kushner, Tony. \"Mr. Lincoln Goes to Hollywood\", \"Smithsonian\" (2012) 43#7 pp. 46–53.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "Section::::External links.:Official.\n", "BULLET::::- Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum\n", "BULLET::::- ALPLM's ongoing digitization of all Lincoln papers\n", "BULLET::::- White House biography\n", "Section::::External links.:Organizations.\n", "BULLET::::- Abraham Lincoln Association\n", "BULLET::::- Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Foundation\n", "Section::::External links.:Other.\n", "BULLET::::- Abraham Lincoln: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress\n", "BULLET::::- \"Life Portrait of Abraham Lincoln\", from C-SPAN's \"American presidents: Life Portraits\", June 28, 1999\n", "BULLET::::- \"Writings of Abraham Lincoln\" from C-SPAN's \"\"\n", "BULLET::::- Abraham Lincoln: Original Letters and Manuscripts – Shapell Manuscript Foundation\n", "BULLET::::- Lincoln/Net: Abraham Lincoln Historical Digitization Project – Northern Illinois University Libraries\n", "BULLET::::- Teaching Abraham Lincoln – National Endowment for the Humanities\n", "BULLET::::- In Popular Song:Our Noble Chief Has Passed Away by Cooper/Thomas\n", "BULLET::::- Abraham Lincoln Recollections and Newspaper Articles Collection, McLean County Museum of History\n", "BULLET::::- Digitized items in the Alfred Whital Stern Collection of Lincolniana in the Rare Book and Special Collections Division in the Library of Congress\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Honest Abe", "A. Lincoln", "President Lincoln", "Abe Lincoln", "Lincoln" ] }, "description": "16th President of the United States", "enwikiquote_title": "Abraham Lincoln", "wikidata_id": "Q91", "wikidata_label": "Abraham Lincoln", "wikipedia_title": "Abraham Lincoln" }

{ "end": [ 95, 151, 196, 208, 239, 275, 289, 39, 69, 114, 298, 310, 86, 102, 293, 315, 328, 346, 497, 117, 228, 396, 78, 102, 270, 302, 553, 577, 596, 683, 768, 785, 84, 103, 288, 334, 346, 383, 396, 437, 34, 67, 90, 563, 575, 748, 762, 141, 193, 314, 71, 176, 25, 548, 95, 36, 77, 113, 153, 201, 422, 578, 44, 213, 620, 738, 85, 184, 197, 264, 730, 69, 98, 131, 221, 249, 321, 395, 484, 9, 292, 304, 134, 141, 154, 165, 427, 598, 42, 86, 103, 125, 722, 907, 946, 982, 61, 256, 502, 101, 170, 29, 39, 30, 105, 475, 33, 240, 326, 347, 413, 37 ], "href": [ "Prince%20of%20Antioch", "First%20Crusade", "nobility", "Normans", "Antioch", "House%20of%20Normandy", "Kings%20of%20Sicily", "Robert%20Guiscard", "Count%20of%20Apulia%20and%20Calabria", "Alberada%20of%20Buonalbergo", "San%20Marco%20Argentano", "Calabria", "Impediment%20%28canon%20law%29%23Impediments%20to%20marriage", "canon%20law", "Sikelgaita", "Gisulf%20II%20of%20Salerno", "Lombards", "Prince%20of%20Salerno", "Richard%20of%20Hauteville", "Bari", "Roger%20Borsa", "Abelard%20of%20Hauteville", "Jordan%20I%20of%20Capua", "Geoffrey%2C%20Count%20of%20Conversano", "Vlor%C3%AB", "Corfu", "Durr%C3%ABs", "Byzantine%20Emperor", "Alexios%20I%20Komnenos", "Battle%20of%20Dyrrhachium%20%281081%29", "Anglo-Saxon", "Varangian%20Guard", "Via%20Egnatia", "Kastoria", "Balkan%20Peninsula", "Ioannina", "Arta%2C%20Greece", "Macedonia%20%28region%29", "Thessaly", "Larissa", "Cephalonia", "Orderic%20Vitalis", "William%20of%20Malmesbury", "Oria%2C%20Apulia", "Otranto", "Brindisi", "Gallipoli%2C%20Apulia", "Pope%20Urban%20II", "Roger%20I%20of%20Sicily", "Melfi", "Amalfi", "Italy", "The%20Armies%20of%20Bohemond%20of%20Taranto", "Adriatic%20Sea", "First%20Crusade", "Anna%20Comnena", "Alexiad", "Tancred%2C%20Prince%20of%20Galilee", "Heraclea%20Cybistra", "Cilicia", "Siege%20of%20Antioch", "Genoa", "Firouz", "Kerbogha", "Raymond%20IV%20of%20Toulouse", "siege%20of%20Jerusalem%20%281099%29", "Christmas", "Dagobert%20of%20Pisa", "Latin%20Patriarch%20of%20Jerusalem", "Lorraine%20%28province%29", "Syria", "Cilician%20Gates", "Taurus%20Mountains", "Armenia", "Emir", "Sivas", "Battle%20of%20Melitene", "Baldwin%20I%20of%20Jerusalem", "Niksar", "Alexius%20I", "Kilij%20Arslan%20I", "Great%20Seljuq%20Empire", "Tarsus%20%28city%29", "Adana", "Mopsuestia", "Cilicia", "County%20of%20Tripoli", "Harran", "Harran", "Raqqa", "Euphrates", "Battle%20of%20Harran", "Henry%20I%20of%20England", "Constance%20of%20France%2C%20Princess%20of%20Antioch", "Philip%20I%20of%20France", "Abbot%20Suger", "Bohemond%20II%20of%20Antioch", "republic%20of%20Venice", "Siege%20of%20Dyrrhachium%20%281107%E2%80%931108%29", "Treaty%20of%20Devol", "sebastos", "Canosa", "Apulia", "Gesta%20Francorum", "Anna%20Comnena", "Reinhold%20R%C3%B6hricht", "Alfred%20Duggan", "F.%20Van%20Wyck%20Mason", "The%20Road%20of%20Azrael", "Robert%20E.%20Howard", "Russell%20Hoban", "David%20Donachie" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 13, 13, 13, 15, 15, 16, 16, 18, 19, 19, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 22, 22, 24, 24, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 27, 27, 27, 27, 27, 28, 28, 28, 29, 29, 29, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 31, 31, 31, 31, 31, 31, 31, 31, 33, 35, 35, 36, 36, 37, 37, 39, 39, 39, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 42 ], "start": [ 78, 138, 190, 202, 232, 268, 283, 24, 41, 91, 279, 302, 64, 93, 283, 309, 321, 329, 476, 113, 217, 375, 61, 80, 265, 297, 547, 560, 578, 666, 757, 770, 73, 95, 281, 326, 342, 374, 388, 430, 24, 52, 69, 559, 568, 740, 753, 128, 176, 309, 65, 171, 14, 536, 82, 24, 70, 106, 136, 194, 417, 571, 38, 205, 601, 718, 76, 168, 188, 252, 725, 55, 82, 124, 217, 244, 303, 378, 478, 0, 278, 298, 128, 136, 146, 158, 420, 592, 36, 81, 94, 109, 704, 898, 938, 971, 39, 247, 492, 86, 162, 23, 33, 15, 93, 464, 20, 223, 308, 331, 400, 23 ], "text": [ "Prince of Antioch", "First Crusade", "nobles", "Norman", "Antioch", "England", "Sicily", "Robert Guiscard", "Count of Apulia and Calabria", "Alberada of Buonalbergo", "San Marco Argentano", "Calabria", "their marriage invalid", "canon law", "Sikelgaita", "Gisulf", "Lombard", "Prince of Salerno", "Richard of Hauteville", "Bari", "Roger Borsa", "Abelard of Hauteville", "Jordan I of Capua", "Geoffrey of Conversano", "Vlorë", "Corfu", "Durrës", "Byzantine Emperor", "Alexios I Komnenos", "a crushing defeat", "Anglo-Saxon", "Varangian Guard", "Via Egnatia", "Kastoria", "Balkans", "Ioannina", "Arta", "Macedonia", "Thessaly", "Larissa", "Cephalonia", "Orderic Vitalis", "William of Malmesbury", "Oria", "Otranto", "Brindisi", "Gallipoli", "Pope Urban II", "Roger I of Sicily", "Melfi", "Amalfi", "Italy", "Norman army", "Adriatic Sea", "First Crusade", "Anna Comnena", "Alexiad", "Tancred", "Heraclea Cybistra", "Cilicia", "siege", "Genoese", "Firouz", "Kerbogha", "Raymond of Toulouse", "capture of Jerusalem", "Christmas", "Dagobert of Pisa", "Patriarch", "Lotharingian", "Syria", "Cilician Gates", "Taurus Mountains", "Armenia", "Emir", "Sivas", "Battle of Melitene", "Baldwin of Edessa", "Niksar", "Alexius I", "Kilij Arslan I", "Seljuk", "Tarsus", "Adana", "Massissa", "Cilicia", "Tripoli", "Harran", "Harran", "Raqqa", "Euphrates", "Battle of Harran", "Henry I of England", "Constance", "Philip I", "Abbot Suger", "Bohemond II of Antioch", "Venetians", "laid siege", "Treaty of Devol", "sebastos", "Canosa", "Apulia", "Gesta Francorum", "Anna Comnena", "R. Röhricht", "Alfred Duggan", "F. Van Wyck Mason", "The Road of Azrael", "Robert E. Howard", "Russell Hoban", "David Donachie" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "1283453", "106128", "28978421", "21476352", "36900", "2800814", "79105", "157902", "25241483", "4947346", "6293006", "44772", "6200013", "6469", "750695", "4240122", "18011", "4239441", "25783730", "44784", "1884916", "4440513", "4233305", "5022487", "322031", "45462", "263530", "4016", "1613", "750583", "37780", "495457", "297645", "302636", "4829", "302624", "2611280", "19078", "55804", "18490", "212191", "283897", "158000", "3615521", "156977", "392267", "3428911", "24284", "157904", "2117753", "46683", "14532", "53263627", "23275478", "106128", "157653", "988132", "1127415", "8542590", "75462", "1119248", "47332321", "29340403", "163057", "157667", "950767", "6237", "284964", "231524", "49149", "7515849", "596794", "596736", "10918072", "178427", "1376207", "16230308", "144434", "2760424", "1613", "293645", "13090194", "871713", "185243", "359668", "75462", "256428", "85547", "85547", "858965", "10221", "750499", "14179", "8946923", "78436", "196836", "157680", "613492", "58420551", "750464", "4947334", "338842", "44783", "1569208", "157653", "21539267", "3818977", "198702", "17460202", "26078", "375998", "11304318" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "Prince of Antioch", "First Crusade", "Nobility", "Normans", "Antioch", "House of Normandy", "List of monarchs of Sicily", "Robert Guiscard", "County of Apulia and Calabria", "Alberada of Buonalbergo", "San Marco Argentano", "Calabria", "Impediment (canon law)", "Canon law", "Sikelgaita", "Gisulf II of Salerno", "Lombards", "List of Princes of Salerno", "Richard of Hauteville", "Bari", "Roger Borsa", "Abelard of Hauteville", "Jordan I of Capua", "Geoffrey, Count of Conversano", "Vlorë", "Corfu", "Durrës", "List of Byzantine emperors", "Alexios I Komnenos", "Battle of Dyrrhachium (1081)", "Anglo-Saxons", "Varangian Guard", "Via Egnatia", "Kastoria", "Balkans", "Ioannina", "Arta, Greece", "Macedonia (region)", "Thessaly", "Larissa", "Cephalonia", "Orderic Vitalis", "William of Malmesbury", "Oria, Apulia", "Otranto", "Brindisi", "Gallipoli, Apulia", "Pope Urban II", "Roger I of Sicily", "Melfi", "Amalfi", "Italy", "Armies of Bohemond of Taranto", "Adriatic Sea", "First Crusade", "Anna Komnene", "Alexiad", "Tancred, Prince of Galilee", "Heraclea Cybistra", "Cilicia", "Siege of Antioch", "Genoa", "Firouz", "Kerbogha", "Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse", "Siege of Jerusalem (1099)", "Christmas", "Dagobert of Pisa", "Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem", "Duchy of Lorraine", "Syria", "Cilician Gates", "Taurus Mountains", "Armenia", "Emir", "Sivas", "Battle of Melitene", "Baldwin I of Jerusalem", "Niksar", "Alexios I Komnenos", "Kilij Arslan I", "Seljuk Empire", "Tarsus, Mersin", "Adana", "Mopsuestia", "Cilicia", "County of Tripoli", "Harran", "Harran", "Raqqa", "Euphrates", "Battle of Harran", "Henry I of England", "Constance of France, Princess of Antioch", "Philip I of France", "Suger", "Bohemond II of Antioch", "Republic of Venice", "Siege of Dyrrhachium (1107–1108)", "Treaty of Devol", "Sebastos", "Canosa di Puglia", "Apulia", "Gesta Francorum", "Anna Komnene", "Reinhold Röhricht", "Alfred Duggan", "F. Van Wyck Mason", "The Road of Azrael", "Robert E. Howard", "Russell Hoban", "David Donachie" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Bohemond I of Antioch\n", "Bohemond I (3 March 1111) was the Prince of Taranto from 1089 to 1111 and the Prince of Antioch from 1098 to 1111. He was a leader of the First Crusade, which was governed by a committee of nobles. The Norman monarchy he founded in Antioch arguably outlasted those of England and of Sicily.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Section::::Early life.:Childhood and youth.\n", "Bohemond was the son of Robert Guiscard, Count of Apulia and Calabria, and his first wife, Alberada of Buonalbergo. He was born between 1050 and 1058—in 1054 according to historian John Julius Norwich. He was baptised Mark, possibly because he was born at his father's castle at San Marco Argentano in Calabria. He was nicknamed Bohemond after a legendary giant.\n", "His parents were related within the degree of kinship that made their marriage invalid under canon law. In 1058, Pope Nicholas II strengthened existing canon law against consanguinity and, on that basis, Guiscard repudiated Alberada in favour of a then more advantageous marriage to Sikelgaita, the sister of Gisulf, the Lombard Prince of Salerno. With the annulment of his parents' marriage, Bohemond became a bastard. Before long, Alberada married Robert Guiscard's nephew, Richard of Hauteville. She arranged for a knightly education for Bohemond.\n", "Robert Guiscard was taken seriously ill in early 1073. Fearing that he was dying, Sikelgaita held an assembly in Bari. She persuaded Robert's vassals who were present to proclaim her eldest son, the thirteen-year-old Roger Borsa, Robert's heir, claiming that the half-Lombard Roger would be the ruler most acceptable to the Lombard nobles in Southern Italy. Robert's nephew, Abelard of Hauteville, was the only baron to protest, because he regarded himself Robert's lawful heir.\n", "Section::::Early life.:Byzantine wars.\n", "Bohemond fought in his father's army during the rebellion of Jordan I of Capua, Geoffrey of Conversano and other Norman barons in 1079. His father dispatched him at the head of an advance guard against the Byzantine Empire in early 1081 and he captured Valona (now Vlorë in Albania). He sailed to Corfu, but did not invade the island since the local garrison outnumbered his army. He withdrew to Butrinto to await the arrival of his father's forces. After Robert Guiscard arrived in the latter half of May, they laid siege to Durazzo (present-day Durrës). The Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos came to the rescue of the town but, on 18 October, his army suffered a crushing defeat. Bohemond commanded the left flank, which defeated the Emperor's largely Anglo-Saxon \"Varangian Guard\".\n", "The Normans captured Durazzo on 21 February 1082. They marched along the Via Egnatia as far as Kastoria, but Alexios's agents stirred up a rebellion in Southern Italy, forcing Robert Guiscard to return to his realm in April. He charged Bohemond with the command of his army in the Balkans. Bohemond defeated the Byzantines at Ioannina and at Arta, taking control of most of Macedonia and Thessaly; however, the six-month siege of Larissa was unsuccessful. Supply and pay problems (and the gifts promised to deserters by the Byzantines) undermined the morale of the Norman army, so Bohemond returned to Italy for financial support. During his absence, most of the Norman commanders deserted to the Byzantines and a Venetian fleet recaptured Durazzo and Corfu.\n", "Bohemond accompanied his father to the Byzantine Empire again in 1084, when they defeated the Venetian fleet and captured Corfu. An epidemic decimated the Normans and Bohemond, who was taken seriously ill, was forced to return to Italy in December 1084.\n", "Section::::Early life.:Succession crisis.\n", "Robert Guiscard died at Cephalonia on 17 July 1085. Orderic Vitalis, William of Malmesbury and other contemporaneous writers accused his widow, Sikelgaita, of having poisoned Robert to secure Apulia for her son, Roger Borsa, but failed to establish her guilt. She persuaded the army to acclaim Roger Borsa his father's successor and they hurried back to Southern Italy. Two months later, the assembly of the Norman barons confirmed the succession, but Bohemond regarded himself his father's lawful heir. He made an alliance with Jordan of Capua, and captured Oria and Otranto. Bohemond and Roger Borsa met at their father's tomb at Venosa to reach a compromise. Under the terms of their agreement, Bohemond received Taranto, Oria, Otranto, Brindisi and Gallipoli, but acknowledged Roger Borsa's suzerainty.\n", "Bohemond renewed the war against his brother in the autumn of 1087. The ensuing civil war prevented the Normans from supporting Pope Urban II, and enabled the brothers' uncle, Roger I of Sicily, to increase his power. Bohemond captured Bari in 1090 and before long, took control of most lands to the south of Melfi.\n", "Section::::First Crusade.\n", "In 1097, Bohemond and his uncle Roger I of Sicily were attacking Amalfi, which had revolted against Duke Roger, when bands of crusaders began to pass on their way through Italy to Constantinople. It is possible that Bohemond had religious reasons for joining the First Crusade. It is equally likely that he saw in the First Crusade the chance to gain a lordship in the Middle East. Lilie details that Bohemond's \"father's second marriage deprived him of future prospects,\" in Norman Italy. While he was well known as a warrior, Bohemond's lordship in Italy was small. Geoffrey Malaterra bluntly states that Bohemond took the Cross with the intention of plundering and conquering Greek lands. Another reason to suspect Bohemond's religious zeal is the supposed embassy Bohemond sent to Godfrey, a powerful Crusade leader, asking him to join forces to sack Constantinople. While Godfrey declined his offer taking Constantinople was never far from Bohemond's mind, as seen in his later attempt to take over the Byzantine Empire. \n", "He gathered a Norman army, which would have been one of the smaller crusade forces with 500 knights and about 2500-3500 infantry soldiers, alongside his nephew Tancred's force of 2000 men. What contributed to the Norman army's reputation as a great fighting force was their experience fighting in the East. Many Normans had been employed as mercenaries by the Byzantine Empire. Others like Bohemond had experience fighting the Byzantines and other Muslim groups in the East fifteen years prior with Robert Guiscard.Bohemond crossed the Adriatic Sea to Constantinople along the route he had tried to follow in 1082–1084 when attacking the Byzantine Empire. He was careful to observe the correct attitude towards Alexius along this route, which was mainly keeping his soldiers from plundering Byzantine villages en route to Constantinople. \n", "When he arrived at Constantinople in April 1097, he took an oath of homage to Emperor Alexios, which he demanded from all crusade leaders. It's not clear what exact negotiations Bohemond and Alexios made concerning Bohemond governing part of the Eastern Byzantine Empire Alexios hoped the crusaders would reclaim. Alexios had no reason to trust Bohemond enough to give him a position at the time, but hinted that he could get a position by proving his loyalty. Bohemond's best chance at gaining a favorable position was to be loyal to Alexios, which he attempted to prove while the crusaders were camped around Constantinople. Bohemond, proficient in Greek, was able to be a conduit between Alexios and the crusade leaders. Bohemond also attempted to prove his loyalty by convincing other crusade leaders to take the oath of homage to Alexios.\n", "From Constantinople to Antioch, Bohemond was a stand out among the leaders of the First Crusade. Bohemond's reputation as an effective strategist and leader came from his fighting experience in the Balkans when he took charge of his father's army against Emperor Alexios (1082-1085). There Bohemond became familiar with various Byzantine and Muslim strategies, including an encircling strategy used by Turkish Forces at the siege of Nicaea. Mounted archers would encircle the crusader force, who would be unable to retaliate using close combat weaponry. Bohemond's familiarity with this Eastern strategy allowed him to adapt quickly leading to crusader victories through Antioch. \n", "The Emperor's daughter, Anna Comnena, leaves a portrait of him in her Alexiad. She met him for the first time when she was fourteen and was seemingly fascinated by him, leaving no similar portrait of any other Crusader prince. Of Bohemond, she wrote:\n", "Now the man was such as, to put it briefly, had never before been seen in the land of the Romans, be he either of the barbarians or of the Greeks (for he was a marvel for the eyes to behold, and his reputation was terrifying). Let me describe the barbarian's appearance more particularly – he was so tall in stature that he overtopped the tallest by nearly one cubit, narrow in the waist and loins, with broad shoulders and a deep chest and powerful arms. And in the whole build of the body he was neither too slender nor overweighted with flesh, but perfectly proportioned and, one might say, built in conformity with the canon of Polycleitus... His skin all over his body was very white, and in his face the white was tempered with red. His hair was yellowish, but did not hang down to his waist like that of the other barbarians; for the man was not inordinately vain of his hair, but had it cut short to the ears. Whether his beard was reddish, or any other colour I cannot say, for the razor had passed over it very closely and left a surface smoother than chalk... His blue eyes indicated both a high spirit and dignity; and his nose and nostrils breathed in the air freely; his chest corresponded to his nostrils and by his nostrils...the breadth of his chest. For by his nostrils nature had given free passage for the high spirit which bubbled up from his heart. A certain charm hung about this man but was partly marred by a general air of the horrible... He was so made in mind and body that both courage and passion reared their crests within him and both inclined to war. His wit was manifold and crafty and able to find a way of escape in every emergency. In conversation he was well informed, and the answers he gave were quite irrefutable. This man who was of such a size and such a character was inferior to the Emperor alone in fortune and eloquence and in other gifts of nature.\n", "Bohemond saw the opportunity to use the crusade for his own ends at the siege of Antioch. When his nephew Tancred left the main army at Heraclea Cybistra and attempted to establish a footing in Cilicia, the movement may have been already intended as a preparation for Bohemond's eastern principality. Bohemond was the first to take up a position before Antioch (October 1097) and he played a considerable part in the siege, in gathering supplies, beating off Ridwan of Allepo's attempt to relieve the city from the east, and connecting the besiegers on the west with the Genoese ships which lay in the port of St Simeon. Due to his successful efforts Bohemond was seen as the actual leader of the siege of Antioch, rather than the elected leader Stephen of Blois who would soon leave the siege, claiming illness. \n", "Bohemond was able to make a deal with Firouz, one of the commanders of the city wall to end the siege of Antioch. However, he did not press to end the siege until May 1098 when learning of the approach of Kerbogha with a relief army to aid Antioch. He then proposed to the other crusade leaders that the leader to take Antioch should be put in charge of the city as Alexios' representative Tetigus had left in February 1098. Firouz led Bohemond's force up the walls of Antioch, allowing the Norman troops to infiltrate and ultimately capture the city. \n", "The Crusaders' troubles were not over, however, as Kerbogha started his own siege on the newly crusader held Antioch. Bohemond was credited as the general and creator of the battle plan used to defeat Kerbogha by Raymond of Aguilers. Running very low on food and supplies Bohemond took the initiative in his strategy to leave the city and attack Kerbogha's forces, leading to a victory for the crusaders. \n", "Bohemond then wanted to take control of Antioch for himself, but there were some problems he had to face first. Raymond of Toulouse, a prominent crusade leader, did not want to hand Antioch over to Bohemond. Raymond claimed that Bohemond and other leaders would be breaking their oath to Alexios, which was to give any conquered lands to the Byzantine Empire. Bohemond argued that because Alexios had failed to come to the crusader's aid at Antioch that the oath was no longer valid. Bohemond set himself up as the Prince of Antioch, and no Latin crusader or Byzantine force came to take it from him. Raymond of Toulouse decided to give up Antioch to Bohemond in January 1099, as he other crusaders moved south to the capture of Jerusalem.\n", "After the fall of Jerusalem to the crusaders, Bohemond went to Jerusalem at Christmas 1099 to fulfill his crusade vows. While there he took part in the installation of Dagobert of Pisa as Patriarch of Jerusalem, perhaps in order to check the growth of Lotharingian power in the city. By submitting to the patriarch Bohemond made connections to Jerusalem, who could be an ally against future attacks on Antioch, and to keep in the good graces of the Pope. While Bohemond had the fine territory, strategic position, and army necessary to found a principality in Antioch, he had to face two great forces—the Byzantine Empire, which claimed the whole of his territories, and the strong Muslim principalities in the north-east of Syria. Against these two forces he would ultimately fail.\n", "Section::::Wars between Antioch and the Byzantine Empire.\n", "By 1100, the town of Malatia, which guarded one of the Cilician Gates through the Taurus Mountains, had been captured by an Armenian soldier of fortune. He received reports that the Malik Ghazi Danishmend (Danishmend Emir), Ghazi Gümüştekin of Sivas, was preparing an expedition to capture Malatia. The Armenians sought help from Bohemond.\n", "Afraid to weaken his forces at Antioch, but not wishing to avoid the chance to extend his domain northwards, in August 1100 Bohemond marched north with only 300 knights and a small force of foot soldiers. Failing to send scouting parties, they were ambushed by the Turks and completely encircled at the Battle of Melitene. Bohemond managed to send one soldier to seek help from Baldwin of Edessa but was captured. He was laden with chains and imprisoned in Neo-Caesarea (modern Niksar) until 1103.\n", "Alexius I was incensed that Bohemond had broken his oath made in Constantinople and kept Antioch for himself. When he heard of Bohemond's capture, he offered to redeem the Norman commander for 260,000 dinars, if Ghazi Gumushtakin would hand the prisoner over to Byzantium. When Kilij Arslan I, the Seljuk overlord of the Emir, heard of the proposed payment, he threatened to attack unless given half the ransom. Bohemond proposed instead a ransom of 130,000 dinars paid just to the Emir. The bargain was concluded, and Ghazi and Bohemond exchanged oaths of friendship. Ransomed by Baldwin of Edessa, he returned in triumph to Antioch in August 1103.\n", "His nephew Tancred had taken his uncle's place for three years. During that time, he had attacked the Byzantines, and had added Tarsus, Adana and Massissa in Cilicia to his uncle's territory; he was now deprived of his lordship by Bohemond's return. During the summer of 1103, the northern Franks attacked Ridwan of Aleppo to gain supplies and compelled him to pay tribute. Meanwhile, Raymond had established himself in Tripoli with the aid of Alexius, and was able to check the expansion of Antioch to the south. Early in 1104, Baldwin and Bohemond passed Aleppo to move eastward and attack Harran.\n", "Whilst leading the campaign against Harran, Bohemond was defeated at Balak, near Raqqa on the Euphrates (see Battle of Harran). The defeat was decisive, making impossible the great eastern principality which Bohemond had contemplated. It was followed by a Greek attack on Cilicia and, despairing of his own resources, Bohemond returned to Europe for reinforcements in late 1104. It is a matter of historical debate whether his \"crusade\" against the Byzantine empire was to gain the backing and indulgences of Pope Paschal II. Either way, he enthralled audiences across France with gifts of relics from the Holy Land and tales of heroism while fighting the infidel, gathering a large army in the process. Henry I of England famously prevented him from landing on English shores, since the king anticipated Bohemond's great attraction to the English nobility. His newfound status won him the hand of Constance, daughter of the French king, Philip I. Of this marriage wrote Abbot Suger:\n", "Bohemond came to France to seek by any means he could the hand of the Lord Louis' sister Constance, a young lady of excellent breeding, elegant appearance and beautiful face. So great was the reputation for valour of the French kingdom and of the Lord Louis that even the Saracens were terrified by the prospect of that marriage. She was not engaged since she had broken off her agreement to wed Hugh, count of Troyes, and wished to avoid another unsuitable match. The prince of Antioch was experienced and rich both in gifts and promises; he fully deserved the marriage, which was celebrated with great pomp by the bishop of Chartres in the presence of the king, the Lord Louis, and many archbishops, bishops and noblemen of the realm.\n", "Bohemond and Constance produced a son, Bohemond II of Antioch.\n", "Bohemond saw the root of his problems in Alexios and Constantinople when it came to preserving the Principality of Antioch. He thought that defending Antioch against Alexios would not be enough, since he was greatly outnumbered by the Byzantine army. Instead, Bohemond decided to go on the offensive and attack the Byzantine Empire at its core in Constantinople.\n", "Bohemond was then resolved to use his newly recruited army of 34,000 men not to defend Antioch against the Greeks, but to attack Alexius. Bohemond took a similar route that was successful for his father in Ilyria and Greece. Alexius, aided by the Venetians, proved to be much stronger than when he faced Bohemond and Robert Guiscard in 1082-1084. Alexios was used to Norman battle tactics and their strength, and decided on a war of attrition rather than face them head on. While the Normans laid siege to Dyrrhachium, Alexios blockaded the Norman camp until Bohemond was forced to negotiate.\n", "Bohemond had to submit to a humiliating peace, all his ambitions destroyed. Under the Treaty of Devol in 1108, he became the vassal of Alexius with the title of \"sebastos\", consented to receive Alexius' pay, and promised to cede disputed territories and to admit a Greek patriarch into Antioch. Henceforth, Bohemond was a broken man. He died six months later without returning to Antioch. With one last jab at Alexios, by not returning to Antioch the Treaty of Devol became null and void as it only applied to Bohemond himself. Antioch was left in Norman hands with Bohemond's nephew Tancred.\n", "Bohemond was buried at Canosa in Apulia, in 1111.\n", "Section::::Bohemond I in literature and media.\n", "The anonymous \"Gesta Francorum\" was written by one of Bohemond's followers. \"The Alexiad\" of Anna Comnena is a primary authority for the whole of his life. A 1924 biography exists by Yewdale. See also the Gesta Tancredi by Ralph of Caen, which is a panegyric of Bohemond's second-in-command, Tancred. His career is discussed by B von Kügler, \"Bohemund und Tancred\" (1862); while L von Heinemann, \"Geschichte der Normannen in Sicilien und Unteritalien\" (1894), and R. Röhricht's \"Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzuges\" (1901) and \"Geschichte das Königreichs Jerusalem\" (1898) may also be consulted for his history. The only major biography that exists in English is \"Tancred : a study of his career and work in their relation to the First Crusade and the establishment of the Latin states in Syria and Palestine\" by Robert Lawrence Nicholson. Details of his pre-crusade career can found in Geoffrey Malaterra's \"Deeds of Count Roger...\".\n", "\"Count Bohemund\" by Alfred Duggan (1964) is an historical novel concerning the life of Bohemund and its events up to the fall of Jerusalem to the crusaders. Bohemond also appears in the historical novel \"Silver Leopard\" by F. Van Wyck Mason (1955), the short story \"The Track of Bohemond\" in the collection \"The Road of Azrael\" by Robert E. Howard (1979) and in the fantastical novel \"Pilgermann\" by Russell Hoban (1983).\n", "The historical fiction novel \"Wine of Satan\" (1949) written by Laverne Gay gives an embellished accounting of the life of Bohemond.\n", "The Crusades Series by David Donachie (writing as Jack Ludlow) casts Bohemund as its main protagonist.\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Ghisalberti, Albert M. (ed) \"Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani\". Rome.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Boamund", "Bohemund I" ] }, "description": "Prince of Taranto and Prince of Antioch", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q220806", "wikidata_label": "Bohemond I of Antioch", "wikipedia_title": "Bohemond I of Antioch" }

{ "end": [ 109, 165, 232, 106, 193, 158, 56, 99, 233, 255, 315, 514, 45, 107, 272, 439, 530, 698, 561, 667, 421, 720, 111, 199, 224, 245, 343, 349, 358, 47, 81, 93, 105, 178, 209, 72, 100, 128, 180, 211, 275, 35, 52, 69, 100, 132, 46, 234, 380, 189, 458, 499, 520, 87, 74, 29, 51, 83, 139, 29, 78, 113, 180, 37, 35, 27, 27, 28 ], "href": [ "Count%20of%20Anjou", "King%20of%20Jerusalem", "Kingdom%20of%20Jerusalem", "Bertrade%20de%20Montfort", "Philip%20I%20of%20France", "Maine%20%28province%29", "Henry%20I%20of%20England", "Louis%20VI%20of%20France", "William%20Adelin", "crusade", "Knights%20Templar", "Empress%20Matilda", "Anjou", "Baldwin%20II%20of%20Jerusalem", "Jerusalem", "Baldwin%20III%20of%20Jerusalem", "Alice%20of%20Antioch", "Joscelin%20II%20of%20Edessa", "Ashkelon", "Latin%20Patriarch%20of%20Jerusalem", "William%20of%20Tyre", "Amalric%20I%20of%20Jerusalem", "Principality%20of%20Antioch", "Constance%20of%20Antioch", "Bohemund%20II%20of%20Antioch", "Alice%20of%20Antioch", "Atabeg", "Imad%20ad-Din%20Zengi", "Mosul", "Baarin", "Mu%27in%20ad-Din%20Unur", "vizier", "Damascus", "Banias", "Lake%20Tiberias", "Pagan%20the%20Butler", "Kerak", "Dead%20Sea", "Red%20Sea", "Ibelin%20%28castle%29", "Egypt", "Byzantine%20emperor", "John%20II%20Comnenus", "Syria", "Byzantine%20Empire", "crusader%20state", "Akko", "William%20of%20Tyre", "Church%20of%20the%20Holy%20Sepulchre", "Ibn%20al-Qalanisi", "County%20of%20Edessa", "Second%20Crusade", "Siege%20of%20Edessa%20%281144%29", "Elias%20I%20of%20Maine", "Henry%20II%20of%20England", "Sibylla%20of%20Anjou", "Bethlehem", "William%20Clito", "Thierry%2C%20Count%20of%20Flanders", "Matilda%20of%20Anjou", "William%20Adelin", "White%20Ship", "Fontevraud%20Abbey", "Baldwin%20III%20of%20Jerusalem", "Amalric%20I%20of%20Jerusalem", "Orderic%20Vitalis", "William%20of%20Tyre", "Steven%20Runciman" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 4, 4, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 8, 8, 9, 9, 10, 10, 11, 11, 12, 12, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 17, 17, 17, 17, 17, 19, 19, 19, 23, 23, 23, 23, 25, 26, 27, 27, 27, 27, 28, 28, 28, 28, 31, 32, 34, 36, 37 ], "start": [ 95, 148, 212, 86, 175, 153, 38, 81, 219, 248, 300, 507, 40, 84, 263, 428, 514, 677, 554, 658, 406, 713, 88, 179, 213, 229, 337, 344, 353, 41, 64, 87, 97, 172, 196, 65, 95, 120, 173, 205, 270, 18, 36, 64, 91, 118, 42, 219, 352, 174, 442, 485, 505, 71, 55, 13, 42, 70, 113, 13, 64, 103, 159, 13, 13, 12, 12, 12 ], "text": [ "Count of Anjou", "King of Jerusalem", "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "Bertrade de Montfort", "Philip I of France", "Maine", "Henry I of England", "Louis VI of France", "William Adelin", "crusade", "Knights Templar", "Matilda", "Anjou", "Baldwin II of Jerusalem", "Jerusalem", "Baldwin III", "Alice of Antioch", "Joscelin II of Edessa", "Ascalon", "Patriarch", "William of Tyre", "Amalric", "Principality of Antioch", "Constance of Antioch", "Bohemund II", "Alice of Antioch", "Atabeg", "Zengi", "Mosul", "Baarin", "Mu'in ad-Din Unur", "vizier", "Damascus", "Banias", "Lake Tiberias", "Paganus", "Kerak", "Dead Sea", "Red Sea", "Ibelin", "Egypt", "Byzantine emperor", "John II Comnenus", "Syria", "Byzantine", "crusader state", "Acre", "William of Tyre", "Church of the Holy Sepulchre", "Ibn al-Qalanisi", "County of Edessa", "Second Crusade", "Siege of Edessa", "Elias I of Maine", "Henry II of England", "Sibylla of Anjou", "Bethlehem", "William Clito", "Thierry, Count of Flanders", "Matilda of Anjou", "William Adelin", "White Ship", "Abbess of Fontevrault", "Baldwin III of Jerusalem", "Amalric I of Jerusalem", "Orderic Vitalis", "William of Tyre", "Runciman, Steven" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "263162", "1127640", "16822", "1595134", "78436", "316560", "14179", "78298", "285524", "4412145", "16869", "48951", "39594", "254731", "16043", "144680", "1673395", "403317", "55386", "231524", "44755", "1871", "256387", "531202", "157680", "1673395", "200581", "254486", "200475", "38039537", "2548840", "242409", "8914", "1354109", "69310", "7623128", "307576", "8530", "26191", "53273329", "8087628", "4016", "74206", "7515849", "16972981", "256355", "55690", "44755", "7810", "2463649", "255790", "106130", "1896891", "10399840", "26042562", "3632523", "4312", "285555", "360327", "2178180", "285524", "102848", "76962", "144680", "1871", "283897", "44755", "761152" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "Counts and dukes of Anjou", "King of Jerusalem", "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "Bertrade de Montfort", "Philip I of France", "Maine (province)", "Henry I of England", "Louis VI of France", "William Adelin", "Crusades", "Knights Templar", "Empress Matilda", "Anjou", "Baldwin II of Jerusalem", "Jerusalem", "Baldwin III of Jerusalem", "Alice of Antioch", "Joscelin II, Count of Edessa", "Ashkelon", "Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem", "William of Tyre", "Amalric of Jerusalem", "Principality of Antioch", "Constance of Antioch", "Bohemond II of Antioch", "Alice of Antioch", "Atabeg", "Imad ad-Din Zengi", "Mosul", "Baarin", "Mu'in ad-Din Unur", "Vizier", "Damascus", "Banias", "Sea of Galilee", "Pagan the Butler", "Al-Karak", "Dead Sea", "Red Sea", "Ibelin (castle)", "Egypt", "List of Byzantine emperors", "John II Komnenos", "Syria", "Byzantine Empire", "Crusader states", "Acre, Israel", "William of Tyre", "Church of the Holy Sepulchre", "Ibn al-Qalanisi", "County of Edessa", "Second Crusade", "Siege of Edessa (1144)", "Elias I, Count of Maine", "Henry II of England", "Sibylla of Anjou", "Bethlehem", "William Clito", "Thierry, Count of Flanders", "Matilda of Anjou", "William Adelin", "White Ship", "Fontevraud Abbey", "Baldwin III of Jerusalem", "Amalric of Jerusalem", "Orderic Vitalis", "William of Tyre", "Steven Runciman" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Fulk, King of Jerusalem\n", "Fulk (, or \"Foulques\"; c. 1089/92 – 13 November 1143), also known as Fulk the Younger, was the Count of Anjou (as Fulk V) from 1109 to 1129 and the King of Jerusalem from 1131 to his death. During his reign, the Kingdom of Jerusalem reached its largest territorial extent.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Count of Anjou.\n", "Fulk was born at Angers, between 1089 and 1092, the son of Count Fulk IV of Anjou and Bertrade de Montfort. In 1092, Bertrade deserted her husband and bigamously married King Philip I of France.\n", "He became count of Anjou upon his father's death in 1109. In the next year, he married Ermengarde of Maine, cementing Angevin control over the County of Maine.\n", "He was originally an opponent of King Henry I of England and a supporter of King Louis VI of France, but in 1118 or 1119 he had allied with Henry when he arranged for his daughter Matilda to marry Henry's son and heir, William Adelin. Fulk went on crusade in 1119 or 1120, and became attached to the Knights Templar (Orderic Vitalis). He returned, late in 1121, after which he began to subsidize the Templars, maintaining two knights in the Holy Land for a year. Much later, Henry arranged for his daughter Matilda to marry Fulk's son Geoffrey of Anjou, which she did in 1127 or 1128.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Crusader and King.\n", "By 1127 Fulk was preparing to return to Anjou when he received an embassy from King Baldwin II of Jerusalem. Baldwin II had no male heirs but had already designated his daughter Melisende to succeed him. Baldwin II wanted to safeguard his daughter's inheritance by marrying her to a powerful lord. Fulk was a wealthy crusader and experienced military commander, and a widower. His experience in the field would prove invaluable in a frontier state always in the grip of war.\n", "However, Fulk held out for better terms than mere consort of the Queen; he wanted to be king alongside Melisende. Baldwin II, reflecting on Fulk's fortune and military exploits, acquiesced. Fulk abdicated his county seat of Anjou to his son Geoffrey and left for Jerusalem, where he married Melisende on 2 June 1129. Later Baldwin II bolstered Melisende's position in the kingdom by making her sole guardian of her son by Fulk, Baldwin III, born in 1130.\n", "Fulk and Melisende became joint rulers of Jerusalem in 1131 with Baldwin II's death. From the start Fulk assumed sole control of the government, excluding Melisende altogether. He favored fellow countrymen from Anjou to the native nobility. The other crusader states to the north feared that Fulk would attempt to impose the suzerainty of Jerusalem over them, as Baldwin II had done; but as Fulk was far less powerful than his deceased father-in-law, the northern states rejected his authority. Melisende's sister Alice of Antioch, exiled from the Principality by Baldwin II, took control of Antioch once more after the death of her father. She allied with Pons of Tripoli and Joscelin II of Edessa to prevent Fulk from marching north in 1132; Fulk and Pons fought a brief battle before peace was made and Alice was exiled again.\n", "In Jerusalem as well, Fulk was resented by the second generation of Jerusalem Christians who had grown up there since the First Crusade. These \"natives\" focused on Melisende's cousin, the popular Hugh II of Le Puiset, count of Jaffa, who was devotedly loyal to the Queen. Fulk saw Hugh as a rival, and it did not help matters when Hugh's own stepson accused him of disloyalty. In 1134, in order to expose Hugh, Fulk accused him of infidelity with Melisende. Hugh rebelled in protest. Hugh secured himself to Jaffa, and allied himself with the Muslims of Ascalon. He was able to defeat the army set against him by Fulk, but this situation could not hold. The Patriarch interceded in the conflict, perhaps at the behest of Melisende. Fulk agreed to peace and Hugh was exiled from the kingdom for three years, a lenient sentence.\n", "However, an assassination attempt was made against Hugh. Fulk, or his supporters, were commonly believed responsible, though direct proof never surfaced. The scandal was all that was needed for the queen's party to take over the government in what amounted to a palace coup. Author and historian wrote that Fulk's supporters \"went in terror of their lives\" in the palace. Contemporary author and historian William of Tyre wrote of Fulk \"he never attempted to take the initiative, even in trivial matters, without (Melisende's) consent\". The result was that Melisende held direct and unquestioned control over the government from 1136 onwards. Sometime before 1136 Fulk reconciled with his wife, and a second son, Amalric was born.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Securing the borders.\n", "Jerusalem's northern border was of great concern. Fulk had been appointed regent of the Principality of Antioch by Baldwin II. As regent he had Raymond of Poitou marry the infant Constance of Antioch, daughter of Bohemund II and Alice of Antioch, and niece to Melisende. However, the greatest concern during Fulk's reign was the rise of Atabeg Zengi of Mosul.\n", "In 1137 Fulk was defeated in battle near Baarin but allied with Mu'in ad-Din Unur, the vizier of Damascus. Damascus was also threatened by Zengi. Fulk captured the fort of Banias, to the north of Lake Tiberias and thus secured the northern frontier.\n", "Fulk also strengthened the kingdom's southern border. His butler Paganus built the fortress of Kerak to the east of the Dead Sea, and to help give the kingdom access to the Red Sea, Fulk had Blanchegarde, Ibelin, and other forts built in the south-west to overpower the Egyptian fortress at Ascalon. This city was a base from which the Egyptian Fatimids launched frequent raids on the Kingdom of Jerusalem and Fulk sought to neutralise this threat.\n", "In 1137 and 1142, Byzantine emperor John II Comnenus arrived in Syria attempting to impose Byzantine control over the crusader states. John's intention of making a pilgrimage, accompanied by his impressive army, to Jerusalem alarmed Fulk, who wrote to John pointing out that his kingdom was poor and could not support the passage of a large army. This lukewarm response dissuaded John from carrying through his intention, and he postponed his pilgrimage. John died before he could make good his proposed journey to Jerusalem.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Death.\n", "In 1143, while the king and queen were in Acre, Fulk was killed in a hunting accident. His horse stumbled, fell, and Fulk's skull was crushed by the saddle, \"and his brains gushed forth from both ears and nostrils\", as William of Tyre describes. He was carried back to Acre, where he lay unconscious for three days before he died. He was buried in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. Though their marriage started in conflict, Melisende mourned for him privately as well as publicly. Fulk was survived by his son Geoffrey of Anjou by his first wife, and Baldwin III and Amalric I by Melisende.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "Section::::Legacy.:Depictions.\n", "According to William, Fulk was \"\"a ruddy man, like David... faithful and gentle, affable and kind... an experienced warrior full of patience and wisdom in military affairs\".\" His chief fault was an inability to remember names and faces.\n", "William of Tyre described Fulk as a capable soldier and able politician, but observed that Fulk did not adequately attend to the defense of the crusader states to the north. Ibn al-Qalanisi (who calls him \"al-Kund Anjur\", an Arabic rendering of \"Count of Anjou\") says that \"he was not sound in his judgment nor was he successful in his administration.\" The Zengids continued their march on the crusader states, culminating in the fall of the County of Edessa in 1144, which led to the Second Crusade (see Siege of Edessa).\n", "Section::::Legacy.:Family.\n", "In 1110, Fulk married Ermengarde of Maine (died 1126), the daughter of Elias I of Maine. Their four children were:\n", "BULLET::::1. Geoffrey V of Anjou (1113–1151, father of Henry II of England.\n", "BULLET::::2. Sibylla of Anjou (1112–1165, Bethlehem), married in 1123 William Clito (div. 1124), married in 1134 Thierry, Count of Flanders.\n", "BULLET::::3. Matilda of Anjou (1106–1154, Fontevrault), married William Adelin; after his death in the White Ship disaster of 1120, she became a nun and later Abbess of Fontevrault.\n", "BULLET::::4. Elias II of Maine (died 1151)\n", "His second wife was Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem\n", "BULLET::::1. Baldwin III of Jerusalem\n", "BULLET::::2. Amalric I of Jerusalem\n", "Section::::Sources.\n", "BULLET::::- Orderic Vitalis\n", "BULLET::::- Robert of Torigny\n", "BULLET::::- William of Tyre\n", "BULLET::::- Runciman, Steven (1952) \"A History of the Crusades, Vol. II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem,\" Cambridge University Press.\n", "BULLET::::- Medieval Women, edited by Derek Baker, the Ecclesiastical History Society, 1978\n", "BULLET::::- Payne, Robert. \"The Dream and the Tomb\", 1984\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Damascus Chronicle of Crusades\", trans. H.A.R. Gibb, 1932.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "King of Jerusalem", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q312904", "wikidata_label": "Fulk, King of Jerusalem", "wikipedia_title": "Fulk, King of Jerusalem" }

{ "end": [ 114, 167, 253, 328, 376, 25, 182, 210, 308, 384, 403, 544, 554, 656, 173, 242, 262, 418, 496, 524, 811, 60, 94, 581, 166, 278, 329, 61, 201, 299, 358, 381, 466, 7, 26, 84, 218, 492, 539, 108, 189, 405, 202, 389, 408, 696, 139, 150, 333, 362, 400, 169, 525, 62, 246, 331, 372, 414, 776, 139, 67, 77, 376, 627, 692, 732, 102, 132, 189, 233, 262, 34, 61, 100, 344, 357, 510, 560, 598, 48, 37, 111, 240, 235, 281, 390, 426, 513, 581, 611, 745, 796, 418, 449, 461, 571, 601, 611, 656, 982, 190, 225, 517, 82, 186, 676, 1087, 1118, 967, 16, 975, 43, 409, 125, 217, 1322, 42, 106, 129, 230, 21, 46, 91, 138, 475, 516, 793, 41, 86, 328, 347, 360, 81, 39, 65, 152 ], "href": [ "Prince%20of%20Antioch", "Lord%20of%20Oultrejordain", "French%20nobility", "Second%20Crusade", "Kingdom%20of%20Jerusalem", "Constance%20of%20Antioch", "Aimery%20of%20Limoges", "Latin%20Patriarch%20of%20Antioch", "Cyprus", "List%20of%20Byzantine%20emperors", "Manuel%20I%20Komnenos", "Euphrates", "Marash", "Aleppo", "Stephanie%20of%20Milly%2C%20Lady%20of%20Oultrejordain", "Baldwin%20IV%20of%20Jerusalem", "Hebron", "leprosy", "Saladin", "Battle%20of%20Montgisard", "Mecca", "Sibylla%2C%20Queen%20of%20Jerusalem", "Guy%20of%20Lusignan", "Battle%20of%20Hattin", "Jean%20Richard%20%28historian%29", "Duchy%20of%20Burgundy", "Roman%20Senate", "Ch%C3%A2tillon-sur-Loire", "Kingdom%20of%20Jerusalem", "Baldwin%20III%20of%20Jerusalem", "Second%20Crusade", "Louis%20VII%20of%20France", "William%20of%20Tyre", "Raymond%20of%20Poitiers", "Prince%20of%20Antioch", "Battle%20of%20Inab", "Constance%20of%20Antioch", "John%20Rogerios%20Dalassenos", "Manuel%20I%20Komnenos", "Steven%20Runciman", "Siege%20of%20Ascalon", "Malcolm%20Barber", "William%20of%20Tyre", "Latin%20Patriarch%20of%20Antioch", "Aimery%20of%20Limoges", "Episcopal%20see", "Armenians", "Kingdom%20of%20Cilicia", "Alexandretta", "Knights%20Templar", "Syrian%20Gates", "Thoros%20II%2C%20Prince%20of%20Armenia", "John%20Doukas%20Komnenos", "Thierry%2C%20Count%20of%20Flanders", "Orontes%20River", "Shaizar", "Order%20of%20Assassins", "Banu%20Munqidh", "Harem%2C%20Syria", "Mamistra", "Euphrates", "Marash", "Bohemond%20III%20of%20Antioch", "Maria%20of%20Antioch", "Agnes%20of%20Antioch", "B%C3%A9la%20III%20of%20Hungary", "Saladin", "Agnes%20of%20Courtenay", "Baldwin%20IV%20of%20Jerusalem", "Hugo%20Etherianis", "Constantinople", "Stephanie%20of%20Milly%2C%20Lady%20of%20Oultrejordain", "Oultrejordain", "Hebron", "Kerak%20Castle", "Montreal%20%28Crusader%20castle%29", "William%20of%20Montferrat%2C%20Count%20of%20Jaffa%20and%20Ascalon", "Rodrigo%20%C3%81lvarez", "Order%20of%20Mountjoy", "Philip%20I%2C%20Count%20of%20Flanders", "Ashkelon", "Battle%20of%20Montgisard", "Baha%20ad-Din%20ibn%20Shaddad", "Guy%20of%20Lusignan", "Sibylla%2C%20Queen%20of%20Jerusalem", "Isabella%20I%20of%20Jerusalem", "Balian%20of%20Ibelin", "Humphrey%20IV%20of%20Toron", "Patriarch%20Heraclius%20of%20Jerusalem", "Latin%20Patriarch%20of%20Jerusalem", "Ruben%20III%2C%20Prince%20of%20Armenia", "Isabella%20of%20Toron", "Aleppo", "As-Salih%20Ismail%20al-Malik", "Zengid%20dynasty", "Tabuk%2C%20Saudi%20Arabia", "Damascus", "Mecca", "Farrukh%20Shah", "Raymond%20III%20of%20Tripoli", "Gulf%20of%20Aqaba", "Red%20Sea", "Al-Adil%20I", "regent", "Baldwin%20V%20of%20Jerusalem", "Siege%20of%20Kerak", "Izz%20al-Din%20Usama", "Ajloun", "Holy%20Sepulchre", "Ali%20ibn%20al-Athir", "jihad", "Sepphoris", "Battle%20of%20Hattin", "rose%20water", "Imad%20ad-Din%20al-Isfahani", "mamluk", "Constance%20of%20Antioch", "Bohemond%20II%20of%20Antioch", "Alice%20of%20Antioch", "Raymond%20of%20Poitiers", "Agnes%20of%20Antioch", "Constantinople", "B%C3%A9la%20III%20of%20Hungary", "Stephen%20III%20of%20Hungary", "Azzo%20VI%20of%20Este", "Baldwin%20of%20Antioch", "Battle%20of%20Myriokephalon", "Stephanie%20of%20Milly%2C%20Lady%20of%20Oultrejordain", "Philip%20of%20Milly", "Miles%20of%20Plancy", "Al-Fil", "Quran", "Peter%20of%20Blois", "Brendan%20Gleeson", "Kingdom%20of%20Heaven%20%28film%29", "Horrible%20Histories%20%282015%20TV%20series%29%23Series%206%20.282015.29" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 11, 11, 11, 11, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 13, 13, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 15, 16, 16, 18, 18, 18, 18, 19, 20, 20, 20, 20, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 24, 25, 25, 25, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 29, 29, 29, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 32, 33, 33, 36, 36, 37, 37, 37, 39, 39, 39, 39, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 41, 41, 41, 43, 43, 45, 46, 46, 46 ], "start": [ 97, 146, 241, 314, 356, 16, 165, 184, 302, 367, 386, 535, 548, 650, 155, 219, 256, 411, 489, 504, 806, 53, 79, 565, 154, 261, 315, 42, 181, 275, 351, 362, 451, 0, 9, 70, 209, 482, 522, 93, 173, 391, 187, 363, 391, 693, 130, 143, 321, 347, 388, 149, 505, 36, 233, 324, 363, 403, 764, 131, 58, 71, 353, 611, 687, 713, 95, 114, 166, 218, 248, 16, 48, 94, 339, 349, 489, 545, 581, 21, 30, 91, 217, 220, 274, 382, 410, 493, 572, 583, 709, 779, 412, 425, 455, 566, 593, 606, 644, 960, 177, 218, 510, 76, 177, 657, 1071, 1112, 953, 0, 970, 34, 393, 115, 194, 1316, 22, 84, 111, 211, 16, 32, 79, 116, 460, 509, 770, 23, 71, 313, 339, 355, 67, 24, 48, 134 ], "text": [ "Prince of Antioch", "Lord of Oultrejordain", "French noble", "Second Crusade", "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "Constance", "Aimery of Limoges", "Latin Patriarch of Antioch", "Cyprus", "Byzantine Emperor", "Manuel I Komnenos", "Euphrates", "Marash", "Aleppo", "Stephanie of Milly", "Baldwin IV of Jerusalem", "Hebron", "leprosy", "Saladin", "Battle of Montgisard", "Mecca", "Sybilla", "Guy of Lusignan", "Battle of Hattin", "Jean Richard", "Duchy of Burgundy", "Roman senators", "Châtillon-sur-Loire", "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "Baldwin III of Jerusalem", "crusade", "Louis VII of France", "William of Tyre", "Raymond", "Prince of Antioch", "Battle of Inab", "Constance", "John Roger", "Manuel I Komnenos", "Steven Runciman", "Siege of Ascalon", "Malcolm Barber", "William of Tyre", "Latin Patriarch of Antioch", "Aimery of Limoges", "see", "Armenians", "Cilicia", "Alexandretta", "Knights Templar", "Syrian Gates", "Thoros II of Cilicia", "John Doukas Komnenos", "Thierry, Count of Flanders", "Orontes River", "Shaizar", "Assassins", "Munqidhites", "Harem, Syria", "Mamistra", "Euphrates", "Marash", "Bohemond III of Antioch", "Maria of Antioch", "Agnes", "Béla III of Hungary", "Saladin", "Agnes of Courtenay", "Baldwin IV of Jerusalem", "Hugo Etherianis", "Constantinople", "Stephanie of Milly", "Oultrejordain", "Hebron", "Kerak", "Montréal", "William of Montferrat", "Rodrigo Álvarez", "Order of Mountjoy", "Philip I, Count of Flanders", "Ascalon", "Battle of Montgisard", "Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad", "Guy of Lusignan", "Sybilla", "Isabella", "Balian of Ibelin", "Humphrey IV of Toron", "Heraclius", "Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem", "Roupen III, Lord of Cilician Armenia", "Isabella of Toron", "Aleppo", "As-Salih Ismail al-Malik", "Zengid", "Tabuk", "Damascus", "Mecca", "Farrukh Shah", "Raymond III of Tripoli", "Gulf of Aqaba", "Red Sea", "Al-Adil", "regent", "Baldwin V", "laid siege to Kerak", "Izz al-Din Usama", "Ajloun", "Holy Sepulchre", "Ali ibn al-Athir", "jihad", "Sepphoris", "Battle of Hattin", "rose water", "Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani", "mamluk", "Constance of Antioch", "Bohemond II of Antioch", "Alice of Jerusalem", "Raymond of Poitiers", "Agnes", "Constantinople", "Alexios-Béla", "Stephen III of Hungary", "Azzo VI of Este", "Baldwin", "Battle of Myriokephalon", "Stephanie of Milly", "Philip of Milly", "Miles of Plancy", "Surah CV", "Quran", "Peter of Blois", "Brendan Gleeson", "Kingdom of Heaven", "Horrible Histories" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "1283453", "771035", "2650181", "106130", "16822", "531202", "19034126", "750525", "5593", "4016", "44833", "10221", "2731392", "159244", "768183", "144682", "38577", "44700", "26983", "643071", "21021", "308792", "145432", "194908", "13406879", "441671", "16685964", "15810884", "16822", "144680", "106130", "48436", "44755", "157660", "1283453", "643258", "531202", "30871927", "44833", "761152", "3105606", "10233209", "44755", "750525", "19034126", "199657", "387816", "1118477", "261472", "16869", "11383972", "406285", "36265017", "360327", "143617", "2601595", "46435", "58785063", "10564805", "359668", "10221", "2731392", "531250", "1796739", "14998473", "379358", "26983", "765397", "144682", "7827614", "5646", "768183", "771035", "38577", "4452511", "754493", "650882", "24895464", "1669853", "360336", "55386", "643071", "16684214", "145432", "308792", "357760", "1507905", "639391", "759186", "231524", "406435", "35371571", "159244", "1329120", "219995", "900737", "8914", "21021", "40797332", "308199", "276806", "26191", "1492311", "35348624", "144686", "3098435", "6069488", "1399704", "7810", "1138639", "16203", "1388694", "194908", "67064", "17654351", "172627", "531202", "157680", "1673395", "157660", "14998473", "5646", "379358", "4947882", "14847595", "30979806", "245802", "768183", "1042373", "1543495", "1188827", "36922", "231849", "1468272", "357186", "46599626" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "Prince of Antioch", "Oultrejordain", "French nobility", "Second Crusade", "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "Constance of Antioch", "Aimery of Limoges", "Latin Patriarchate of Antioch", "Cyprus", "List of Byzantine emperors", "Manuel I Komnenos", "Euphrates", "Kahramanmaraş", "Aleppo", "Stephanie of Milly", "Baldwin IV of Jerusalem", "Hebron", "Leprosy", "Saladin", "Battle of Montgisard", "Mecca", "Sibylla, Queen of Jerusalem", "Guy of Lusignan", "Battle of Hattin", "Jean Richard (historian)", "Duchy of Burgundy", "Roman Senate", "Châtillon-sur-Loire", "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "Baldwin III of Jerusalem", "Second Crusade", "Louis VII of France", "William of Tyre", "Raymond of Poitiers", "Prince of Antioch", "Battle of Inab", "Constance of Antioch", "John Rogerios Dalassenos", "Manuel I Komnenos", "Steven Runciman", "Siege of Ascalon", "Malcolm Barber", "William of Tyre", "Latin Patriarchate of Antioch", "Aimery of Limoges", "Episcopal see", "Armenians", "Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia", "İskenderun", "Knights Templar", "Belen Pass", "Thoros II, Prince of Armenia", "John Doukas Komnenos", "Thierry, Count of Flanders", "Orontes River", "Shaizar", "Order of Assassins", "Banu Munqidh", "Harem, Syria", "Mopsuestia", "Euphrates", "Kahramanmaraş", "Bohemond III of Antioch", "Maria of Antioch", "Agnes of Antioch", "Béla III of Hungary", "Saladin", "Agnes of Courtenay", "Baldwin IV of Jerusalem", "Hugo Etherianis", "Constantinople", "Stephanie of Milly", "Oultrejordain", "Hebron", "Kerak Castle", "Montreal (Crusader castle)", "William of Montferrat, Count of Jaffa and Ascalon", "Rodrigo Álvarez", "Order of Mountjoy", "Philip I, Count of Flanders", "Ashkelon", "Battle of Montgisard", "Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad", "Guy of Lusignan", "Sibylla, Queen of Jerusalem", "Isabella I of Jerusalem", "Balian of Ibelin", "Humphrey IV of Toron", "Patriarch Heraclius of Jerusalem", "Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem", "Ruben III, Prince of Armenia", "Isabella of Toron", "Aleppo", "As-Salih Ismail al-Malik", "Zengid dynasty", "Tabuk, Saudi Arabia", "Damascus", "Mecca", "Farrukh Shah", "Raymond III, Count of Tripoli", "Gulf of Aqaba", "Red Sea", "Al-Adil I", "Regent", "Baldwin V of Jerusalem", "Siege of Kerak", "Izz al-Din Usama", "Ajloun", "Church of the Holy Sepulchre", "Ali ibn al-Athir", "Jihad", "Sepphoris", "Battle of Hattin", "Rose water", "Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani", "Mamluk", "Constance of Antioch", "Bohemond II of Antioch", "Alice of Antioch", "Raymond of Poitiers", "Agnes of Antioch", "Constantinople", "Béla III of Hungary", "Stephen III of Hungary", "Azzo VI of Este", "Baldwin of Antioch", "Battle of Myriokephalon", "Stephanie of Milly", "Philip of Milly", "Miles of Plancy", "Al-Fil", "Quran", "Peter of Blois", "Brendan Gleeson", "Kingdom of Heaven (film)", "Horrible Histories (2015 TV series)" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Raynald of Châtillon\n", "Raynald of Châtillon, also known as Reynald or Reginald of Châtillon (; 1125 – 4 July 1187), was Prince of Antioch from 1153 to 1160 or 1161, and Lord of Oultrejordain from 1175 until his death. He was born as his father's second son into a French noble family. After losing a part of his patrimony, he joined the Second Crusade in 1147. He settled in the Kingdom of Jerusalem and served in the royal army as a mercenary.\n", "Raynald married Constance, the reigning Princess of Antioch, in 1153, in spite of her subjects' opposition. He was always in need of funds. He captured and tortured Aimery of Limoges, Latin Patriarch of Antioch, because Aimery had refused to pay a subsidy to him. Raynald launched a plundering raid in Cyprus in 1155, causing great destruction. Four years later, the Byzantine Emperor, Manuel I Komnenos, came to Antioch at the head of a large army, forcing Raynald to beg for his mercy. Raynald made a raid in the valley of the river Euphrates at Marash to seize booty from the local peasants in 1160 or 1161, but he was captured by the governor of Aleppo.\n", "Raynald was held in prison until 1176. After his release for a large ransom, he did not return to Antioch, because his wife had meanwhile died. He married Stephanie of Milly, the wealthy heiress of Oultrejordain. Since Baldwin IV of Jerusalem also granted Hebron to him, Raynald was one of the wealthiest barons of the realm. He controlled the caravan routes between Egypt and Syria. Baldwin, who suffered from leprosy, made him regent in 1177. Raynald led the crusader army that defeated Saladin at the Battle of Montgisard. He was the only Christian leader to pursue an offensive policy against Saladin, making plundering raids against the caravans travelling near his domains. He built a fleet of five ships which plundered the coast of the Red Sea, threatening the route of the Muslim pilgrims towards Mecca in early 1183. Saladin pledged that he would never forgive Raynald.\n", "Raynald was a firm supporter of Baldwin IV's sister, Sybilla, and her husband, Guy of Lusignan, during conflicts regarding the succession of the king. Sibylla and Guy were able to seize the throne in 1186 due to Raynald's co-operation with her uncle, Joscelin III of Courtenay. Raynald attacked a caravan travelling from Egypt to Syria in late 1186 or early 1187, claiming that the truce between Saladin and the Kingdom of Jerusalem did not bind him. After Raynald refused to pay a compensation, Saladin invaded the kingdom and annihilated the crusader army in the Battle of Hattin. Raynald was captured in the battlefield. Saladin personally beheaded him after he refused to convert to Islam. Most historians have regarded Raynald as an irresponsible adventurer whose lust for booty caused the fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. On the other hand, Bernard Hamilton says that he was the only crusader leader who tried to prevent Saladin from unifying the nearby Muslim states.\n", "Section::::Early years.\n", "Raynald was the younger son of Hervé II, Lord of Donzy. In older historiography, Raynald was described as the son of Geoffrey, Count of Gien, but in 1989 Jean Richard demonstrated Raynald's kinship with the Lords of Donzy. They were influential noblemen in the Duchy of Burgundy, claiming the Palladii (a family of Roman senators) as their ancestors.\n", "Raynald was born around 1123. He received Châtillon-sur-Loire, but a part of his patrimony was \"violently and unjustly confiscated\", according to one of his letters. He came to the Kingdom of Jerusalem before 1153 when he was mentioned as a mercenary fighting in the army of Baldwin III of Jerusalem. According to modern historians, he had joined the crusade of Louis VII of France. Louis departed from France in June 1147. The 12th-century historian William of Tyre, who was Raynald's opponent, claimed that Raynald was \"almost a common soldier\". LouisVII left the Holy Land for France in the summer of 1149, but Raynald stayed behind in Palestine.\n", "Raymond, Prince of Antioch, and thousands of his soldiers fell in the Battle of Inab on 28June 1148, leaving the principality almost undefended. BaldwinIII of Jerusalem (who was the cousin of Raymond's widow, Constance, the ruling Princess of Antioch) came to Antioch at the head of his army at least three times during the following years. To secure the defence of the principality, Baldwin tried to persuade her to remarry, but she did not accept his candidates. She also refused John Roger, whom the Byzantine Emperor, Manuel I Komnenos, proposed for her husband.\n", "Raynald accompanied Baldwin to Antioch in 1151 and settled in the principality, according to Steven Runciman. It is certain that Raynald fought in Baldwin's army during the Siege of Ascalon in early 1153. He may have already been engaged to Constance of Antioch (as Runciman suggests), or their betrothal took place during Raynald's visit to the principality before the end of the siege (as Malcolm Barber proposes). They kept their betrothal a secret until Baldwin gave his permission to their marriage.\n", "Section::::Prince of Antioch.\n", "After Baldwin granted his consent, Constance married Raynald. He was installed prince in or shortly before May 1153. In that month, he confirmed the privileges of the Venetian merchants. William of Tyre recorded that his subjects were astonished that their \"famous, powerful and well-born\" princess condescended to \"marry a kind of mercenary knight\". The wealthy Latin Patriarch of Antioch, Aimery of Limoges, was Raynald's principal opponent. He even refused to pay a subsidy to him. In retaliation, Raynald captured and tortured Aimery, forcing him to sit naked and covered with honey in the sun, before imprisoning him. Aimery was only released on BaldwinIII's demand, but he soon left his see for Jerusalem.\n", "Emperor Manuel sent his envoys to Antioch, proposing to recognize Raynald as the new prince if he launched a campaign against the Armenians of Cilicia, who had risen up against Byzantine rule. Manuel also promised that he would compensate Raynald for the expenses of the campaign. After Raynald defeated the Armenians at Alexandretta in 1155, the Knights Templar seized the region of the Syrian Gates that the Armenians had recently captured. Although the sources are unclear, Runciman and Barber agree that it was Raynald who granted the territory to them.\n", "Always in need of funds, Raynald urged Manuel to send the promised subsidy to him, but Manuel failed to pay the money. Raynald made an alliance with Thoros II of Cilicia. They attacked Cyprus, subjecting the Byzantine island to a three-week orgy of violence in early 1156. They only left Cyprus on the rumour of an imperial fleet approaching the island, but only after they had forced all Cypriots to ransom themselves, with the exception of the wealthiest individuals (including Emperor Manuel's nephew, John Doukas Komnenos), whom they carried off to Antioch. Cyprus would never entirely recover from the devastation that Raynald's and Thoros's marauding raid caused.\n", "Taking advantage of the presence of Thierry, Count of Flanders, and his army in the Holy Land and an earthquake that destroyed most towns of Northern Syria, BaldwinIII of Jerusalem invaded the Muslim territories in the valley of the Orontes River in the autumn of 1157. Raynald joined the royal army, and they laid siege to Shaizar. Shaizar was held by a band of Assassins, but it had been ruled by the Munqidhites who paid an annual tribute to Raynald. Before the capitulation of the garrison, Baldwin decided to grant the fortress to Thierry of Flanders, but Raynald demanded that the count should pay homage to him for the town. After Thierry sharply refused to swear fealty to an upstart, the crusaders abandoned the siege. They marched on Harenc (present-day Harem, Syria), which had been an Antiochene fortress before Nur ad-Din, atabeg of Aleppo, captured it in 1150. After the crusaders captured Harenc in February 1158, Raynald granted it to the Flemish Raynald of Saint-Valery.\n", "Emperor Manuel unexpectedly invaded Cilicia, forcing ThorosII to seek refuge in the mountains in December 1158. Raynald hurried to Mamistra to voluntarily make his submission to the emperor. On Manuel's demand, he and his retainers walked barefoot and bareheaded through the streets of the town to the imperial tent where he prostrated himself, begging for mercy. William of Tyre stated that \"the glory of the Latin world was put to shame\" on this occasion, because envoys from the nearby Muslim and Christian rulers were also present at Raynald's humiliation. Manuel only forgave him after Raynald agreed to accept a Greek Patriarch in Antioch. Raynald also had to promise that he would allow a Byzantine garrison to stay in the citadel whenever it was required and would send a troop to fight in the Byzantine army. Before long, BaldwinIII of Jerusalem persuaded Manuel to consent to the return of the Latin patriarch, Aimery, to Antioch, instead of installing a Greek patriarch. When the emperor entered Antioch with much pomp and ceremony on 12April 1159, Reginald held the bridle of Manuel's horse. Manuel left the town eight days later.\n", "Raynald made a plundering raid in the valley of the river Euphrates at Marash to seize cattle, horses and camels from the local peasants in November 1160 or 1161. Majd al-Din, governor of Aleppo, attacked Raynald and his retinue on the way back to Antioch. Raynald fought bravely, but the Muslim warriors unhorsed and captured him. He was sent to Aleppo where he was put in jail.\n", "Section::::Captivity and release.\n", "Almost nothing is known about Raynald's life while he was kept in jail for fifteen years. He shared his prison with Joscelin III of Courtenay, who had been captured a couple of months before. In Raynald's absence, Constance wanted to rule alone, but BaldwinIII of Jerusalem made Patriarch Aimery regent for her fifteen-year-old son (Raynald's stepson), Bohemond III of Antioch. Constance died around 1163, shortly after her son reached the age of majority. Her death deprived Raynald of his claim to Antioch. However, he had become an important personality, with prominent family connections. His stepdaughter, Maria of Antioch, married ManuelI Komnenos in 1161. Raynald's own daughter, Agnes, became the wife of Béla III of Hungary.\n", "When Gümüshtekin, governor of Aleppo, one of the last independent Muslim rulers in Syria after Saladin, had conquered almost all neighboring states, he released Raynald, along with Joscelin of Courtenay and all other Christians prisoners in 1176. Raynald's ransom, fixed at 120,000 gold dinars, reflected his prestige. It was most probably paid by ManuelI Komnenos, according to Barber and Bernard Hamilton.\n", "Raynald came to Jerusalem with Joscelin before 1September 1176 where he became a close ally of Joscelin's sister, Agnes of Courtenay. She was the mother of the young Baldwin IV of Jerusalem, who suffered from leprosy. Hugo Etherianis, who lived in Constantinople after around 1165, mentioned in the preface of his \"About the Procession of the Holy Spirit\" that he had asked \"Prince Raynald\" to deliver a copy of the work to Aimery of Limoges. According to historian Bernard Hamilton, these words suggest that Raynald led the embassy that BaldwinIV sent to Constantinople to confirm an alliance between Jerusalem and the Byzantine Empire against Egypt.\n", "Section::::Lord of Oultrejordain.\n", "Section::::Lord of Oultrejordain.:First years.\n", "Raynald married Stephanie of Milly, the lady of Oultrejordain, and BaldwinIV also granted him Hebron. The first extant charter styling Raynald as \"Lord of Hebron and Montréal\" was issued in November 1177. He owed service of 60 knights to the Crown, showing that he had become one of the wealthiest barons of the realm. From his castles at Kerak and Montréal, he controlled the routes between the two main parts of Saladin's empire, Syria and Egypt. Raynald and BaldwinIV's brother-in-law, William of Montferrat, jointly granted large estates to Rodrigo Álvarez, the founder of the Order of Mountjoy, to strengthen the defence of the southern and eastern frontier of the kingdom. After William of Montferrat died in June 1177, the king made Raynald regent.\n", "Baldwin IV's cousin, Philip I, Count of Flanders, came to the Holy Land at the head of a crusader army in early August 1177. The king offered him the regency, but Philip refused the offer, saying that he did not want to stay in the kingdom. Philip declared that he was \"willing to take orders\" from anybody, but he protested when Baldwin confirmed Raynald's position as \"regent of the kingdom and of the armies\". Philip left the kingdom a month after his arrival.\n", "Saladin invaded the region of Ascalon, but the royal army launched an attack on him in the Battle of Montgisard on 25November, leading to his defeat. William of Tyre and Ernoul attributed the victory to the king, but Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad and other Muslim authors recorded that Raynald was the supreme commander. Saladin himself referred to the battle as a \"major defeat which God mended with the famous battle of Hattin\", according to Baha ad-Din.\n", "Raynald was the first among the witnesses to sign most royal charters between 1177 and 1180, showing that he was the king's most influential official during this period. Raynald became one of the principal supporters of Guy of Lusignan, who married the king's elder sister, Sybilla, in early 1180, although many barons of the realm had opposed the marriage. The king's half sister, Isabella (whose stepfather, Balian of Ibelin was Guy of Lusignan's opponent) was engaged to Raynald's stepson, Humphrey IV of Toron, in autumn 1180. BaldwinIV dispatched Raynald, along with Heraclius, Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, to mediate a reconciliation between Bohemond III of Antioch and Patriarch Aimery in early 1181. Roupen III, Lord of Cilician Armenia, married Raynald's stepdaughter, Isabella of Toron.\n", "Section::::Lord of Oultrejordain.:Fights against Saladin.\n", "Raynald was the only Christian leader who fought against Saladin in the 1180s. The contemporaneous Ernoul mentioned two raids that Raynald made against caravans travelling between Egypt and Syria, breaking the truce. Modern historians debate whether Raynald's desire for booty inspired these military actions, or were deliberate maneuvers to prevent Saladin from annexing new territories. Saladin tried to seize Aleppo after As-Salih Ismail al-Malik, the Zengid emir of the town, died on 18November 1181. Raynald stormed into Saladin's territory, reaching as far as Tabuk on the route between Damascus and Mecca in late 1181. Saladin's nephew, Farrukh Shah, invaded Oultrejourdain instead of attacking Aleppo to compel Raynald to return from the Arabian desert. Before long, Raynald seized a caravan and imprisoned its members. On Saladin's protest, BaldwinIV ordered Raynald to free them, but Raynald did not obey him. His defiance annoyed the king, enabling Raymond III of Tripoli's partisans to reconcile him with the monarch. Raymond's return to the royal court put an end to his paramount position. He accepted the new situation and cooperated with the king and Raymond during the fights against Saladin in summer 1182.\n", "Saladin revived the Egyptian naval force and tried to capture Beirut, but his ships were forced to retreat. Raynald ordered the building of five ships which were carried to the Gulf of Aqaba at the northern end of the Red Sea in February 1183. Raynald laid siege to the Egyptian fortress on Ile de Graye. Part of his fleet made a plundering raid along the coasts, threatening the security of the holy cities of Mecca and Medina. Raynald left Ile de Graye, but his fleet continued the siege. Saladin's brother, Al-Adil, the governor of Egypt, dispatched a fleet to the Red Sea. The Egyptians relieved Ile de Graye and destroyed the Christian fleet. Raynald's soldiers were executed, and Saladin took an oath that he would never forgive him. Though Raynald's naval expedition \"showed a remarkable degree of initiative\", according to historian Bernard Hamilton, most modern historians agree that it contributed to the unification of Syria and Egypt under Saladin's rule. Saladin captured Aleppo in June 1183, completing the encirclement of the crusader states.\n", "Baldwin IV, who had become seriously ill, made Guy of Lusignan \"bailli\" (or regent) in October 1183. Within a month, Baldwin dismissed Guy, and had Guy's five-year-old stepson, Baldwin V, crowned king. Raynald was not present at the child's coronation, because he attended the wedding of his stepson, Humphrey, and BaldwinIV's sister, Isabella, in Kerak. Saladin unexpectedly invaded Oultrejordain, forcing the local inhabitants to seek refuge in Kerak. After Saladin broke into the town, Raynald only managed to escape to the fortress because one of his retainers had hindered the attackers from seizing the bridge between the town and the castle. Saladin laid siege to Kerak. According to Ernoul, Raynald's wife sent dishes from the wedding to Saladin, persuading him to stop bombarding the tower where her son and his wife stayed. After envoys from Kerak informed BaldwinIV of the siege, the royal army left Jerusalem for Kerak under the command of the king and RaymondIII of Tripoli. Saladin abandoned the siege before their arrival on 4December. On Saladin's order, Izz al-Din Usama had a fortress built at Ajloun, near the northern border of Raynald's domains.\n", "Section::::Lord of Oultrejordain.:Kingmaker.\n", "Baldwin IV died in early 1185. His successor, the child BaldwinV died in late summer 1186. The High Court of Jerusalem had ruled that neither BaldwinV's mother, Sybilla (who was Guy of Lusignan's wife), nor her sister, Isabella (who was the wife of Raynald's stepson), could be crowned without the decision of the pope, the Holy Roman Emperor, and the kings of France and England about BaldwinV's lawful successor. However, Sybilla's uncle, JoscelinIII of Courtenay, took control of Jerusalem with the support of Raynald and other influential prelates and royal officials. Raynald urged the townspeople to accept Sybilla as the lawful monarch, according to the \"Estoire de Eracles\". The \"bailli\", RaymondIII of Tripoli, and his supporters tried to prevent her coronation and reminded her partisans of the decision of the High Court. Ignoring their protest, Raynald and Gerard of Ridefort, Grand Master of the Knights Templar, accompanied Sybilla to the Holy Sepulchre, where she was crowned. She also arranged the coronation of her husband, although he was unpopular even among her supporters. Her opponents tried to persuade Raynald's stepson, Humphrey, to claim the crown on his wife's behalf, but Humphrey deserted them and swore fealty to Sybilla and Guy. Raynald headed the list of secular witnesses in four royal charters issued between 21October 1186 and 7March 1187, showing that he had become a principal figure in the new king's court.\n", "Ali ibn al-Athir and other Muslim historians recorded that Raynald made a truce with Saladin in 1186. This \"seems unlikely to be true\", according to historian Bernard Hamilton, because the truce between the Kingdom of Jerusalem and Saladin covered Raynald's domains. In late 1186 or early 1187, a rich caravan travelled through Oultrejordain from Egypt to Syria. Ali ibn al-Athir mentioned that a group of armed men accompanied the caravan. Raynald seized the caravan, possibly because he regarded the presence of soldiers as a breach of the truce, according to Hamilton. He took all the merchants and their families prisoner, seized a large amount of booty, and refused to receive envoys from Saladin demanding compensation. Saladin sent his envoys to Guy of Lusignan, who accepted his demands. However, Raynald refused to obey the king, stating that \"he was lord of his land, just as Guy was lord of his, and he had no truces with the Saracens\". Saladin proclaimed a \"jihad\" (or holy war) against the kingdom, taking an oath that he would personally kill Raynald for breaking the truce.\n", "Section::::Capture and execution.\n", "The \"Estoire de Eracles\" wrongly claimed that Saladin's sister was also among the prisoners taken by Raynald when he seized the caravan. Actually, she returned from Mecca to Damascus in a subsequent pilgrim-caravan in March 1187. To protect her against an attack by Raynald, Saladin escorted the pilgrims while they were travelling near Oultrejordain. Saladin stormed into Oultrejordain on 26April and pillaged Raynald's domains for a month. Thereafter, Saladin marched to Ashtara, where the troops coming from all parts of his realm assembled.\n", "The Christian forces assembled at Sepphoris. Raynald and Gerard of Ridefort convinced Guy of Lusignan to take the initiative and attack Saladin's army, although RaymondIII of Tripoli had tried to persuade the king to avoid a direct fight with it. During the debate, Raynald accused Raymond of Tripoli of co-operating with the enemy. Saladin inflicted a crushing defeat on the crusaders in the Battle of Hattin on 4July. Most commanders of the Christian army were captured in the battlefield.\n", "Guy of Lusignan and Raynald were among the prisoners who were brought before Saladin. Saladin handed a cup of iced rose water to Guy. After drinking from the cup, the king handed it to Raynald. Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani (who was present) recorded that Raynald drank from the cup. Since customary law prescribed that a man who gave food or drink to a prisoner could not murder him, Saladin stated that it was Guy who had given the cup to Raynald. Saladin called Raynald to his tent. He accused him of many crimes (including brigandage and blasphemy), offering him to choose between conversion to Islam or death, according to Imad ad-Din and Ibn al-Athir. After Raynald flatly refused to convert, Saladin took a sword and struck Raynald with it. As Raynald fell to the ground, Saladin beheaded him. The reliability of the reports of Saladin's offer to Raynald is subject to a scholarly debate, because the Muslim authors who recorded them may have only wanted to improve Saladin's image. Ernoul's chronicle and the \"Estoire de Eracles\" recounted the events ending with Raynald's execution in almost the same language as the Muslim authors. However, according to Ernoul's chronicle, Raynald refused to drink from the cup that Guy of Lusignan handed to him. According to Ernoul, Raynald's head was struck off by Saladin's mamluks and it was brought to Damascus to be \"dragged along the ground to show the Saracens, whom the prince had wronged, that vengeance had been exacted\". Baha ad-Din also wrote that Raynald's fate shocked Guy of Lusignan, but Saladin soon comforted him, stating that \"A king does not kill a king, but that man's perfidy and insolence went too far\".\n", "Section::::Family.\n", "Raynald's first wife, Constance of Antioch (born in 1128), was the only daughter of Bohemond II of Antioch and Alice of Jerusalem. Constance succeeded her father in Antioch in 1130. She was given in marriage to Raymond of Poitiers in 1136. Years after his death, Raynald married the widowed Constance and seized Antioch.\n", "Their daughter, Agnes, moved to Constantinople in early 1170 to marry \"Kaisar\" Alexios-Béla, the younger brother of Stephen III of Hungary, who lived in the Byzantine Empire. Agnes was renamed Anna in Constantinople. Her husband succeeded his brother as BélaIII of Hungary in 1172. She followed her husband to Hungary, where she gave birth to seven children before she died around 1184. Raynald and Constance's second daughter, Alice, became the third wife of Azzo VI of Este in 1204. Raynald also had a son, Baldwin, from Constance, according to historian Bernard Hamilton, but Runciman says that Baldwin was Constance's son from her first husband. Baldwin moved to Constantinople in the early 1160s. He died fighting at the head of a Byzantine cavalry regiment in the Battle of Myriokephalon on 17September 1176.\n", "Raynald's second wife, Stephanie of Milly, was the younger daughter of Philip of Milly, Lord of Nablus, and Isabella of Oultrejourdain. She was born around 1145. Her first husband, HumphreyIII of Toron, died around 1173. She inherited Oultrejourdain from her niece, Beatrice Brisbarre, shortly before she married Miles of Plancy in early 1174. Miles of Plancy was murdered in October 1174.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "Most information on Raynald's life was recorded by Muslim authors who were hostile to him. Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad described him as a \"monstrous infidel and terrible oppressor\" in his biography of Saladin. Saladin compared Raynald with the king of Ethiopia, who had tried to destroy Mecca in 570 and was mentioned as the \"Elephant\" in the Surah CV of the Quran.\n", "Most Christian authors who wrote of Raynald in the 12th and 13th centuries were influenced by Raynald's political opponent, William of Tyre. The author of the \"Estoire of Eracles\" stated that Raynald's attack against a caravan at the turn of 1186 and 1187 was the \"reason of the loss of the Kingdom of Jerusalem\". Modern historians have usually also treated Raynald as a \"maverick who did more harm to the Christian than to the [Muslim] cause\". Runciman describes him as a marauder who could not resist the temptation presented by the rich caravans passing through Oultrejordain. Runciman argues that Raynald attacked a caravan during the 1180 truce because he \"could not understand a policy that ran counter to his wishes\". According to Barber, Raynald's behavior during the reign of Guy of Lusignan shows that the kingdom had broken up into \"a collection of semi-autonomous fiefdoms\" by that time.\n", "Some Christian authors regarded Raynald as a martyr for the faith. Peter of Blois dedicated a book (entitled \"Passion of Prince Raynald of Antioch\") to him shortly after his death. Among modern historians, Bernard Hamilton describes Raynald as \"an experienced and responsible crusader leader\" who made several attempts to prevent Saladin from uniting the Muslim realms along the borders of the crusader states.\n", "Raynald is portrayed by Brendan Gleeson in the \"Kingdom of Heaven\" movie. He is also a character in the first episode of season 6 of \"Horrible Histories\".\n", "Section::::Sources.\n", "Section::::Sources.:Primary sources.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin or \"al-Nawādir al-Sultaniyya wa'l-Maḥāsin al-Yūsufiyya\" by Bahā' ad-Dīn Yusuf ibn Rafi ibn Shaddād\" (Translated by D. S. Richards) (2001). Ashgate. .\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Chronicle of Ibn Al-Athir for the Crusading Period from\" Al-Kamil Fi'l-Ta'rikh \"(Part 2: The Years 541-582/1146-1193: The Age of Nur ad-Din and Saladin)\" (Translated by D. S. Richards) (2007). Ashgate. .\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Raynald of Chatillon" ] }, "description": "French crusader", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q316831", "wikidata_label": "Raynald of Châtillon", "wikipedia_title": "Raynald of Châtillon" }

{ "end": [ 86, 102, 295, 425, 64, 81, 126, 182, 213, 301, 76, 129, 534, 545, 570, 641, 680, 693, 727, 79, 115, 146, 189, 296, 331, 353, 377, 398, 470, 537, 589, 671, 689, 702, 727, 798, 870, 887, 918, 942, 967, 1100, 1127, 1193, 1260, 1277, 1296, 84, 100, 117, 138, 178, 200, 220, 297, 382, 484, 497, 513, 521, 539, 731, 755, 92, 111, 124, 176, 196, 204, 278, 286, 302, 311, 335, 386, 414, 460, 498, 548, 644, 669, 801, 53, 91, 130, 149, 165, 179, 189, 206, 226, 241, 249, 270, 297, 70, 95, 110, 99, 115, 138, 173, 195, 215, 228, 250, 299, 394, 553, 574, 601, 611, 674, 694, 729, 55, 69, 110, 194, 219, 296, 322, 38, 74, 118, 257, 47, 67, 96, 67, 152, 214, 60, 105, 174, 229, 49, 152, 204, 71, 104, 58, 31, 40, 94, 33, 91, 34, 87, 109, 29, 68, 93, 34, 90, 116, 147, 28, 73, 94, 20, 67, 92, 17, 51, 68, 24, 136, 20, 80, 105, 44, 83, 108, 28, 40, 85, 110, 26, 121, 33, 85, 110, 23, 72, 78, 19, 64, 70, 37, 86, 116, 27, 73, 104, 122, 35, 80, 99, 27, 77, 97, 21, 108, 128, 21, 65, 84, 44, 113, 31, 74, 93, 18, 71, 89, 110, 131, 21, 116, 104, 144, 21, 117, 24, 69, 90, 45, 73, 108, 138, 39, 64, 37, 62, 27, 59, 79, 67, 89, 63, 34, 60, 28, 64, 27, 53, 82, 28, 62, 84, 18, 43, 61, 26, 59, 80, 24, 18, 38, 72, 105, 119, 130, 156, 185, 211, 225, 239, 268, 287, 316, 334, 359, 374, 422, 441, 532, 549, 561, 590, 606, 655, 754, 777, 803, 825, 906, 1034, 1083, 1165, 1180, 1190, 1204, 1251, 1268, 1302, 1311, 1400, 1413, 1430, 1457, 1547, 1591, 1665, 1733, 1750, 1771, 1791, 96, 113, 45, 144, 116, 143, 179, 265, 316, 372, 435, 482, 507, 579, 614, 667, 706, 874, 894, 965, 1002, 1018, 1059, 1203, 43, 65, 102, 118, 147, 168, 272, 328, 348, 85, 215, 47, 80, 103, 127, 231, 254, 281, 375, 606, 641, 866, 891, 969, 73, 99, 66, 83, 55, 74, 59, 106, 62, 85, 68, 112, 38, 80, 73, 68, 94, 42, 64, 55, 76, 71, 98, 61, 82, 39, 100, 117, 136, 151, 175, 196, 242, 299, 314, 325, 351, 369, 415, 441, 42, 85, 42, 80, 55, 84, 106, 52, 55, 41 ], "href": [ "theatre%20director", "voice%20acting", "Last%20Night%20of%20the%20Proms", "Second%20World%20War", "Prunella%20Scales", "Timothy%20West", "Lockwood%20West", "Alleyn%27s%20School", "Lady%20Margaret%20Hall%2C%20Oxford", "Experimental%20Theatre%20Club", "Orange%20Tree%20Theatre", "Les%20Parents%20terribles", "Tom%20Stoppard", "Arcadia%20%28play%29", "Royal%20National%20Theatre", "Royal%20Shakespeare%20Company", "Richard%20II%20%28play%29", "Hamlet", "Steven%20Pimlott", "The%20Lady%27s%20Not%20for%20Burning", "Minerva%20Theatre%2C%20Chichester", "Michael%20Grandage", "Sheffield%20Theatres", "The%20Romans%20in%20Britain", "As%20You%20Like%20It", "Royal%20Shakespeare%20Company", "Complete%20Works%20%28RSC%20festival%29", "Sheffield", "West%20End%20theatre", "Dealer%27s%20Choice%20%28play%29", "Trafalgar%20Studios", "Toby%20Stephens", "Dervla%20Kirwan", "Betrayal%20%28play%29", "Donmar%20Warehouse", "T.%20S.%20Eliot", "Enron%20%28play%29", "Lucy%20Prebble", "Waste%20%28play%29", "Almeida%20Theatre", "The%20Times", "Uncle%20Vanya", "Vaudeville%20Theatre", "Chichester%20Festival%20Theatre", "Nina%20Sosanya", "Anna%20Chancellor", "James%20McArdle", "Merchant%20Ivory", "Howards%20End%20%28film%29", "E.%20M.%20Forster", "Howards%20End", "Emma%20Thompson", "Helena%20Bonham%20Carter", "Anthony%20Hopkins", "BAFTA", "Carrington%20%28film%29", "Franco%20Zeffirelli", "Jane%20Eyre%20%281996%20film%29", "Notting%20Hill%20%28film%29", "Iris%20%282001%20film%29", "Van%20Helsing%20%28film%29", "King%20George%20VI", "Hyde%20Park%20on%20Hudson", "Midsomer%20Murders", "Waking%20the%20Dead%20%28TV%20series%29", "Agatha%20Christie%27s%20Poirot", "Anthony%20Blunt", "Cambridge%20Spies", "BBC", "Toby%20Stephens", "Kim%20Philby", "Tom%20Hollander", "Guy%20Burgess", "Rupert%20Penry-Jones", "BBC%20Television", "Random%20Quest", "John%20Wyndham", "Edward%20Heath", "The%20Long%20Walk%20to%20Finchley", "William%20Boyd%20%28writer%29", "Any%20Human%20Heart", "As%20Time%20Goes%20By%20%28TV%20series%29", "Mr%20Selfridge", "BBC%20Television", "Laura%20Wade", "Present%20Laughter", "No%C3%ABl%20Coward", "Len%20Deighton", "Bomber%20%28novel%29", "Life%20and%20Fate", "Vasily%20Grossman", "Michael%20Frayn", "Here%20%28play%29", "The%20Homecoming", "Harold%20Pinter", "Money%20%28play%29", "Edward%20Bulwer-Lytton%2C%201st%20Baron%20Lytton", "BBC%20Radio%203", "Prunella%20Scales", "Howards%20End%20%28film%29", "Stiff%20Upper%20Lips", "Timothy%20West", "A%20Number", "Henry%20IV%2C%20Part%201", "Henry%20IV%2C%20Part%202", "Iris%20%282001%20film%29", "Over%20Here%20%28miniseries%29", "Edward%20the%20Seventh", "Igor%20Stravinsky", "L%27Histoire%20du%20soldat", "St%20Magnus%20Festival", "Orkney", "Harold%20Pinter", "Family%20Voices", "Sheffield%20Theatres", "Sheffield%20Philharmonic%20Chorus", "Socialist%20Workers%20Party%20%28UK%29", "Socialist%20Alliance%20%28England%29", "New%20Labour", "Tony%20Blair", "Trades%20Union%20Congress", "2011%20London%20anti-cuts%20protest", "Richard%20II%20%28play%29", "Cambridge%20University%20Press", "Hamlet", "BBC%20Radio%203", "Harold%20Pinter", "Caryl%20Churchill", "Shipping%20Forecast", "Forward%20Prizes%20for%20Poetry", "Christmas%20University%20Challenge", "Lady%20Margaret%20Hall%2C%20Oxford", "Royal%20Shakespeare%20Company", "National%20Campaign%20for%20the%20Arts", "Equity%20%28trade%20union%29", "birdwatching", "Laura%20Wade", "The%20Riot%20Club", "Posh%20%28play%29", "Laurence%20Rees", "Second%20World%20War", "War%20of%20the%20Century", "Horror%20in%20the%20East", "Ella%20Hickson", "Almeida%20Theatre", "The%20Browning%20Version%20%28play%29", "Birmingham%20Repertory%20Theatre", "Les%20Parents%20terribles", "Derek%20Goldby", "Orange%20Tree%20Theatre", "The%20Bread-Winner%20%28play%29", "Kevin%20Billington", "Theatre%20Royal%2C%20Windsor", "A%20Life%20in%20the%20Theatre", "Bill%20Bryden", "Theatre%20Royal%20Haymarket", "Novello%20Theatre", "Simon%20Gray", "Simon%20Gray", "Vaudeville%20Theatre", "The%20Sea%20%28play%29", "Sam%20Mendes", "Royal%20National%20Theatre", "Cain%20%28play%29", "Edward%20Hall%20%28director%29", "Minerva%20Theatre%2C%20Chichester", "Mr.%20Cinders", "King%27s%20Head%20Theatre", "Arcadia%20%28play%29", "Trevor%20Nunn", "Royal%20National%20Theatre", "The%20Importance%20of%20Being%20Earnest", "James%20Maxwell%20%28actor%29", "Royal%20Exchange%20Theatre", "Henry%20IV%2C%20Part%201", "Henry%20IV%2C%20Part%202", "Stephen%20Unwin%20%28director%29", "English%20Touring%20Theatre", "Journey%27s%20End", "King%27s%20Head%20Theatre", "Antony%20and%20Cleopatra", "Sean%20Mathias", "Royal%20National%20Theatre", "Richard%20II%20%28play%29", "Steven%20Pimlott", "Royal%20Shakespeare%20Company", "Hamlet", "Steven%20Pimlott", "Royal%20Shakespeare%20Company", "The%20Master%20and%20Margarita", "Steven%20Pimlott", "Chichester%20Festival%20Theatre", "Doctor%20Faustus%20%28play%29", "Steven%20Pimlott", "Edward%20Kemp", "Minerva%20Theatre%2C%20Chichester", "Much%20Ado%20About%20Nothing", "Josie%20Rourke", "Crucible%20Theatre", "The%20Exonerated%20%28play%29", "Bob%20Balaban", "Riverside%20Studios", "A%20Number", "Studio%20Theatre%20%28Sheffield%29", "Minerva%20Theatre%2C%20Chichester", "Betrayal%20%28play%29", "Roger%20Michell", "Donmar%20Warehouse", "Drunk%20Enough%20to%20Say%20I%20Love%20You%3F", "The%20Public%20Theater", "The%20Family%20Reunion", "Jeremy%20Herrin", "Donmar%20Warehouse", "ENRON%20%28play%29", "Rupert%20Goold", "Minerva%20Theatre%2C%20Chichester", "Royal%20Court%20Theatre", "No%C3%ABl%20Coward%20Theatre", "A%20Number", "Menier%20Chocolate%20Factory", "Australian%20Chamber%20Orchestra", "Sydney%20Opera%20House", "A%20Number", "Cape%20Town", "Uncle%20Vanya", "Lindsay%20Posner", "Vaudeville%20Theatre", "Ivanov%20%28play%29", "The%20Seagull", "Jonathan%20Kent%20%28director%29", "Chichester%20Festival%20Theatre", "The%20Lady%27s%20Not%20for%20Burning", "Minerva%20Theatre%2C%20Chichester", "Les%20Liaisons%20dangereuses", "Bristol%20Old%20Vic", "Cos%C3%AC%20fan%20tutte", "English%20National%20Opera", "Barbican%20Arts%20Centre", "Minerva%20Theatre%2C%20Chichester", "Hampstead%20Theatre", "Lyceum%20Theatre%20%28Sheffield%29", "The%20Romans%20in%20Britain", "Crucible%20Theatre", "The%20Clean%20House", "Studio%20Theatre%20%28Sheffield%29", "As%20You%20Like%20It", "Crucible%20Theatre", "Swan%20Theatre%20%28Stratford%29", "Dealer%27s%20Choice%20%28play%29", "Menier%20Chocolate%20Factory", "Trafalgar%20Studios", "Waste%20%28play%29", "Almeida%20Theatre", "Northern%20Stage%2C%20Newcastle%20upon%20Tyne", "April%20De%20Angelis", "Theatre%20Royal%2C%20Plymouth", "Tricycle%20Theatre", "The%20Watsons", "Money%20%28play%29", "audiobook", "Shakespeare", "All%27s%20Well%20That%20Ends%20Well", "Coriolanus", "Henry%20V%20%28play%29", "The%20Merchant%20of%20Venice", "A%20Midsummer%20Night%27s%20Dream", "Much%20Ado%20About%20Nothing", "Richard%20II%20%28play%29", "Macbeth", "Steven%20Berkoff", "Wind%20on%20Fire", "William%20Nicholson%20%28writer%29", "The%20Wind%20Singer", "Slaves%20of%20the%20Mastery", "Firesong", "Kevin%20Crossley-Holland", "The%20Seeing%20Stone", "Sebastian%20Faulks", "Charlotte%20Gray%20%28novel%29", "Birdsong%20%28novel%29", "The%20Girl%20at%20the%20Lion%20d%27Or", "Human%20Traces", "Michael%20Ridpath", "George%20Orwell", "Nineteen%20Eighty-Four", "Homage%20to%20Catalonia", "Mary%20Wesley", "Robert%20Goddard%20%28novelist%29", "John%20Keats", "Percy%20Bysshe%20Shelley", "A%20Shropshire%20Lad", "Goethe%27s%20Faust", "Bomber%20%28novel%29", "Doctor%20Who", "Empire%20of%20the%20Sun", "Brighton%20Rock%20%28novel%29", "Fair%20Stood%20the%20Wind%20for%20France", "Fluke%20%28novel%29", "Lady%20Windermere%27s%20Fan", "Peter%20and%20Wendy", "The%20Alchemist%20%28novel%29", "The%20Day%20of%20the%20Triffids", "The%20Man%20Who%20Made%20Husbands%20Jealous", "The%20Solitaire%20Mystery", "The%20Velveteen%20Rabbit", "The%20Woodlanders", "Under%20the%20Net", "Wuthering%20Heights", "Philip%20Pullman", "The%20Book%20about%20Moomin%2C%20Mymble%20and%20Little%20My", "Tove%20Jansson", "Brighton%20Rock%20%28novel%29", "Daily%20Telegraph", "Strasbourg%20Philharmonic%20Orchestra", "Dallas%20Symphony%20Orchestra", "National%20Symphony%20Orchestra", "The%20Soldier%27s%20Tale", "Egmont%20%28Beethoven%29", "Enoch%20Arden%20%28Strauss%29", "Symphony%20No.%203%20%28Bernstein%29", "Night%20Mail", "The%20Way%20to%20the%20Sea", "Judith%20Weir", "Howard%20Goodall", "Royal%20Albert%20Hall", "Jonathan%20Harvey%20%28composer%29", "Anne%20Dudley", "Steven%20Isserlis", "Edvard%20Grieg", "Henrik%20Ibsen", "Peer%20Gynt", "Southampton%20Philharmonic%20Choir", "Last%20Night%20of%20the%20Proms", "Nash%20Ensemble", "Raphael%20Ensemble", "Ensemble%20360", "Lindsay%20String%20Quartet", "Endellion%20Quartet", "Wigmore%20Hall", "Salad%20Days%20%28musical%29", "BBC%20Symphony%20Orchestra", "Leonard%20Slatkin", "Palestine%20%28region%29", "The%20Magic%20Flute", "Benjamin%20Britten", "W.%20H.%20Auden", "Night%20Mail", "Nash%20Ensemble", "The%20Way%20to%20the%20Sea", "The%20King%27s%20Stamp", "Aurora%20Orchestra", "Noye%27s%20Fludde", "Hymn%20to%20St%20Cecilia", "Saint%20Nicolas%20%28Britten%29", "Christopher%20Isherwood", "The%20Ascent%20of%20F6", "Grammy%20Award", "Billy%20Bragg", "Johnny%20Vegas", "BAFTA%20Award%20for%20Best%20Actor%20in%20a%20Supporting%20Role", "Howards%20End%20%28film%29", "Genie%20Award%20for%20Best%20Performance%20by%20an%20Actor%20in%20a%20Leading%20Role", "Rupert%27s%20Land%20%28film%29", "London%20Critics%27%20Circle%20Theatre%20Awards", "Hamlet", "Whatsonstage", "Hamlet", "Whatsonstage", "Betrayal%20%28play%29", "TMA%20Awards", "ENRON%20%28play%29", "ENRON%20%28play%29", "Whatsonstage", "ENRON%20%28play%29", "Laurence%20Olivier%20Award", "ENRON%20%28play%29", "Charlotte%20Gray%20%28novel%29", "Sebastian%20Faulks", "The%20Seeing%20Stone", "Kevin%20Crossley-Holland", "Birdsong%20%28novel%29", "Sebastian%20Faulks", "AudioFile%20%28magazine%29", "The%20Day%20of%20the%20Triffids", "John%20Wyndham", "Peter%20and%20Wendy", "J.M.Barrie", "Charlotte%20Gray%20%28novel%29", "Sebastian%20Faulks", "Rose%20Tremain", "Alan%20Hollinghurst", "Goethe%27s%20Faust", "Goethe", "A%20Shropshire%20Lad", "A.%20E.%20Housman", "Sebastian%20Faulks", "Philip%20Pullman", "Laurence%20Olivier%20Award", "Cos%C3%AC%20fan%20tutte", "Laurence%20Olivier%20Award", "Dealer%27s%20Choice%20%28play%29", "Theatregoers%27%20Choice%20Award", "Waste%20%28play%29", "Dealer%27s%20Choice%20%28play%29", "United%20Agents", "United%20Agents", "Trades%20Union%20Congress" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 12, 12, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 15, 15, 15, 17, 17, 17, 17, 17, 17, 17, 17, 17, 17, 17, 17, 17, 17, 17, 17, 17, 18, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 20, 20, 20, 20, 21, 21, 21, 22, 22, 22, 23, 23, 23, 23, 24, 24, 24, 26, 26, 28, 29, 35, 35, 36, 36, 37, 37, 37, 38, 38, 38, 39, 39, 39, 39, 40, 40, 40, 41, 41, 41, 42, 42, 42, 43, 43, 44, 44, 44, 45, 45, 45, 46, 46, 46, 46, 47, 47, 48, 48, 48, 49, 49, 49, 50, 50, 50, 51, 51, 51, 52, 52, 52, 52, 53, 53, 53, 54, 54, 54, 55, 55, 55, 56, 56, 56, 57, 57, 58, 58, 58, 59, 59, 59, 59, 59, 60, 60, 61, 61, 62, 62, 63, 63, 63, 64, 64, 64, 64, 66, 66, 67, 67, 68, 68, 68, 69, 69, 70, 71, 71, 72, 72, 73, 73, 73, 74, 74, 74, 75, 75, 76, 77, 77, 77, 78, 81, 84, 84, 84, 84, 84, 84, 84, 84, 84, 84, 84, 84, 84, 84, 84, 84, 84, 84, 84, 84, 84, 84, 84, 84, 84, 84, 84, 84, 84, 84, 84, 84, 84, 84, 84, 84, 84, 84, 84, 84, 84, 84, 84, 84, 84, 84, 84, 84, 84, 84, 85, 85, 86, 86, 87, 87, 87, 87, 87, 87, 87, 87, 87, 87, 87, 87, 87, 87, 87, 87, 87, 87, 87, 87, 88, 88, 88, 88, 88, 88, 88, 88, 88, 89, 89, 90, 90, 90, 90, 90, 90, 90, 90, 90, 90, 90, 90, 90, 91, 91, 95, 95, 96, 96, 97, 97, 98, 98, 99, 99, 100, 100, 101, 102, 102, 103, 103, 105, 105, 107, 107, 108, 108, 109, 109, 109, 109, 109, 109, 109, 109, 109, 109, 109, 109, 109, 109, 109, 111, 111, 112, 112, 113, 113, 113, 115, 116, 118 ], "start": [ 70, 91, 272, 409, 49, 69, 113, 167, 187, 276, 57, 108, 522, 538, 554, 616, 670, 687, 713, 53, 88, 130, 171, 275, 317, 348, 354, 389, 462, 522, 572, 658, 676, 694, 711, 787, 865, 875, 913, 927, 958, 1089, 1109, 1166, 1248, 1262, 1283, 70, 85, 104, 127, 165, 180, 205, 292, 372, 467, 488, 501, 517, 528, 717, 736, 76, 96, 118, 163, 181, 201, 265, 280, 289, 304, 317, 383, 402, 448, 486, 503, 632, 654, 786, 41, 88, 120, 133, 154, 167, 183, 193, 211, 228, 245, 256, 284, 65, 75, 99, 84, 104, 122, 161, 187, 199, 222, 246, 290, 376, 543, 557, 583, 605, 661, 681, 711, 26, 46, 92, 184, 209, 293, 297, 28, 48, 112, 246, 34, 52, 79, 42, 122, 188, 35, 75, 168, 218, 39, 139, 200, 58, 88, 13, 13, 28, 79, 13, 63, 13, 75, 90, 13, 52, 71, 13, 79, 93, 133, 13, 63, 76, 13, 57, 70, 13, 40, 53, 13, 117, 13, 69, 83, 13, 70, 86, 13, 34, 72, 87, 13, 102, 13, 73, 88, 13, 58, 75, 13, 50, 67, 13, 72, 89, 13, 59, 93, 107, 13, 68, 83, 13, 66, 80, 13, 82, 113, 13, 52, 68, 13, 89, 13, 61, 77, 13, 59, 74, 91, 112, 13, 92, 76, 126, 13, 108, 13, 55, 72, 39, 62, 95, 111, 13, 49, 13, 47, 13, 37, 63, 52, 72, 37, 13, 44, 13, 38, 13, 37, 58, 13, 38, 67, 13, 28, 47, 13, 36, 64, 13, 13, 29, 61, 80, 109, 123, 134, 160, 189, 215, 232, 254, 275, 299, 319, 338, 366, 400, 425, 516, 535, 553, 565, 594, 640, 741, 757, 784, 814, 892, 1024, 1076, 1149, 1175, 1184, 1194, 1234, 1255, 1272, 1306, 1379, 1404, 1417, 1434, 1514, 1570, 1645, 1718, 1737, 1754, 1777, 53, 101, 32, 129, 83, 118, 152, 247, 310, 361, 428, 472, 489, 568, 600, 650, 691, 863, 879, 958, 995, 1009, 1029, 1180, 30, 49, 90, 111, 130, 156, 262, 306, 333, 76, 200, 31, 75, 93, 114, 213, 238, 265, 362, 588, 631, 857, 875, 957, 62, 87, 29, 72, 29, 61, 23, 100, 36, 79, 42, 104, 29, 75, 68, 42, 89, 29, 59, 41, 60, 55, 76, 53, 66, 30, 77, 105, 127, 141, 161, 180, 230, 282, 309, 319, 335, 356, 399, 427, 29, 71, 29, 65, 29, 79, 91, 39, 42, 38 ], "text": [ "theatre director", "voice actor", "Last Night of the Proms", "Second World War", "Prunella Scales", "Timothy West", "Lockwood West", "Alleyn's School", "Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford", "Experimental Theatre Club", "Orange Tree Theatre", "Les Parents Terribles", "Tom Stoppard", "Arcadia", "National Theatre", "Royal Shakespeare Company", "Richard II", "Hamlet", "Steven Pimlott", "The Lady's Not for Burning", "Minerva Theatre, Chichester", "Michael Grandage", "Sheffield Theatres", "The Romans in Britain", "As You Like It", "RSC's", "Complete Works Festival", "Sheffield", "West End", "Dealer's Choice", "Trafalgar Studios", "Toby Stephens", "Dervla Kirwan", "Betrayal", "Donmar Warehouse", "T. S. Eliot", "Enron", "Lucy Prebble", "Waste", "Almeida Theatre", "The Times", "Uncle Vanya", "Vaudeville Theatre", "Chichester Festival Theatre", "Nina Sosanya", "Anna Chancellor", "James McArdle", "Merchant Ivory", "film adaptation", "E. M. Forster", "Howards End", "Emma Thompson", "Helena Bonham Carter", "Anthony Hopkins", "BAFTA", "Carrington", "Franco Zeffirelli", "Jane Eyre", "Notting Hill", "Iris", "Van Helsing", "King George VI", "Hyde Park on Hudson", "Midsomer Murders", "Waking the Dead", "Poirot", "Anthony Blunt", "Cambridge Spies", "BBC", "Toby Stephens", "Philby", "Tom Hollander", "Burgess", "Rupert Penry-Jones", "BBC", "Random Quest", "John Wyndham", "Edward Heath", "Margaret Thatcher - The Long Walk to Finchley", "William Boyd", "Any Human Heart", "As Time Goes By", "Mr Selfridge", "BBC", "Laura Wade", "Present Laughter", "Noël Coward", "Len Deighton", "Bomber", "Life and Fate", "Vasily Grossman", "Michael Frayn", "Here", "The Homecoming", "Harold Pinter", "Money", "Edward Bulwer-Lytton", "BBC Radio 3", "Prunella Scales", "Howards End", "Stiff Upper Lips", "Timothy West", "A Number", "Henry IV, Part 1", "Part 2", "Iris", "Over Here", "Edward the Seventh", "Stravinsky", "The Soldiers Tale", "St Magnus Festival", "Orkney", "Harold Pinter", "Family Voices", "Sheffield Theatres", "Sheffield Philharmonic Chorus", "Socialist Workers Party", "Socialist Alliance", "New Labour", "Tony Blair", "TUC", "March for the Alternative", "Richard II", "Cambridge University Press", "Hamlet", "BBC Radio 3", "Harold Pinter", "Caryl Churchill", "Shipping Forecast", "Forward Prizes for Poetry", "Christmas University Challenge", "Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford", "Royal Shakespeare Company", "National Campaign for the Arts", "Equity", "birdwatcher", "Laura Wade", "The Riot Club", "Posh", "Laurence Rees", "Second World War", "War of the Century: When Hitler Fought Stalin", "Horror in the East", "Ella Hickson", "Almeida Theatre", "The Browning Version", "Birmingham Repertory Theatre", "Les Parents terribles", "Derek Goldby", "Orange Tree Theatre", "The Bread-Winner", "Kevin Billington", "Theatre Royal, Windsor", "A Life in the Theatre", "Bill Bryden", "Theatre Royal Haymarket", "Strand Theatre", "Hidden Laughter", "Simon Gray", "Vaudeville Theatre", "The Sea", "Sam Mendes", "Royal National Theatre", "Cain", "Edward Hall", "Minerva Theatre", "Mr. Cinders", "King's Head Theatre", "Arcadia", "Trevor Nunn", "Royal National Theatre", "The Importance of Being Earnest", "James Maxwell", "Royal Exchange Theatre", "Henry IV Part 1", "Part 2", "Stephen Unwin", "English Touring Theatre", "Journey's End", "King's Head Theatre", "Antony and Cleopatra", "Sean Mathias", "Royal National Theatre", "Richard II", "Steven Pimlott", "RSC", "Hamlet", "Steven Pimlott", "RSC", "The Master and Margarita", "Steven Pimlott", "Chichester Festival Theatre", "Doctor Faustus", "Steven Pimlott", "Edward Kemp", "Minerva Theatre", "Much Ado About Nothing", "Josie Rourke", "Crucible Theatre", "The Exonerated", "Bob Balaban", "Riverside Studios", "A Number", "Studio Theatre (Sheffield)", "Minerva Theatre", "Betrayal", "Roger Michell", "Donmar Warehouse", "Drunk Enough to Say I Love You?", "Public Theater, New York", "The Family Reunion", "Jeremy Herrin", "Donmar Warehouse", "ENRON", "Rupert Goold", "Minerva Theatre", "Royal Court Theatre", "Noël Coward Theatre", "A Number", "Menier Chocolate Factory", "Australian Chamber Orchestra", "Sydney Opera House", "A Number", "Cape Town", "Uncle Vanya", "Lindsay Posner", "Vaudeville Theatre", "Ivanov", "The Seagull", "Jonathan Kent", "Chichester Festival Theatre", "The Lady's Not for Burning", "Minerva Theatre", "Les Liaisons Dangereuses", "Bristol Old Vic", "Cosi Fan Tutte", "English National Opera", "Barbican Theatre", "Minerva Theatre", "Hampstead Theatre", "Lyceum Theatre (Sheffield)", "The Romans in Britain", "Crucible Theatre", "The Clean House", "Studio Theatre (Sheffield)", "As You Like It", "Crucible Theatre", "Swan Theatre (Stratford)", "Dealer's Choice", "Menier Chocolate Factory", "Trafalgar Studios", "Waste", "Almeida Theatre", "Northern Stage", "After Electra", "Theatre Royal, Plymouth", "Tricycle Theatre", "The Watsons", "Money", "audiobook", "Shakespeare", "All's Well That Ends Well", "Coriolanus", "Henry V", "The Merchant of Venice", "A Midsummer Night's Dream", "Much Ado About Nothing", "Richard II", "Macbeth", "Steven Berkoff", "Wind on Fire", "William Nicholson", "The Wind Singer", "Slaves of the Mastery", "Firesong", "Kevin Crossley-Holland", "The Seeing Stone", "Sebastian Faulks", "Charlotte Gray", "Birdsong", "The Girl at the Lion d'Or", "Human Traces", "Michael Ridpath", "George Orwell", "Nineteen Eighty-Four", "Homage to Catalonia", "Mary Wesley", "Robert Goddard", "John Keats", "Shelley", "A Shropshire Lad", "Faust", "Bomber", "Doctor Who", "Empire of the Sun", "Brighton Rock", "Fair Stood the Wind for France", "Fluke", "Lady Windermere's Fan", "Peter Pan", "The Alchemist", "The Day of the Triffids", "The Man Who Made Husbands Jealous", "The Solitaire Mystery", "The Velveteen Rabbit", "The Woodlanders", "Under the Net", "Wuthering Heights", "Philip Pullman", "The Book about Moomin, Mymble and Little My", "Tove Jansson", "Brighton Rock", "Daily Telegraph", "Strasbourg Philharmonic Orchestra", "Dallas Symphony Orchestra", "National Symphony Orchestra", "The Soldier's Tale", "Egmont", "Enoch Arden", "Kaddish", "Night Mail", "The Way to the Sea", "Judith Weir", "Howard Goodall", "Royal Albert Hall", "Jonathan Harvey", "Anne Dudley", "Steven Isserlis", "Grieg's", "Ibsen’s", "Peer Gynt", "Southampton Philharmonic Choir", "Last Night of the Proms", "Nash Ensemble", "Raphael Ensemble", "Ensemble 360", "Lindsay", "Endellion Quartet", "Wigmore Hall", "Salad Days", "BBC Symphony Orchestra", "Leonard Slatkin", "Palestine", "The Magic Flute", "Benjamin Britten", "Auden", "Night Mail", "Nash Ensemble", "The Way to the Sea", "The King's Stamp", "Aurora Orchestra", "Noye’s Fludde", "Hymn to St Cecilia", "St Nicolas", "Isherwood", "The Ascent of F6", "Grammy Award", "Billy Bragg", "Johnny Vegas", "BAFTA Award for Best Supporting Actor", "Howards End", "Genie Award for Best Actor", "Rupert's Land", "London Critics' Circle Theatre Award", "Hamlet", "Theatregoers' Choice Award", "Hamlet", "Theatregoers' Choice Award", "Betrayal", "TMA Award", "ENRON", "ENRON", "Theatregoers' Choice Award", "ENRON", "Olivier Award", "ENRON", "Charlotte Gray", "Sebastian Faulks", "The Seeing Stone", "Kevin Crossley-Holland", "Birdsong", "Sebastian Faulks", "AudioFile", "The Day of the Triffids", "John Wyndham", "Peter Pan", "J.M.Barrie", "Charlotte Gray", "Sebastian Faulks", "Rose Tremain", "Alan Hollinghurst", "Faust", "Goethe", "A Shropshire Lad", "A. E. Housman", "Sebastian Faulks", "Philip Pullman", "Olivier Award", "Cosi Fan Tutte", "Olivier Award", "Dealer's Choice", "Theatregoers' Choice Award", "Waste", "Dealer's Choice", "United Agents", "United Agents", "TUC" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "103078", "95673", "159359", "32927", "157655", "157721", "28068650", "1340813", "128347", "2868972", "9497332", "4896126", "30387", "58379", "167775", "167785", "68201", "13554", "9524097", "7754704", "9055789", "4603496", "8792964", "3992302", "23454544", "167785", "7427608", "88885", "1154952", "2628471", "9388621", "747361", "782843", "2835473", "1306473", "30273", "24759917", "21029646", "20408935", "1306462", "39127", "877103", "1575849", "3274459", "5699034", "2320822", "29835961", "298901", "133622", "64688", "3361223", "160985", "80335", "2397", "147943", "3096943", "43876", "2648735", "204019", "184158", "548259", "46755", "35610105", "962384", "2176162", "170661", "338938", "1946028", "19344654", "747361", "17012", "2343249", "557152", "2617971", "352308", "5231072", "15656", "52269", "17625829", "559526", "6644670", "93093", "37879295", "352308", "12538561", "877129", "16764285", "54085", "2368403", "3300212", "638137", "428792", "5950684", "4287721", "89530", "32182385", "10393", "275454", "157655", "133622", "8191093", "157721", "1258132", "288407", "666518", "184158", "7354693", "4796599", "38172", "1546729", "27305984", "22645", "89530", "3139231", "8792964", "21065046", "39902796", "41612908", "207372", "3301347", "38443493", "31305121", "68201", "73199", "13554", "275454", "89530", "42034541", "159894", "2874132", "48877478", "128347", "167785", "6454291", "158907", "173575", "12538561", "41823997", "28330455", "2183710", "32927", "17429199", "17428541", "30706886", "1306462", "196771", "30864998", "4896126", "14908439", "9497332", "3847674", "4211033", "3040726", "5421527", "5264478", "605121", "4205523", "797293", "797293", "1575849", "3011512", "234630", "167775", "5600564", "9198734", "9055789", "2655577", "5178749", "58379", "224508", "167775", "31067", "245536", "959572", "288407", "666518", "17421575", "17421417", "1342018", "5178749", "65169", "13873252", "167775", "68201", "9524097", "167785", "13554", "9524097", "167785", "333987", "9524097", "3274459", "423573", "9524097", "17099048", "9055789", "8781048", "12083846", "402714", "47257731", "1441764", "3438974", "1258132", "9250698", "9055789", "2835473", "6242511", "1306473", "16816433", "1218943", "9336609", "25598161", "1306473", "24759917", "11302735", "9055789", "1691842", "597013", "1258132", "10300434", "1993574", "28222", "1258132", "6653", "877103", "21097324", "1575849", "4824329", "474370", "6722159", "3274459", "7754704", "9055789", "361113", "728802", "38090", "275915", "26536263", "9055789", "9671948", "2255304", "3992302", "402714", "7534822", "9250698", "23454544", "402714", "4613793", "2628471", "10300434", "9388621", "20408935", "1306462", "12742428", "6156324", "5751360", "1694933", "5772621", "32182385", "1437235", "32897", "62651", "1036847", "45084", "37713", "43206", "8781048", "68201", "18866", "296331", "1930965", "1930903", "1931029", "1931105", "1931193", "4453751", "5708643", "1111022", "5538452", "1163002", "6617708", "6163435", "473442", "11891", "23454753", "80562", "163517", "210601", "16455", "20502020", "580862", "554299", "2368403", "8209", "306530", "848496", "17564352", "602725", "165356", "18960109", "14335797", "65379", "14958988", "4097001", "210455", "1052213", "435372", "55435", "37222", "9285460", "49274", "848496", "23797577", "22778435", "148704", "2385075", "1546729", "7945357", "30005187", "2369199", "6351105", "13016688", "2762694", "1675409", "179238", "3035081", "261835", "645797", "9514", "14236", "555554", "26722652", "159359", "12375202", "16900788", "5880369", "419227", "4181440", "1345415", "850755", "148690", "326537", "1114732", "37916", "64437", "33276", "6351105", "12375202", "13016688", "52564227", "33053041", "3148447", "4029490", "1267105", "155615", "8740521", "44635", "155572", "536767", "8682579", "133622", "6245685", "8791905", "1315771", "13554", "50054606", "13554", "50054606", "2835473", "22863848", "24759917", "24759917", "50054606", "24759917", "16432264", "24759917", "5538452", "1111022", "5708643", "4453751", "1163002", "1111022", "14911986", "65379", "15656", "18960109", "141931", "5538452", "1111022", "1164642", "1328274", "554299", "19242322", "580862", "3198", "1111022", "37222", "16432264", "38090", "16432264", "2628471", "21475702", "20408935", "2628471", "19437501", "19437501", "38443493" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "Theatre director", "Voice acting", "The Proms", "World War II", "Prunella Scales", "Timothy West", "Lockwood West", "Alleyn's School", "Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford", "Experimental Theatre Club", "Orange Tree Theatre", "Les Parents terribles", "Tom Stoppard", "Arcadia (play)", "Royal National Theatre", "Royal Shakespeare Company", "Richard II (play)", "Hamlet", "Steven Pimlott", "The Lady's Not for Burning", "Minerva Theatre, Chichester", "Michael Grandage", "Sheffield Theatres", "The Romans in Britain", "As You Like It", "Royal Shakespeare Company", "Complete Works (RSC festival)", "Sheffield", "West End theatre", "Dealer's Choice (play)", "Trafalgar Studios", "Toby Stephens", "Dervla Kirwan", "Betrayal (play)", "Donmar Warehouse", "T. S. Eliot", "Enron (play)", "Lucy Prebble", "Waste (play)", "Almeida Theatre", "The Times", "Uncle Vanya", "Vaudeville Theatre", "Chichester Festival Theatre", "Nina Sosanya", "Anna Chancellor", "James McArdle", "Merchant Ivory Productions", "Howards End (film)", "E. M. Forster", "Howards End", "Emma Thompson", "Helena Bonham Carter", "Anthony Hopkins", "British Academy of Film and Television Arts", "Carrington (film)", "Franco Zeffirelli", "Jane Eyre (1996 film)", "Notting Hill (film)", "Iris (2001 film)", "Van Helsing (film)", "George VI", "Hyde Park on Hudson", "Midsomer Murders", "Waking the Dead (TV series)", "Agatha Christie's Poirot", "Anthony Blunt", "Cambridge Spies", "BBC", "Toby Stephens", "Kim Philby", "Tom Hollander", "Guy Burgess", "Rupert Penry-Jones", "BBC Television", "Random Quest", "John Wyndham", "Edward Heath", "The Long Walk to Finchley", "William Boyd (writer)", "Any Human Heart", "As Time Goes By (TV series)", "Mr Selfridge", "BBC Television", "Laura Wade", "Present Laughter", "Noël Coward", "Len Deighton", "Bomber (novel)", "Life and Fate", "Vasily Grossman", "Michael Frayn", "Here (play)", "The Homecoming", "Harold Pinter", "Money (play)", "Edward Bulwer-Lytton", "BBC Radio 3", "Prunella Scales", "Howards End (film)", "Stiff Upper Lips", "Timothy West", "A Number", "Henry IV, Part 1", "Henry IV, Part 2", "Iris (2001 film)", "Over Here (miniseries)", "Edward the Seventh", "Igor Stravinsky", "L'Histoire du soldat", "St Magnus Festival", "Orkney", "Harold Pinter", "Family Voices", "Sheffield Theatres", "Sheffield Philharmonic Chorus", "Socialist Workers Party (UK)", "Socialist Alliance (England)", "New Labour", "Tony Blair", "Trades Union Congress", "2011 London anti-cuts protest", "Richard II (play)", "Cambridge University Press", "Hamlet", "BBC Radio 3", "Harold Pinter", "Caryl Churchill", "Shipping Forecast", "Forward Prizes for Poetry", "Christmas University Challenge", "Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford", "Royal Shakespeare Company", "National Campaign for the Arts", "Equity (British trade union)", "Birdwatching", "Laura Wade", "The Riot Club", "Posh (play)", "Laurence Rees", "World War II", "War of the Century", "Horror in the East", "Ella Hickson", "Almeida Theatre", "The Browning Version (play)", "Birmingham Repertory Theatre", "Les Parents terribles", "Derek Goldby", "Orange Tree Theatre", "The Bread-Winner (play)", "Kevin Billington", "Theatre Royal, Windsor", "A Life in the Theatre", "Bill Bryden", "Theatre Royal Haymarket", "Novello Theatre", "Simon Gray", "Simon Gray", "Vaudeville Theatre", "The Sea (play)", "Sam Mendes", "Royal National Theatre", "Cain (play)", "Edward Hall (director)", "Minerva Theatre, Chichester", "Mr. Cinders", "King's Head Theatre", "Arcadia (play)", "Trevor Nunn", "Royal National Theatre", "The Importance of Being Earnest", "James Maxwell (actor)", "Royal Exchange, Manchester", "Henry IV, Part 1", "Henry IV, Part 2", "Stephen Unwin (director)", "English Touring Theatre", "Journey's End", "King's Head Theatre", "Antony and Cleopatra", "Sean Mathias", "Royal National Theatre", "Richard II (play)", "Steven Pimlott", "Royal Shakespeare Company", "Hamlet", "Steven Pimlott", "Royal Shakespeare Company", "The Master and Margarita", "Steven Pimlott", "Chichester Festival Theatre", "Doctor Faustus (play)", "Steven Pimlott", "Edward Kemp", "Minerva Theatre, Chichester", "Much Ado About Nothing", "Josie Rourke", "Crucible Theatre", "The Exonerated (play)", "Bob Balaban", "Riverside Studios", "A Number", "Studio Theatre (Sheffield)", "Minerva Theatre, Chichester", "Betrayal (play)", "Roger Michell", "Donmar Warehouse", "Drunk Enough to Say I Love You?", "The Public Theater", "The Family Reunion", "Jeremy Herrin", "Donmar Warehouse", "Enron (play)", "Rupert Goold", "Minerva Theatre, Chichester", "Royal Court Theatre", "Noël Coward Theatre", "A Number", "Menier Chocolate Factory", "Australian Chamber Orchestra", "Sydney Opera House", "A Number", "Cape Town", "Uncle Vanya", "Lindsay Posner", "Vaudeville Theatre", "Ivanov (play)", "The Seagull", "Jonathan Kent (director)", "Chichester Festival Theatre", "The Lady's Not for Burning", "Minerva Theatre, Chichester", "Les Liaisons dangereuses", "Bristol Old Vic", "Così fan tutte", "English National Opera", "Barbican Centre", "Minerva Theatre, Chichester", "Hampstead Theatre", "Lyceum Theatre (Sheffield)", "The Romans in Britain", "Crucible Theatre", "The Clean House", "Studio Theatre (Sheffield)", "As You Like It", "Crucible Theatre", "Swan Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon", "Dealer's Choice (play)", "Menier Chocolate Factory", "Trafalgar Studios", "Waste (play)", "Almeida Theatre", "Northern Stage, Newcastle upon Tyne", "April De Angelis", "Theatre Royal, Plymouth", "Kiln Theatre", "The Watsons", "Money (play)", "Audiobook", "William Shakespeare", "All's Well That Ends Well", "Coriolanus", "Henry V (play)", "The Merchant of Venice", "A Midsummer Night's Dream", "Much Ado About Nothing", "Richard II (play)", "Macbeth", "Steven Berkoff", "Wind on Fire", "William Nicholson (writer)", "The Wind Singer", "Slaves of the Mastery", "Firesong", "Kevin Crossley-Holland", "The Seeing Stone", "Sebastian Faulks", "Charlotte Gray (novel)", "Birdsong (novel)", "The Girl at the Lion d'Or", "Human Traces", "Michael Ridpath", "George Orwell", "Nineteen Eighty-Four", "Homage to Catalonia", "Mary Wesley", "Robert Goddard (novelist)", "John Keats", "Percy Bysshe Shelley", "A Shropshire Lad", "Goethe's Faust", "Bomber (novel)", "Doctor Who", "Empire of the Sun", "Brighton Rock (novel)", "Fair Stood the Wind for France", "James Herbert", "Lady Windermere's Fan", "Peter and Wendy", "The Alchemist (novel)", "The Day of the Triffids", "The Man Who Made Husbands Jealous", "The Solitaire Mystery", "The Velveteen Rabbit", "The Woodlanders", "Under the Net", "Wuthering Heights", "Philip Pullman", "The Book about Moomin, Mymble and Little My", "Tove Jansson", "Brighton Rock (novel)", "The Daily Telegraph", "Orchestre philharmonique de Strasbourg", "Dallas Symphony Orchestra", "National Symphony Orchestra", "L'Histoire du soldat", "Egmont (Beethoven)", "Enoch Arden (Strauss)", "Symphony No. 3 (Bernstein)", "Night Mail", "The Way to the Sea", "Judith Weir", "Howard Goodall", "Royal Albert Hall", "Jonathan Harvey (composer)", "Anne Dudley", "Steven Isserlis", "Edvard Grieg", "Henrik Ibsen", "Peer Gynt", "Southampton Philharmonic Choir", "The Proms", "Nash Ensemble", "Raphael Ensemble", "Ensemble 360", "Lindsay String Quartet", "Endellion Quartet", "Wigmore Hall", "Salad Days (musical)", "BBC Symphony Orchestra", "Leonard Slatkin", "Palestine (region)", "The Magic Flute", "Benjamin Britten", "W. H. Auden", "Night Mail", "Nash Ensemble", "The Way to the Sea", "The King's Stamp", "Aurora Orchestra", "Noye's Fludde", "Hymn to St Cecilia", "Saint Nicolas (Britten)", "Christopher Isherwood", "The Ascent of F6", "Grammy Award", "Billy Bragg", "Johnny Vegas", "BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role", "Howards End (film)", "Canadian Screen Award for Best Actor", "Rupert's Land (film)", "Critics' Circle Theatre Award", "Hamlet", "WhatsOnStage.com", "Hamlet", "WhatsOnStage.com", "Betrayal (play)", "UK Theatre Awards", "Enron (play)", "Enron (play)", "WhatsOnStage.com", "Enron (play)", "Laurence Olivier Award", "Enron (play)", "Charlotte Gray (novel)", "Sebastian Faulks", "The Seeing Stone", "Kevin Crossley-Holland", "Birdsong (novel)", "Sebastian Faulks", "AudioFile (magazine)", "The Day of the Triffids", "John Wyndham", "Peter and Wendy", "J. M. Barrie", "Charlotte Gray (novel)", "Sebastian Faulks", "Rose Tremain", "Alan Hollinghurst", "Goethe's Faust", "Johann Wolfgang von Goethe", "A Shropshire Lad", "A. E. Housman", "Sebastian Faulks", "Philip Pullman", "Laurence Olivier Award", "Così fan tutte", "Laurence Olivier Award", "Dealer's Choice (play)", "WhatsOnStage Awards", "Waste (play)", "Dealer's Choice (play)", "United Agents", "United Agents", "Trades Union Congress" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Samuel West\n", "Samuel Alexander Joseph West (born 19 June 1966) is an English actor, theatre director and voice actor. He has directed on stage and radio, and worked as an actor across theatre, film, television and radio. He often appears as reciter with orchestras and performed at the Last Night of the Proms in 2002. He has narrated several documentary series, including five for the BBC centred on events related to the Second World War.\n", "Section::::Early life and education.\n", "West was born in London, the elder son of actors Prunella Scales and Timothy West, and the grandson of the actor Lockwood West. He has one brother. He was educated at Alleyn's School and Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, where he studied English Literature and was president of the Experimental Theatre Club.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Section::::Career.:Stage.\n", "West made his London stage debut in February 1989 at the Orange Tree Theatre, playing Michael in Cocteau's \"Les Parents Terribles\", of which critic John Thaxter wrote: \"He invests the role with a warmth and validity that silences sniggers that could so easily greet a lesser performance of this difficult role, and he lets us share the tumbling emotions of a juvenile torn between romantic first love and filial duty.\" Since then, West has appeared frequently on stage; he played Valentine in the first ever production of Tom Stoppard's \"Arcadia\" at the National Theatre in 1993 and later spent two seasons with the Royal Shakespeare Company playing the title roles in \"Richard II\" and \"Hamlet\", both directed by Steven Pimlott.\n", "In 2002, West made his stage directorial debut with \"The Lady's Not for Burning\" at the Minerva Theatre, Chichester. He succeeded Michael Grandage as artistic director of Sheffield Theatres from 2005-2007. During his time as artistic director West revived the controversial \"The Romans in Britain\" and also directed \"As You Like It\" as part of the RSC's Complete Works Festival. West left Sheffield when the theatre closed for refurbishment in 2007 and made his West End directorial debut with the first major revival of \"Dealer's Choice\" following its transferral to the Trafalgar Studios. He also continued his acting career: in 2007 he appeared alongside Toby Stephens and Dervla Kirwan in \"Betrayal\" at the Donmar Warehouse, in November 2008 he played Harry in the Donmar revival of T. S. Eliot's \"Family Reunion\" and in 2009 he starred as Jeffrey Skilling in \"Enron\" by Lucy Prebble. His 2008 production of \"Waste\" at the Almeida Theatre was chosen by \"The Times\" as one of its \"Productions of the Decade\". From November 2012 to January 2013 he appeared as Astrov in a production of \"Uncle Vanya\" at the Vaudeville Theatre. He played Ivanov and Trigorin in the Chichester Festival Theatre's Young Chekhov Season from September 2015, alongside Nina Sosanya, Anna Chancellor, and James McArdle.\n", "Section::::Career.:Film.\n", "In 1991, West played the lower-middle-class clerk Leonard Bast in the Merchant Ivory film adaptation of E. M. Forster's novel \"Howards End\" (released 1992) opposite Emma Thompson, Helena Bonham Carter and Anthony Hopkins. For this role, he was nominated for best supporting actor at the 1993 BAFTA Film Awards. Two years later he again appeared with Thompson in the film \"Carrington\". His film career has continued with roles in a number of well known films, such as Franco Zeffirelli's \"Jane Eyre\", \"Notting Hill\", \"Iris\" and \"Van Helsing\". In 2004, he appeared in the year's highest rated mini-series on German television, \"Die Nibelungen\", which was released in the United States in 2006 as \"\". In 2012, he played King George VI in \"Hyde Park on Hudson\".\n", "Section::::Career.:Television.\n", "He is a familiar face on television appearing in many long-running series: \"Midsomer Murders\", \"Waking the Dead\" and \"Poirot\" as well as one-off dramas. He played Anthony Blunt in \"Cambridge Spies\", a BBC production about the four British spies, starring alongside Toby Stephens (Philby), Tom Hollander (Burgess) and Rupert Penry-Jones (Maclean). In 2006, he took the lead role in a BBC production of \"Random Quest\" adapted from the short story by John Wyndham and the next year played Edward Heath in \"Margaret Thatcher - The Long Walk to Finchley\", also for the BBC. In 2010 he played Peter Scabius in the televised adaptation of William Boyd's novel \"Any Human Heart\", while in 2011 he starred as Zak Gist in the ITV series \"Eternal Law\". In addition, he appeared in the BBC series \"As Time Goes By\" episode \"We'll Always Have Paris\" (1994) as the character Terry.\n", "He plays Frank Edwards in the ITV drama \"Mr Selfridge\", and Sir Walter Pole in the 2015 BBC adaptation of \"Jonathan Strange and Mr Norrell\".\n", "Section::::Career.:Radio.\n", "West is regularly heard on radio as a reader or reciter and has performed in many radio dramas, including \"Otherkin\" by Laura Wade, \"Present Laughter\" by Noël Coward, Len Deighton's \"Bomber\", \"Life and Fate\" by Vasily Grossman, Michael Frayn's \"Here\" and \"The Homecoming\" as Lenny to Harold Pinter's Max.\n", "In 2011, he made his radio directing debut with a production of \"Money\" by Edward Bulwer-Lytton on BBC Radio 3.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "West has appeared alongside his actor parents on several occasions; with his mother Prunella Scales in \"Howards End\" and \"Stiff Upper Lips\", and with his father Timothy West on stage in \"A Number\", \"Henry IV, Part 1\" and \"Part 2\". In two films (\"Iris\" in 2001 and the 1996 television film \"Over Here\"), Sam and his father have played the same character at different ages. In \"Edward the Seventh\", he and his brother Joseph played young sons of the title character, who was played by their father. In 2002 all three family members performed in Stravinsky's \"The Soldiers Tale\" at the St Magnus Festival on Orkney and in 2006 they gave a rehearsed reading of the Harold Pinter play \"Family Voices\" as part of the Sheffield Theatres Pinter season.\n", "West became the patron of Sheffield Philharmonic Chorus in February 2008, having been the narrator for a concert of theirs in February 2002. He is also a patron of London children's charity Scene & Heard, Eastside Educational Trust and Mousetrap Theatre projects.\n", "While at university, West was a member of the Socialist Workers Party and later briefly the Socialist Alliance. West has been politically active for many years; he was a critic of the New Labour government of Tony Blair and their involvement in the Iraq War. On 26 March 2011, he spoke at the TUC March for the Alternative.\n", "West has written essays on \"Richard II\" for the Cambridge University Press series \"Players of Shakespeare\", on \"Hamlet\" for Michael Dobson's CUP study \"Performing Shakespeare's Tragedies Today\" and on Shakespeare and Love and Voice and Radio for BBC Radio 3.\n", "He has also published articles on Harold Pinter, on Caryl Churchill and on the Shipping Forecast. He frequently writes and speaks in public about arts funding. West has collected stamps since childhood and owns more than 200 Two Shilling Blues.\n", "In 2013, he was one of the judges for the Forward Prizes for Poetry. In December 2014, he appeared on two programmes for \"Christmas University Challenge\", as part of a team of alumni from Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford.\n", "West is an Associate Artist of the Royal Shakespeare Company, Chair of the National Campaign for the Arts, and was a member of the council of the British Actors' Union Equity from 1996–2000 and 2008–2014. He is a keen birdwatcher.\n", "In 2007, West moved in with playwright Laura Wade, but in 2011 the couple temporarily split up. In 2013, West was cast in a minor role in \"The Riot Club\", the film version of Wade’s successful play, \"Posh\" and in 2014 the couple had a daughter. In August 2017, the couple had a second daughter.\n", "Section::::Television.\n", "He also narrated five BBC documentary series for producer Laurence Rees centered on the Second World War:\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" 1997\n", "BULLET::::- \"War of the Century: When Hitler Fought Stalin\" 1999\n", "BULLET::::- \"Horror in the East\" 2001\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" 2005\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" 2008\n", "In addition, he narrated the Yorkshire Television documentary \"The SS in Britain\" for director Julian Hendy in 1999, and considering his role in the ITV drama series \"Mr Selfridge\", he was the voiceover for \"Secrets of Selfridges\" (PBS) in 2014.\n", "Section::::Theatre.\n", "Section::::Theatre.:Acting.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Writer\" by Ella Hickson, directed by Blanche McIntyre, at the Almeida Theatre, London (April 2018)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Browning Version\" - directed by Clive Perry, (Birmingham Repertory Theatre)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Les Parents terribles\": Michael (February 1989) - directed by Derek Goldby, (Orange Tree Theatre)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Bread-Winner\" (1989) - directed by Kevin Billington, (Theatre Royal, Windsor and touring)\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Life in the Theatre\" (October 1989-February 1990) - directed by Bill Bryden, (Theatre Royal Haymarket, transferred to Strand Theatre)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hidden Laughter\": Nigel (June 1990) - directed by Simon Gray, (Vaudeville Theatre)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Sea\": Willy Carson (1991) - directed by Sam Mendes, (Royal National Theatre)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cain\" (1992) - directed by Edward Hall (Minerva Theatre)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mr. Cinders\" A Musical Comedy: Jim Lancaster (December 1992-February 1993) - directed by Martin Connor (King's Head Theatre)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Arcadia\": Valentine (April–November 1993) - directed by Trevor Nunn, (Royal National Theatre)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Importance of Being Earnest\": Algernon - directed by James Maxwell, (Royal Exchange Theatre)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Henry IV Part 1\" and Part 2: Hal (1996–1997) - directed by Stephen Unwin (English Touring Theatre)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Journey's End\": Captain Stanhope (January–February 1998) - directed by David Evans-Rees (King's Head Theatre)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Antony and Cleopatra\": Octavius Caesar (1998) - directed by Sean Mathias, (Royal National Theatre)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Richard II\": Richard II (2000) - directed by Steven Pimlott, (RSC)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hamlet\": Hamlet (2001) - directed by Steven Pimlott, (RSC)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Master and Margarita\": The Master (2004) - directed by Steven Pimlott, (Chichester Festival Theatre)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Doctor Faustus\": Faustus (2004) - directed by Steven Pimlott, Martin Duncan and Edward Kemp, (Minerva Theatre)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Much Ado About Nothing\": Benedick (2005) - directed by Josie Rourke, (Crucible Theatre)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Exonerated\": Kerry Max Cook (2006) - directed by Bob Balaban, (Riverside Studios)\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Number\": B1/B2/Michael Black (2006) - directed by Jonathan Munby, (Studio Theatre (Sheffield) and Minerva Theatre)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Betrayal\": Robert (2007) - directed by Roger Michell, (Donmar Warehouse)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Drunk Enough to Say I Love You?\": Guy (2008) - directed by James McDonald, (Public Theater, New York)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Family Reunion\": Harry (2008) - directed by Jeremy Herrin, (Donmar Warehouse)\n", "BULLET::::- \"ENRON\": Jeffrey Skilling (2009) - directed by Rupert Goold, (Minerva Theatre, Royal Court Theatre, Noël Coward Theatre)\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Number\" (revival): B1/B2/Michael Black (2010) - directed by Jonathan Munby, (Menier Chocolate Factory)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Kreutzer vs. Kreutzer\": Man (2010) - directed by Sarah Giles, (Australian Chamber Orchestra - on tour and at the Sydney Opera House)\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Number\" (revival): B1/B2/Michael Black (2011) - directed by Jonathan Munby, (Fugard Theatre, Cape Town)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Uncle Vanya\": Astrov (2012) - directed by Lindsay Posner, (Vaudeville Theatre)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Young Chekhov\": Ivanov in Ivanov and Trigorin in The Seagull (2015) - directed by Jonathan Kent, (Chichester Festival Theatre)\n", "Section::::Theatre.:Directing.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Lady's Not for Burning\" (2002), Minerva Theatre\n", "BULLET::::- \"Les Liaisons Dangereuses\" (2003), Bristol Old Vic\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cosi Fan Tutte\" (2003), English National Opera at Barbican Theatre\n", "BULLET::::- \"Three Women and a Piano Tuner\" (2004), Minerva Theatre and Hampstead Theatre (2005)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Insignificance\" (2005), Lyceum Theatre (Sheffield)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Romans in Britain\" (2006), Crucible Theatre\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Clean House\" (2006), Studio Theatre (Sheffield)\n", "BULLET::::- \"As You Like It\" (2007), Crucible Theatre and Swan Theatre (Stratford)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dealer's Choice\" (2007), Menier Chocolate Factory and Trafalgar Studios\n", "BULLET::::- \"Waste\" (2008), Almeida Theatre\n", "BULLET::::- \"Close the Coalhouse Door\" (2012), Northern Stage\n", "BULLET::::- \"After Electra\" (2015), Theatre Royal, Plymouth and Tricycle Theatre\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Watsons\" (2018 Minerva Theatre, Chichester)\n", "Section::::Radio.\n", "Section::::Radio.:Directing.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Money\" (2011), BBC Radio 3\n", "BULLET::::- \"Close the Coalhouse Door\" (2012), BBC Radio 4\n", "Section::::Audiobooks, reciting and work with musicians.\n", "West has recorded over fifty audiobooks, among which are the Shakespeare plays \"All's Well That Ends Well\", \"Coriolanus\", \"Henry V\", \"The Merchant of Venice\", \"A Midsummer Night's Dream,\" \"Much Ado About Nothing\", \"Richard II\" and \"Macbeth\" (directed by Steven Berkoff), the Wind on Fire trilogy by William Nicholson (\"The Wind Singer\", \"Slaves of the Mastery\" and \"Firesong\"), the Arthur trilogy by Kevin Crossley-Holland (\"The Seeing Stone\", \"At the Crossing Places\" and\" King of the Middle March\"), five books by Sebastian Faulks (\"Charlotte Gray\", \"Birdsong\", \"The Girl at the Lion d'Or\", \"Human Traces\" and \"A Possible Life\"), four by Michael Ridpath (\"Trading Reality\", \"Final Venture\", \"Free to Trade\", and \"The Marketmaker\"), two by George Orwell (\"Nineteen Eighty-Four\" and \"Homage to Catalonia\"), two by Mary Wesley (\"An Imaginative Experience\" and \"Part of the Furniture\"), two by Robert Goddard (\"Closed Circle\" and \"In Pale Battalions\") and several compilations of poetry \"(Realms of Gold: Letters and Poems of John Keats\", \"Bright Star\", \"The Collected Works of Shelley\", \"Seven Ages\", \"Great Narrative Poems of the Romantic Age\" and \"A Shropshire Lad)\". Also \"Faust\", \"Bomber\", \"Doctor Who: The Vengeance of Morbius\", \"Empire of the Sun\", \"Brighton Rock\", \"Fair Stood the Wind for France\", \"Fluke\", \"Great Speeches in History\", \"How Proust Can Change Your Life\", \"Lady Windermere's Fan\", \"Peter Pan\", \"The Alchemist\", \"The Day of the Triffids\", \"The Hairy Hands\", \"The Lives of Christopher Chant\", \"The Man Who Made Husbands Jealous\", \"The Queen's Man\", \"The Solitaire Mystery\", \"The Swimming Pool Library\", \"The Two Destinies\", \"The Velveteen Rabbit\", \"The Way I Found Her\", \"The Way to Dusty Death\", \"The Woodlanders\", \"Under the Net\", \"Wuthering Heights\" and Philip Pullman's \"Grimm Tales for Young and Old\".\n", "In June 2012, West recorded an English narration of \"The Book about Moomin, Mymble and Little My\" by Tove Jansson for an interactive audiobook developed by Spinfy and published by Sort of Books.\n", "In May 2015, West's reading of \"Brighton Rock\" was chosen as one of 'The 20 best audiobooks of all time' by Carole Mansur of the Daily Telegraph.\n", "As a reciter West has worked with all the major British orchestras, as well as the Strasbourg Philharmonic Orchestra, Dallas Symphony Orchestra and the National Symphony Orchestra in Washington, D.C.. Works include Stravinsky's \"Oedipus Rex\" and \"The Soldier's Tale\", Prokofiev's \"Eugene Onegin\", Beethoven's \"Egmont\", Schoenburg's \"Ode To Napoleon\", Strauss' \"Enoch Arden\", Saint-Saëns’ \"Carnival of the Animals\", Bernstein's \"Kaddish\", Walton's \"Façade\" and \"Henry V\", \"Night Mail\" and \"The Way to the Sea\" by Britten and Auden, the world premieres of \"Concrete\" by Judith Weir at the Barbican and Howard Goodall’s \"Jason and the Argonauts\" at the Royal Albert Hall and the UK premiere of Jonathan Harvey's final piece \"Weltethos\" at the Symphony Hall, Birmingham. In 2007 West made his New York recital debut in the first performance of \"Little Red Violin\" by Anne Dudley and Steven Isserlis. In November 2010, West performed a new English translation of Grieg's complete incidental music to Ibsen’s play \"Peer Gynt\" with the Southampton Philharmonic Choir at Southampton Guildhall. He has performed at the Proms six times, including the suite version of \"Henry V\" at the 2002 Last Night of the Proms.\n", "He has also appeared with the Nash Ensemble, the Raphael Ensemble, The Hebrides Ensemble, Ensemble 360 and the Lindsay, Dante and Endellion Quartets at the Wigmore Hall, London. Recordings include Prokofief's \"Eugene Onegin\" with Sinfonia 21 and Edward Downes, \"Salad Days\" and Walton's \"Henry V\" with the BBC Symphony Orchestra and Leonard Slatkin.\n", "As a choral singer, West has participated in three Choir of London tours to Palestine: in May 2006, when he also gave poetry readings as part of the concert programme; in April 2007 when he directed \"The Magic Flute\". and in September 2013 (see below).\n", "In 2013, the centenary year of Benjamin Britten, West narrated the Britten/Auden film score \"Night Mail\" with the Nash Ensemble at the Wigmore Hall and later added \"Coal Face, God’s Chillun, The Peace of Britain, The Way to the Sea\" and \"The King's Stamp\" with the Aurora Orchestra at the Queen Elizabeth and Fairfield Halls. In June he played God in Britten’s \"Noye’s Fludde\" in Harrogate. In July he appeared in a Proms Plus broadcast discussing Britten’s setting of poetry. In September he toured Palestine with the Choir of London as staff director of a new opera based on Britten’s \"Hymn to St Cecilia\" and sang in Britten’s \"St Nicolas\". In October, he narrated the concert world premiere of \"Britten in America\" for the Hallé orchestra, which was released on CD together with West’s recordings of speeches to Britten’s incidental music for Auden and Isherwood’s play \"The Ascent of F6\" (the disc, \"Britten to America\", was later nominated for a 2014 Grammy Award for Best Classical Compendium). He also toured a program of Britten cabaret songs and Auden poems across the UK with Ruthie Culver and the UtterJazz Quartet.\n", "In June 2013 he appeared in the video for \"Handyman Blues\" by Billy Bragg, directed by Johnny Vegas.\n", "On 14 July 2017, one month after the tragic fire at Grenfell Tower, BBC's Newshour programme invited West to read out an excerpt from a letter written by an anonymous firefighter giving a personal account of the fire scene and his inner thoughts on duty that night.\n", "Section::::Awards and nominations.\n", "As actor\n", "BULLET::::- 1993 - Nominated BAFTA Award for Best Supporting Actor for \"Howards End\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1999 - Nominated Genie Award for Best Actor for \"Rupert's Land\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2001 - Won London Critics' Circle Theatre Award for Best Shakespearean Performance for \"Hamlet\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2001 - Won Whatsonstage Theatregoers' Choice Award Best Actor for \"Hamlet\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2008 - Nominated Whatsonstage Theatregoers' Choice Award for Best Ensemble Performance for \"Betrayal\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2009 - Nominated TMA Award for Best Performance in a Play for \"ENRON\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2009 - Nominated Evening Standard Award Best Actor for \"ENRON\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2010 - Nominated Whatsonstage Theatregoers' Choice Award for Best Actor for \"ENRON\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2010 - Nominated Olivier Award Best Actor for \"ENRON\"\n", "As reader\n", "BULLET::::- 1999 - Won Talkie award for \"Charlotte Gray\" by Sebastian Faulks\n", "BULLET::::- 2000 - Won Audie award for \"Realms of Gold: Letters and Poems of John Keats\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2001 - Won Spoken Word award (Silver) for \"The Seeing Stone\" by Kevin Crossley-Holland\n", "BULLET::::- 2001 - Won Spoken Word award (Gold) for \"Birdsong\" by Sebastian Faulks\n", "Samuel West has received nine AudioFile Earphones Awards for his narration: \"The Day of the Triffids\" by John Wyndham (1996), \"Peter Pan\" by J.M.Barrie (1997), \"Charlotte Gray\" by Sebastian Faulks (1999), \"The Way I Found Her\" by Rose Tremain (2000), \"The Swimming Pool Library\" by Alan Hollinghurst (2007), \"Faust\" by Goethe (2011), \"A Shropshire Lad\" by A. E. Housman (2011), \"A Possible Life\" by Sebastian Faulks (2012) and Philip Pullman's \"Grimm Tales for Young and Old\" (2013) \n", "As director\n", "BULLET::::- 2004 - Nominated Olivier Award for Best Opera Revival for \"Cosi Fan Tutte\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2008 - Nominated Olivier Award for Best Revival for \"Dealer's Choice\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2009 - Nominated Theatregoers' Choice Award for Best Director for \"Waste\" and \"Dealer's Choice\"\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Samuel West – acting CV at United Agents\n", "BULLET::::- Samuel West – directing CV at United Agents\n", "BULLET::::- Samuel West speeches about arts funding and culture\n", "BULLET::::- Samuel West speech at the TUC \"March for the Alternative\", 26 March 2011 (video)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "English actor and director", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1389078", "wikidata_label": "Samuel West", "wikipedia_title": "Samuel West" }

{ "end": [ 27, 291, 339, 369, 448, 548, 577, 25, 36, 104, 157, 177, 204, 247, 316, 142, 40, 46, 59, 69, 83, 140, 228, 269, 330, 413, 486, 519, 554, 573, 593, 617, 633, 675, 719, 732, 746, 759, 775, 791, 809, 80, 160, 186, 225, 277, 315, 351, 154, 324, 400, 432, 464, 481, 503, 563, 612, 58, 77, 95, 168, 202, 316, 403, 419, 532, 43, 137, 212, 230, 251, 270, 297, 69, 92, 127, 157, 57, 126, 198, 216, 268, 325, 354, 424, 61, 111, 209, 223, 236, 132, 177, 13, 108, 54, 68, 101, 423, 44, 231, 245, 355, 43, 268, 349, 66, 107, 29, 22, 48, 65, 38, 56, 66, 44, 24, 61, 90, 28, 67, 91, 66, 22, 37, 55, 71, 47, 72, 23, 55, 60, 81, 21, 41, 69, 130, 185, 227, 45, 64, 83, 22, 51, 89, 31, 63, 22, 56, 97, 45, 77, 103, 128, 29, 49, 66, 85, 20, 57, 71, 32, 67, 81, 22, 50, 74, 42, 65, 84, 101, 135, 24, 51, 68, 31, 60, 77, 32, 55, 72, 91, 42, 53, 109, 24, 56, 74, 35, 107, 126, 38, 54, 73, 89, 27, 19, 52, 82, 102, 138, 20, 48, 70, 25, 59, 80, 85, 125, 20, 33, 22, 97, 19, 39, 56, 23, 39, 94, 196, 218, 24, 23, 29, 46, 29, 35, 49, 87, 40, 74, 48, 27, 46, 78, 100, 102, 132, 24, 34, 75, 124, 19, 33, 20, 38, 59, 32, 50, 66, 46, 66, 82, 97, 51, 123, 136, 24, 65, 104, 58, 57, 80, 93, 34, 50, 74, 87, 55, 94, 107, 61, 79, 120, 144, 157, 75, 49, 59, 20, 57, 88, 106, 94, 127, 185, 208, 247, 62 ], "href": [ "Commander%20of%20the%20Order%20of%20the%20British%20Empire", "Coronation%20Street", "EastEnders", "Not%20Going%20Out", "Prunella%20Scales", "Channel%204", "Great%20Canal%20Journeys", "Bradford", "Yorkshire", "Lockwood%20West", "the%20John%20Lyon%20School", "Harrow%20on%20the%20Hill", "Bristol%20Grammar%20School", "Julian%20Glover", "University%20of%20Westminster", "New%20Wimbledon%20Theatre", "Newquay", "Kingston%20upon%20Hull", "Northampton", "Worthing", "Salisbury", "Piccadilly%20Theatre", "Royal%20Shakespeare%20Company", "Arts%20Theatre", "Afore%20Night%20Come", "Marat/Sade", "Stratford-upon-Avon", "Aldwych%20Theatre", "The%20Comedy%20of%20Errors", "Timon%20of%20Athens", "The%20Jew%20of%20Malta", "Love%27s%20Labour%27s%20Lost", "Peter%20Hall%20%28director%29", "The%20Government%20Inspector", "Paul%20Scofield", "Eric%20Porter", "Janet%20Suzman", "Paul%20Rogers%20%28actor%29", "Ian%20Richardson", "Glenda%20Jackson", "Peter%20McEnery", "The%20Master%20Builder", "Prospect%20Theatre%20Company", "Edinburgh%20Festival", "Dublin", "English%20Touring%20Theatre", "Old%20Vic", "Bristol%20Old%20Vic", "Edward%20the%20Seventh", "Edward%20VII%20of%20the%20United%20Kingdom", "Nicholas%20and%20Alexandra", "The%20Day%20of%20the%20Jackal%20%28film%29", "The%20Thirty%20Nine%20Steps%20%281978%20film%29", "Masada%20%28miniseries%29", "Cry%20Freedom", "Iris%20%282001%20film%29", "Samuel%20West", "ITV%20%28TV%20network%29", "Northern%20England", "Brass%20%28TV%20series%29", "Miss%20Marple", "A%20Pocket%20Full%20of%20Rye", "A%20Very%20Peculiar%20Practice", "King%20Lear", "Ian%20Holm", "Bedtime", "Not%20Going%20Out", "Geoffrey%20Whitehead", "John%20Simm", "Jim%20Broadbent", "Exile%20%28TV%20series%29", "BAFTA", "Danny%20Brocklehurst", "Coronation%20Street", "Eric%20Babbage", "EastEnders", "Stan%20Carter", "Billingham", "Joseph%20Heller", "The%20National%20Health%20%28play%29", "Peter%20Nichols", "Old%20Vic%20Theatre", "Trelawny%20of%20the%20%27Wells%27", "The%20Merchant%20of%20Venice", "University%20of%20Western%20Australia", "Carl%20Rosa%20Opera%20Company", "H.M.S.%20Pinafore", "Dennis%20Olsen%20%28actor%29", "Perth%2C%20Western%20Australia", "Brisbane", "Prunella%20Scales", "Samuel%20West", "The%20Guardian", "crossword", "Lace%20Market%20Theatre", "Nottingham", "Gloucester", "World%20Orphan%20Week", "National%20Piers%20Society", "Stratford-upon-Avon", "Tewkesbury", "Cancer%20Research%20UK", "Talyllyn%20Railway", "Inland%20Waterways%20Association", "Great%20Canal%20Journeys", "London%20Academy%20of%20Music%20and%20Dramatic%20Art", "Benedict%20Cumberbatch", "Order%20of%20the%20British%20Empire", "King%20Lear", "Tom%20Morris%20%28director%29", "Bristol%20Old%20Vic", "James%20Graham%20%28playwright%29", "Donmar%20Warehouse", "More4", "Ronald%20Harwood", "Uncle%20Vanya", "Jeremy%20Herrin", "Chichester%20Festival%20Theatre", "The%20Winslow%20Boy", "Stephen%20Unwin%20%28director%29", "Rose%20Theatre%2C%20Kingston", "Shropshire", "The%20Lover%20%28play%29", "The%20Collection%20%28play%29", "Jamie%20Lloyd", "Comedy%20Theatre", "St%20Pancras%20railway%20station", "William%20Henry%20Barlow", "Coriolanus%20%28play%29", "Gregory%20Doran", "Royal%20Shakespeare%20Company", "Stratford-upon-Avon", "A%20Number", "Caryl%20Churchill", "Samuel%20West", "Crucible%20Theatre", "Menier%20Chocolate%20Factory", "Cape%20Town", "Alan%20Bennett", "Stephen%20Unwin%20%28director%29", "Trafalgar%20Studios", "King%20Lear", "Stephen%20Unwin%20%28director%29", "English%20Touring%20Theatre", "The%20Master%20Builder", "Stephen%20Unwin%20%28director%29", "King%20Lear", "Richard%20Eyre", "Royal%20National%20Theatre", "Henry%20IV%2C%20Part%202", "Samuel%20West", "Stephen%20Unwin%20%28director%29", "the%20Old%20Vic", "Twelve%20Angry%20Men", "Harold%20Pinter", "Bristol%20Old%20Vic", "Comedy%20Theatre", "Macbeth", "Helena%20Kaut-Howson", "Theatr%20Clwyd", "Death%20of%20a%20Salesman", "Janet%20Suzman", "Theatr%20Clwyd", "King%20Lear", "Alan%20Stanford", "Dublin", "Long%20Day%27s%20Journey%20into%20Night", "Prunella%20Scales", "Howard%20Davies%20%28director%29", "Bristol%20Old%20Vic", "Royal%20National%20Theatre", "Uncle%20Vanya", "Paul%20Unwin%20%28director%29", "Bristol%20Old%20Vic", "The%20Master%20Builder", "Paul%20Unwin%20%28director%29", "Bristol%20Old%20Vic", "When%20We%20Are%20Married", "Prunella%20Scales", "Ronald%20Eyre", "Whitehall%20Theatre", "David%20Pownall", "Stalin", "the%20Old%20Vic", "Uncle%20Vanya", "Prunella%20Scales", "Perth", "The%20Merchant%20of%20Venice", "British%20Council", "the%20Old%20Vic", "Caryl%20Brahms", "Ned%20Sherrin", "Thomas%20Beecham", "Apollo%20Theatre", "The%20Homecoming", "Hamlet", "Derek%20Jacobi", "Toby%20Robertson", "Edinburgh%20Festival", "the%20Old%20Vic", "Othello", "Richard%20Eyre", "Nottingham%20Playhouse", "Hedda%20Gabler", "Trevor%20Nunn", "Glenda%20Jackson", "Royal%20Shakespeare%20Company", "Aldwych%20Theatre", "Macbeth", "Love%27s%20Labour%27s%20Lost", "King%20Lear", "Edinburgh%20Festival", "Exiles%20%28play%29", "Harold%20Pinter", "Mermaid%20Theatre", "Richard%20II%20%28play%29", "Edward%20II%20%28play%29", "Ian%20McKellen", "Piccadilly%20Theatre", "Richard%20Cottrell", "The%20Tempest", "Marat/Sade", "Royal%20Shakespeare%20Company", "Peter%20Brook", "Afore%20Night%20Come", "Royal%20Shakespeare%20Company", "Arts%20Theatre", "Aldwych%20Theatre", "Theatre%20Royal%2C%20Brighton", "Queen%27s%20Theatre", "Piccadilly%20Theatre", "Cabin%20Pressure%20%28radio%20series%29", "John%20Finnemore%20%28writer%29", "BBC%20Radio%204", "Wireless%20Theatre%20Company", "Samuel%20Johnson", "BBC%20Radio%204", "Lorna%20Doone", "Rumpole%20of%20the%20Bailey", "Rumpole%20and%20the%20Primrose%20Path", "Prunella%20Scales", "Ned%20Chaillet%23Hecuba", "Euripides", "Ned%20Chaillet%23Groupie", "Arnold%20Wesker", "Peter%20Tinniswood", "Death%20of%20a%20Salesman", "Arthur%20Miller", "Willy%20Loman", "The%20Expedition%20of%20Humphry%20Clinker", "Tobias%20Smollett", "Classic%20Serial", "BBC%20Radio%204", "Alick%20Rowe", "Saturday%20Night%20Theatre", "BBC%20Radio%204", "I%2C%20Claudius", "Robert%20Graves", "Glyn%20Dearman", "Wally%20K.%20Daly", "Lope%20de%20Vega", "Diocletian", "BBC%20Radio%203", "Lady%20Windermere%27s%20Fan", "Oscar%20Wilde", "Saturday%20Night%20Theatre", "BBC%20Radio%204", "Alick%20Rowe", "Saturday%20Night%20Theatre", "BBC%20Radio%204", "Loren%20D.%20Estleman", "Doctor%20Watson", "Glyn%20Dearman", "Saturday%20Night%20Theatre", "BBC%20Radio%204", "BBC%20Radio%203", "Tom%20Stoppard", "Tom%20Stoppard", "Macbeth", "BBC%20Third%20Programme", "BBC%20Radio%204", "BBC%207", "Chronicles%20of%20Barsetshire", "Palliser%20novels", "George%20MacDonald%20Fraser", "The%20Flashman%20Papers", "AudioFile%20%28magazine%29", "Prunella%20Scales" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 5, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 13, 13, 13, 13, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 18, 18, 19, 19, 20, 20, 20, 20, 21, 21, 21, 21, 22, 22, 22, 23, 23, 25, 27, 27, 27, 28, 28, 28, 29, 30, 30, 30, 31, 31, 31, 32, 33, 33, 33, 33, 34, 34, 35, 35, 35, 35, 36, 36, 36, 36, 36, 36, 37, 37, 37, 38, 38, 38, 39, 39, 40, 40, 40, 41, 41, 41, 41, 42, 42, 42, 42, 43, 43, 43, 44, 44, 44, 45, 45, 45, 46, 46, 46, 46, 46, 47, 47, 47, 48, 48, 48, 49, 49, 49, 49, 50, 50, 50, 51, 51, 51, 52, 52, 52, 53, 53, 53, 53, 54, 55, 55, 55, 55, 55, 56, 56, 56, 57, 57, 57, 57, 57, 58, 59, 60, 60, 61, 61, 61, 62, 62, 62, 62, 62, 63, 65, 65, 65, 66, 66, 66, 66, 67, 67, 68, 71, 71, 71, 72, 73, 73, 74, 75, 75, 75, 76, 76, 77, 77, 78, 79, 79, 79, 81, 81, 81, 81, 82, 82, 82, 83, 83, 83, 84, 85, 85, 85, 86, 86, 86, 86, 87, 87, 87, 88, 88, 88, 88, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 92, 92, 92, 94, 94, 94, 94, 94, 98 ], "start": [ 24, 274, 329, 356, 433, 539, 557, 17, 27, 91, 137, 159, 182, 234, 291, 125, 33, 42, 48, 61, 74, 122, 203, 257, 314, 403, 477, 504, 534, 558, 577, 597, 623, 651, 706, 721, 734, 748, 761, 777, 796, 62, 136, 168, 219, 254, 308, 336, 136, 314, 378, 411, 443, 475, 492, 559, 601, 46, 69, 90, 157, 182, 292, 394, 411, 525, 30, 119, 203, 217, 246, 265, 279, 52, 80, 117, 146, 47, 113, 179, 203, 253, 302, 332, 393, 38, 96, 197, 218, 228, 117, 166, 1, 99, 35, 58, 91, 406, 22, 212, 235, 337, 27, 240, 329, 26, 87, 26, 13, 38, 50, 26, 40, 61, 30, 13, 48, 63, 13, 54, 69, 56, 13, 23, 44, 57, 23, 52, 13, 42, 57, 62, 13, 26, 58, 114, 168, 218, 33, 51, 66, 13, 38, 66, 13, 50, 13, 44, 81, 37, 66, 90, 117, 13, 36, 51, 71, 13, 39, 59, 13, 55, 69, 13, 37, 68, 13, 50, 71, 86, 119, 13, 41, 53, 13, 50, 62, 13, 40, 61, 74, 29, 47, 98, 13, 41, 69, 13, 92, 115, 26, 43, 59, 75, 13, 13, 40, 68, 84, 127, 13, 36, 50, 13, 48, 66, 82, 110, 13, 13, 13, 79, 13, 26, 41, 13, 30, 82, 178, 202, 13, 13, 26, 35, 13, 32, 37, 72, 27, 59, 30, 13, 32, 67, 76, 88, 121, 13, 13, 52, 107, 13, 24, 13, 25, 43, 13, 37, 55, 13, 51, 68, 86, 41, 101, 125, 13, 52, 92, 45, 45, 70, 82, 13, 39, 52, 76, 45, 72, 96, 44, 66, 108, 122, 146, 64, 37, 47, 13, 38, 77, 101, 73, 112, 162, 189, 238, 47 ], "text": [ "CBE", "Coronation Street", "EastEnders", "Not Going Out", "Prunella Scales", "Channel 4", "Great Canal Journeys", "Bradford", "Yorkshire", "Lockwood West", "the John Lyon School", "Harrow on the Hill", "Bristol Grammar School", "Julian Glover", "University of Westminster", "Wimbledon Theatre", "Newquay", "Hull", "Northampton", "Worthing", "Salisbury", "Piccadilly Theatre", "Royal Shakespeare Company", "Arts Theatre", "Afore Night Come", "Marat/Sade", "Stratford", "Aldwych Theatre", "The Comedy of Errors", "Timon of Athens", "The Jew of Malta", "Love's Labour's Lost", "Peter Hall", "The Government Inspector", "Paul Scofield", "Eric Porter", "Janet Suzman", "Paul Rogers", "Ian Richardson", "Glenda Jackson", "Peter McEnery", "The Master Builder", "Prospect Theatre Company", "Edinburgh Festival", "Dublin", "English Touring Theatre", "Old Vic", "Bristol Old Vic", "Edward the Seventh", "Edward VII", "Nicholas and Alexandra", "The Day of the Jackal", "The Thirty Nine Steps", "Masada", "Cry Freedom", "Iris", "Samuel West", "Granada TV's", "Northern", "Brass", "Miss Marple", "A Pocket Full of Rye", "A Very Peculiar Practice", "King Lear", "Ian Holm", "Bedtime", "Not Going Out", "Geoffrey Whitehead", "John Simm", "Jim Broadbent", "Exile", "BAFTA", "Danny Brocklehurst", "Coronation Street", "Eric Babbage", "EastEnders", "Stan Carter", "Billingham", "Joseph Heller", "The National Health", "Peter Nichols", "Old Vic Theatre", "Trelawny of the 'Wells'", "The Merchant of Venice", "University of Western Australia", "Carl Rosa Opera Company", "H.M.S. Pinafore", "Dennis Olsen", "Perth", "Brisbane", "Prunella Scales", "Samuel West", "The Guardian", "crossword", "Lace Market Theatre", "Nottingham", "Gloucester", "World Orphan Week", "National Piers Society", "Stratford-upon-Avon", "Tewkesbury", "Cancer Research UK", "Talyllyn Railway", "Inland Waterways Association", "Great Canal Journeys", "London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art", "Benedict Cumberbatch", "CBE", "King Lear", "Tom Morris", "Bristol Old Vic", "James Graham", "Donmar Warehouse", "More4", "Ronald Harwood", "Uncle Vanya", "Jeremy Herrin", "Chichester Festival Theatre", "The Winslow Boy", "Stephen Unwin", "Rose Theatre, Kingston", "Shropshire", "The Lover", "The Collection", "Jamie Lloyd", "Comedy Theatre", "St Pancras International", "William Henry Barlow", "Coriolanus", "Gregory Doran", "RSC", "Stratford-upon-Avon", "A Number", "Caryl Churchill", "Samuel West", "Crucible Theatre", "Chocolate Factory", "Cape Town", "Alan Bennett", "Stephen Unwin", "Trafalgar Studios", "King Lear", "Stephen Unwin", "English Touring Theatre", "The Master Builder", "Stephen Unwin", "King Lear", "Richard Eyre", "National Theatre", "Part Two", "Samuel West", "Stephen Unwin", "the Old Vic", "Twelve Angry Men", "Harold Pinter", "Bristol Old Vic", "Comedy Theatre", "Macbeth", "Helena Kaut-Howson", "Theatr Clwyd", "Death of a Salesman", "Janet Suzman", "Theatr Clwyd", "King Lear", "Alan Stanford", "Dublin", "Long Day's Journey into Night", "Prunella Scales", "Howard Davies", "Bristol Old Vic", "National Theatre", "Uncle Vanya", "Paul Unwin", "Bristol Old Vic", "The Master Builder", "Paul Unwin", "Bristol Old Vic", "When We Are Married", "Prunella Scales", "Ronald Eyre", "Whitehall Theatre", "David Pownall", "Stalin", "the Old Vic", "Uncle Vanya", "Prunella Scales", "Perth", "The Merchant of Venice", "British Council", "the Old Vic", "Caryl Brahms", "Ned Sherrin", "Thomas Beecham", "Apollo Theatre", "The Homecoming", "Hamlet", "Derek Jacobi", "Toby Robertson", "Edinburgh Festival", "the Old Vic", "Othello", "Richard Eyre", "Nottingham Playhouse", "Hedda Gabler", "Trevor Nunn", "Glenda Jackson", "RSC", "Aldwych Theatre", "Macbeth", "Love's Labour's Lost", "King Lear", "Edinburgh Festival", "Exiles", "Harold Pinter", "Mermaid Theatre", "Richard II", "Edward II", "Ian McKellen", "Piccadilly Theatre", "Richard Cottrell", "The Tempest", "Marat/Sade", "RSC", "Peter Brook", "Afore Night Come", "RSC", "Arts Theatre", "Aldwych Theatre", "Theatre Royal", "Queen's Theatre", "Piccadilly Theatre", "Cabin Pressure", "John Finnemore", "BBC Radio 4", "Wireless Theatre Company", "Doctor Johnson", "BBC Radio 4", "Lorna Doone", "Rumpole of the Bailey", "sixteen 45-minute plays", "wife in real life", "Hecuba", "Euripides", "Groupie", "Arnold Wesker", "Peter Tinniswood", "Death of a Salesman", "Arthur Miller", "Willy Loman", "The Expedition of Humphry Clinker", "Tobias Smollett", "Classic Serial", "BBC Radio 4", "Alick Rowe", "Saturday Night Theatre", "BBC Radio 4", "I, Claudius", "Robert Graves", "Glyn Dearman", "Wally K. Daly", "Lope de Vega", "Diocletian", "BBC Radio 3", "Lady Windermere's Fan", "Oscar Wilde", "Saturday Night Theatre", "BBC Radio 4", "Alick Rowe", "Saturday Night Theatre", "BBC Radio 4", "Loren D. Estleman", "Doctor Watson", "Glyn Dearman", "Saturday Night Theatre", "BBC Radio 4", "BBC Radio 3", "Tom Stoppard", "Tom Stoppard", "Macbeth", "BBC Third Programme", "BBC Radio 4", "BBC 7", "Barchester Chronicles", "Palliser novels", "George MacDonald Fraser", "The Flashman Papers", "AudioFile", "Prunella Scales" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "212182", "6851", "9995", "7329974", "157655", "6321", "50265098", "23861381", "36637", "28068650", "1091394", "2490805", "671701", "715221", "6179123", "3360522", "65359", "56474", "63734", "350224", "72119", "3245566", "167785", "2982759", "14787469", "1365263", "58882", "1629039", "324904", "318936", "1858211", "67015", "461787", "729806", "67943", "1899433", "223913", "6764664", "965995", "163012", "4781223", "1611405", "43747005", "144673", "8504", "17421417", "589824", "728802", "4796599", "46721", "99464", "9535065", "4783479", "454237", "707823", "184158", "157663", "58089", "714694", "2576418", "1002", "2292761", "330384", "55721", "171137", "8982920", "7329974", "2865351", "1910215", "271275", "31649379", "147943", "6537592", "6851", "38121496", "9995", "48879049", "881743", "9647127", "8705807", "291306", "589824", "18372234", "37713", "231031", "2300967", "47801", "2193756", "24355", "192093", "157655", "157663", "19344515", "69760", "15436251", "39470", "65370", "17405318", "5634657", "58882", "308993", "615793", "172764", "1409375", "50265098", "1464556", "2275990", "212182", "55721", "32080815", "728802", "35037367", "1306473", "2360862", "1463830", "877103", "25598161", "3274459", "738021", "17421575", "15216800", "51611", "3529426", "3529252", "3298481", "33020690", "311178", "370151", "1036847", "19983068", "167785", "58882", "1258132", "42034541", "157663", "402714", "10300434", "6653", "82767", "17421575", "9388621", "55721", "17421575", "17421417", "1611405", "17421575", "55721", "973669", "167775", "666518", "157663", "17421575", "589824", "20015569", "89530", "728802", "33020690", "18866", "20376304", "2173448", "156620", "223913", "2173448", "55721", "11221750", "8504", "206731", "157655", "5102452", "728802", "167775", "877103", "18985364", "728802", "1611405", "18985364", "728802", "16487736", "157655", "5243858", "9388621", "5208475", "15641", "589824", "877103", "157655", "24355", "37713", "429846", "589824", "3946482", "860927", "148224", "1225584", "4287721", "13554", "168017", "40547131", "144673", "589824", "22460", "973669", "1972897", "186905", "224508", "163012", "167785", "1629039", "18866", "67015", "55721", "144673", "1858892", "89530", "3406801", "68201", "1208874", "15308", "3245566", "28617512", "23487767", "1365263", "167785", "215191", "14787469", "167785", "2982759", "1629039", "5747640", "819002", "3245566", "23641576", "23984887", "72758", "22546681", "48594", "72758", "228736", "479798", "31092864", "157655", "33053494", "9808", "33053494", "456936", "488331", "156620", "2310", "1195804", "227520", "224720", "16910208", "72758", "21126824", "31371716", "72758", "167245", "39345", "21019239", "5763479", "379771", "8580", "275454", "165356", "22614", "31371716", "72758", "21126824", "31371716", "72758", "1983671", "23290914", "21019239", "31371716", "72758", "275454", "30387", "30387", "18866", "346564", "72758", "207265", "638860", "4516020", "420617", "38496177", "14911986", "157655" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "Order of the British Empire", "Coronation Street", "EastEnders", "Not Going Out", "Prunella Scales", "Channel 4", "Great Canal Journeys", "Bradford", "Yorkshire", "Lockwood West", "The John Lyon School", "Harrow on the Hill", "Bristol Grammar School", "Julian Glover", "University of Westminster", "New Wimbledon Theatre", "Newquay", "Kingston upon Hull", "Northampton", "Worthing", "Salisbury", "Piccadilly Theatre", "Royal Shakespeare Company", "Arts Theatre", "Afore Night Come", "Marat/Sade", "Stratford-upon-Avon", "Aldwych Theatre", "The Comedy of Errors", "Timon of Athens", "The Jew of Malta", "Love's Labour's Lost", "Peter Hall (director)", "The Government Inspector", "Paul Scofield", "Eric Porter", "Janet Suzman", "Paul Rogers (actor)", "Ian Richardson", "Glenda Jackson", "Peter McEnery", "The Master Builder", "Prospect Theatre Company", "List of Edinburgh festivals", "Dublin", "English Touring Theatre", "The Old Vic", "Bristol Old Vic", "Edward the Seventh", "Edward VII", "Nicholas and Alexandra", "The Day of the Jackal (film)", "The Thirty Nine Steps (1978 film)", "Masada (miniseries)", "Cry Freedom", "Iris (2001 film)", "Samuel West", "ITV (TV network)", "Northern England", "Brass (TV series)", "Miss Marple", "A Pocket Full of Rye", "A Very Peculiar Practice", "King Lear", "Ian Holm", "Bedtime", "Not Going Out", "Geoffrey Whitehead", "John Simm", "Jim Broadbent", "Exile (TV series)", "British Academy of Film and Television Arts", "Danny Brocklehurst", "Coronation Street", "List of Coronation Street characters (2013)", "EastEnders", "Stan Carter", "Billingham", "Joseph Heller", "The National Health (play)", "Peter Nichols", "The Old Vic", "Trelawny of the 'Wells'", "The Merchant of Venice", "University of Western Australia", "Carl Rosa Opera Company", "H.M.S. Pinafore", "Dennis Olsen (actor)", "Perth", "Brisbane", "Prunella Scales", "Samuel West", "The Guardian", "Crossword", "Lace Market Theatre", "Nottingham", "Gloucester", "World Orphan Week", "National Piers Society", "Stratford-upon-Avon", "Tewkesbury", "Cancer Research UK", "Talyllyn Railway", "Inland Waterways Association", "Great Canal Journeys", "London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art", "Benedict Cumberbatch", "Order of the British Empire", "King Lear", "Tom Morris (director)", "Bristol Old Vic", "James Graham (playwright)", "Donmar Warehouse", "More4", "Ronald Harwood", "Uncle Vanya", "Jeremy Herrin", "Chichester Festival Theatre", "The Winslow Boy", "Stephen Unwin (director)", "Rose Theatre, Kingston", "Shropshire", "The Lover (play)", "The Collection (play)", "Jamie Lloyd", "Harold Pinter Theatre", "St Pancras railway station", "William Henry Barlow", "Coriolanus", "Gregory Doran", "Royal Shakespeare Company", "Stratford-upon-Avon", "A Number", "Caryl Churchill", "Samuel West", "Crucible Theatre", "Menier Chocolate Factory", "Cape Town", "Alan Bennett", "Stephen Unwin (director)", "Trafalgar Studios", "King Lear", "Stephen Unwin (director)", "English Touring Theatre", "The Master Builder", "Stephen Unwin (director)", "King Lear", "Richard Eyre", "Royal National Theatre", "Henry IV, Part 2", "Samuel West", "Stephen Unwin (director)", "The Old Vic", "Twelve Angry Men", "Harold Pinter", "Bristol Old Vic", "Harold Pinter Theatre", "Macbeth", "Helena Kaut-Howson", "Theatr Clwyd", "Death of a Salesman", "Janet Suzman", "Theatr Clwyd", "King Lear", "Alan Stanford", "Dublin", "Long Day's Journey into Night", "Prunella Scales", "Howard Davies (director)", "Bristol Old Vic", "Royal National Theatre", "Uncle Vanya", "Paul Unwin (director)", "Bristol Old Vic", "The Master Builder", "Paul Unwin (director)", "Bristol Old Vic", "When We Are Married", "Prunella Scales", "Ronald Eyre", "Trafalgar Studios", "David Pownall", "Joseph Stalin", "The Old Vic", "Uncle Vanya", "Prunella Scales", "Perth", "The Merchant of Venice", "British Council", "The Old Vic", "Caryl Brahms", "Ned Sherrin", "Thomas Beecham", "Apollo Theatre", "The Homecoming", "Hamlet", "Derek Jacobi", "Toby Robertson", "List of Edinburgh festivals", "The Old Vic", "Othello", "Richard Eyre", "Nottingham Playhouse", "Hedda Gabler", "Trevor Nunn", "Glenda Jackson", "Royal Shakespeare Company", "Aldwych Theatre", "Macbeth", "Love's Labour's Lost", "King Lear", "List of Edinburgh festivals", "Exiles (play)", "Harold Pinter", "Mermaid Theatre", "Richard II (play)", "Edward II (play)", "Ian McKellen", "Piccadilly Theatre", "Richard Cottrell", "The Tempest", "Marat/Sade", "Royal Shakespeare Company", "Peter Brook", "Afore Night Come", "Royal Shakespeare Company", "Arts Theatre", "Aldwych Theatre", "Theatre Royal, Brighton", "Sondheim Theatre", "Piccadilly Theatre", "Cabin Pressure (radio series)", "John Finnemore", "BBC Radio 4", "Wireless Theatre Company", "Samuel Johnson", "BBC Radio 4", "Lorna Doone", "Rumpole of the Bailey", "Rumpole and the Primrose Path", "Prunella Scales", "Ned Chaillet", "Euripides", "Ned Chaillet", "Arnold Wesker", "Peter Tinniswood", "Death of a Salesman", "Arthur Miller", "Willy Loman", "The Expedition of Humphry Clinker", "Tobias Smollett", "Classic Serial", "BBC Radio 4", "Alick Rowe", "Saturday Night Theatre", "BBC Radio 4", "I, Claudius", "Robert Graves", "Glyn Dearman", "Wally K. Daly", "Lope de Vega", "Diocletian", "BBC Radio 3", "Lady Windermere's Fan", "Oscar Wilde", "Saturday Night Theatre", "BBC Radio 4", "Alick Rowe", "Saturday Night Theatre", "BBC Radio 4", "Loren D. Estleman", "Dr. Watson", "Glyn Dearman", "Saturday Night Theatre", "BBC Radio 4", "BBC Radio 3", "Tom Stoppard", "Tom Stoppard", "Macbeth", "BBC Third Programme", "BBC Radio 4", "BBC Radio 4 Extra", "Chronicles of Barsetshire", "Palliser novels", "George MacDonald Fraser", "The Flashman Papers", "AudioFile (magazine)", "Prunella Scales" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Timothy West\n", "Timothy Lancaster West, CBE (born 20 October 1934) is an English film, stage and television actor, with more than fifty years of varied work in the business. As well as many classical theatre performances, he has appeared frequently on television, including spells in both \"Coronation Street\" as Eric Babbage and Stan Carter in \"EastEnders\", and also in \" Not Going Out\", as the original Geoffrey Adams. He is married to the actress Prunella Scales; since 2014 they have been seen travelling together on British and overseas canals in the Channel 4 series \"Great Canal Journeys\".\n", "Section::::Early life and education.\n", "West was born in Bradford, Yorkshire, the only son of Olive (née Carleton-Crowe) and actor Lockwood West (1905-1989). He was educated at the John Lyon School, Harrow on the Hill, at Bristol Grammar School, where he was a classmate of Julian Glover, and at Regent Street Polytechnic (now the University of Westminster). He has a sister named Patricia who is 5 years younger than himself.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "West worked as an office furniture salesman and as a recording technician, before becoming an assistant stage manager at the Wimbledon Theatre in 1956. In 1959, he wrote and produced a short audio play, \"This Gun That I Have in My Right Hand Is Loaded\", satirising typical mistakes of radio drama, including over-explanatory dialogue and misuse of sound cues.\n", "Section::::Career.:Stage.\n", "West played repertory seasons in Newquay, Hull, Northampton, Worthing and Salisbury before making his London debut at the Piccadilly Theatre in 1959 in the farce \"Caught Napping\". He was a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company for three seasons: the 1962 Arts Theatre Experimental season (\"Nil Carborundum\" and \"Afore Night Come\"), the 1964 'Dirty Plays' season (\"Victor\", the premiere production of \"Marat/Sade\" and the revival of \"Afore Night Come\") and the 1965 season at Stratford and later at the Aldwych Theatre appearing in \"The Comedy of Errors\", \"Timon of Athens\", \"The Jew of Malta\", \"Love's Labour's Lost\" and Peter Hall's production of \"The Government Inspector\", in a company which included Paul Scofield, Eric Porter, Janet Suzman, Paul Rogers, Ian Richardson, Glenda Jackson and Peter McEnery.\n", "West has played Macbeth twice, Uncle Vanya twice, Solness in \"The Master Builder\" twice and King Lear four times: in 1971 (aged 36) for Prospect Theatre Company at the Edinburgh Festival; on a worldwide tour in 1991 in Dublin for Second Age; in 2003 for English Touring Theatre, on tour in the UK and at the Old Vic; and in 2016 at the Bristol Old Vic.\n", "Section::::Career.:Screen.\n", "Having spent years as a familiar face who never quite became a household name, West's big break came with the major television series, \"Edward the Seventh\" (1975), in which he played the title role from the age of twenty-three until the King's death; his real-life sons, Samuel and Joseph, played the sons of King Edward VII as children. Other screen appearances have included \"Nicholas and Alexandra\" (1971), \"The Day of the Jackal\" (1973), \"The Thirty Nine Steps\" (1978), \"Masada\" (1981), \"Cry Freedom\" (1987) and Luc Besson's \"\" (1999). In Richard Eyre's \"Iris\" (2001) he plays Maurice and his son Samuel West plays Maurice as a young man.\n", "West starred as patriarch Bradley Hardacre in Granada TV's satirical Northern super-soap \"Brass\" over three seasons (1982–1990). West appeared in the series Miss Marple in 1985 (in \"A Pocket Full of Rye\" as the notorious Rex Fortescue), and made a memorable appearance as Professor Furie in \"A Very Peculiar Practice\" in 1986. In 1997, he played Gloucester in the BBC television production of \"King Lear\", with Ian Holm as Lear. From 2001 to 2003, he played the grumpy and frequently volatile Andrew in the BBC drama series \"Bedtime\". \n", "At Christmas 2007, he joined \"Not Going Out\" as Geoffrey Adams. He reprised this role in two episodes of series three; Geoffrey Whitehead played the role in later seasons. In 2011, he appeared alongside John Simm and Jim Broadbent in BBC series \"Exile\", written by BAFTA-winning Danny Brocklehurst.\n", "In February 2013, West joined the cast of ITV soap \"Coronation Street\", playing Eric Babbage. He joined the cast of \"EastEnders\" in 2013, playing Stan Carter from January 2014. He filmed his final scenes for \"EastEnders\" in February 2015.\n", "Section::::Career.:Directing.\n", "He was Artistic Director of the Forum Theatre, Billingham in 1973, where he directed \"We Bombed in New Haven\" by Joseph Heller, \"The Oz Obscenity Trial\" by David Livingstone and \"The National Health\" by Peter Nichols. He was co-artistic director of the Old Vic Theatre from 1980–81, where he directed \"Trelawny of the 'Wells'\" and \"The Merchant of Venice\". He was Director-in-Residence at the University of Western Australia in 1982.\n", "In 2004, he toured Australia with the Carl Rosa Opera Company as Director of the production of \"H.M.S. Pinafore\", also singing the role of Sir Joseph Porter. He was replaced in the singing role by Dennis Olsen for the Perth and Brisbane performances.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "West was married to actress Jacqueline Boyer from 1956 to 1961 and has a daughter Juliet. In 1963 he married actress Prunella Scales, with whom he has two sons. One, Samuel West, is an actor of note. Their younger son Joseph (Joe) participated in two episodes of Great Canal Journeys filmed in France, where Joe (a teacher and translator) lives with his French wife and their children. After the broadcast of the French canal episodes, Joe was interviewed in several newspapers. \n", "\"The Guardian\" crossword setter \"Biggles\" referred to West's 50th wedding anniversary in its prize crossword puzzle (number 26,089) on 26 October 2013.\n", "West and Scales are patrons of the Lace Market Theatre in Nottingham, The Kings Theatre in Gloucester and of the Conway Hall Sunday Concerts programme, the longest running series of chamber music concerts in Europe. West is an Ambassador of SOS Children's Villages, an international orphan charity providing homes and mothers for orphaned and abandoned children. He currently supports the charity's annual World Orphan Week campaign which takes place each February.\n", "West is patron of the National Piers Society, a charity dedicated to preserving and promoting seaside piers. He and Prunella Scales are patrons of Avon Navigation Trust, the charity that runs the River Avon from Stratford-upon-Avon to Tewkesbury. They both support ANT by attending the Stratford River Festival every year. West supports Cancer Research UK.\n", "West is a supporter of the Talyllyn Railway, the first preserved railway in the world. He has visited on a number of occasions, the last being the summer of 2015 to attend the Railway's 150th anniversary. He is also a keen supporter of the Inland Waterways Association, and since 2014 has featured together with his wife in the \"Great Canal Journeys\" series for Channel 4.\n", "West was president of the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (being succeeded by Benedict Cumberbatch in January 2018) and is President of the Society for Theatre Research. He is also patron of London-based drama school, The Associated Studios.\n", "Section::::Honours.\n", "In 1984, he was appointed CBE for his services to drama.\n", "Section::::Selected theatre.\n", "BULLET::::- \"King Lear\", as Lear, Dir Tom Morris, Bristol Old Vic, 2016\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Vote\" by James Graham, Donmar Warehouse and More4, 2015\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Handyman\" by Ronald Harwood, as Romka, Dir Joe Harmston, UK tour, 2012\n", "BULLET::::- \"Uncle Vanya\", as Sererbryakov, Dir Jeremy Herrin, Chichester Festival Theatre, 2012\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Winslow Boy\", as Arthur Winslow, Dir Stephen Unwin, Rose Theatre, Kingston and UK tour, 2009\n", "BULLET::::- \"Romany Wood\", as Narrator, Theatre Severn, Shropshire, 2009\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Lover/The Collection\", Dir Jamie Lloyd, Comedy Theatre, London, 2008\n", "BULLET::::- Opening of St Pancras International, as William Henry Barlow, Tuesday 6 November 2007\n", "BULLET::::- \"Coriolanus\" as Menenius, Dir Gregory Doran, RSC, Stratford-upon-Avon, Newcastle, Spain and USA, 2007\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Number\" by Caryl Churchill as Salter, with Samuel West as B1/B2/Michael Black, Dir Jonathan Munby, Crucible Theatre Studio, 2006. Revived in 2010 at the Chocolate Factory and 2011 at the Fugard Theatre, Cape Town.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Old Country\" by Alan Bennett, Dir Stephen Unwin, Trafalgar Studios, 2006\n", "BULLET::::- \"King Lear\", as Lear, Dir Stephen Unwin, UK tour with English Touring Theatre, 2002\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Master Builder\", as Solness, Dir Stephen Unwin, UK tour, 1999\n", "BULLET::::- \"King Lear\", as Gloucester, Dir Richard Eyre, Greece, Turkey and the National Theatre, 1997\n", "BULLET::::- \"Henry IV Part One\" and \"Part Two\", as Falstaff, with Samuel West as Hal, Dir Stephen Unwin, UK tour and the Old Vic Theatre, 1996\n", "BULLET::::- \"Twelve Angry Men\", Dir Harold Pinter, Bristol Old Vic and Comedy Theatre, 1996\n", "BULLET::::- \"Macbeth\", as Macbeth, Dir Helena Kaut-Howson, Theatr Clwyd, 1994\n", "BULLET::::- \"Death of a Salesman\", as Willy Loman, Dir Janet Suzman, Theatr Clwyd, 1993\n", "BULLET::::- \"King Lear\" as Lear, Dir Alan Stanford, Tivoli Theatre, Dublin, 1992\n", "BULLET::::- \"Long Day's Journey into Night\", with Prunella Scales, Dir Howard Davies, Bristol Old Vic, UK Tour and the National Theatre, 1991\n", "BULLET::::- \"Uncle Vanya\", as Vanya, Dir Paul Unwin, Bristol Old Vic, 1990\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Master Builder\", as Solness, Dir Paul Unwin, Bristol Old Vic, 1989\n", "BULLET::::- \"When We Are Married\", with Prunella Scales, Dir Ronald Eyre, Whitehall Theatre, 1985\n", "BULLET::::- \"Masterclass\" by David Pownall, as Stalin, Dir Justin Greene, Leicester Haymarket and the Old Vic Theatre, 1984\n", "BULLET::::- \"Uncle Vanya\", as Vanya, Dir Prunella Scales, Playhouse, Perth, Western Australia, 1982\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Merchant of Venice\" as Shylock, International tour in association with the British Council and at the Old Vic Theatre, 1980\n", "BULLET::::- \"Beecham\", by Caryl Brahms and Ned Sherrin, as Thomas Beecham, Apollo Theatre, London, 1980\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Homecoming\", as Max, Garrick Theatre, Dir Kevin Billington, 1978.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hamlet\", as Claudius, with Derek Jacobi as Hamlet, Dir Toby Robertson, Edinburgh Festival, International tour and the Old Vic Theatre, 1977\n", "BULLET::::- \"Othello\", as Iago, Dir Richard Eyre, Nottingham Playhouse, 1976\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hedda Gabler\", as Judge Brack, Dir Trevor Nunn, with Glenda Jackson, RSC, international tour and Aldwych Theatre, 1975\n", "BULLET::::- \"Macbeth\", as Macbeth, Gardner Centre, Brighton, Dir John David, 1974\n", "BULLET::::- \"Love's Labour's Lost\", as Holofernes, Aldwych Theatre, London, McBain/Archer, Prospect Theatre Company, June 1972\n", "BULLET::::- \"King Lear\" as Lear, Prospect Theatre Company, Dir Toby Robertson, Edinburgh Festival and UK tour, 1971. The production visited Australia in 1972\n", "BULLET::::- \"Exiles\", Dir Harold Pinter. Mermaid Theatre, 1970\n", "BULLET::::- \"Richard II\" and \"Edward II\", as Bolingbroke and Young Mortimer, with Ian McKellen as the kings, Prospect Theatre Company, Edinburgh Festival, International tour and Piccadilly Theatre, Dir Richard Cottrell/Toby Robertson, 1969\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Tempest\", as Prospero, Prospect Productions, Dir Toby Robertson, 1966\n", "BULLET::::- \"\"Madam\", said Dr Johnson\", Prospect Productions, Dir Toby Robertson, 1966\n", "BULLET::::- \"Marat/Sade\", RSC, Dir Peter Brook, 1964\n", "BULLET::::- \"Afore Night Come\", RSC, Arts Theatre, 1962. Revived at the Aldwych Theatre, 1964\n", "BULLET::::- \"Gentle Jack\", Theatre Royal, Brighton and the Queen's Theatre, London, 1963\n", "BULLET::::- \"Caught Napping\", Piccadilly Theatre, 1959\n", "Section::::Selected radio.\n", "Timothy West was a member of the BBC Radio Drama Repertory Company in 1962 and has taken part in over 500 radio broadcasts.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cabin Pressure\" by John Finnemore, as Gordon Shappey, BBC Radio 4, 2011\n", "BULLET::::- \"Seasons\" by Gareth Parker, as Harold. Independent drama by the Wireless Theatre Company, 2010\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Man on the Heath: Johnson and Boswell Investigate\" by David Noakes, as Doctor Johnson, Saturday Play on BBC Radio 4, 2005\n", "BULLET::::- \"Lorna Doone\" by R.D. Blackmore, as Narrator, 2004\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rumpole of the Bailey\", as Rumpole, in sixteen 45-minute plays, 2003–2012. In this series his wife in real life played his fictional wife.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hecuba\" by Euripides, as Polymestor, 2001\n", "BULLET::::- \"Groupie\" by Arnold Wesker, 2001\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dorothy, a Manager's Wife\" by Peter Tinniswood, 2000\n", "BULLET::::- \"Death of a Salesman\" by Arthur Miller, as Willy Loman, 1993\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Gibson\" by Bruce Bedford, 1992\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Expedition of Humphry Clinker\" by Tobias Smollett, Classic Serial on BBC Radio 4, 1992\n", "BULLET::::- \"Crisp and Even Brightly\" by Alick Rowe, as 'Generally well-intentioned King Wenceslas', Saturday Night Theatre, BBC Radio 4, 1987\n", "BULLET::::- \"I, Claudius\" and \"Claudius the God\" by Robert Graves, as Claudius, produced by Glyn Dearman, 1985\n", "BULLET::::- \"With a Whimper to the Grave\" by Wally K. Daly, as 642, 1984\n", "BULLET::::- \"Actors, or Playing for Real\" by Lope de Vega, as Emperor Diocletian, BBC Radio 3, 1983\n", "BULLET::::- \"Lady Windermere's Fan\" by Oscar Wilde, Saturday Night Theatre, BBC Radio 4, 1982\n", "BULLET::::- \"Operation Lightning Pegasus\" by Alick Rowe, as Agammemnon, Saturday Night Theatre, BBC Radio 4, 1981\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sherlock Holmes v. Dracula\" by Loren D. Estleman, as Doctor Watson, dramatised and directed by Glyn Dearman, Saturday Night Theatre, BBC Radio 4, 1981\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Monument\" by David Cregan, as Dr. James Short, BBC Radio 3, 1978\n", "BULLET::::- \"Where Are They Now?\" by Tom Stoppard, as an Old Boy, 1971\n", "BULLET::::- \"If You're Glad, I'll be Frank\" by Tom Stoppard, as Frank, 1966\n", "BULLET::::- \"Macbeth\", as the Porter, BBC Third Programme, 1966. Repeated on BBC Radio 4 in 1967 and BBC 7 in 2007\n", "Section::::Audiobooks.\n", "Timothy West has read many unabridged audiobooks, including the complete Barchester Chronicles and the complete Palliser novels by Anthony Trollope, and seven of George MacDonald Fraser's \"The Flashman Papers\" books. He has received four AudioFile Earphones Awards for his narration.\n", "Section::::Books.\n", "BULLET::::- \"I'm Here I Think, Where Are You? Letters from a Touring Actor\", 1994, .\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Moment Towards the End of the Play\" (autobiography), 2001, .\n", "BULLET::::- \"So You Want To Be an Actor\" (with Prunella Scales), 2005, .\n", "BULLET::::- \"Great Canal Journeys: A Lifetime of Memories on Britain's Most Beautiful Waterways\", 2017, .\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- LAMDA Biography\n", "BULLET::::- Timothy West at Gavin Barker Associates (agent)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Timothy Lancaster West" ] }, "description": "English film, stage, and television actor", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1362474", "wikidata_label": "Timothy West", "wikipedia_title": "Timothy West" }

{ "end": [ 64, 94, 128, 163, 29, 39, 31, 171, 328, 409, 492, 80, 96, 111, 550, 610, 659, 181, 213, 446, 354, 411, 444 ], "href": [ "China", "politician", "Gang%20of%20Four", "Cultural%20Revolution", "Zhuji", "Zhejiang", "Shanghai", "Wenhuibao", "Zhang%20Chunqiao", "Hai%20Rui%20Dismissed%20from%20Office", "Cultural%20Revolution", "Beijing", "Zhang%20Chunqiao", "Jiang%20Qing", "Mao%20Zedong", "Peng%20Dehuai", "Great%20Leap%20Forward", "Central%20Committee%20of%20the%20Communist%20Party%20of%20China", "Communist%20Party%20of%20China", "Hu%20Feng", "Zhang%20Chunqiao", "Xinhua", "diabetes" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8 ], "start": [ 57, 84, 116, 144, 24, 31, 23, 162, 314, 380, 473, 73, 82, 101, 547, 599, 641, 164, 189, 439, 340, 405, 436 ], "text": [ "Chinese", "politician", "Gang of Four", "Cultural Revolution", "Zhuji", "Zhejiang", "Shanghai", "Wenhuibao", "Zhang Chunqiao", "Hai Rui Dismissed from Office", "Cultural Revolution", "Beijing", "Zhang Chunqiao", "Jiang Qing", "Mao", "Peng Dehuai", "Great Leap Forward", "Central Committee", "Communist Party of China", "Hu Feng", "Zhang Chunqiao", "Xinhua", "diabetes" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "5405", "55959", "50441", "45311", "7912691", "96602", "27643", "10948329", "157740", "4339268", "45311", "18603746", "157740", "65378", "19527", "241904", "71262", "342667", "7175", "22721137", "157740", "263168", "40017873" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "China", "Politician", "Gang of Four", "Cultural Revolution", "Zhuji", "Zhejiang", "Shanghai", "Wenhui Bao", "Zhang Chunqiao", "Hai Rui Dismissed from Office", "Cultural Revolution", "Beijing", "Zhang Chunqiao", "Jiang Qing", "Mao Zedong", "Peng Dehuai", "Great Leap Forward", "Central Committee of the Communist Party of China", "Communist Party of China", "Hu Feng", "Zhang Chunqiao", "Xinhua News Agency", "Diabetes" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Yao Wenyuan\n", "Yao Wenyuan (January 12, 1931 – December 23, 2005) was a Chinese literary critic, a politician, and a member of the Gang of Four during China's Cultural Revolution.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Yao Wenyuan was born in Zhuji, Zhejiang, to an intellectual family. His father, Yao Pengzi (姚蓬子) was a writer, translator and art critic.\n", "He began his career in Shanghai as a literary critic, where he became known for his sharp attacks against colleagues, such as in June 1957 against the newspaper \"Wenhuibao\". Since that time, he began to closely collaborate with leftist Shanghai politicians, including the head of the city's Propaganda Department, Zhang Chunqiao. His article \"On the New Historical Beijing Opera 'Hai Rui Dismissed from Office'\", published in \"Wenhuibao\" on November 10, 1965, launched the Cultural Revolution.\n", "The article was about a popular opera by Wu Han, who was deputy mayor of Beijing. Zhang Chunqiao and Jiang Qing feared the play could be counter-revolutionary because parallels could be drawn between the characters in the play and officials in the communist government. In the play, Hai Rui, a government official, speaks for the peasants against the imperial government, criticizing officials for hypocritically oppressing the masses while pretending to be virtuous men. Hai Rui is dismissed because of this. Yao claimed it was a coded attack on Mao for dismissing in 1959 then-minister of defense Peng Dehuai, a critic of Mao’s disastrous Great Leap Forward.\n", "Confused by this unexpected attack, Beijing's party leadership tried to protect Wu Han, providing Mao the pretext for a full-scale \"struggle\" against them in the following year. Yao was soon promoted to the Cultural Revolution Group.\n", "Yao Wenyuan was an ideal candidate for the criticism for such an opera because of his consistent socialist background. In April 1969 he joined the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, working on official propaganda. A member of \"Proletarian writers for purity\" he was the editor of \"Liberation Daily\" Shanghai's main newspaper. He joined the state's efforts to rid China's writers union of the famous writer Hu Feng.\n", "In October 1976, he was arrested for his participation in the Cultural Revolution and sentenced to 20 years imprisonment. He was released on October 23, 1996, and spent the remainder of his life writing a book and studying Chinese history. He lived in his hometown of Shanghai and became the last surviving member of the Gang of Four after Zhang Chunqiao died in April 2005. According to China's official Xinhua news agency, he died of diabetes on December 23, 2005, aged 74.\n", "Section::::Publications.\n", "BULLET::::- Yao Wen-yuan: \"On the Social Basis Of The Lin Piao Antiparty Clique.\" Foreign Languages Press, Peking 1975.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Chinese politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q382645", "wikidata_label": "Yao Wenyuan", "wikipedia_title": "Yao Wenyuan" }

{ "end": [ 202, 271, 19, 29, 67, 142, 201, 254, 365, 422, 168, 357, 454, 136, 154, 280, 304, 320, 467, 662, 69, 133, 404, 120, 133, 177, 258 ], "href": [ "Cultural%20Revolution", "Gang%20of%20Four%20%28China%29", "Juye%20County", "Shandong", "Shanghai", "Yan%27an", "Communist%20Party%20of%20China", "People%27s%20Republic%20of%20China", "Jiang%20Qing", "Cultural%20Revolution", "Mao%20Zedong", "Mao%20Zedong", "Liu%20Shaoqi", "Cultural%20Revolution%20Group", "Cao%20Diqiu", "Shanghai%20People%27s%20Commune", "Wang%20Hongwen", "Yao%20Wenyuan", "Revolutionary%20committee%20%28China%29", "Cultural%20Revolution%20Group", "Politburo%20of%20the%20Communist%20Party%20of%20China", "Politburo%20Standing%20Committee", "Deng%20Xiaoping", "Ye%20Jianying", "Li%20Xiannian", "Hua%20Guofeng", "Jiang%20Qing" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7 ], "start": [ 183, 259, 8, 21, 59, 136, 177, 228, 355, 403, 158, 347, 444, 111, 145, 264, 292, 309, 444, 637, 28, 105, 391, 109, 122, 166, 248 ], "text": [ "Cultural Revolution", "Gang of Four", "Juye County", "Shandong", "Shanghai", "Yan'an", "Communist Party of China", "People's Republic of China", "Jiang Qing", "Cultural Revolution", "Mao Zedong", "Mao Zedong", "Liu Shaoqi", "Cultural Revolution Group", "Cao Diqiu", "Shanghai Commune", "Wang Hongwen", "Yao Wenyuan", "Revolutionary Committee", "Cultural Revolution Group", "Politburo of the Communist Party of China", "Politburo Standing Committee", "Deng Xiaoping", "Ye Jianying", "Li Xiannian", "Hua Guofeng", "Jiang Qing" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "45311", "50441", "7504039", "105032", "27643", "340901", "7175", "5405", "65378", "45311", "19527", "19527", "43472976", "8188604", "48458470", "5274312", "157742", "157741", "21655893", "8188604", "51851", "146743", "8205", "599302", "364831", "100434", "65378" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "Cultural Revolution", "Gang of Four", "Juye County", "Shandong", "Shanghai", "Yan'an", "Communist Party of China", "China", "Jiang Qing", "Cultural Revolution", "Mao Zedong", "Mao Zedong", "Liu Shaoqi", "Cultural Revolution Group", "Cao Diqiu", "Shanghai People's Commune", "Wang Hongwen", "Yao Wenyuan", "Revolutionary committee (China)", "Cultural Revolution Group", "Politburo of the Communist Party of China", "Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China", "Deng Xiaoping", "Ye Jianying", "Li Xiannian", "Hua Guofeng", "Jiang Qing" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Zhang Chunqiao\n", "Zhang Chunqiao (; 1 February 1917 – 21 April 2005) was a prominent Chinese political theorist, writer, and politician. He came to the national spotlight during the late stages of the Cultural Revolution, and was a member of the ultra-Maoist group dubbed the \"Gang of Four\".\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Born in Juye County, Shandong, Zhang worked as a writer in Shanghai in the 1930s and became closely associated with the city. After the Yan'an conference in 1938, he joined the Communist Party of China. With the creation of the People's Republic of China, he became a prominent journalist in Shanghai in charge of the \"Liberation Daily\" newspaper. He met Jiang Qing in Shanghai and helped to launch the Cultural Revolution.\n", "Zhang first came to prominence as the result of his October 1958 \"Jiefang\" (\"Liberation\") magazine entitled “Destroy the Ideas of Bourgeois Legal Ownership.” Mao Zedong ordered the reproduction of the article in \"People’s Daily\", and personally wrote an accompanying “Editor’s Note” giving the article his own mild approval. He was seen as one of Mao Zedong's full supporters as Mao became involved in an ideological struggle with rival leader Liu Shaoqi.\n", "In November 1966, at the outset of the Cultural Revolution, Zhang arrived in Shanghai representing the Central Cultural Revolution Group to stop Cao Diqiu's attempt to disperse workers in Anting. He signed the Five-point Petition of workers and then organized the Shanghai Commune along with Wang Hongwen and Yao Wenyuan in February 1967, essentially overthrowing the local government and party organization and becoming chairman of the city's Revolutionary Committee, which combined both the former posts of mayor and party secretary, until the latter post was restored in 1971. Zhang also initially served as one of the leaders of the Cultural Revolution Group, in charge of carrying out the Cultural Revolution around China. He spent much of the Cultural Revolution shuttling between Beijing and Shanghai. \n", "In April 1969 he joined the Politburo of the Communist Party of China and in 1973 he was promoted to the Politburo Standing Committee, a council of top Communist leaders. In January 1975 Zhang became the second-ranked Vice Premier and he wrote \"On Exercising All-Round Dictatorship Over the Bourgeoisie\" to promote the movement of studying the theory of the dictatorship of the proletariat; Deng Xiaoping was the first-ranked Vice Premier at the time, but Deng was out of office again in 1976. \n", "He was arrested along with the other members of the Gang of Four in October 1976, as part of a conspiracy by Ye Jianying, Li Xiannian and newly anointed party leader Hua Guofeng. Zhang was sentenced to death with a two-year reprieve, together with Jiang Qing, in 1984, but his sentence was later commuted to life imprisonment, and in December 1997 the sentence was further reduced to eighteen years.\n", "In 1998, Zhang was released from prison to undergo medical treatment. He then lived in obscurity in Shanghai for the remainder of his life. Zhang died from pancreatic cancer in April 2005.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Zhang Chunqiao Reference Archive\n", "BULLET::::- \"On Exercising All-Round Dictatorship over the Bourgeoisie\"\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Member of the Gang of Four", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q197170", "wikidata_label": "Zhang Chunqiao", "wikipedia_title": "Zhang Chunqiao" }

{ "end": [ 132, 201, 297, 469, 60, 124, 56, 63, 123, 163, 211, 331, 367, 408, 60, 361, 386, 436, 520, 543, 77, 123, 481, 512, 612, 625, 294 ], "href": [ "Shanghai", "Cultural%20Revolution", "Gang%20of%20Four%20%28China%29", "Communist%20Party%20of%20China", "Vice%20Chairman%20of%20the%20Communist%20Party%20of%20China", "Political%20position%20ranking%20of%20the%20People%27s%20Republic%20of%20China", "Changchun", "Jilin", "Korean%20War", "Communist%20Party%20of%20China", "Shanghai", "Zhang%20Chunqiao", "Red%20Guards%20%28China%29", "Shanghai%20People%27s%20Commune", "9th%20National%20Congress%20of%20the%20Communist%20Party%20of%20China", "Vice%20Chairman%20of%20the%20Communist%20Party%20of%20China", "Central%20Committee", "Politburo%20Standing%20Committee", "Mao%20Zedong", "Zhou%20Enlai", "Zhou%20Enlai", "Hua%20Guofeng", "Gang%20of%20Four", "Cultural%20Revolution", "liver%20cancer", "Beijing", "Luo%20Gan" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7 ], "start": [ 124, 182, 285, 445, 47, 115, 47, 58, 113, 139, 203, 317, 357, 392, 7, 348, 369, 408, 510, 533, 67, 112, 469, 493, 600, 618, 287 ], "text": [ "Shanghai", "Cultural Revolution", "Gang of Four", "Communist Party of China", "Vice-Chairman", "hierarchy", "Changchun", "Jilin", "Korean War", "Communist Party of China", "Shanghai", "Zhang Chunqiao", "Red Guards", "Shanghai Commune", "9th National Congress of the Communist Party of China", "Vice Chairman", "Central Committee", "Politburo Standing Committee", "Mao Zedong", "Zhou Enlai", "Zhou Enlai", "Hua Guofeng", "Gang of Four", "Cultural Revolution", "liver cancer", "Beijing", "Luo Gan" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "27643", "45311", "50441", "7175", "31057764", "256825", "250126", "173797", "16772", "7175", "27643", "157740", "1169199", "5274312", "31881332", "31057764", "38280862", "146743", "19527", "50444", "50444", "100434", "50441", "45311", "12284396", "18603746", "262915" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "Shanghai", "Cultural Revolution", "Gang of Four", "Communist Party of China", "Vice Chairman of the Communist Party of China", "Orders of precedence in China", "Changchun", "Jilin", "Korean War", "Communist Party of China", "Shanghai", "Zhang Chunqiao", "Red Guards", "Shanghai People's Commune", "9th National Congress of the Communist Party of China", "Vice Chairman of the Communist Party of China", "Central Committee", "Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China", "Mao Zedong", "Zhou Enlai", "Zhou Enlai", "Hua Guofeng", "Gang of Four", "Cultural Revolution", "Liver cancer", "Beijing", "Luo Gan" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Wang Hongwen\n", "Wang Hongwen (December, 1935 – August 3, 1992) was a Chinese labour activist and politician who spent most of his career in Shanghai. He was an important political figure during the Cultural Revolution (1966–76). He was the youngest member of the far-left political clique called the \"Gang of Four.\" During the Cultural Revolution, Wang rose from a member of the working class to become one of the foremost members of national leadership of the Communist Party of China.\n", "At the pinnacle of his power he was the second Vice-Chairman of the CCP, and ranked third in the Communist Party's hierarchy. Following Mao's death in 1976, Wang was arrested and charged with \"counterrevolutionary activity,\" then sentenced to life imprisonment in 1981.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Wang was born in a village in the outskirts of Changchun, Jilin province. In the early 1950s he took part in the Korean War. He joined the Communist Party of China in 1953. After the war, he was sent to Shanghai to work in Shanghai No. 17 Cotton Textile Mill as the head of its security guards regiment, where he met Zhang Chunqiao and became involved in a Red Guards group. He organized the Shanghai Commune in January 1967, and was catapulted to national prominence as a daring rebel leader. \n", "At the 9th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, Wang was elected a member of the Central Committee. Following the Lin Biao incident, Wang was put in charge of the investigation into the case in the Shanghai area, reporting directly to Mao. At the 10th National Congress of the CCP in 1973, Wang Hongwen was elevated to second ranking Vice Chairman in the Central Committee, and a member of the Politburo Standing Committee, making him the third-highest-ranking member of the CCP, behind Chairman Mao Zedong and Premier Zhou Enlai. All signs pointed to Wang being trained as Mao's successor.\n", "Wang was rumored to be slated to become Premier after then-Premier Zhou Enlai's death in January 1976. However, Hua Guofeng, a more moderate figure, was chosen to succeed Zhou instead. Wang was an important player during and after the death of Mao, and served as the masters of ceremonies for his funeral service on national radio on September 18, 1976. He was arrested in what was essentially a coup planned by Hua and General Ye Jianying for his participation in the Gang of Four during the Cultural Revolution in October 1976. Wang was tried and sentenced to life imprisonment in 1981. He died of liver cancer in a Beijing hospital on August 3, 1992 at the age of 56.\n", "Wang was one of the youngest members of the Politburo Standing Committee in the post-revolution Communist Party, having joined the body at a mere 37 years of age. In fact, he was the same age as some standing committee members who took office even after the turn of the century, such as Luo Gan (served on the PSC between 2002 and 2007), who was also born in 1935.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Chinese politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q455583", "wikidata_label": "Wang Hongwen", "wikipedia_title": "Wang Hongwen" }

{ "end": [ 69, 134, 169, 219, 226, 241, 342, 414, 468, 526, 559, 576, 605, 30, 38, 230, 405, 449, 489, 688, 735, 848, 938, 29, 53, 123, 157, 51, 65, 76, 129, 170, 190, 333, 367, 39, 119, 137, 368, 380, 415, 451, 63, 95, 193, 224, 316, 333, 60, 87, 109, 146, 159, 221, 439, 463, 69, 121, 165, 256, 321, 387, 422, 548, 617, 660, 692, 783, 109, 162, 221, 303, 350, 384, 407, 481, 506, 558, 685, 710, 745, 133, 93, 117, 195, 213, 256, 279, 125, 150, 162, 263, 298, 327, 402, 420, 490, 536, 575, 595, 638, 52, 79, 99, 131, 146, 66, 114, 145, 171, 193, 219, 239, 38, 65, 106, 183, 270, 29, 46, 92, 212, 240, 323, 366, 445, 541, 797, 880, 920, 970, 1016, 1036, 1138, 1211, 1389, 67, 97, 120, 219, 262, 293, 310, 458, 504, 532, 542, 76, 209, 322, 387, 501, 562, 617, 637, 728, 35, 54, 74, 104, 116, 130, 141, 173, 258, 387, 418, 437, 516, 581, 589, 619, 651, 708, 807, 878, 907, 56, 79, 148, 167, 207, 244, 264, 378, 21, 317, 36, 175, 228, 241, 412, 497, 94, 138, 174, 195, 267, 161, 257, 35, 258, 24, 36, 31, 84, 141, 212, 84, 37, 24, 49, 393, 402, 462, 25, 40, 27, 23, 27, 24, 24, 27, 21, 37, 64, 68, 63, 27, 45, 80, 99, 36, 57, 22, 25, 23, 29, 28, 27, 33, 24, 31, 23, 31, 19, 25, 27, 22, 33, 20, 26, 27, 29, 36, 30, 36, 20, 28, 35, 37, 25, 31, 19, 24, 33, 32, 31, 22, 27, 30, 32, 21, 26, 20, 39, 60 ], "href": [ "Marriage%20Lines", "Roobarb", "Noah%20and%20Nelly%20in...%20SkylArk", "BBC", "British%20sitcom", "The%20Good%20Life%20%281975%20TV%20series%29", "Ever%20Decreasing%20Circles", "Monarch%20of%20the%20Glen%20%28TV%20series%29", "Kenneth%20Branagh", "Henry%20V%20%281989%20film%29", "Much%20Ado%20About%20Nothing%20%281993%20film%29", "Hamlet%20%281996%20film%29", "As%20You%20Like%20It%20%282006%20film%29", "Raynes%20Park", "Surrey", "Terry-Thomas", "Guildford", "stockbroker", "tenant%20farmer", "estate%20agent", "air%20filter", "Guildhall%20School%20of%20Music%20and%20Drama", "Equity%20%28British%20trade%20union%29", "Rokeby%20Preparatory%20School", "Kingston%20upon%20Thames", "King%27s%20College%20School", "Wimbledon%2C%20London", "London", "national%20service", "Royal%20Air%20Force", "Northwood%20Headquarters", "George%20and%20Mildred", "Brian%20Murphy%20%28actor%29", "Borough%20Polytechnic%20Institute", "London%20South%20Bank%20University", "Royal%20Academy%20of%20Dramatic%20Art", "Peter%20O%27Toole", "Albert%20Finney", "Belgrade%20Theatre", "Coventry", "West%20End%20theatre", "Duke%20of%20York%27s%20Theatre", "Marriage%20Lines", "Prunella%20Scales", "Brothers%20in%20Law%20%28TV%20series%29", "Henry%20Cecil%20Leon", "Frank%20Muir", "Denis%20Norden", "Faces%20of%20Jim", "Jimmy%20Edwards", "Dixon%20of%20Dock%20Green", "No%C3%ABl%20Coward", "Hay%20Fever%20%28play%29", "Jackanory", "Thames%20Television", "This%20Is%20Your%20Life%20%28UK%20TV%20series%29", "Esmonde%20and%20Larbey", "The%20Good%20Life%20%281975%20TV%20series%29", "Technical%20drawing", "self-sufficiency", "Felicity%20Kendal", "Paul%20Eddington", "Equity%20%28trade%20union%29", "Elizabeth%20II", "Penelope%20Keith", "Alan%20Ayckbourn", "The%20Norman%20Conquests", "Michael%20Gambon", "Goodbye%2C%20Mr%20Kent", "Hannah%20Gordon", "Ever%20Decreasing%20Circles", "If%20You%20See%20God%2C%20Tell%20Him", "All%20in%20Good%20Faith", "Tales%20of%20the%20Unexpected%20%28TV%20series%29", "Mr.%20Bean", "Doctor%20Who", "Paradise%20Towers", "Radio%20Times", "Down%20to%20Earth%20%281995%20TV%20series%29", "Inspector%20Morse", "Death%20Is%20Now%20My%20Neighbour%20%28TV%29", "Monarch%20of%20the%20Glen%20%28TV%20series%29", "William%20Shakespeare", "George%20Bernard%20Shaw", "Michael%20Hordern", "Celia%20Johnson", "Alan%20Ayckbourn", "Relatively%20Speaking%20%28play%29", "Stratford-upon-Avon", "Kenneth%20Branagh", "Henry%20V%20%28play%29", "Malvolio", "Renaissance%20Theatre%20Company", "Twelfth%20Night", "King%20Lear", "Uncle%20Vanya", "Henry%20V%20%281989%20film%29", "Much%20Ado%20About%20Nothing%20%281993%20film%29", "Hamlet%20%281996%20film%29", "Polonius", "Twelfth%20Night%20%281988%20TV%20drama%29", "Royal%20National%20Theatre", "Dion%20Boucicault", "London%20Assurance", "Simon%20Russell%20Beale", "Fiona%20Shaw", "Bottoms%20Up%20%281960%20film%29", "Murder%20She%20Said", "The%20Girl%20on%20the%20Boat%20%28film%29", "A%20Matter%20of%20WHO", "The%20V.I.P.s%20%28film%29", "Raquel%20Welch", "Fathom%20%28film%29", "Michael%20Winner", "A%20Chorus%20of%20Disapproval%20%28film%29", "Unconditional%20Love%20%282002%20film%29", "Much%20Ado%20About%20Nothing%20%281993%20film%29", "Cockneys%20vs%20Zombies", "Voice%20acting", "Narration", "Roobarb", "Grange%20Calveley", "Bob%20Godfrey", "Noddy%20%28character%29", "Enid%20Blyton", "Noah%20and%20Nelly%20in...%20SkylArk", "Watership%20Down%20%28film%29", "ITV%20%28TV%20network%29", "Alan%20Bennett", "Mouse%20and%20Mole", "James%20Mayhew", "Neil%20Morrissey", "Bob%20the%20Builder", "Percy%20the%20Park%20Keeper", "Nick%20Butterworth", "Watership%20Down%20%28TV%20series%29", "BBC%20Radio%204", "Richard%20Gordon%20%28English%20author%29", "Doctor%20in%20the%20House%20%28novel%29", "Stanley%20Baxter", "Not%20Talking", "BBC%20Radio%203", "Mike%20Bartlett%20%28playwright%29", "Bertie%20Wooster", "P.%20G.%20Wodehouse", "Michael%20Hordern", "Jeeves", "Midland%20Bank", "Ford%20Sierra", "public%20information%20film", "matches", "fire%20safety", "Sat%20nav", "BBC%202", "Top%20Gear%20%282002%20TV%20series%29", "Jeremy%20Clarkson", "Lovejoy", "Inspector%20Morse%20%28TV%20series%29", "Midsomer%20Murders", "Death%27s%20Shadow%20%28Midsomer%20Murders%29", "Doctors%20%282000%20TV%20series%29", "New%20Tricks", "Kingdom%20%282007%20TV%20series%29", "If%20You%20See%20God%2C%20Tell%20Him", "Monarch%20of%20the%20Glen%20%28TV%20series%29", "Sonnet%2055", "compilation%20album", "When%20Love%20Speaks", "sonnet", "Kevin%20Whately", "Dad%20%282005%20film%29", "BBC%20Wales", "elder%20abuse", "Extras%20%28TV%20series%29", "As%20You%20Like%20It%20%282006%20film%29", "Torchwood", "A%20Day%20in%20the%20Death", "BBC%20Radio%204", "Desert%20Island%20Discs", "Il%20Trovatore", "Giuseppe%20Verdi", "Al%20Jolson", "On%20The%20Sunny%20Side%20Of%20The%20Street", "Louis%20Armstrong", "George%20Frideric%20Handel", "Ann%20Davies%20%28actress%29", "Lucy%20Briers", "Paul%20Eddington", "skin%20cancer", "David%20Storey", "Home%20%28play%29", "Cymbeline", "BBC%20Radio%204", "Roy%20Smiles", "Terry-Thomas", "Martin%20Jarvis%20%28actor%29", "Alistair%20McGowan", "Parkinson%27s%20Disease", "Sense-National%20Deafblind%20and%20Rubella%20Association", "Tracheoesophageal%20fistula", "The%20Daily%20Telegraph", "RAF%20Bomber%20Command", "Order%20of%20the%20British%20Empire", "Daily%20Mail", "Chronic%20obstructive%20pulmonary%20disease", "Bedford%20Park%2C%20London", "cardiac%20arrest", "St%20Michael%20and%20All%20Angels%2C%20Bedford%20Park", "Kenneth%20Branagh", "Penelope%20Keith", "The%20Guardian", "Michael%20Coveney", "Ibsen", "Chekhov", "Shakespeare", "BBC%20Two", "BBC%20Radio%204%20Extra", "Prunella%20Scales", "Stephen%20Fry", "Michael%20Chaplin%20%28writer%29", "Alan%20Bennett", "Michael%20Ball%20%28singer%29", "Kenneth%20Branagh", "Ed%20Harris%20%28playwright%29", "Ann%20Davies%20%28actress%29", "Brothers%20in%20Law%20%28TV%20series%29", "Doctor%20in%20the%20House%20%28TV%20series%29", "Marriage%20Lines", "Largo%20desolato", "Vaclav%20Havel", "Joy%20in%20the%20Morning%20%28Wodehouse%20novel%29", "P.%20G.%20Wodehouse", "The%20Wind%20in%20the%20Willows", "Kenneth%20Grahame", "Aled%20Jones", "Girls%20at%20Sea%20%281958%20film%29", "Bottoms%20Up%20%281960%20film%29", "Murder%2C%20She%20Said", "A%20Matter%20of%20WHO", "Marriage%20Lines", "The%20Girl%20on%20the%20Boat%20%28film%29", "The%20V.I.P.s%20%28film%29", "Doctor%20in%20Distress%20%28film%29", "The%20Bargee", "A%20Home%20of%20Your%20Own", "Fathom%20%28film%29", "Rookery%20Nook%20%281970%20TV%20drama%29", "All%20the%20Way%20Up", "Rentadick", "The%20Three%20Musketeers%20%281973%20live-action%20film%29", "Roobarb", "The%20Good%20Life%20%281975%20TV%20series%29", "Watership%20Down%20%28film%29", "Goodbye%2C%20Mr%20Kent", "Ever%20Decreasing%20Circles", "All%20in%20Good%20Faith", "A%20Chorus%20of%20Disapproval%20%28film%29", "Henry%20V%20%281989%20film%29", "Peter%27s%20Friends", "Much%20Ado%20About%20Nothing%20%281993%20film%29", "If%20You%20See%20God%2C%20Tell%20Him", "Mary%20Shelley%27s%20Frankenstein%20%28film%29", "In%20the%20Bleak%20Midwinter%20%28film%29", "Hamlet%20%281996%20film%29", "Spice%20World%20%28film%29", "Love%27s%20Labour%27s%20Lost%20%28film%29", "Monarch%20of%20the%20Glen%20%28TV%20series%29", "Unconditional%20Love%20%282002%20film%29", "Peter%20Pan%20%282003%20film%29", "As%20You%20Like%20It%20%282006%20film%29", "Run%20for%20Your%20Wife%20%282012%20film%29", "Cockneys%20vs%20Zombies", "Top%20Gear%20%282002%20TV%20series%29", "http%3A//www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/1157964/index.html", "https%3A//www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/richard-briers-much-loved-actor-of-stage-and-screen-who-rose-to-prominence-as-a-pioneering-suburban-8500350.html", "The%20Independent", "Marcus%20Williamson" ], "paragraph_id": [ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 15, 17, 17, 17, 17, 17, 17, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 22, 22, 22, 22, 22, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 29, 29, 29, 29, 29, 29, 29, 29, 31, 31, 32, 32, 32, 32, 32, 32, 33, 33, 33, 33, 33, 34, 34, 35, 36, 37, 39, 40, 40, 40, 40, 42, 44, 45, 45, 45, 45, 45, 46, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 62, 63, 63, 64, 64, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 105, 106, 107, 109, 110, 110, 110 ], "start": [ 55, 127, 141, 216, 220, 228, 319, 395, 453, 519, 537, 570, 591, 19, 32, 218, 396, 438, 476, 676, 725, 813, 932, 16, 33, 102, 148, 45, 49, 73, 116, 152, 178, 304, 339, 35, 106, 124, 352, 372, 407, 429, 49, 80, 178, 213, 306, 321, 38, 74, 90, 135, 150, 212, 422, 446, 42, 108, 154, 240, 306, 373, 416, 536, 603, 646, 672, 769, 93, 149, 198, 279, 333, 361, 399, 471, 491, 547, 672, 695, 720, 114, 82, 98, 180, 200, 242, 260, 106, 135, 155, 255, 271, 314, 393, 409, 483, 514, 569, 587, 625, 30, 64, 83, 112, 136, 56, 99, 125, 156, 182, 207, 233, 24, 42, 88, 161, 251, 18, 38, 85, 197, 229, 318, 355, 417, 527, 794, 868, 906, 958, 1002, 1021, 1117, 1195, 1375, 56, 83, 101, 205, 251, 282, 297, 444, 489, 517, 536, 64, 198, 299, 380, 490, 555, 612, 629, 713, 28, 39, 58, 90, 109, 120, 134, 149, 239, 378, 401, 421, 510, 568, 586, 610, 640, 702, 793, 869, 889, 45, 60, 136, 153, 198, 213, 249, 356, 11, 313, 22, 164, 216, 237, 403, 486, 84, 126, 161, 179, 248, 113, 222, 16, 240, 21, 26, 22, 64, 127, 187, 69, 23, 12, 34, 388, 395, 451, 18, 23, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 27, 55, 59, 54, 13, 33, 75, 84, 13, 42, 12, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 12, 12, 24, 43 ], "text": [ "Marriage Lines", "Roobarb", "Noah and Nelly in... SkylArk", "BBC", "sitcom", "The Good Life", "Ever Decreasing Circles", "Monarch of the Glen", "Kenneth Branagh", "Henry V", "Much Ado About Nothing", "Hamlet", "As You Like It", "Raynes Park", "Surrey", "Terry-Thomas", "Guildford", "stockbroker", "tenant farmer", "estate agent", "air filter", "Guildhall School of Music and Drama", "Equity", "Rokeby School", "Kingston upon Thames", "King's College School", "Wimbledon", "London", "national service", "RAF", "RAF Northwood", "George and Mildred", "Brian Murphy", "Borough Polytechnic Institute", "London South Bank University", "RADA", "Peter O'Toole", "Albert Finney", "Belgrade Theatre", "Coventry", "West End", "Duke of York's Theatre", "Marriage Lines", "Prunella Scales", "Brothers in Law", "Henry Cecil", "Frank Muir", "Denis Norden", "The Seven Faces of Jim", "Jimmy Edwards", "Dixon of Dock Green", "Noël Coward", "Hay Fever", "Jackanory", "Thames Television", "This Is Your Life", "John Esmonde and Bob Larbey", "The Good Life", "draughtsman", "self-sufficiency", "Felicity Kendal", "Paul Eddington", "Equity", "Elizabeth II", "Penelope Keith", "Alan Ayckbourn", "The Norman Conquests", "Michael Gambon", "Goodbye, Mr Kent", "Hannah Gordon", "Ever Decreasing Circles", "If You See God, Tell Him", "All in Good Faith", "Tales of the Unexpected", "Mr. Bean", "Doctor Who", "Paradise Towers", "Radio Times", "Down to Earth", "Inspector Morse", "Death is Now My Neighbour", "Monarch of the Glen", "Shakespeare", "George Bernard Shaw", "Michael Hordern", "Celia Johnson", "Alan Ayckbourn", "Relatively Speaking", "Stratford-upon-Avon", "Kenneth Branagh", "Henry V", "Malvolio", "Renaissance Theatre Company", "Twelfth Night", "King Lear", "Uncle Vanya", "Henry V", "Much Ado About Nothing", "Hamlet", "Polonius", "Twelfth Night", "Royal National Theatre", "Dion Boucicault", "London Assurance", "Simon Russell Beale", "Fiona Shaw", "Bottoms Up", "Murder She Said", "The Girl on the Boat", "A Matter of WHO", "The V.I.P.s", "Raquel Welch", "Fathom", "Michael Winner", "A Chorus of Disapproval", "Unconditional Love", "Much Ado About Nothing", "Cockneys vs Zombies", "voice actor", "narrated", "Roobarb", "Grange Calveley", "Bob Godfrey", "Noddy", "Enid Blyton", "Noah and Nelly in... SkylArk", "Watership Down", "ITV", "Alan Bennett", "Mouse and Mole", "James Mayhew", "Neil Morrissey", "Bob the Builder", "Percy The Park Keeper", "Nick Butterworth", "Watership Down", "BBC Radio 4", "Richard Gordon", "Doctor in the House", "Stanley Baxter", "Not Talking", "BBC Radio 3", "Mike Bartlett", "Bertie Wooster", "P. G. Wodehouse", "Michael Hordern", "Jeeves", "Midland Bank", "Ford Sierra", "public information film", "matches", "fire safety", "Sat nav", "BBC 2", "Top Gear", "Jeremy Clarkson", "Lovejoy", "Inspector Morse", "Midsomer Murders", "Death's Shadow", "Doctors", "New Tricks", "Kingdom", "If You See God, Tell Him", "Monarch of the Glen", "Sonnet 55", "compilation album", "When Love Speaks", "sonnet", "Kevin Whately", "Dad", "BBC Wales", "elder abuse", "Extras", "As You Like It", "Torchwood", "A Day in the Death", "BBC Radio 4", "Desert Island Discs", "Il Trovatore", "Giuseppe Verdi", "Al Jolson", "On The Sunny Side Of The Street", "Louis Armstrong", "George Frideric Handel", "Ann Davies", "Lucy", "Paul Eddington", "skin cancer", "David Storey", "Home", "Cymbeline", "BBC Radio 4", "Roy Smiles", "Terry-Thomas", "Martin Jarvis", "Alistair McGowan", "Parkinson's Disease", "Sense-National Deafblind and Rubella Association", "Tracheo-Oesophageal Fistula Support", "The Daily Telegraph", "RAF Bomber Command", "OBE", "Daily Mail", "emphysema", "Bedford Park, London", "cardiac arrest", "St Michael and All Angels", "Kenneth Branagh", "Penelope Keith", "The Guardian", "Michael Coveney", "Ibsen", "Chekhov", "Shakespeare", "BBC Two", "BBC Radio 4 Extra", "Prunella Scales", "Stephen Fry", "Michael Chaplin", "Alan Bennett", "Michael Ball", "Kenneth Branagh", "Ed Harris", "Ann Davies", "TV series", "TV series", "TV series", "Largo desolato", "Vaclav Havel", "novel", "P. G. Wodehouse", "The Wind in the Willows", "Kenneth Grahame", "Aled Jones", "Girls at Sea", "Bottoms Up", "Murder, She Said", "A Matter of WHO", "Marriage Lines", "The Girl on the Boat", "The V.I.P.s", "Doctor in Distress", "The Bargee", "A Home of Your Own", "Fathom", "Rookery Nook", "All the Way Up", "Rentadick", "The Three Musketeers", "Roobarb", "The Good Life", "Watership Down", "Goodbye, Mr Kent", "Ever Decreasing Circles", "All in Good Faith", "A Chorus of Disapproval", "Henry V", "Peter's Friends", "Much Ado About Nothing", "If You See God, Tell Him", "Frankenstein", "A Midwinter's Tale", "Hamlet", "Spice World", "Love's Labour's Lost", "Monarch of the Glen", "Unconditional Love", "Peter Pan", "As You Like It", "Run for Your Wife", "Cockneys vs Zombies", "Top Gear", "Richard Briers", "Obituary", "The Independent", "Marcus Williamson" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Richard Briers\n", "Richard David Briers, (14 January 1934 – 17 February 2013) was an English actor. His fifty-year career encompassed television, stage, film and radio.\n", "Briers first came to prominence as George Starling in \"Marriage Lines\" (1961–66), but it was a decade later, when he narrated \"Roobarb\" and \"Noah and Nelly in... SkylArk\" (1974–76) and when he played Tom Good in the BBC sitcom \"The Good Life\" (1975–78), that he became a household name. Later, he starred as Martin in \"Ever Decreasing Circles\" (1984–89), and he had a leading role as Hector in \"Monarch of the Glen\" (2000–05). From the late 1980s, with Kenneth Branagh as director, he performed Shakespearean roles in \"Henry V\" (1989), \"Much Ado About Nothing\" (1993), \"Hamlet\" (1996), and \"As You Like It\" (2006).\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Briers was born in Raynes Park, Surrey, the son of Joseph Benjamin Briers and his second wife Morna Phyllis, daughter of Frederick Richardson, of the Indian Civil Service. He was the first cousin once removed of actor Terry-Thomas (Terry-Thomas was his father's cousin). He spent his childhood at Raynes Park in a flat, Number 2 Pepys Court, behind the now demolished Rialto cinema, and later at Guildford. Joseph Briers was the son of a stockbroker, of a family of Middlesex tenant farmers; a gregarious and popular man, he contended with a nervous disposition, and drifted between jobs, spending most of his life as a bookmaker but also working as, amongst other things, an estate agent's clerk and a factory worker for an air filter manufacturer, as well as a gifted amateur singer who attended classes at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama. Morna Briers was a concert pianist and a drama and music teacher, and a member of Equity, who wished for a showbusiness career, having acted in her youth. The couple had met when Joseph Briers asked Morna to stand in for his regular pianist for a performance; by this time his first marriage had collapsed and six months later they had entered a relationship. The family occasionally received money from a wealthy relation, and Briers's maternal grandparents paid for his education, despite not being particularly well-off, and having lived in slightly reduced circumstances in India before returning to England and coming to live at Wimbledon.\n", "Briers attended Rokeby School in Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, and, having failed the examination for King's College School, the Ridgeway School in Wimbledon, which he left at the age of 16 without any formal qualifications.\n", "Section::::Early career.\n", "Briers' first job was a clerical post with a London cable manufacturer, and for a short time he went to evening classes to qualify in electrical engineering, but soon left and became a filing clerk.\n", "At the age of 18, he was called up for two years national service in the RAF, during which he was a filing clerk at RAF Northwood, where he met future \"George and Mildred\" actor Brian Murphy. Murphy introduced Briers, who had been interested in acting since the age of 14, to the Dramatic Society at the Borough Polytechnic Institute, now London South Bank University, where he performed in several productions.\n", "When he left the RAF he studied at RADA, which he attended from 1954 to 1956. Placed in a class with both Peter O'Toole and Albert Finney, Briers later credited academy director John Fernald with nurturing his talent. Graduating from RADA with a Silver Medal, he won a scholarship with the Liverpool Repertory Company, and after 15 months moved to the Belgrade Theatre in Coventry for 6 months. He made his West End debut in the Duke of York's Theatre 1959 production of \"Gilt And Gingerbread\" by Lionel Hale.\n", "Section::::Television career.\n", "In 1961, Briers was cast in the leading role in \"Marriage Lines\" (1961–66) with Prunella Scales playing his wife. In between the pilot and the series itself, Briers appeared in \"Brothers in Law\" (from the book by Henry Cecil) as callow barrister Roger Thursby in 1962. He was cast in this role by adaptors Frank Muir and Denis Norden, who had seen him in the West End.\n", "His other early appearances included \"The Seven Faces of Jim\" (1961) with Jimmy Edwards, \"Dixon of Dock Green\" (1962), a production of Noël Coward's \"Hay Fever\" (1968) and the storyteller in several episodes of \"Jackanory\" (1969). In 1970, he starred in the Ben Travers Farce \"Rookery Nook\", shown on the BBC. In the 1980s he played several Shakespearean roles, including \"Twelfth Night\". Briers was featured twice on the Thames Television show \"This Is Your Life\" in May 1972 and March 1994.\n", "In a role specifically written for him by John Esmonde and Bob Larbey, Briers was cast in the lead role in \"The Good Life\" (1975–78), playing Tom Good, a draughtsman who decides, on his 40th birthday, to give up his job and try his hand at self-sufficiency, with the support of his wife Barbara, played by Felicity Kendal. Briers persuaded the producers to cast his friend Paul Eddington, a fellow council member of Equity, in the role of Jerry. An enormously successful series, the last episode in 1978 was performed in front of Queen Elizabeth II. In 1977, he starred with his \"The Good Life\" co-star Penelope Keith in the televised version of Alan Ayckbourn's trilogy \"The Norman Conquests\". He also starred as Ralph in 13 episodes of \"The Other One\" (1977–79) with Michael Gambon.\n", "During the 1980s and 1990s, Briers had leading roles in several television shows. including \"Goodbye, Mr Kent\" (1982), a rare failure also featuring Hannah Gordon, the lead role of Martin Bryce in \"Ever Decreasing Circles\" (1984–89), and as Godfrey Spry in the BBC comedy drama \"If You See God, Tell Him\" (1993). He also starred in \"All in Good Faith\" (1985), \"Tales of the Unexpected\" (1988), and \"Mr. Bean\" (1990). In 1987, he appeared as the principal villain in the \"Doctor Who\" serial \"Paradise Towers\", a performance which was described by \"Radio Times\" writer Patrick Mulkern as Briers' \"career-low\". In 1995 he played the character Tony Fairfax in the BBC comedy \"Down to Earth\". In the Inspector Morse episode 'Death is Now My Neighbour', he played the evil master of Lonsdale College, Sir Clixby Bream.\n", "In the 2000s Briers was the curmudgeonly and extravagant father Hector MacDonald in the BBC television programme \"Monarch of the Glen\" (2000–05), appearing in series 1, 2, 3 and 7.\n", "Section::::Stage work.\n", "Briers spent much of his career in the theatre, including appearances in plays by Shakespeare and George Bernard Shaw. In 1967, one of his earliest successes was playing alongside Michael Hordern and Celia Johnson in the London production of Alan Ayckbourn's \"Relatively Speaking\".\n", "After a long career in television sitcom, and looking to expand his career, his daughter Lucy took him to Stratford-upon-Avon to watch Kenneth Branagh in \"Henry V\". After meeting Branagh backstage after the performance, Branagh offered Briers the role of Malvolio in the Renaissance Theatre Company production of \"Twelfth Night\". Briers joined the company, and went on to play title parts in \"King Lear\" and \"Uncle Vanya\". Briers also appeared in many of Branagh's films, including \"Henry V\" (1989, as Bardolph), \"Much Ado About Nothing\" (1993, as Signor Leonato) and \"Hamlet\" (1996, as Polonius). The theatre production of \"Twelfth Night\" (1988) was adapted for television, with Briers reprising his role as Malvolio.\n", "In 2010, Briers played in the Royal National Theatre revival of Dion Boucicault's \"London Assurance\", alongside Simon Russell Beale and Fiona Shaw. A performance of this was broadcast live to cinemas round the world as part of the \"NT Live!\" programme. He also played the character of Captain Bluntschli, in Bernard Shaw's play 'Arms and the Man'\n", "Section::::Film.\n", "Briers made his film debut in the British feature film \"Bottoms Up\" (1960). He then took parts in \"Murder She Said\" (1961), \"The Girl on the Boat\" (1962), \"A Matter of WHO\" (1962), \"The V.I.P.s\" (1963); and Raquel Welch's spy spoof \"Fathom\" (1967).\n", "He latterly appeared in Michael Winner's \"A Chorus of Disapproval\" (1988) and the film \"Unconditional Love\" (2002) as well as the Kenneth Branagh adaptation of \"Much Ado About Nothing\" (1998) in which he played the role of Leonato. His last film was \"Cockneys vs Zombies\" (2012).\n", "Section::::Radio and voice work.\n", "He was a familiar voice actor. Briers narrated the animated children's TV programme \"Roobarb\" (1974). Originally shown on BBC1 just before the evening news, each five-minute cartoon was written by Grange Calveley and produced by Bob Godfrey. He was the original narrator and voice actor for all the characters in the \"Noddy\" (1975) TV series based on the Enid Blyton character, and then another series with Godfrey, \"Noah and Nelly in... SkylArk\" (1976). He also provided the voice of Fiver in the animated film adaptation of \"Watership Down\" (1978). In 1990 Briers provided the narration and voiced all the characters in the five minute animated series \"Coconuts\" about a monkey, a king lion and a parrot who lived on a tropical island. The series ran for thirteen episodes and first aired on ITV on 23 April 1990. In the 1990s, he voiced the part of Mouse, opposite Alan Bennett's Mole in the TV series \"Mouse and Mole\", based on books by Joyce Dunbar and James Mayhew. He latterly starred alongside Neil Morrissey in \"Bob the Builder\" (2005) as Bob's Dad, Robert to his credit. He also recorded the four seasonal \"Percy The Park Keeper\" stories for a home audio release based on the books by Nick Butterworth, creating memorable voices for all of the animal characters as well as Percy the Park Keeper himself. Briers also featured in the television series adaptation of \"Watership Down\" (1999–2001), this time voicing a series exclusive character called Captain Broom, and was one of the very few actors who stayed for all three series.\n", "His work in radio included playing Dr. Simon Sparrow in BBC Radio 4's adaptions of Richard Gordon's \"Doctor in the House\" and \"Doctor at Large\" (1968), and a retired thespian in a series of six plays with Stanley Baxter \"\" (2008), and later the play \"Not Talking\", commissioned for BBC Radio 3 by Mike Bartlett. In 1986 he narrated Radio 4's \"Oh, yes it is!\", a history of pantomime written by Gerald Frow. Between 1973 and 1981, Briers played Bertie Wooster in several adaptations of the P. G. Wodehouse novels with Michael Hordern as Jeeves.\n", "Briers narrated numerous commercials. including adverts for the Midland Bank in which he was the voice of the company's Griffin symbol. Between 1984 and 1986 he made a series of commercials for the Ford Sierra done in a sitcom style portraying the Sierra as \"one of the family\". Briers narrated the public information film \"Frances the Firefly\", about the dangers of playing with matches, firstly in the mid 1990s when first made, and then in the early 2000s when re-made by the Government fire safety campaign Fire Kills. He also recorded the voice of a Sat nav specifically designed for senior citizens in the BBC 2’s TV Show \"Top Gear\", Series 19, episode 5, which aired only a week after his death. Presenter Jeremy Clarkson paid a brief tribute to his memory at the end of the episode.\n", "Section::::Later career.\n", "After 1990, he appeared in \"Lovejoy\", \"Inspector Morse\", \"Midsomer Murders\" (the episode \"Death's Shadow\"), \"Doctors\", \"New Tricks\", \"Kingdom\", and \"If You See God, Tell Him\". Richard Briers starred as Hector in the first three series of \"Monarch of the Glen\" from 2000 to 2002 (and as a guest in series 7 in 2005), a role which saw him return to the limelight. He contributed \"Sonnet 55\" to the 2002 compilation album, \"When Love Speaks\", which features famous actors and musicians interpreting Shakespeare's sonnets and play excerpts. In 2005, he appeared alongside Kevin Whately in \"Dad\", a TV Film made by BBC Wales exploring issues of elder abuse. In 2006, he made an appearance in an episode of \"Extras\", and portrayed the servant Adam in Kenneth Branagh's 2006 Shakespeare adaptation, \"As You Like It\". He made a cameo appearance as a dying recluse in the 2008 \"Torchwood\" episode \"A Day in the Death\".\n", "On 17 December 2000, Briers was the guest on BBC Radio 4’s \"Desert Island Discs\". Among his musical choices were \"Di quella pira\" from \"Il Trovatore\" by Giuseppe Verdi, \"I Feel A Song Coming On\" by Al Jolson and \"On The Sunny Side Of The Street\" by Louis Armstrong. His favourite piece was the Organ Concerto in F major \"The Cuckoo and the Nightingale\" by George Frideric Handel.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Briers met Ann Davies while both were at Liverpool Rep. Davies was employed as a stage manager, and had acted on television and in films from the mid-1950s. Soon after meeting, he borrowed £5 from his mother, bought an engagement ring and they were married within six months. They had two daughters, one of whom, Lucy, is also an actress; Kate (or Katie) has worked in stage management, and is a primary school teacher.\n", "Briers and his friend Paul Eddington shared a similar sense of humour, and knew each other before being cast in \"The Good Life\". After Eddington was diagnosed with skin cancer, Briers accepted a role opposite him in David Storey's play \"Home\" in 1994, agreeing to take on all of the publicity interviews to allow Eddington time for his treatment. At Eddington's memorial service, Briers read both from \"Cymbeline\" and Wodehouse; he later read chapters from Eddington's autobiography on BBC Radio 4.\n", "In 2014, BBC Radio 4 broadcast \"Memories of a Cad\", an affectionate comedy drama by Roy Smiles about the relationship between Terry-Thomas and Briers, played by Martin Jarvis and Alistair McGowan respectively. Set in 1984 when he had suffered from Parkinson's Disease for many years, Terry-Thomas is delighted by the visit to his home in Ibiza of the much younger Briers, who he recognises from television, and who proves to be his first cousin once removed. Briers cheers him up by recalling the career the film-star has long forgotten. It was re-broadcast in 2016.\n", "As a result of Terry-Thomas's Parkinson's, Briers became President of Parkinson's UK. He also helped to launch a Sense-National Deafblind and Rubella Association campaign. Briers was also a non-medical patron of the TOFS (Tracheo-Oesophageal Fistula Support) charity, which supports children and the families of children born unable to swallow.\n", "Interviewed by \"The Daily Telegraph\" in 2008, Briers admitted that, while on holiday, he enjoyed being recognised, saying, \"I’m gregarious by nature, so I love chatting to people. It really cheers me up.\"\n", "Briers was a keen visitor of Britain's historic churches and visited over one hundred for his book \"English Country Churches\" which was published in 1988. From his national service in the RAF, he was a supporter for a national memorial for RAF Bomber Command.\n", "Briers was appointed OBE in 1989, and CBE in 2003.\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "In an interview with the \"Daily Mail\" on 31 January 2013, Briers stated that he had smoked about half a million cigarettes before he quit. According to Lucy Briers, his daughter, he quit in 2001 immediately after a routine chest X-ray suggested he would otherwise soon be in a wheelchair.\n", "He was diagnosed with emphysema in 2007. He died at his home in Bedford Park, London on 17 February 2013 from the effects of a cardiac arrest. His funeral was held at the local church of St Michael and All Angels on 6 March 2013.\n", "Section::::Tributes.\n", "The BBC referred to him as \"one of Britain's best-loved actors\". Sir Kenneth Branagh paid tribute to him, saying, \"He was a national treasure, a great actor and a wonderful man. He was greatly loved and he will be deeply missed.\" \n", "Briers's agent, Christopher Farrar, said: \"Richard was a wonderful man, a consummate professional and an absolute joy to work alongside. Following his recent discussion of his battle with emphysema, I know he was incredibly touched by the strength of support expressed by friends and the public.\"\n", "Fellow television star Penelope Keith said, \"He was always courteous, always generous and always self-deprecating\" adding, \"He was also such a clever actor that he made you feel secure. You believed he was who he was portraying on the screen or on the stage... I just think of Richard and smile.\"\n", "Writing in \"The Guardian\", critic Michael Coveney described Briers as \"always the most modest and self-deprecating of actors, and the sweetest of men,\" and noted: \"Although he excelled in the plays of Alan Ayckbourn, and became a national figure in his television sitcoms of the 1970s and 80s, notably \"The Good Life\", he could mine hidden depths on stage, giving notable performances in Ibsen, Chekhov and, for Kenneth Branagh's Renaissance company, Shakespeare.\"\n", "On 30 March 2013, BBC Two broadcast an hour long review of Briers' life and career, with tributes from many friends and colleagues.\n", "Section::::Tributes.:Ever Increasing Wonder.\n", "On Christmas Day 2013, BBC Radio 4 Extra broadcast a day of tribute to Briers titled \"Ever Increasing Wonder\", with a variety of his BBC Radio recordings, many of them introduced by those who knew him and worked with him.\n", "Guest speakers included:\n", "BULLET::::- Prunella Scales\n", "BULLET::::- Stephen Fry\n", "BULLET::::- Michael Chaplin\n", "BULLET::::- Alan Bennett\n", "BULLET::::- Michael Ball\n", "BULLET::::- Kenneth Branagh\n", "BULLET::::- Ed Harris\n", "BULLET::::- Briers's widow Ann Davies and their daughters\n", "Programmes included:\n", "BULLET::::- \"Brothers in Law\" (radio adaptation of the TV series)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Doctor in the House\" (radio adaptation of the TV series)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Marriage Lines\" (radio adaptation of the TV series)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Largo desolato\" (by Vaclav Havel)\n", "BULLET::::- \"What Ho! Jeeves: Joy in the Morning\" (radio adaptation of the novel by P. G. Wodehouse)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Wind in the Willows\" (by Kenneth Grahame, dramatized by Alan Bennett)\n", "BULLET::::- Aled Jones's interview of Briers\n", "Section::::Selected filmography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Girls at Sea\" (1958) - 'Popeye' Lewis\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bottoms Up\" (1960) - Colbourne\n", "BULLET::::- \"Murder, She Said\" (1961) - 'Mrs. Binster'\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Matter of WHO\" (1961) - Jamieson\n", "BULLET::::- \"Marriage Lines\" (1961–1966, TV sitcom) - George Starling\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Girl on the Boat\" (1962) - Eustace Hignett\n", "BULLET::::- \"The V.I.P.s\" (1963) - Met. Official (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Doctor in Distress\" (1963) - Medical Student (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Bargee\" (1964) - Tomkins\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Home of Your Own\" (1965) - The Husband\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fathom\" (1967) - Timothy\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rookery Nook\" (1970, TV drama) - Gerald Popkiss\n", "BULLET::::- \"All the Way Up\" (1970) - Nigel Hadfield\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rentadick\" (1972) - Miles Gannet\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Three Musketeers\" (1973) - King Louis XIII (voice, uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Roobarb\" (1974) - Louis XIII (voice, uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Good Life\" (1975–1978, TV sitcom) - Tom Good\n", "BULLET::::- \"Watership Down\" (1978) - Fiver (voice)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Other One\" (1977–1979, TV sitcom) - Ralph Tanner\n", "BULLET::::- \"Goodbye, Mr Kent\" (1982, TV sitcom) - Travis Kent\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ever Decreasing Circles\" (1984–1989, TV sitcom) - Martin Bryce\n", "BULLET::::- \"All in Good Faith\" (1985–1988, TV sitcom) - Reverend Philip Lambe\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Chorus of Disapproval\" (1989) - Ted Washbrook\n", "BULLET::::- \"Henry V\" (1989) - Lieutenant Bardolph\n", "BULLET::::- \"Peter's Friends\" (1992) - Lord Morton\n", "BULLET::::- \"Much Ado About Nothing\" (1993) - Leonato\n", "BULLET::::- \"If You See God, Tell Him\" (1993, TV sitcom) - Godfrey Spry\n", "BULLET::::- \"Frankenstein\" (1994) - Grandfather\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Midwinter's Tale\" (1995) - Henry Wakefield (Claudius, the Ghost, and the Player King)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hamlet\" (1996) - Polonius\n", "BULLET::::- \"Spice World\" (1997) - Bishop\n", "BULLET::::- \"Love's Labour's Lost\" (2000) - Sir Nathaniel\n", "BULLET::::- \"Monarch of the Glen\" (2000–2005) - Hector MacDonald\n", "BULLET::::- \"Unconditional Love\" (2002) - Barry Moore\n", "BULLET::::- \"Peter Pan\" (2003) - Smee\n", "BULLET::::- \"As You Like It\" (2006) - Adam\n", "BULLET::::- \"National Theatre Live: London Assurance\" (2010) - Mr. Adolphus Spanker\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Only One Who Knows You're Afraid\" (2011) - Narrator\n", "BULLET::::- \"Run for Your Wife\" (2012) - Newspaper Seller\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cockneys vs Zombies\" (2012) - Hamish\n", "BULLET::::- \"Top Gear\" (2013, TV series) - Sat Nav (Voice)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Richard Briers at BFI ScreenOnline\n", "BULLET::::- Obituary in The Independent by Marcus Williamson\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Richard David Briers" ] }, "description": "English actor", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q2734945", "wikidata_label": "Richard Briers", "wikipedia_title": "Richard Briers" }

{ "end": [ 97, 115, 38, 109, 122, 128, 172, 218, 245, 255, 327, 362, 399, 468, 115, 252, 267, 276, 312, 325, 19, 114, 152, 238, 50, 159, 196, 54, 197, 43, 16, 16, 19, 34, 53, 99, 53, 19 ], "href": [ "freeware", "Ping%20%28networking%20utility%29", "Johns%20Hopkins%20University", "solid%20modeling", "Ray%20tracing%20%28graphics%29", "MIMD", "computer%20networks", "Army%20Research%20Laboratory", "Aberdeen%20Proving%20Ground", "Maryland", "BRL-CAD", "ttcp", "default%20route", "BIND", "Ballistic%20Research%20Laboratory", "operating%20systems", "Berkeley%20Software%20Distribution", "Unix", "Microsoft%20Windows", "Mac%20OS%20X", "USENIX", "Computer%20Systems%20Research%20Group", "University%20of%20California%2C%20Berkeley", "Berkeley%20Software%20Distribution", "The%20Cuckoo%27s%20Egg", "Hacker%20%28computer%20security%29", "Peter%20Salus", "Interstate%2095%20in%20Maryland", "Johns%20Hopkins%20University", "Heterogeneous%20Element%20Processor", "ttcp", "Ping%20%28networking%20utility%29", "BRL-CAD", "https%3A//web.archive.org/web/20110501080435/http%3A//ftp.arl.army.mil/~mike/", "https%3A//web.archive.org/web/20110514103713/http%3A//ftp.arl.army.mil/~mike/ping.html", "https%3A//groups.google.com/d/msg/mod.protocols.tcp-ip/ymOM7LmzEsU/JGur6cVlelMJ", "http%3A//ftp.arl.army.mil/~mike/ttcp.html", "http%3A//brlcad.org/" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 ], "start": [ 89, 111, 14, 95, 111, 124, 155, 194, 222, 247, 320, 358, 386, 464, 86, 235, 264, 272, 305, 317, 13, 83, 118, 227, 34, 151, 185, 41, 173, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 24, 73, 24, 12 ], "text": [ "freeware", "ping", "Johns Hopkins University", "solid modeling", "ray-tracing", "MIMD", "computer networks", "Army Research Laboratory", "Aberdeen Proving Ground", "Maryland", "BRL-CAD", "ttcp", "default route", "BIND", "Ballistic Research Laboratory", "operating systems", "BSD", "Unix", "Windows", "Mac OS X", "USENIX", "Computer Systems Research Group", "University of California, Berkeley", "4.4BSD-Lite", "The Cuckoo's Egg", "crackers", "Peter Salus", "Interstate 95", "Johns Hopkins University", "Heterogeneous Element Processor", "ttcp", "ping", "BRL-CAD", "Mike Muuss's home page", "The Story of the PING Program", "ICMP As A Diagnostic Tool?", "The Story of the TTCP Program", "BRL-CAD" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Mike Muuss\n", "Michael John Muuss (October 16, 1958 – November 20, 2000) was the American author of the freeware network tool ping.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "A graduate of Johns Hopkins University, Muuss was a senior scientist specializing in geometric solid modeling, ray-tracing, MIMD architectures and digital computer networks at the United States Army Research Laboratory at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland when he died. He wrote a number of software packages (including BRL-CAD) and network tools (including ttcp and the concept of the default route or \"default gateway\") and contributed to many others (including BIND).\n", "However, the thousand-line ping, which he wrote in December 1983 while working at the Ballistic Research Laboratory, is the program for which he is most remembered. Due to its usefulness, ping has been implemented on a large number of operating systems, initially BSD and Unix, but later others including Windows and Mac OS X.\n", "In 1993, the USENIX Association gave a Lifetime Achievement Award (\"Flame\") to the Computer Systems Research Group at University of California, Berkeley, honoring 180 individuals, including Muuss, who contributed to the CSRG's 4.4BSD-Lite release.\n", "Muuss is mentioned in two books, \"The Cuckoo's Egg\" () and \"Cyberpunk: Outlaws and Hackers on the Computer Frontier\" (), for his role in tracking down crackers. He also is mentioned in Peter Salus's \"A Quarter Century of UNIX\".\n", "Muuss died in an automobile collision on Interstate 95 on November 20, 2000. The Michael J. Muuss Research Award, set up by friends and family of Muuss, memorializes him at Johns Hopkins University.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Heterogeneous Element Processor\n", "BULLET::::- ttcp\n", "BULLET::::- ping\n", "BULLET::::- BRL-CAD\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Mike Muuss's home page\n", "BULLET::::- Mike Muuss, The Story of the PING Program\n", "BULLET::::- An Early UseNet Post by Mike Muuss Discussing Ping's history ICMP As A Diagnostic Tool?\n", "BULLET::::- Mike Muuss, The Story of the TTCP Program\n", "BULLET::::- BRL-CAD\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Michael John Muuss" ] }, "description": "American computer programmer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q279206", "wikidata_label": "Mike Muuss", "wikipedia_title": "Mike Muuss" }

{ "end": [ 83, 116, 124, 138, 153, 81, 108, 120, 130, 143, 154, 178, 199, 217, 327, 342, 358, 379, 394, 444, 52, 78, 90, 102, 118, 279, 307, 376, 142, 186, 210, 267, 389, 406, 445, 62, 73, 154, 207, 228, 301, 593, 50, 98, 189, 223, 335, 398, 88, 103, 113, 120, 133, 195, 203, 216, 306, 341, 413, 424, 588, 42, 62, 83, 109, 136, 156, 192, 203, 139, 56, 383, 450, 65, 209, 249, 278, 154, 184, 207, 263, 807, 90, 105, 35, 44, 148, 350, 75, 180, 248, 284, 416, 672, 682, 688, 707, 895, 95, 101, 115, 128, 200, 273, 321, 563, 38, 57, 66, 97, 375, 382, 395, 572, 766, 64, 107, 131, 167, 235, 313, 521, 654, 768, 301, 160, 236, 309, 336, 442, 565, 591, 657, 702, 898, 949, 1014, 1123, 1143, 48, 96, 209, 287, 388, 396, 51, 63, 92, 75, 171, 272, 44, 272, 291, 307, 325, 340, 358, 374, 621, 78, 185, 210, 235, 89, 126, 158, 172, 214, 249, 262, 115, 159, 187, 242, 295, 389, 485, 526, 571, 230, 213, 334, 536, 326, 447, 373, 136, 32, 92, 105, 134, 183, 211, 247, 590, 611, 694, 816, 21, 323, 354, 714, 18, 57, 80, 135, 247, 12, 24, 82, 128, 152, 227, 293, 350, 422, 581, 638, 828, 1018, 1028, 1038, 1058, 1140, 57, 21, 27, 51, 24, 23, 36, 45, 40, 77, 42, 34, 28, 28, 29, 29, 21, 25, 29, 84, 26, 26, 18, 20, 28, 19, 24, 23, 31, 25, 26, 36, 22, 29, 37, 22, 30, 19, 27, 27 ], "href": [ "Graphic%20designer", "Mathematics%20and%20art", "woodcut", "lithography", "mezzotint", "impossible%20object", "infinity", "reflection%20%28mathematics%29", "symmetry", "perspective%20%28graphical%29", "Truncation%20%28geometry%29", "Stellation", "hyperbolic%20geometry", "tessellation", "George%20P%C3%B3lya", "Roger%20Penrose", "Harold%20Scott%20MacDonald%20Coxeter", "Crystallography", "Friedrich%20Haag", "tessellation", "nature", "insect", "landscape", "plant", "lichen", "Alhambra", "Mosque%E2%80%93Cathedral%20of%20C%C3%B3rdoba", "mathematical%20structure", "Martin%20Gardner", "Mathematical%20Games%20column", "Scientific%20American", "technical%20papers", "Douglas%20Hofstadter", "Pulitzer%20Prize", "G%C3%B6del%2C%20Escher%2C%20Bach", "Leeuwarden", "Friesland", "Princessehof%20Ceramics%20Museum", "civil%20engineer", "George%20Arnold%20Escher", "Arnhem", "carpentry", "Delft%20University%20of%20Technology", "Haarlem", "woodcut", "architecture", "decorative%20arts", "Samuel%20Jessurun%20de%20Mesquita", "Florence", "San%20Gimignano", "Volterra", "Siena", "Ravello", "Madrid", "Toledo%2C%20Spain", "Granada", "Moorish%20architecture", "Alhambra", "Geometry", "Symmetry", "tessellation", "Rome", "Viterbo", "Abruzzo", "Corsica", "Calabria", "Amalfi", "Gargano", "Sicily", "Mosque%E2%80%93Cathedral%20of%20C%C3%B3rdoba", "Benito%20Mussolini", "Opera%20Nazionale%20Balilla", "Ch%C3%A2teau-d%27%C5%92x", "semi-postal%20stamp", "Universal%20Postal%20Union", "Surinam", "Netherlands%20Antilles", "Uccle", "Brussels", "World%20War%20II", "Baarn", "Order%20of%20Orange-Nassau", "rotational%20symmetry", "Snakes%20%28M.%20C.%20Escher%29", "Rosa%20Spier%20Huis", "Laren%2C%20North%20Holland", "Hilversum", "conceptual%20art", "Parmigianino", "Self-portrait%20in%20a%20Convex%20Mirror", "William%20Hogarth", "Satire%20on%20False%20Perspective", "Giovanni%20Battista%20Piranesi", "Cubism", "De%20Stijl", "Dada", "Surrealism", "Magritte", "ant", "bee", "grasshopper", "mantis", "Ancient%20Rome", "tessellation", "Regular%20Division%20of%20the%20Plane", "Mathematician", "Alhambra", "Mosque%E2%80%93Cathedral%20of%20C%C3%B3rdoba", "C%C3%B3rdoba%2C%20Andalusia", "Moors", "bird", "fish", "reptile", "hexagon", "Reptiles%20%28M.%20C.%20Escher%29", "George%20P%C3%B3lya", "Friedrich%20Haag", "symmetry%20group", "Berend%20George%20Escher", "wallpaper%20group", "symmetry", "Metamorphosis%20I", "convex%20polygon", "Metamorphosis%20III", "Doris%20Schattschneider", "mathematics%20and%20art", "impossible%20object", "Corsica", "perspective%20%28geometry%29", "Still%20Life%20and%20Street", "Relativity%20%28M.%20C.%20Escher%29", "House%20of%20Stairs", "Roger%20Penrose", "Lionel%20Penrose", "Penrose%20stairs", "Ascending%20and%20Descending", "Penrose%20triangle", "perpetual%20motion", "Waterfall%20%28M.%20C.%20Escher%29", "Hieronymus%20Bosch", "The%20Garden%20of%20Earthly%20Delights", "Middle%20Ages", "Belvedere%20%28M.%20C.%20Escher%29", "jester", "wikt%3Aknave", "Lithography", "woodcut", "mezzotint", "M%C3%B6bius%20strip", "ant", "Mediterranean%20Sea", "curvilinear%20perspective", "Piero%20della%20Francesca", "Leonardo%20da%20Vinci", "Albrecht%20D%C3%BCrer", "Wenzel%20Jamnitzer", "Abraham%20Bosse", "Girard%20Desargues", "P%C3%A8re%20Nicon", "Curvilinear%20perspective", "Platonic%20solid", "cylinder%20%28geometry%29", "Stellation", "Reptiles%20%28M.%20C.%20Escher%29", "Doris%20Schattschneider", "Roger%20Penrose", "Polyhedron", "geometry", "Gravitation%20%28M.%20C.%20Escher%29", "stellation", "dodecahedron", "compound%20of%20three%20cubes", "rhombic%20dodecahedron", "Compound%20of%20three%20octahedra", "Stars%20%28M.%20C.%20Escher%29", "Platonic%20solid", "chameleon", "refracting%20telescope", "astronomer", "binary%20star", "Drawing%20Hands", "Harold%20Scott%20MacDonald%20Coxeter", "Penrose%20tribar", "perpetual%20motion", "Models%20of%20the%20hyperbolic%20plane", "infinity", "hyperbolic%20tiling", "M.%20C.%20Escher%20in%20popular%20culture", "intellectual%20property", "Escher%20Museum", "The%20Hague", "National%20Gallery%20of%20Art", "National%20Gallery%20of%20Canada", "Israel%20Museum", "Huis%20Ten%20Bosch%20%28theme%20park%29", "Scottish%20National%20Gallery%20of%20Modern%20Art", "Edinburgh", "Dulwich%20Picture%20Gallery", "Milan", "Doris%20Schattschneider", "crystallography", "topology", "Print%20Gallery%20%28M.%20C.%20Escher%29", "Pulitzer%20Prize", "G%C3%B6del%2C%20Escher%2C%20Bach", "Douglas%20Hofstadter", "strange%20loop", "Johann%20Sebastian%20Bach", "asteroid", "4444%20Escher", "Martin%20Gardner", "Mathematical%20Games%20column", "Scientific%20American", "The%20Scaffold", "Mott%20the%20Hoople", "Beaver%20%26amp%3B%20Krause", "Mandrake%20Memorial", "Edwin%20Abbott%20Abbott", "Ernst%20Gombrich", "Erich%20Gamma", "poster", "necktie", "T-shirt", "jigsaw%20puzzle", "postage%20stamp", "woodcut", "Dolphins%20%28M.%20C.%20Escher%29", "Tower%20of%20Babel%20%28M.%20C.%20Escher%29", "Lithography", "Castrovalva%20%28M.%20C.%20Escher%29", "The%20Bridge%20%28M.%20C.%20Escher%29", "Atrani%2C%20Coast%20of%20Amalfi", "Still%20Life%20with%20Spherical%20Mirror", "Hand%20with%20Reflecting%20Sphere", "Hieronymus%20Bosch", "Regular%20Division%20of%20the%20Plane", "Still%20Life%20and%20Street", "Metamorphosis%20I", "Sky%20and%20Water%20I", "Sky%20and%20Water%20II", "Metamorphosis%20II", "Reptiles%20%28M.%20C.%20Escher%29", "Magic%20Mirror%20%28M.C.%20Escher%29", "Three%20Spheres%20II", "mezzotint", "Another%20World%20%28M.%20C.%20Escher%29", "Drawing%20Hands", "Stars%20%28M.%20C.%20Escher%29", "Curl-up", "House%20of%20Stairs", "Puddle%20%28M.%20C.%20Escher%29", "Gravitation%20%28M.%20C.%20Escher%29", "Relativity%20%28M.%20C.%20Escher%29", "Convex%20and%20Concave", "Three%20Worlds%20%28M.%20C.%20Escher%29", "Print%20Gallery%20%28M.%20C.%20Escher%29", "Cube%20with%20Magic%20Ribbons", "Belvedere%20%28M.%20C.%20Escher%29", "Circle%20Limit%20III", "Ascending%20and%20Descending", "Waterfall%20%28M.%20C.%20Escher%29", "Metamorphosis%20III", "Snakes%20%28M.%20C.%20Escher%29", "Victor%20Vasarely", "Escher%20sentence" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 11, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 13, 15, 15, 15, 16, 16, 16, 16, 17, 17, 17, 17, 17, 18, 18, 19, 19, 19, 21, 22, 22, 22, 22, 22, 22, 22, 22, 22, 22, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 27, 29, 29, 29, 29, 29, 29, 29, 29, 29, 29, 29, 29, 29, 29, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 31, 31, 31, 32, 32, 33, 34, 34, 34, 34, 34, 34, 34, 34, 34, 36, 36, 36, 36, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 38, 38, 38, 38, 38, 38, 38, 38, 38, 40, 42, 42, 42, 43, 43, 44, 46, 48, 49, 49, 49, 49, 49, 49, 51, 51, 51, 51, 53, 53, 53, 53, 54, 54, 54, 54, 54, 55, 55, 57, 57, 57, 57, 57, 57, 57, 57, 57, 57, 57, 57, 57, 57, 57, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 70, 74, 75, 78, 79, 80, 81, 84, 85, 86, 88, 94, 95, 96, 98, 101, 103, 107, 108, 110, 111, 114, 117, 118, 119, 121, 122, 124, 125, 126, 129, 130, 132, 133 ], "start": [ 69, 93, 117, 127, 144, 64, 100, 110, 122, 132, 145, 159, 180, 205, 315, 329, 344, 363, 380, 432, 46, 72, 81, 97, 112, 271, 284, 354, 128, 161, 191, 251, 371, 392, 426, 52, 64, 126, 193, 208, 295, 584, 24, 91, 182, 211, 320, 371, 80, 90, 105, 115, 126, 189, 197, 209, 286, 333, 402, 414, 576, 38, 55, 76, 102, 128, 150, 185, 197, 131, 47, 376, 438, 48, 187, 242, 258, 149, 176, 195, 258, 785, 71, 99, 20, 39, 139, 336, 63, 148, 233, 257, 390, 666, 674, 684, 697, 887, 92, 98, 104, 122, 195, 261, 292, 550, 30, 46, 59, 90, 371, 378, 388, 565, 758, 52, 93, 117, 161, 220, 305, 506, 640, 751, 280, 121, 219, 302, 325, 421, 555, 576, 644, 688, 862, 925, 998, 1107, 1134, 32, 66, 200, 278, 382, 391, 40, 56, 83, 63, 168, 259, 21, 251, 274, 293, 309, 327, 342, 364, 598, 64, 177, 191, 225, 68, 113, 149, 163, 203, 240, 250, 92, 139, 173, 237, 281, 380, 465, 516, 560, 217, 197, 328, 520, 310, 439, 356, 118, 11, 79, 96, 111, 157, 198, 233, 551, 602, 671, 811, 0, 308, 343, 701, 4, 38, 62, 123, 237, 4, 13, 68, 101, 133, 215, 278, 335, 405, 569, 624, 817, 1012, 1021, 1031, 1045, 1127, 50, 13, 13, 41, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 61, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 75, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 12, 12 ], "text": [ "graphic artist", "mathematically-inspired", "woodcut", "lithographs", "mezzotint", "impossible object", "infinity", "reflection", "symmetry", "perspective", "truncated", "stellated polyhedra", "hyperbolic geometry", "tessellation", "George Pólya", "Roger Penrose", "Harold Coxeter", "crystallographer", "Friedrich Haag", "tessellation", "nature", "insect", "landscape", "plant", "lichen", "Alhambra", "the Mezquita of Cordoba", "mathematical structure", "Martin Gardner", "Mathematical Games column", "Scientific American", "technical papers", "Douglas Hofstadter", "Pulitzer Prize", "Gödel, Escher, Bach", "Leeuwarden", "Friesland", "Princessehof Ceramics Museum", "civil engineer", "George Arnold Escher", "Arnhem", "carpentry", "Technical College of Delft", "Haarlem", "woodcut", "architecture", "decorative arts", "Samuel Jessurun de Mesquita", "Florence", "San Gimignano", "Volterra", "Siena", "Ravello", "Madrid", "Toledo", "Granada", "Moorish architecture", "Alhambra", "geometrical", "symmetries", "tessellation", "Rome", "Viterbo", "Abruzzi", "Corsica", "Calabria", "Amalfi", "Gargano", "Sicily", "Mezquita", "Mussolini", "Ballila", "Château-d'Œx", "semi-postal stamp", "Universal Postal Union", "Surinam", "Netherlands Antilles", "Uccle", "Brussels", "World War II", "Baarn", "Order of Orange-Nassau", "rotational symmetry", "Snakes", "Rosa Spier Huis", "Laren", "Hilversum", "conceptual art", "Parmigianino", "Self-portrait in a Convex Mirror", "William Hogarth", "Satire on False Perspective", "Giovanni Battista Piranesi", "Cubism", "De Stijl", "Dada", "Surrealism", "Magritte", "ant", "bee", "grasshopper", "mantis", "Roman", "tessellation", "Regular Division of the Plane", "Mathematician", "Alhambra", "La Mezquita", "Cordoba", "Moorish", "bird", "fish", "reptile", "hexagon", "Reptiles", "George Pólya", "Friedrich Haag", "symmetry group", "Berend", "wallpaper group", "symmetry", "Metamorphosis I", "convex polygon", "Metamorphosis III", "Doris Schattschneider", "art had a strong mathematical component", "impossible object", "Corsica", "perspective", "Still Life and Street", "Relativity", "House of Stairs", "Roger Penrose", "Lionel Penrose", "continuously rising flights of steps", "Ascending and Descending", "Penrose triangle", "perpetual motion", "Waterfall", "Hieronymus Bosch", "The Garden of Earthly Delights", "Mediaeval", "Belvedere", "jester", "knave", "lithographs", "woodcut", "mezzotint", "Möbius strip", "ant", "Mediterranean", "curvilinear perspective", "Piero della Francesca", "Leonardo da Vinci", "Albrecht Dürer", "Wenzel Jamnitzer", "Abraham Bosse", "Girard Desargues", "Père Nicon", "Curvilinear perspective", "Platonic solid", "cylinder", "stellated polyhedra", "\"Reptiles\"", "Doris Schattschneider", "Roger Penrose", "polyhedra", "geometric", "Gravitation", "stellated", "dodecahedron", "compound of three cubes", "rhombic dodecahedron", "Escher's solid", "Stars", "Platonic solid", "chameleon", "refracting telescope", "astronomer", "binary star", "Drawing Hands", "H. S. M. Coxeter", "tribar", "perpetual motion", "hyperbolic plane", "infinity", "hyperbolic tiling", "in popular culture", "intellectual property", "Escher Museum", "The Hague", "National Gallery of Art", "National Gallery of Canada", "Israel Museum", "Huis ten Bosch", "Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art", "Edinburgh", "Dulwich Picture Gallery", "Milan", "Doris Schattschneider", "crystallography", "topological", "Print Gallery", "Pulitzer Prize", "Gödel, Escher, Bach", "Douglas Hofstadter", "strange loop", "J. S. Bach", "asteroid", "4444 Escher", "Martin Gardner", "\"Mathematical Games\" column", "Scientific American", "The Scaffold", "Mott the Hoople", "Beaver & Krause", "Mandrake Memorial", "Edwin Abbott", "E. H. Gombrich", "Erich Gamma", "poster", "necktie", "T-shirt", "jigsaw puzzle", "postage stamp", "woodcut", "Dolphins", "Tower of Babel", "lithograph", "Castrovalva", "The Bridge", "Atrani, Coast of Amalfi", "Still Life with Spherical Mirror", "Hand with Reflecting Sphere", "Hieronymus Bosch", "Regular Division of the Plane", "Still Life and Street", "Metamorphosis I", "Sky and Water I", "Sky and Water II", "Metamorphosis II", "Reptiles", "Magic Mirror", "Three Spheres II", "mezzotint", "Another World", "Drawing Hands", "Stars", "Curl-up", "House of Stairs", "Puddle", "Gravitation", "Relativity", "Convex and Concave", "Three Worlds", "Print Gallery", "Cube with Magic Ribbons", "Belvedere", "Circle Limit III", "Ascending and Descending", "Waterfall", "Metamorphosis III", "Snakes", "Victor Vasarely", "Escher sentence" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "M. C. Escher\n", "Maurits Cornelis Escher (; 17 June 1898 – 27 March 1972) was a Dutch graphic artist who made mathematically-inspired woodcuts, lithographs, and mezzotints.\n", "Despite wide popular interest, Escher was for long somewhat neglected in the art world, even in his native Netherlands. He was 70 before a retrospective exhibition was held. In the twenty-first century, he became more widely appreciated, with exhibitions across the world.\n", "His work features mathematical objects and operations including impossible objects, explorations of infinity, reflection, symmetry, perspective, truncated and stellated polyhedra, hyperbolic geometry, and tessellations. Although Escher believed he had no mathematical ability, he interacted with the mathematicians George Pólya, Roger Penrose, Harold Coxeter and crystallographer Friedrich Haag, and conducted his own research into tessellation.\n", "Early in his career, he drew inspiration from nature, making studies of insects, landscapes, and plants such as lichens, all of which he used as details in his artworks. He traveled in Italy and Spain, sketching buildings, townscapes, architecture and the tilings of the Alhambra and the Mezquita of Cordoba, and became steadily more interested in their mathematical structure.\n", "Escher's art became well known among scientists and mathematicians, and in popular culture, especially after it was featured by Martin Gardner in his April 1966 Mathematical Games column in \"Scientific American\". Apart from being used in a variety of technical papers, his work has appeared on the covers of many books and albums. He was one of the major inspirations of Douglas Hofstadter's Pulitzer Prize-winning 1979 book \"Gödel, Escher, Bach\".\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Maurits Cornelis Escher was born on 17 June 1898 in Leeuwarden, Friesland, the Netherlands, in a house that forms part of the Princessehof Ceramics Museum today. He was the youngest son of the civil engineer George Arnold Escher and his second wife, Sara Gleichman. In 1903, the family moved to Arnhem, where he attended primary and secondary school until 1918. Known to his friends and family as \"Mauk\", he was a sickly child and was placed in a special school at the age of seven; he failed the second grade. Although he excelled at drawing, his grades were generally poor. He took carpentry and piano lessons until he was thirteen years old.\n", "In 1918, he went to the Technical College of Delft. From 1919 to 1922, Escher attended the Haarlem School of Architecture and Decorative Arts, learning drawing and the art of making woodcuts. He briefly studied architecture, but he failed a number of subjects (due partly to a persistent skin infection) and switched to decorative arts, studying under the graphic artist Samuel Jessurun de Mesquita.\n", "Section::::Study journeys.\n", "In 1922, an important year of his life, Escher traveled through Italy, visiting Florence, San Gimignano, Volterra, Siena, and Ravello. In the same year, he traveled through Spain, visiting Madrid, Toledo, and Granada. He was impressed by the Italian countryside and, in Granada, by the Moorish architecture of the fourteenth-century Alhambra. The intricate decorative designs of the Alhambra, based on geometrical symmetries featuring interlocking repetitive patterns in the coloured tiles or sculpted into the walls and ceilings, triggered his interest in the mathematics of tessellation and became a powerful influence on his work.\n", "Escher returned to Italy and lived in Rome from 1923 to 1935. While in Italy, Escher met Jetta Umiker – a Swiss woman, like himself attracted to Italy – whom he married in 1924. The couple settled in Rome where their first son, Giorgio (George) Arnaldo Escher, named after his grandfather, was born. Escher and Jetta later had two more sons – Arthur and Jan.\n", "He travelled frequently, visiting (among other places) Viterbo in 1926, the Abruzzi in 1927 and 1929, Corsica in 1928 and 1933, Calabria in 1930, the Amalfi coast in 1931 and 1934, and Gargano and Sicily in 1932 and 1935. The townscapes and landscapes of these places feature prominently in his artworks. In May and June 1936, Escher travelled back to Spain, revisiting the Alhambra and spending days at a time making detailed drawings of its mosaic patterns. It was here that he became fascinated, to the point of obsession, with tessellation, explaining:\n", "The sketches he made in the Alhambra formed a major source for his work from that time on. He also studied the architecture of the Mezquita, the Moorish mosque of Cordoba. This turned out to be the last of his long study journeys; after 1937, his artworks were created in his studio rather than in the field. His art correspondingly changed sharply from being mainly observational, with a strong emphasis on the realistic details of things seen in nature and architecture, to being the product of his geometric analysis and his visual imagination. All the same, even his early work already shows his interest in the nature of space, the unusual, perspective, and multiple points of view.\n", "Section::::Later life.\n", "In 1935, the political climate in Italy (under Mussolini) became unacceptable to Escher. He had no interest in politics, finding it impossible to involve himself with any ideals other than the expressions of his own concepts through his own particular medium, but he was averse to fanaticism and hypocrisy. When his eldest son, George, was forced at the age of nine to wear a Ballila uniform in school, the family left Italy and moved to Château-d'Œx, Switzerland, where they remained for two years.\n", "The Netherlands post office had Escher design a semi-postal stamp for the \"Air Fund\" in 1935, and again in 1949 he designed Netherlands stamps. These were for the 75th anniversary of the Universal Postal Union; a different design was used by Surinam and the Netherlands Antilles for the same commemoration.\n", "Escher, who had been very fond of and inspired by the landscapes in Italy, was decidedly unhappy in Switzerland. In 1937, the family moved again, to Uccle (Ukkel), a suburb of Brussels, Belgium. World War II forced them to move in January 1941, this time to Baarn, Netherlands, where Escher lived until 1970. Most of Escher's best-known works date from this period. The sometimes cloudy, cold, and wet weather of the Netherlands allowed him to focus intently on his work. After 1953, Escher lectured widely. A planned series of lectures in North America in 1962 was cancelled after an illness, and he stopped creating artworks for a time, but the illustrations and text for the lectures were later published as part of the book \"Escher on Escher\". He was awarded the Knighthood of the Order of Orange-Nassau in 1955; he was later made an Officer in 1967.\n", "In July 1969 he finished his last work, a large woodcut with threefold rotational symmetry called \"Snakes\", in which snakes wind through a pattern of linked rings. These shrink to infinity toward both the center and the edge of a circle. It was exceptionally elaborate, being printed using three blocks, each rotated three times about the center of the image and precisely aligned to avoid gaps and overlaps, for a total of nine print operations for each finished print. The image encapsulates Escher's love of symmetry; of interlocking patterns; and, at the end of his life, of his approach to infinity. The care that Escher took in creating and printing this woodcut can be seen in a video recording.\n", "Escher moved to the Rosa Spier Huis in Laren in 1970, an artists' retirement home in which he had his own studio. He died in a hospital in Hilversum on 27 March 1972, aged 73. He is buried at the New Cemetery in Baarn.\n", "Section::::Mathematically inspired work.\n", "Escher's work is inescapably mathematical. This has caused a disconnect between his full-on popular fame and the lack of esteem with which he has been viewed in the art world. His originality and mastery of graphic techniques are respected, but his works have been thought too intellectual and insufficiently lyrical. Movements such as conceptual art have, to a degree, reversed the art world's attitude to intellectuality and lyricism, but this did not rehabilitate Escher, because traditional critics still disliked his narrative themes and his use of perspective. However, these same qualities made his work highly attractive to the public. \n", "Escher is not the first artist to explore mathematical themes: Parmigianino (1503–1540) had explored spherical geometry and reflection in his 1524 \"Self-portrait in a Convex Mirror\", depicting his own image in a curved mirror, while William Hogarth's 1754 \"Satire on False Perspective\" foreshadows Escher's playful exploration of errors in perspective. Another early artistic forerunner is Giovanni Battista Piranesi (1720–1778), whose dark \"fantastical\" prints such as \"The Drawbridge\" in his \"Carceri\" (\"Prisons\") sequence depict perspectives of complex architecture with many stairs and ramps, peopled by walking figures. Only with 20th century movements such as Cubism, De Stijl, Dadaism, and Surrealism did mainstream art start to explore Escher-like ways of looking at the world with multiple simultaneous viewpoints. However, although Escher had much in common with, for example, Magritte's surrealism, he did not make contact with any of these movements.\n", "Section::::Mathematically inspired work.:Tessellation.\n", "In his early years, Escher sketched landscapes and nature. He also sketched insects such as ants, bees, grasshoppers, and mantises, which appeared frequently in his later work. His early love of Roman and Italian landscapes and of nature created an interest in tessellation, which he called \"Regular Division of the Plane\"; this became the title of his 1958 book, complete with reproductions of a series of woodcuts based on tessellations of the plane, in which he described the systematic buildup of mathematical designs in his artworks. He wrote, \"Mathematicians have opened the gate leading to an extensive domain\".\n", "After his 1936 journey to the Alhambra and to La Mezquita, Cordoba, where he sketched the Moorish architecture and the tessellated mosaic decorations, Escher began to explore the properties and possibilities of tessellation using geometric grids as the basis for his sketches. He then extended these to form complex interlocking designs, for example with animals such as birds, fish, and reptiles. One of his first attempts at a tessellation was his pencil, India ink, and watercolour \"Study of Regular Division of the Plane with Reptiles\" (1939), constructed on a hexagonal grid. The heads of the red, green, and white reptiles meet at a vertex; the tails, legs, and sides of the animals interlock exactly. It was used as the basis for his 1943 lithograph \"Reptiles\".\n", "His first study of mathematics began with papers by George Pólya and by the crystallographer Friedrich Haag on plane symmetry groups, sent to him by his brother Berend, a geologist. He carefully studied the 17 canonical wallpaper groups and created periodic tilings with 43 drawings of different types of symmetry. From this point on, he developed a mathematical approach to expressions of symmetry in his artworks using his own notation. Starting in 1937, he created woodcuts based on the 17 groups. His \"Metamorphosis I\" (1937) began a series of designs that told a story through the use of pictures. In \"Metamorphosis I\", he transformed convex polygons into regular patterns in a plane to form a human motif. He extended the approach in his piece \"Metamorphosis III\", which is four metres long.\n", "In 1941 and 1942, Escher summarized his findings for his own artistic use in a sketchbook, which he labeled (following Haag) \"Regelmatige vlakverdeling in asymmetrische congruente veelhoeken\" (\"Regular division of the plane with asymmetric congruent polygons\"). The mathematician Doris Schattschneider unequivocally described this notebook as recording \"a methodical investigation that can only be termed mathematical research.\" She defined the research questions he was following as\n", "Section::::Mathematically inspired work.:Geometries.\n", "Although Escher did not have mathematical training—his understanding of mathematics was largely visual and intuitive—his art had a strong mathematical component, and several of the worlds that he drew were built around impossible objects. After 1924, Escher turned to sketching landscapes in Italy and Corsica with irregular perspectives that are impossible in natural form. His first print of an impossible reality was \"Still Life and Street\" (1937); impossible stairs and multiple visual and gravitational perspectives feature in popular works such as \"Relativity\" (1953). \"House of Stairs\" (1951) attracted the interest of the mathematician Roger Penrose and his father, the biologist Lionel Penrose. In 1956, they published a paper, \"Impossible Objects: A Special Type of Visual Illusion\" and later sent Escher a copy. Escher replied, admiring the Penroses' continuously rising flights of steps, and enclosed a print of \"Ascending and Descending\" (1960). The paper also contained the tribar or Penrose triangle, which Escher used repeatedly in his lithograph of a building that appears to function as a perpetual motion machine, \"Waterfall\" (1961).\n", "Escher was interested enough in Hieronymus Bosch's 1500 triptych \"The Garden of Earthly Delights\" to re-create part of its right-hand panel, \"Hell\", as a lithograph in 1935. He reused the figure of a Mediaeval woman in a two-pointed headdress and a long gown in his lithograph \"Belvedere\" in 1958; the image is, like many of his other \"extraordinary invented places\", peopled with \"jesters, knaves, and contemplators\". Thus, Escher not only was interested in possible or impossible geometry but was, in his own words, a \"reality enthusiast\"; he combined \"formal astonishment with a vivid and idiosyncratic vision\".\n", "Escher worked primarily in the media of lithographs and woodcuts, although the few mezzotints he made are considered to be masterpieces of the technique. In his graphic art, he portrayed mathematical relationships among shapes, figures, and space. Integrated into his prints were mirror images of cones, spheres, cubes, rings, and spirals.\n", "Escher was also fascinated by mathematical objects such as the Möbius strip, which has only one surface. His wood engraving \"Möbius Strip II\" (1963) depicts a chain of ants marching forever over what, at any one place, are the two opposite faces of the object—which are seen on inspection to be parts of the strip's single surface. In Escher's own words:\n", "The mathematical influence in his work became prominent after 1936, when, having boldly asked the Adria Shipping Company if he could sail with them as travelling artist in return for making drawings of their ships, they surprisingly agreed, and he sailed the Mediterranean, becoming interested in order and symmetry. Escher described this journey, including his repeat visit to the Alhambra, as \"the richest source of inspiration I have ever tapped\".\n", "Escher's interest in curvilinear perspective was encouraged by his friend and \"kindred spirit\", the art historian and artist Albert Flocon, in another example of constructive mutual influence. Flocon identified Escher as a \"thinking artist\" alongside Piero della Francesca, Leonardo da Vinci, Albrecht Dürer, Wenzel Jamnitzer, Abraham Bosse, Girard Desargues, and Père Nicon. Flocon was delighted by Escher's \"Grafiek en tekeningen\" (\"Graphics in Drawing\"), which he read in 1959. This stimulated Flocon and André Barre to correspond with Escher and to write the book \"La Perspective curviligne\" (\"Curvilinear perspective\").\n", "Section::::Mathematically inspired work.:Platonic and other solids.\n", "Escher often incorporated three-dimensional objects such as the Platonic solids such as spheres, tetrahedrons, and cubes into his works, as well as mathematical objects such as cylinders and stellated polyhedra. In the print \"Reptiles\", he combined two- and three-dimensional images. In one of his papers, Escher emphasized the importance of dimensionality:\n", "Escher's artwork is especially well-liked by mathematicians such as Doris Schattschneider and scientists such as Roger Penrose, who enjoy his use of polyhedra and geometric distortions. For example, in \"Gravitation\", animals climb around a stellated dodecahedron.\n", "The two towers of \"Waterfall\" impossible building are topped with compound polyhedra, one a compound of three cubes, the other a stellated rhombic dodecahedron now known as Escher's solid. Escher had used this solid in his 1948 woodcut \"Stars\", which also contains all five of the Platonic solids and various stellated solids, representing stars; the central solid is animated by chameleons climbing through the frame as it whirls in space. Escher possessed a 6 cm refracting telescope and was a keen-enough amateur astronomer to have recorded observations of binary stars.\n", "Section::::Mathematically inspired work.:Levels of reality.\n", "Escher's artistic expression was created from images in his mind, rather than directly from observations and travels to other countries. His interest in the multiple levels of reality in art is seen in works such as \"Drawing Hands\" (1948), where two hands are shown, each drawing the other. The critic Steven Poole commented that\n", "Section::::Mathematically inspired work.:Infinity and hyperbolic geometry.\n", "In 1954, the International Congress of Mathematicians met in Amsterdam, and N. G. de Bruin organized a display of Escher's work at the Stedelijk Museum for the participants. Both Roger Penrose and H. S. M. Coxeter were deeply impressed with Escher's intuitive grasp of mathematics. Inspired by \"Relativity\", Penrose devised his tribar, and his father, Lionel Penrose, devised an endless staircase. Roger Penrose sent sketches of both objects to Escher, and the cycle of invention was closed when Escher then created the perpetual motion machine of \"Waterfall\" and the endless march of the monk-figures of \"Ascending and Descending\". \n", "In 1957, Coxeter obtained Escher's permission to use two of his drawings in his paper \"Crystal symmetry and its generalizations\". He sent Escher a copy of the paper; Escher recorded that Coxeter's figure of a hyperbolic tessellation \"gave me quite a shock\": the infinite regular repetition of the tiles in the hyperbolic plane, growing rapidly smaller towards the edge of the circle, was precisely what he wanted to allow him to represent infinity on a two-dimensional plane.\n", "Escher carefully studied Coxeter's figure, marking it up to analyse the successively smaller circles with which (he deduced) it had been constructed. He then constructed a diagram, which he sent to Coxeter, showing his analysis; Coxeter confirmed it was correct, but disappointed Escher with his highly technical reply. All the same, Escher persisted with hyperbolic tiling, which he called \"Coxetering\". Among the results were the series of wood engravings \"Circle Limit I–IV\". In 1959, Coxeter published his finding that these works were extraordinarily accurate: \"Escher got it absolutely right to the millimeter\".\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "Escher's special way of thinking and rich graphics have had a continuous influence in mathematics and art, as well as in popular culture.\n", "Section::::Legacy.:In art collections.\n", "The Escher intellectual property is controlled by the M.C. Escher Company, while exhibitions of his artworks are managed separately by the M.C. Escher Foundation.\n", "The primary institutional collections of original works by M.C. Escher are the Escher Museum in The Hague; the National Gallery of Art (Washington, DC); the National Gallery of Canada (Ottawa); the Israel Museum (Jerusalem); and the Huis ten Bosch (Nagasaki, Japan).\n", "Section::::Legacy.:Exhibitions.\n", "Despite wide popular interest, Escher was for a long time somewhat neglected in the art world; even in his native Netherlands, he was 70 before a retrospective exhibition was held. In the twenty-first century, major exhibitions have been held in cities across the world. An exhibition of his work in Rio de Janeiro attracted more than 573,000 visitors in 2011; its daily visitor count of 9,677 made it the most visited museum exhibition of the year, anywhere in the world. No major exhibition of Escher's work was held in Britain until 2015, when the Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art ran one in Edinburgh from June to September 2015, moving in October 2015 to the Dulwich Picture Gallery, London. The exhibition moved to Italy in 2015–2016, attracting over 500,000 visitors in Rome and Bologna, and then Milan.\n", "Section::::Legacy.:In mathematics and science.\n", "Doris Schattschneider identifies 11 strands of mathematical and scientific research anticipated or directly inspired by Escher. These are the classification of regular tilings using the edge relationships of tiles: two-color and two-motif tilings (counterchange symmetry or antisymmetry); color symmetry (in crystallography); metamorphosis or topological change; covering surfaces with symmetric patterns; Escher's algorithm (for generating patterns using decorated squares); creating tile shapes; local versus global definitions of regularity; symmetry of a tiling induced by the symmetry of a tile; orderliness not induced by symmetry groups; the filling of the central void in Escher's lithograph \"Print Gallery\" by H. Lenstra and B. de Smit.\n", "The Pulitzer Prize-winning 1979 book \"Gödel, Escher, Bach\" by Douglas Hofstadter discusses the ideas of self-reference and strange loops, drawing on a wide range of artistic and scientific sources including Escher's art and the music of J. S. Bach.\n", "The asteroid 4444 Escher was named in Escher's honor in 1985.\n", "Section::::Legacy.:In popular culture.\n", "Escher's fame in popular culture grew when his work was featured by Martin Gardner in his April 1966 \"Mathematical Games\" column in \"Scientific American\". Escher's works have appeared on many album covers including The Scaffold's 1969 \"L the P\" with \"Ascending and Descending\"; Mott the Hoople's eponymous 1969 record with \"Reptiles\", Beaver & Krause's 1970 \"In A Wild Sanctuary\" with \"Three Worlds\"; and Mandrake Memorial's 1970 \"Puzzle\" with \"House of Stairs\" and (inside) \"Curl Up\". His works have similarly been used on many book covers, including some editions of Edwin Abbott's \"Flatland\", which used \"Three Spheres\"; E. H. Gombrich's \"Meditations on a Hobby Horse\" with \"Horseman\"; Pamela Hall's \"Heads You Lose\" with \"Plane Filling 1\"; Patrick A. Horton's \"Mastering the Power of Story\" with \"Drawing Hands\"; Erich Gamma et al.'s \"Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-oriented software\" with \"Swans\"; and Arthur Markman's \"Knowledge Representation\" with \"Reptiles\". The \"World of Escher\" markets posters, neckties, T-shirts, and jigsaw puzzles of Escher's artworks. Both Austria and the Netherlands have issued postage stamps commemorating the artist and his works.\n", "Section::::Selected works.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Trees\", ink (1920)\n", "BULLET::::- \"St. Bavo's, Haarlem\", ink (1920)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Flor de Pascua (The Easter Flower)\", woodcut/book illustrations (1921)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Eight Heads\", woodcut (1922)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dolphins\" also known as \"Dolphins in Phosphorescent Sea\", woodcut (1923)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tower of Babel\", woodcut (1928)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Street in Scanno, Abruzzi\", lithograph (1930)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Castrovalva\", lithograph (1930)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Bridge\", lithograph (1930)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Palizzi, Calabria\", woodcut (1930)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Pentedattilo, Calabria\", lithograph (1930)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Atrani, Coast of Amalfi\", lithograph (1931)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ravello and the Coast of Amalfi\", lithograph (1931)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Covered Alley in Atrani, Coast of Amalfi\", wood engraving (1931)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Phosphorescent Sea\", lithograph (1933)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Still Life with Spherical Mirror\", lithograph (1934)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hand with Reflecting Sphere\" also known as \"Self-Portrait in Spherical Mirror\", lithograph (1935)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Inside St. Peter's\", wood engraving (1935)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Portrait of G.A. Escher\", lithograph (1935)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\"Hell\"\", lithograph, (copied from a painting by Hieronymus Bosch) (1935)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Regular Division of the Plane\", series of drawings that continued until the 1960s (1936)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Still Life and Street\" (his first impossible reality), woodcut (1937)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Metamorphosis I\", woodcut (1937)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Day and Night\", woodcut (1938)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cycle\", lithograph (1938)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sky and Water I\", woodcut (1938)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sky and Water II\", lithograph (1938)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Metamorphosis II\", woodcut (1939–1940)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Verbum (Earth, Sky and Water)\", lithograph (1942)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Reptiles\", lithograph (1943)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ant\", lithograph (1943)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Encounter\", lithograph (1944)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Doric Columns\", wood engraving (1945)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Balcony\", lithograph (1945)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Three Spheres I\", wood engraving (1945)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Magic Mirror\", lithograph (1946)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Three Spheres II\", lithograph (1946)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Another World Mezzotint\" also known as \"Other World Gallery\", mezzotint (1946)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Eye\", mezzotint (1946)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Another World\" also known as \"Other World\", wood engraving and woodcut (1947)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Crystal\", mezzotint (1947)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Up and Down\" also known as \"High and Low\", lithograph (1947)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Drawing Hands\", lithograph (1948)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dewdrop\", mezzotint (1948)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Stars\", wood engraving (1948)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Double Planetoid\", wood engraving (1949)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Order and Chaos (Contrast)\", lithograph (1950)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rippled Surface\", woodcut and linoleum cut (1950)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Curl-up\", lithograph (1951)\n", "BULLET::::- \"House of Stairs\", lithograph (1951)\n", "BULLET::::- \"House of Stairs II\", lithograph (1951)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Puddle\", woodcut (1952)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Gravitation\", (1952)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dragon\", woodcut lithograph and watercolor (1952)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cubic Space Division\", lithograph (1952)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Relativity\", lithograph (1953)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tetrahedral Planetoid\", woodcut (1954)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Compass Rose (Order and Chaos II)\", lithograph (1955)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Convex and Concave\", lithograph (1955)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Three Worlds\", lithograph (1955)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Print Gallery\", lithograph (1956)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mosaic II\", lithograph (1957)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cube with Magic Ribbons\", lithograph (1957)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Belvedere\", lithograph (1958)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sphere Spirals\", woodcut (1958)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Circle Limit III\", woodcut (1959)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ascending and Descending\", lithograph (1960)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Waterfall\", lithograph (1961)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Möbius Strip II (Red Ants)\", woodcut (1963)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Knot\", pencil and crayon (1966)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Metamorphosis III\", woodcut (1967–1968)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Snakes\", woodcut (1969)\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Victor Vasarely\n", "BULLET::::- Escher sentences, named after works like \"Ascending and Descending\"\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "Section::::Further reading.:Media.\n", "BULLET::::- Escher, M. C. \"The Fantastic World of M. C. Escher\", Video collection of examples of the development of his art, and interviews, Director, Michele Emmer.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- — physical replicas of some of Escher's \"impossible\" designs\n", "BULLET::::- Copyright issue regarding Escher from the Artquest Artlaw archive.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Maurits Cornelis Escher", "Mauricio Escher", "Mauk Escher" ] }, "description": "Dutch graphic artist", "enwikiquote_title": "M. C. Escher", "wikidata_id": "Q1470", "wikidata_label": "M. C. Escher", "wikipedia_title": "M. C. Escher" }

{ "end": [ 86, 151, 219, 227, 283, 326, 361, 374, 214, 235, 247, 277, 332, 340, 357, 374, 437, 443, 452, 27, 46, 92, 272, 315, 398, 442, 220, 265, 328, 423, 462, 495, 511, 573, 650, 770, 813, 847, 855, 189, 100, 108, 172, 178, 188, 218, 307, 402, 443, 574, 595, 646, 44, 90, 103, 134, 147, 259, 74, 97, 149, 204, 241, 255, 277, 300, 401, 524, 545, 222, 7, 83, 144, 173, 210, 361, 464, 535, 611, 755, 842, 48, 58, 82, 114, 154, 81, 149, 73, 125, 154, 235, 78, 227, 240, 255, 279, 289, 341, 348, 430, 48, 135, 156, 286, 360, 9, 17, 68, 110, 160, 63, 92, 102, 110, 150, 179, 206, 368, 68, 109, 137, 154, 16, 81, 90, 126, 145, 218, 239, 266, 278, 283, 304, 312, 347, 383, 446, 462, 477, 533, 550, 555, 583, 650, 672, 784, 86, 108, 192, 52, 84, 92, 183, 325, 53, 47, 76, 141, 94, 108, 125, 142, 156, 168, 184, 72, 60, 38, 55, 87, 56, 75, 107, 49, 61, 79, 94, 44, 71, 29, 68, 51, 66, 27, 34, 93, 46, 170, 207, 234, 22, 45, 54, 64, 19, 69, 82, 90, 108, 152, 182, 205, 236, 284, 67, 88, 162, 255, 272, 292, 307, 334, 401, 425, 431, 448, 541, 562, 585, 639, 40, 236, 1235, 17, 111, 136, 149, 262, 308, 372, 436, 492, 113, 125, 186, 208, 224, 277, 26, 23, 25, 24, 24, 29, 25, 26, 25, 24, 23, 25, 23, 20, 25, 33, 22, 22, 24, 23, 25, 23, 25, 22, 22, 26, 23, 24, 24, 21 ], "href": [ "sportscaster", "Basketball%20Hall%20of%20Fame", "1967%E2%80%9368%20NBA%20season", "2003%E2%80%9304%20NBA%20season", "New%20York%20Knicks", "Turner%20Sports", "NBA%20on%20TNT", "TNT%20%28U.S.%20TV%20network%29", "play-by-play", "List%20of%20Super%20Bowl%20broadcasters", "List%20of%20NBA%20Finals%20broadcasters", "Stanley%20Cup%20Finals", "The%20Championships%2C%20Wimbledon", "Turner%20Sports", "Jim%20Courier", "Mary%20Carillo", "List%20of%20World%20Series%20broadcasters", "1986%20World%20Series", "1988%20World%20Series", "Jewish", "Brooklyn", "Abraham%20Lincoln%20High%20School%20%28Brooklyn%2C%20New%20York%29", "Syracuse%20University", "Newhouse%20School%20of%20Public%20Communications", "Syracuse%20Chiefs", "New%20York%20University", "1967%E2%80%9368%20New%20York%20Knicks%20season", "New%20York%20Knicks", "ball%20boy", "Marty%20Glickman", "James%20L.%20Dolan", "MSG%20%28TV%20network%29", "Cablevision", "2003%E2%80%9304%20New%20York%20Knicks%20season", "Kenny%20Albert", "Mike%20Breen", "NBA%20on%20NBC", "NBA%20on%20ESPN", "NBA%20on%20ABC", "MSG%20SportsDesk", "1990%E2%80%9391%20NBA%20season", "2001%E2%80%9302%20NBA%20season", "1998%20NBA%20Finals", "1999%20NBA%20Finals", "2000%20NBA%20Finals", "Bob%20Costas", "sexual%20assault", "2000%E2%80%9301%20NBA%20season", "2002%20NBA%20Finals", "New%20York%20Knicks", "MSG%20%28TV%20network%29", "TNT%20%28U.S.%20TV%20network%29", "play-by-play", "National%20Basketball%20Association", "NBA%20on%20TNT", "1999%E2%80%932000%20NBA%20season", "Turner%20Sports", "2001%E2%80%9302%20NBA%20season", "Indiana%20Pacers", "Philadelphia%2076ers", "Mike%20Fratello", "Trenton%2C%20New%20Jersey", "lacerations", "concussion", "sprained%20ankle", "2002%20NBA%20Playoffs", "Bob%20Costas", "Dallas%20Mavericks", "Sacramento%20Kings", "https%3A//www.sportsbroadcastjournal.com/will-marv-albert-be-the-first-network-play-by-play-announcer-to-call-games-in-his-80s/", "2005%E2%80%9306%20New%20Jersey%20Nets%20season", "New%20Jersey%20Nets", "YES%20Network", "Brooklyn%2C%20New%20York", "Mark%20Jackson%20%28basketball%29", "American%20Basketball%20Association", "2008%E2%80%9309%20New%20Jersey%20Nets%20season", "Mike%20Fratello", "2009%E2%80%9310%20New%20Jersey%20Nets%20season", "Ian%20Eagle", "CBS%20Sports", "The%20Marv%20Albert%20Show", "NBA%20TV", "NBA%20Live", "EA%20Sports", "NBA%20Live%2010", "NCAA%20Men%27s%20Division%20I%20Basketball%20Championship", "CBS", "1965%E2%80%9366%20NHL%20season", "Madison%20Square%20Garden", "New%20York%20Rangers", "1994%20Stanley%20Cup%20Finals", "Sal%20Messina", "Howie%20Rose", "Mike%20Emrick", "John%20Kelly%20%28Canadian%20broadcaster%29", "Al%20Albert%20%28sportscaster%29", "Steve%20Albert", "New%20York%20Rangers", "New%20Jersey%20Devils", "St%C3%A9phane%20Matteau", "1994%E2%80%9395%20NHL%20season", "New%20York%20Islanders", "Kenny%20Albert", "NBC%20Sports", "Stanley%20Cup%20Finals", "1973%20New%20York%20Giants%20season", "1976%20New%20York%20Giants%20season", "New%20York%20Giants", "Marty%20Glickman", "New%20York%20Jets", "Westwood%20One%20%281976%E2%80%932011%29", "NFL%20on%20Westwood%20One", "2002%20NFL%20season", "2009%20NFL%20season", "Monday%20Night%20Football", "NFL%20playoffs", "Super%20Bowl", "Kevin%20Harlan", "CBS%20Sports", "NFL%20on%20CBS", "List%20of%20NFL%20on%20CBS%20commentator%20pairings", "Rich%20Gannon", "NBC%20Sports", "NFL%20on%20NBC", "1983%20NFL%20season", "List%20of%20NFL%20on%20NBC%20commentator%20pairings", "Dick%20Enberg", "Don%20Criqui", "College%20Basketball%20on%20NBC", "Bucky%20Waters", "Big%20East%20Conference%20%281979%E2%80%932013%29%23Men%27s%20basketball", "Eastern%20College%20Athletic%20Conference", "Thoroughbred%20Racing%20on%20NBC", "Boxing%20on%20NBC", "Ferdie%20Pacheco", "Sugar%20Ray%20Leonard", "Premier%20Boxing%20Champions", "NHL%20on%20NBC", "National%20Hockey%20League%20All-Star%20Game", "John%20Davidson%20%28ice%20hockey%29", "41st%20National%20Hockey%20League%20All-Star%20Game", "45th%20National%20Hockey%20League%20All-Star%20Game", "Major%20League%20Baseball%20on%20NBC", "1986%20World%20Series", "1988%20World%20Series", "WNBC-TV", "NHL%20Network%20%281975%E2%80%9379%29", "1976%E2%80%9377%20NHL%20season", "Wimbledon%20Championships", "David%20Letterman", "Late%20Night%20with%20David%20Letterman", "Late%20Show%20with%20David%20Letterman", "bloopers", "12th%20Street%20Rag", "David%20J.%20Halberstam", "Roger%20Waters", "Amused%20to%20Death", "Drilling%20rig", "Mike%20Fratello", "Ahmad%20Rash%C4%81d", "Charles%20Barkley", "David%20Letterman", "O.J.%20Simpson", "Bob%20Costas", "Tom%20Brokaw", "Celebrity%20Deathmatch", "Grandma%27s%20Boy%20%282006%20film%29", "Futurama", "Futurama%20%28season%203%29", "Time%20Keeps%20On%20Slippin%27", "The%20Simpsons", "The%20Simpsons%20%28season%2020%29", "The%20Burns%20and%20the%20Bees", "Pinky%20and%20the%20Brain", "NBA%20Jam%20%281993%20video%20game%29", "NFL%20Quarterback%20Club%20%2798", "NBA%20Live%20%28video%20game%20series%29", "CBS", "The%20King%20of%20Queens", "Rick%20Reilly", "Trainwreck%20%28film%29", "Mike%20Fratello", "Steve%20Kerr", "Cable%20ACE%20Award", "Curt%20Gowdy%20Media%20Award", "Naismith%20Memorial%20Basketball%20Hall%20of%20Fame", "American%20Sportscasters%20Association", "Chris%20Berman", "Jack%20Whitaker", "Joe%20Frazier", "Emmy%20Award", "Nassau%20County%20Sports%20Hall%20of%20Fame", "National%20Jewish%20Museum%20Sports%20Hall%20of%20Fame", "National%20Sportscasters%20and%20Sportswriters%20Association", "Kenny%20Albert", "Major%20League%20Baseball%20on%20Fox", "NFL%20on%20Fox", "Fox%20Sports%20%28USA%29", "New%20York%20Rangers", "Olympics%20on%20NBC", "ice%20hockey", "Winter%20Olympics", "NHL%20on%20NBC", "NBA%20TV", "Steve%20Albert", "Phoenix%20Suns", "2016-17%20Phoenix%20Suns%20season", "New%20Orleans%20Hornets", "New%20Jersey%20Nets", "New%20York%20Islanders", "New%20York%20Mets", "Golden%20State%20Warriors", "Showtime%20Championship%20Boxing", "Evander%20Holyfield", "Mike%20Tyson", "Al%20Albert%20%28sportscaster%29", "USA%20Tuesday%20Night%20Fights", "Indiana%20Pacers", "Denver%20Nuggets", "NBA%20on%20USA", "sex%20scandal", "Pentagon%20City", "suspended%20sentence", "NBC%20Sports", "1997%E2%80%9398%20NBA%20season", "NBA%20on%20NBC", "Bob%20Costas", "2000%20NBA%20Finals", "Tom%20Hammond", "The%20Simpsons", "Bart%20Star", "Roy%20Firestone", "2000%E2%80%9301%20NBA%20season", "2001%E2%80%9302%20NBA%20season", "Doug%20Collins%20%28basketball%29", "Bill%20Walton", "Steve%20Jones%20%28basketball%29", "NBA%20on%20ABC", "John%20Andariese", "Butch%20Beard", "Bill%20Chadwick", "Chip%20Cipolla", "Doug%20Collins%20%28basketball%29", "Cris%20Collinsworth", "John%20Davidson%20%28ice%20hockey%29", "Boomer%20Esiason", "Mike%20Fratello", "Walt%20Frazier", "Rich%20Gannon", "Richie%20Guerin", "Matt%20Guokas", "Sam%20Huff", "Magic%20Johnson", "Steve%20%26quot%3BSnapper%26quot%3B%20Jones", "Steve%20Kerr", "Dick%20Lynch", "Paul%20Maguire", "Sal%20Messina", "Reggie%20Miller", "Earl%20Monroe", "Bill%20Parcells", "Cal%20Ramsey", "Bob%20Trumpy", "Jeff%20Van%20Gundy", "Bill%20Walton", "Bucky%20Waters", "Chris%20Webber", "Sam%20Wyche" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 16, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 20, 20, 21, 21, 21, 22, 22, 26, 26, 26, 26, 27, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 29, 29, 29, 29, 29, 31, 31, 31, 31, 31, 33, 33, 33, 33, 33, 33, 33, 33, 35, 35, 35, 35, 38, 38, 38, 38, 38, 38, 38, 38, 38, 38, 38, 38, 38, 38, 38, 38, 38, 38, 38, 38, 38, 38, 38, 38, 39, 39, 39, 41, 41, 41, 41, 41, 42, 43, 43, 43, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 45, 46, 47, 47, 47, 48, 48, 48, 49, 50, 51, 51, 52, 52, 53, 54, 55, 55, 57, 58, 58, 59, 59, 59, 59, 60, 61, 62, 65, 67, 67, 67, 67, 67, 67, 67, 67, 67, 67, 68, 68, 68, 68, 68, 68, 68, 68, 68, 68, 68, 68, 68, 68, 68, 68, 70, 70, 70, 72, 72, 72, 72, 72, 72, 72, 72, 72, 74, 74, 74, 74, 74, 74, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105 ], "start": [ 74, 128, 215, 223, 268, 313, 358, 371, 202, 224, 237, 259, 302, 337, 346, 362, 425, 439, 448, 21, 38, 65, 253, 275, 383, 423, 216, 250, 320, 409, 448, 484, 500, 569, 638, 760, 803, 843, 852, 175, 96, 104, 168, 174, 184, 208, 293, 386, 428, 559, 584, 643, 32, 59, 100, 130, 144, 255, 60, 79, 136, 185, 230, 245, 263, 283, 391, 508, 529, 135, 3, 68, 133, 165, 198, 358, 450, 522, 597, 746, 832, 44, 52, 74, 105, 143, 36, 146, 69, 104, 138, 198, 67, 217, 229, 245, 277, 284, 334, 342, 403, 34, 117, 151, 276, 342, 5, 13, 53, 96, 147, 51, 80, 98, 106, 129, 172, 196, 356, 58, 95, 131, 143, 6, 78, 86, 107, 134, 208, 221, 254, 270, 279, 292, 306, 333, 366, 422, 459, 463, 520, 546, 551, 562, 646, 655, 777, 75, 94, 169, 37, 81, 89, 175, 310, 34, 35, 61, 134, 81, 96, 110, 127, 144, 158, 174, 52, 47, 30, 47, 65, 44, 66, 85, 30, 54, 55, 86, 41, 53, 18, 58, 38, 56, 12, 12, 52, 12, 158, 194, 223, 12, 12, 12, 12, 14, 61, 74, 87, 92, 149, 172, 190, 224, 278, 55, 76, 148, 236, 257, 274, 294, 313, 373, 416, 426, 439, 517, 548, 571, 628, 29, 223, 1217, 14, 93, 122, 139, 247, 297, 364, 427, 479, 106, 118, 174, 197, 213, 274, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12 ], "text": [ "sportscaster", "Basketball Hall of Fame", "1967", "2004", "New York Knicks", "Turner Sports", "NBA", "TNT", "play-by-play", "Super Bowls", "NBA Finals", "Stanley Cup Finals", "Wimbledon Tennis Championships", "TNT", "Jim Courier", "Mary Carillo", "World Series", "1986", "1988", "Jewish", "Brooklyn", "Abraham Lincoln High School", "Syracuse University", "Newhouse School of Public Communications", "Syracuse Chiefs", "New York University", "1967", "New York Knicks", "ball boy", "Marty Glickman", "James L. Dolan", "MSG Network", "Cablevision", "2004", "Kenny Albert", "Mike Breen", "NBA on NBC", "ESPN", "ABC", "MSG SportsDesk", "1990", "2002", "1998", "1999", "2000", "Bob Costas", "sexual assault", "2000–2001 season", "2002 NBA Finals", "New York Knicks", "MSG Network", "TNT", "play-by-play", "National Basketball Association", "TNT", "1999", "TNT", "2002", "Indiana Pacers", "Philadelphia 76ers", "Mike Fratello", "Trenton, New Jersey", "lacerations", "concussion", "sprained ankle", "2002 NBA Playoffs", "Bob Costas", "Dallas Mavericks", "Sacramento Kings", "Will Marv Albert be the first network play-by-play announcer to call games into his 80s", "2005", "New Jersey Nets", "YES Network", "Brooklyn", "Mark Jackson", "ABA", "2008–09 season", "Mike Fratello", "2009–10 season", "Ian Eagle", "CBS Sports", "show", "NBA TV", "NBA Live", "EA Sports", "NBA Live 10", "NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship", "CBS", "1965", "Madison Square Garden", "New York Rangers", "Stanley Cup–clinching victory in 1994", "Sal Messina", "Howie Rose", "Mike Emrick", "John Kelly", "Al", "Steve", "Rangers", "Devils", "\"Matteau, Matteau, Matteau\"", "1994–95 season", "New York Islanders", "Kenny", "NBC Sports", "Stanley Cup Finals", "1973", "1976", "New York Giants", "Marty Glickman", "New York Jets", "Westwood One", "NFL coverage", "2002", "2009", "Monday Night Football", "playoff", "Super Bowl", "Kevin Harlan", "CBS Sports", "The NFL on CBS", "teamed", "Rich Gannon", "NBC Sports", "NFL", "1983", "#2 play-by-play man", "Dick Enberg", "Don Criqui", "college basketball", "Bucky Waters", "Big East", "ECAC", "horse racing", "boxing", "Ferdie Pacheco", "Sugar Ray Leonard", "Premier Boxing Champions", "NHL", "All-Star Games", "John Davidson", "1990", "1994", "Major League Baseball", "1986", "1988 World Series", "WNBC-TV", "NHL Network", "1976–77 season", "Wimbledon Championships", "David Letterman", "NBC", "CBS", "bloopers", "12th Street Rag", "David J. Halberstam", "Roger Waters", "Amused to Death", "oil rig", "Mike Fratello", "Ahmad Rashād", "Charles Barkley", "David Letterman", "O.J. Simpson", "Bob Costas", "Tom Brokaw", "Celebrity Deathmatch", "Grandma's Boy", "Futurama", "Season 3", "Time Keeps On Slippin'", "The Simpsons", "Season 20", "The Burns and the Bees", "Pinky and the Brain", "NBA Jam", "NFL Quarterback Club '98", "NBA Live", "CBS", "The King of Queens", "Rick Reilly", "Trainwreck", "Mike Fratello", "Steve Kerr", "Cable ACE Award", "Curt Gowdy Media Award", "Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame", "American Sportscasters Association", "Chris Berman", "Jack Whitaker", "Joe Frazier", "Emmy Award", "Nassau County Sports Hall of Fame", "National Jewish Museum Sports Hall of Fame", "National Sportscasters and Sportswriters Association", "Kenny", "baseball", "football", "Fox", "New York Rangers", "NBC", "ice hockey", "Winter Olympics", "NHL coverage", "NBA TV", "Steve Albert", "Phoenix Suns", "2016-17 season", "New Orleans Hornets", "New Jersey Nets", "New York Islanders", "New York Mets", "Golden State Warriors", "Showtime Championship Boxing", "Holyfield", "Tyson", "Al Albert", "USA Tuesday Night Fights", "Indiana Pacers", "Denver Nuggets", "USA Network", "sex scandal", "Pentagon City", "suspended sentence", "NBC", "1997–98 NBA season", "The NBA on NBC", "Bob Costas", "2000 NBA Finals", "Tom Hammond", "Simpsons", "Bart Star", "Roy Firestone", "2000–01", "2001–02", "Doug Collins", "Bill Walton", "Steve Jones", "ABC", "John Andariese", "Butch Beard", "Bill Chadwick", "Chip Cipolla", "Doug Collins", "Cris Collinsworth", "John Davidson", "Boomer Esiason", "Mike Fratello", "Walt Frazier", "Rich Gannon", "Richie Guerin", "Matt Guokas", "Sam Huff", "Magic Johnson", "Steve \"Snapper\" Jones", "Steve Kerr", "Dick Lynch", "Paul Maguire", "Sal Messina", "Reggie Miller", "Earl Monroe", "Bill Parcells", "Cal Ramsey", "Bob Trumpy", "Jeff Van Gundy", "Bill Walton", "Bucky Waters", "Chris Webber", "Sam Wyche" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Marv Albert\n", "Marv Albert (born Marvin Philip Aufrichtig; June 12, 1941) is an American sportscaster. Honored for his work as a member of the Basketball Hall of Fame, he is commonly referred to as \"the voice of basketball\". From 1967 to 2004, he was also known as \"the voice of the New York Knicks\". Albert currently works for Turner Sports, serving as lead announcer for NBA games on TNT.\n", "In addition to calling both professional and college basketball, he has experience announcing other sports such as American football, ice hockey, horse racing, boxing, and tennis. Albert has called the play-by-play of eight Super Bowls, NBA Finals, and seven Stanley Cup Finals. He has also called the Wimbledon Tennis Championships for TNT with Jim Courier and Mary Carillo. He also worked as a co-host and reporter for two World Series (1986 and 1988)\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Albert was born to a Jewish family in Brooklyn, where he went to Abraham Lincoln High School. While Albert grew up, members of his family owned a grocery store on Brighton Beach Avenue between 3rd and 4th streets known as Aufrichtig's. He then attended Syracuse University's Newhouse School of Public Communications from 1960 through 1963. In 1962, he served as the voice of the AAA Syracuse Chiefs. He then graduated from New York University in 1965.\n", "Section::::Broadcasting career.\n", "Section::::Broadcasting career.:National Basketball Association.\n", "Section::::Broadcasting career.:National Basketball Association.:New York Knicks (MSG).\n", "Marv did his first Knicks game on January 27, 1963 on WCBS Radio. He filled in for his mentor, Marty Glickman, who was away in Europe. The game was against the Celtics at the Boston Garden. For 37 years beginning in 1967, Albert was the voice of the New York Knicks on radio and television (getting his start by being a ball boy for the Knicks before getting his first break on New York radio by sportscaster Marty Glickman) before being let go by James L. Dolan, the chairman of the MSG Network and Cablevision, after Albert criticized the Knicks' poor play on-air in 2004. It was said that Marv's high salary was also a factor. His son Kenny Albert has been a part-time play-by-play announcer for the Knicks since 2009, whenever the older Albert's successor Mike Breen (whom he later followed on the \"NBA on NBC\" broadcasts and now works on ESPN and ABC aside from his role at MSG) is unavailable.\n", "For a brief period before he resumed his normal broadcasting duties following his sexual assault arrest (see below), Albert anchored MSG's former nightly sports news report, \"MSG SportsDesk\".\n", "Section::::Broadcasting career.:National Basketball Association.:NBC Sports.\n", "Marv Albert was the lead play-by-play broadcaster for the \"NBA on NBC\" for most of its run from 1990 to 2002, calling every NBA Finals during that timeframe except for 1998, 1999, and 2000. During this time, Bob Costas had taken over the lead job and called the Finals after Marv's arrest for sexual assault had brought him national disgrace. Marv resumed his previous position for the 2000–2001 season and called Game 4 of the 2002 NBA Finals which was the final NBA telecast on NBC. During his time on NBC, Albert continued as lead play-by-play man for the New York Knicks on local MSG Network telecasts and began calling national games for TNT in 1999 as well. When he regained the lead broadcaster position on NBC, he continued to call play-by-play for both networks until the end of NBC's coverage in 2002.\n", "Section::::Broadcasting career.:National Basketball Association.:TNT.\n", "Albert continues to be the lead play-by-play announcer for National Basketball Association games on TNT, a position he assumed in 1999. Indeed, TNT has become his primary commitment ever since his longtime employer NBC lost the NBA broadcasting rights in 2002, and may have played a role in his departure from the Knicks' broadcast booth. The Knicks reportedly wanted Albert to accept a salary commensurate with his reduced Knicks schedule, but also weren't happy about Albert making what Knicks management felt were overly critical comments about their team in spite of their losing record. \n", "In basketball, his most famous call is his simple \"Yes!\" for a basket, rendered in many variations of volume and length depending on the situation; and a catchphrase that he began using in his youth when playing pickup games with friends.\n", "On April 17, 2002, shortly after calling a game between the Indiana Pacers and Philadelphia 76ers on TNT, both Albert and color analyst Mike Fratello were injured in a limo accident in Trenton, New Jersey. Albert sustained facial lacerations, a concussion, and a sprained ankle. The 2002 NBA Playoffs were set to begin two days later, with Albert scheduled to call multiple games that week. Bob Costas filled in those games and Albert returned to call Game 1 of the Western Conference Semifinals between the Dallas Mavericks and Sacramento Kings.\n", "In 2018, Sports Broadcast Journal speculated that Albert might be the first network play-by-play broadcaster to continue into his 80s, Will Marv Albert be the first network play-by-play announcer to call games into his 80s\n", "Section::::Broadcasting career.:National Basketball Association.:New Jersey Nets (YES).\n", "In 2005, Albert officially became the lead play-by-play man for the New Jersey Nets franchise and started calling their games on the YES Network, often teaming with Brooklyn native and NBA veteran, Mark Jackson. With that, the Nets employed all three Albert brothers during the franchise's history; Al started his broadcast career with the Nets during their ABA days, while Steve called Nets games during the late 1970s and 1980s. Beginning with the 2008–09 season, Albert was also paired with his TNT broadcast colleague Mike Fratello on the YES Network. However, with the Nets' struggles in the 2009–10 season, Nets management relegated Albert to secondary play-by-play, to avoid a similar incident while Albert was with the Knicks. Since then Ian Eagle has taken over the broadcasts. In 2011, Albert left the YES Network to join CBS Sports for NFL and NCAA tournament coverage.\n", "Section::::Broadcasting career.:National Basketball Association.:Other basketball-related duties.\n", "Albert hosts a basketball-focused interview show on NBA TV, which also airs later on YES.\n", "Since 2003, Albert has also been providing the play-by-play voice on the \"NBA Live\" video-game series on EA Sports, a role he fulfilled until \"NBA Live 10\".\n", "From 2011 to 2015, Albert announced NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship tournament games, the result of longtime tournament broadcaster CBS handing off some of its coverage to Turner Sports.\n", "In February 2016, Albert and Turner Sports announced that he would no longer call NCAA Tournament basketball games, stating that calling four games in one day during the first round, and a total of six matches in three days during the first two rounds, was too much for his 74-year-old voice to handle. Albert said that he \"felt it was the wiser move to go primarily NBA at this stage\".\n", "Section::::Broadcasting career.:Outside basketball.\n", "Section::::Broadcasting career.:Outside basketball.:New York Rangers.\n", "In addition to the Knicks, Albert had a lengthy tenure (beginning in 1965) calling the games of another Madison Square Garden tenant, the New York Rangers. He handled the radio call of the Rangers' Stanley Cup–clinching victory in 1994.\n", "He also famously coined the nickname \"Red Light\" for radio analyst Sal Messina, a former Rangers goaltender. His signature play-by-play phrase was \"kick save and a beauty.\"\n", "Over his years as the Rangers broadcaster, Albert missed a large number of games for other commitments. Many other broadcasters filled in, including several who later served long stints for other NHL teams, including Howie Rose, Mike Emrick and John Kelly, as well as brothers Al and Steve. It was Albert's absence from Game 7 of the Rangers–Devils Conference Championship game that led to Rose's famed \"Matteau, Matteau, Matteau\" call.\n", "Albert left the Rangers after the 1994–95 season at the same time Rose took the job as play-by-play announcer of the New York Islanders. Albert's son, Kenny, replaced him, and has been the radio voice of the Rangers ever since. Kenny also calls NHL and Olympic ice hockey for NBC Sports, while also serving as the national radio voice of the Stanley Cup Finals since 2016.\n", "Section::::Broadcasting career.:Outside basketball.:New York Giants.\n", "From 1973 to 1976, Albert called radio broadcasts of New York Giants football games, succeeding Marty Glickman after the latter's defection to the New York Jets.\n", "Section::::Broadcasting career.:Outside basketball.:\"Monday Night Football\".\n", "Albert was also the lead play-by-play voice of the Westwood One radio network's NFL coverage from 2002 to 2009 seasons, calling \"Monday Night Football\" as well as numerous playoff games and every Super Bowl from 2003 to 2010. On June 4, 2010, it was announced that Albert was leaving his \"NFL on Westwood One\" duties. He was succeeded on the broadcasts by Kevin Harlan.\n", "Section::::Broadcasting career.:Outside basketball.:\"NFL on CBS\".\n", "On June 6, 2011, it was announced that Albert was joining CBS Sports to call play-by-play for \"The NFL on CBS\". Albert was usually teamed with Rich Gannon on broadcasts.\n", "On May 29, 2014, Albert stepped down from calling \"The NFL on CBS\" to focus more on his basketball duties for TNT and CBS.\n", "Section::::Broadcasting career.:Outside basketball.:Other network duties.\n", "Other NBC Sports duties that Albert held were play-by-play announcing for the NFL (by 1983, Albert was the #2 play-by-play man behind Dick Enberg, usually alternating the secondary NFL role year to year with Don Criqui), college basketball (teaming with Bucky Waters on Big East/ECAC games), horse racing, boxing (often working with Ferdie Pacheco and subsequently, Sugar Ray Leonard when NBC relaunched boxing under the \"Premier Boxing Champions\" umbrella), NHL All-Star Games (Albert called the NHL All-Star Game with John Davidson on NBC from 1990-1994), and Major League Baseball, as well as hosting baseball (including NBC's coverage of the 1986 and 1988 World Series alongside Bob Costas). He also spent 13 years as the sports director of the network's flagship station, WNBC-TV in New York.\n", "Albert also called regular-season and playoff NHL games for the syndicated NHL Network in the 1976–77 season, and from 2000 to 2002 he helped call TNT's coverage of the Wimbledon Championships tennis tournament.\n", "Section::::Broadcasting career.:Popularity.\n", "Albert made 126 guest appearances on David Letterman's late night talk shows for NBC and CBS. Each time Albert appeared, he brought with him a group of clips featuring sports bloopers and outstanding plays, which he narrated and dubbed the \"Albert Achievement Awards\". The music accompanying the bloopers was \"12th Street Rag\".\n", "Albert was placed as number 14 on David J. Halberstam's list of Top 50 All Time Network Television Sports Announcers on Yahoo! Sports.\n", "In 1992, he appeared as himself on Roger Waters' rock album \"Amused to Death\", giving a play-by-play account of the destruction of an oil rig on the song \"Perfect Sense, Part II\".\n", "An \"Albert Achievement Awards\" video was released in 1993. It featured cameos by Mike Fratello, Ahmad Rashād, Charles Barkley, David Letterman, O.J. Simpson, Bob Costas, and Tom Brokaw.\n", "Albert became the first guest commentator in MTV's \"Celebrity Deathmatch\" cartoon series. He appeared in the 1998 pilot episode before being replaced with Stacey Cornbred.\n", "Albert was briefly mentioned in the 2006 film \"Grandma's Boy\".\n", "Albert's voice is imitated in Futurama, in the Season 3 episode \"Time Keeps On Slippin'\" in 2001.\n", "Albert also appeared as a special guest on \"The Simpsons\", in the Season 20 episode \"The Burns and the Bees\" in 2008.\n", "Albert’s voice is imitated in Pinky and the Brain, in the season 2, episode \"Hoop Schemes\" in 1997.\n", "Albert's voice is imitated in the popular video game \"NBA Jam\". The announcer was modeled on Albert although there is no mention of Albert in the game and was actually voiced by Tim Kitzrow.\n", "Albert did play-by-play commentary in the video games \"NFL Quarterback Club '98\" and \"NBA Live\".\n", "In the 1999 episode \"Tube Steaks\" of the CBS sitcom \"The King of Queens\", Doug and his friends watch a Knicks-game with Albert's voice commentary.\n", "He authored (with Rick Reilly) an autobiography, \"I'd Love to But I Have a Game\", in 1993.\n", "Albert appeared in a short scene in the 2015 comedy film \"Trainwreck\".\n", "Albert did the commentary, along with Mike Fratello and Steve Kerr, on NBA Live video games made by EA Sports from 2003 to 2009.\n", "Section::::Broadcasting career.:Honors and awards.\n", "BULLET::::- Cable ACE Award – six times.\n", "BULLET::::- Curt Gowdy Media Award – awarded by the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, 1994.\n", "BULLET::::- American Sportscasters Association Sportscaster of the Year (Play-by-Play) – 1996. Other honorees included Sportscaster of the Year (Studio Host) Chris Berman, Hall of Fame inductee Jack Whitaker, Sports Legend Joe Frazier and Honorary Sportscaster Dr. Henry Kissinger.\n", "BULLET::::- Emmy Award – for national sports: five times; for New York: three times.\n", "BULLET::::- Nassau County Sports Hall of Fame – inducted in 2006.\n", "BULLET::::- National Jewish Museum Sports Hall of Fame – inducted in 1992.\n", "BULLET::::- New York State Sportscaster of the Year – twenty times.\n", "BULLET::::- Noted in Roger Waters' album, \"Amused to Death\".\n", "BULLET::::- National Sportscasters and Sportswriters Association Hall of Fame – inducted in 2014.\n", "Section::::Family.\n", "Albert's son, Kenny, is also a sports commentator, who calls baseball and football for Fox, New York Rangers games on the radio, and has been one of NBC's commentators for ice hockey at the Winter Olympics, as well as NBC's NHL coverage. His daughter, Denise, is a reporter for NBA TV.\n", "Marv has two younger brothers who also are announcers. Steve Albert was the Phoenix Suns play-by-play announcer before his retirement following the 2016-17 season, and has also called play-by-play for several other teams, including the New Orleans Hornets, New Jersey Nets, New York Islanders, New York Mets, and Golden State Warriors. Steve is best known for his work on \"Showtime Championship Boxing\", notably the Holyfield–Tyson bouts. Al Albert was the former play-by-play announcer for the New York Nets (ABA), \"USA Tuesday Night Fights\", the Indiana Pacers and the Denver Nuggets. Al also called national NBA games on the USA Network during its brief tenure in the early 1980s.\n", "Section::::Sexual assault.\n", "Albert became embroiled in a sex scandal in 1997. A 42-year-old woman named Vanessa Perhach accused Albert of throwing her on a bed, biting her, and forcing her to perform oral sex after a February 12, 1997 argument in his Pentagon City hotel room. DNA testing linked Albert to genetic material taken from the bite marks and from semen in Perhach's underwear. During the trial, testimony was presented from another woman, Patricia Masden, who told the jury that Albert had bitten her on two different occasions in 1993 and 1994 in Miami and Dallas hotels, which she viewed as unwanted sexual advances. Masden claimed that in Dallas, Albert called her to his hotel room to help him send a fax, only for her to find him wearing \"white panties and garter belt\". Albert maintained that Perhach had requested that he bite her and denied her accusation that he'd asked her to bring another man into their sexual affair. He described the recorded conversation of hers with the police on the night of the incident as \"an Academy Award performance\". After tests proved that the bite marks were his, he pleaded guilty to misdemeanor assault and battery charges, while the sodomy charge was dropped. Albert was given a 12-month suspended sentence.\n", "Section::::Sexual assault.:Ousted from NBC.\n", "Consequently, NBC – for which Albert worked for over 20 years – fired him shortly before the 1997–98 NBA season began on \"The NBA on NBC\". Bob Costas took over for Albert on the basketball side in the 1997–98 season before stepping down after the 2000 NBA Finals for Albert's return. In addition, Tom Hammond spelled his football duties. It is also revealed on a \"Simpsons\" DVD commentary that he was to appear in the episode \"Bart Star\" but, due to the scandal, was replaced by Roy Firestone.\n", "Section::::Sexual assault.:Return to NBC.\n", "NBC brought Albert back less than two years later, and he was the network's main play-by-play man for the 2000–01 and 2001–02 NBA seasons, including the Finals (working with Doug Collins and later Bill Walton and Steve Jones respectively). NBC lost the rights to the NBA to ABC following the 2001–02 season.\n", "Section::::Broadcasting partners.\n", "BULLET::::- John Andariese\n", "BULLET::::- Butch Beard\n", "BULLET::::- Bill Chadwick\n", "BULLET::::- Chip Cipolla\n", "BULLET::::- Doug Collins\n", "BULLET::::- Cris Collinsworth\n", "BULLET::::- John Davidson\n", "BULLET::::- Boomer Esiason\n", "BULLET::::- Mike Fratello\n", "BULLET::::- Walt Frazier\n", "BULLET::::- Rich Gannon\n", "BULLET::::- Richie Guerin\n", "BULLET::::- Matt Guokas\n", "BULLET::::- Sam Huff\n", "BULLET::::- Magic Johnson\n", "BULLET::::- Steve \"Snapper\" Jones\n", "BULLET::::- Steve Kerr\n", "BULLET::::- Dick Lynch\n", "BULLET::::- Paul Maguire\n", "BULLET::::- Sal Messina\n", "BULLET::::- Reggie Miller\n", "BULLET::::- Earl Monroe\n", "BULLET::::- Bill Parcells\n", "BULLET::::- Cal Ramsey\n", "BULLET::::- Bob Trumpy\n", "BULLET::::- Jeff Van Gundy\n", "BULLET::::- Bill Walton\n", "BULLET::::- Bucky Waters\n", "BULLET::::- Chris Webber\n", "BULLET::::- Sam Wyche\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Television and radio broadcaster", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q6778062", "wikidata_label": "Marv Albert", "wikipedia_title": "Marv Albert" }

{ "end": [ 29, 77, 86, 104, 114, 62, 92, 139, 75, 177, 256, 52, 141, 189, 759, 833, 68, 94, 126, 167, 307, 576, 640, 134, 199, 267, 375, 88, 641, 981, 385, 572, 188, 534, 49, 189, 79, 101, 117, 159, 268, 593, 717, 872, 1172, 1219, 1285, 1363, 1406, 92, 120, 264, 64, 108, 54, 46 ], "href": [ "Electoral%20Brandenburg", "German%20people", "princess", "queen%20consort", "Sweden", "John%20Sigismund%2C%20Elector%20of%20Brandenburg", "Anna%2C%20Duchess%20of%20Prussia", "Albert%20Frederick%2C%20Duke%20of%20Prussia", "Gustavus%20Adolphus%20of%20Sweden", "George%20William%2C%20Elector%20of%20Brandenburg", "Christina%20of%20Sweden", "Gustavus%20Adolphus%20of%20Sweden", "Christina%20of%20Holstein-Gottorp", "Ebba%20Brahe", "Sigismund%20III%20Vasa", "Charles%20IX%20of%20Sweden", "William%20II%2C%20Prince%20of%20Orange", "Wladislaw%20IV%20of%20Poland", "Adolf%20Frederick%20I%2C%20Duke%20of%20Mecklenburg", "Charles%20I%20of%20England", "Catherine%20of%20Brandenburg", "Stockholm", "Berlin", "Braunschweig%20%28region%29", "Kalmar", "Wedding%20of%20Gustav%20II%20Adolf%20and%20Maria%20Eleonora", "Olof%20Sk%C3%B6tkonung", "Riga", "lanugo", "Catherine%20of%20Sweden%20%281584-1638%29", "post-natal%20depression", "Stuhm", "Kalmar%20Castle", "Axel%20Oxenstierna", "Habsburg", "Thirty%20Years%20War", "Germany", "Pomerania", "Mecklenburg", "Erfurt", "Battle%20of%20L%C3%BCtzen%20%281632%29", "Bernard%20of%20Saxe-Weimar", "Christina%20of%20Holstein-Gottorp", "Gabriel%20Gustafsson%20Oxenstierna", "Gustav%20I%20of%20Sweden", "Margaret%20Leijonhufvud", "John%20III%20of%20Sweden", "Catherine%20Jagiellon", "Gunilla%20Bielke", "Nyk%C3%B6ping", "Christina%20of%20Sweden", "Christian%20IV%20of%20Denmark", "Christian%20IV", "Charles%20X%20Gustav%20of%20Sweden", "https%3A//web.archive.org/web/20090929005259/http%3A//www.xs4all.nl/~monarchs/madmonarchs/mariaeleonore/mariaeleonore_bio.htm", "http%3A//www.thepeerage.com/p11142.htm%23i111415" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 11, 11, 11, 11, 13, 16, 16, 17, 19, 20, 20, 21, 21, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 25, 25, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33 ], "start": [ 18, 71, 78, 91, 108, 24, 68, 106, 58, 139, 247, 25, 131, 179, 741, 823, 51, 70, 96, 147, 298, 567, 634, 125, 193, 260, 360, 84, 635, 972, 364, 567, 175, 518, 41, 173, 72, 92, 106, 153, 252, 571, 688, 842, 1154, 1198, 1267, 1344, 1392, 84, 105, 241, 52, 94, 12, 12 ], "text": [ "Brandenburg", "German", "princess", "queen consort", "Sweden", "John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg", "Anna, Duchess of Prussia", "Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia", "Gustavus Adolphus", "George William, Elector of Brandenburg", "Christina", "Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden", "his mother", "Ebba Brahe", "Sigismund III Vasa", "Charles IX", "William of Orange", "Wladislaw Vasa of Poland", "Adolf Friedrich of Mecklenburg", "Charles I of England", "Catherine", "Stockholm", "Berlin", "Brunswick", "Kalmar", "wedding", "Olof Skötkonung", "Riga", "lanugo", "Catherine", "post-natal depression", "Stuhm", "Kalmar Castle", "Axel Oxenstierna", "Habsburg", "Thirty Years War", "Germany", "Pomerania", "Mecklenburg", "Erfurt", "Battle of Lützen", "Bernard of Saxe-Weimar", "Christina of Holstein-Gottorp", "Gabriel Gustafsson Oxenstierna", "Gustav I of Sweden", "Margaret Leijonhufvud", "John III of Sweden", "Catherine Jagiellon", "Gunilla Bielke", "Nyköping", "Queen Christina", "Christian IV of Denmark", "Christian IV", "Charles Gustav", "Biography of Maria Eleonore of Brandenburg", "ThePeerage entry on Maria Eleonore" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg\n", "Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg (11 November 1599 – 28 March 1655) was a German princess and queen consort of Sweden.\n", "She was the daughter of John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg, and Anna, Duchess of Prussia, daughter of Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia.\n", "In the year 1620, Maria Eleonora married the Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus with her mother's consent, but against the will of her brother George William, Elector of Brandenburg, who had just succeeded her father. She bore her husband a daughter, Christina, in 1626.\n", "She was described as the most beautiful queen in Europe, and, as her daughter later said, had 'all the virtues and vices' associated with her gender.\n", "Section::::Engagement.\n", "In 1616, the 22-year-old Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden started looking around for a Protestant bride. He had since 1613 tried to get his mother's permission to marry the noblewoman Ebba Brahe, but this was not allowed, and he had to give up his wishes to marry her, though he continued to be in love with her. He received reports with the most flattering descriptions of the physical and mental qualities of the beautiful 17-year-old princess Maria Eleonora. Elector John Sigismund was favorably inclined towards the Swedish king, but he had become very infirm after an apoplectic stroke in the autumn of 1617. His determined Prussian wife showed a strong dislike for this Swedish suitor, because Prussia was a Polish fief and the Polish King Sigismund III Vasa still resented his loss of Sweden to Gustavus Adolphus' father Charles IX.\n", "Maria Eleonora had additional suitors in the young William of Orange, Wladislaw Vasa of Poland, Adolf Friedrich of Mecklenburg and even the future Charles I of England. Maria Eleonora's brother George William was flattered by the offer of the British Crown Prince and proposed their younger sister Catherine (1602–1644) as a more suitable wife for the Swedish king. Maria Eleonora, however, seems to have had a preference for Gustavus Adolphus. For him it was a matter of honour to acquire the hand of Maria Eleonora and none other. He had the rooms of his castle in Stockholm redecorated and started making preparations to leave for Berlin to press his suit in person, when a letter arrived from Maria Eleonora's mother to his mother. The Electress demanded in no uncertain terms that the Queen Dowager should prevent her son's journey, as \"being prejudicial to Brandenburg's interests in view of the state of war existing between Sweden and Poland\". Her husband, she wrote, was \"so enfeebled in will by illness that he could be persuaded to agree to anything, even if it tended to the destruction of the country\". It was a rebuff that verged on an insult.\n", "Section::::Marriage and children.\n", "The Elector John Sigismund, Maria Eleonora's father, died on 23 December 1619, and the prospect of a Swedish marriage seemed gone with him. In the spring of 1620, however, stubborn Gustavus Adolphus arrived in Berlin. The Electress Dowager maintained an attitude of reserve and even refused to grant the Swedish king a personal meeting with Maria Eleonora. All those who were present, however, noticed the princess's interest in the young king. Afterwards, Gustavus Adolphus made a round of other Protestant German courts with the professed intention of inspecting a few matrimonial alternatives. On his return to Berlin, the Electress Dowager seems to have become completely captivated by the charming Swedish king. After plighting his troth to Maria Eleonora, Gustavus Adolphus hurried back to Sweden to make arrangements for the reception of his bride.\n", "The new Elector, George William, who resided in Prussia, was appalled when he heard of his mother's independent action. He wrote to Gustavus Adolphus to refuse his consent to the marriage until Sweden and Poland had settled their differences. It was the Electress Dowager, however, who, in accordance with Hohenzollern family custom, had the last word in bestowing her daughter's hand in marriage. She sent Maria Eleonora to territory outside of George William's reach and concluded the marriage negotiations herself.\n", "Anna of Prussia provided herself with a selection of objects of value from the exchequer before she joined Maria Eleonora in Brunswick. A detachment of the Swedish fleet took the women over to Kalmar, where Gustavus Adolphus was impatiently awaiting them. The wedding took place in Stockholm on 25 November 1620. A comedy was performed based on the history of Olof Skötkonung. Gustavus Adolphus - in his own words - finally \"had a Brandenburg lady in his marriage bed\". Anna of Prussia actually stayed with her daughter in Sweden for several years after the marriage.\n", "Gustavus Adolphus shared Maria Eleonora's interest in architecture and her love of music, while she was sentimentally devoted to her husband. Often, she lamented that she never had her hero for herself. Foreign ambassadors found her gracious and beautiful and she had good taste, although her character showed some extravagant traits. Maria Eleonora had a definite liking for entertainment and sweetmeats, and she soon succumbed to the current fashionable craze for buffoons and dwarfs. She spoke French, the court language of the age, but never bothered to learn to write German or Swedish correctly.\n", "Within six months of their marriage, Gustavus Adolphus left to command the siege of Riga, leaving Maria Eleonora in the early stages of her first pregnancy. She lived exclusively in the company of her German ladies-in-waiting and had difficulty in adapting herself to the Swedish people, countryside and climate. She disliked the bad roads, sombre forests and wooded houses, roofed with turf. She also pined for her husband. A year after their wedding she had a miscarriage and became seriously ill. She was tempestuous, excessive, neurotic and jealous. She was often given to harsh language, and she did not spare her husband, even when strangers were present. Her emotional life lacked balance, and everything Maria Eleonora undertook on her own initiative needed careful watching. Soon Gustavus Adolphus' intimates knew that his married life was a source of grief and anxiety.\n", "In the autumn of 1623 Maria Eleonora gave birth to a daughter, but the baby died the next year. At that time, the only surviving male heirs were the hated king of Poland and his sons. With Gustavus Adolphus risking his life in battles, an heir to the throne was anxiously awaited. In the autumn Maria Eleonora was pregnant for a third time. In May 1625 she was in good spirits and insisted on accompanying her husband on the royal yacht to review the fleet. There seemed to be no danger, as the warships were moored just opposite the castle, but a sudden storm nearly capsized the yacht. The queen was hurried back to the castle, but when she got there she was heard to exclaim: \"Jesus, I cannot feel my child!\" Shortly afterwards the longed-for son was stillborn.\n", "Section::::Birth of Christina.\n", "With the renewal of the war with Poland, Gustavus Adolphus had to leave his wife again. It is likely that she gave way to depression and grief, as we know she did in 1627, and it is probably for this reason that the king let his queen join him in Livonia after the Poles had been defeated in January 1626. By April, Maria Eleonora found she was again pregnant. No risks were taken this time and the astrologers predicted the birth of a son and heir. During a lull in the warfare, Gustavus Adolphus hurried back to Stockholm to await the arrival of the baby. The birth was a difficult one. On 7 December, a baby was born with a fleece (lanugo), which enveloped it from its head to its knees, leaving only its face, arms and lower part of its legs free. Moreover, it had a large nose and was covered with hair. Thus, it was assumed the baby was a boy, and so the King was told. Closer inspection, however, determined that the baby was a girl. Gustavus Adolphus' half-sister Catherine informed him that the child was a girl. She \"carried the baby in her arms to the king in a condition for him to see and to know and realise for himself what she dared not tell him\". Gustavus Adolphus remarked: \"She is going to be clever, for she has taken us all in.\" His disappointment did not last long, and he decided that she would be called Christina after his mother. He gave orders for the birth to be announced with all the solemnity usually accorded to the arrival of a male heir. This seems to indicate that Gustavus Adolphus, at the age of 33, had little hope of having other children. Maria Eleonora's state of health seems to be the most likely explanation for this. Her later portraits and actions, however, do not indicate that she was physically fragile.\n", "Shortly after the birth, Maria Eleonora was in no condition to be told the truth about the baby's sex, and the king and court waited several days before breaking the news to her. She screamed: \"Instead of a son, I am given a daughter, dark and ugly, with a great nose and black eyes. Take her from me, I will not have such a monster!\" She may have suffered from a post-natal depression. In her agitated state, the queen tried to injure the child.\n", "In Christina's early childhood, she repeatedly met with accidents. Once a beam fell mysteriously upon the cradle. Another time, she fell from a flight of stairs, apparently by accident. On another occasion the nursemaid was blamed for dropping the baby onto a stone floor, injuring a shoulder that ever afterwards remained a little crooked.\n", "In the year after Christina's birth, Maria Eleonora was described as being in a state of hysteria owing to her husband's absences. In 1632 Gustavus Adolphus described his wife as being \"a very sick woman\". There was some excuse for her; she had lost three babies and still felt herself an isolated foreigner in a hostile land, even more so after 1627 when her brother joined Sweden's enemies. Meanwhile, her husband's life was constantly in danger when he was on campaign. In 1627 Gustavus Adolphus was both ill and wounded. Two years later he had a narrow escape at Stuhm.\n", "Gustavus Adolphus was devoted to his daughter and tried to raise Christina like a boy. At the age of two, she clapped her hands and laughed with joy when the great cannons of Kalmar Castle boomed out the royal salute. Afterwards, Gustavus Adolphus often took his daughter with him to military reviews. Maria Eleonora showed little affection for her daughter and was not allowed any influence in Christina's upbringing. The princess was placed in the care of Gustavus Adolphus' half-sister Catherine and the Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna.\n", "In 1630 Gustavus Adolphus concluded that Habsburg designs for Baltic supremacy threatened Sweden's very existence and also its religious freedom. Before he left to join the Thirty Years War, he discussed a possible regency with members of the government and admitted to them that his wife was \"a miserable woman\". Even so, Gustavus Adolphus could not bring himself to nominate a regency council in which her name did not appear. To Axel Oxenstierna, he confessed: \"If anything happens to me, my family will merit your pity [..], the mother lacking in common sense, the daughter a minor - hopeless, if they rule, and dangerous, if others come to rule over them.\"\n", "Section::::Widowhood.\n", "During the next two years Gustavus Adolphus marched across a devastated Germany, conquering Pomerania and Mecklenburg. In early November 1632 he went to Erfurt to say goodbye to Maria Eleonora, who had been in Germany since the previous winter. In the Battle of Lützen, the 37-year-old Gustavus Adolphus was shot in the back. He fell and was dragged for some distance by his horse. He managed to free himself from the stirrup, but while lying on the ground \"The Lion of the North\" was killed by another shot through his head. By nightfall both armies were exhausted, but Bernard of Saxe-Weimar and the Swedes had captured all the Imperial artillery and were in possession of the key position. The king's body was found lying face downwards in the mud, plundered of everything but his shirt.\n", "Maria Eleonora was not included in the regency government during the minority of her daughter, as the council of the state did not consider her suitable as regent. The king had never actually left any instructions that she should not be included in the case of a minor regency, but they supported their grounds for excluding her by the claim that the late king had said to them that she should never be entrusted with matters of state, though he never left any papers to confirm this. When she was informed that the regency government had been formed in May 1633 and that she had been excluded from it, Maria Eleonora was reportedly offended, and pointed out that her late mother-in-law, Christina of Holstein-Gottorp, had served as regent during the minority of her late spouse. In reply, however, the representative of the regency council, Gabriel Gustafsson Oxenstierna, responded that her information of the regency of queen dowager Christina was highly exaggerated, and that Sweden actually had no tradition to include queen dowagers in minor regencies. This was in fact a lie: not only had the queen dowager Christina in fact been regent, but king Gustav I of Sweden had proclaimed his queen Margaret Leijonhufvud regent in case of a minor regency in 1544, and John III of Sweden had provided for such a regency for both his first queen, Catherine Jagiellon, as well as for his second, Gunilla Bielke. Maria Eleonora, however, accepted the response, and declared that she would satisfied to entrust politics to others and to be in control of the custody of her daughter.\n", "In 1633 Maria Eleonora returned to Sweden with the embalmed body of her husband. In Nyköping, 7-year-old Queen Christina came in solemn procession to the ship to receive her mother. Later she wrote: \"I embraced the queen my mother, she drowned me with her tears and practically smothered me in her arms.\" For more than a year Maria Eleonora condemned Christina to a mourning seclusion in rooms draped with black and lit by candles day and night, from which every ray of light was excluded. She made her daughter sleep with her in a bed over which her father's heart was hung in a golden casket. Things were made worse by Maria Eleonora's continual weeping. Christina, who also was somewhat malformed with one shoulder higher than the other, also detested her mother's dwarfs and buffoons. She became seriously ill; an ulcer appeared on her left breast, causing her terrible pain and a high fever until it burst. In the summer of 1634 the funeral procession finally wound its way to Stockholm. Queen Christina later wrote about her mother: \"She carried out her role of mourning to perfection.\"\n", "Maria Eleonora had plunged into a prolonged period of emotional dysregulation due to grief. She found it more difficult than ever to conceal her dislike of Swedish \"rocks and mountains, the freezing air, and all the rest of it\". During the rest of her life she preserved the memory of her husband, weeping for hours and even days on end. When the regency council tried to separate Christina from her mother, Maria Eleonora wept and protested so bitterly that nothing was done.\n", "Section::::Relationship with Queen Christina.\n", "In 1636 Maria Eleonora was taken to Gripsholm castle and officially lost her parental rights to her daughter, because at times she was completely out of her mind. In 1639 a letter written by her and intended for Sweden's archenemy, the King Christian IV of Denmark, was intercepted. After a summons, Maria Eleonora appeared at her daughter's court in a flood of tears in the summer of 1640. Queen Christina, 13 years old, reasoned with her mother and dissuaded her from taking up residence at Nyköping near Denmark. Afterwards, Maria Eleonora returned to Gripsholm. To undertake one of her periodic fasts, she retired to the seclusion of her own apartment, accompanied by only one of her ladies-in-waiting, Anna Sofia von Bülow. Maria Eleonora wrote regularly to her daughter Christina. She and her German court wanted to leave their exile at Gripsholm castle. Christina replied tactfully, knowing that the Council would not permit the queen mother any leave. Eventually her mother asked to leave Sweden altogether. Christina invited her to Stockholm, attempting to persuade her to stay in the country. At night the two ladies let themselves down from a window and were rowed in a boat to the other side of the nearby lake, where a carriage was waiting for them. They drove to Nyköping, where they boarded a Danish ship. King Christian IV had intended the ship to take her home to Brandenburg, but she convinced the captain to bring her to Denmark instead. She was well received by the Danish king, but Maria Eleonora wanted to go home to Brandenburg. The electoral prince there demanded financial compensation from Sweden, where on the contrary the Council expected to withdraw her appanage as well as her properties. Finally the teenage Christina succeeded in negotiating a certain alimony for her mother, adding to this from her own purse.\n", "In Denmark, Maria Eleonora became the guest of King Christian IV. The Elector George William refused to receive his sister in Brandenburg, so Maria Eleonora had to wait until his death in December that year before her nephew gave her permission to visit Brandenburg. Still, the new Elector insisted that Sweden should provide for his aunt's upkeep. She received a small pension of 30,000 écus a year. After a while Maria Eleonora surprisingly started to long for Sweden, and in 1648 she returned. Queen Christina went to meet her mother's ship. It was delayed by a storm and the young queen slept in the open for two nights and contracted a fever, which kept her in bed for some days. In October 1650 Maria Eleonora attended her daughter's postponed coronation ceremony. Christina then bought the newly erected castle \"Makalös\" (\"Unequalled\") for her, close to the royal castle in Stockholm. It would have been enormously expensive, but Christina never paid. Instead she handed it back in 1652.\n", "In June 1654, Christina shocked everyone when she decided to abdicate in favour of her cousin Charles Gustav. Maria Eleonora had grave doubts about her daughter's abdication and its possible effect upon her own finances. Christina and Charles Gustav visited her at Nyköping in April 1654 and promised the Queen Dowager that she would be provided for. Christina abdicated June 5, 1654. Maria Eleonora died in March 1655. At that time, ex-Queen Christina was living in Brussels; she converted to Catholicism in December 1655.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Biography of Maria Eleonore of Brandenburg\n", "BULLET::::- ThePeerage entry on Maria Eleonore\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Swedish queen 1620", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q233319", "wikidata_label": "Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg", "wikipedia_title": "Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg" }

{ "end": [ 220, 564, 35, 133, 229, 174, 215, 50, 251, 263, 53, 68, 201, 371, 390, 730, 59, 78, 226, 367, 706, 838, 991, 90, 169, 477, 173, 566, 53, 92, 371, 528, 257, 374, 403, 96, 125, 36, 135, 289, 629, 901, 967, 1159, 1179, 1208, 1234, 1257, 1311, 134, 161, 271, 420, 471, 825, 1098, 98, 575, 78, 293, 355, 383, 560, 69, 47, 14, 30, 91, 17, 95, 227, 303, 62, 83, 100, 117, 137, 157, 228, 1150, 361, 945, 78, 1004, 1179, 1405, 69, 86, 100, 288, 430, 787, 1141, 39, 129, 269, 300, 424, 467, 500, 544, 598, 691, 712, 729, 753, 71, 72, 64, 79, 80, 66, 68, 81, 99, 53, 92, 150, 47, 44, 38, 56, 187, 41, 105, 39, 59, 132, 79 ], "href": [ "Russian%20Revolution", "Sergei%20Efron", "Moscow", "University%20of%20Moscow", "Pushkin%20Museum", "Dmitry%20Ilovaisky", "Anastasia%20Tsvetayeva", "tuberculosis", "Nervi", "Genoa", "Lausanne", "University%20of%20Paris", "Russian%20symbolist%20movement", "Andrei%20Bely", "Alexander%20Blok", "Maximilian%20Voloshin", "Black%20Sea", "Koktebel", "Anna%20Akhmatova", "Viktoria%20Schweitzer", "Nicholas%20II%20of%20Russia", "Osip%20Mandelstam", "Sophia%20Parnok", "Moscow", "Russian%20Revolution%20of%201917", "White%20Army", "Russian%20Civil%20War", "Sofia%20Evgenievna%20Holliday", "Russian%20Soviet%20Federative%20Socialist%20Republic", "Berlin", "Prague", "Charles%20University", "The%20Poem%20of%20the%20End", "Rainer%20Maria%20Rilke", "Boris%20Pasternak", "J%C3%ADlovi%C5%A1t%C4%9B", "V%C5%A1enory", "Paris", "tuberculosis", "Czechoslovakia", "White%20movement", "Vladimir%20Mayakovsky", "Posledniye%20Novosti", "Boris%20Pasternak", "Rainer%20Maria%20Rilke", "Anna%20Teskov%C3%A1", "D.%20S.%20Mirsky", "Aleksandr%20Bakhrakh", "Salomea%20Andronikova", "NKVD", "KGB", "Soviet%20Union", "Ignace%20Reiss", "Lausanne", "Lev%20Sedov", "World%20War%20II", "Joseph%20Stalin", "Nikolai%20Aseev", "NKVD", "Yelabuga", "Union%20of%20Soviet%20Writers", "Chistopol", "Valentin%20Parnakh", "suicide%20by%20hanging", "Eastern%20Front%20%28World%20War%20II%29", "minor%20planet", "3511%20Tsvetaeva", "Lyudmila%20Karachkina", "Gdynia", "Russian%20Academy%20of%20Sciences", "Aurora%20Expeditions", "Oceanwide%20Expeditions", "Valery%20Bryusov", "Maximilian%20Voloshin", "Osip%20Mandelstam", "Boris%20Pasternak", "Rainer%20Maria%20Rilke", "Anna%20Akhmatova", "Joseph%20Brodsky", "Annie%20Finch", "The%20Maiden%20Tsar", "White%20Army", "Prague", "Pied%20Piper%20of%20Hamelin", "Heinrich%20Heine", "death%20and%20state%20funeral%20of%20Joseph%20Stalin", "Elaine%20Feinstein", "David%20McDuff", "Nina%20Kossman", "J.%20Marin%20King", "Angela%20Livingstone", "Rilke", "Yale%20University%20Press", "Dmitri%20Shostakovich", "Sofia%20Gubaidulina", "Alla%20Pugacheva", "The%20Irony%20of%20Fate", "American%20Opera%20Projects", "Deborah%20Drattell", "Annie%20Finch", "Anne%20Bogart", "Lauren%20Flanigan", "Elena%20Frolova", "Larisa%20Novoseltseva", "Zlata%20Razdolina", "Bard%20%28Soviet%20Union%29", "Elaine%20Feinstein", "Christopher%20Whyte", "Christopher%20Whyte", "Christopher%20Whyte", "Christopher%20Whyte", "Alexander%20Givental", "David%20McDuff", "Alla%20Pugacheva", "https%3A//www.youtube.com/watch%3Fv%3DHq5pdJvN4fU", "http%3A//www.poetrymagazines.org.uk/magazine/record.asp%3Fid%3D15049", "South%20magazine", "Poetry%20Library", "http%3A//rolfgross.dreamhosters.com/Tsvetaeva/B-Contents.html", "http%3A//www.silveragepoetry.com/p/features.html", "http%3A//www.carcanet.co.uk/cgi-bin/indexer%3Fowner_id%3D775", "Carcanet%20Press", "Elaine%20Feinstein", "http%3A//english.tsvetayeva.com/", "http%3A//www.tsvetayeva.com/", "http%3A//www.sumizdat.org/toska.pdf", "http%3A//www.sumizdat.org/to_you_in_10_decades_sample_pages.pdf", "Alexander%20Givental", "http%3A//www.poetrymagazines.org.uk/magazine/record.asp%3Fid%3D12113" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 10, 10, 10, 11, 12, 15, 15, 15, 15, 16, 16, 16, 17, 17, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 22, 22, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 24, 26, 28, 28, 28, 29, 29, 29, 29, 31, 31, 31, 31, 31, 31, 31, 31, 34, 34, 40, 43, 43, 43, 46, 46, 46, 46, 46, 46, 46, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 52, 57, 58, 59, 60, 67, 68, 75, 75, 77, 77, 77, 78, 79, 80, 80, 80, 81, 81, 82, 82, 82, 83 ], "start": [ 202, 552, 29, 113, 215, 158, 206, 38, 246, 258, 45, 60, 175, 360, 376, 711, 50, 70, 212, 348, 695, 823, 978, 84, 151, 467, 164, 541, 40, 86, 365, 510, 238, 356, 388, 87, 118, 31, 123, 275, 622, 882, 949, 1144, 1161, 1196, 1222, 1239, 1292, 130, 158, 259, 408, 463, 812, 1086, 92, 562, 74, 285, 332, 374, 544, 55, 34, 2, 16, 72, 11, 68, 209, 282, 48, 64, 85, 102, 119, 143, 214, 1139, 346, 935, 72, 983, 1165, 1383, 53, 74, 88, 275, 412, 782, 1120, 20, 112, 255, 283, 401, 451, 489, 533, 583, 678, 693, 714, 740, 55, 55, 47, 62, 63, 48, 56, 67, 83, 12, 76, 136, 12, 12, 12, 42, 171, 12, 70, 12, 44, 114, 12 ], "text": [ "Russian Revolution", "Sergei Efron", "Moscow", "University of Moscow", "Pushkin Museum", "Dmitry Ilovaisky", "Anastasia", "tuberculosis", "Nervi", "Genoa", "Lausanne", "Sorbonne", "Russian symbolist movement", "Andrei Bely", "Alexander Blok", "Maximilian Voloshin", "Black Sea", "Koktebel", "Anna Akhmatova", "Viktoria Schweitzer", "Nicholas II", "Osip Mandelstam", "Sophia Parnok", "Moscow", "Russian Revolution", "White Army", "civil war", "Sofia Evgenievna Holliday", "Soviet Russia", "Berlin", "Prague", "Charles University", "The Poem of the End", "Rainer Maria Rilke", "Boris Pasternak", "Jíloviště", "Všenory", "Paris", "tuberculosis", "Czechoslovakia", "'White'", "Vladimir Mayakovsky", "Posledniye Novosti", "Boris Pasternak", "Rainer Maria Rilke", "Anna Tesková", "D. S. Mirsky", "Aleksandr Bakhrakh", "Salomea Andronikova", "NKVD", "KGB", "Soviet Union", "Ignace Reiss", "Lausanne", "Trotsky's son", "World War II", "Stalin", "Nikolai Aseev", "NKVD", "Yelabuga", "Union of Soviet Writers", "Chistopol", "Valentin Parnakh", "hanged herself", "Eastern Front", "minor planet", "3511 Tsvetaeva", "Lyudmila Karachkina", "Gdynia", "Russian Academy of Sciences", "Aurora Expeditions", "Oceanwide Expeditions", "Valery Bryusov", "Maximilian Voloshin", "Osip Mandelstam", "Boris Pasternak", "Rainer Maria Rilke", "Anna Akhmatova", "Joseph Brodsky", "Annie Finch", "The Maiden Tsar", "White Army", "Prague", "Pied Piper of Hamelin", "Heinrich Heine", "death of Joseph Stalin", "Elaine Feinstein", "David McDuff", "Nina Kossman", "J. Marin King", "Angela Livingstone", "Rilke", "Yale University Press", "Dmitri Shostakovich", "Sofia Gubaidulina", "Alla Pugacheva", "The Irony of Fate", "American Opera Projects", "Deborah Drattell", "Annie Finch", "Anne Bogart", "Lauren Flanigan", "Elena Frolova", "Larisa Novoseltseva", "Zlata Razdolina", "Russian bards", "Elaine Feinstein", "Christopher Whyte", "Christopher Whyte", "Christopher Whyte", "Christopher Whyte", "Alexander Givental", "David McDuff", "Alla Pugacheva", "Another version ", "\"Marina Tsvetaeva, \"Poet of the extreme\"\"", "\"South\" magazine", "Poetry Library", "A small site dedicated to Tsvetaeva", "Poetic translations into English", "Marina Tsvetaeva biography", "Carcanet Press", "Elaine Feinstein", "Heritage of Marina Tsvetayeva", "a more extensive version in Russian", "Тоска по родине / Nostalgia", "four more poems", "Alexander Givental", "\"She Means It When She Rhymes: \"Marina Tsvetaeva: Selected Poems\".\"" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Marina Tsvetaeva\n", "Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva (; 31 August 1941) was a Russian and Soviet poet. Her work is considered among some of the greatest in twentieth century Russian literature. She lived through and wrote of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the Moscow famine that followed it. In an attempt to save her daughter Irina from starvation, she placed her in a state orphanage in 1919, where she died of hunger. Tsvetaeva left Russia in 1922 and lived with her family in increasing poverty in Paris, Berlin and Prague before returning to Moscow in 1939. Her husband Sergei Efron and her daughter Ariadna Efron (Alya) were arrested on espionage charges in 1941; her husband was executed. Tsvetaeva committed suicide in 1941. As a lyrical poet, her passion and daring linguistic experimentation mark her as a striking chronicler of her times and the depths of the human condition.\n", "Section::::Early years.\n", "Marina Tsvetaeva was born in Moscow, the daughter of Ivan Vladimirovich Tsvetaev, a professor of Fine Art at the University of Moscow, who later founded the Alexander III Museum of Fine Arts (known from 1937 as the Pushkin Museum). (The Tsvetayev family name evokes association with flowers – the Russian word цвет (\"tsvet\") means \"color\" or \"flower\".) Tsvetaeva's mother, , Ivan's second wife, was a concert pianist, highly literate, with German and Polish ancestry. Growing up in considerable material comfort, Tsvetaeva would later come to identify herself with the Polish aristocracy.\n", "Tsvetaeva's two half-siblings, Valeria and Andrei, were the children of Ivan's deceased first wife, Varvara Dmitrievna Ilovaiskaya, daughter of the historian Dmitry Ilovaisky. Tsvetaeva's only full sister, Anastasia, was born in 1894. The children quarrelled frequently and occasionally violently. There was considerable tension between Tsvetaeva's mother and Varvara's children, and Tsvetaeva's father maintained close contact with Varvara's family. Tsvetaeva's father was kind, but deeply wrapped up in his studies and distant from his family. He was also still deeply in love with his first wife; he would never get over her. Maria Tsvetaeva had had a love affair before her marriage, from which she never recovered. Maria Tsvetaeva disapproved of Marina's poetic inclination; she wanted her daughter to become a pianist, holding the opinion that her poetry was poor.\n", "In 1902 Tsvetaeva's mother contracted tuberculosis. A change in climate was believed to help cure the disease, and so the family travelled abroad until shortly before her death in 1906, when Tsvetaeva was 14. They lived for a while by the sea at Nervi, near Genoa. There, away from the rigid constraints of a bourgeois Muscovite life, Tsvetaeva was able for the first time to run free, climb cliffs, and vent her imagination in childhood games. There were many Russian \"émigré\" revolutionaries residing at that time in Nervi, who may have had some influence on the young Tsvetaeva.\n", "In June 1904 Tsvetaeva was sent to school in Lausanne. Changes in the Tsvetaev residence led to several changes in school, and during the course of her travels she acquired the Italian, French, and German languages. She gave up the strict musical studies that her mother had imposed and turned to poetry. She wrote \"With a mother like her, I had only one choice: to become a poet\".\n", "In 1908, aged 16, Tsvetaeva studied literary history at the Sorbonne. During this time, a major revolutionary change was occurring within Russian poetry: the flowering of the Russian symbolist movement, and this movement was to colour most of her later work. It was not the theory which was to attract her, but the poetry and the gravity which writers such as Andrei Bely and Alexander Blok were capable of generating. Her own first collection of poems, \"Vecherny Albom\" (\"Evening Album\"), self-published in 1910, promoted her considerable reputation as a poet. It was well received, although her early poetry was held to be insipid compared to her later work. It attracted the attention of the poet and critic Maximilian Voloshin, whom Tsvetaeva described after his death in \"A Living Word About a Living Man\". Voloshin came to see Tsvetaeva and soon became her friend and mentor.\n", "Section::::Family and career.\n", "She began spending time at Voloshin's home in the Black Sea resort of Koktebel (\"Blue Height\"), which was a well-known haven for writers, poets and artists. She became enamoured of the work of Alexander Blok and Anna Akhmatova, although she never met Blok and did not meet Akhmatova until the 1940s. Describing the Koktebel community, the \"émigré\" Viktoria Schweitzer wrote: \"Here inspiration was born.\" At Koktebel, Tsvetaeva met Sergei Yakovlevich Efron, a 17-year-old cadet in the Officers' Academy. She was 19, he 18: they fell in love and were married in 1912, the same year as her father's project, the Alexander III Museum of Fine Arts, was ceremonially opened, an event attended by Tsar Nicholas II. Tsvetaeva's love for Efron was intense; however, this did not preclude her from having affairs, including one with Osip Mandelstam, which she celebrated in a collection of poems called \"Mileposts\". At around the same time, she became involved in an affair with the poet Sophia Parnok, who was 7 years older than Tsvetaeva, an affair that caused her husband great grief. The two women fell deeply in love, and the relationship profoundly affected both women's writings. She deals with the ambiguous and tempestuous nature of this relationship in a cycle of poems which at times she called \"The Girlfriend\", and at other times \"The Mistake\". Tsvetaeva and her husband spent summers in the Crimea until the revolution, and had two daughters: Ariadna, or Alya (born 1912) and Irina (born 1917).\n", "In 1914, Efron volunteered for the front and by 1917 he was an officer stationed in Moscow with the 56th Reserve. Tsvetaeva was a close witness of the Russian Revolution, which she rejected. On trains, she came into contact with ordinary Russian people and was shocked by the mood of anger and violence. She wrote in her journal: \"In the air of the compartment hung only three axe-like words: bourgeois, Junkers, leeches.\" After the 1917 Revolution, Efron joined the White Army, and Marina returned to Moscow hoping to be reunited with her husband. She was trapped in Moscow for five years, where there was a terrible famine.\n", "She wrote six plays in verse and narrative poems. Between 1917 and 1922 she wrote the epic verse cycle \"Lebedinyi stan\" ('‘The Encampment of the Swans’') about the civil war, glorifying those who fought against the communists. The cycle of poems in the style of a diary or journal begins on the day of Tsar Nicholas II's abdication in March 1917, and ends late in 1920, when the anti-communist White Army was finally defeated. The 'swans' of the title refers to the volunteers in the White Army, in which her husband was fighting as an officer. In 1922 she published a long pro-imperial verse fairy tale, \"Tsar-devitsa\" (\"Tsar-Maiden\").\n", "The Moscow famine was to exact a toll on Tsvetaeva. With no immediate family to turn to, she had no way to support herself or her daughters. In 1919, she placed both her daughters in a state orphanage, mistakenly believing that they would be better fed there. Alya became ill, and Tsvetaeva removed her, but Irina died there of starvation in 1920. The child's death caused Tsvetaeva great grief and regret. In one letter, she wrote, \"God punished me.\" During these years, Tsvetaeva maintained a close and intense friendship with the actress Sofia Evgenievna Holliday, for whom she wrote a number of plays. Many years later, she would write the novella \"Povest o Sonechke\" about her relationship with Holliday.\n", "Section::::Exile.\n", "Section::::Exile.:Berlin and Prague.\n", "In May 1922, Tsvetaeva and Ariadna left Soviet Russia and were reunited with Efron in Berlin, whom she had thought had been killed by the Bolsheviks. There she published the collections \"Separation\", \"Poems to Blok\", and the poem \"The Tsar Maiden\", much of her poetry appeared in Moscow and Berlin, consolidating her reputation. In August 1922, the family moved to Prague. Living in unremitting poverty, unable to afford living accommodation in Prague itself, with Efron studying politics and sociology at the Charles University and living in hostels, Tsvetaeva and Ariadna found rooms in a village outside the city. She writes \"we are devoured by coal, gas, the milkman, the baker...the only meat we eat is horsemeat\". When offered an opportunity to earn money by reading her poetry, she describes having to beg a simple dress from a friend to replace the one she had been living in.\n", "Tsvetaeva began a passionate affair with , a former military officer, a liaison which became widely known throughout émigré circles. Efron was devastated. Her break-up with Rodziewicz in 1923 was almost certainly the inspiration for her \"The Poem of the End\" and \"The Poem of the Mountain\". At about the same time, Tsvetaeva began correspondence with poet Rainer Maria Rilke and novelist Boris Pasternak. Tsvetaeva and Pasternak were not to meet for nearly twenty years, but maintained friendship until Tsvetaeva's return to Russia.\n", "In summer 1924, Efron and Tsvetaeva left Prague for the suburbs, living for a while in Jíloviště, before moving on to Všenory, where Tsvetaeva completed \"The Poem of the End\", and was to conceive their son, Georgy, whom she was to later nickname 'Mur'. Tsvetaeva wanted to name him Boris (after Pasternak); Efron insisted on Georgy. He was to be a most difficult child but Tsvetaeva loved him obsessively. With Efron now rarely free from tuberculosis, their daughter Ariadna was relegated to the role of mother's helper and confidante, and consequently felt robbed of much of her childhood. In Berlin before settling in Paris, Tsvetaeva wrote some of her greatest verse, including \"Remeslo\" (\"Craft\", 1923) and \"Posle Rossii\" (\"After Russia\", 1928). Reflecting a life in poverty and exiled, the work holds great nostalgia for Russia and its folk history, while experimenting with verse forms.\n", "Section::::Exile.:Paris.\n", "In 1925, the family settled in Paris, where they would live for the next 14 years. At about this time Tsvetaeva contracted tuberculosis. Tsvetaeva received a small stipend from the Czechoslovak government, which gave financial support to artists and writers who had lived in Czechoslovakia. In addition, she tried to make whatever she could from readings and sales of her work. She turned more and more to writing prose because she found it made more money than poetry. Tsvetaeva did not feel at all at home in Paris's predominantly ex-bourgeois circle of Russian émigré writers. Although she had written passionately pro-'White' poems during the Revolution, her fellow émigrés thought that she was insufficiently anti-Soviet, and that her criticism of the Soviet régime was altogether too nebulous. She was particularly criticised for writing an admiring letter to the Soviet poet Vladimir Mayakovsky. In the wake of this letter, the émigré paper \"Posledniye Novosti\", to which Tsvetaeva had been a frequent contributor, refused point-blank to publish any more of her work. She found solace in her correspondence with other writers, including Boris Pasternak, Rainer Maria Rilke, the Czech poet Anna Tesková, the critics D. S. Mirsky and Aleksandr Bakhrakh, and the Georgian émigré princess Salomea Andronikova, who became her main source of financial support. Her poetry and critical prose of the time, including her autobiographical prose works of 1934–7, is of lasting literary importance. \"Consumed by the daily round\", resenting the domesticity that left her no time for solitude or writing, her émigré milieu regarded Tsvetaeva as a crude sort who ignored social graces. Describing her misery, she wrote to Tesková \"In Paris, with rare personal exceptions, everyone hates me, they write all sorts of nasty things, leave me out in all sorts of nasty ways, and so on\". To Pasternak she complained \"They don't like poetry and what am I apart from that, not poetry but that from which it is made. [I am] an inhospitable hostess. An young woman in an old dress.\" She began to look back at even the Prague times with nostalgia and resent her exiled state more deeply.\n", "Meanwhile, Tsvetaeva's husband was developing Soviet sympathies and was homesick for Russia. Eventually, he began working for the NKVD, the forerunner of the KGB. Alya shared his views, and increasingly turned against her mother. In 1937, she returned to the Soviet Union. Later that year, Efron too had to return to the USSR. The French police had implicated him in the murder of the former Soviet defector Ignace Reiss in September 1937, on a country lane near Lausanne, Switzerland. After Efron's escape, the police interrogated Tsvetaeva, but she seemed confused by their questions and ended up reading them some French translations of her poetry. The police concluded that she was deranged and knew nothing of the murder. Later it was learned that Efron possibly had also taken part in the assassination of Trotsky's son in 1936. Tsvetaeva does not seem to have known that her husband was a spy, nor the extent to which he was compromised. However, she was held responsible for his actions and was ostracised in Paris because of the implication that he was involved with the NKVD. World War II had made Europe as unsafe and hostile as the USSR. In 1939, she became lonely and alarmed by the rise of fascism, which she attacked in \"Stikhi k Chekhii\" (\"Verses to Czechia\" 1938–39).\n", "Section::::Last years: Return to the Soviet Union.\n", "In 1939, she and her son returned to Moscow, unaware of the reception she would receive. In Stalin's USSR, anyone who had lived abroad was suspect, as was anyone who had been among the intelligentsia before the Revolution. Tsvetaeva's sister had been arrested before Tsvetaeva's return; although Anastasia survived the Stalin years, the sisters never saw each other again. Tsvetaeva found that all doors had closed to her. She got bits of work translating poetry, but otherwise the established Soviet writers refused to help her, and chose to ignore her plight; Nikolai Aseev, who she had hoped would assist, shied away, fearful for his life and position.\n", "Efron and Alya were arrested for espionage. Alya's fiancé was actually an NKVD agent who had been assigned to spy on the family. Efron was shot in 1941; Alya served over eight years in prison. Both were exonerated after Stalin's death. In 1941, Tsvetaeva and her son were evacuated to Yelabuga (Elabuga), while most families of the Union of Soviet Writers were evacuated to Chistopol. Tsvetaeva had no means of support in Yelabuga, and on 24 August 1941 she left for Chistopol desperately seeking a job. On 26 August, Marina Tsvetaeva and poet Valentin Parnakh applied to the Soviet of Literature Fund asking for a job at the LitFund's canteen. Parnakh was accepted as a doorman, while Tsvetaeva's application for a permission to live in Chistopol was turned down and she had to return to Yelabuga on 28 August.\n", "On 31 August 1941, while living in Yelabuga, Tsvetaeva hanged herself. She left a note for her son Mur: \"Forgive me, but to go on would be worse. I am gravely ill, this is not me anymore. I love you passionately. Do understand that I could not live anymore. Tell Papa and Alya, if you ever see them, that I loved them to the last moment and explain to them that I found myself in a trap.\" According to book \"The Death of a Poet: The Last Days of Marina Tsvetaeva\", the local NKVD department tried to force Tsvetaeva to start working as their informant, which left her no choice other than to commit suicide.\n", "Tsvetaeva was buried in Yelabuga cemetery on 2 September 1941, but the exact location of her grave remains unknown.\n", "Her son Georgy volunteered to the Eastern Front of World War II and died in battle in 1944. Her daughter Ariadna spent 16 years in Soviet prison camps and exile and was released in 1955. Ariadna wrote a memoir of her family; an English-language edition was published in 2009. She died in 1975.\n", "In the town of Yelabuga, the Tsvetaeva house is now a museum and a monument stands to her. Much of her poetry was republished in the Soviet Union after 1961, and her passionate, articulate and precise work, with its daring linguistic experimentation, brought her increasing recognition as a major poet.\n", "A minor planet, 3511 Tsvetaeva, discovered in 1982 by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Karachkina, is named after her.\n", "In 1989 in Gdynia, Poland, a special-purpose ship was built for the Russian Academy of Sciences and named Marina Tsvetaeva in her honor. From 2007, the ship served as a tourist vessel to the polar regions for Aurora Expeditions. In 2011 she was renamed and is currently operated by Oceanwide Expeditions as a tourist vessel in the polar regions.\n", "Section::::Work.\n", "Tsvetaeva's poetry was admired by poets such as Valery Bryusov, Maximilian Voloshin, Osip Mandelstam, Boris Pasternak, Rainer Maria Rilke, and Anna Akhmatova. Later, that recognition was also expressed by the poet Joseph Brodsky, pre-eminent among Tsvetaeva's champions. Tsvetaeva was primarily a lyrical poet, and her lyrical voice remains clearly audible in her narrative poetry. Brodsky said of her work: \"Represented on a graph, Tsvetaeva's work would exhibit a curve – or rather, a straight line – rising at almost a right angle because of her constant effort to raise the pitch a note higher, an idea higher (or, more precisely, an octave and a faith higher.) She always carried everything she has to say to its conceivable and expressible end. In both her poetry and her prose, nothing remains hanging or leaves a feeling of ambivalence. Tsvetaeva is the unique case in which the paramount spiritual experience of an epoch (for us, the sense of ambivalence, of contradictoriness in the nature of human existence) served not as the object of expression but as its means, by which it was transformed into the material of art.\" Critic Annie Finch describes the engaging, heart-felt nature of the work. \"Tsvetaeva is such a warm poet, so unbridled in her passion, so completely vulnerable in her love poetry, whether to her female lover Sofie Parnak, to Boris Pasternak. [...] Tsvetaeva throws her poetic brilliance on the altar of her heart’s experience with the faith of a true romantic, a priestess of lived emotion. And she stayed true to that faith to the tragic end of her life.\n", "Tsvetaeva's lyric poems fill ten collections; the uncollected lyrics would add at least another volume. Her first two collections indicate their subject matter in their titles: \"Evening Album\" (Vecherniy albom, 1910) and \"The Magic Lantern\" (Volshebnyi fonar, 1912). The poems are vignettes of a tranquil childhood and youth in a professorial, middle-class home in Moscow, and display considerable grasp of the formal elements of style. The full range of Tsvetaeva's talent developed quickly, and was undoubtedly influenced by the contacts she had made at Koktebel, and was made evident in two new collections: \"Mileposts\" (Versty, 1921) and \"Mileposts: Book One\" (Versty, Vypusk I, 1922).\n", "Three elements of Tsvetaeva's mature style emerge in the \"Mileposts\" collections. First, Tsvetaeva dates her poems and publishes them chronologically. The poems in \"Mileposts: Book One\", for example, were written in 1916 and resolve themselves as a versified journal. Secondly, there are cycles of poems which fall into a regular chronological sequence among the single poems, evidence that certain themes demanded further expression and development. One cycle announces the theme of \"Mileposts: Book One\" as a whole: the \"Poems of Moscow.\" Two other cycles are dedicated to poets, the \"Poems to Akhmatova\" and the \"Poems to Blok\", which again reappear in a separate volume, Poems to Blok (\"Stikhi k Bloku\", 1922). Thirdly, the \"Mileposts\" collections demonstrate the dramatic quality of Tsvetaeva's work, and her ability to assume the guise of multiple \"dramatis personae\" within them.\n", "The collection \"Separation\" (Razluka, 1922) was to contain Tsvetaeva's first long verse narrative, \"On a Red Steed\" (\"Na krasnom kone\"). The poem is a prologue to three more verse-narratives written between 1920 and 1922. All four narrative poems draw on folkloric plots. Tsvetaeva acknowledges her sources in the titles of the very long works, \"The Maiden Tsar: A Fairy-tale Poem\" (\"Tsar-devitsa: Poema-skazka\", 1922) and \"The Swain\", subtitled \"A Fairytale\" (\"Molodets: skazka\", 1924). The fourth folklore-style poem is \"Byways\" (\"Pereulochki\", published in 1923 in the collection \"Remeslo\"), and it is the first poem which may be deemed incomprehensible in that it is fundamentally a soundscape of language. The collection \"Psyche\" (\"Psikheya\", 1923) contains one of Tsvetaeva's best-known cycles \"Insomnia\" (Bessonnitsa) and the poem The Swans' Encampment (Lebedinyi stan, Stikhi 1917–1921, published in 1957) which celebrates the White Army.\n", "Section::::Work.:The topic of hell.\n", "Tsvetaeva was so infatuated by the subject that she was looking for the topic in other poets writings and even used their lines as a base for her narrative, for example:\n", "Section::::Work.:Emigrant.\n", "Subsequently, as an émigré, Tsvetaeva's last two collections of lyrics were published by émigré presses, \"Craft\" (\"Remeslo\", 1923) in Berlin and \"After Russia\" (\"Posle Rossii\", 1928) in Paris. There then followed the twenty-three lyrical \"Berlin\" poems, the pantheistic \"Trees\" (\"Derev'ya\"), \"Wires\" (\"Provoda\") and \"Pairs\" (\"Dvoe\"), and the tragic \"Poets\" (\"Poety\"). \"After Russia\" contains the poem \"In Praise of the Rich\", in which Tsvetaeva's oppositional tone is merged with her proclivity for ruthless satire.\n", "Section::::Work.:Eschatological topics.\n", "In 1924, Tsvetaeva wrote \"Poem of the End\", which details a walk around Prague and across its bridges; the walk is about the final walk she will take with her lover Konstantin Rodzevich. In it everything is foretold: in the first few lines (translated by Elaine Feinstein) the future is already written:\n", "Again, further poems foretell future developments. Principal among these is the voice of the classically oriented Tsvetaeva heard in cycles \"The Sibyl\", \"Phaedra\", and \"Ariadne\". Tsvetaeva's beloved, ill-starred heroines recur in two verse plays, \"Theseus-Ariadne\" (Tezei-Ariadna, 1927) and \"Phaedra\" (Fedra, 1928). These plays form the first two parts of an incomplete trilogy \"Aphrodite's Rage\".\n", "Section::::Work.:Satire.\n", "The satirist in Tsvetaeva plays second fiddle only to the poet-lyricist. Several satirical poems, moreover, are among Tsvetaeva's best-known works: \"The Train of Life\" (\"Poezd zhizni\") and \"The Floorcleaners' Song\" (\"Poloterskaya\"), both included in After Russia, and The Ratcatcher (Krysolov, 1925–1926), a long, folkloric narrative. The target of Tsvetaeva's satire is everything petty and petty bourgeois. Unleashed against such dull creature comforts is the vengeful, unearthly energy of workers both manual and creative. In her notebook, Tsvetaeva writes of \"The Floorcleaners' Song\": \"Overall movement: the floorcleaners ferret out a house's hidden things, they scrub a fire into the door... What do they flush out? Coziness, warmth, tidiness, order... Smells: incense, piety. Bygones. Yesterday... The growing force of their threat is far stronger than the climax.\" \"The Ratcatcher\" poem, which Tsvetaeva describes as a \"lyrical satire\", is loosely based on the legend of the Pied Piper of Hamelin. The Ratcatcher, which is also known as The Pied Piper, is considered by some to be the finest of Tsvetaeva's work. It was also partially an act of \"homage\" to Heinrich Heine's poem \"Die Wanderratten\". The Ratcatcher appeared initially, in serial format, in the émigré journal \"\" in 1925–1926 whilst still being written. It was not to appear in the Soviet Union until after the death of Joseph Stalin in 1956. Its hero is the Pied Piper of Hamelin who saves a town from hordes of rats and then leads the town's children away too, in retribution for the citizens' ingratitude. As in the other folkloric narratives, The Ratcatcher's story line emerges indirectly through numerous speaking voices which shift from invective, to extended lyrical flights, to pathos.\n", "Tsvetaeva's last ten years of exile, from 1928 when \"After Russia\" appeared until her return in 1939 to the Soviet Union, were principally a \"prose decade\", though this would almost certainly be by dint of economic necessity rather than one of choice.\n", "Section::::Work.:Translators.\n", "Translators of Tsvetaeva's work into English include Elaine Feinstein and David McDuff. Nina Kossman translated many of Tsvetaeva's long (narrative) poems, as well as her lyrical poems; they are collected in two books, \"Poem of the End\" and \"In the Inmost Hour of the Soul\". J. Marin King translated a great deal of Tsvetaeva's prose into English, compiled in a book called \"A Captive Spirit\". Tsvetaeva scholar Angela Livingstone has translated a number of Tsvetaeva's essays on art and writing, compiled in a book called \"Art in the Light of Conscience\". Livingstone's translation of Tsvetaeva's \"The Ratcatcher\" was published as a separate book. Mary Jane White has translated the early cycle \"Miles\" in a book called \"Starry Sky to Starry Sky\", as well as Tsvetaeva's elegy for Rilke, \"New Year's\", (Adastra Press 16 Reservation Road, Easthampton, MA 01027 USA) and \"Poem of the End\" (The Hudson Review, Winter 2009; and in the anthology Poets Translate Poets, Syracuse U. Press 2013) and \"Poem of the Hill\", (New England Review, Summer 2008) and Tsvetaeva's 1914–1915 cycle of love poems to Sophia Parnok. In 2002, Yale University Press published Jamey Gambrell's translation of post-revolutionary prose, entitled \"Earthly Signs: Moscow Diaries, 1917–1922\", with notes on poetic and linguistic aspects of Tsvetaeva's prose, and endnotes for the text itself.\n", "Section::::Work.:Cultural influence.\n", "BULLET::::- 2017: \"Zerkalo\" (\"Mirror\"), American magazine in MN for the Russian-speaking readers. It was a special publication to the 125th Anniversary of the Russian poet Marina Tsvetaeva, where the article \"Marina Tsvetaeva in America\" was written by Dr. Uli Zislin, the founder and director of the Washington Museum of Russian Poetry and Music, Sep/Oct 2017.\n", "Section::::Work.:Music and songs.\n", "The Soviet composer Dmitri Shostakovich set six of Tsvetaeva's poems to music. Later the Russian-Tatar composer Sofia Gubaidulina wrote an \"Hommage à Marina Tsvetayeva\" featuring her poems. Her poem \"Mne Nravitsya...\" (\"I like that...\"), was performed by Alla Pugacheva in the film \"The Irony of Fate\". In 2003, the opera \"Marina: A Captive Spirit\", based on Tsvetaeva's life and work, premiered from American Opera Projects in New York with music by Deborah Drattell and libretto by poet Annie Finch. The production was directed by Anne Bogart and the part of Tsvetaeva was sung by Lauren Flanigan. The poetry by Tsvetaeva was set to music and frequently performed as songs by Elena Frolova, Larisa Novoseltseva, Zlata Razdolina and other Russian bards.\n", "Section::::Books of Tsvetaeva poetry in English translation.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Marina Tsvetaeva: Selected Poems\", trans. Elaine Feinstein. (Oxford University Press, 1971)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Ratcatcher: A Lyrical Satire\", trans. Angela Livingstone (Northwestern University, 2000)\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Captive Spirit: Selected Prose\", trans. J. Marin King (Vintage Books, 1994)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Earthly Signs: Moscow Diaries, 1917–1922\", ed. & trans. Jamey Gambrell (Yale University Press, 2011)\n", "BULLET::::- \" Poem of the End: Selected Narrative and Lyrical Poems \", trans. Nina Kossman (Ardis / Overlook, 1998, 2004)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Moscow in the Plague Year\", translated by Christopher Whyte (180 poems written between November 1918 and May 1920) (Archipelago Press, New York, 2014), 268pp, ISBN 978-1-935744-96-2\n", "BULLET::::- \"Milestones (1922),\" translated by Christopher Whyte (Bristol, Shearsman Books, 2015), 122p, ISBN 978-1-84861-416-1\n", "BULLET::::- \"After Russia: the First Notebook,\" translated by Christopher Whyte (Bristol, Shearsman Books, 2017), 141 pp, ISBN 978 1 84861 549 6\n", "BULLET::::- \"After Russia: The Second Notebook\", translated by Christopher Whyte (Bristol, Shearsman Books, 2018) 121 pp, ISBN 978 1 84861 551 9\n", "BULLET::::- \"In the Inmost hour of the Soul: Poems \", trans. Nina Kossman (Humana Press, 1989)\n", "BULLET::::- \" Black Earth\", trans. Elaine Feinstein (The Delos Press and The Menard Press, 1992) ISBN I-874320-00-4 and ISBN I-874320-05-5 (signed ed.)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Phaedra: a drama in verse; with New Year's Letter and other long poems\", trans. Angela Livingstone (Angel Classics, 2012)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Starry Sky to Starry Sky (Miles)\", trans. Mary Jane White. (Holy Cow Press, 1988), (paper) and (cloth)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Poem of the End\" in \"From A Terrace In Prague, A Prague Poetry Anthology\", trans. Mary Jane White, ed. Stephan Delbos (Univerzita Karlova v Praze, 2011)\n", "BULLET::::- \"After Russia\", trans. Michael Nayden (Ardis, 1992).\n", "BULLET::::- \"To You – in 10 Decades\", trans. by Alexander Givental and Elysee Wilson-Egolf (Sumizdat 2012)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Marina Tsvetayeva: Selected Poems\", trans. David McDuff. (Bloodaxe Books, 1987)\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Schweitzer, Viktoria \"Tsvetaeva\" (1993)\n", "BULLET::::- Mandelstam, Nadezhda \"Hope Against Hope\"\n", "BULLET::::- Mandelstam, Nadezhda \"Hope Abandoned\"\n", "BULLET::::- Pasternak, Boris \"An Essay in Autobiography\"\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- . One of the most famous Tsvetaeva's poem performed by Alla Pugacheva. Another version \n", "BULLET::::- . Dramatic reading in English with artistic video. Includes download link.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Marina Tsvetaeva, \"Poet of the extreme\"\" by Belinda Cooke from \"South\" magazine #31, April 2005. Republished online in the Poetry Library's Poetry Magazines site.\n", "BULLET::::- A small site dedicated to Tsvetaeva\n", "BULLET::::- Poetic translations into English\n", "BULLET::::- Marina Tsvetaeva biography at Carcanet Press, English language publisher of Tsvetaeva's \"Bride of Ice\" and \"\"Marina Tsvetaeva: Selected Poems\"\", translated by Elaine Feinstein.\n", "BULLET::::- Heritage of Marina Tsvetayeva, a resource in English with a more extensive version in Russian.\n", "BULLET::::- Тоска по родине / Nostalgia and four more poems from the book \"To You – in 10 Decades\", translated by Alexander Givental and Elysee Wilson-Egolf and provided by Sumizdat, the publisher.\n", "BULLET::::- \"She Means It When She Rhymes: \"Marina Tsvetaeva: Selected Poems\".\" Review from \"Thumbscrew\" #17, Winter 2000/1, of works translated by Elaine Feinstein.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Marina Ivanovna Tsvetayeva", "Marina Tsvetajeva" ] }, "description": "Russian poet and writer", "enwikiquote_title": "Marina Tsvetaeva", "wikidata_id": "Q188526", "wikidata_label": "Marina Tsvetaeva", "wikipedia_title": "Marina Tsvetaeva" }

{ "end": [ 27, 57, 124, 146, 223, 258, 448, 94, 102, 115, 127, 159, 333, 377, 392, 98, 116, 190, 264, 79, 247, 354, 78, 193, 203, 243, 381, 417, 428, 73, 130, 227, 383, 455, 202, 227, 341, 562, 821, 152, 204, 256, 273, 338, 461, 609, 48, 315, 283, 586, 904, 130, 678, 99, 177, 204, 259, 269, 309, 418, 436, 634, 697, 810, 835, 165, 338, 639, 692, 705, 482, 614, 634, 791, 269, 632, 682, 769, 195, 428, 501, 526, 552, 571, 591, 168, 284, 310, 322, 86, 171, 180, 302, 478, 577, 16, 58, 68, 57, 201, 212, 575, 252, 289, 324, 988, 53, 62, 68, 81, 337, 374, 438, 602, 486, 533, 592, 606, 620, 638, 410, 752, 61, 69, 57, 66, 47, 56, 47, 30, 38, 73, 81, 25, 55, 165, 511, 69, 110, 159, 187, 220, 291, 335, 460, 487, 524, 541, 568, 27, 60, 96, 141, 164, 77, 95, 154, 28, 28, 28, 153, 93 ], "href": [ "Italian%20language", "Latin%20language", "Feudalism", "Margrave%20of%20Tuscany", "Pope%20Gregory%20VII", "Investiture%20Controversy", "Papal%20States", "Lombardy", "Emilia%20%28region%20of%20Italy%29", "Romagna", "Tuscany", "Canossa", "Henry%20V%2C%20Holy%20Roman%20Emperor", "Quattro%20Castella", "Reggio%20Emilia", "Count%20of%20Canossa", "Canossa", "Italy%20in%20the%20Middle%20Ages", "excommunication", "Donizo", "Lucca", "Sigifred%20of%20Lucca", "Boniface%20III%2C%20Margrave%20of%20Tuscany", "Holy%20Roman%20Emperor", "Henry%20III%2C%20Holy%20Roman%20Emperor", "Beatrice%20of%20Lorraine", "Latin%20language", "Middle%20High%20German", "Old%20French", "Frederick%2C%20Margrave%20of%20Tuscany", "regency", "heir%20presumptive", "Godfrey%2C%20Duke%20of%20Upper%20Lorraine", "Duchy%20of%20Upper%20Lorraine", "synod", "Pentecost", "House%20of%20Canossa", "Henry%20IV%2C%20Holy%20Roman%20Emperor", "Pope%20Victor%20II", "Gregorian%20Reforms", "Pope%20Stephen%20IX", "Pope%20Nicholas%20II", "Pope%20Alexander%20II", "Rome", "antipope", "Richard%20I%20of%20Capua", "Verdun", "Godfrey%20the%20Hunchback", "Pope%20Gregory%20VII", "Investiture%20Controversy", "Synod%20of%20Worms", "excretion", "allodial%20land", "Verdun", "Ida%20of%20Lorraine", "Godfrey%20of%20Bouillon", "Stenay", "Mosay", "dowry", "Theoderic%20of%20Verdun", "Bishop%20of%20Verdun", "Feoffment", "Albert%20III%2C%20Count%20of%20Namur", "Jerusalem", "First%20Crusade", "excommunicated", "Trebur", "mountain%20pass", "central%20Italy", "northern%20Italy", "Castle%20of%20Canossa", "walk%20to%20Canossa", "penance", "Adelaide%20of%20Susa", "Brixen", "allodial", "Volta%20Mantovana", "Antipope%20Clement%20III", "Ravenna", "Anselm%20of%20Lucca", "Ponte%20della%20Maddalena", "Via%20Francigena", "Serchio", "Borgo%20a%20Mozzano", "Lucca", "Castel%20Sant%27Angelo", "Bologna", "Bomporto", "Modena", "Jordan%20I%20of%20Capua", "Pope%20Victor%20III", "Welf%20II%2C%20Duke%20of%20Bavaria", "House%20of%20Welf", "Guelphs%20and%20Ghibellines", "Pope%20Urban%20II", "Cosmas%20of%20Prague", "Conrad%20II%20of%20Italy", "Henry%20V%2C%20Holy%20Roman%20Emperor", "Saxons", "Brenner%2C%20South%20Tyrol", "Verona", "Tartaro-Canalbianco-Po%20di%20Levante", "Apennines", "stronghold", "Adalbert%20Atto", "tower%20house", "Milan", "Cremona", "Lodi%2C%20Lombardy", "Piacenza", "Eupraxia%20of%20Kiev", "Pope%20Urban%20II", "Council%20of%20Piacenza", "black%20mass", "First%20Crusade", "Rome", "Ferrara", "Parma", "Prato", "Mantua", "Reggio%20Emilia", "Concordat%20of%20Worms", "Montefiorino", "Province%20of%20Modena", "Pescarolo%20ed%20Uniti", "Province%20of%20Cremona", "Monteveglio", "Province%20of%20Bologna", "Forl%C3%AC", "Cerea", "Province%20of%20Verona", "Legnago", "Verona", "gout", "Bondeno%20di%20Roncore", "Allodial%20title", "Italian%20city-states", "Polirone%20Abbey", "San%20Benedetto%20Po", "Pope%20Urban%20VIII", "Rome", "Castel%20Sant%27Angelo", "Vatican%20Hill", "St.%20Peter%27s%20Basilica", "Christina%2C%20Queen%20of%20Sweden", "Maria%20Clementina%20Sobieska", "James%20Francis%20Edward%20Stuart", "St.%20Petronilla", "Queen%20Charlotte%20of%20Cyprus", "Tomb%20of%20Countess%20Matilda%20of%20Tuscany", "Pope%20Urban%20VIII", "Gianlorenzo%20Bernini", "Purgatorio%23The%20Earthly%20Paradise", "Purgatorio%20%28Dante%29", "Luigi%20Pirandello", "Enrico%20IV", "Kathleen%20McGowan", "House%20of%20Canossa", "March%20of%20Tuscany", "Terre%20Matildiche", "https%3A//storicamente.org/creber-women-canossa", "http%3A//epistolae.ccnmtl.columbia.edu/woman/29.html" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 11, 11, 13, 13, 13, 15, 15, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 19, 19, 19, 19, 20, 20, 20, 20, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 22, 23, 23, 23, 24, 24, 26, 26, 26, 26, 27, 30, 30, 32, 32, 32, 32, 33, 33, 33, 34, 35, 35, 35, 35, 35, 35, 35, 35, 36, 36, 36, 36, 36, 36, 38, 38, 43, 43, 45, 45, 46, 46, 47, 48, 48, 49, 49, 51, 51, 51, 51, 52, 52, 52, 52, 52, 52, 52, 52, 52, 52, 52, 52, 53, 53, 53, 56, 56, 57, 57, 57, 59, 60, 61, 63, 65 ], "start": [ 20, 52, 118, 125, 207, 235, 436, 86, 96, 108, 120, 152, 306, 361, 379, 89, 109, 171, 249, 73, 242, 337, 46, 175, 194, 223, 376, 411, 422, 64, 123, 211, 364, 432, 197, 218, 325, 554, 807, 135, 189, 245, 261, 334, 453, 584, 42, 294, 267, 563, 885, 102, 665, 93, 174, 185, 253, 264, 304, 409, 420, 627, 678, 801, 822, 151, 332, 633, 679, 700, 465, 599, 627, 775, 263, 624, 667, 749, 188, 422, 480, 512, 545, 556, 586, 150, 277, 303, 316, 69, 161, 174, 298, 455, 569, 0, 52, 63, 51, 194, 206, 568, 243, 279, 311, 977, 48, 55, 64, 73, 321, 361, 419, 592, 473, 529, 585, 601, 615, 632, 397, 734, 49, 63, 39, 59, 36, 49, 42, 25, 32, 66, 75, 21, 37, 148, 482, 35, 94, 144, 183, 202, 284, 315, 441, 462, 497, 527, 543, 2, 45, 77, 125, 154, 61, 86, 138, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12 ], "text": [ "Italian", "Latin", "feudal", "Margravine of Tuscany", "Pope Gregory VII", "Investiture Controversy", "Papal States", "Lombardy", "Emilia", "Romagna", "Tuscany", "Canossa", "Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor", "Quattro Castella", "Reggio Emilia", "ancestral", "Canossa", "Italian Middle Ages", "excommunication", "Donizo", "Lucca", "Sigifred of Lucca", "Margrave Boniface III of Tuscany", "Holy Roman Emperor", "Henry III", "Beatrice of Lorraine", "Latin", "German", "French", "Frederick", "regency", "heir presumptive", "Godfrey the Bearded", "Duchy of Upper Lorraine", "synod", "Pentecost", "House of Canossa", "Henry IV", "Pope Victor II", "Gregorian Reforms", "Pope Stephen IX", "Nicholas II", "Alexander II", "Rome", "antipope", "Prince Richard I of Capua", "Verdun", "Godfrey the Hunchback", "Pope Gregory VII", "Investiture Controversy", "synod held at Worms", "answering the call of nature", "allodial land", "Verdun", "Ida", "Godfrey of Bouillon", "Stenay", "Mosay", "dowry", "Theoderic", "Bishop of Verdun", "enfeoff", "Albert III of Namur", "Jerusalem", "First Crusade", "excommunicated", "Trebur", "passes", "central Italy", "north", "Castle of Canossa", "walk to Canossa", "penance", "Adelaide of Susa", "Brixen", "allodial", "Volta Mantovana", "Antipope Clement III", "Ravenna", "Anselm", "Ponte della Maddalena", "Via Francigena", "Serchio", "Borgo a Mozzano", "Lucca", "Castel Sant'Angelo", "Bologna", "Sorbara", "Modena", "Jordan I of Capua", "Victor III", "Welf V", "Welf", "Guelphs and Ghibellines", "Urban II", "Cosmas of Prague", "Conrad", "Henry", "Saxons", "Brenner", "Verona", "Tartaro", "Apennines", "stronghold", "Adalbert Atto", "tower house", "Milan", "Cremona", "Lodi", "Piacenza", "Eupraxia of Kiev", "Pope Urban II", "Council of Piacenza", "black mass", "First Crusade", "Rome", "Ferrara", "Parma", "Prato", "Mantua", "Reggio Emilia", "Concordat of Worms", "Montefiorino", "Modena", "Pescarolo ed Uniti", "Cremona", "Monteveglio", "Bologna", "Forlì", "Cerea", "Verona", "Legnago", "Verona", "gout", "Bondeno di Roncore", "allodial property", "city-states in northern Italy", "Abbey of San Benedetto in Polirone", "San Benedetto Po", "Pope Urban VIII", "Rome", "Castel Sant'Angelo", "Vatican", "St. Peter's Basilica", "Christina of Sweden", "Maria Clementina Sobieska", "James Francis Edward Stuart", "St. Petronilla", "Queen Charlotte of Cyprus", "memorial tomb for Matilda", "Pope Urban VIII", "Gianlorenzo Bernini", "earthly paradise", "Purgatorio", "Luigi Pirandello", "Enrico IV", "Kathleen McGowan", "House of Canossa", "March of Tuscany", "Terre Matildiche", "A. Creber, ‘Women at Canossa. The Role of Elite Women in the Reconciliation between Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV of Germany (January 1077),’", "\"Women's Biography: Matilda of Tuscany, countess of Tuscany, duchess of Lorraine\"" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Matilda of Tuscany\n", "Matilda of Tuscany (Italian: \"Matilde di Canossa\" , Latin: \"Matilda\", \"Mathilda\"; 1046 – 24 July 1115) was a powerful feudal Margravine of Tuscany, ruler in northern Italy and the chief Italian supporter of Pope Gregory VII during the Investiture Controversy; in addition, she was one of the few medieval women to be remembered for her military accomplishments, thanks to which she was able to dominate all the territories north of the Papal States.\n", "In 1076 she came into possession of a substantial territory that included present-day Lombardy, Emilia, the Romagna and Tuscany, and made the castle of Canossa, in the Apennines south of Reggio, the centre of her domains. Between 6 and 11 May 1111 she was crowned Imperial Vicar and Vice-Queen of Italy by Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor at the Castle of Bianello (Quattro Castella, Reggio Emilia).\n", "Sometimes called la Gran Contessa (\"the Great Countess\") or Matilda of Canossa after her ancestral castle of Canossa, Matilda was one of the most important figures of the Italian Middle Ages. She lived in a period of constant battles, intrigues and excommunications, and was able to demonstrate an extraordinary force, even enduring great pain and humiliation, showing an innate leadership ability.\n", "Section::::Childhood.\n", "In a miniature in the early twelfth-century \"Vita Mathildis\" by the monk Donizo (or, in Italian, Donizone), Matilda is referred to as 'Resplendent Matilda' (\"Mathildis Lucens\"). Since the Latin word \"lucens\" is similar to \"lucensis\" (of/from Lucca), this may also be a reference to Matilda's origins. She was descended from the nobleman Sigifred of Lucca,\n", "and was the youngest of the three children of Margrave Boniface III of Tuscany, ruler of a substantial territory in Northern Italy and one of the most powerful vassals of the Holy Roman Emperor Henry III. Matilda's mother, Beatrice of Lorraine, was the Emperor's first cousin and closely connected to the imperial household. Renowned for her learning, Matilda was literate in Latin, as well as reputed to speak German and French. The extent of Matilda's education in military matters is debated. It has been asserted that she was taught strategy, tactics, riding and wielding weapons, but recent scholarship challenges these claims.\n", "Following the death of their father in 1052, Matilda's brother, Frederick, inherited the family lands and titles under the regency of their mother. Matilda's sister, Beatrice, died the next year, making Matilda heir presumptive to Frederick's personal holdings. In 1054, determined to safeguard the interests of her children as well as her own, her mother married Godfrey the Bearded, a distant kinsman who had been stripped of the Duchy of Upper Lorraine after openly rebelling against Emperor Henry III.\n", "Henry was enraged by Beatrice of Lorraine's unauthorised union with his most vigorous adversary and took the opportunity to have her arrested, along with Matilda, when he marched south to attend a synod in Florence on Pentecost in 1055. Frederick's rather suspicious death soon thereafter made Matilda the last member of the House of Canossa. Mother and daughter were taken to Germany, but Godfrey successfully avoided capture. Unable to defeat him, Henry sought a rapproachment. The Emperor's death in October 1056, which brought to throne the underage Henry IV, seems to have accelerated the negotiations. Godfrey was reconciled with the crown and recognized as Margrave of Tuscany in December, while Beatrice and Matilda were released. By the time she and her mother returned to Italy, in the company of Pope Victor II, Matilda was formally acknowledged as heir to the greatest territorial lordship in the southern part of the Empire.\n", "Matilda's mother and stepfather became heavily involved in the series of disputed papal elections during their regency, supporting the Gregorian Reforms. Godfrey's brother Frederick became Pope Stephen IX, while both of the following two popes, Nicholas II and Alexander II, had been Tuscan bishops. Matilda made her first journey to Rome with her family in the entourage of Nicholas in 1059. Godfrey and Beatrice actively assisted them in dealing with antipopes, while the adolescent Matilda's role remains unclear. A contemporary account of her stepfather's 1067 expedition against Prince Richard I of Capua on behalf of the papacy mentions Matilda's participation in the campaign, describing it as the \"first service that the most excellent daughter of Boniface offered to the blessed prince of the apostles.\"\n", "Section::::First marriage.\n", "In 1069, Godfrey the Bearded lay dying in Verdun. Beatrice and Matilda hastened to reach Lorraine, anxious to ensure a smooth transition of power. Matilda was present at her stepfather's deathbed, and on that occasion she is for the first time clearly mentioned as the wife of her stepbrother, Godfrey the Hunchback, to whom she had been betrothed since childhood. The marriage proved a failure; the death of their only child (a daughter called Beatrice) shortly after birth in August 1071 and Godfrey's physical deformity may have helped fuel deep animosity between the spouses.\n", "By the end of 1071, Matilda had left her husband and returned to Tuscany. Matilda's bold decision to repudiate her husband came at a cost, but ensured her independence. Beatrice started preparing Matilda for rule by holding court jointly with her and, eventually, encouraging her to issue charters on her own as countess (\"comitissa\") and duchess (\"ducatrix\").\n", "Godfrey fiercely protested the separation and demanded that Matilda come back to him, which she repeatedly refused. The Duke descended into Italy in 1072, determined to enforce the marriage. He sought the help of both Matilda's mother and her ally, the newly elected Pope Gregory VII, promising military aid to the latter. Matilda's resolution was unshakable, and Godfrey returned to Lorraine alone, losing all hope by 1074. Rather than supporting the Pope as promised, Godfrey turned his attention to imperial affairs. Meanwhile, the conflict later known as the Investiture Controversy was brewing between Gregory and Henry, with both men claiming the right to appoint bishops and abbots within the Empire. Matilda and Godfrey soon found themselves on opposing sides of the dispute, leading to a further detoriation of their difficult relationship. German chroniclers, writing of the synod held at Worms in January 1076, even suggested that Godfrey inspired Henry's allegation of a licentious affair between Gregory and Matilda.\n", "Section::::Widowhood.\n", "Matilda became a widow on 26 February 1076. Godfrey the Hunchback was assassinated in Flanders while \"answering the call of nature\". Having been accused of adultery with the Pope the previous month, Matilda was suspected of ordering her estranged husband's death. She could not have known about the proceedings at the Synod of Worms at the time, however, since the news took three months to reach the Pope himself, and it is more likely that Godfrey was killed at the instigation of an enemy nearer to him. Within two months, Beatrice was dead as well. Matilda's power was considerably augmented by these deaths; she was now the undisputed heir of all her parents' allodial lands. Her inheritance would have been threatened had Godfrey survived her mother, but she now enjoyed the privileged status of a widow. It seemed unlikely, however, that Henry would formally invest her with the margraviate.\n", "Between 1076 and 1080, Matilda travelled to Lorraine to lay claim to her husband's estate in Verdun, which he had willed (along with the rest of his patrimony) to his sister Ida's son, Godfrey of Bouillon. Godfrey of Bouillon also disputed her right to Stenay and Mosay, which her mother had received as dowry. The quarrel between aunt and nephew over the episcopal county of Verdun was eventually settled by Theoderic, Bishop of Verdun, who enjoyed the right to nominate the counts. He easily found in favor of Margravine Matilda, as such verdict happened to please both Pope Gregory and King Henry. Matilda then proceeded to enfeoff Verdun to her husband's pro-reform cousin, Albert III of Namur. The deep animosity between Matilda and her nephew is thought to have prevented her from travelling to Jerusalem during the First Crusade, led by him in the late 1090s.\n", "Section::::Investiture Controversy.\n", "The disagreement between Pope Gregory VII and King Henry IV culminated in the aftermath of the Synod of Worms in February 1076. Gregory declared Henry excommunicated, releasing all his subjects from allegiance to him and providing the perfect reason for rebellion against his rule. Insubordinate southern German princes gathered in Trebur, awaiting the Pope. Matilda's first military endeavor, as well as the first major task altogether as ruler, turned out to be protecting the Pope during his perilous journey north. Gregory could rely on nobody else; as the sole heir to the Attonid patrimony, Matilda controlled all the Apennine passes and nearly all the rest that connected central Italy to the north. The Lombard bishops, who were also excommunicated for taking part in the synod and whose sees bordered Matilda's domain, were keen to capture Gregory. Gregory was aware of the danger, and recorded that all his advisors except Matilda counselled him against travelling to Trebur.\n", "Henry had other plans, however. He decided to descend into Italy and intercept Gregory, who was thus delayed. The German dukes held a council by themselves and informed the King that he had to submit to the Pope or be replaced. Henry's predecessors dealt easily with troublesome pontiffs - they simply deposed them, and the excommunicated Lombard bishops rejoiced at this prospect. When Matilda heard about Henry's approach, she urged Gregory to take refuge in the Castle of Canossa, her family's eponymous stronghold. Gregory took her advice. It soon became clear that the intention behind Henry's walk to Canossa was to show penance. By 25 January 1077, the King stood barefoot in the snow before the gates of Matilda's castle, accompanied by his mother-in-law, Margravine Adelaide of Susa. He remained there, humbled, until 28 January, when Matilda convinced the Pope to see him. Matilda and Adelaide brokered a deal between the men. Henry was taken back into the Church, with the margravines acting as sponsors and formally swearing to the agreement.\n", "In 1079, Matilda gave the Pope all her domains, in open defiance of Henry IV's claims both as the overlord of some of those domains, and as her close relative. Two years later the fortunes of Papacy and Empire turned again: in 1080 Henry IV summoned a council in Brixen, which deposed Gregory VII. The following year the Emperor decided to travel again to Italy to reinstate his overlordship over his territories. He also declared Matilda, on account of her 1079 donation to the Church, forfeit and be banned from the Empire; although this wasn't enough to eliminate her as a source of trouble, for she retained substantial allodial holdings. On 15 October 1080 near Volta Mantovana the Imperial troops (with Guibert of Ravenna as the newly elected Antipope Clement III) defeated the troops loyal to Gregory VII and controlled by Matilda. This was the first serious military defeat of Matilda (Battle of Volta Mantovana).\n", "Matilda, however, didn't surrender. While Gregory VII was forced into exile, she, retaining control over all the western passes in the Apennines, could force Henry IV to approach Rome via Ravenna; even with this route open, the Emperor would find it hard to besiege Rome with a hostile territory at his back. In December 1080 the citizens of Lucca, then the capital of Tuscany, had revolted and driven out her ally Bishop Anselm. She is believed to have commissioned the renowned Ponte della Maddalena where the Via Francigena crosses the river Serchio at Borgo a Mozzano just north of Lucca.\n", "Matilda remained Pope Gregory VII's chief intermediary for communication with northern Europe even as he lost control of Rome and was holed up in the Castel Sant'Angelo. After Henry caught hold of the Pope's seal, Matilda wrote to supporters in Germany only to trust papal messages that came through her.\n", "Henry IV's control of Rome enabled him to enthrone Antipope Clement III, who, in turn, crowned him Emperor. After this, Henry IV returned to Germany, leaving it to his allies to attempt Matilda's dispossession. These attempts floundered after Matilda (with help of the city of Bologna) defeated them at Sorbara near Modena on 2 July 1084.\n", "Gregory VII died in 1085, and Matilda's forces, with those of Prince Jordan I of Capua (her off and on again enemy), took to the field in support of a new pope, Victor III. In 1087, Matilda led an expedition to Rome in an attempt to install Victor, but the strength of the imperial counterattack soon convinced the pope to withdraw from the city.\n", "Section::::Second marriage.\n", "In 1088 Matilda was facing a new attempt at invasion by Henry IV, and decided to pre-empt it by means of a political marriage. In 1089 Matilda (in her early forties) married Welf V, who was probably fifteen to seventeen years old. Welf was heir to the Duchy of Bavaria. He was also a member of the Welf dynasty: the Welfs/Guelphs were important papal supporters from the eleventh to the fifteenth centuries in their conflict with the German emperors (see Guelphs and Ghibellines). Matilda and Welf's wedding was part of a network of alliances approved by the new pope, Urban II, in order to effectively counter Henry IV.\n", "Cosmas of Prague (writing in the early twelfth century), included a letter in his \"Chronica Boemorum\", which he claimed that Matilda sent to her future husband, but which is now thought to be spurious:\n", "After this, Matilda sent an army of thousands to the border of Lombardy to escort her bridegroom, welcomed him with honors, and after the marriage (mid-1089), she organized 120 days of wedding festivities, with such splendor that any other medieval ruler's pale in comparison.\n", "Cosmas also reports that for two nights after the wedding, Welf V, fearing witchcraft, refused to share the marital bed. The third day, Matilda appeared naked on a table especially prepared on sawhorses, and told him that \"everything is in front of you and there is no hidden malice\". But the Duke was dumbfounded; Matilda, furious, slapped him and spat in his face, taunting him: \"Get out of here, monster, you don't deserve our kingdom, you vile thing, viler than a worm or a rotten seaweed, don't let me see you again, or you'll die a miserable death...\". Matilda and her young husband separated a few years later (1095); they had no children.\n", "Later Matilda allied with the two sons of Henry IV, Conrad and Henry, who rebelled against their father. This forced Henry to return to Italy, where he chased Matilda into the mountains. He was humbled before Canossa, this time in a military defeat in October 1092, from which his influence in Italy never recovered.\n", "Section::::The final victory against Henry IV.\n", "After several victories, including one against the Saxons, Henry IV prepared in 1090 his third descent to Italy, in order to inflict the final defeat on the Church. His route was the usual one, Brenner and Verona, along the border of Matilda's possessions, which began outside the cities' gates. The opposing armies would meet near Mantua. Matilda secured the loyalty of the townspeople by exempting them from some taxes, such as \"teloneo\" and \"ripatico\", and with the promise of Lombard franchise, entailing the rights to hunt, fish and cut wood on both banks of the Tartaro river.\n", "The Mantua people stood by Matilda until the so-called \"Holy Thursday betrayal\", when the townspeople, won over by additional concessions from Henry, who had meanwhile besieged the city, sided with him. In 1092 Matilda escaped to the Reggiano Apennines and her most inexpugnable strongholds. Since the times of Adalbert Atto the power of the Canossa family had been based on a network of castles, fortresses and fortified villages in the Val d'Enza, forming a complex polygonal defense that had always resisted all attack from the Apennines. After several bloody battles with mutual defeats, the powerful imperial army was surrounded.\n", "In spite of its fearful power, the Imperial army was defeated by Matilda's liegemen. Among them were small landowners and holders of fortified villages, which remained completely loyal to the Canossas even against the Holy Roman Emperor. Their familiarity with the territory, their quick communications and maneuvering to all the high places of the Val d'Enza gave them victory over Henry's might. It seems that Matilda personally participated, with a handful of chosen faithful men, to the battle, galvanizing the allies with the cry of Just War. The Imperial army was taken as in a vice in the meandering mountain creek. The overall import of Henry's rout was more than a military defeat. The Emperor realized it was impossible to penetrate those places, wholly different from the plains of the Po Valley or of Saxe. There he faced not boundaries drawn by the rivers of Central Europe, but steep trails, ravines, inaccessible places protecting Matilda's fortresses, and high tower houses, whence the defenders could unload on anyone approaching missiles of all kinds: spears, arrows, perhaps even boiling oil, javelins, stones.\n", "After Matilda's victory several cities, such as Milan, Cremona, Lodi and Piacenza, sided with her to free themselves of Imperial rule. In 1093 the Emperor's eldest son, Conrad, supported by the Pope, Matilda and a group of Lombard cities, was crowned King of Italy. Matilda freed and even gave refuge to Henry IV's wife, Eupraxia of Kiev, who, at the urging of Pope Urban II, made a public confession before the church Council of Piacenza. She accused her husband of imprisoning her in Verona after forcing her to participate in orgies, and, according to some later accounts, of attempting a black mass on her naked body. Thanks to these scandals and division within the Imperial family, the prestige and power of Henry IV was increasingly weakened.\n", "In 1095, Henry attempted to reverse his fortunes by seizing Matilda's castle of Nogara, but the countess's arrival at the head of an army forced him to retreat. In 1097, Henry withdrew from Italy altogether, after which Matilda reigned virtually unchallenged, although she did continue to launch military operations to restore her authority and regain control of the towns that had remained loyal to the emperor. With the assistance of the French armies heading off to the First Crusade, she was finally able to restore Urban to Rome. She ordered or led successful expeditions against Ferrara (1101), Parma (1104), Prato (1107) and Mantua (1114).\n", "Section::::Vice-Queen of Italy.\n", "Henry IV died now defeated in 1106; and after the deposition and death of Conrad (1101), his second son and new Holy Roman Emperor, Henry V, began to turn the fight against the Church and Italy. This time the attitude of Matilda against the imperial house had to change and she accepted the will of the Emperor. In 1111, on his way back to Germany, Henry V met her at the Castle of Bianello, near Reggio Emilia. Matilda confirmed him the inheritance rights over the fiefs that Henry IV disputed her, thus ending a fight that had lasted over twenty years. Henry V gave Matilda a new title: between 6 and 11 May 1111, the Emperor crowned Matilda as Imperial Vicar and Vice-Queen of Italy. This episode was the decisive step towards the Concordat of Worms.\n", "Section::::Foundation of churches.\n", "By legend Matilda of Canossa is said to have founded one hundred churches. Documents and local legend identify well over one hundred churches, monasteries, hospices, and bridges built or restored between the Alps and Rome by Matilda and her mother, Beatrice. Today, churches and monasteries in the regions of Lombardy, Reggio Emilia, Tuscany, and even the Veneto attribute their foundation to her. Built originally with hospices for travelers attached, these churches created a network that united the supporters of the Gregorian reform of the Roman Church which Matilda supported. This network also provided protection for pilgrims, merchants and travelers assisting the Renaissance in culture that occurred in the centuries after Matilda's death.\n", "Most of these churches continue today to be vital centers of their communities. They include rural churches located along the Po and Arno rivers, and their tributaries; churches built along the Apennine mountain passes which Matilda's family controlled and those along the ancient highways of the via Emilia, the via Cassia, the via Aurelia and the via Francigena. Among these are monuments listed by UNESCO as among the heritage of our world, including churches in Florence, Ferrara, Lucca, Mantua, Modena, Pisa, Verona and Volterra. Her cultural legacy is enormous throughout Northern Italy.\n", "Some churches traditionally said to have been founded by Matilda include:\n", "BULLET::::- Sant'Andrea Apostolo of Vitriola, at Montefiorino (Modena).\n", "BULLET::::- Sant'Anselmo, Pieve di Coriano (Province of Mantua).\n", "BULLET::::- San Giovanni Decollato, at Pescarolo ed Uniti (Cremona).\n", "BULLET::::- Santa Maria Assunta, at Monteveglio (Bologna).\n", "BULLET::::- San Martino in Barisano, near Forlì.\n", "BULLET::::- San Zeno, at Cerea (Verona).\n", "It seems that even the foundation of the Church of San Salvaro in Legnago (Verona) was made by Matilda.\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "Matilda's death from gout in 1115 at Bondeno di Roncore marked the end of an era in Italian politics. It is widely reported that she bequeathed her allodial property to the Pope. Unaccountably, however, this donation was never officially recognized in Rome and no record exists of it. Henry V had promised some of the cities in her territory that he would appoint no successor after he deposed her. In her place the leading citizens of these cities took control, and the era of the city-states in northern Italy began.\n", "Matilda was at first buried in the Abbey of San Benedetto in Polirone, located in the town of San Benedetto Po; then, in 1633, at the behest of Pope Urban VIII, her body was moved to Rome and placed in Castel Sant'Angelo. Finally, in 1645 her remains were definitely deposited in the Vatican, where they now lie in St. Peter's Basilica. She is one of only six women who have the honor of being buried in the Basilica, the others being Queen Christina of Sweden, Maria Clementina Sobieska (wife of James Francis Edward Stuart), St. Petronilla, Queen Charlotte of Cyprus and Agnesina Colonna Caetani.\n", "A memorial tomb for Matilda, commissioned by Pope Urban VIII and designed by Gianlorenzo Bernini, marks her burial place in St Peter's and is often called the \"Honor and Glory of Italy\".\n", "After her death, an aura of legend came to surround Matilda. Church historians gave her the character of a semi-nun, solely dedicated to contemplation and faith. Some argue, instead, that she was a woman of strong passions of both spiritual and carnal nature (indicated by her supposed affairs with Popes Gregory VII and Urban II).\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "She has been posited by some critics as the origin of the mysterious \"Matilda\" who appears to Dante gathering flowers in the earthly paradise in Dante's \"Purgatorio\".\n", "The story of Matilda and Henry IV is the main plot device in Luigi Pirandello's play \"Enrico IV\". She is the main historical character in Kathleen McGowan's novel \"The Book of Love\" (Simon & Schuster, 2009).\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- House of Canossa\n", "BULLET::::- March of Tuscany\n", "BULLET::::- Terre Matildiche\n", "Section::::Sources.\n", "BULLET::::- A. Creber, ‘Women at Canossa. The Role of Elite Women in the Reconciliation between Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV of Germany (January 1077),’ \"Storicamente\" 13 (2017), article no. 13, pp. 1–44.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Women's Biography: Matilda of Tuscany, countess of Tuscany, duchess of Lorraine\", contains several letters to and from Matilda.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Italian feudal margrave of Tuscany, ruler in northern Italy and the chief Italian supporter of Pope Gregory VII during the Investiture Controversy", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q464162", "wikidata_label": "Matilda of Tuscany", "wikipedia_title": "Matilda of Tuscany" }

{ "end": [ 79, 108, 24, 39, 79, 204, 27, 91, 106, 170, 287, 297, 65, 50, 60, 99, 119, 45, 106, 174, 44, 109 ], "href": [ "Victorian%20era", "Gemstone", "Newport%2C%20Wales", "Monmouthshire%20%28historic%29", "Trinity%20College%2C%20Cambridge", "London", "Italy", "engraved%20gem", "gemstones", "London", "Metropolitan%20Museum%20of%20Art", "New%20York%20City", "Joseph%20Jacobs", "Ancient%20Greek", "Latin", "Pausanias%20%28geographer%29", "Pliny%20the%20Elder", "Horace", "Plutarch", "Julian%20the%20Apostate", "http%3A//www.sacred-texts.com/gno/gar/", "http%3A//libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p16028coll4/id/16610" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 11, 14, 14, 14, 14, 15, 15, 15, 17, 18 ], "start": [ 70, 104, 17, 26, 53, 198, 22, 79, 97, 164, 261, 289, 57, 45, 55, 90, 104, 39, 98, 160, 12, 12 ], "text": [ "Victorian", "gems", "Newport", "Monmouthshire", "Trinity College, Cambridge", "London", "Italy", "engraved gem", "gemstones", "London", "Metropolitan Museum of Art", "New York", "J Jacobs", "Greek", "Latin", "Pausanias", "Pliny the Elder", "Horace", "Plutarch", "Emperor Julian", "\"The Gnostics and their Remains\"", "Catalogue of the engraved gems collected between the years 1845 and 1877 by C.W. King: manuscript" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Charles William King\n", "Charles William King (5 September 1818 – 25 March 1888) was a British Victorian writer and collector of gems.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "King was born in Newport, Monmouthshire, and entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1836. He graduated in 1840, and obtained a fellowship in 1842. He was a senior fellow at the time of his death in London.\n", "Section::::Gem expert.\n", "He spent much time in Italy, where he laid the foundation of his collection of engraved gems and gemstones, which, having been increased by subsequent purchases in London, was sold by him in consequence of his failing eyesight, and was presented in 1881 to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.\n", "He was recognized universally as one of the greatest authorities in this department of art. His chief works on the subject are:\n", "BULLET::::- \"Antique Gems, their Origin, Uses and Value\" (1860), a complete and exhaustive treatise;\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Natural History of Precious Stones and Gems and of the Precious Metals\" (1865);\n", "BULLET::::- \"Early Christian Numismatics\" (1873);\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Handbook of Engraved Gems\" (2nd ed., 1885);\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Gnostics and their Remains\" (2nd ed. by J Jacobs, 1887, which led to an animated correspondence in the \"Athenaeum\").\n", "Section::::Classicist.\n", "King took holy orders, but never held any cure.\n", "He was thoroughly familiar with the works of Greek and Latin authors, especially those of Pausanias and Pliny the Elder, which bore upon the subject in which he was most interested; but he had little taste for the minutiae of verbal criticism.\n", "In 1869, he brought out an edition of \"Horace\", illustrated from antique gems. He also translated Plutarch's \"Moralia\" (1882) and the theosophical works of the Emperor Julian (1888), for Bohn's Classical Library.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Gnostics and their Remains\" - online text of the book\n", "BULLET::::- Catalogue of the engraved gems collected between the years 1845 and 1877 by C.W. King: manuscript fully digitized and available online\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "British writer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q15523834", "wikidata_label": "Charles William King", "wikipedia_title": "Charles William King" }

{ "end": [ 65, 103, 169, 38, 73, 93, 156, 186, 233, 249, 269, 394, 578, 846, 874, 935, 956, 993, 70, 84, 102, 328, 378, 425, 662, 731, 782, 832, 42, 82, 120, 75, 132, 202, 245, 279, 311, 358, 624, 636, 43, 34, 28, 69, 82 ], "href": [ "theology", "Brooke%20Foss%20Westcott", "The%20New%20Testament%20in%20the%20Original%20Greek", "Dublin", "Josiah%20Hort", "Church%20of%20Ireland%20Archdiocese%20of%20Tuam", "Rugby%20School", "Trinity%20College%2C%20Cambridge", "Edward%20White%20Benson", "Brooke%20Foss%20Westcott", "Joseph%20Barber%20Lightfoot", "tripos", "John%20Eyton%20Bickersteth%20Mayor", "Thomas%20Arnold", "Archibald%20Campbell%20Tait", "Frederick%20Denison%20Maurice", "Charles%20Kingsley", "liberal%20Christianity", "St%20Ippolyts", "Hitchin", "Hertfordshire", "English%20New%20Testament%20Revision%20Committee", "New%20Testament", "Hulsean%20Lectures", "Emmanuel%20College%2C%20Cambridge", "fellow%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Antiquaries%20of%20London", "Norris-Hulse%20Professor%20of%20Divinity", "Lady%20Margaret%27s%20Professor%20of%20Divinity", "Cambridge", "Mill%20Road%20Cemetery%2C%20Cambridge", "Textual%20criticism", "https%3A//archive.org/details/christianecclesi00hortiala", "https%3A//archive.org/details/judaisticchrist00hortuoft", "https%3A//archive.org/details/cambridgeotherse00hortuoft", "https%3A//archive.org/details/prolegomenatostp00hortuoft", "https%3A//archive.org/details/sixlecturesonant00hortrich", "https%3A//archive.org/details/twodissertations00hortuoft", "Gospel%20of%20John", "https%3A//archive.org/details/lifelettershort00hortuoft", "https%3A//archive.org/details/lifelettersoffen02hortuoft", "Cambridge%20Apostles", "Conflation%20of%20Readings", "Textus%20Receptus", "https%3A//archive.org/details/waytruthlife00hortuoft", "https%3A//web.archive.org/web/20080619001437/http%3A//www-user.uni-bremen.de/~wie/GNT/books.html" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 10, 12, 13, 15, 16 ], "start": [ 55, 83, 130, 32, 62, 75, 144, 160, 221, 235, 254, 388, 564, 833, 851, 910, 940, 983, 59, 77, 89, 319, 365, 409, 635, 685, 753, 795, 33, 64, 107, 51, 108, 173, 204, 254, 296, 354, 614, 626, 25, 12, 13, 12, 12 ], "text": [ "theologian", "Brooke Foss Westcott", "The New Testament in the Original Greek", "Dublin", "Josiah Hort", "Archbishop of Tuam", "Rugby School", "Trinity College, Cambridge", "E. W. Benson", "B. F. Westcott", "J. B. Lightfoot", "tripos", "J. E. B. Mayor", "Thomas Arnold", "Archibald Campbell Tait", "Frederick Denison Maurice", "Charles Kingsley", "liberalism", "St Ippolyts", "Hitchin", "Hertfordshire", "committee", "New Testament", "Hulsean Lectures", "Emmanuel College, Cambridge", "fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London", "Hulsean Professor of Divinity", "Lady Margaret's Professor of Divinity", "Cambridge", "Mill Road Cemetery", "text critical", "\"The Christian Ecclesia\"", "\"Judaistic Christianity\"", "\"Cambridge and other Sermons\"", "\"Prolegomena to ... Romans and Ephesians\"", "\"The Ante-Nicene Fathers\"", "\"Dissertations\"", "John", "\"Volume 1\"", "\"Volume 2\"", "Cambridge Apostles", "Conflation of Readings", "Textus Receptus", "\"The Way, the Truth, the Life: Hulsean Lectures for 1871\"", "Greek Text of Hort's \"The New Testament in the Original Greek\", Vol. 1" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Fenton Hort\n", "Fenton John Anthony Hort (1828–1892) was an Irish-born theologian and editor, with Brooke Foss Westcott of a critical edition of \"The New Testament in the Original Greek\".\n", "Section::::Life.\n", "He was born on 23 April 1828 in Dublin, the great-grandson of Josiah Hort, Archbishop of Tuam in the eighteenth century. In 1846 he passed from Rugby School to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was the contemporary of E. W. Benson, B. F. Westcott and J. B. Lightfoot. The four men became lifelong friends and fellow-workers. In 1850 Hort took his degree, being third in the classical \"tripos\". In 1851 he also took the recently established triposes in moral science and natural science, and in 1852 he became fellow of his college. In 1854, in conjunction with J. E. B. Mayor and Lightfoot, he established the \"Journal of Classical and Sacred Philology\", and plunged eagerly into theological and patristic study. He had been brought up in the strictest principles of the evangelical movement, but at Rugby, under the influence of Thomas Arnold and Archibald Campbell Tait, and through his acquaintance with Frederick Denison Maurice and Charles Kingsley, he finally moved towards liberalism.\n", "In 1857 he was married, and accepted the college living of St Ippolyts, near Hitchin, in Hertfordshire, where he remained for fifteen years. During his time there he took part in discussions on university reform, continued his studies, and wrote essays for various periodicals. In 1870 he was appointed a member of the committee for revising the translation of the New Testament, and in 1871 he delivered the Hulsean Lectures before the university. Their title was \"The Way, the Truth, and the Life\", but they were not prepared for publication until many years after their delivery. In 1872 he accepted a fellowship and lectureship at Emmanuel College, Cambridge.. In 1873 he became a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London. In 1878 he was made Hulsean Professor of Divinity and in 1887 Lady Margaret's Professor of Divinity.\n", "Hort died on 30 November 1892 in Cambridge. He is buried in the Mill Road Cemetery, Cambridge.\n", "Section::::Works.\n", "In 1881 he published, with his friend Westcott, an edition of the text of the New Testament based on their text critical work. The Revision Committee had largely accepted this text, even before its publication, as a basis for their translation of the New Testament. Its appearance created a sensation among scholars, and it was attacked in many quarters, but on the whole it was received as being much the nearest approximation yet made to the original text of the New Testament. The introduction was the work of Hort. His first principle was, \"Knowledge of Documents should precede Final Judgments upon Readings\".\n", "Next to his Greek Testament his best-known work is \"The Christian Ecclesia\" (1897). Other publications are: \"Judaistic Christianity\" (1894); \"Village Sermons\" (two series); \"Cambridge and other Sermons\"; \"Prolegomena to ... Romans and Ephesians\" (1895); \"The Ante-Nicene Fathers\" (1895); and two \"Dissertations\", (1876) on the reading of a Greek word in John i.18, and on \"The Constantinopolitan and other Eastern Creeds in the Fourth Century.\" All are models of exact scholarship and skilful use of materials. His \"Life and Letters\" was edited by his son, Sir Arthur Hort, Bart, in two volumes published in 1896: \"Volume 1\", \"Volume 2\".\n", "Section::::Other.\n", "Hort was a member of the Cambridge Apostles and is credited with writing the oath of secrecy taken by new members, in or around 1851.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Conflation of Readings\n", "BULLET::::- \"Textus Receptus\"\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Way, the Truth, the Life: Hulsean Lectures for 1871\" (first printed 1893)\n", "BULLET::::- Greek Text of Hort's \"The New Testament in the Original Greek\", Vol. 1 with variants\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Fenton Hort", "Hort" ] }, "description": "British theologian", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1374608", "wikidata_label": "Fenton John Anthony Hort", "wikipedia_title": "Fenton Hort" }

{ "end": [ 33, 73, 106, 50, 107, 140, 68, 106, 127, 136, 232, 376, 506, 47, 91, 164, 245, 340, 43, 69, 169, 92, 161, 57, 38, 77, 68 ], "href": [ "Fellow%20of%20the%20British%20Academy", "England", "Vegetarianism", "Sri%20Lanka", "Shrewsbury%20School", "St%20John%27s%20College%2C%20Cambridge", "University%20of%20Cambridge", "Hugh%20Andrew%20Johnstone%20Munro", "Kennedy%20Professor%20of%20Latin", "Latin", "Satires%20of%20Juvenal", "Emil%20H%C3%BCbner", "Cicero", "John%20Fisher", "Thomas%20Baker%20%28antiquarian%29", "Richard%20of%20Cirencester", "Roger%20Ascham", "Journal%20of%20Philology", "Enciklopedio%20de%20Esperanto", "Esperanto", "World%20Congress%20of%20Esperanto", "Juvenal", "J.%20G.%20W.%20Henderson", "Ascension%20Parish%20Burial%20Ground%2C%20Cambridge", "Francis%20William%20Newman", "Vegetarian%20Society", "http%3A//www.bartleby.com/222/1502.html" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 8, 9, 9, 11 ], "start": [ 30, 66, 96, 41, 90, 112, 45, 92, 114, 131, 214, 365, 500, 36, 77, 142, 233, 320, 18, 60, 142, 85, 143, 20, 16, 59, 12 ], "text": [ "FBA", "English", "vegetarian", "Sri Lanka", "Shrewsbury School", "St John's College, Cambridge", "University of Cambridge", "H. A. J. Munro", "professorship", "Latin", "Satires of Juvenal", "Emil Hübner", "Cicero", "John Fisher", "Thomas Baker's", "Richard of Cirencester", "Roger Ascham", "Journal of Philology", "Enciklopedio de Esperanto", "Esperanto", "World Congress of Esperanto", "Juvenal", "J. G. W. Henderson", "Parish of the Ascension Burial Ground", "Francis William Newman", "Vegetarian Society", "The Cambridge History of English and American Literature" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "John E. B. Mayor\n", "John Eyton Bickersteth Mayor, FBA (28 January 1825 – 1910) was an English classical scholar and vegetarian activist.\n", "Section::::Life.\n", "Mayor was born at Baddegama, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). He went to England to be educated at Shrewsbury School and St John's College, Cambridge.\n", "From 1863 to 1867 Mayor was librarian of the University of Cambridge, and in 1872 succeeded H. A. J. Munro in the professorship of Latin, which he held for 28 years. His best-known work, an edition of the thirteen Satires of Juvenal, is notable for an extraordinary wealth of illustrative quotations. His \"Bibliographical Clue to Latin Literature\" (1875), based on Emil Hübner's \"Grundriss zu Vorlesungen über die römische Litteraturgeschichte\", was a valuable aid to the student, and his edition of Cicero's \"Second Philippic\" became widely used.\n", "He also edited the English works of John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester (1876); Thomas Baker's \"History of St John's College, Cambridge\" (1869); Richard of Cirencester's \"Speculum historiale de gestis regum Angliae 447–1066\" (1863–69); Roger Ascham's \"Schoolmaster\" (new ed., 1883); the \"Latin Heptateuch\" (1889); and the \"Journal of Philology\".\n", "According to the \"Enciklopedio de Esperanto\", Mayor learned Esperanto in 1907, and gave a historic speech against Esperanto reformists at the World Congress of Esperanto held at Cambridge.\n", "His life and work are idiosyncratically and somewhat unsympathetically described in \"Juvenal's Mayor: The Professor Who Lived on 2d. a Day\" by J. G. W. Henderson.\n", "He is buried in the Parish of the Ascension Burial Ground in Cambridge.\n", "Mayor succeeded Francis William Newman as President of the Vegetarian Society in 1883.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- The Cambridge History of English and American Literature\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "English classical scholar", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q55982", "wikidata_label": "John Eyton Bickersteth Mayor", "wikipedia_title": "John E. B. Mayor" }

{ "end": [ 152, 199, 218, 26, 43, 116, 158, 284, 318, 360, 509, 545, 593, 643, 712, 67, 170, 177, 28, 41, 100, 179, 379, 393, 459, 516, 535, 54, 94, 88, 117, 128, 154, 169, 456, 503, 101, 628, 1031, 139, 275, 290, 21, 40, 24, 32, 21, 33, 34, 17, 150, 32, 270, 51 ], "href": [ "Latin%20language", "Newnham%20College", "Girton%20College", "Summer%20Hill%2C%20Sandwell", "Birmingham", "Ayrshire", "Staffordshire", "Shrewsbury%20School", "St%20John%27s%20College%2C%20Cambridge", "Cambridge%20Union", "Cambridge%20Apostles", "Browne%20medal", "Classics", "Holy%20Orders", "Harrow%20School", "Charlotte%20Burbury", "Marion%20Kennedy", "Julia%20Kennedy", "prebendary", "Diocese%20of%20Lichfield", "West%20Felton", "Shrewsbury%20School", "Latin", "professorship", "Kennedy%20Professor%20of%20Latin", "Hugh%20Andrew%20Johnstone%20Munro", "John%20Eyton%20Bickersteth%20Mayor", "Regius%20Professor%20of%20Greek%20%28Cambridge%29", "Ely%20Cathedral", "New%20Testament", "Newnham%20College%2C%20Cambridge", "Girton%20College%2C%20Cambridge", "Mary%20Paley", "Amy%20Bulley", "Torquay", "Mill%20Road%20Cemetery%2C%20Cambridge", "Primer%20%28textbook%29", "Wheelock%27s%20Latin", "Cambridge%20Latin%20Course", "Marion%20Kennedy", "G.%20H.%20Hallam", "Thomas%20Ethelbert%20Page", "Sophocles", "Oedipus%20Rex", "Aristophanes", "The%20Birds%20%28play%29", "Aeschylus", "Agamemnon%20%28play%29", "Virgil", "Plato", "Greek%20language", "Charles%20Rann%20Kennedy", "William%20Rann%20Kennedy", "https%3A//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Kennedy%2C_Benjamin_Hall_%28DNB00%29" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 10, 10, 10, 11, 11, 11, 15, 15, 16, 16, 17, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 22, 26 ], "start": [ 138, 184, 204, 15, 33, 108, 145, 267, 290, 345, 491, 533, 585, 632, 706, 42, 164, 172, 18, 32, 89, 162, 374, 380, 433, 502, 521, 29, 81, 75, 110, 122, 144, 159, 449, 474, 95, 612, 1009, 125, 263, 280, 12, 24, 12, 27, 12, 24, 28, 12, 145, 12, 250, 28 ], "text": [ "Latin language", "Newnham College", "Girton College", "Summer Hill", "Birmingham", "Ayrshire", "Staffordshire", "Shrewsbury School", "St John's College, Cambridge", "Cambridge Union", "Cambridge Apostles", "Browne medal", "Classics", "Holy Orders", "Harrow", "Charlotte Amy May Kennedy", "Marion", "Julia", "prebendary", "Lichfield", "West Felton", "Shrewsbury School", "Latin", "professorship", "Kennedy Professor of Latin", "H. A. J. Munro", "J. E. B. Mayor", "Regius Professor of Greek", "Ely Cathedral", "New Testament", "Newnham", "Girton", "Mary Paley", "Amy Bulley", "Torquay", "Mill Road Cemetery, Cambridge", "primer", "Wheelock's Latin", "Cambridge Latin Course", "Marion Kennedy", "G. H. Hallam", "T. E. Page", "Sophocles", "Oedipus Tyrannus", "Aristophanes", "Birds", "Aeschylus", "Agamemnon", "Virgil", "Plato", "Greek", "Charles Rann Kennedy", "William Rann Kennedy", "\"Benjamin Hall Kennedy\"" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Benjamin Hall Kennedy\n", "Benjamin Hall Kennedy (6 November 1804 – 6 April 1889) was an English scholar and schoolmaster, known for his work in the teaching of the Latin language. He was an active supporter of Newnham College and Girton College as Cambridge University colleges for women.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "He was born at Summer Hill, near Birmingham, the eldest son of Rann Kennedy (1772–1851), of a branch of the Ayrshire family which had settled in Staffordshire. Rann was a scholar and man of letters, several of whose sons rose to distinction. Benjamin was educated at Shrewsbury School, and St John's College, Cambridge. He took frequent part in Cambridge Union debates and became president in 1825. In 1824 he was elected a member of the Cambridge Conversazione Society, better known as the Cambridge Apostles, and was a winner of a Browne medal. He was elected Fellow and lecturer in Classics at St John's College in 1828 and took Holy Orders the following year. In 1830, he became an assistant master at Harrow.\n", "In 1836, he, his wife and his first child Charlotte Amy May Kennedy returned to Shrewsbury when he became headmaster. While they were there Charlotte was joined by Marion, Julia, Edith and Arthur. \n", "In 1841 he became prebendary of Lichfield, and after leaving Shrewsbury he was rector of West Felton, Shropshire, from 1866 to 1868. He remained as headmaster of Shrewsbury School until 1866, the 30 years being marked by successes for his pupils, chiefly in Classics. When he retired, a large collection was made, and this was used on new school buildings and on founding a Latin professorship at Cambridge. The first holders of the Kennedy Professor of Latin chair were both former pupils of Kennedy, H. A. J. Munro and J. E. B. Mayor.\n", "In 1867, Kennedy was elected Regius Professor of Greek at Cambridge and canon of Ely Cathedral, serving in both posts until his death.\n", "From 1870 to 1880 he was a member of the committee for the revision of the New Testament. In 1870 he also became a member of the University Council.\n", "He supported the access of women to a university education, and took a prominent part in the establishment of Newnham and Girton colleges. When Mary Paley and Amy Bulley were among the first women to take tripos examinations they did it in the Kennedy's drawing room. Paley described him as excitable, but he would sometimes doze whilst nominally invigilating. He was nicknamed \"the purple boy\". In politics, he had liberal sympathies. He died near Torquay and is buried in Mill Road Cemetery, Cambridge.\n", "Section::::Writings.\n", "Kennedy wrote a number of classical and theological works, but he is most famous today for his primer of Latin grammar. This began as the \"Elementary Latin Primer\" (1843), which became the \"Public School Latin Primer\" (1866), the \"Public School Latin Grammar\" (1871), and finally the \"Revised Latin Primer\" (1888). The latter was further revised by J. F. Mountford in 1930 and is still widely used today. The medieval way of writing Latin noun tables, starting with the nominative and then proceeding to the genitive was used in England prior to Kennedy's Primer and is still widely used in America (e.g. in the Wheelock's Latin course). Kennedy changed the order of writing the noun endings so that the nominative was always followed by the accusative, in order to bring out the similarities between these cases in many nouns more effectively. Kennedy's Primer was so widely used and was so influential that this led to a permanent change in the way that Latin is taught in the UK. Modern books such as the \"Cambridge Latin Course\" still follow this approach.\n", "In 1913, there was a problem with the copyright on the \"Revised Latin Primer\" which had been published in 1888. His daughter Marion Kennedy, a Latin scholar, revealed that the book was written by herself, her sister Julia and two of her father's former students, G. H. Hallam and T. E. Page. It is unlikely that Kennedy had any hand in the revision of 1888, and the \"Shorter Latin Primer\" of the same year. The BBC Radio 4 programme in December 2018 \"Amo, Amas, Amusical\", presented by Professor Mary Beard, explained the background to the primer and the sisters‘ significant part in writing it, as well as the resistance to women‘s higher education at Cambridge and elsewhere during their lifetime. \n", "Other works are:\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Psalter in English Verse\" (1860)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Elementary Greek Grammar\" (1862)\n", "BULLET::::- Sophocles, \"Oedipus Tyrannus\" (2nd ed., 1885)\n", "BULLET::::- Aristophanes, \"Birds\" (1874)\n", "BULLET::::- Aeschylus, \"Agamemnon\", with introduction, metrical translation and notes (2nd ed., 1882)\n", "BULLET::::- A commentary on Virgil (3rd ed., 1881)\n", "BULLET::::- Plato, \"Theaetetus\", English translation (1881)\n", "He contributed largely to the collection known as \"Sabrinae Corolla\" (D. S. Colman, Shrewsbury, c. 1950), and published a collection of verse in Greek, Latin and English under the title of \"Between Whiles\" (2nd ed., 1882), with many autobiographical details.\n", "Section::::Family.\n", "His brother Charles Rann Kennedy was a barrister and wrote original works as well as translating and editing classical works. His younger brother The Rev. William James Kennedy (1814-1891) was a prominent educator, and the father of Lord Justice Sir William Rann Kennedy (1846–1915), a distinguished Cambridge scholar.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- This work in turn cites:\n", "BULLET::::- Sandys, \"A History of Classical Scholarship\" (Vol. III, Cambridge, 1908)\n", "BULLET::::- Page, Thomas E. \"Benjamin Hall Kennedy\". Article in the \"Dictionary of National Biography\", 1885-1900, Volume 30\n", "BULLET::::- Stray, Christopher. \"Marion Grace Kennedy\". Article in the \"Dictionary of National Biography\", 2004.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "English classical scholar and schoolmaster", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q4219395", "wikidata_label": "Benjamin Hall Kennedy", "wikipedia_title": "Benjamin Hall Kennedy" }

{ "end": [ 109, 135, 180, 204, 227, 261, 332, 404, 440, 476, 57, 157, 180, 225, 267, 284, 310, 338, 358, 395, 417, 503, 42, 68, 90, 114, 136, 156, 173, 219, 248, 275, 291, 314, 32, 66, 57, 103, 122, 184, 217, 106, 202, 265, 312, 386, 439, 567, 594, 679, 750, 53, 154, 224, 237, 286, 151, 177, 230, 287, 424, 459, 552, 67, 194, 276, 313, 377, 448, 468, 100, 114, 132, 150, 192, 256, 278, 313, 341, 385, 401, 42, 64, 85, 155, 53, 75, 94, 115, 162, 196, 255, 281, 333, 358, 432, 529, 553, 577, 75, 62, 78, 107, 195, 31, 57, 95, 48, 216, 256, 276, 59, 56, 67, 27, 54, 24, 49, 58, 58, 70, 37, 31, 22, 27, 53, 42, 80, 44, 22, 50, 50, 41, 60, 70, 77, 87, 23, 68, 20, 71, 31, 61, 72, 65, 76, 87, 74 ], "href": [ "Ruth%20Ellis", "Dance%20with%20a%20Stranger", "Academy%20Award", "Damage%20%281992%20film%29", "Tom%20%26amp%3B%20Viv", "BAFTA%20Award", "BAFTA%20Award%20for%20Best%20Actress%20in%20a%20Supporting%20Role", "Golden%20Globe%20Awards", "Enchanted%20April%20%281992%20film%29", "Fatherland%20%281994%20film%29", "West%20End%20theatre", "Laurence%20Olivier%20Award%20for%20Best%20Actress", "A%20Lie%20of%20the%20Mind", "Blackadder", "A%20Dance%20to%20the%20Music%20of%20Time", "Merlin%20%28TV%20miniseries%29", "The%20Lost%20Prince", "Gideon%27s%20Daughter", "sitcom", "The%20Life%20and%20Times%20of%20Vivienne%20Vyle", "Rubicon%20%28TV%20series%29", "Primetime%20Emmy%20Award%20for%20Outstanding%20Narrator", "Empire%20of%20the%20Sun%20%28film%29", "The%20Crying%20Game", "The%20Apostle", "Sleepy%20Hollow%20%28film%29", "Chicken%20Run", "The%20Hours%20%28film%29", "Spider%20%282002%20film%29", "Harry%20Potter%20and%20the%20Goblet%20of%20Fire%20%28film%29", "The%20Young%20Victoria", "Made%20in%20Dagenham", "Belle%20%282013%20film%29", "Stronger%20%282017%20film%29", "Southport", "married%20and%20maiden%20names", "Bristol%20Old%20Vic%20Theatre%20School", "Daniel%20Day-Lewis", "Jenny%20Seagrove", "Cinderella", "Lord%20Arthur%20Savile%27s%20Crime", "Manchester%20Central%20Library%23Library%20Theatre", "repertory%20theatre", "Queen%27s%20Theatre", "West%20End%20theatre", "Olivier%20Award", "A%20Lie%20of%20the%20Mind", "Orlando%20%28opera%29", "Edinburgh%20Festival", "Wallace%20Shawn", "Royal%20Court%20Theatre", "Ruth%20Ellis", "Dance%20with%20a%20Stranger", "Elizabeth%20I%20of%20England", "Queenie%20%28Blackadder%29", "Blackadder%20II", "Glenn%20Close", "Fatal%20Attraction", "Empire%20of%20the%20Sun%20%28film%29", "The%20Storyteller", "Blackadder%20the%20Third", "Blackadder%20Goes%20Forth", "Blackadder%27s%20Christmas%20Carol", "BBC%20Two", "The%20Sunday%20Times", "A%20Dance%20to%20the%20Music%20of%20Time", "St.%20Ives%20%281998%20film%29", "Absolutely%20Fabulous", "Mary%20of%20Teck", "The%20Lost%20Prince", "Vanessa%20Bell", "The%20Hours%20%28film%29", "Lady%20Van%20Tassel", "Sleepy%20Hollow%20%28film%29", "The%20Evening%20Star", "The%20Crying%20Game", "Enchanted%20April%20%281992%20film%29", "Golden%20Globe%20Award", "Academy%20Awards", "Damage%20%281992%20film%29", "Tom%20%26amp%3B%20Viv", "Kansas%20City%20%281996%20film%29", "The%20Apostle", "Wah-Wah%20%28film%29", "Spider%20%282002%20film%29", "Denmark", "The%20Prince%20and%20Me", "ballet", "Madame%20Giry", "Andrew%20Lloyd%20Webber", "The%20Phantom%20of%20the%20Opera%20%282004%20film%29", "List%20of%20supporting%20Harry%20Potter%20characters%23Rita%20Skeeter", "Harry%20Potter%20universe%23The%20Daily%20Prophet", "Harry%20Potter%20and%20the%20Goblet%20of%20Fire%20%28film%29", "Voice%20acting", "The%20Adventures%20of%20Bottle%20Top%20Bill%20and%20His%20Best%20Friend%20Corky", "Gideon%27s%20Daughter", "Mrs.%20Claus", "Fred%20Claus", "The%20Life%20and%20Times%20of%20Vivienne%20Vyle", "AMC%20%28TV%20channel%29", "Rubicon%20%28TV%20series%29", "Rubicon%20%28TV%20series%29%23Characters", "think%20tank", "Labour%20Party%20%28UK%29", "Barbara%20Castle", "Made%20in%20Dagenham", "Maleficent%20%28film%29", "Helen%20Edmundson", "J.%20B.%20Priestley", "An%20Inspector%20Calls%20%282015%20TV%20film%29", "falconry", "Derby%20Playhouse", "Lancaster%2C%20Lancashire", "Stags%20and%20Hens", "Derby%20Playhouse", "All%20My%20Sons", "Derby%20Playhouse", "Derby%20Playhouse", "Library%20Theatre", "Manchester", "Whose%20Life%20Is%20It%20Anyway%3F%20%28play%29", "Play%20It%20Again%2C%20Sam%20%281972%20film%29", "The%20History%20of%20Tom%20Jones%2C%20a%20Foundling", "Educating%20Rita", "Queen%27s%20Theatre", "The%20Table%20of%20the%20Two%20Horseman", "Bristol%20Theatre%20Royal", "Who%27s%20Afraid%20of%20Virginia%20Woolf%3F", "The%20Maids", "Bristol%20New%20Vic", "The%20Dukes%20%28Lancaster%29", "Newcastle%20upon%20Tyne", "Royal%20Court%20Theatre", "West%20End%20of%20London", "Royal%20National%20Theatre", "West%20End%20of%20London", "Etta%20Jenks", "Royal%20National%20Theatre", "Orlando%20%28opera%29", "Edinburgh%20International%20Festival", "Aunt%20Dan%20and%20Lemon", "Almeida%20Theatre", "Islington", "Wyndham%27s%20Theatre", "Carling%20Apollo", "Haymarket%20Theatre", "Royal%20Court%20Theatre" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 5, 5, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 15, 15, 15, 15, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 17, 18, 18, 18, 18, 19, 19, 19, 20, 20, 20, 20, 22, 24, 24, 25, 25, 26, 26, 27, 28, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 34, 35, 36, 36, 38, 39, 40, 40, 41, 41, 43, 44, 45, 45, 46, 46, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 ], "start": [ 99, 114, 167, 198, 218, 250, 283, 385, 425, 466, 49, 127, 163, 215, 239, 278, 295, 321, 352, 360, 410, 458, 25, 53, 79, 101, 125, 147, 167, 184, 230, 259, 286, 306, 23, 63, 27, 87, 108, 174, 191, 80, 185, 250, 304, 373, 422, 560, 576, 666, 731, 43, 133, 207, 230, 273, 140, 161, 213, 272, 404, 438, 524, 62, 178, 248, 305, 358, 438, 453, 88, 105, 117, 137, 176, 241, 263, 301, 328, 379, 392, 31, 53, 78, 149, 46, 58, 88, 104, 143, 172, 243, 268, 298, 353, 373, 512, 543, 567, 40, 59, 71, 91, 185, 25, 43, 79, 38, 199, 239, 258, 51, 41, 58, 13, 39, 13, 34, 43, 43, 60, 13, 13, 13, 13, 38, 13, 59, 13, 13, 35, 33, 32, 41, 62, 61, 79, 13, 46, 13, 39, 13, 46, 63, 48, 62, 63, 55 ], "text": [ "Ruth Ellis", "Dance with a Stranger", "Academy Award", "Damage", "Tom & Viv", "BAFTA Award", "BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role", "Golden Globe Awards", "Enchanted April", "Fatherland", "West End", "Olivier Award for Best Actress", "A Lie of the Mind", "Blackadder", "A Dance to the Music of Time", "Merlin", "The Lost Prince", "Gideon's Daughter", "sitcom", "The Life and Times of Vivienne Vyle", "Rubicon", "Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Narrator", "Empire of the Sun", "The Crying Game", "The Apostle", "Sleepy Hollow", "Chicken Run", "The Hours", "Spider", "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire", "The Young Victoria", "Made in Dagenham", "Belle", "Stronger", "Southport", "née", "Bristol Old Vic Theatre School", "Daniel Day-Lewis", "Jenny Seagrove", "Cinderella", "Lord Arthur Savile's Crime", "Manchester Library Theatre", "repertory theatre", "Queen's Theatre", "West End", "Olivier Award", "A Lie of the Mind", "Orlando", "Edinburgh Festival", "Wallace Shawn", "Royal Court Theatre", "Ruth Ellis", "Dance with a Stranger", "Queen Elizabeth I", "Queenie", "Blackadder II", "Glenn Close", "Fatal Attraction", "Empire of the Sun", "The Storyteller", "Blackadder the Third", "Blackadder Goes Forth", "Blackadder's Christmas Carol", "BBC 2", "The Sunday Times", "A Dance to the Music of Time", "St. Ives", "Absolutely Fabulous", "Queen Mary", "The Lost Prince", "Vanessa Bell", "The Hours", "Lady Van Tassel", "Sleepy Hollow", "The Evening Star", "The Crying Game", "Enchanted April", "Golden Globe", "Academy Award", "Damage", "Tom & Viv", "Kansas City", "The Apostle", "Wah-Wah", "Spider", "Denmark", "The Prince and Me", "ballet", "Madame Giry", "Andrew Lloyd Webber", "The Phantom Of The Opera", "Rita Skeeter", "Daily Prophet", "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire", "voice", "The Adventures of Bottle Top Bill and His Best Friend Corky", "Gideon's Daughter", "Mrs. Claus", "Fred Claus", "The Life and Times of Vivienne Vyle", "AMC", "Rubicon", "Katherine Rhumor", "think tank", "Labour", "Barbara Castle", "Made in Dagenham", "Maleficent", "Helen Edmundson's", "J. B. Priestley's", "An Inspector Calls", "falconry", "Derby Playhouse", "Lancaster", "Stags and Hens", "Derby Playhouse", "All My Sons", "Derby Playhouse", "Derby Playhouse", "Library Theatre", "Manchester", "Whose Life Is It Anyway?", "Play It Again, Sam", "Tom Jones", "Educating Rita", "Queen's Theatre", "The Table of the Two Horseman", "Bristol Theatre Royal", "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?", "The Maids", "Bristol New Vic", "The Dukes Theatre", "Newcastle", "Royal Court Theatre", "West End", "National Theatre", "West End", "Etta Jenks", "Royal National Theatre", "Orlando", "Edinburgh International Festival", "Aunt Dan and Lemon", "Almeida Theatre", "Islington", "Wyndham's Theatre", "Carling Apollo", "Theatre Royal, Haymarket", "Royal Court Theatre" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Miranda Richardson\n", "Miranda Jane Richardson (born 3 March 1958) is an English actress. She made her film debut playing Ruth Ellis in \"Dance with a Stranger\" (1985) and went on to receive Academy Award nominations for \"Damage\" (1992) and \"Tom & Viv\" (1994). A seven-time BAFTA Award nominee, she won the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for \"Damage\". She has also been nominated for seven Golden Globe Awards, winning twice for \"Enchanted April\" (1992) and the TV film \"Fatherland\" (1994). \n", "Richardson began her career in 1979 and made her West End debut in the 1981 play \"Moving\", before being nominated for the 1987 Olivier Award for Best Actress for \"A Lie of the Mind\". Her television credits include \"Blackadder\" (1986–89), \"A Dance to the Music of Time\" (1997), \"Merlin\" (1998), \"The Lost Prince\" (2003), \"Gideon's Daughter\" (2006), the sitcom \"The Life and Times of Vivienne Vyle\" (2007), and \"Rubicon\" (2010). She was nominated for the 2015 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Narrator for \"Operation Orangutan\".\n", "Her other films include \"Empire of the Sun\" (1987), \"The Crying Game\" (1992), \"The Apostle\" (1997), \"Sleepy Hollow\" (1999), \"Chicken Run\" (2000), \"The Hours\" (2002), \"Spider\" (2002), \"Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire\" (2005), \"The Young Victoria\" (2009), \"Made in Dagenham\" (2010), \"Belle\" (2013), and \"Stronger\" (2017).\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Richardson was born in Southport, England, to Marian Georgina (née Townsend), a housewife, and William Alan Richardson, a marketing executive, and was their second daughter.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Section::::Career.:Theatre.\n", "Richardson enrolled at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School, where she studied alongside Daniel Day-Lewis and Jenny Seagrove, having started out with juvenile performances in \"Cinderella\" and \"Lord Arthur Savile's Crime\" at the Southport Dramatic Club.\n", "Richardson has enjoyed a successful and extensive theatre career, first joining Manchester Library Theatre in 1979 as an assistant stage manager, followed by a number of appearances in repertory theatre. Her London stage debut was in \"Moving\" at the Queen's Theatre in 1981. She found recognition in the West End for a series of stage performances, ultimately receiving an Olivier Award nomination for her performance in \"A Lie of the Mind\", and, in 1996, one critic asserted that she is \"the greatest actress of our time in any medium\" after she appeared in \"Orlando\" at the Edinburgh Festival. She returned to the London stage in May 2009 to play the lead role in Wallace Shawn's new play, \"Grasses of a Thousand Colours\" at the Royal Court Theatre. Richardson has said that she prefers new work rather than the classics because of the history which goes with them.\n", "Section::::Career.:Film and television.\n", "In 1985, Richardson made her film debut as Ruth Ellis, the last woman to be hanged in the United Kingdom, in the biographical drama \"Dance with a Stranger\". Around the same time, Richardson played a comedic Queen Elizabeth I, aka Queenie, in the British television comedy \"Blackadder II\".\n", "Following \"Dance with a Stranger\", Richardson turned down numerous parts in which her character was unstable or disreputable, including the Glenn Close role in \"Fatal Attraction\". In this period, she appeared in \"Empire of the Sun\" (1987). In an episode of the TV series \"The Storyteller\" (\"The Three Ravens\", 1988), she played a witch. Meanwhile, she had returned in guest roles in one episode each in \"Blackadder the Third\" (1987) and \"Blackadder Goes Forth\" (1989). She returned to play Queenie in the Christmas special \"Blackadder's Christmas Carol\" (1988) and, later, a special edition for the millennium \"\".\n", "Her portrayal of a troubled theatre goer in \"Secret Friends\" (BBC 2, 1990) was described as \"a miniature tour de force... Miranda Richardson's finest hour, all in ten minutes\" (\"The Sunday Times\"). Other television roles include Pamela Flitton in \"A Dance to the Music of Time\" (1997), Miss Gilchrist in \"St. Ives\" (1998), Bettina the interior decorator in \"Absolutely Fabulous\", Queen Elspeth, Snow White's stepmother, in \"\" (2001), and Queen Mary in \"The Lost Prince\" (2003).\n", "Richardson has appeared in a number of high-profile supporting roles in film, including Vanessa Bell in \"The Hours\", Lady Van Tassel in \"Sleepy Hollow\" and Patsy Carpenter in \"The Evening Star\". She also won acclaim for her performances in \"The Crying Game\" and \"Enchanted April\", for which she won a Golden Globe. She received Academy Award nominations for her performances in \"Damage\" and \"Tom & Viv\".\n", "Her film credits also include \"Kansas City\" (1996), \"The Apostle\" (1997) and \"Wah-Wah\" (2005). In 2002, she performed a triple-role in the thriller \"Spider\".\n", "Richardson also appeared as Queen Rosalind of Denmark in \"The Prince and Me\" and as the ballet mistress Madame Giry in the film version of the Andrew Lloyd Webber musical \"The Phantom Of The Opera\" (2004). In 2005, she appeared in the role of Rita Skeeter, the toxic \"Daily Prophet\" journalist in \"Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire\". She also did the voice for Corky in \"The Adventures of Bottle Top Bill and His Best Friend Corky\" (2005), an Australian animated series for children. In 2006, she appeared in \"Gideon's Daughter\". She played Mrs. Claus in the film \"Fred Claus\" (2007).\n", "Richardson appeared in the BBC sitcom, \"The Life and Times of Vivienne Vyle\". She appeared as a guest in \"A Taste of My Life\".\n", "In 2008, Richardson was cast in a leading role in original AMC pilot, \"Rubicon\". She plays Katherine Rhumor, a New York socialite who finds herself drawn into the central intrigue of a think tank after the death of her husband.\n", "Additionally, she played Labour politician Barbara Castle in the British film \"Made in Dagenham\".\n", "Richardson was cast as Queen Ulla in \"Maleficent\", where she was to play the titular character's aunt, but her role was cut from the film during post-production. In 2015, she played Sybil Birling in Helen Edmundson's BBC One adaptation of J. B. Priestley's \"An Inspector Calls\".\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Richardson has never married. She is interested in falconry.\n", "Section::::Theatre roles.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Savage Amusement\" (Hazel) – Derby Playhouse, Lancaster\n", "BULLET::::- \"Stags and Hens\" (Linda) – Derby Playhouse, Lancaster\n", "BULLET::::- \"All My Sons\" (Ann) – Derby Playhouse, Lancaster\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sisterly Feelings\" (Brenda) – Derby Playhouse, Lancaster\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ten Times Table\" (Phillipa) – Library Theatre, Manchester\n", "BULLET::::- \"Whose Life Is It Anyway?\" (Kay Sadler) – Library Theatre, Manchester\n", "BULLET::::- \"Play It Again, Sam\" (Linda Christie) – Library Theatre, Manchester\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tom Jones\" (Sophie Western) – Library Theatre, Manchester\n", "BULLET::::- \"Educating Rita\" (Rita) – Haymarket Theatre, Leicester\n", "BULLET::::- \"Moving\" (Jane Gladwin) – Queen's Theatre (1980/1)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Table of the Two Horseman\" (Katie Wyld) – Bristol Theatre Royal (9 March 1983/2 April 1983)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?\" (Honey) – Bristol Theatre Royal (6 April 1983/30 April 1983)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Maids\" (Madame) – Bristol New Vic (27 September 1983/22 October 1983)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Insignificance\" (The Actress) – Bristol New Vic (25 October 1983/19 December 1983)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Life of Einstein\" – The Dukes Theatre, Lancaster (1984)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Edmond\" (Glenna) – Newcastle (1985)\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Lie of the Mind\" (Beth) – Royal Court Theatre, West End (1987)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Changeling\" (Beatrice-Joanna) – (Lyttelton) National Theatre, West End (1988)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mountain Language\" (Young Woman) – (Lyttelton) National Theatre, West End (1988)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Etta Jenks\" (Etta Jenks) – Royal Court Theatre, West End (1990)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Designated Mourner\" (Judy) – Royal National Theatre, West End (1996)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Orlando\" (Orlando) – 50th Edinburgh International Festival (11/21 August 1996)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Aunt Dan and Lemon\" (Aunt Dan) – Almeida Theatre, Islington, London (5 May/5 June 1999)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Play What I Wrote\" (Herself) – Wyndham's Theatre, West End (30 January 2002, 5 May 2002, 2 January 2003)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Comic Aid 2005\" – (Herself – Asia Tsunami Aid) – Carling Apollo, West End (22 February 2005)\n", "BULLET::::- \"One Knight Only\" – (Herself – Asia Tsunami Aid) – Theatre Royal, Haymarket, West End (20 March 2005)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Grasses of a thousand colours\" (Cerise) – Royal Court Theatre (May 2009)\n", "Section::::Filmography.\n", "Section::::Filmography.:Television.\n", "1998 \"Merlin\" (Hallmark TV special) as Queen Mab\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Miranda Jane Richardson" ] }, "description": "English actress", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q229241", "wikidata_label": "Miranda Richardson", "wikipedia_title": "Miranda Richardson" }

{ "end": [ 56, 66, 77, 174, 299, 380, 187, 336, 125, 94, 84, 193, 301, 391, 246, 47, 50, 39, 28 ], "href": [ "Bangkok", "Thailand", "Thailand", "United%20Nations%20Conference%20on%20Trade%20and%20Development", "World%20Trade%20Organization", "Pascal%20Lamy", "Thai%20Military%20Bank", "Asian%20financial%20crisis", "Mike%20Moore%20%28New%20Zealand%20politician%29", "United%20Nations%20Conference%20on%20Trade%20and%20Development", "PhD", "Erasmus%20University", "Jan%20Tinbergen", "Cambridge%20University", "Mark%20Clifford", "https%3A//web.archive.org/web/20100921103855/http%3A//www.unctad.org/Templates/StartPage.asp%3FintItemID%3D3535%26amp%3Blang%3D1", "https%3A//web.archive.org/web/20101204034846/http%3A//www.unctad.org/Templates/Page.asp%3FintItemID%3D3548%26amp%3Blang%3D1", "https%3A//www.un.org/en/oaj/files/undt/judgments/undt-2012-136.pdf", "http%3A//www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/dg_e/sp_e.htm" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11 ], "start": [ 49, 58, 73, 136, 275, 369, 169, 314, 115, 56, 81, 175, 288, 371, 233, 12, 12, 12, 12 ], "text": [ "Bangkok", "Thailand", "Thai", "UN Conference on Trade and Development", "World Trade Organization", "Pascal Lamy", "Thai Military Bank", "Asian financial crisis", "Mike Moore", "UN Conference on Trade and Development", "PhD", "Erasmus University", "Jan Tinbergen", "Cambridge University", "Mark Clifford", "UNCTAD - Secretary-General's Office", "UNCTAD - Secretary-General's Biography", "UNDT judgment UNDT/2012/136", "Biography at WTO" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Supachai Panitchpakdi\n", "Supachai Panitchpakdi (, , ; born 30 May 1946 in Bangkok, Thailand) is a Thai politician and professor. He was Secretary-General of the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) from 1 September 2005 to 31 August 2013. Prior to this, he was the Director-General of the World Trade Organization (WTO) from 1 September 2002 to 1 September 2005. He was succeeded by Pascal Lamy.\n", "In 1986 Supachai Panitchpakdi was appointed as Thailand's Deputy Minister of Finance, but when parliament was dissolved in 1988 he left politics and became president of Thai Military Bank. In 1992 he returned to politics and became deputy prime minister until 1995, responsible for trade and economics. During the Asian financial crisis in November 1997 he returned to be deputy prime minister and also became minister of commerce.\n", "In September 1999 he was elected to become Director-General of the World Trade Organization, sharing the post with Mike Moore when a decision could not be reached. Taking the second half of the six-year term, he entered office on 1 September 2002.\n", "In March 2005 he was appointed Secretary-General of the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) following his term at the WTO, a post he took up in late-2005. He was appointed for a second four-year term in September 2009. Keen to reform and revitalise the organisation, he has established a Panel of Eminent Persons to oversee the start of reform of UNCTAD.\n", "Supachai received his master's degree in economics, development planning and his PhD in economic planning and development at the Netherlands School of Economics (now known as Erasmus University) in Rotterdam. In 1973, he completed his doctoral dissertation under supervision of Professor Jan Tinbergen, the first Nobel laureate in economics. In the same year, he went to Cambridge University as a visiting fellow to conduct research on development models.\n", "He published numerous books, including \"Educational Growth in Developing Countries\" (1974), \"Globalization and Trade in the New Millennium\" (2001) and \"China and the WTO: Changing China, Changing World Trade\" (2002, co-authored with Mark Clifford).\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- UNCTAD - Secretary-General's Office\n", "BULLET::::- UNCTAD - Secretary-General's Biography\n", "BULLET::::- UNDT judgment UNDT/2012/136\n", "BULLET::::- Biography at WTO\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "New Zealand diplomat", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q473046", "wikidata_label": "Supachai Panitchpakdi", "wikipedia_title": "Supachai Panitchpakdi" }

{ "end": [ 19, 69, 83, 44, 92, 100, 129, 259, 337, 383, 474, 607, 54, 84, 128, 302, 397, 449, 38, 247, 93, 44, 47, 47, 51, 32, 36, 51, 33, 65, 37, 77, 132, 146, 124, 164 ], "href": [ "Fellow%20of%20the%20Royal%20Society", "England", "mathematician", "Nonconformism", "Rye%2C%20East%20Sussex", "Sussex", "Hastings", "Peckham", "University%20College%2C%20London", "Augustus%20De%20Morgan", "University%20of%20London", "Wimbledon%2C%20London%2C%20England", "St%20John%27s%20College%2C%20Cambridge", "senior%20wrangler", "Smith%27s%20Prize", "Royal%20Society", "Adams%20Prize", "Royal%20Society", "Mill%20Road%20Cemetery%2C%20Cambridge", "tripos", "https%3A//archive.org/details/atreatiseondiff05todhgoog", "https%3A//archive.org/details/3rdtreatiseonana00todhuoft", "https%3A//archive.org/details/treatiseonintegr00todhuoft", "https%3A//archive.org/details/treatiseondiffer00todhuoft", "https%3A//archive.org/details/treatiseonplanec00todhuoft", "https%3A//archive.org/details/keytoplanetrigon00todhuoft", "https%3A//archive.org/details/sphericaltrigono19770gut", "https%3A//archive.org/details/historyofprogres00todhuoft", "https%3A//archive.org/details/elementarytreati00todhuoft", "https%3A//archive.org/details/examplesofanalyt00todhuoft", "https%3A//archive.org/details/mechanicsforbegi00todhuoft", "https%3A//archive.org/details/elementarytrelap00todhuoft", "https%3A//archive.org/details/pt1historyoftheo02todhuoft", "https%3A//archive.org/details/historyoftheoryo02todhuoft", "Karl%20Pearson", "William%20Whewell" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 25, 26, 26, 28, 28 ], "start": [ 16, 62, 70, 31, 89, 94, 121, 252, 311, 365, 457, 598, 26, 69, 115, 289, 386, 436, 20, 241, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 119, 132, 112, 149 ], "text": [ "FRS", "English", "mathematician", "Nonconformist", "Rye", "Sussex", "Hastings", "Peckham", "University College, London", "Augustus De Morgan", "London University", "Wimbledon", "St John's College, Cambridge", "senior wrangler", "Smith's Prize", "Royal Society", "Adams Prize", "Royal Society", "Mill Road cemetery", "tripos", "\"Treatise on the Differential Calculus and the Elements of the Integral Calculus\"", "\"Treatise on Analytical Statics\"", "\"Treatise on the Integral Calculus\"", "\"Treatise on differential Calculus\"", "\"Treatise on Plane Coordinate Geometry\"", "\"Plane Trigonometry\"", "\"Spherical Trigonometry\"", "\"History of the Calculus of Variations\"", "\"Theory of Equations\"", "\"Examples of Analytical Geometry of Three Dimensions\"", "\"Mechanics for Beginners\"", "\"Elementary Treatise on Laplace's, Lamé's and Bessel's Functions\"", "\" Vol I PtI \"", "\"Vol II Pt II\"", "Karl Pearson", "William Whewell" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Isaac Todhunter\n", "Isaac Todhunter FRS (23 November 1820 – 1 March 1884), was an English mathematician who is best known today for the books he wrote on mathematics and its history.\n", "Section::::Life and work.\n", "The son of George Todhunter, a Nonconformist minister, and Mary née Hume, he was born at Rye, Sussex. He was educated at Hastings, where his mother had opened a school after the death of his father in 1826. He became an assistant master at a school at Peckham, attending at the same time evening classes at the University College, London where he was influenced by Augustus De Morgan. In 1842 he obtained a mathematical scholarship and graduated as B.A. at London University, where he was awarded the gold medal on the M.A. examination. About this time he became mathematical master at a school at Wimbledon.\n", "In 1844 Todhunter entered St John's College, Cambridge, where he was senior wrangler in 1848, and gained the first Smith's Prize and the Burney Prize; and in 1849 he was elected to a fellowship, and began his life of college lecturer and private tutor. In 1862 he was made a fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1865 a member of the Mathematical Society of London. In 1871 he gained the Adams Prize and was elected to the council of the Royal Society. He was elected honorary fellow of St John's in 1874, having resigned his fellowship on his marriage in 1864. In 1880 his eyesight began to fail, and shortly afterwards he was attacked with paralysis.\n", "He is buried in the Mill Road cemetery, Cambridge.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Todhunter married 13 August 1864 Louisa Anna Maria, eldest daughter of Captain (afterwards Admiral) George Davies, R.N. (at that time head of the county constabulary force). He died on 1 March 1884, at his residence, 6 Brookside, Cambridge. A mural tablet and medallion portrait were placed in the ante-chapel of his college by his widow, who, with four sons and one daughter, survived him.\n", "He was a sound Latin and Greek scholar, familiar with French, German, Spanish, Italian, and also Russian, Hebrew, and Sanskrit. He was well versed in the history of philosophy, and on three occasions acted as examiner for the moral sciences tripos.\n", "Section::::Selected writings.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Treatise on the Differential Calculus and the Elements of the Integral Calculus\" (1852, 6th ed., 1873)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Treatise on Analytical Statics\" (1853, 4th ed., 1874)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Treatise on the Integral Calculus\" (1857, 4th ed., 1874)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Treatise on Algebra\" (1858, 6th ed., 1871)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Treatise on differential Calculus\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Treatise on Plane Coordinate Geometry\" (1858, 3rd ed., 1861)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Plane Trigonometry\" (1859, 4th ed., 1869)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Spherical Trigonometry\" (1859)\n", "BULLET::::- \"History of the Calculus of Variations\" (1861)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Theory of Equations\" (1861, 2nd ed. 1875)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Examples of Analytical Geometry of Three Dimensions\" (1858, 3rd ed., 1873)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mechanics for Beginners\" (1867)\n", "BULLET::::- \"A History of the Mathematical Theory of Probability from the Time of Pascal to that of Laplace\" (1865)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Researches in the Calculus of Variations\" (1871)\n", "BULLET::::- \"History of the Mathematical Theories of Attraction and Figure of the Earth from Newton to Laplace\" (1873)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Elementary Treatise on Laplace's, Lamé's and Bessel's Functions\" (1875)\n", "BULLET::::- \"A history of the theory of elasticity and of the strength of materials from Galilei to the present time \" \" Vol I PtI \"\"Vol II Pt II\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Natural Philosophy for Beginners\" (1877).\n", "An unfinished work, \"The History of the Theory of Elasticity\", was edited and published posthumously in 1886 by Karl Pearson. A biographical work on William Whewell was published in 1876, in addition to many original papers in scientific journals.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Attribution\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Obituary notices: \"Proc. Lond. Math. Soc.\" (1884) and \"Proc. Roy. Soc.\" 37, p. xxvvii (1884)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "English mathematician (1820-1884)", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1398945", "wikidata_label": "Isaac Todhunter", "wikipedia_title": "Isaac Todhunter" }

{ "end": [ 71, 14, 45, 56, 152, 226, 263, 326, 422, 440, 466, 481, 498, 511, 530, 44, 78, 40, 89, 120, 150, 169, 186, 206, 258, 35, 60, 69, 51, 25, 44, 26, 46, 27, 24, 27, 31, 28, 27, 22, 42, 27, 31, 43, 38, 34, 30, 36, 26, 25, 23, 27, 30, 31, 43, 32, 26, 33, 28, 22, 29, 26, 33, 25, 23, 32, 38, 41, 32, 29, 28, 33, 29, 53, 33, 27, 28, 30, 26, 38, 36, 29, 30, 30, 30, 30, 26, 34, 34, 27, 25, 27, 32, 18, 46, 34, 34, 34, 37, 29, 20, 33, 36, 34, 46, 32, 30, 29, 37, 36, 24, 31, 32, 30, 36, 31, 32, 37 ], "href": [ "Austria", "Vienna", "dancer", "singer", "pin-up%20girl", "propaganda", "World%20War%20I", "Universum%20Film%20AG", "comedy%20film", "Germany", "Willi%20Forst", "Bruno%20Kastner", "Georg%20Alexander", "Theo%20Lingen", "Heinz%20R%C3%BChmann", "Hollywood", "Switzerland", "Lady%20Hamilton%20%281921%20film%29", "Lucrezia%20Borgia%20%281922%20film%29", "The%20Csardas%20Princess%20%281927%20film%29", "operetta", "Emmerich%20Kalman", "talkie", "The%20Song%20Is%20Ended", "Ungek%C3%BCsst%20soll%20man%20nicht%20schlafen%20gehn", "Grit%20Haid", "Schwarzwald", "Germany", "With%20Heart%20and%20Hand%20for%20the%20Fatherland", "Summer%20Idyll", "With%20God%20for%20Emperor%20and%20Empire", "The%20Vagabonds%20%281916%20film%29", "The%20Tragedy%20of%20Castle%20Rottersheim", "On%20the%20Heights", "Lebenswogen", "The%20Black%20Hand%20%281917%20film%29", "The%20Stain%20of%20Shame", "The%20Spendthrift%20%281917%20film%29", "Double%20Suicide%20%281918%20film%29", "Rigoletto%20%281918%20film%29", "So%20fallen%20die%20Lose%20des%20Lebens", "The%20Ancestress", "The%20Master%20of%20Life", "Let%20the%20Little%20Ones%20Come%20to%20Me", "Durch%20Wahrheit%20zum%20Narren", "Freut%20Euch%20des%20Lebens", "The%20Dancing%20Death", "The%20Voice%20of%20Conscience%20%281920%20film%29", "Der%20Leiermann", "Eva%2C%20The%20Sin", "Verschneit", "Doctor%20Ruhland", "Light%20of%20His%20Life", "The%20Woman%20in%20White%20%281921%20film%29", "The%20Films%20of%20Princess%20Fantoche", "The%20Story%20of%20a%20Maid", "Lady%20Hamilton%20%281921%20film%29", "Money%20in%20the%20Streets", "Lucrezia%20Borgia%20%281922%20film%29", "Explosion%20%281923%20film%29", "The%20Slipper%20Hero", "Southern%20Love", "The%20Island%20of%20Dreams", "Fire%20of%20Love%20%281925%20film%29", "I%20Love%20You%20%281925%20film%29", "The%20White%20Horse%20Inn%20%281926%20film%29", "The%20Brothers%20Schellenberg", "The%20Uncle%20from%20the%20Provinces", "The%20Son%20of%20Hannibal%20%281926%20film%29", "When%20I%20Came%20Back", "The%20White%20Slave%20%28film%29", "The%20Dashing%20Archduke", "The%20Golden%20Abyss", "The%20Dollar%20Princess%20and%20her%20Six%20Admirers", "The%20Csardas%20Princess%20%281927%20film%29", "The%20Last%20Waltz%20%281927%20film%29", "The%20Women%27s%20War%20%28film%29", "The%20Lady%20in%20Black%20%281928%20film%29", "Two%20Red%20Roses", "Vienna%2C%20City%20of%20My%20Dreams%20%281928%20film%29", "Spy%20of%20Madame%20Pompadour", "Ship%20in%20Distress%20%281929%20film%29", "Play%20Around%20a%20Man", "Black%20Forest%20Girl%20%281929%20film%29", "The%20Great%20Longing", "The%20Song%20Is%20Ended", "Twice%20Married", "The%20Immortal%20Vagabond%20%281930%20film%29", "My%20Cousin%20from%20Warsaw", "Kaiserliebchen", "Zirkus%20Leben", "The%20Opera%20Ball%20%281931%20film%29", "The%20Men%20Around%20Lucy", "Grock%20%28film%29", "I%20Do%20Not%20Want%20to%20Know%20Who%20You%20Are", "The%20Prince%20of%20Arcadia", "Der%20Diamant%20des%20Zaren", "Madame%20Makes%20Her%20Exit", "Madame%20Wants%20No%20Children%20%281933%20film%29", "A%20Woman%20Like%20You%20%281933%20film%29", "Typhoon%20%281933%20film%29", "The%20Star%20of%20Valencia", "The%20Castle%20in%20the%20South", "Keine%20Angst%20vor%20Liebe", "Ihre%20Durchlaucht%2C%20die%20Verk%C3%A4uferin", "Tell%20Me%20Who%20You%20Are%20%281933%20film%29", "Roman%20einer%20Nacht", "An%20Evening%20Visit", "Bei%20der%20blonden%20Kathrein", "Die%20Fahrt%20in%20die%20Jugend", "Dance%20Music%20%28film%29", "Whom%20the%20Gods%20Love%20%281936%20film%29", "Wer%20zuletzt%20k%C3%BC%C3%9Ft...", "Peter%20in%20the%20Snow", "Die%20unvollkommene%20Liebe", "Die%20f%C3%BCnf%20Karnickel", "Centenarian", "http%3A//film.virtual-history.com/person.php%3Fpersonid%3D272" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 99 ], "start": [ 64, 8, 39, 50, 146, 216, 248, 323, 411, 434, 455, 468, 483, 500, 517, 35, 67, 27, 74, 100, 142, 154, 180, 189, 220, 26, 49, 62, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 12, 12 ], "text": [ "Austria", "Vienna", "dancer", "singer", "pin-up", "propaganda", "First World War", "UFA", "comedy film", "German", "Willi Forst", "Bruno Kastner", "Georg Alexander", "Theo Lingen", "Heinz Rühmann", "Hollywood", "Switzerland", "Lady Hamilton", "Lucrezia Borgia", "The Csardas Princess", "operetta", "Emmerich Kálmán", "talkie", "The Song Is Ended", "Ungeküsst soll man nicht schlafen gehn", "Grit Haid", "Schwarzwald", "Germany", "With Heart and Hand for the Fatherland", "Summer Idyll", "With God for Emperor and Empire", "The Vagabonds", "The Tragedy of Castle Rottersheim", "On the Heights", "Lebenswogen", "The Black Hand", "The Stain of Shame", "The Spendthrift", "Double Suicide", "Rigoletto", "So fallen die Lose des Lebens", "The Ancestress", "The Master of Life", "Let the Little Ones Come to Me", "Durch Wahrheit zum Narren", "Freut Euch des Lebens", "The Dancing Death", "The Voice of Conscience", "Der Leiermann", "Eva, The Sin", "Verschneit", "Doctor Ruhland", "Light of His Life", "The Woman in White", "The Films of Princess Fantoche", "The Story of a Maid", "Lady Hamilton", "Money in the Streets", "Lucrezia Borgia", "Explosion", "The Slipper Hero", "Southern Love", "The Island of Dreams", "Fire of Love", "I Love You", "The White Horse Inn", "The Brothers Schellenberg", "The Uncle from the Provinces", "The Son of Hannibal", "When I Came Back", "The White Slave", "The Dashing Archduke", "The Golden Abyss", "The Dollar Princess and her Six Admirers", "The Csardas Princess", "The Last Waltz", "The Women's War", "The Lady in Black", "Two Red Roses", "Vienna, City of My Dreams", "Spy of Madame Pompadour", "Ship in Distress", "Play Around a Man", "Black Forest Girl", "The Great Longing", "The Song Is Ended", "Twice Married", "The Immortal Vagabond", "My Cousin from Warsaw", "Kaiserliebchen", "Zirkus Leben", "The Opera Ball", "The Men Around Lucy", "Grock", "I Do Not Want to Know Who You Are", "The Prince of Arcadia", "Der Diamant des Zaren", "Madame Makes Her Exit", "Madame Wants No Children", "A Woman Like You", "Typhoon", "The Star of Valencia", "The Castle in the South", "Keine Angst vor Liebe", "Ihre Durchlaucht, die Verkäuferin", "Tell Me Who You Are", "Roman einer Nacht", "An Evening Visit", "Bei der blonden Kathrein", "Die Fahrt in die Jugend", "Dance Music", "Whom the Gods Love", "Wer zuletzt küßt...", "Peter in the Snow", "Die unvollkommene Liebe", "Die fünf Karnickel", "List of centenarians", "Photographs of Liane Haid" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Liane Haid\n", "Juliane \"Liane\" Haid (16 August 1895 – 28 November 2000) was an Austrian actress who has often been referred to as Austria's first movie star.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Born in Vienna, Haid trained both as a dancer and singer and became the epitome of the \"Süßes Wiener Mädel\" (\"Sweet Viennese Girl\") and a popular pin-up throughout the 1920s and 1930s. Her first motion picture was a propaganda film made during the First World War, \"Mit Herz und Hand fürs Vaterland\" (1916). She worked for UFA and, as a trained singer, easily made the transition to the sound era, appearing in comedy films alongside German stars such as Willi Forst, Bruno Kastner, Georg Alexander, Theo Lingen, and Heinz Rühmann.\n", "Having refused several offers from Hollywood, she left Germany for Switzerland in 1942 \"because of the regime, because everything was bombed, and because all the good directors had left\". She married Carl Spycher and also ended her film career.\n", "Her notable films include \"Lady Hamilton\" (1921; her breakthrough role); \"Lucrezia Borgia\" (1922); \"The Csardas Princess\" (1927, based on the operetta by Emmerich Kálmán); and the talkies \"The Song Is Ended\" (1930) and \"Ungeküsst soll man nicht schlafen gehn\" (1936). She made her last film appearance in 1953.\n", "The sister of the actress Grit Haid, who died in Schwarzwald, Germany, in 1938, aged 38.\n", "Section::::Filmography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"With Heart and Hand for the Fatherland\" (1915)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Summer Idyll\" (1916)\n", "BULLET::::- \"With God for Emperor and Empire\" (1916)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Vagabonds\" (1916)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Tragedy of Castle Rottersheim\" (1916)\n", "BULLET::::- \"On the Heights\" (1916)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Lebenswogen\" (1917)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Black Hand\" (1917)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Stain of Shame\" (1917)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Spendthrift\" (1917)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Double Suicide\" (1918)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rigoletto\" (1918)\n", "BULLET::::- \"So fallen die Lose des Lebens\" (1918)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Ancestress\" (1919)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Master of Life\" (1920)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Let the Little Ones Come to Me\" (1920)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Durch Wahrheit zum Narren\" (1920)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Freut Euch des Lebens\" (1920)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Dancing Death\" (1920)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Voice of Conscience\" (1920)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Der Leiermann\" (1920)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Eva, The Sin\" (1920)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Verschneit\" (1920)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Doctor Ruhland\" (1920)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Light of His Life\" (1921)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Woman in White\" (1921)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Films of Princess Fantoche\" (1921)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Story of a Maid\" (1921)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Lady Hamilton\" (1921)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Money in the Streets\" (1922)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Lucrezia Borgia\" (1922)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Explosion\" (1923)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Slipper Hero\" (1923)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Southern Love\" (1924)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Island of Dreams\" (1925)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fire of Love\" (1925)\n", "BULLET::::- \"I Love You\" (1925)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The White Horse Inn\" (1926)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Brothers Schellenberg\" (1926)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Uncle from the Provinces\" (1926)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Son of Hannibal\" (1926)\n", "BULLET::::- \"When I Came Back\" (1926)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The White Slave\" (1927)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Dashing Archduke\" (1927)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Golden Abyss\" (1927)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Dollar Princess and her Six Admirers\" (1927)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Csardas Princess\" (1927)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Last Waltz\" (1927)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Women's War\" (1928)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Lady in Black\" (1928)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Two Red Roses\" (1928)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Vienna, City of My Dreams\" (1928)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Spy of Madame Pompadour\" (1928)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ship in Distress\" (1929)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Play Around a Man\" (1929)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Black Forest Girl\" (1929)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Great Longing\" (1930)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Song Is Ended\" (1930)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Twice Married\" (1930)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Immortal Vagabond\" (1930)\n", "BULLET::::- \"My Cousin from Warsaw\" (1931)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Kaiserliebchen\" (1931)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Zirkus Leben\" (1931)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Opera Ball\" (1931)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Men Around Lucy\" (1931)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Grock\" (1931)\n", "BULLET::::- \"I Do Not Want to Know Who You Are\" (1932)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Prince of Arcadia\" (1932)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Der Diamant des Zaren\" (1932)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Madame Makes Her Exit\" (1932)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Madame Wants No Children\" (1933)\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Woman Like You\" (1933)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Typhoon\" (1933)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Star of Valencia\" (1933)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Castle in the South\" (1933)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Keine Angst vor Liebe\" (1933)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ihre Durchlaucht, die Verkäuferin\" (1933)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tell Me Who You Are\" (1933)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Roman einer Nacht\" (1933)\n", "BULLET::::- \"An Evening Visit\" (1934)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bei der blonden Kathrein\" (1934)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Die Fahrt in die Jugend\" (1935)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dance Music\" (1935)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Whom the Gods Love\" (1936)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Wer zuletzt küßt...\" (1936)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Peter in the Snow\" (1937)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Die unvollkommene Liebe\" (1940)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Die fünf Karnickel\" (1953)\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of centenarians\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Photographs of Liane Haid\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Actress, singer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q94711", "wikidata_label": "Liane Haid", "wikipedia_title": "Liane Haid" }

{ "end": [ 136, 244, 25, 80, 128, 164, 218, 142, 223, 264, 52, 105, 154, 166, 223, 364, 381, 513, 181, 209, 282, 338, 475, 491, 120, 165, 229, 242, 275, 307, 190, 393, 412, 77, 66, 170, 230, 541, 53, 209, 217, 167, 187, 267, 340, 360, 420, 172, 186, 46, 165, 305, 327, 431, 454, 521, 540, 550, 581, 149, 194, 241, 391, 563, 51, 406, 450, 578, 646, 99, 166, 205, 79, 52, 54, 37, 44, 64, 45, 57, 53, 49, 51, 46, 72, 109, 34, 44, 60, 54, 39, 68, 90, 45, 46, 70, 39, 31, 67, 56, 40, 41 ], "href": [ "Bishop%20of%20Durham", "The%20New%20Testament%20in%20the%20Original%20Greek", "Birmingham", "botanist", "King%20Edward%27s%20School%2C%20Birmingham", "James%20Prince%20Lee", "Joseph%20Barber%20Lightfoot", "Thomas%20Attwood%20%28economist%29", "Birmingham%20Political%20Union", "Chartism", "Trinity%20College%2C%20Cambridge", "Cambridge%20Apostles", "Browne%20medal", "Greek%20language", "Latin", "Wrangler%20%28University%20of%20Cambridge%29", "Isaac%20Todhunter", "Westminster%20School", "James%20Prince%20Lee", "Bishop%20of%20Manchester", "Harrow%20School", "University%20of%20Cambridge", "Edward%20White%20Benson", "Fenton%20Hort", "New%20Testament", "Montagu%20Butler", "Regius%20Professor%20of%20Divinity", "University%20of%20Cambridge", "Joseph%20Barber%20Lightfoot", "Norris-Hulse%20Professor%20of%20Divinity", "Fenton%20John%20Anthony%20Hort", "Origen", "Rupert%20of%20Deutz", "Textual%20criticism", "The%20New%20Testament%20in%20the%20Original%20Greek", "Cambridge%20Mission%20to%20Delhi", "St.%20Stephen%27s%20College%2C%20Delhi", "Westcott%20House%2C%20Cambridge", "Durham%2C%20England", "Westminster%20Abbey", "Peterborough", "Robert%20Crosthwaite", "Bishop%20of%20Beverley", "York%20Minster", "William%20Thomson%20%28bishop%29", "Archbishop%20of%20York", "Durham%20Cathedral", "Sunderland%2C%20Tyne%20and%20Wear", "Gateshead", "Christian%20socialism", "Christian%20Social%20Union%20%28UK%29", "Durham%20Miners%27%20Gala", "Frederick%20Westcott", "Sherborne%20School", "Archdeacon%20of%20Norwich", "George%20Westcott", "Diocese%20of%20Lucknow%20of%20the%20Church%20of%20North%20India", "Foss%20Westcott", "Diocese%20of%20Calcutta%20of%20the%20Church%20of%20North%20India", "Euripides", "Robert%20Browning", "drawing", "natural%20science", "Auguste%20Comte", "Sacred%20Books%20of%20the%20East", "Cambridge%20Platonists", "John%20Frederick%20Denison%20Maurice", "the%20Derby", "Derby", "Trinity%20College%2C%20Cambridge", "King%20James%20Only%20movement", "Gail%20Riplinger", "https%3A//archive.org/details/ageneralsurveyof00westuoft", "https%3A//archive.org/details/characteristics00westgoog", "https%3A//archive.org/details/introductiontost00westrich", "https%3A//archive.org/details/thebibleinthechu00westuoft", "https%3A//archive.org/details/gospelofresurrec00westiala", "https%3A//archive.org/details/generalviewofhis00westrich", "https%3A//archive.org/details/christianlifema01westgoog", "https%3A//archive.org/details/onthereligiousof00westuoft", "https%3A//archive.org/details/paragraphpsalte00westgoog", "https%3A//archive.org/details/gospelaccordingt00westuoft", "https%3A//archive.org/details/epistlesstjohng00westgoog", "https%3A//archive.org/details/revelationrisen00westuoft", "https%3A//archive.org/details/thehistoricfaith00westuoft", "https%3A//archive.org/details/revelationoffath00westuoft", "https%3A//archive.org/details/christusconsum00westuoft", "https%3A//archive.org/details/socialaspectsch01westgoog", "https%3A//archive.org/details/victorycrossser00westgoog", "https%3A//archive.org/details/epistletohebrew00westgoog", "https%3A//archive.org/details/cu31924031320207", "https%3A//archive.org/details/essaysinhistoryo00westiala", "https%3A//archive.org/details/thegospellifewes00westuoft", "https%3A//archive.org/details/theincarnationan00westuoft", "https%3A//archive.org/details/gospelaccording13unkngoog", "https%3A//archive.org/details/somelessonsofrev00west", "https%3A//archive.org/details/christianaspects00west", "https%3A//archive.org/details/lessonsfromwork00westuoft", "https%3A//archive.org/details/saintpaulsepistl00westuoft", "https%3A//archive.org/details/thetwoempiresthe00westuoft", "List%20of%20New%20Testament%20papyri", "List%20of%20New%20Testament%20uncials" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 9, 15, 15, 15, 15, 16, 20, 20, 22, 23, 25, 25, 25, 26, 28, 29, 33, 33, 33, 33, 33, 33, 34, 34, 35, 35, 36, 38, 38, 38, 38, 38, 38, 38, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 41, 41, 41, 41, 41, 45, 47, 47, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82 ], "start": [ 120, 205, 15, 72, 107, 148, 195, 128, 197, 256, 26, 87, 142, 161, 218, 356, 366, 495, 171, 189, 269, 329, 456, 480, 107, 151, 197, 233, 260, 290, 186, 387, 397, 64, 44, 144, 202, 527, 47, 192, 205, 149, 169, 255, 324, 342, 404, 162, 177, 27, 143, 290, 318, 415, 433, 515, 523, 546, 563, 140, 179, 230, 376, 550, 27, 386, 437, 569, 641, 73, 142, 191, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12 ], "text": [ "Bishop of Durham", "The New Testament in the Original Greek", "Birmingham", "botanist", "King Edward VI School", "James Prince Lee", "Joseph Barber Lightfoot", "Thomas Attwood", "Birmingham Political Union", "Chartism", "Trinity College, Cambridge", "Cambridge Apostles", "Browne medal", "Greek", "Latin", "wrangler", "Isaac Todhunter", "Westminster School", "Prince Lee", "Bishop of Manchester", "Harrow School", "Cambridge", "Edward White Benson", "Fenton Hort", "New Testament", "Montagu Butler", "Regius Professorship of Divinity", "Cambridge", "J. B. Lightfoot", "Hulsean Professor", "Hort", "Origen", "Rupert of Deutz", "text critical", "Westcott and Hort text", "Cambridge Mission to Delhi", "St. Stephen's College, Delhi", "Westcott House", "Durham", "Westminster Abbey", "Peterborough", "Robert Crosthwaite", "Bishop of Beverley", "York Minster", "William Thompson", "Archbishop of York", "Durham Cathedral", "Sunderland", "Gateshead", "Christian socialist", "Christian Social Union", "annual festival", "Frederick", "Sherborne School", "Archdeacon of Norwich", "George", "Bishop of Lucknow", "Foss", "Bishop of Calcutta", "Euripides", "Robert Browning", "draughtsman", "natural science", "Auguste Comte", "Sacred Books of the East", "Cambridge Platonists", "F. D. Maurice", "the Derby", "Derby", "Trinity College, Cambridge", "King James Only movement", "Gail Riplinger", "\"A General Survey of the History of the Canon of the New Testament\"", "\"Characteristics of the Gospel Miracles\"", "\"Introduction to the Study of the Gospels\"", "\"The Bible in the Church\"", "\"The Gospel of the Resurrection\"", "\"A General View of the History of the English Bible\"", "\"Christian Life Manifold and One\"", "\"On the religious office of the universities\"", "\"Paragraph Psalter for the Use of Choirs\"", "\"Commentary on the Gospel of St John\"", "\"Commentary on the Epistles of St John\"", "\"The Revelation of the Risen Lord\"", "\"The Historic Faith : short lectures on the Apostles' Creed\"", "\"The Revelation of the Father: short lectures on the titles of the Lord in the Gospel of St John\"", "\"Christus Consummator\"", "\"Social Aspects of Christianity\"", "\"The Victory of the Cross: Sermons in Holy Week\"", "\"Commentary on the Epistle to the Hebrews\"", "\"From Strength to Strength\"", "\"Essays in the History of Religious Thought in the West\"", "\"The Gospel of Life: thoughts introductory to the study of Christian doctrine\"", "\"The Incarnation and Common Life\"", "\"The Gospel According to St. John\"", "\"Some Lessons of the Revised Version of the New Testament\"", "\"Christian Aspects of Life\"", "\"Lessons from Work\"", "\"Saint Paul's Epistle to the Ephesians: the Greek text\"", "\"The Two Empires : the Church and the World\"", "List of New Testament papyri", "List of New Testament uncials" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Brooke Foss Westcott\n", "Brooke Foss Westcott (12 January 1825 – 27 July 1901) was a British bishop, biblical scholar and theologian, serving as Bishop of Durham from 1890 until his death. He is perhaps most known for co-editing \"The New Testament in the Original Greek\" in 1881.\n", "Section::::Early life and education.\n", "He was born in Birmingham. His father, Frederick Brooke Westcott, was a botanist. Westcott was educated at King Edward VI School, Birmingham, under James Prince Lee, where he became friends with Joseph Barber Lightfoot, later Bishop of Durham.\n", "The period of Westcott's childhood was one of political ferment in Birmingham and amongst his earliest recollections was one of Thomas Attwood leading a large procession of men to a meeting of the Birmingham Political Union in 1831. A few years after this Chartism led to serious disturbances in Birmingham and many years later Westcott would refer to the deep impression the experiences of that time had made upon him.\n", "In 1844, Westcott entered Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was invited to join the Cambridge Apostles. He became a scholar in 1846, won a Browne medal for a Greek ode in 1846 and 1847, and the Members' Prize for a Latin essay in 1847 and 1849. He took his BA degree in January 1848, obtaining double-first honours. In mathematics, he was twenty-fourth wrangler, Isaac Todhunter being senior. In classics, he was senior, being bracketed with Charles Broderick Scott, afterwards headmaster of Westminster School.\n", "Section::::Early teaching career.\n", "After obtaining his degree, Westcott remained in residence at Trinity. In 1849, he obtained his fellowship; and in the same year he was made deacon by his old headmaster, Prince Lee, later Bishop of Manchester. In 1851 he was ordained and became an assistant master at Harrow School. As well as studying, Westcott took pupils at Cambridge; fellow readers included his school friend Lightfoot and two other men who became his attached and lifelong friends, Edward White Benson and Fenton Hort. The friendship with Lightfoot and Hort influenced his future life and work.\n", "He devoted much attention to philosophical, patristic and historical studies, but his main interest was in New Testament work. In 1851, he published his Norrisian prize essay with the title \"Elements of the Gospel Harmony\". The Cambridge University Norrisian Prize for theology was established in 1781 by the will of John Norris Esq of Whitton, Norfolk for the best essay by a candidate between the ages of twenty and thirty on a theological subject.\n", "He combined his school duties with his theological research and literary writings. He worked at Harrow for nearly twenty years under C. J. Vaughan and Montagu Butler, but he was never good at maintaining discipline among large numbers.\n", "Section::::Early theological writings.\n", "In 1855, he published the first edition of his \"History of the New Testament Canon\", which, frequently revised and expanded, became the standard English work on the subject. In 1859, there appeared his \"Characteristics of the Gospel Miracles\".\n", "In 1860, he expanded his \"Elements of the Gospel Harmony\" essay into an \"Introduction to the Study of the Gospels\". Westcott's work for Smith's \"Dictionary of the Bible\", notably his articles on \"Canon,\" \"Maccabees\", and \"Vulgate,\" led to the composition of his subsequent popular books, \"The Bible in the Church\" (1864) and a \"History of the English Bible\" (1869). To the same period belongs \"The Gospel of the Resurrection\" (1866). It recognised the claims of historical science and pure reason. At the time when the book appeared, his method of apologetic showed originality, but was impaired by the difficulty of the style.\n", "In 1865, he took his B.D., and in 1870, his D.D. Later, he received honorary degrees of DC.L. from Oxford (1881) and of D.D. from Edinburgh (1883). In 1868, Westcott was appointed examining chaplain by Bishop Connor Magee (of Peterborough); and in the following year he accepted a canonry at Peterborough, which forced him to leave Harrow.\n", "Section::::Regius Professorship of Divinity, Cambridge.\n", "For a time he was enthusiastic about a cathedral life, devoted to the pursuit of learning and to the development of opportunities for the religious and intellectual benefit of the diocese. But the Regius Professorship of Divinity at Cambridge fell vacant, and J. B. Lightfoot, who was then Hulsean Professor, refused it in favour of Westcott. It was due to Lightfoot's support almost as much as to his own great merits that Westcott was elected to the chair on 1 November 1870.\n", "Westcott now occupied a position for which he was suited. He played a leading part in raising the standard of theological study in the University. Supported by his friends Lightfoot and Hort, he reformed the regulations for degrees in divinity and was responsible for the formation and first revision of the new theology tripos. He planned lectures and organised the new Divinity School and Library. He promoted mission and set up the Cambridge mission to Delhi.\n", "He worked hard and forewent many of the privileges of a university career so that his studies might be more continuous and that he might see more his students.\n", "Section::::Regius Professorship of Divinity, Cambridge.:Lectures.\n", "His lectures were generally on Biblical subjects. His \"Commentaries on St John's Gospel\" (1881), on the \"Epistle to the Hebrews\" (1889), and the \"Epistles of St John\" (1883), resulted from his public lectures.\n", "One of his most valuable works,\" The Gospel of Life\" (1892), a study of Christian doctrine, incorporated the materials upon which he delivered a series of more private and esoteric lectures on week-day evenings. Lecturing was an intense strain to him, but his influence was immense: to attend one of Westcott's lectures was an experience which encouraged those to whom the references to Origen or Rupert of Deutz were unintelligible.\n", "Section::::Regius Professorship of Divinity, Cambridge.:New Testament textual studies.\n", "Between 1870 and 1881, Westcott was also continually engaged in text critical work for an edition of the New Testament and, simultaneously, in the preparation of a new text in conjunction with Hort. The years in which Westcott, Lightfoot and Hort could thus meet frequently and naturally for the discussion of the work in which they were all three so deeply engrossed formed a happy and privileged period in their lives.\n", "In the year 1881, there appeared the famous Westcott and Hort text of the New Testament, upon which had been expended nearly thirty years of incessant labour.\n", "Section::::Regius Professorship of Divinity, Cambridge.:Educational reformer.\n", "The reforms in the regulations for degrees in divinity, the formation and first revision of the new theological tripos, the inauguration of the Cambridge Mission to Delhi and the subsequent founding of St. Stephen's College, Delhi, the institution of the Church Society (for the discussion of theological and ecclesiastical questions by the younger men), the meetings for the divinity faculty, the organisation of the new Divinity School and Library and, later, the institution of the Cambridge Clergy Training School (renamed Westcott House in 1901 in his honour), were all, in a very real degree, the result of Westcott's energy and influence as Regius professor. To this list should also be added the Oxford and Cambridge preliminary examination for candidates for holy orders, with which he was from the first most closely identified.\n", "The departure of Lightfoot to become Bishop of Durham in 1879 was a great blow to Westcott. Nevertheless, it resulted in bringing him into still greater prominence. He was compelled to take the lead in matters where Lightfoot's more practical nature had previously been predominant.\n", "Section::::Regius Professorship of Divinity, Cambridge.:Canonry at Westminster Abbey.\n", "In 1883, Westcott was elected to a professorial fellowship at King's. Shortly afterwards, having previously resigned his canonry at Peterborough, he was appointed by the crown to a canonry at Westminster Abbey, and accepted the position of examining chaplain to Archbishop Benson.\n", "His little edition of the \"Paragraph Psalter\" (1879), arranged for the use of choirs, and his lectures on the Apostles' Creed, entitled \"Historic Faith\" (1883), are reminiscences of his vacations spent at Peterborough. He held his canonry at Westminster in conjunction with the regius professorship.\n", "The strain of the joint work was very heavy, and the intensity of the interest and study which he brought to bear upon his share in the labours of the Ecclesiastical Courts Commission, of which he had been appointed a member, added to his burden.\n", "Preaching at Westminster Abbey gave him an opportunity of dealing with social questions. His sermons were generally portions of a series; and to this period belong the volumes \"Christus Consummator\" (1886) and \"Social Aspects of Christianity\" (1887). Westcott's presidency of the Christian Social Union from 1889 did much to draw mainstream, respectable churchgoers into calling for justice for the poor and unemployed in the face of the predominant laissez-faire economic policies.\n", "Section::::Bishop of Durham.\n", "In March 1890, he was nominated to follow in the steps of his beloved friend Lightfoot, who had died in December 1889. His election was confirmed by Robert Crosthwaite, Bishop of Beverley (acting as commissioner for the Archbishop of York) on 30 April at York Minster and he was consecrated on 1 May at Westminster Abbey by William Thompson, Archbishop of York, Hort being the preacher, and enthroned at Durham Cathedral on 15 May. \n", "Contrary to his reputation as recluse and a mystic, he took a practical interest in the mining population of Durham and in the shipping and artisan industries of Sunderland and Gateshead. On occasion in 1892 he succeeded in bringing to a peaceful solution a long and bitter strike which had divided the masters and men in the Durham collieries.\n", "He has been described as a Christian socialist and was a staunch supporter of the co-operative movement. He was practically the founder of the Christian Social Union. He continually insisted upon the necessity of promoting the cause of foreign missions; four of his sons went on to do missionary work for the Church in India.\n", "He was energetic to the very end, but during the last two or three years of his life he aged considerably. His wife died suddenly in May 1901, and he dedicated to her memory his last book, \"Lessons from Work\" (1901). He preached a farewell sermon to the miners in Durham Cathedral at their annual festival on 20 July. Then came a short, sudden and fatal illness. He was buried in the chapel of Auckland Castle.\n", "Section::::Family.\n", "Westcott married, in 1852, Sarah Louisa Mary Whithard (ca 1830–1901), daughter of Thomas Middlemore Whithard, of Bristol. Mrs Westcott was for many years deeply interested in foreign missionary work. She became an invalid in her later years, and died on 28 May 1901. They had seven sons and three daughters, including Frederick, who followed his father into the ministry in the Church of England, was headmaster of Sherborne School, Archdeacon of Norwich, and author of multiple books on the Letters of Saint Paul; George, Bishop of Lucknow; and Foss, who became Bishop of Calcutta and Metropolitan of India.\n", "Section::::Legacy and influence.\n", "Westcott was not a narrow specialist. He loved of poetry, music and art. His literary sympathies were wide. He would never tire of praising Euripides, and studied the writings of Robert Browning. He was also said to be a talented draughtsman, and used often to say that if he had not taken orders he would have become an architect. He followed with delight the development of natural science studies at Cambridge. He spared no pains to be accurate, or to widen the basis of his thought. Thus he devoted one summer vacation to the careful analysis of Auguste Comte's \"Politique positive\".\n", "He studied assiduously The Sacred Books of the East, and earnestly contended that no systematic view of Christianity could afford to ignore the philosophy of other religions. The outside world was wont to regard him as a mystic; and the mystical, or sacramental, view of life enters, it is true, very largely into his teaching. He had in this respect many points of similarity with the Cambridge Platonists of the 17th century, and with F. D. Maurice, for whom he had profound regard. An amusing instance of his unworldliness was his observation that, \"I never went to the Derby. Once, though, I nearly did: I happened to be passing through Derby, that very day\".\n", "He was a strong supporter of Church reform, especially in the direction of obtaining larger powers for the laity.\n", "He kept himself aloof from all party strife. He describes himself when he says:\n", "His theological work assigned great importance to Divine Revelation in Holy Scripture and in the teaching of history. His own studies have largely contributed in England to their current understanding of the doctrines of the Resurrection and the Incarnation. His work in conjunction with Hort upon the Greek text of the New Testament will endure as what is thought to be one of the greatest achievements of English Biblical criticism. The principles which are explained in Hort's introduction to the text had been arrived at after years of elaborate investigation and continual correspondence and discussion between the two friends. The place which it almost at once took among scientific scholars in Britain and throughout Europe was a recognition of the great advance which it represented in the use and classification of ancient authorities. His commentaries rank with Lightfoot's as the best type of Biblical exegesis produced by the English Church in the 19th century.\n", "A portrait of Westcott by William Edwards Miller is in the collection of Trinity College, Cambridge.\n", "Section::::Controversy.\n", "Some American fundamentalists have denounced Westcott's and Hort's Greek text of the Bible as corrupt. Most of these critics subscribe to the King James Only movement. King James Only author Gail Riplinger quotes them in her book \"New Age Bible Versions\". In it, she accuses Westcott of being involved in the occult. However, Westcott himself wrote,\n", "Section::::Works.\n", "The following is a bibliography of Westcott's more important writings, giving the date of the first editions:\n", "BULLET::::- \"Elements of the Gospel Harmony\" (1851)\n", "BULLET::::- \"A General Survey of the History of the Canon of the New Testament\" (1855; revised 1875)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Characteristics of the Gospel Miracles\" (1859)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Introduction to the Study of the Gospels\" (1860; revised 1866)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Bible in the Church\" (1864)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Gospel of the Resurrection\" (1866; revised 1879)\n", "BULLET::::- \"A General View of the History of the English Bible\" (1868; revised by W A Wright 1905)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Christian Life Manifold and One\" (1869)\n", "BULLET::::- \"On the religious office of the universities\" (1873)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Paragraph Psalter for the Use of Choirs\" (1879)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Commentary on the Gospel of St John\" (1881)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Commentary on the Epistles of St John\" (1883)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Revelation of the Risen Lord\" (1882)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Historic Faith : short lectures on the Apostles' Creed\" (1885)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Revelation of the Father: short lectures on the titles of the Lord in the Gospel of St John\" (1884)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Some Thoughts from the Ordinal\" (1884)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Christus Consummator\" (1886)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Social Aspects of Christianity\" (1887)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Victory of the Cross: Sermons in Holy Week\" (1888)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Commentary on the Epistle to the Hebrews\" (1889)\n", "BULLET::::- \"From Strength to Strength\" (1890)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Essays in the History of Religious Thought in the West\" (1891)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Gospel of Life: thoughts introductory to the study of Christian doctrine\" (1892)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Incarnation and Common Life\" (1893)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Gospel According to St. John\" (1896)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Some Lessons of the Revised Version of the New Testament\" (1897)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Christian Aspects of Life\" (1897)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Lessons from Work\" (1901)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Saint Paul's Epistle to the Ephesians: the Greek text\" (1906)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Two Empires : the Church and the World\" (1909)\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of New Testament papyri\n", "BULLET::::- List of New Testament uncials\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Brooke Foss Westcott" ] }, "description": "Bishop of Durham", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q781494", "wikidata_label": "Brooke Westcott", "wikipedia_title": "Brooke Foss Westcott" }

{ "end": [ 237, 312, 396, 435, 137, 175, 227, 248, 30, 65, 83, 121, 188, 210, 234, 303, 352, 813, 840, 45, 221, 1050, 834, 54, 189, 399, 61, 135, 80, 242, 51, 138, 201, 85, 332, 348, 873, 1004, 58, 316, 76, 144, 377, 52, 118, 213, 326, 359, 543, 580, 698, 1019, 1134, 30, 231, 860, 961, 982, 95, 152, 186, 364, 24, 45, 166, 196, 289, 346, 400, 62, 185, 228, 239, 154, 186, 264, 498, 566, 59, 45, 215, 290, 329, 389, 488, 522, 788, 214, 72, 53, 236, 258, 44, 44, 68, 63, 29, 32, 90, 133, 86, 80, 103, 112, 121, 94, 356 ], "href": [ "social%20reform", "Cropley%20Ashley-Cooper%2C%206th%20Earl%20of%20Shaftesbury", "George%20Spencer%2C%204th%20Duke%20of%20Marlborough", "Henry%20Ashley%20%28Dorchester%20MP%29", "Harrow%20School", "Christ%20Church%2C%20Oxford", "Charles%20Dickens", "Bleak%20House", "Tory%20%28British%20political%20party%29", "Woodstock%20%28UK%20Parliament%20constituency%29", "pocket%20borough", "George%20Spencer-Churchill%2C%205th%20Duke%20of%20Marlborough", "Arthur%20Wellesley%2C%201st%20Duke%20of%20Wellington", "George%20Canning", "Robert%20Jenkinson%2C%202nd%20Earl%20of%20Liverpool", "Bethnal%20Green", "Cricklade%20%28UK%20Parliament%20constituency%29", "County%20Lunatic%20Asylums%20%28England%29%20Act%201828", "Madhouses%20Act%201828", "Lunacy%20Act%201845", "Commissioners%20in%20Lunacy", "Squatting%20position", "Clarification%20needed", "Factory%20Acts%23Labour%20of%20Children%2C%20etc.%2C%20in%20Factories%20Act%201833", "William%20Dodd%20%28writer%29", "John%20Bright", "Robert%20Peel", "Sir%20James%20Graham%2C%202nd%20Baronet", "John%20Fielden", "Factory%20Act%201847", "Mines%20and%20Collieries%20Act%201842", "coal%20mining", "Albert%2C%20Prince%20Consort", "chimney%20sweeps", "Chimney%20sweeps%27%20carcinoma", "Chimney%20Sweepers%20and%20Chimneys%20Regulation%20Act%201840", "Chimney%20Sweepers%20Regulation%20Act%201864", "Chimney%20Sweepers%20Act%201875", "ragged%20school", "Oxford%20movement", "evangelical%20Anglicanism", "British%20and%20Foreign%20Bible%20Society", "Evangelical%20Alliance", "Edward%20Bickersteth%20%28priest%29", "Christian%20Zionism", "Christian%20Zionism%20in%20the%20United%20Kingdom", "Greater%20Syria", "Muhammad%20Ali%20of%20Egypt", "Henry%20Temple%2C%203rd%20Viscount%20Palmerston", "James%20Finn", "London%20Society%20for%20Promoting%20Christianity%20Amongst%20the%20Jews", "Quarterly%20Review", "Alexander%20Lindsay%2C%2025th%20Earl%20of%20Crawford", "Crimean%20War", "George%20Hamilton-Gordon%2C%204th%20Earl%20of%20Aberdeen", "A%20land%20without%20a%20people%20for%20a%20people%20without%20a%20land", "Israel", "Alexander%20Keith%2C%20D.D.", "Society%20for%20the%20Suppression%20of%20the%20Opium%20Trade", "Opium%23Prohibition%20and%20conflict%20in%20China", "Quaker", "Royal%20Commission%20on%20Opium", "Shaftesbury%20Memorial", "Piccadilly%20Circus", "Alfred%20Gilbert", "Anteros", "The%20Angel%20of%20Christian%20Charity", "Eros%20%28god%29", "Evening%20Standard", "William%20Wilberforce", "Canterbury%20Association", "Samuel%20Wilberforce", "Robert%20Wilberforce", "Earl%20Cowper", "Emily%20Lamb%2C%20Countess%20Cowper", "Lord%20Palmerston", "William%20Lamb%2C%202nd%20Viscount%20Melbourne", "Henry%20John%20Temple%2C%203rd%20Viscount%20Palmerston", "Anthony%20Ashley-Cooper%2C%208th%20Earl%20of%20Shaftesbury", "Evelyn%20Ashley", "Farquhar%20baronets", "Henry%20Somerset%2C%206th%20Duke%20of%20Beaufort", "Wilfrid%20Ashley%2C%201st%20Baron%20Mount%20Temple", "Edwina%20Mountbatten%2C%20Countess%20Mountbatten%20of%20Burma", "Patricia%20Knatchbull%2C%202nd%20Countess%20Mountbatten%20of%20Burma", "Lady%20Pamela%20Hicks", "William%20Willoughby%20Cole%2C%203rd%20Earl%20of%20Enniskillen", "Harry%20Chichester%2C%202nd%20Baron%20Templemore", "Order%20of%20the%20Garter", "burial%20at%20Westminster%20Abbey", "Grosvenor%20Square", "Westminster%20Abbey", "Georgina%20Battiscombe", "Charles%20Spurgeon", "London%20Society%20for%20Promoting%20Christianity%20Among%20the%20Jews", "A%20land%20without%20a%20people%20for%20a%20people%20without%20a%20land", "Christian%20Zionism", "Georgina%20Battiscombe", "http%3A//www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/6210", "Oxford%20Dictionary%20of%20National%20Biography", "https%3A//archive.org/details/shaftesbury00best", "https%3A//archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.176129", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3D6PmwpIBW4OIC%26amp%3Bprintsec%3Dfrontcover%26amp%3Bdq%3Deditions%3A9voepr9OFacC%26amp%3Bhl%3Den%26amp%3Bsa%3DX%26amp%3Bei%3DDnfrVP_5HoW2yASy0YDQCQ%26amp%3Bved%3D0CBcQ6AEwAA%23v%3Donepage%26amp%3Bq%26amp%3Bf%3Dfalse", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3D6ooEAAAAMAAJ%26amp%3Bprintsec%3Dfrontcover%26amp%3Bdq%3Dinauthor%3A%2522Edwin%2BHodder%2522%26amp%3Bhl%3Den%26amp%3Bsa%3DX%26amp%3Bei%3D-HTrVOi2NMuMyASBv4HwDA%26amp%3Bved%3D0CEsQ6AEwCQ%23v%3Donepage%26amp%3Bq%26amp%3Bf%3Dfalse", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3D6S4OEP8ZpYUC%26amp%3Bprintsec%3Dfrontcover%26amp%3Bdq%3Deditions%3A9voepr9OFacC%26amp%3Bhl%3Den%26amp%3Bsa%3DX%26amp%3Bei%3DF3jrVOflL8mUyAS-3oCgCg%26amp%3Bved%3D0CCAQuwUwAQ%23v%3Donepage%26amp%3Bq%26amp%3Bf%3Dfalse", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3DXwake08jTMEC%26amp%3Bpg%3DRA2-PA143%26amp%3Blpg%3DRA2-PA143%26amp%3Bdq%3DAshley-Cooper%2BMarlborough%26amp%3Bsource%3Dweb%26amp%3Bots%3DyG8863hMrU%26amp%3Bsig%3Dn4dFUomlPjoT1-2Xc2fJYyaG6ew%26amp%3Bhl%3Den%26amp%3Bsa%3DX%26amp%3Boi%3Dbook_result%26amp%3Bresnum%3D9%26amp%3Bct%3Dresult%23PRA2-PA142%2CM1", "http%3A//www.william1.co.uk/w66-67.html" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 4, 4, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 10, 11, 11, 11, 12, 12, 12, 13, 18, 20, 20, 21, 24, 25, 25, 27, 27, 27, 29, 29, 29, 29, 29, 32, 34, 35, 35, 35, 36, 36, 36, 36, 36, 36, 36, 36, 36, 36, 38, 38, 38, 38, 38, 40, 40, 40, 40, 42, 42, 42, 42, 42, 42, 42, 44, 44, 44, 44, 46, 46, 46, 46, 46, 48, 51, 51, 51, 51, 51, 51, 51, 51, 52, 63, 65, 65, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 74, 76, 81, 82, 82, 82, 84, 84 ], "start": [ 224, 266, 357, 419, 124, 154, 212, 237, 26, 56, 69, 102, 170, 196, 220, 290, 343, 772, 822, 34, 198, 1045, 814, 36, 177, 388, 50, 123, 68, 229, 22, 128, 187, 71, 311, 344, 837, 979, 39, 301, 53, 111, 357, 34, 101, 173, 313, 338, 533, 570, 640, 1003, 1122, 19, 218, 809, 955, 964, 49, 141, 180, 339, 4, 28, 152, 189, 259, 342, 384, 43, 163, 222, 233, 125, 159, 249, 484, 551, 13, 22, 176, 274, 307, 371, 449, 505, 740, 176, 70, 26, 220, 241, 24, 28, 12, 12, 12, 12, 26, 94, 75, 69, 95, 105, 114, 25, 352 ], "text": [ "social reform", "Cropley Ashley-Cooper, 6th Earl of Shaftesbury", "George Spencer, 4th Duke of Marlborough", "Henry Ashley, MP", "Harrow School", "Christ Church, Oxford", "Charles Dickens", "Bleak House", "Tory", "Woodstock", "pocket borough", "Duke of Marlborough", "Duke of Wellington", "George Canning", "Lord Liverpool", "Bethnal Green", "Cricklade", "County Lunatic Asylums (England) Act 1828", "Madhouses Act 1828", "Lunacy Acts", "Commissioners in Lunacy", "squat", "Clarification needed", "Ten Hours Act 1833", "William Dodd", "John Bright", "Robert Peel", "James Graham", "John Fielden", "Ten Hours Act", "Mines and Collieries Act 1842", "coal mines", "Prince Consort", "chimney sweeps", "cancer of the scrotum", "Bill", "Chimney Sweepers Regulation Act 1864", "Chimney Sweepers Act 1875", "Ragged School Union", "Oxford movement", "evangelical Anglicanism", "British and Foreign Bible Society", "Evangelical Alliance", "Edward Bickersteth", "Christian Zionism", "Restoration of the Jews to the Holy Land", "Greater Syria", "Muhammad Ali of Egypt", "Palmerston", "James Finn", "London Society for Promoting Christianity Amongst the Jews", "Quarterly Review", "Lord Lindsay", "Crimean War", "Lord Aberdeen", "A land without a people for a people without a land", "Israel", "Dr Alexander Keith", "Society for the Suppression of the Opium Trade", "opium trade", "Quaker", "Royal Commission on Opium", "Shaftesbury Memorial", "Piccadilly Circus", "Alfred Gilbert", "Anteros", "The Angel of Christian Charity", "Eros", "Evening Standard", "William Wilberforce", "Canterbury Association", "Samuel", "Robert", "Peter Cowper, 5th Earl Cowper", "Emily Lamb, Countess Cowper", "Lord Palmerston", "Lord Melbourne", "Lord Palmerston", "Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 8th Earl of Shaftesbury", "Evelyn Melbourne Ashley", "Sir Walter Rockcliffe Farquhar, 3rd Bt.", "Duke of Beaufort", "Wilfred William Ashley", "Hon. Edwina Ashley", "Patricia, Countess Mountbatten of Burma", "Lady Pamela Hicks", "William Willoughby Cole, 3rd Earl of Enniskillen", "Harry Chichester, 2nd Baron Templemore", "KG", "burial at Westminster Abbey", "Grosvenor Square", "Westminster Abbey", "Georgina Battiscombe", "Charles Spurgeon", "London Society for Promoting Christianity Among the Jews", "A land without a people for a people without a land", "Christian Zionism", "Georgina Battiscombe", "Cooper, Anthony Ashley-, seventh earl of Shaftesbury (1801–1885)", "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography", "online free", "online free", "Volume 1", "Volume2", "Volume3", "\"The Peerage of the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Ireland\" vol. 1", "here" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury\n", "Anthony Ashley Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury (28 April 1801 – 1 October 1885), styled Lord Ashley from 1811 to 1851 and then Lord Shaftesbury following the death of his father, was a British politician, philanthropist and social reformer. He was the eldest son of Cropley Ashley-Cooper, 6th Earl of Shaftesbury and his wife Lady Anne Spencer, daughter of George Spencer, 4th Duke of Marlborough, and older brother of Henry Ashley, MP.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Lord Ashley, as he was styled until his father's death in 1851, was educated at Manor House school in Chiswick (1812–1813), Harrow School (1813–1816) and Christ Church, Oxford, where he gained first class honours in classics in 1822, took his MA in 1832 and was appointed DCL in 1841.\n", "Ashley's early family life was loveless, a circumstance common among the British upper classes, and resembled in that respect the fictional childhood of Esther Summerson vividly narrated in the early chapters of Charles Dickens's novel \"Bleak House\". G.F.A Best in his biography \"Shaftesbury\" writes that: \"Ashley grew up without any experience of parental love. He saw little of his parents, and when duty or necessity compelled them to take notice of him they were formal and frightening.\" Even as an adult, he disliked his father and was known to refer to his mother as \"a devil\".\n", "This difficult childhood was softened by the affection he received from his housekeeper Maria Millis, and his sisters. Millis provided for Ashley a model of Christian love that would form the basis for much of his later social activism and philanthropic work, as Best explains: \"What did touch him was the reality, and the homely practicality, of the love which her Christianity made her feel towards the unhappy child. She told him bible stories, she taught him a prayer.\" Despite this powerful reprieve, school became another source of misery for the young Ashley, whose education at Manor House from 1808 to 1813 introduced a \"more disgusting range of horrors\". Shaftesbury himself shuddered to recall those years, \"The place was bad, wicked, filthy; and the treatment was starvation and cruelty.\"\n", "By teenage years he had become a committed Christian and whilst at Harrow two experiences happened that would influence his later life. \"Once, at the foot of Harrow Hill, he was the horrified witness of a pauper’s funeral. The drunken pall-bearers, stumbling along with a crudely-made coffin and shouting snatches of bawdy songs, brought home to him the existence of a whole empire of callousness which put his own childhood miseries in their context. The second incident was his unusual choice of a subject for a Latin poem. In the school grounds, there was an unsavoury mosquito-breeding pond called the Duck Puddle. He chose it as his subject because he was urgently concerned that the school authorities should do something about it, and this appeared to be the simplest way of bringing it to their attention. Soon afterwards the Duck Puddle was inspected, condemned and filled in. This little triumph was a useful fillip to his self-confidence, but it was more than that. It was a foretaste of his skill in getting people to act decisively in face of sloth or immediate self-interest. This was to prove one of his greatest assets in Parliament.\"\n", "Section::::Political career.\n", "Ashley was elected as the Tory Member of Parliament for Woodstock (a pocket borough controlled by the Duke of Marlborough) in June 1826 and was a strong supporter of the Duke of Wellington. After George Canning replaced Lord Liverpool as Prime Minister, he offered Ashley a place in the new government, despite Ashley having been in the Commons for only five months. Ashley politely declined, writing in his diary that he believed that serving under Canning would be a betrayal of his allegiance to the Duke of Wellington and that he was not qualified for office. Before he had completed one year in the Commons, he had been appointed to three parliamentary committees and he received his fourth such appointment in June 1827, when he was appointed to the Select Committee On Pauper Lunatics in the County of Middlesex and on Lunatic Asylums.\n", "Section::::Political career.:Reform of the Lunacy Laws.\n", "In 1827, when Ashley-Cooper was appointed to the Select Committee On Pauper Lunatics in the County of Middlesex and on Lunatic Asylums, the majority of lunatics in London were kept in madhouses owned by Dr Warburton. The Committee examined many witnesses concerning one of his madhouses in Bethnal Green, called the White House. Ashley visited this on the Committee's behalf. The patients were chained up, slept naked on straw, and went to toilet in their beds. They were left chained from Saturday afternoon until Monday morning when they were cleared of the accumulated excrement. They were then washed down in freezing cold water and one towel was allotted to 160 people, with no soap. It was overcrowded and the meat provided was \"that nasty thick hard muscle a dog could not eat\". The White House had been described as \"a mere place for dying\" rather than curing the insane and when the Committee asked Dr MacMichael whether he believed that \"in the lunatic asylums in the neighbourhood of London any curative process is going on with regard to pauper patients\", he replied: \"None at all\".\n", "The Committee recommended that \"legislative measures of a remedial character should be introduced at the earliest period at the next session\", and the establishment of a Board of Commissioners appointed by the Home Secretary possessing extensive powers of licensing, inspection and control. When in February 1828 Robert Gordon, Liberal MP for Cricklade, introduced a bill to put these recommendations into law, Ashley seconded this and delivered his maiden speech in support of the Bill. He wrote in his diary: \"So, by God's blessing, my first effort has been for the advance of human happiness. May I improve hourly! Fright almost deprived me of recollection but again thank Heaven, I did not sit down quite a presumptuous idiot\". Ashley was also involved in framing the County Lunatic Asylums (England) Act 1828 and the Madhouses Act 1828. Through these Acts, fifteen commissioners were appointed for the London area and given extensive powers of licensing and inspection, one of the commissioners being Ashley.\n", "In July 1845 Ashley sponsored two Lunacy Acts, ‘For the Regulation of lunatic Asylums’ and ‘For the better Care and Treatment of Lunatics in England and Wales’. They originated in the Report of the Commissioners in Lunacy which he had commended to Parliament the year before. These Acts consolidated and amended previous lunacy laws, providing better record keeping and more strict certification regulations to ensure patients against unwarranted detention. They also ordered, instead of merely permitting, the construction of country lunatic asylums with and establishing an ongoing Lunacy Commission with Ashley as its chairman. In support of these measures, Ashley gave a speech in which he claimed that although since 1828 there had been an improvement, more still needed to be done. He cited the case of a Welsh lunatic girl, Mary Jones, who had for more than a decade been locked in a tiny loft with one boarded-up window with little air and no light. The room was extremely filthy and was filled with an intolerable smell. She could only squat in a bent position in the room and this had caused her to become deformed.\n", "In early 1858 a Select Committee was appointed over concerns that sane persons were detained in lunatic asylums. Lord Shaftesbury (as Ashley had become upon his father's death in 1851) was the chief witness and opposed the suggestion that the certification of insanity be made more difficult and that early treatment of insanity was essential if there was to be any prospect of a cure. He claimed that only one or two people in his time dealing with lunacy had been detained in an asylum without sufficient grounds and that commissioners should be granted more not fewer powers. The Committee's Report endorsed all of Shaftesbury's recommendations except for one: that a magistrate's signature on a certificate of lunacy be made compulsory. This was not put into law chiefly due to Shaftesbury's opposition to it. Clarification needed The Report also agreed with Shaftesbury that unwarranted detentions were \"extremely rare\".\n", "In July 1877 Shaftesbury gave evidence before the Select Committee on the Lunacy Laws, which had been appointed in February over concerns that it was too easy for sane persons to be detained in asylums. Shaftesbury feared that because of his advanced age he would be taken over by forgetfulness whilst giving evidence and was greatly stressed in the months leading up to this: \"Shall fifty years of toil, anxiety and prayer, crowned by marvellous and unlooked-for success, bring me in the end only sorrow and disgrace?\" When \"the hour of trial\" arrived Shaftesbury defended the Lunacy Commission and claimed he was now the only person alive who could speak with personal knowledge of the state of care of lunatics before the Lunacy Commission was established in 1828. It had been \"a state of things such as would pass all belief\". In the Committee's Report, the members of the Committee agreed with Shaftesbury's evidence on all points.\n", "In 1884 the husband of Mrs Georgina Weldon tried to have her detained in a lunatic asylum because she believed that her pug dog had a soul and that the spirit of her dead mother had entered into her pet rabbit. She commenced legal action against Shaftesbury and other lunacy commissioners although it failed. In May Shaftesbury spoke in the Lords against a motion declaring the lunacy laws unsatisfactory but the motion passed Parliament. The Lord Chancellor Selborne supported a Lunacy Law Amendment Bill and Shaftesbury wanted to resign from the Lunacy Commission as he believed he was honour bound not to oppose a Bill supported by the Lord Chancellor. However, Selborne implored him not to resign so Shaftesbury refrained. However, when the Bill was introduced and it contained the provision which made it compulsory for a certificate of lunacy to be signed by a magistrate or a judge, he resigned. The government fell, however, and the Bill was withdrawn and Shaftesbury resumed his chairmanship of the Lunacy Commission.\n", "Shaftesbury's work in improving the care of the insane remains one of his most important, though less well known, achievements. He wrote: \"Beyond the circle of my own Commissioners and the lunatics that I visit, not a soul, in great or small life, not even my associates in my works of philanthropy, has any notion of the years of toil and care that, under God, I have bestowed on this melancholy and awful question\".\n", "Section::::Political career.:Child Labour and Factory Reform.\n", "In March 1833 Ashley introduced the Ten Hours Act 1833 into the Commons, which provided that children working in the cotton and woollen industries must be aged nine or above; no person under the age of eighteen was to work more than ten hours a day or eight hours on a Saturday; and no one under twenty-five was to work nights. However the Whig government, by a majority of 145, amended this to substitute \"thirteen\" in place of \"eighteen\" and the Act as it passed ensured that no child under thirteen worked more than nine hours, insisted they should go to school, and appointed inspectors to enforce the law.\n", "In June 1836 another Ten Hours act was introduced into the Commons and although Ashley considered this Bill ill-timed, he supported it. In July one member of the Lancashire committees set up to support the Bill wrote that: \"If there was one man in England more devoted to the interests of the factory people than another, it was Lord Ashley. They might always rely on him as a ready, steadfast and willing friend\". In July 1837 he accused the government of ignoring the breaches of the 1833 Act and moved the resolution that the House regretted the regulation of the working hours of children had been found to be unsatisfactory. It was lost by fifteen votes.\n", "The text of \"A Narrative of the Experience and Sufferings of William Dodd a Factory Cripple\" was sent to Lord Ashley and with his support was published in 1840. Ashley employed William Dodd at 45 shillings a week and he wrote \"The Factory System: Illustrated\" to describe the conditions of working children in textile manufacture. This was published in 1842. These books were attacked by John Bright in parliament who said that he had evidence that the books described Dodd's mistreatment but were in fact driven by Dodd's ingratitude as a disgruntled employee. Ashley sacked Dodd who emigrated to America.\n", "In 1842 Ashley wrote twice to the Prime Minister, Robert Peel, to urge the government to support a new Factory Act. Peel wrote in reply that he would not support one and Ashley wrote to the Short Time Committees of Cheshire, Lancashire and Yorkshire who desired a Ten Hours Act:\n", "Though painfully disappointed, I am not disheartened, nor am I at a loss either what course to take, or what advice to give. I shall persevere unto my last hour, and so must you; we must exhaust every legitimate means that the Constitution afford, in petitions to Parliament, in public meetings, and in friendly conferences with your employers; but you must infringe no law, and offend no proprieties; we must all work together as sensible men, who will one day give an account of their motives and actions; if this course is approved, no consideration shall detach me from your cause; if not, you must elect another advocate.\n", "I know that, in resolving on this step, I exclude myself altogether from the tenure of office; I rejoice in the sacrifice, happy to devote the remainder of my days, be they many or be they few, as God in His wisdom shall determine, to an effort, however laborious, to ameliorate your moral and social condition.\n", "In March 1844 Ashley moved an amendment to a Factory Bill limiting the working hours of adolescents to ten hours after Sir James Graham had introduced a Bill aiming to limit their working hours to twelve hours. Ashley's amendment was passed by eight votes, the first time the Commons had approved of the Ten Hour principle. However, in a later vote his amendment was defeated by seven votes and the Bill was withdrawn. Later that month Graham introduced another Bill which again would limit the employment of adolescents to twelve hours. Ashley supported this Bill except that he wanted ten hours not twelve as the limit. In May he moved an amendment to limit the hours worked to ten hours but this was lost by 138 votes.\n", "In 1846, whilst he was out of Parliament, Ashley strongly supported John Fielden's Ten Hours Bill, which was lost by ten votes. In January 1847 Fielden reintroduced his Bill and it finally passed through Parliament to become the Ten Hours Act.\n", "Section::::Political career.:Miners.\n", "Ashley introduced the Mines and Collieries Act 1842 in Parliament to outlaw the employment of women and children underground in coal mines. He made a speech in support of the Act and the Prince Consort wrote to him afterwards, sending him the \"best wishes for your \"total\" success\". At the end of his speech, his opponent on the Ten Hours issue, Cobden, walked over to Ashley and said: \"You know how opposed I have been to your views, but I don't think I have ever been put into such a frame of mind in the whole course of my life as I have been by your speech\".\n", "Section::::Political career.:Climbing boys.\n", "Ashley was a strong supporter of prohibiting the employment of boys as chimney sweeps. Many climbing boys were illegitimate who had been sold by their parents. They suffered from scorched and lacerated skin, their eyes and throats filled with soot, with the danger of suffocation and their occupational disease—cancer of the scrotum. In 1840 a Bill was introduced into the Commons outlawing the employment of boys as chimney sweeps, and strongly supported by Ashley. Despite being enforced in London, elsewhere the Act did not stop the employment of child chimney sweeps and this led to the foundation of the Climbing-Boys' Society with Ashley as its chairman. In 1851, 1853 and 1855 Shaftesbury introduced Bills into Parliament to deal with the ongoing use of boy chimney sweeps but these were all defeated. He succeeded in passing the Chimney Sweepers Regulation Act 1864 but like its predecessors, it remained ineffectual. Shaftesbury finally persuaded Parliament to pass the Chimney Sweepers Act 1875 which ensured the annual licensing of chimney sweeps and the enforcement of the law by the police. This finally eradicated the employment of boys as chimney sweeps.\n", "After Shaftesbury discovered that a boy chimney sweep was living behind his house in Brock Street, London, he rescued the child and sent him to \"the Union School at Norwood Hill, where, under God's blessing and special merciful grace, he will be trained in the knowledge and love and faith of our common Saviour\".\n", "Section::::Political career.:Education reform.\n", "In 1844 Ashley became president of the Ragged School Union that promoted ragged schools. These schools were for poor children and sprang up from volunteers. Ashley wrote that \"If the Ragged School system were to fail I should not die in the course of nature, I should die of a broken heart\".\n", "Section::::Political career.:Religion and Jewish Restorationism.\n", "Shaftesbury was a pre-millennial evangelical Anglican who believed in the imminent second coming of Christ. His belief underscored the urgency of immediate action. He strongly opposed the Roman Catholic Church and any hint of Romanism or ritualism among High Church Anglicans. He strongly opposed the Oxford movement In the Church of England, fearful of Catholic features. In 1845 he denounced the Maynooth Act, which funded the Catholic seminary in Ireland that would train many priests.\n", "Shaftesbury was a leading figure within 19th-century evangelical Anglicanism. Shaftesbury was President of the British and Foreign Bible Society (BFBS) from 1851 until his death in 1885. He wrote, of the Bible Society, \"\"Of all Societies, this is nearest to my heart... Bible Society has always been a watchword in our house.\"\" He was also president of the Evangelical Alliance for some time.\n", "Shaftesbury was also a student of Edward Bickersteth and together they became prominent advocates of Christian Zionism in Britain. Shaftesbury was an early proponent of the Restoration of the Jews to the Holy Land, providing the first proposal by a major politician to resettle Jews in Palestine. The conquest of Greater Syria in 1831 by Muhammad Ali of Egypt changed the conditions under which European power politics operated in the Near East. As a consequence of that shift, Shaftesbury was able to help persuade Foreign Minister Palmerston to send a British consul, James Finn, to Jerusalem in 1838. Shaftesbury became President of the London Society for Promoting Christianity Amongst the Jews, of which Finn was a prominent member. A committed Christian and a loyal Englishman, Shaftesbury argued for a Jewish return because of what he saw as the political and economic advantages to England and because he believed that it was God's will. In January 1839, Shaftesbury published an article in the Quarterly Review, which although initially commenting on the 1838 \"Letters on Egypt, Edom and the Holy Land (1838)\" by Lord Lindsay, provided the first proposal by a major politician to resettle Jews in Palestine:\n", "The soil and climate of Palestine are singularly adapted to the growth of produce required for the exigencies of Great Britain; the finest cotton may be obtained in almost unlimited abundance; silk and madder are the staple of the country, and olive oil is now, as it ever was, the very fatness of the land. Capital and skill are alone required: the presence of a British officer, and the increased security of property which his presence will confer, may invite them from these islands to the cultivation of Palestine; and the Jews, who will betake themselves to agriculture in no other land, having found, in the English consul, a mediator between their people and the Pacha, will probably return in yet greater numbers, and become once more the husbandmen of Judaea and Galilee.\n", "The lead-up to the Crimean War (1854), like the military expansionism of Muhammad Ali two decades earlier, signalled an opening for realignments in the Near East. In July 1853, Shaftesbury wrote to the Prime Minister, Lord Aberdeen, that Greater Syria was \"“a country without a nation” in need of “a nation without a country... Is there such a thing? To be sure there is, the ancient and rightful lords of the soil, the Jews!\"\" In his diary that year he wrote \"“these vast and fertile regions will soon be without a ruler, without a known and acknowledged power to claim dominion. The territory must be assigned to some one or other... There is a country without a nation; and God now in his wisdom and mercy, directs us to a nation without a country.\"\" This is commonly cited as an early use of the phrase, \"A land without a people for a people without a land\" by which Shaftesbury was echoing another British proponent of the restoration of the Jews to Israel, (Dr Alexander Keith.)\n", "Section::::Political career.:Society for the Suppression of the Opium Trade.\n", "Shaftesbury served as the first president of the Society for the Suppression of the Opium Trade: a lobbying group opposed to the Anglo-Asian opium trade. The Society was formed by Quaker businessmen in 1874, and Shaftesbury was president from 1880 until his death. The Society's efforts eventually led to the creation of the investigative Royal Commission on Opium.\n", "Section::::Shaftesbury Memorial.\n", "The Shaftesbury Memorial in Piccadilly Circus, London, erected in 1893, was designed to commemorate his philanthropic works. The Memorial is crowned by Alfred Gilbert's aluminium statue of Anteros as a nude, butterfly-winged archer. This is officially titled The Angel of Christian Charity, but has become popularly, if mistakenly, known as \"Eros\". It appears on the masthead of the \"Evening Standard\".\n", "Section::::Veneration.\n", "Lord Shaftesbury is honoured together with William Wilberforce on the liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church on 30 July. Lord Shaftesbury was a member of the Canterbury Association, as were two of Wilberforce's sons, Samuel and Robert. Lord Ashley joined on 27 March 1848.\n", "Section::::Family.\n", "Lord Shaftesbury, then Lord Ashley, married Lady Emily Caroline Catherine Frances Cowper (died 15 October 1872), daughter of Peter Cowper, 5th Earl Cowper and Emily Lamb, Countess Cowper; Emily is likely in fact to have been the natural daughter of Lord Palmerston (later her official stepfather), on 10 June 1830. This marriage, which proved a happy and fruitful one, produced ten children. It also provided invaluable political connections for Ashley; his wife's maternal uncle was Lord Melbourne and her stepfather (and supposed biological father) Lord Palmerston, both Prime Ministers.\n", "The children, who mostly suffered various degrees of ill-health, were:\n", "BULLET::::1. Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 8th Earl of Shaftesbury (27 June 1831 – 13 April 1886), ancestor of all subsequent earls. He proved to be a disappointing heir apparent, constantly running up debts with his extravagant wife Harriet, born Lady Harriet Chichester.\n", "BULLET::::2. Hon. (Anthony) Francis Henry Ashley-Cooper, second son (b. 13 March 1833 – 13 May 1849)\n", "BULLET::::3. Hon. (Anthony) Maurice William Ashley-Cooper, third son (22 July 1835 – 19 August 1855), died aged 20, after several years of illness.\n", "BULLET::::4. Rt. Hon. Evelyn Melbourne Ashley (24 July 1836 – 15 November 1907), married 1stly 28 July 1866 Sybella Charlotte Farquhar (ca. 1846 – 31 August 1886), daughter of Sir Walter Rockcliffe Farquhar, 3rd Bt. by his wife Lady Mary Octavia Somerset, a daughter of the Duke of Beaufort and had one son Wilfred William Ashley, and one daughter. His granddaughter was Hon. Edwina Ashley, later Lady Mountbatten (1901–1960), who had two daughters Patricia, Countess Mountbatten of Burma (1924-2017) and Lady Pamela Hicks (b. 1929). Evelyn Ashley left several other descendants via his daughter and Edwina's younger sister. Evelyn Ashley married 2ndly 30 June 1891 Lady Alice Elizabeth Cole (4 February 1853 – 25 August 1931), daughter of William Willoughby Cole, 3rd Earl of Enniskillen by his 1st wife Jane Casamajor, no issue. The Rt Hon Evelyn Melbourne Ashley died 15 November 1907.\n", "BULLET::::5. Lady Victoria Elizabeth Ashley, later Lady Templemore (23 September 1837 – 15 February 1927), married 8 January 1873 (aged 35) St George's, Hanover Square, London Harry Chichester, 2nd Baron Templemore (4 June 1821 – 10 June 1906), son of Arthur Chichester, 1st Baron Templemore and Lady Augusta Paget, and had issue.\n", "BULLET::::6. Hon (Anthony) Lionel George Ashley-Cooper (b. 7 September 1838 – 1914). He md 12 December 1868 Frances Elizabeth Leigh \"Fanny (d. 12 August 1875), daughter of Capel Hanbury Leigh; apparently had no issue.\n", "BULLET::::7. Lady Mary Charlotte Ashley-Cooper, second daughter (25 July 1842 – 3 September 1861.\n", "BULLET::::8. Lady Constance Emily Ashley-Cooper, third daughter, or \"Conty\" (29 November 1845 – 16 December 1872 or 1871 of lung disease)\n", "BULLET::::9. Lady Edith Florence Ashley-Cooper, fourth daughter (1 February 1847 – 25 November 1913)\n", "BULLET::::10. Hon. (Anthony) Cecil Ashley-Cooper, sixth son and tenth and youngest child (8 August 1849 – 23 September 1932); apparently died unmarried.\n", "Section::::Styles of address.\n", "BULLET::::- 1801–1811: Mr Anthony Ashley-Cooper\n", "BULLET::::- 1811–1826: Lord Ashley\n", "BULLET::::- 1826–1851: Lord Ashley MP\n", "BULLET::::- 1851–1862: \"The Right Honourable\" The Earl of Shaftesbury\n", "BULLET::::- 1862–1885: \"The Right Honourable\" The Earl of Shaftesbury KG\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "Although he was offered a burial at Westminster Abbey, Shaftesbury wished to be buried at St. Giles. A funeral service was held in Westminster Abbey during early morning of 8 October and the streets along the route from Grosvenor Square and Westminster Abbey were thronged with poor people, costermongers, flower-girls, boot-blacks, crossing-sweepers, factory-hands and similar workers who waited for hours to see Shaftesbury's coffin as it passed by. Due to his constant advocacy for the better treatment of the working classes, Shaftesbury became known as the \"Poor Man's Earl\".\n", "One of his biographers, Georgina Battiscombe, has claimed that \"No man has in fact ever done more to lessen the extent of human misery or to add to the sum total of human happiness\".\n", "Three days after his death, Charles Spurgeon eulogized him saying, \"DURING the past week the church of God, and the world at large, have sustained a very serious loss. In the taking home to himself by our gracious Lord of the Earl of Shaftesbury, we have, in my judgment, lost the best man of the age. I do not know whom I should place second, but I certainly should put him first—far beyond all other servants of God within my knowledge—for usefulness and influence. He was a man most true in his personal piety, as I know from having enjoyed his private friendship; a man most firm in his faith in the gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ; a man intensely active in the cause of God and truth. Take him whichever way you please, he was admirable: he was faithful to God in all his house, fulfilling both the first and second commands of the law in fervent love to God, and hearty love to man. He occupied his high position with singleness of purpose and immovable steadfastness: where shall we find his equal? If it is not possible that he was absolutely perfect, it is equally impossible for me to mention a single fault; for I saw none. He exhibited scriptural perfection, inasmuch as he was sincere, true, and consecrated. Those things which have been regarded as faults by the loose thinkers of this age are prime virtues in my esteem. They called him narrow; and in this they bear unconscious testimony to his loyalty to truth. I rejoiced greatly in his integrity, his fearlessness, his adherence to principle, in a day when revelation is questioned, the gospel explained away, and human thought set up as the idol of the hour. He felt that there was a vital and eternal difference between truth and error; consequently, he did not act or talk as if there was much to be said on either side, and, therefore, no one could be quite sure. We shall not know for many a year how much we miss in missing him; how great an anchor he was to this drifting generation, and how great a stimulus he was to every movement for the benefit of the poor. Both man and beast may unite in mourning him: he was the friend of every living thing. He lived for the oppressed; he lived for London; he lived for the nation; he lived still more for God. He has finished his course; and though we do not lay him to sleep in the grave with the sorrow of those that have no hope, yet we cannot but mourn that a great man and a prince has fallen this day in Israel. Surely, the righteous are taken away from the evil to come, and we are left to struggle on under increasing difficulties\" (“Departed Saints Yet Living.” The Metropolitan Tabernacle Pulpit Sermons. Vol. 31. London: Passmore & Alabaster, 1885. 541–542).\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- London Society for Promoting Christianity Among the Jews – Shaftesbury was president of the society.\n", "BULLET::::- A land without a people for a people without a land\n", "BULLET::::- Christian Zionism\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Georgina Battiscombe, \"Shaftesbury: A Biography of the Seventh Earl. 1801–1885\" (London: Constable, 1974).\n", "BULLET::::- John Wolffe, ‘Cooper, Anthony Ashley-, seventh earl of Shaftesbury (1801–1885)’, \"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\", Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008, accessed 13 February 2012.\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Best, Geoffrey. \"Shaftesbury\" (1964) short scholarly biography online free\n", "BULLET::::- Bready, J. Wesley. \"Lord Shaftesbury and social-industrial progress\" (1927)\n", "BULLET::::- Finlayson, Geoffrey. \"The Victorian Shaftesbury.\" \"'History Today\" (March 1983) 33#3 pp 31-35.\n", "BULLET::::- Finlayson, Geoffrey B. A. M. \"The Seventh Earl of Shaftesbury\" (1981), a major scholarly biography\n", "BULLET::::- Furse-Roberts, David Andrew Barton. \"The Making of an Evangelical Tory: The Seventh Earl of Shaftesbury (1801-1885) and the Evolving Character of Victorian Evangelicalism.\" (PhD thesis, University of New South Wales, 2015, ).\n", "BULLET::::- J. L. Hammond and B. Hammond, \"Lord Shaftesbury\" (1923). online free\n", "BULLET::::- E. Hodder, \"The Life and Work of the Seventh Earl of Shaftesbury\", 3 vols. (1887). Volume 1; Volume2; Volume3\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- John Debrett \"The Peerage of the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Ireland\" vol. 1: \"Cropley Ashley-Cooper, Earl of Shaftesbury\", p. 143. Reprinted 2002 from the original edition circa 1810. The entry gives details of Shaftesbury's four brothers and three surviving sisters. Further details of their marriages and descendance are available here.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "British politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q333294", "wikidata_label": "Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury", "wikipedia_title": "Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury" }

{ "end": [ 83, 95, 109, 55, 63, 74, 117, 126, 139, 184, 214, 223, 44, 158, 194, 228, 242, 255, 130, 366, 111, 166, 85, 158, 220, 282, 456, 627, 637, 59, 113, 296, 349, 408, 555, 640, 671, 36, 93, 180, 319, 338, 177, 218, 420, 553, 206, 402, 473, 735, 37, 145, 137, 246, 39, 123, 59, 99 ], "href": [ "France", "antiquarian", "cartography", "Paris", "Prague", "Vienna", "Germany", "Austria", "United%20Kingdom", "Count", "Duke", "Baron", "South%20Africa", "art", "Jacques-Louis%20David", "Egypt", "Napoleon%20I%20of%20France", "French%20campaign%20in%20Egypt%20and%20Syria", "I%20Modi", "Mayanism", "myocardial%20infarction", "Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es", "Pietro%20Aretino", "Marcantonio%20Raimondi", "Giulio%20Romano", "Pope%20Clement%20VII", "British%20Museum", "Palenque", "Mexico", "Mesoamerica", "Henry%20Berthoud", "Antonio%20del%20R%C3%ADo", "Charles%20III%20of%20Spain", "National%20Historical%20Archive%20%28Spain%29", "Ancient%20Egypt", "Native%20Americans%20in%20the%20United%20States", "Lost%20Tribes%20of%20Israel", "hydraulics", "Mexico", "Pre-Columbian", "Lord%20Kingsborough", "Uxmal", "M%C3%A9rida%2C%20Yucat%C3%A1n", "Uxmal", "Pyramid%20of%20the%20Magician", "American%20Antiquarian%20Society", "Charles%20%C3%89tienne%20Brasseur%20de%20Bourbourg", "Classical%20antiquity", "Maya%20script", "Atlantis", "lithograph", "centennial", "https%3A//archive.org/details/recollectionsoft00smituoft", "https%3A//archive.org/", "https%3A//web.archive.org/web/20030425041829/http%3A//emuseum.mnsu.edu/information/biography/uvwxyz/waldeck_jean.html", "http%3A//academic.reed.edu/uxmal/galleries/thumbnails/drawings/Drawings-Waldeck.htm", "http%3A//www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/search.aspx%3FsearchText%3D1868%2C0328.3%2A%2A%2Bwaldeck", "https%3A//publicdomainreview.org/2017/11/22/brief-encounters-with-jean-frederic-maximilien-de-waldeck/" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 11, 11, 11, 11, 12, 12, 12, 12, 13, 13, 23, 23, 26, 27, 28, 29 ], "start": [ 77, 84, 97, 50, 57, 68, 111, 119, 132, 179, 210, 218, 32, 155, 175, 223, 234, 245, 124, 358, 99, 152, 71, 138, 207, 266, 442, 619, 631, 48, 99, 281, 329, 382, 547, 624, 650, 27, 87, 167, 302, 333, 162, 213, 397, 525, 169, 383, 462, 727, 27, 135, 46, 230, 12, 12, 12, 12 ], "text": [ "French", "antiquarian", "cartographer", "Paris", "Prague", "Vienna", "German", "Austria", "British", "Count", "Duke", "Baron", "South Africa", "art", "Jacques-Louis David", "Egypt", "Napoleon", "expedition", "I Modi", "Mayanism", "heart attack", "Champs-Élysées", "Pietro Aretino", "Marcantonio Raimondi", "Giulio Romano", "Pope Clement VII", "British Museum", "Palenque", "Mexico", "Mesoamerica", "Henry Berthoud", "Antonio del Río", "Charles III of Spain", "National Archives of Spain", "Egyptian", "Native Americans", "Lost Tribes of Israel", "hydraulic", "Mexico", "Pre-Columbian", "Lord Kingsborough", "Uxmal", "Mérida, Yucatán", "Uxmal", "Pyramid of the Magician", "American Antiquarian Society", "Charles Étienne Brasseur de Bourbourg", "Classical antiquity", "Maya script", "Atlantis", "lithograph", "centennial", "Recollections of two distinguished persons : la Marquise de Boissy and the Count de Waldeck", "Internet Archive", "Waldeck on emuseum.mnsu.edu", "Reed College web site including all the images of Uxmal in Waldeck's 1838 \"Voyage pittoresque et archeólogique\"", "Waldeck's erotic drawings at the British Museum", "\"Brief Encounters with Jean-Frédéric Maximilien de Waldeck\" at the Public Domain Review" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Jean-Frédéric Waldeck\n", "Jean-Frédéric Maximilien de Waldeck (March 16, 1766? – April 30, 1875) was a French antiquarian, cartographer, artist and explorer. He was a man of talent and accomplishment, but his love of self-promotion and refusal to let the truth get in the way of a good story leave some aspects of his life in mystery.\n", "At various times Waldeck said that he was born in Paris, Prague, or Vienna, and at other times claimed to be a German, Austrian and British citizen. He often claimed the title of Count and occasionally that of Duke or Baron, but these cannot be verified.\n", "Waldeck said he had traveled to South Africa at age 19 and thereafter had begun a career in exploration. He claimed to have returned to France and studied art as a student of Jacques-Louis David. He said he had traveled to Egypt with Napoleon's expedition. None of this has been independently verified; indeed most of Waldeck's autobiography before about 1820 (including his given birthdate) is undocumented and his name is absent from records of various early expeditions he claimed to have been on.\n", "Waldeck is remembered primarily for two actions. The first is republishing the notorious set of pornographic prints titled \"I Modi\". The second is the exploration of Mexico and the publication of many examples of Maya and Aztec sculpture. Unfortunately, errors in his illustrations fostered misconceptions about Mesoamerican civilizations and contributed to Mayanism.\n", "He was active up until his death, at the claimed age of 109 years 45 days. He supposedly died of a heart attack while eying a beautiful woman near the \"Champs-Élysées\" in Paris.\n", "Section::::I Modi.\n", "The \"I Modi\" prints are highly pornographic and accompanied sonnets by Pietro Aretino. The original prints were published by the engraver Marcantonio Raimondi in the 16th century allegedly from paintings by Giulio Romano. The publication caused a furor in Rome, and Pope Clement VII ordered that all copies be destroyed. As such, there is no known original printing of \"I Modi\" in existence. What has survived is a series of fragments in the British Museum, two copies of a single print, and a woodcut copy from the 16th century. Waldeck claimed to have found a set of tracings of the \"I Modi\" prints in a convent near Palenque in Mexico. His story is dubious because there is no such convent. However, we know that he saw the fragments now in the British Museum because the fragments can be matched to his drawings.\n", "Section::::Mexican illustrations.\n", "Waldeck's first contact with the art of ancient Mesoamerica was when he was hired by the publisher Henry Berthoud to prepare some plates for an 1822 book entitled \"Description of the Ruins of an Ancient City\". This book was an English translation of the 1787 report on Palenque by Antonio del Río which had been commissioned for Charles III of Spain and then sat unpublished in the National Archives of Spain. Waldeck's engravings were much more beautiful and artistic than the original drawings he worked from, and gave the monuments a decidedly Egyptian look, in line with his patron's views that the ancient Mesoamerican Native Americans were the Lost Tribes of Israel.\n", "In 1825, he was hired as a hydraulic engineer by an English mining company and went to Mexico. He did not last long at this job, and after his failure he explored the Pre-Columbian ruins of the country, living in the ruined Palenque between May 1832 and July 1833. After that, in 1834, he was hired by Lord Kingsborough to travel to Uxmal and make drawings and architectural reconstructions. Some of these were \"fanciful in the extreme.\"\n", "In 1838, Waldeck published \"Voyage pittoresque et archéologique dans la province d'Yucatan pendant les années 1834 et 1836\" (Paris), a volume of illustrations of Mérida, Yucatán and Maya ruins, including those at Uxmal. Dedicated to Lord Kingsborough, this book provided what Waldeck believed was further support for connections between the ancient Maya and ancient Egypt. His illustration of the Pyramid of the Magician at Uxmal, for example, makes it look similar Egyptian pyramids. In 1839, he was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society.\n", "Waldeck's illustrations of Palenque were chosen to accompany \"Monuments anciens du Mexique (Palenque, et autres ruines de l'ancienne civilisation du Mexique)\" (1866) by Charles Étienne Brasseur de Bourbourg. However, just as his earlier illustrations had implied connections between the ancient Maya and ancient Egypt, the ones included with Brasseur de Bourbourg's text invoked the Classical antiquity of ancient Greece and Rome. His illustrations of panels of Maya script in the Temple of Inscriptions at Palenque included clear depictions of heads of elephants (now known to be erroneous embellishments). This fueled speculation about contact between the ancient Maya and Asia and the role of the mythical lost continent of Atlantis as a common link between ancient civilizations of the Old and New Worlds.\n", "Waldeck published numerous lithographs of what he had come across. His last set of prints was published in 1866 when he celebrated his centennial.\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Baudez, C. F., 1993: Jean-Frédéric Waldeck, peintre: le premier explorateur des ruines mayas. Hazan, Paris.\n", "BULLET::::- Brasseur de Bourbourg, É. C., 1866: Monuments anciens de Mexique: Palenqué et autres ruines de l'anc. civilisation du Mexique, Paris. (Illustrated by Waldeck.)\n", "BULLET::::- Brunhouse, Robert L., 1973: In Search of the Maya: The First Archaeologists. University of New Mexico Press. Albuquerque. (One chapter on Waldeck.)\n", "BULLET::::- Cline, Howard F., 1947: The Apocryphal Early Career of J. F. de Waldeck, Pioneer Americanist. Acta Americana. Tome V, pp. 278–299.\n", "BULLET::::- Del Rio, A., 1822: Report of Antonio Del Rio to Don Jose Estacheria, Brigadier, Governor and Commandant General of the Kingdom of Guatemala, Etc. In Description of the ruins of an ancient city, discovered near Palenque, in the kingdom of Guatemala, pp. 1–21. H. Berthoud and Suttaby Evance and Fox, London. (Illustrated by Waldeck.)\n", "BULLET::::- Lawner, L., 1988: I Modi: the sixteen pleasures: an erotic album of the Italian Renaissance:Giulio Romano, Marcantonio Raimondi, Pietro Aretino, and Count Jean-Frederic-Maximilien de Waldeck. Northwestern University, Evanston, Ill.\n", "BULLET::::- Le Fur, Y., 2006: D'un regard l'autre: histoire des regards européens sur l'Afrique, l'Amérique et l'Océanie. Musée du quai Branly, Paris. (Exhibition catalog that includes paintings by Waldeck.)\n", "BULLET::::- Parsons, L. A. and Jay I. Kislak Foundation., 1993: Columbus to Catherwood, 1494-1844 : 350 years of historic book graphics depicting the islands, Indians, and archaeology of the West Indies, Florida, and Mexico. Kislak bibliographic series ; publication 1. Jay I. Kislak Foundation Inc., Miami Lakes, Fla. (Includes book illustrations by Waldeck.)\n", "BULLET::::- Smith, Mary Rebecca Darby., 1878: Recollections of two distinguished persons : la Marquise de Boissy and the Count de Waldeck. J.B. Lippincott, Philadelphia, 1878. (Memoir of encounters with Waldeck. Book digitized at Internet Archive.)\n", "BULLET::::- Thompson, John Eric, 1927: The Elephant Heads in the Waldeck Manuscripts. Scientific Monthly, No. 25, pp. 392–398. New York.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Waldeck on emuseum.mnsu.edu\n", "BULLET::::- Reed College web site including all the images of Uxmal in Waldeck's 1838 \"Voyage pittoresque et archeólogique\"\n", "BULLET::::- Waldeck's erotic drawings at the British Museum\n", "BULLET::::- \"Brief Encounters with Jean-Frédéric Maximilien de Waldeck\" at the Public Domain Review\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Johann Friedrich Graf von Waldeck", "Jean-Frédéric Maximilien de Waldeck", "Johann Friedrich Maximilian Waldeck", "Friedrich von Waldeck", "Friedrich Waldeck", "Johann Friedrich Maximilian, Graf von Waldeck", "Johann Friedrich Maximilian von Waldeck", "Johann Friedrich, Graf von Waldeck", "Johann Friedrich Waldeck", "Jean Frédérick Waldeck", "Johann Friedrich Maximilian Graf Von Waldeck", "Jean-Frederic Waldeck", "Jean-Frederic Maximilien de Waldeck", "Jean Frederick Waldeck" ] }, "description": "French antiquarian, explorer, artist", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q956537", "wikidata_label": "Jean-Frédéric Waldeck", "wikipedia_title": "Jean-Frédéric Waldeck" }

{ "end": [ 71, 128, 205, 245, 306, 326, 22, 48, 88, 152, 272, 363, 392, 407, 474, 533, 657, 685, 801, 28, 45, 153, 188, 221, 253, 260, 275, 283, 307, 350, 461, 475, 488, 502, 570, 645, 91, 145, 295, 336, 436, 522, 618, 181, 550, 641, 652, 672, 720, 740, 53, 364, 396, 403, 715, 785, 860, 885, 922, 937, 23, 610, 676, 74, 137, 197, 282, 442, 723, 43, 79, 98, 221, 274, 316, 337, 379, 430, 450, 460, 482, 551, 41, 684, 829, 1031, 1221, 450, 563, 595, 619, 641, 660, 50, 77, 87, 191, 632, 102, 123, 383, 516, 85, 119, 363, 154, 211, 392, 485, 846, 948, 957, 993, 1016, 1107, 906, 30, 85, 115, 167, 486, 251, 130, 392, 123, 165, 322, 86, 308, 355, 419, 491, 12, 129, 62, 508, 274, 298, 463, 729, 71, 261, 88, 310, 98, 110, 661, 198, 64, 91, 125, 257, 380, 395, 767, 200, 476, 787, 222, 421, 541, 75, 247, 287, 475, 484, 601, 682, 727, 89, 262, 45, 488, 497, 304, 144, 236, 315, 327, 441, 49, 166, 78, 114, 128, 175, 239, 252, 260, 377, 417, 449, 132, 47, 475, 76, 91, 470, 780, 29, 220, 43, 98, 215, 249, 96, 142, 336, 364, 385, 626, 639, 653, 462, 119, 224, 290, 325, 399, 37, 104, 128, 150, 63, 162, 228, 236, 279, 13, 41, 62, 73, 226, 438, 472, 482, 495, 540, 33, 94, 162, 165, 167, 184, 282, 298, 322, 348, 457, 466, 501, 538, 607, 629, 729, 751, 805, 830, 871, 929, 991, 1054, 19, 42, 428, 472, 512, 569, 606, 1043, 1102, 1111, 1164, 1191, 149, 213, 260, 277, 365, 378, 458, 342, 581, 13, 52, 206, 668, 126, 140, 26, 35, 33, 43, 46, 32, 68, 530, 551, 569, 585, 597, 650, 667, 188, 512, 558, 672, 799, 40, 197, 237, 259, 310, 415, 661, 674, 22, 232, 386, 431, 456, 503, 564, 622, 33, 59, 214, 80, 163, 46, 25, 78, 30, 30, 59, 30, 162, 28, 56, 90, 30, 106, 33, 77, 50, 26, 93, 26, 75, 48, 46, 25, 82, 126, 97, 53, 30, 84, 60, 29, 26, 114, 71, 25, 26, 67, 136, 102, 566, 32, 77, 24, 65, 108, 180, 27, 70 ], "href": [ "Roman%20emperor", "Stoic%20philosopher", "Five%20Good%20Emperors", "Pax%20Romana", "Roman%20Empire", "Roman%20consul", "praetor", "Marcus%20Annius%20Verus%20%28III%29", "Domitia%20Lucilla", "Marcus%20Annius%20Verus%20%28II%29", "Lucius%20Catilius%20Severus", "Hadrian", "Adoption%20in%20ancient%20Rome", "Lucius%20Aelius", "Antoninus%20Pius", "Lucius%20Aurelius%20Verus", "Herodes%20Atticus", "Marcus%20Cornelius%20Fronto", "Faustina%20the%20Younger", "reign%20of%20Marcus%20Aurelius", "Lucius%20Verus", "Roman-Parthian%20War%20%28161%E2%80%93166%29", "Parthian%20Empire", "Kingdom%20of%20Armenia%20%28antiquity%29", "Marcomanni", "Quadi", "Sarmatians", "Iazyges", "Marcomannic%20Wars", "Germanic%20peoples", "Roman%20currency", "denarius", "Persecution%20of%20Christians%20in%20the%20Roman%20Empire", "Christians", "Antonine%20Plague", "population%20of%20the%20Roman%20Empire", "Lucilla", "Commodus", "Column%20of%20Marcus%20Aurelius", "Equestrian%20Statue%20of%20Marcus%20Aurelius", "Meditations", "Cassius%20Dio", "Stoic%20philosophy", "Augustan%20History", "Marius%20Maximus", "Hadrian", "Antoninus%20Pius", "Lucius%20Verus", "Aelius%20Verus", "Avidius%20Cassius", "Marcus%20Cornelius%20Fronto", "Cassius%20Dio", "Bithynian", "Nicaea", "Galen", "Aelius%20Aristides", "Digest%20%28Roman%20law%29", "Codex%20Justinianeus", "Epigraphy", "numismatics", "Rome", "Epiphanius%20of%20Salamis", "On%20Weights%20and%20Measures", "Domitia%20Lucilla", "Marcus%20Annius%20Verus%20%28III%29", "Numa%20Pompilius", "Messapians", "Pliny%20the%20Younger", "Caelian%20hill", "Espejo%2C%20C%C3%B3rdoba", "C%C3%B3rdoba%2C%20Spain", "Baetica", "Roman%20Senate", "praetor", "Marcus%20Annius%20Verus%20%28II%29", "Patrician%20%28ancient%20Rome%29", "Rupilia", "Nerva-Antonine%20dynasty", "Trajan", "Ulpia%20Marciana", "Salonia%20Matidia", "Vibia%20Sabina", "Annia%20Cornificia%20Faustina", "patria%20potestas", "Lucius%20Catilius%20Severus", "Caelian%20Hill", "Lateran%20Palace", "Pallium%20%28Roman%20cloak%29", "Homer", "Alexander%20of%20Cotiaeum", "Trosius%20Aper", "Tuticius%20Proculus", "Latin", "hemorrhage", "Hadrian%27s%20Villa", "Tivoli%2C%20Italy", "Adoption%20in%20ancient%20Rome", "Danube", "Faustina%20the%20Elder", "quaestor", "Triumvir%20Monetalis", "military%20tribune", "Baiae", "Campania", "Pozzuoli", "Ceionia%20Fabia", "Faustina%20the%20Younger", "Roman%20consul", "Equites", "Tyrian%20purple", "Pontiff", "augur", "quindecimviri%20sacris%20faciundis", "Epulones", "Arval%20Brethren", "Pontifex%20Maximus", "toga%20virilis", "Eloquence", "Greek%20language", "Herodes%20Atticus", "Second%20Sophistic", "Stoicism", "Cicero", "synonym", "jurisprudence", "malaise", "Apollonius%20of%20Chalcedon", "Junius%20Rusticus", "Arulenus%20Rusticus", "Domitian", "Stoic%20Opposition", "Seneca%20the%20Younger", "Philostratus", "Sextus%20of%20Chaeronea", "Boeotia", "wax%20tablet", "tribune", "imperium", "Castel%20Sant%27Angelo", "Iliad", "Lucilla", "Annia%20Galeria%20Aurelia%20Faustina", "corset", "praetorian%20prefect", "Lorium", "Etruria", "Tiberius", "imperator", "auctoritas", "Castra%20Praetoria", "Praetorian%20Guard", "Claudius", "sestertius", "denarius", "Roman%20currency", "Campus%20Martius", "flamen", "Temple%20of%20Antoninus%20and%20Faustina", "Marcus%20Ummidius%20Quadratus%20Annianus", "Lanuvium", "Caligula", "ab%20epistulis", "Pannonia", "Mauretania", "Augustal%20prefect", "Egypt%20%28Roman%20province%29", "aerarium%20Saturni", "Gaius%20Aufidius%20Victorinus", "Germania%20Superior", "Cirta", "Lucius%20Coelius%20Antipater", "Tiber", "Cleanthes", "Zeno%20of%20Citium", "Cyzicus", "Vologases%20IV%20of%20Parthia", "Kingdom%20of%20Armenia%20%28antiquity%29", "Bakur", "Arsacid%20Empire", "Marcus%20Sedatius%20Severianus", "Alexander%20of%20Abonutichus", "Legio%20IX%20Hispana", "Raetia", "Chatti", "Taunus", "limes", "Legio%20X%20Gemina", "Vindobona", "Vienna", "Legio%20I%20Minervia", "Legio%20II%20Adiutrix", "Legio%20V%20Macedonica", "Marcus%20Annius%20Libo%20%28consul%20161%29", "Alsium", "palaestra", "Laodicea%20in%20Syria", "Ephesus", "comes", "Brundisium", "Artashat%20%28ancient%20city%29", "Sohaemus%20of%20Armenia", "Osroene", "Edessa%2C%20Mesopotamia", "Euphrates", "Tigris", "Seleucia", "Ctesiphon", "Seleucid%20Empire", "Alexander%20the%20Great", "Diadochi", "Marcus%20Annius%20Verus%20Caesar", "Commodus", "Caesar%20%28title%29", "legionary", "Lucius%20Dasumius%20Tullius%20Tuscus", "Marcus%20Nonius%20Macrinus", "Tiberius%20Haterius%20Saturnius", "Marcus%20Servilius%20Fabianus%20Maximus", "Marcus%20Iallius%20Bassus", "Germanic%20tribes", "limes%20Germanicus", "Gaul", "Danube%23Human%20history", "Marcomanni", "Lombards", "Sarmatians", "Iazyges", "Tisza", "Costoboci", "Carpathian%20Mountains", "Moesia", "Macedonia%20%28Roman%20province%29", "Dacia", "Marcomannia", "Czech%20Republic", "Slovakia", "Hungary", "Ravenna", "Han%20Dynasty", "Sino-Roman%20relations", "Chinese%20language", "wikt%3A%E5%AE%89", "wikt%3A%E6%95%A6", "Daqin", "Roman%20Republic", "Roman%20glass", "Guangzhou", "South%20China%20Sea", "%C3%93c%20Eo", "Vietnam", "Kingdom%20of%20Funan", "Jiaozhi", "Kattigara", "Ptolemy", "Golden%20Chersonese", "Malay%20Peninsula", "Aurelian", "Xi%27an", "Chang%27an", "Indo-Roman%20trade%20relations", "History%20of%20silk", "Silk%20Road", "Antonine%20Plague", "Mesopotamia", "smallpox", "Rafe%20de%20Crespigny", "Eastern%20Han", "Emperor%20Huan%20of%20Han", "Emperor%20Ling%20of%20Han", "Indian%20Ocean", "Roman%20Egypt", "Indo-Roman%20relations", "Roman%20commerce", "Southeast%20Asia", "Cremation", "mausoleum", "Visigoth", "Sack%20of%20Rome%20%28410%29", "Column%20of%20Marcus%20Aurelius", "temple%20of%20Marcus%20Aurelius", "Pax%20Romana", "Vespasian", "encomium", "Michael%20Grant%20%28classicist%29", "philosopher%20king", "Justin%20Martyr", "Iain%20King", "Persecution%20of%20Christians%20in%20the%20Roman%20Empire", "Christians", "Cousin%20marriage", "Faustina%20the%20Younger", "Fadilla", "Annia%20Cornificia%20Faustina%20Minor", "Lucius%20Aurelius%20Commodus%20Antoninus", "Vibia%20Aurelia%20Sabina", "Meditations", "Christina%20of%20Sweden", "Frederick%20the%20Great", "John%20Stuart%20Mill", "Matthew%20Arnold", "Goethe", "Wen%20Jiabao", "Bill%20Clinton", "Julian%20the%20Apostate", "Arethas%20of%20Caesarea", "Suda", "Wilhelm%20Xylander", "Vatican%20library", "Equestrian%20Statue%20of%20Marcus%20Aurelius", "Middle%20Ages", "Christianity%20in%20the%204th%20century", "Constantine%20the%20Great", "pagan", "Capitoline%20Museums", "Ancient%20Greek%20art", "Ancient%20Greek%20sculpture", "victory%20column", "relief", "Middle%20Ages", "Saint%20Paul", "Pope%20Sixtus%20V", "column%20of%20Trajan", "Doric%20order", "frieze", "Epiphanius%20of%20Salamis", "On%20Weights%20and%20Measures", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3DFXllDwAAQBAJ", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3DdpommWWxA9gC", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3DFHJwAAAAMAAJ", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3DuCUBbMOCJ74C", "Warwick%20Ball", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3D07pTDAAAQBAJ", "Timothy%20Barnes", "Anthony%20Birley", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3DvlhPAwAAQBAJ", "J.%20B.%20Bury", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3DiGc-AAAAYAAJ", "Edward%20Champlin", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3DSl5oAAAAMAAJ", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3D2ls4AAAAIAAJ", "Rafe%20de%20Crespigny", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3D49OvCQAAQBAJ", "Richard%20Duncan-Jones", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3D7cpkQQ-n0V8C", "http%3A//capitolini.info/scu03247/%3Flang%3Den", "James%20Frank%20Gilliam", "American%20Journal%20of%20Philology", "Michael%20Grant%20%28classicist%29", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3DQl0fDAAAQBAJ%26amp%3Bpg%3DPT29", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3DmXc1uk30FIYC", "https%3A//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17195627", "Pierre%20Hadot", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3D3dLVyyDE-vQC", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3DYkilBAAAQBAJ", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3DIJrN8rDirxkC", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3DIFWSAgAAQBAJ", "Barbara%20Levick", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3DoVapAgAAQBAJ", "https%3A//books.google.com/%3Fid%3DwyKaVFZqbdUC", "Harold%20Mattingly", "Ronald%20Mellor", "American%20Journal%20of%20Philology", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3DLkgrDwAAQBAJ", "Frank%20McLynn", "Fergus%20Millar", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3DIA-YlZqHv90C", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3DPTnuAAAAMAAJ", "https%3A//books.google.gr/books%3Fid%3DxGBbDwAAQBAJ", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3DRj5Vx3gIPhwC", "William%20O.%20Stephens", "http%3A//www.bloomsbury.com/us/marcus-aurelius-a-guide-for-the-perplexed-9781441125613/", "Ronald%20Syme", "https%3A//books.google.com/books/about/A_Companion_to_Marcus_Aurelius.html%3Fid%3DnsdkQA735p4C", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3DE5yCAgAAQBAJ", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3DA2HKxK5N2sAC", "http%3A//www.iep.utm.edu/marcus/", "Internet%20Encyclopedia%20of%20Philosophy" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 10, 10, 10, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 19, 20, 20, 20, 21, 21, 21, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 26, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 29, 30, 30, 34, 34, 35, 36, 36, 36, 36, 36, 37, 37, 38, 38, 40, 40, 41, 41, 45, 45, 48, 48, 49, 49, 49, 52, 54, 55, 55, 55, 55, 55, 55, 56, 56, 56, 57, 57, 57, 60, 60, 60, 60, 60, 60, 60, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 64, 65, 67, 67, 67, 67, 67, 68, 68, 69, 69, 69, 69, 70, 70, 70, 70, 70, 70, 71, 72, 72, 75, 76, 76, 76, 77, 78, 79, 79, 79, 80, 81, 81, 81, 81, 81, 82, 82, 82, 84, 85, 85, 85, 85, 85, 86, 86, 86, 86, 87, 87, 87, 87, 87, 88, 88, 88, 88, 88, 88, 88, 88, 88, 88, 93, 93, 93, 93, 93, 93, 93, 93, 93, 93, 93, 93, 93, 93, 93, 93, 93, 93, 93, 93, 93, 93, 93, 93, 94, 94, 94, 94, 94, 94, 94, 94, 94, 94, 94, 94, 96, 96, 96, 96, 96, 96, 96, 97, 97, 100, 103, 103, 103, 105, 105, 107, 107, 115, 116, 118, 121, 123, 123, 123, 123, 123, 123, 123, 123, 124, 124, 124, 124, 124, 126, 126, 126, 126, 126, 126, 126, 126, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 137, 137, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 150, 151, 154, 156, 157, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 161, 162, 162, 163, 166, 166, 168, 168, 169, 170, 171, 171, 174, 175, 176, 177, 177, 178, 179, 180, 180, 181, 183, 185, 185, 187, 188, 189, 190, 190, 192, 193, 194, 195, 197, 197 ], "start": [ 58, 111, 187, 235, 294, 320, 15, 23, 73, 128, 249, 356, 372, 394, 460, 518, 642, 662, 793, 4, 33, 134, 173, 203, 243, 255, 266, 276, 291, 334, 447, 467, 477, 492, 555, 615, 84, 137, 289, 300, 425, 511, 602, 165, 536, 634, 643, 666, 708, 725, 47, 353, 387, 397, 710, 769, 854, 867, 910, 927, 19, 589, 653, 59, 112, 183, 272, 437, 711, 38, 72, 91, 214, 267, 292, 328, 372, 408, 444, 453, 467, 545, 16, 669, 806, 1019, 1214, 439, 558, 574, 607, 624, 655, 40, 68, 81, 180, 626, 84, 115, 365, 495, 80, 111, 356, 141, 203, 386, 478, 836, 938, 952, 963, 997, 1093, 890, 18, 78, 110, 152, 470, 243, 124, 385, 110, 158, 299, 63, 291, 347, 403, 485, 0, 110, 55, 501, 263, 290, 443, 724, 42, 231, 83, 292, 92, 103, 653, 189, 54, 75, 109, 249, 371, 388, 753, 186, 470, 755, 206, 413, 533, 63, 239, 277, 455, 479, 585, 657, 710, 84, 255, 40, 479, 493, 297, 121, 218, 308, 320, 415, 25, 156, 72, 108, 122, 170, 231, 243, 254, 367, 406, 437, 118, 41, 466, 68, 84, 465, 770, 21, 199, 36, 92, 206, 243, 88, 133, 321, 345, 367, 620, 631, 644, 453, 89, 202, 263, 292, 378, 22, 89, 124, 144, 53, 154, 219, 229, 273, 4, 31, 56, 64, 221, 427, 458, 474, 488, 533, 24, 57, 155, 164, 166, 179, 272, 287, 313, 333, 452, 459, 485, 531, 598, 622, 712, 736, 797, 825, 863, 909, 968, 1045, 4, 31, 420, 455, 501, 550, 587, 1031, 1097, 1106, 1148, 1177, 140, 204, 252, 261, 359, 372, 448, 333, 573, 0, 36, 193, 659, 115, 130, 15, 27, 12, 12, 12, 12, 57, 511, 532, 553, 571, 591, 640, 655, 169, 493, 554, 642, 784, 4, 186, 220, 238, 305, 397, 642, 665, 8, 226, 375, 421, 443, 487, 559, 616, 12, 36, 113, 28, 108, 31, 12, 27, 12, 12, 28, 12, 32, 12, 30, 30, 12, 32, 12, 35, 12, 12, 64, 12, 28, 28, 27, 12, 27, 29, 29, 28, 12, 31, 29, 12, 12, 85, 27, 12, 12, 28, 29, 26, 33, 12, 33, 12, 33, 27, 96, 12, 35 ], "text": [ "Roman emperor", "Stoic philosopher", "Five Good Emperors", "Pax Romana", "Roman Empire", "consul", "praetor", "Marcus Annius Verus (III)", "Domitia Lucilla", "Marcus Annius Verus (II)", "Lucius Catilius Severus", "Hadrian", "adopted son and heir", "Lucius Aelius", "Antoninus Pius", "Lucius Commodus", "Herodes Atticus", "Marcus Cornelius Fronto", "Faustina", "reign of Marcus Aurelius", "Lucius Verus", "fought successfully", "Parthian Empire", "Kingdom of Armenia", "Marcomanni", "Quadi", "Sarmatian", "Iazyges", "Marcomannic Wars", "Germanic peoples", "Roman currency", "denarius", "Persecution", "Christians", "Antonine Plague", "population of the Roman Empire", "Lucilla", "Commodus", "Column", "Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius", "Meditations", "Cassius Dio", "Stoic philosophy", "Historia Augusta", "Marius Maximus", "Hadrian", "Antoninus", "Lucius", "Aelius Verus", "Avidius Cassius", "Fronto", "Cassius Dio", "Bithynian", "Nicaea", "Galen", "Aelius Aristides", "Digest", "Codex Justinianeus", "Inscriptions", "coin finds", "Rome", "Epiphanius of Salamis", "On Weights and Measures", "Domitia Lucilla", "Marcus Annius Verus (III)", "Numa Pompilius", "Messapians", "Pliny", "Caelian hill", "Ucubi", "Córdoba", "Baetica", "senator", "praetor", "Marcus Annius Verus (II)", "patrician", "Rupilia", "Nerva-Antonine dynasty", "Trajan", "sororal", "Salonia Matidia", "Sabina", "Annia Cornificia Faustina", "patria potestas", "Lucius Catilius Severus", "Caelian Hill", "Lateran", "Greek cloak", "Homer", "Alexander of Cotiaeum", "Trosius Aper", "Tuticius Proculus", "Latin", "hemorrhage", "his villa", "Tivoli", "adopted son", "Danube", "Faustina the Elder", "quaestor", "triumvir monetalis", "tribune with a legion", "Baiae", "Campania", "Puteoli", "Ceionia Fabia", "Faustina", "consul", "knights", "purple dye", "pontifices", "augur", "quindecimviri sacris faciundis", "septemviri epulonum", "Arval Brethren", "Pontifex Maximus", "toga virilis", "oratory", "Greek", "Herodes Atticus", "Second Sophistic", "Stoicism", "Cicero", "synonym", "jurisprudence", "malaise", "Apollonius of Chalcedon", "Quintus Junius Rusticus", "Arulenus Rusticus", "Domitian", "Stoic Opposition", "Seneca", "Philostratus", "Sextus of Chaeronea", "Boeotia", "tablets", "tribunician", "imperium", "Mausoleum of Hadrian", "Iliad", "Annia Aurelia Galeria Lucilla", "Annia Galeria Aurelia Faustina", "stays", "praetorian prefect", "Lorium", "Etruria", "Tiberius", "imperator", "auctoritas", "Castra Praetoria", "Praetorian Guard", "Claudius", "sesterces", "denarii", "Roman currency", "Campus Martius", "flamen", "Temple of Antoninus and Faustina", "Ummius Quadratus", "Lanuvium", "Caligula", "ab epistulis", "Pannonia", "Mauretania", "prefectural governor", "Egypt", "aerarium Saturni", "Gaius Aufidius Victorinus", "Germania Superior", "Cirta", "Coelius", "Tiber", "Cleanthes", "Zeno", "Cyzicus", "Vologases IV of Parthia", "Kingdom of Armenia", "Pacorus", "Arsacid", "Marcus Sedatius Severianus", "Alexander of Abonutichus", "IX Hispana", "Raetia", "Chatti", "Taunus", "limes", "X Gemina", "Vindobona", "Vienna", "I Minervia", "II Adiutrix", "V Macedonica", "M. Annius Libo", "Alsium", "palaestra", "Laodicea", "Ephesus", "comes", "Brundisium", "Artaxata", "Gaius Julius Sohaemus", "Osroene", "Edessa", "Euphrates", "Tigris", "Seleucia", "Ctesiphon", "Seleucid Empire", "Alexander the Great", "successor kingdoms", "Annius", "Commodus", "his heirs", "legionary", "Lucius Dasumius Tullius Tuscus", "Marcus Nonius Macrinus", "Tiberius Haterius Saturnius", "Marcus Servilius Fabianus Maximus", "Marcus Iallius Bassus", "Germanic tribes", "northern border", "Gaul", "Danube", "Marcomanni", "Lombards", "Sarmatian", "Iazyges", "Theiss", "Costoboci", "Carpathian", "Moesia", "Macedonia", "Dacia", "Marcomannia", "Czech Republic", "Slovakia", "Hungary", "Ravenna", "Han China", "Roman traveller visited the Han court", "Chinese", "安", "敦", "Daqin", "Republican", "Roman glass", "Guangzhou", "South China Sea", "Óc Eo", "Vietnam", "Kingdom of Funan", "Jiaozhi", "Kattigara", "Ptolemy", "Golden Chersonese", "Malay Peninsula", "Aurelian", "Xi'an", "Chang'an", "Roman coins in India", "purchasing Chinese silk", "Silk Road", "Antonine Plague", "Mesopotamia", "smallpox", "Rafe de Crespigny", "Eastern Han", "Emperor Huan of Han", "Emperor Ling of Han", "Indian Ocean", "Egypt", "India", "Roman commercial", "Southeast Asia", "his ashes", "mausoleum", "Visigoth", "sack of the city", "column", "temple", "Pax Romana", "Vespasian", "encomium", "Michael Grant", "philosopher king", "Justin Martyr", "Iain King", "persecution", "Christians", "cousin-wife", "Faustina", "Annia Aurelia Fadilla", "Annia Cornificia Faustina Minor", "Lucius Aurelius Commodus Antoninus", "Vibia Aurelia Sabina", "Meditations", "Christina of Sweden", "Frederick the Great", "John Stuart Mill", "Matthew Arnold", "Goethe", "Wen Jiabao", "Bill Clinton", "Julian the Apostate", "Arethas of Caesarea", "Suda", "Wilhelm Xylander (ne Holzmann)", "Vatican library", "Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius", "Middle Ages", "Christian emperor", "Constantine the Great", "pagan", "Capitoline Museums", "classical tradition", "sculpture", "victory column", "relief", "Middle Ages", "Saint Paul", "Pope Sixtus V", "column of Trajan", "Doric", "frieze", "Epiphanius of Salamis", "On Weights and Measures", "\"Encyclopedia of World History, Ackerman-Schroeder-Terry-Hwa Lo, 2008: Encyclopedia of World History\"", "\"Marcus Aurelius in the Historia Augusta and Beyond\"", "\"Nomads, Traders, and Holy Men Along China's Silk Road\"", "\"Avidio Cassio\"", "Ball, Warwick", "\"Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire\"", "Barnes, Timothy D.", "Birley, Anthony R.", "\"A Reference Guide to Stoicism\"", "Bury, John Bagnell", "\"The Student's Roman Empire: A History of the Roman Empire from Its Foundation to the Death of Marcus Aurelius (27 B.C.–180 A.D.)\"", "Champlin, Edward", "\"Fronto and Antonine Rome\"", "\"Background to Archaeology: Britain in its European Setting\"", "De Crespigny, Rafe", "\"A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD)\"", "Duncan-Jones, Richard", "\"Structure and Scale in the Roman Economy\"", "'Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius'", "Gilliam, J. F.", "American Journal of Philology", "Grant, Michael", "\"The Antonines: the Roman Empire in transition\"", "\"The Climax Of Rome\"", "The Antonine plague", "Hadot, Pierre", "\"The inner citadel: the Meditations of Marcus Aurelius\"", "\"Greek Narratives of the Roman Empire under the Severans: Cassius Dio, Philostratus and Herodian\"", "\"Gardner's art through the ages. Volume II: the western perspective\"", "\"The Imperial Roman Army\"", "Levick, Barbara M.", "\"Faustina I and II: Imperial Women of the Golden Age\"", "\"Dictionary of World Biography\"", "Mattingly, Harold", "Mellor, Ronald", "American Journal of Philology", "\"The Plight of Rome in the Fifth Century AD\"", "McLynn, Frank", "Millar, Fergus", "\"The Roman Near East, 31 B.C.–A.D. 337\"", "\"The Lives of the Roman Emperors and Their Associates from Julius Cæsar (B.C. 100) to Agustulus (A.D. 476)\"", "\"How to Think Like a Roman Emperor: The Stoic Philosophy of Marcus Aurelius\"", "\"Breve historia de Hispania: La fascinante historia de Hispania, desde Viriato hasta el esplendor con los emperadores Trajano y Adriano. Los protagonistas, la cultura, la religión y el desarrollo económico y social de una de las provincias más ricas del Imperio romano\" [\"Brief history of Hispania: the fascinating history of Hispania, from Viriato to the splendor with the Emperors Trajan and Hadrian. The protagonists, culture, religion, and the economic and social development of one of the richest provinces of the Roman Empire\"]", "Stephens, William O.", "\"Marcus Aurelius: A Guide for the Perplexed\"", "Syme, Ronald", "\"A Companion to Marcus Aurelius\"", "\"Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy 31 BC – AD 305\"", "\"The Cambridge History of China: Volume 1, The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC–AD 220\"", "Marcus Aurelius", "Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Marcus Aurelius\n", "Marcus Aurelius ( or ; ; 26 April 121 – 17 March 180) was Roman emperor from 8 March 161 to 17 March 180 and a Stoic philosopher. He was the last of the rulers traditionally known as the Five Good Emperors, and the last emperor of the Pax Romana, an age of relative peace and stability for the Roman Empire. He was also consul in 140, 145, and 161.\n", "The son of the praetor Marcus Annius Verus (III) and the wealthy heiress Domitia Lucilla, Marcus was raised by his grandfather, Marcus Annius Verus (II), after his father died. Educated at home, he later credited his maternal step-great-grandfather Lucius Catilius Severus – who helped Marcus' grandfather to raise him – for his education. In 138, Emperor Hadrian's first adopted son and heir, Lucius Aelius, died. Hadrian chose as his new heir Marcus' uncle, Antoninus Pius, who adopted Marcus and the son of Aelius, Lucius Commodus. Antoninus took the throne that year and Marcus, now his heir, studied Greek and Latin under tutors such as Herodes Atticus and Marcus Cornelius Fronto. He kept in close correspondence with Fronto for many years afterwards. Marcus married Antoninus' daughter Faustina in 145. Antoninus died following an illness in 161.\n", "The reign of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, his co-ruler until 169, was marked by military conflict. In the East, the Roman Empire fought successfully with a revitalized Parthian Empire and the rebel Kingdom of Armenia. Marcus defeated the Marcomanni, Quadi, and Sarmatian Iazyges in the Marcomannic Wars. However, these and other Germanic peoples began to represent a troubling reality for the Empire. Marcus modified the silver purity of the Roman currency, the denarius. Persecution of Christians is believed to have increased during his reign. The Antonine Plague that broke out in 165 or 166 devastated the population of the Roman Empire. It caused the deaths of five million people, a quarter of those it affected. \n", "Marcus never adopted an heir unlike some of his predecessors; his children included Lucilla (who married Lucius Verus) and his successor Commodus, the only survivor among at least six sons, whose succession has become a subject of debate among both contemporary and modern historians. The Column and Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius still stand in Rome, where they were erected in celebration of his military victories. \"Meditations\", the writings of 'the philosopher' – as contemporary biographers such as Cassius Dio called Marcus, are a significant source of the modern understanding of ancient Stoic philosophy. They have been praised by fellow writers, philosophers, monarchs, and politicians centuries after his death.\n", "Section::::Sources.\n", "The major sources depicting the life and rule of Marcus are patchy and frequently unreliable. The most important group of sources, the biographies contained in the \"Historia Augusta\", claim to be written by a group of authors at the turn of the 4th century AD, but were in fact written by a single author (referred to here as 'the biographer') from about 395 AD. The later biographies and the biographies of subordinate emperors and usurpers are unreliable, but the earlier biographies, derived primarily from now-lost earlier sources (Marius Maximus or Ignotus), are much more accurate. For Marcus' life and rule, the biographies of Hadrian, Antoninus, Marcus, and Lucius are largely reliable, but those of Aelius Verus and Avidius Cassius are not.\n", "A body of correspondence between Marcus' tutor Fronto and various Antonine officials survives in a series of patchy manuscripts, covering the period from c. 138 to 166. Marcus' own \"Meditations\" offer a window on his inner life, but are largely undateable and make few specific references to worldly affairs. The main narrative source for the period is Cassius Dio, a Greek senator from Bithynian Nicaea who wrote a history of Rome from its founding to 229 in eighty books. Dio is vital for the military history of the period, but his senatorial prejudices and strong opposition to imperial expansion obscure his perspective. Some other literary sources provide specific details: the writings of the physician Galen on the habits of the Antonine elite, the orations of Aelius Aristides on the temper of the times, and the constitutions preserved in the \"Digest\" and \"Codex Justinianeus\" on Marcus' legal work. Inscriptions and coin finds supplement the literary sources.\n", "Section::::Early life and career.\n", "Section::::Early life and career.:Name.\n", "Marcus was born in Rome on 26 April 121. His name at birth was supposedly Marcus Annius Verus, but some sources assign this name to him upon his father's death and unofficial adoption by his grandfather, upon his coming of age, or at the time of his marriage. He may have been known as Marcus Annius Catilius Severus, at birth or at some point in his youth, or Marcus Catilius Severus Annius Verus. Upon his adoption by Antoninus as heir to the throne, he was known as Marcus Aelius Aurelius Verus Caesar and, upon his ascension, he was Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus until his death; Epiphanius of Salamis, in his chronology of the Roman emperors \"On Weights and Measures\", calls him \"Marcus Aurelius Verus\".\n", "Section::::Early life and career.:Family origins.\n", "Marcus was of Italic and Iberian origins, being the son of Domitia Lucilla (also known as Domitia Calvilla) and Marcus Annius Verus (III). His father traced his legendary pedigree to Numa Pompilius (second King of Rome) and Domitia traced hers to Mallenius, prince of the Messapians. Domitia was the daughter of the Roman patrician P. Calvisius Tullus and Domitia Lucilla and had inherited a great fortune (described at length in one of Pliny's letters) from her parents and grandparents. Her inheritance included large brickworks on the outskirts of Rome – a profitable enterprise in an era when the city was experiencing a construction boom – and the \"Horti Domitia Calvillae\" (or \"Lucillae\"), a villa on the Caelian hill of Rome. Marcus himself was born and raised in the \"Horti\" and referred to the Caelian hill as 'My Caelian'.\n", "Marcus' paternal family originated in Ucubi, a small town south east of Córdoba in Iberian Baetica. The family rose to prominence in the late 1st century AD. Marcus' great-grandfather Marcus Annius Verus (I) was a senator and (according to the \"Historia Augusta\") ex-praetor; his grandfather Marcus Annius Verus (II) was made a patrician in 73–74. Through his grandmother Rupilia, Marcus was a member of the Nerva-Antonine dynasty; the emperor Trajan's sororal niece Salonia Matidia was the mother of Rupilia and her half-sister, Hadrian's wife Sabina.\n", "Section::::Early life and career.:Childhood.\n", "Marcus' sister, Annia Cornificia Faustina, was probably born in 122 or 123. His father probably died in 124, during his praetorship, when Marcus was three years old. Though he can hardly have known his father, Marcus wrote in his \"Meditations\" that he had learnt 'modesty and manliness' from his memories of his father and from the man's posthumous reputation. His mother Lucilla did not remarry and, following prevailing aristocratic customs, probably did not spend much time with her son. Instead, Marcus was in the care of 'nurses', and was raised after his father's death by his grandfather Marcus Annius Verus (II), who had always retained the legal authority of \"patria potestas\" over his son and grandson. Technically this was not an adoption, the creation of a new and different \"patria potestas\". Lucius Catilius Severus, described as Marcus' maternal great-grandfather, also participated in his upbringing; he was probably the elder Domitia Lucilla's stepfather. Marcus was raised in his parents' home on the Caelian Hill, which he would affectionately refer to as 'my Caelian'. It was an upscale area with few public buildings but many aristocratic villas. Marcus' grandfather owned a palace beside the Lateran, where he would spend much of his childhood. Marcus thanks his grandfather for teaching him 'good character and avoidance of bad temper'. He was less fond of the mistress his grandfather took and lived with after the death of his wife Rupilia. Marcus was grateful that he did not have to live with her longer than he did.\n", "Marcus was educated at home, in line with contemporary aristocratic trends; he thanks Catilius Severus for encouraging him to avoid public schools. One of his teachers, Diognetus, a painting master, proved particularly influential; he seems to have introduced Marcus Aurelius to the philosophic way of life. In April 132, at the behest of Diognetus, Marcus took up the dress and habits of the philosopher: he studied while wearing a rough Greek cloak, and would sleep on the ground until his mother convinced him to sleep on a bed. A new set of tutors – the Homeric scholar Alexander of Cotiaeum along with Trosius Aper and Tuticius Proculus, teachers of Latin – took over Marcus' education in about 132 or 133. Marcus thanks Alexander for his training in literary styling. Alexander's influence – an emphasis on matter over style and careful wording, with the occasional Homeric quotation – has been detected in Marcus' \"Meditations\".\n", "Section::::Early life and career.:Succession to Hadrian.\n", "In late 136, Hadrian almost died from a hemorrhage. Convalescent in his villa at Tivoli, he selected Lucius Ceionius Commodus, Marcus' intended father-in-law, as his successor and adopted son, according to the biographer 'against the wishes of everyone'. While his motives are not certain, it would appear that his goal was to eventually place the then-too-young Marcus on the throne. As part of his adoption, Commodus took the name Lucius Aelius Caesar. His health was so poor that, during a ceremony to mark his becoming heir to the throne, he was too weak to lift a large shield on his own. After a brief stationing on the Danube frontier, Aelius returned to Rome to make an address to the senate on the first day of 138. The night before the speech, however, he grew ill, and died of a hemorrhage later in the day.\n", "On 24 January 138, Hadrian selected Aurelius Antoninus, the husband of Marcus' aunt Faustina the Elder, as his new successor. As part of Hadrian's terms, Antoninus in turn adopted Marcus and Lucius Commodus, the son of Lucius Aelius. Marcus became M. Aelius Aurelius Verus, and Lucius became L. Aelius Aurelius Commodus. At Hadrian's request, Antoninus' daughter Faustina was betrothed to Lucius. Marcus reportedly greeted the news that Hadrian had become his adoptive grandfather with sadness, instead of joy. Only with reluctance did he move from his mother's house on the Caelian to Hadrian's private home.\n", "At some time in 138, Hadrian requested in the senate that Marcus be exempt from the law barring him from becoming \"quaestor\" before his twenty-fourth birthday. The senate complied, and Marcus served under Antoninus, the consul for 139. Marcus' adoption diverted him from the typical career path of his class. If not for his adoption, he probably would have become \"triumvir monetalis\", a highly regarded post involving token administration of the state mint; after that, he could have served as tribune with a legion, becoming the legion's nominal second-in-command. Marcus probably would have opted for travel and further education instead. As it was, Marcus was set apart from his fellow citizens. Nonetheless, his biographer attests that his character remained unaffected: 'He still showed the same respect to his relations as he had when he was an ordinary citizen, and he was as thrifty and careful of his possessions as he had been when he lived in a private household'.\n", "After a series of suicide attempts, all thwarted by Antoninus, Hadrian left for Baiae, a seaside resort on the Campanian coast. His condition did not improve, and he abandoned the diet prescribed by his doctors, indulging himself in food and drink. He sent for Antoninus, who was at his side when he died on 10 July 138. His remains were buried quietly at Puteoli. The succession to Antoninus was peaceful and stable: Antoninus kept Hadrian's nominees in office and appeased the senate, respecting its privileges and commuting the death sentences of men charged in Hadrian's last days. For his dutiful behaviour, Antoninus was asked to accept the name 'Pius'.\n", "Section::::Early life and career.:Heir to Antoninus Pius (138–145).\n", "Immediately after Hadrian's death, Antoninus approached Marcus and requested that his marriage arrangements be amended: Marcus' betrothal to Ceionia Fabia would be annulled, and he would be betrothed to Faustina, Antoninus' daughter, instead. Faustina's betrothal to Ceionia's brother Lucius Commodus would also have to be annulled. Marcus consented to Antoninus' proposal. He was made consul for 140 with Antoninus as his colleague, and was appointed as a \"seviri\", one of the knights' six commanders, at the order's annual parade on 15 July 139. As the heir apparent, Marcus became \"princeps iuventutis\", head of the equestrian order. He now took the name Marcus Aelius Aurelius Verus Caesar. Marcus would later caution himself against taking the name too seriously: 'See that you do not turn into a Caesar; do not be dipped into the purple dye – for that can happen'. At the senate's request, Marcus joined all the priestly colleges (\"pontifices\", \"augures\", \"quindecimviri sacris faciundis\", \"septemviri epulonum\", etc.); direct evidence for membership, however, is available only for the Arval Brethren.\n", "Antoninus demanded that Marcus reside in the House of Tiberius, the imperial palace on the Palatine, and take up the habits of his new station, the \"aulicum fastigium\" or 'pomp of the court', against Marcus' objections. Marcus would struggle to reconcile the life of the court with his philosophic yearnings. He told himself it was an attainable goal – 'Where life is possible, then it is possible to live the right life; life is possible in a palace, so it is possible to live the right life in a palace' – but he found it difficult nonetheless. He would criticize himself in the \"Meditations\" for 'abusing court life' in front of company.\n", "As quaestor, Marcus would have had little real administrative work to do. He would read imperial letters to the senate when Antoninus was absent, and would do secretarial work for the senators. But he felt drowned in paperwork, and complained to his tutor, Marcus Cornelius Fronto: 'I am so out of breath from dictating nearly thirty letters'. He was being 'fitted for ruling the state', in the words of his biographer. He was required to make a speech to the assembled senators as well, making oratorical training essential for the job.\n", "On 1 January 145, Marcus was made consul a second time. Fronto urged him in a letter to have plenty of sleep 'so that you may come into the Senate with a good colour and read your speech with a strong voice'. Marcus had complained of an illness in an earlier letter: 'As far as my strength is concerned, I am beginning to get it back; and there is no trace of the pain in my chest. But that ulcer [...] I am having treatment and taking care not to do anything that interferes with it'. Never particularly healthy or strong, Marcus was praised by Cassius Dio, writing of his later years, for behaving dutifully in spite of his various illnesses. In April 145, Marcus married Faustina, legally his sister, as had been planned since 138. Little is specifically known of the ceremony, but the biographer calls it 'noteworthy'. Coins were issued with the heads of the couple, and Antoninus, as \"Pontifex Maximus\", would have officiated. Marcus makes no apparent reference to the marriage in his surviving letters, and only sparing references to Faustina.\n", "Section::::Early life and career.:Fronto and further education.\n", "After taking the \"toga virilis\" in 136, Marcus probably began his training in oratory. He had three tutors in Greek – Aninus Macer, Caninius Celer, and Herodes Atticus – and one in Latin – Fronto. The latter two were the most esteemed orators of their time, but probably did not become his tutors until his adoption by Antoninus in 138. The preponderance of Greek tutors indicates the importance of the Greek language to the aristocracy of Rome. This was the age of the Second Sophistic, a renaissance in Greek letters. Although educated in Rome, in his \"Meditations\", Marcus would write his inmost thoughts in Greek.\n", "Atticus was controversial: an enormously rich Athenian (probably the richest man in the eastern half of the empire), he was quick to anger, and resented by his fellow Athenians for his patronizing manner. Atticus was an inveterate opponent of Stoicism and philosophic pretensions. He thought the Stoics' desire for a 'lack of feeling' foolish: they would live a 'sluggish, enervated life', he said. In spite of the influence of Atticus, Marcus would later become a Stoic. He would not mention Herodes at all in his \"Meditations\", in spite of the fact that they would come into contact many times over the following decades.\n", "Fronto was highly esteemed: in the self-consciously antiquarian world of Latin letters, he was thought of as second only to Cicero, perhaps even an alternative to him. He did not care much for Atticus, though Marcus was eventually to put the pair on speaking terms. Fronto exercised a complete mastery of Latin, capable of tracing expressions through the literature, producing obscure synonyms, and challenging minor improprieties in word choice.\n", "A significant amount of the correspondence between Fronto and Marcus has survived. The pair were very close, using intimate language such as 'Farewell my Fronto, wherever you are, my most sweet love and delight. How is it between you and me? I love you and you are not here' in their correspondence. Marcus spent time with Fronto's wife and daughter, both named Cratia, and they enjoyed light conversation.\n", "He wrote Fronto a letter on his birthday, claiming to love him as he loved himself, and calling on the gods to ensure that every word he learnt of literature, he would learn 'from the lips of Fronto'. His prayers for Fronto's health were more than conventional, because Fronto was frequently ill; at times, he seems to be an almost constant invalid, always suffering – about one-quarter of the surviving letters deal with the man's sicknesses. Marcus asks that Fronto's pain be inflicted on himself, 'of my own accord with every kind of discomfort'.\n", "Fronto never became Marcus' full-time teacher, and continued his career as an advocate. One notorious case brought him into conflict with Atticus. Marcus pleaded with Fronto, first with 'advice', then as a 'favour', not to attack Atticus; he had already asked Atticus to refrain from making the first blows. Fronto replied that he was surprised to discover Marcus counted Atticus as a friend (perhaps Atticus was not yet Marcus' tutor), and allowed that Marcus might be correct, but nonetheless affirmed his intent to win the case by any means necessary: '[T]he charges are frightful and must be spoken of as frightful. Those in particular which refer to the beating and robbing I will describe in such a way that they savour of gall and bile. If I happen to call him an uneducated little Greek it will not mean war to the death'. The outcome of the trial is unknown.\n", "By the age of twenty-five (between April 146 and April 147), Marcus had grown disaffected with his studies in jurisprudence, and showed some signs of general malaise. His master, he writes to Fronto, was an unpleasant blowhard, and had made 'a hit at' him: 'It is easy to sit yawning next to a judge, he says, but to \"be\" a judge is noble work'. Marcus had grown tired of his exercises, of taking positions in imaginary debates. When he criticized the insincerity of conventional language, Fronto took to defend it. In any case, Marcus' formal education was now over. He had kept his teachers on good terms, following them devotedly. It 'affected his health adversely', his biographer writes, to have devoted so much effort to his studies. It was the only thing the biographer could find fault with in Marcus' entire boyhood.\n", "Fronto had warned Marcus against the study of philosophy early on: 'It is better never to have touched the teaching of philosophy...than to have tasted it superficially, with the edge of the lips, as the saying is'. He disdained philosophy and philosophers, and looked down on Marcus' sessions with Apollonius of Chalcedon and others in this circle. Fronto put an uncharitable interpretation of Marcus' 'conversion to philosophy': 'In the fashion of the young, tired of boring work', Marcus had turned to philosophy to escape the constant exercises of oratorical training. Marcus kept in close touch with Fronto, but would ignore Fronto's scruples.\n", "Apollonius may have introduced Marcus to Stoic philosophy, but Quintus Junius Rusticus would have the strongest influence on the boy. He was the man Fronto recognized as having 'wooed Marcus away' from oratory. He was older than Fronto and twenty years older than Marcus. As the grandson of Arulenus Rusticus, one of the martyrs to the tyranny of Domitian (\"r\". 81–96), he was heir to the tradition of 'Stoic Opposition' to the 'bad emperors' of the 1st century; the true successor of Seneca (as opposed to Fronto, the false one). Marcus thanks Rusticus for teaching him 'not to be led astray into enthusiasm for rhetoric, for writing on speculative themes, for discoursing on moralizing texts... To avoid oratory, poetry, and 'fine writing\".\n", "Philostratus describes how even when Marcus was an old man, in the latter part of his reign, he studied under Sextus of Chaeronea:\n", "The Emperor Marcus was an eager disciple of Sextus the Boeotian philosopher, being often in his company and frequenting his house. Lucius, who had just come to Rome, asked the Emperor, whom he met on his way, where he was going to and on what errand, and Marcus answered, ' it is good even for an old man to learn; I am now on my way to Sextus the philosopher to learn what I do not yet know.' And Lucius, raising his hand to heaven, said, ' O Zeus, the king of the Romans in his old age takes up his tablets and goes to school.' \n", "Section::::Early life and career.:Births and deaths.\n", "On 30 November 147, Faustina gave birth to a girl named Domitia Faustina. She was the first of at least thirteen children (including two sets of twins) that Faustina would bear over the next twenty-three years. The next day, 1 December, Antoninus gave Marcus the tribunician power and the \"imperium\" – authority over the armies and provinces of the emperor. As tribune, he had the right to bring one measure before the senate after the four Antoninus could introduce. His tribunician powers would be renewed with Antoninus' on 10 December 147. The first mention of Domitia in Marcus' letters reveals her as a sickly infant. 'Caesar to Fronto. If the gods are willing we seem to have a hope of recovery. The diarrhea has stopped, the little attacks of fever have been driven away. But the emaciation is still extreme and there is still quite a bit of coughing'. He and Faustina, Marcus wrote, had been 'pretty occupied' with the girl's care. Domitia would die in 151.\n", "In 149, Faustina gave birth again, to twin sons. Contemporary coinage commemorates the event, with crossed cornucopiae beneath portrait busts of the two small boys, and the legend \"temporum felicitas\", 'the happiness of the times'. They did not survive long. Before the end of the year, another family coin was issued: it shows only a tiny girl, Domitia Faustina, and one boy baby. Then another: the girl alone. The infants were buried in the Mausoleum of Hadrian, where their epitaphs survive. They were called Titus Aurelius Antoninus and Tiberius Aelius Aurelius. Marcus steadied himself: 'One man prays: 'How I may not lose my little child', but you must pray: 'How I may not be afraid to lose him\". He quoted from the \"Iliad\" what he called the 'briefest and most familiar saying...enough to dispel sorrow and fear':poem leaves,\n", "the wind scatters some on the face of the ground;\n", "like unto them are the children of men./poem\n", "– \"Iliad\" vi.146\n", "Another daughter was born on 7 March 150, Annia Aurelia Galeria Lucilla. At some time between 155 and 161, probably soon after 155, Marcus' mother Domitia Lucilla died. Faustina probably had another daughter in 151, but the child, Annia Galeria Aurelia Faustina, might not have been born until 153. Another son, Tiberius Aelius Antoninus, was born in 152. A coin issue celebrates \"fecunditati Augustae\", 'the Augusta's fertility', depicting two girls and an infant. The boy did not survive long, as evidenced by coins from 156, only depicting the two girls. He might have died in 152, the same year as Marcus' sister Cornificia. By 28 March 158, when Marcus replied, another of his children was dead. Marcus thanked the temple synod, 'even though this turned out otherwise'. The child's name is unknown. In 159 and 160, Faustina gave birth to daughters: Fadilla and Cornificia, named respectively after Faustina's and Marcus' dead sisters.\n", "Section::::Early life and career.:Antoninus Pius' last years.\n", "Lucius started his political career as a quaestor in 153. He was consul in 154, and was consul again with Marcus in 161. Lucius had no other titles, except that of 'son of Augustus'. Lucius had a markedly different personality from Marcus: he enjoyed sports of all kinds, but especially hunting and wrestling; he took obvious pleasure in the circus games and gladiatorial fights. He did not marry until 164.\n", "In 156, Antoninus turned 70. He found it difficult to keep himself upright without stays. He started nibbling on dry bread to give him the strength to stay awake through his morning receptions. As Antoninus aged, Marcus would take on more administrative duties, more still when he became the praetorian prefect (an office that was as much secretarial as military) as Gavius Maximus died in 156 or 157. In 160, Marcus and Lucius were designated joint consuls for the following year. Antoninus may have already been ill.\n", "Two days before his death, the biographer reports, Antoninus was at his ancestral estate at Lorium, in Etruria, about 19 kilometres (12 mi) from Rome. He ate Alpine cheese at dinner quite greedily. In the night he vomited; he had a fever the next day. The day after that, 7 March 161, he summoned the imperial council, and passed the state and his daughter to Marcus. The emperor gave the keynote to his life in the last word that he uttered when the tribune of the night-watch came to ask the password – 'aequanimitas' (equanimity). He then turned over, as if going to sleep, and died. His death closed out the longest reign since Augustus, surpassing Tiberius by a couple of months.\n", "Section::::Emperor.\n", "Section::::Emperor.:Accession of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus (161).\n", "After Antoninus died in 161, Marcus was effectively sole ruler of the Empire. The formalities of the position would follow. The senate would soon grant him the name Augustus and the title \"imperator\", and he would soon be formally elected as \"Pontifex Maximus\", chief priest of the official cults. Marcus made some show of resistance: the biographer writes that he was 'compelled' to take imperial power. This may have been a genuine \"horror imperii\", 'fear of imperial power'. Marcus, with his preference for the philosophic life, found the imperial office unappealing. His training as a Stoic, however, had made the choice clear to him that it was his duty.\n", "Although Marcus showed no personal affection for Hadrian (significantly, he does not thank him in the first book of his \"Meditations\"), he presumably believed it his duty to enact the man's succession plans. Thus, although the senate planned to confirm Marcus alone, he refused to take office unless Lucius received equal powers. The senate accepted, granting Lucius the \"imperium\", the tribunician power, and the name Augustus. Marcus became, in official titulature, Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus; Lucius, forgoing his name Commodus and taking Marcus' family name Verus, became Imperator Caesar Lucius Aurelius Verus Augustus. It was the first time that Rome was ruled by two emperors.\n", "In spite of their nominal equality, Marcus held more \"auctoritas\", or 'authority', than Lucius. He had been consul once more than Lucius, he had shared in Antoninus' rule, and he alone was \"Pontifex Maximus\". It would have been clear to the public which emperor was the more senior. As the biographer wrote, 'Verus obeyed Marcus...as a lieutenant obeys a proconsul or a governor obeys the emperor'.\n", "Immediately after their senate confirmation, the emperors proceeded to the Castra Praetoria, the camp of the Praetorian Guard. Lucius addressed the assembled troops, which then acclaimed the pair as \"imperatores\". Then, like every new emperor since Claudius, Lucius promised the troops a special donative. This donative, however, was twice the size of those past: 20,000 sesterces (5,000 denarii) per capita, with more to officers. In return for this bounty, equivalent to several years' pay, the troops swore an oath to protect the emperors. The ceremony was perhaps not entirely necessary, given that Marcus' accession had been peaceful and unopposed, but it was good insurance against later military troubles. Upon his accession he also devalued the Roman currency. He decreased the silver purity of the denarius from 83.5% to 79% – the silver weight dropping from to .\n", "Antoninus' funeral ceremonies were, in the words of the biographer, 'elaborate'. If his funeral followed those of his predecessors, his body would have been incinerated on a pyre at the Campus Martius, and his spirit would have been seen as ascending to the gods' home in the heavens. Marcus and Lucius nominated their father for deification. In contrast to their behaviour during Antoninus' campaign to deify Hadrian, the senate did not oppose the emperors' wishes. A \"flamen\", or cultic priest, was appointed to minister the cult of the deified Divus Antoninus. Antoninus' remains were laid to rest in Hadrian's mausoleum, beside the remains of Marcus' children and of Hadrian himself. The temple he had dedicated to his wife, Diva Faustina, became the Temple of Antoninus and Faustina. It survives as the church of San Lorenzo in Miranda.\n", "In accordance with his will, Antoninus' fortune passed on to Faustina. (Marcus had little need of his wife's fortune. Indeed, at his accession, Marcus transferred part of his mother's estate to his nephew, Ummius Quadratus.) Faustina was three months pregnant at her husband's accession. During the pregnancy she dreamed of giving birth to two serpents, one fiercer than the other. On 31 August she gave birth at Lanuvium to twins: T. Aurelius Fulvus Antoninus and Lucius Aurelius Commodus. Aside from the fact that the twins shared Caligula's birthday, the omens were favorable, and the astrologers drew positive horoscopes for the children. The births were celebrated on the imperial coinage.\n", "Section::::Emperor.:Early rule.\n", "Soon after the emperors' accession, Marcus' eleven-year-old daughter, Annia Lucilla, was betrothed to Lucius (in spite of the fact that he was, formally, her uncle). At the ceremonies commemorating the event, new provisions were made for the support of poor children, along the lines of earlier imperial foundations. Marcus and Lucius proved popular with the people of Rome, who strongly approved of their \"civiliter\" ('lacking pomp') behaviour. The emperors permitted free speech, evidenced by the fact that the comedy writer Marullus was able to criticize them without suffering retribution. As the biographer wrote, 'No one missed the lenient ways of Pius'.\n", "Marcus replaced a number of the empire's major officials. The \"ab epistulis\" Sextus Caecilius Crescens Volusianus, in charge of the imperial correspondence, was replaced with Titus Varius Clemens. Clemens was from the frontier province of Pannonia and had served in the war in Mauretania. Recently, he had served as procurator of five provinces. He was a man suited for a time of military crisis. Lucius Volusius Maecianus, Marcus' former tutor, had been prefectural governor of Egypt at Marcus' accession. Maecianus was recalled, made senator, and appointed prefect of the treasury (\"aerarium Saturni\"). He was made consul soon after. Fronto's son-in-law, Gaius Aufidius Victorinus, was appointed governor of Germania Superior.\n", "Fronto returned to his Roman townhouse at dawn on 28 March, having left his home in Cirta as soon as news of his pupils' accession reached him. He sent a note to the imperial freedman Charilas, asking if he could call on the emperors. Fronto would later explain that he had not dared to write the emperors directly. The tutor was immensely proud of his students. Reflecting on the speech he had written on taking his consulship in 143, when he had praised the young Marcus, Fronto was ebullient: 'There was then an outstanding natural ability in you; there is now perfected excellence. There was then a crop of growing corn; there is now a ripe, gathered harvest. What I was hoping for then, I have now. The hope has become a reality.' Fronto called on Marcus alone; neither thought to invite Lucius.\n", "Lucius was less esteemed by Fronto than his brother, as his interests were on a lower level. Lucius asked Fronto to adjudicate in a dispute he and his friend Calpurnius were having on the relative merits of two actors. Marcus told Fronto of his reading – Coelius and a little Cicero – and his family. His daughters were in Rome with their great-great-aunt Matidia; Marcus thought the evening air of the country was too cold for them. He asked Fronto for 'some particularly eloquent reading matter, something of your own, or Cato, or Cicero, or Sallust or Gracchus – or some poet, for I need distraction, especially in this kind of way, by reading something that will uplift and diffuse my pressing anxieties.' Marcus' early reign proceeded smoothly; he was able to give himself wholly to philosophy and the pursuit of popular affection. Soon, however, he would find he had many anxieties. It would mean the end of the \"felicitas temporum\" ('happy times') that the coinage of 161 had proclaimed.\n", "In either autumn 161 or spring 162, the Tiber overflowed its banks, flooding much of Rome. It drowned many animals, leaving the city in famine. Marcus and Lucius gave the crisis their personal attention. In other times of famine, the emperors are said to have provided for the Italian communities out of the Roman granaries.\n", "Fronto's letters continued through Marcus' early reign. Fronto felt that, because of Marcus' prominence and public duties, lessons were more important now than they had ever been before. He believed Marcus was 'beginning to feel the wish to be eloquent once more, in spite of having for a time lost interest in eloquence'. Fronto would again remind his pupil of the tension between his role and his philosophic pretensions: 'Suppose, Caesar, that you can attain to the wisdom of Cleanthes and Zeno, yet, against your will, not the philosopher's woolen cape'.\n", "The early days of Marcus' reign were the happiest of Fronto's life: Marcus was beloved by the people of Rome, an excellent emperor, a fond pupil, and perhaps most importantly, as eloquent as could be wished. Marcus had displayed rhetorical skill in his speech to the senate after an earthquake at Cyzicus. It had conveyed the drama of the disaster, and the senate had been awed: 'Not more suddenly or violently was the city stirred by the earthquake than the minds of your hearers by your speech'. Fronto was hugely pleased.\n", "Section::::Emperor.:War with Parthia (161–166).\n", "On his deathbed, Antoninus spoke of nothing but the state and the foreign kings who had wronged him. One of those kings, Vologases IV of Parthia, made his move in late summer or early autumn 161. Vologases entered the Kingdom of Armenia (then a Roman client state), expelled its king and installed his own – Pacorus, an Arsacid like himself. The governor of Cappadocia, the frontline in all Armenian conflicts, was Marcus Sedatius Severianus, a Gaul with much experience in military matters.\n", "Convinced by the prophet Alexander of Abonutichus that he could defeat the Parthians easily and win glory for himself, Severianus led a legion (perhaps the IX Hispana) into Armenia, but was trapped by the great Parthian general Chosrhoes at Elegia, a town just beyond the Cappadocian frontiers, high up past the headwaters of the Euphrates. After Severianus made some unsuccessful efforts to engage Chosrhoes, he committed suicide, and his legion was massacred. The campaign had lasted only three days.\n", "There was threat of war on other frontiers as well – in Britain, and in Raetia and Upper Germany, where the Chatti of the Taunus mountains had recently crossed over the \"limes\". Marcus was unprepared. Antoninus seems to have given him no military experience; the biographer writes that Marcus spent the whole of Antoninus' twenty-three-year reign at his emperor's side and not in the provinces, where most previous emperors had spent their early careers.\n", "More bad news arrived: the Syrian governor's army had been defeated by the Parthians, and retreated in disarray. Reinforcements were dispatched for the Parthian frontier. P. Julius Geminius Marcianus, an African senator commanding X Gemina at Vindobona (Vienna), left for Cappadocia with detachments from the Danubian legions. Three full legions were also sent east: I Minervia from Bonn in Upper Germany, II Adiutrix from Aquincum, and V Macedonica from Troesmis.\n", "The northern frontiers were strategically weakened; frontier governors were told to avoid conflict wherever possible. M. Annius Libo, Marcus' first cousin, was sent to replace the Syrian governor. His first consulship was in 161, so he was probably in his early thirties, and as a patrician, he lacked military experience. Marcus had chosen a reliable man rather than a talented one.\n", "Marcus took a four-day public holiday at Alsium, a resort town on the coast of Etruria. He was too anxious to relax. Writing to Fronto, he declared that he would not speak about his holiday. Fronto replied: 'What? Do I not know that you went to Alsium with the intention of devoting yourself to games, joking, and complete leisure for four whole days?' He encouraged Marcus to rest, calling on the example of his predecessors (Antoninus had enjoyed exercise in the \"palaestra\", fishing, and comedy), going so far as to write up a fable about the gods' division of the day between morning and evening – Marcus had apparently been spending most of his evenings on judicial matters instead of at leisure. Marcus could not take Fronto's advice. 'I have duties hanging over me that can hardly be begged off', he wrote back. Marcus Aurelius put on Fronto's voice to chastise himself: \"Much good has my advice done you', you will say!' He had rested, and would rest often, but 'this devotion to duty! Who knows better than you how demanding it is!'\n", "Fronto sent Marcus a selection of reading material, and, to settle his unease over the course of the Parthian war, a long and considered letter, full of historical references. In modern editions of Fronto's works, it is labeled \"De bello Parthico\" (\"On the Parthian War\"). There had been reverses in Rome's past, Fronto writes, but in the end, Romans had always prevailed over their enemies: 'Always and everywhere [Mars] has changed our troubles into successes and our terrors into triumphs'.\n", "Over the winter of 161–162, news that a rebellion was brewing in Syria arrived and it was decided that Lucius should direct the Parthian war in person. He was stronger and healthier than Marcus, the argument went, and thus more suited to military activity. Lucius' biographer suggests ulterior motives: to restrain Lucius' debaucheries, to make him thrifty, to reform his morals by the terror of war, and to realize that he was an emperor. Whatever the case, the senate gave its assent, and, in the summer of 162, Lucius left. Marcus would remain in Rome, as the city 'demanded the presence of an emperor'.\n", "Lucius spent most of the campaign in Antioch, though he wintered at Laodicea and summered at Daphne, a resort just outside Antioch. Critics declaimed Lucius' luxurious lifestyle, saying that he had taken to gambling, would 'dice the whole night through', and enjoyed the company of actors. Libo died early in the war; perhaps Lucius had murdered him.\n", "In the middle of the war, perhaps in autumn 163 or early 164, Lucius made a trip to Ephesus to be married to Marcus' daughter Lucilla. Marcus moved up the date; perhaps he had already heard of Lucius' mistress Panthea. Lucilla's thirteenth birthday was in March 163; whatever the date of her marriage, she was not yet fifteen. Lucilla was accompanied by her mother Faustina and Lucius' uncle (his father's half-brother) M. Vettulenus Civica Barbarus, who was made \"comes Augusti\", 'companion of the emperors'. Marcus may have wanted Civica to watch over Lucius, the job Libo had failed at. Marcus may have planned to accompany them all the way to Smyrna (the biographer says he told the senate he would), but this did not happen. He only accompanied the group as far as Brundisium, where they boarded a ship for the east. He returned to Rome immediately thereafter, and sent out special instructions to his proconsuls not to give the group any official reception.\n", "The Armenian capital Artaxata was captured in 163. At the end of the year, Lucius took the title \"Armeniacus\", despite having never seen combat; Marcus declined to accept the title until the following year. When Lucius was hailed as \"imperator\" again, however, Marcus did not hesitate to take the \"Imperator II\" with him.\n", "Occupied Armenia was reconstructed on Roman terms. In 164, a new capital, Kaine Polis ('New City'), replaced Artaxata. A new king was installed: a Roman senator of consular rank and Arsacid descent, Gaius Julius Sohaemus. He may not even have been crowned in Armenia; the ceremony may have taken place in Antioch, or even Ephesus. Sohaemus was hailed on the imperial coinage of 164 under the legend : Lucius sat on a throne with his staff while Sohaemus stood before him, saluting the emperor.\n", "In 163, the Parthians intervened in Osroene, a Roman client in upper Mesopotamia centred on Edessa, and installed their own king on its throne. In response, Roman forces were moved downstream, to cross the Euphrates at a more southerly point. Before the end of 163, however, Roman forces had moved north to occupy Dausara and Nicephorium on the northern, Parthian bank. Soon after the conquest of the north bank of the Euphrates, other Roman forces moved on Osroene from Armenia, taking Anthemusia, a town southwest of Edessa.\n", "In 165, Roman forces moved on Mesopotamia. Edessa was re-occupied, and Mannus, the king deposed by the Parthians, was re-installed. The Parthians retreated to Nisibis, but this too was besieged and captured. The Parthian army dispersed in the Tigris. A second force, under Avidius Cassius and the III Gallica, moved down the Euphrates, and fought a major battle at Dura.\n", "By the end of the year, Cassius' army had reached the twin metropolises of Mesopotamia: Seleucia on the right bank of the Tigris and Ctesiphon on the left. Ctesiphon was taken and its royal palace set to flame. The citizens of Seleucia, still largely Greek (the city had been commissioned and settled as a capital of the Seleucid Empire, one of Alexander the Great's successor kingdoms), opened its gates to the invaders. The city was sacked nonetheless, leaving a black mark on Lucius' reputation. Excuses were sought, or invented: the official version had it that the Seleucids broke faith first.\n", "Cassius' army, although suffering from a shortage of supplies and the effects of a plague contracted in Seleucia, made it back to Roman territory safely. Lucius took the title Parthicus Maximus, and he and Marcus were hailed as \"imperatores\" again, earning the title 'imp. III'. Cassius' army returned to the field in 166, crossing over the Tigris into Media. Lucius took the title 'Medicus', and the emperors were again hailed as \"imperatores\", becoming 'imp. IV' in imperial titulature. Marcus took the Parthicus Maximus now, after another tactful delay. On 12 October of that year, Marcus proclaimed two of his sons, Annius and Commodus, as his heirs.\n", "Section::::Emperor.:War with Germanic tribes (166–180).\n", "During the early 160s, Fronto's son-in-law Victorinus was stationed as a legate in Germany. He was there with his wife and children (another child had stayed with Fronto and his wife in Rome). The condition on the northern frontier looked grave. A frontier post had been destroyed, and it looked like all the peoples of central and northern Europe were in turmoil. There was corruption among the officers: Victorinus had to ask for the resignation of a legionary legate who was taking bribes.\n", "Experienced governors had been replaced by friends and relatives of the imperial family. Lucius Dasumius Tullius Tuscus, a distant relative of Hadrian, was in Upper Pannonia, succeeding the experienced Marcus Nonius Macrinus. Lower Pannonia was under the obscure Tiberius Haterius Saturnius. Marcus Servilius Fabianus Maximus was shuffled from Lower Moesia to Upper Moesia when Marcus Iallius Bassus had joined Lucius in Antioch. Lower Moesia was filled by Pontius Laelianus' son. The Dacias were still divided in three, governed by a praetorian senator and two procurators. The peace could not hold long; Lower Pannonia did not even have a legion.\n", "Starting in the 160s, Germanic tribes, and other nomadic people launched raids along the northern border, particularly into Gaul and across the Danube. This new impetus westwards was probably due to attacks from tribes further east. A first invasion of the Chatti in the province of Germania Superior was repulsed in 162.\n", "Far more dangerous was the invasion of 166, when the Marcomanni of Bohemia, clients of the Roman Empire since 19 AD, crossed the Danube together with the Lombards and other Germanic tribes. Soon thereafter, the Iranian Sarmatian Iazyges attacked between the Danube and the Theiss rivers.\n", "The Costoboci, coming from the Carpathian area, invaded Moesia, Macedonia, and Greece. After a long struggle, Marcus managed to push back the invaders. Numerous members of Germanic tribes settled in frontier regions like Dacia, Pannonia, Germany, and Italy itself. This was not a new thing, but this time the numbers of settlers required the creation of two new frontier provinces on the left shore of the Danube, Sarmatia and Marcomannia, including today's Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary. Some Germanic tribes who settled in Ravenna revolted and managed to seize possession of the city. For this reason, Marcus decided not only against bringing more barbarians into Italy, but even banished those who had previously been brought there.\n", "Section::::Emperor.:Legal and administrative work.\n", "Like many emperors, Marcus spent most of his time addressing matters of law such as petitions and hearing disputes, but unlike many of his predecessors, he was already proficient in imperial administration when he assumed power. He took great care in the theory and practice of legislation. Professional jurists called him 'an emperor most skilled in the law' and 'a most prudent and conscientiously just emperor'. He showed marked interest in three areas of the law: the manumission of slaves, the guardianship of orphans and minors, and the choice of city councillors (\"decuriones\").\n", "Marcus showed a great deal of respect to the Roman Senate and routinely asked them for permission to spend money even though he did not need to do so as the absolute ruler of the Empire. In one speech, Marcus himself reminded the Senate that the imperial palace where he lived was not truly his possession but theirs. In 168, he revalued the denarius, increasing the silver purity from 79% to 82% – the actual silver weight increasing from . However, two years later he reverted to the previous values because of the military crises facing the empire.\n", "Section::::Emperor.:Legal and administrative work.:Trade with Han China and outbreak of plague.\n", "A possible contact with Han China occurred in 166 when a Roman traveller visited the Han court, claiming to be an ambassador representing a certain Andun (Chinese: 安 敦), ruler of Daqin, who can be identified either with Marcus or his predecessor Antoninus. In addition to Republican-era Roman glasswares found at Guangzhou along the South China Sea, Roman golden medallions made during the reign of Antoninus and perhaps even Marcus have been found at Óc Eo, Vietnam, then part of the Kingdom of Funan near the Chinese province of Jiaozhi (in northern Vietnam). This may have been the port city of Kattigara, described by Ptolemy (c. 150) as being visited by a Greek sailor named Alexander and laying beyond the Golden Chersonese (i.e. Malay Peninsula). Roman coins from the reigns of Tiberius to Aurelian have been found in Xi'an, China (site of the Han capital Chang'an), although the far greater amount of Roman coins in India suggests the Roman maritime trade for purchasing Chinese silk was centred there, not in China or even the overland Silk Road running through Persia.\n", "The Antonine Plague started in Mesopotamia in 165 or 166 at the end of Lucius' campaign against the Parthians. It may have continued into the reign of Commodus. Galen, who was in Rome when the plague spread to the city in 166, mentioned that 'fever, diarrhoea, and inflammation of the pharynx, along with dry or pustular eruptions of the skin after nine days' were among the symptoms. It is believed that the plague was smallpox. In the view of historian Rafe de Crespigny, the plagues afflicting the Eastern Han empire of China during the reigns of Emperor Huan of Han (r. 146–168) and Emperor Ling of Han (r. 168–189), which struck in 151, 161, 171, 173, 179, 182, and 185, were perhaps connected to the plague in Rome. Raoul McLaughlin writes that the travel of Roman subjects to the Han Chinese court in 166 may have started a new era of Roman–Far East trade. However, it was also a 'harbinger of something much more ominous'. According to McLaughlin, the disease caused 'irreparable' damage to the Roman maritime trade in the Indian Ocean as proven by the archaeological record spanning from Egypt to India, as well as significantly decreased Roman commercial activity in Southeast Asia.\n", "Section::::Emperor.:Death and succession (180).\n", "Marcus died at the age of 58 on 17 March 180 due to natural causes in the city of Vindobona (modern Vienna). He was immediately deified and his ashes were returned to Rome, where they rested in Hadrian's mausoleum (modern Castel Sant'Angelo) until the Visigoth sack of the city in 410. His campaigns against Germans and Sarmatians were also commemorated by a column and a temple built in Rome. Some scholars consider his death to be the end of the Pax Romana.\n", "Marcus was succeeded by his son Commodus, whom he had named Caesar in 166 and with whom he had jointly ruled since 177. Biological sons of the emperor, if there were any, were considered heirs; however, it was only the second time that a 'non-adoptive' son had succeeded his father, the only other having been a century earlier when Vespasian was succeeded by his son Titus. Historians have criticized the succession to Commodus, citing Commodus' erratic behaviour and lack of political and military acumen. At the end of his history of Marcus' reign, Cassius Dio wrote an encomium to the emperor, and described the transition to Commodus in his own lifetime with sorrow:\n", "[Marcus] did not meet with the good fortune that he deserved, for he was not strong in body and was involved in a multitude of troubles throughout practically his entire reign. But for my part, I admire him all the more for this very reason, that amid unusual and extraordinary difficulties he both survived himself and preserved the empire. Just one thing prevented him from being completely happy, namely, that after rearing and educating his son in the best possible way he was vastly disappointed in him. This matter must be our next topic; for our history now descends from a kingdom of gold to one of iron and rust, as affairs did for the Romans of that day.\n", "Dio adds that from Marcus' first days as counsellor to Antoninus to his final days as emperor of Rome, 'he remained the same [person] and did not change in the least.'\n", "Michael Grant, in \"The Climax of Rome\", writes of Commodus:\n", "The youth turned out to be very erratic, or at least so anti-traditional that disaster was inevitable. But whether or not Marcus ought to have known this to be so, the rejections of his son's claims in favour of someone else would almost certainly have involved one of the civil wars which were to proliferate so disastrously around future successions.\n", "Section::::Legacy and reputation.\n", "Marcus acquired the reputation of a philosopher king within his lifetime, and the title would remain his after death; both Dio and the biographer call him 'the philosopher'. Christians such as Justin Martyr, Athenagoras, and Melito also gave him the title. The last named went so far as to call him 'more philanthropic and philosophic' than Antoninus and Hadrian, and set him against the persecuting emperors Domitian and Nero to make the contrast bolder. 'Alone of the emperors,' wrote the historian Herodian, 'he gave proof of his learning not by mere words or knowledge of philosophical doctrines but by his blameless character and temperate way of life'. Iain King concludes that Marcus' legacy is tragic, because the emperor's 'Stoic philosophy – which is about self-restraint, duty, and respect for others – was so abjectly abandoned by the imperial line he anointed on his death'.\n", "Section::::Attitude towards Christians.\n", "In the first two centuries of the Christian era, it was local Roman officials who were largely responsible for the persecution of Christians. In the second century, the emperors treated Christianity as a local problem to be dealt with by their subordinates. The number and severity of persecutions of Christians in various locations of the empire seemingly increased during the reign of Marcus. The extent to which Marcus himself directed, encouraged, or was aware of these persecutions is unclear and much debated by historians. The early Christian apologist, Justin Martyr includes within his First Apology (written between 140 and 150 A.D.,) a letter from Marcus Aurelius to the Roman senate (prior to his reign) describing a battlefield incident in which Aurelius believed Christian-prayer had saved his army from thirst when ' water poured from heaven,' after which, ' immediately we recognized the presence of God.' Aurelius goes on to request the senate desist from earlier courses of Christian persecution by Rome.\n", "Section::::Marriage and children.\n", "Marcus and his cousin-wife Faustina had at least 13 children during their 30-year marriage, including two sets of twins. One son and four daughters outlived their father. Their children included:\n", "BULLET::::- Domitia Faustina (147–151)\n", "BULLET::::- Titus Aelius Antoninus (149)\n", "BULLET::::- Titus Aelius Aurelius (149)\n", "BULLET::::- Annia Aurelia Galeria Lucilla (150–182), married her father's co-ruler Lucius Verus\n", "BULLET::::- Annia Galeria Aurelia Faustina (born 151)\n", "BULLET::::- Tiberius Aelius Antoninus (born 152, died before 156)\n", "BULLET::::- Unknown child (died before 158)\n", "BULLET::::- Annia Aurelia Fadilla (born 159)\n", "BULLET::::- Annia Cornificia Faustina Minor (born 160)\n", "BULLET::::- Titus Aurelius Fulvus Antoninus (161–165), elder twin brother of Commodus\n", "BULLET::::- Lucius Aurelius Commodus Antoninus (Commodus) (161–192), twin brother of Titus Aurelius Fulvus Antoninus, later emperor\n", "BULLET::::- Marcus Annius Verus Caesar (162–169)\n", "BULLET::::- Hadrianus\n", "BULLET::::- Vibia Aurelia Sabina (170– died before 217)\n", "Section::::Writings.\n", "While on campaign between 170 and 180, Marcus wrote his \"Meditations\" in Greek as a source for his own guidance and self-improvement. The original title of this work, if it had one, is unknown. 'Meditations' – as well as other titles including 'To Himself' – were adopted later. He had a logical mind and his notes were representative of Stoic philosophy and spirituality. \"Meditations\" is still revered as a literary monument to a government of service and duty. According to Hays, the book was a favourite of Christina of Sweden, Frederick the Great, John Stuart Mill, Matthew Arnold, and Goethe, and is admired by modern figures such as Wen Jiabao and Bill Clinton. It has been considered by many commentators to be one of the greatest works of philosophy.\n", "It is not known how widely Marcus' writings were circulated after his death. There are stray references in the ancient literature to the popularity of his precepts, and Julian the Apostate was well aware of his reputation as a philosopher, though he does not specifically mention \"Meditations\". It survived in the scholarly traditions of the Eastern Church and the first surviving quotes of the book, as well as the first known reference of it by name ('Marcus' writings to himself') are from Arethas of Caesarea in the 10th century and in the Byzantine Suda (perhaps inserted by Arethas himself). It was first published in 1558 in Zurich by Wilhelm Xylander (ne Holzmann), from a manuscript reportedly lost shortly afterwards. The oldest surviving complete manuscript copy is in the Vatican library and dates to the 14th century.\n", "Section::::Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius.\n", "The Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius in Rome is the only Roman equestrian statue which has survived into the modern period. This may be due to it being wrongly identified during the Middle Ages as a depiction of the Christian emperor Constantine the Great, and spared the destruction which statues of pagan figures suffered. Crafted of bronze in circa 175, it stands and is now located in the Capitoline Museums of Rome. The emperor's hand is outstretched in an act of clemency offered to a bested enemy, while his weary facial expression due to the stress of leading Rome into nearly constant battles perhaps represents a break with the classical tradition of sculpture.\n", "Section::::Column of Marcus Aurelius.\n", "Marcus' victory column, established in Rome either in his last few years of life or after his reign and completed in 193, was built to commemorate his victory over the Sarmatians and Germanic tribes in 176. A spiral of carved reliefs wraps around the column, showing scenes from his military campaigns. A statue of Marcus had stood atop the column but disappeared during the Middle Ages. It was replaced with a statue of Saint Paul in 1589 by Pope Sixtus V. The column of Marcus and the column of Trajan are often compared by scholars given how they are both Doric in style, had a pedestal at the base, had sculpted friezes depicting their respective military victories, and a statue on top.\n", "Section::::Citations.\n", "All citations to the \"Historia Augusta\" are to individual biographies, and are marked with a \"HA\". Citations to the works of Fronto are cross-referenced to C.R. Haines' Loeb edition.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "Section::::References.:Ancient sources.\n", "BULLET::::- Aristides, Aelius. \"Orationes\" (in Latin).\n", "BULLET::::- Victor, Aurelius. \"De Caesaribus\" (in Latin).\n", "BULLET::::- Dio, Cassius. \"Roman History\" (in Greek).\n", "BULLET::::- \"Digest\" (in Latin).\n", "BULLET::::- Epiphanius of Salamis. \"On Weights and Measures\" (in Latin).\n", "BULLET::::- Fronto, Marcus Cornelius. \"The Correspondence of Marcus Cornelius Fronto: With Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, Lucius Verus, Antoninus Pius, and Various Friends\" (in Latin).\n", "BULLET::::- Gellius, Aulus. \"Noctes Atticae\" (\"Attic Nights\").\n", "BULLET::::- Herodian. \"Ab Excessu Divi Marci\" (\"History of the Roman Empire from the Death of Marcus Aurelius\", in Latin).\n", "BULLET::::- Lucian.\n", "BULLET::::- Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. \"Meditations\".\n", "BULLET::::- \"Scriptores Historiae Augustae\" (Authors of the Historia Augusta). \"Historia Augusta\" (\"Augustan History\").\n", "BULLET::::- Themistius. \"Orationes\" (in Latin).\n", "Section::::References.:Modern sources.\n", "BULLET::::- Ackermann, Marsha E.; Schroeder, Michael J.; Terry, Jancie J.; Lo Upshur, Jiu-Hwa; Whitters, Mark F. \"Encyclopedia of World History, Ackerman-Schroeder-Terry-Hwa Lo, 2008: Encyclopedia of World History\". New York: Facts on File, 2008. .\n", "BULLET::::- Adams, Geoff W. \"Marcus Aurelius in the Historia Augusta and Beyond\". Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2013. .\n", "BULLET::::- An, Jiayao. 'When Glass Was Treasured in China'. Annette L. Juliano and Judith A. Lerner (eds), \"Nomads, Traders, and Holy Men Along China's Silk Road\", 79–94. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 2002. .\n", "BULLET::::- Astarita, Maria L. \"Avidio Cassio\" (in Italian). Rome: Edizione di Storia e Letteratura, 1983. .\n", "BULLET::::- Ball, Warwick. \"Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire\", 2nd edition. London: Routledge, 2016. .\n", "BULLET::::- Barnes, Timothy D. 'Hadrian and Lucius Verus'. \"Journal of Roman Studies\" 57:1–2 (1967): 65–79. . .\n", "BULLET::::- Barnes, Timothy D. 'Legislation against the Christians'. Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 58 (1968): 32–50. . .\n", "BULLET::::- Barnes, Timothy D. 'Some Persons in the Historia Augusta', \"Phoenix\" 26:2 (1972): 140–82. . .\n", "BULLET::::- Birley, Anthony R. \"Marcus Aurelius: a biography\". London: Routledge, 1966, rev. 1987. .\n", "BULLET::::- Birley, Anthony R. 'Hadrian to the Antonines'. In \"The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 11, The High Empire, AD 70-192\", edited by Alan Bowman, Peter Garnsey, and Dominic Rathbone, 132–94. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. .\n", "BULLET::::- Bowman, John L. \"A Reference Guide to Stoicism\". Bloomington, IN: Author House, 2014. .\n", "BULLET::::- Bury, John Bagnell. \"The Student's Roman Empire: A History of the Roman Empire from Its Foundation to the Death of Marcus Aurelius (27 B.C.–180 A.D.)\". New York: Harper, 1893. .\n", "BULLET::::- Champlin, Edward. 'The Chronology of Fronto'. \"Journal of Roman Studies\" 64 (1974): 136–59. . .\n", "BULLET::::- Champlin, Edward. \"Fronto and Antonine Rome\". Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980. .\n", "BULLET::::- Collins, Desmond. \"Background to Archaeology: Britain in its European Setting\". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Archive, 1973. .\n", "BULLET::::- De Crespigny, Rafe. \"A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD)\". Boston: Brill, 2007. .\n", "BULLET::::- Duncan-Jones, Richard. \"Structure and Scale in the Roman Economy\". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. .\n", "BULLET::::- 'Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius'. Musei Capitolini.\n", "BULLET::::- Gagarin, Michael. \"The Oxford encyclopedia of ancient Greece and Rome. Volume 7, Temples – Zoology\". Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. .\n", "BULLET::::- Giacosa, Giorgio. \"Women of the Caesars: their lives and portraits on coins\". Translated from Italian by R. Ross Holloway. Milan: Edizioni Arte e Moneta, 1977. .\n", "BULLET::::- Gilliam, J. F. 'The Plague under Marcus Aurelius'. \"American Journal of Philology\" 82.3 (1961): 225–51. . .\n", "BULLET::::- Gnecchi, Francesco. \"I medaglioni Romani\", 3 Vols, Milan, 1912. .\n", "BULLET::::- Grant, Michael. \"The Antonines: the Roman Empire in transition\". London: Routledge, 2016. .\n", "BULLET::::- Grant, Michael. \"The Climax Of Rome\". London: Orion, 2011. .\n", "BULLET::::- Haas, Charles. The Antonine plague (in French). \"Bulletin de l'Académie Nationale de Médecine\". Académie nationale de médecine. 190 (2006): 1093–98. .\n", "BULLET::::- Hadot, Pierre. \"The inner citadel: the Meditations of Marcus Aurelius\". Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998. .\n", "BULLET::::- Hays, Gregory. \"Meditations\". London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2003. .\n", "BULLET::::- Irvine, William B. \"A Guide to the Good Life: The Ancient Art of Stoic Joy\". Oxford University Press, 2009. .\n", "BULLET::::- Kemezis, Adam M. \"Greek Narratives of the Roman Empire under the Severans: Cassius Dio, Philostratus and Herodian\". Cambridge University Press, 2014. .\n", "BULLET::::- Kleiner, Fred S. \"Gardner's art through the ages. Volume II: the western perspective\". Mason, OH: Cengage Learning, 2008. .\n", "BULLET::::- Le Bohec, Yann. \"The Imperial Roman Army\". Routledge, 2013. .\n", "BULLET::::- Levick, Barbara M. \"Faustina I and II: Imperial Women of the Golden Age\". New York: Oxford University Press, 2014. .\n", "BULLET::::- Magill, Frank N. \"Dictionary of World Biography\". London: Routledge, 2003. .\n", "BULLET::::- Mattingly, Harold; Sydenham, Edward A. \"The Roman imperial coinage. Vol. III, Antoninus Pius to Commodus\". London: Spink & Son, 1930. .\n", "BULLET::::- Mellor, Ronald, review of Edward Champlin's \"Fronto and Antonine Rome\", \"American Journal of Philology\" 103:4 (1982).\n", "BULLET::::- Merrony, Mark. \"The Plight of Rome in the Fifth Century AD\". London: Routledge, 2017. .\n", "BULLET::::- McLaughlin, Raoul. \"Rome and the Distant East: Trade Routes to the Ancient Lands of Arabia, India, and China\". London & New York: Continuum, 2010. .\n", "BULLET::::- McLynn, Frank. \"Marcus Aurelius: A Life\". New York: Da Capo Press, 2009. .\n", "BULLET::::- McLynn, Frank. \"Marcus Aurelius: Warrior, Philosopher, Emperor\". London: Bodley Head, 2009. .\n", "BULLET::::- Millar, Fergus. \"The Roman Near East, 31 B.C.–A.D. 337\". Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993. .\n", "BULLET::::- Pulleyblank, Edwin G.; Leslie, D. D.; Gardiner, K. H. J. 'The Roman Empire as Known to Han China'. \"Journal of the American Oriental Society\", 1999. 119 (1). . .\n", "BULLET::::- Reed, J. Eugene. \"The Lives of the Roman Emperors and Their Associates from Julius Cæsar (B.C. 100) to Agustulus (A.D. 476)\". Philadelphia, PA: Gebbie & Company, 1883.\n", "BULLET::::- Robertson, D. \"How to Think Like a Roman Emperor: The Stoic Philosophy of Marcus Aurelius\". New York: St. Martin's Press, 2019.\n", "BULLET::::- Sánchez, Jorge Pisa. \"Breve historia de Hispania: La fascinante historia de Hispania, desde Viriato hasta el esplendor con los emperadores Trajano y Adriano. Los protagonistas, la cultura, la religión y el desarrollo económico y social de una de las provincias más ricas del Imperio romano\" [\"Brief history of Hispania: the fascinating history of Hispania, from Viriato to the splendor with the Emperors Trajan and Hadrian. The protagonists, culture, religion, and the economic and social development of one of the richest provinces of the Roman Empire\"]. (in Spanish) Ediciones Nowtilus S.L., 2010. .\n", "BULLET::::- Stephens, William O. \"Marcus Aurelius: A Guide for the Perplexed\". London: Continuum, 2012. .\n", "BULLET::::- Stertz, Stephen A. 'Marcus Aurelius as Ideal Emperor in Late-Antique Greek Thought'. \"The Classical World\" 70:7 (1977): 433–39. . .\n", "BULLET::::- Syme, Ronald. 'The Ummidii'. \"Historia\" 17:1 (1968): 72–105. .\n", "BULLET::::- Van Ackeren, Marcel. \"A Companion to Marcus Aurelius\". New York: Malden, MA : Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. . .\n", "BULLET::::- Young, Gary K. \"Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy 31 BC – AD 305\". London: Routledge, 2003. .\n", "BULLET::::- Yü, Ying-shih. 'Han Foreign Relations', in Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe (eds), \"The Cambridge History of China: Volume 1, The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC–AD 220\", 377–462. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986. .\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Marcus Aurelius at the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Emperor of Rome Markos Antōninos", "Emperor of Rome Marcus Aurelius", "Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus", "Emperor of Rome Mark Aurel", "Emperor of Rome Marcus Aurelius Antoninus", "Emperador de Roma Marco Aurelio", "Marcus Annius Verus", "Marcus, imperatore romano Aurelius Antoninus", "Marcus Aurelius Antoninus" ] }, "description": "Emperor of Ancient Rome", "enwikiquote_title": "Marcus Aurelius", "wikidata_id": "Q1430", "wikidata_label": "Marcus Aurelius", "wikipedia_title": "Marcus Aurelius" }

{ "end": [ 169, 61, 194, 81, 236, 271, 297, 151, 198, 243, 38, 69, 83, 527, 52, 274, 436, 49, 115, 101, 113, 151, 100, 157, 414, 201, 129, 73, 406, 18, 54, 83, 129, 147, 233, 11, 28, 33, 26, 104, 16, 17, 14, 60, 299, 507, 485, 61, 193, 377, 415, 447, 105, 36, 93, 127, 111, 127, 186, 153, 164, 70, 74, 90, 45, 91, 64, 40, 75, 45, 116, 103, 141, 174, 206, 235, 86, 33, 70, 104, 111, 85, 32, 78, 181, 192, 86, 67, 75, 87, 84, 59, 79, 70, 56, 136, 89, 74, 184, 86, 96, 80, 39, 124, 51, 91, 71, 49, 64, 59, 100, 36, 39, 62 ], "href": [ "Christian%20socialism", "Suffolk", "Unitarianism", "Trinity%20College%2C%20Cambridge", "John%20Sterling%20%28author%29", "Cambridge%20Apostles", "Trinity%20Hall%2C%20Cambridge", "Westminster%20Review", "John%20Stuart%20Mill", "Athenaeum%20%28British%20magazine%29", "Exeter%20College%2C%20Oxford", "curacy", "Bubbenhall", "Samuel%20Taylor%20Coleridge", "Guy%27s%20Hospital", "King%27s%20College%20London", "Lincoln%27s%20Inn", "Boyle%20Lectures", "Warburton%20Lectures", "John%20Frederick%20Maurice", "Queen%27s%20College%2C%20London", "Working%20Men%27s%20College", "Matilda%20Ellen%20Bishop", "Royal%20Holloway%20College", "Richard%20William%20Jelf", "Working%20Men%27s%20College", "Christian%20Socialism", "Knightbridge%20Professor%20of%20Philosophy", "St%20Edward%20King%20and%20Martyr%2C%20Cambridge", "Francis%20Close", "Richard%20Chenevix%20Trench", "Julius%20Hare", "Plato", "John%20Ruskin", "John%20Stuart%20Mill", "Hugh%20Walker%20%28academic%29", "Charles%20Kingsley", "Aubrey%20Thomas%20de%20Vere", "Matthew%20Arnold", "Lewis%20Carroll", "M.%20E.%20Grant%20Duff", "John%20Henry%20Newman", "Leslie%20Stephen", "Chartism%231848%20Petition", "Co-operatives%20UK", "Edward%20Vansittart%20Neale", "Working%20Men%27s%20College", "Co-operatives%20UK", "Charles%20Kingsley", "William%20Reed%20Huntington", "Chicago-Lambeth%20Quadrilateral", "Ecumenism%23Modern%20ecumenical%20movement", "Hugh%20Walker%20%28academic%29", "feast%20day", "Calendar%20of%20saints%20%28Episcopal%20Church%20in%20the%20United%20States%20of%20America%29", "Book%20of%20Common%20Prayer", "https%3A//archive.org/details/eustaceconwayor01maurgoog", "https%3A//archive.org/details/eustaceconwayor00maurgoog", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3DqswGAAAAQAAJ%26amp%3Bsource%3Dgbs_navlinks_s", "https%3A//archive.org/details/a592475701mauruoft", "https%3A//archive.org/details/a5924757b02mauruoft", "http%3A//www.forgottenbooks.com/readbook_text/Has_the_Church_or_the_State_the_Power_to_Educate_the_Nation_A_Course_of_1000408555/0", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3Doq4rAAAAYAAJ%26amp%3Bprintsec%3Dfrontcover%23v%3Donepage%26amp%3Bq%26amp%3Bf%3Dfalse", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3Dh-FhAAAAcAAJ%26amp%3Bpg%3DPP1%26amp%3Blpg%3DPP1%26amp%3Bdq%3DRight%2Band%2BWrong%2BMethods%2Bof%2Bsupporting%2BProtestantism%26amp%3Bsource%3Dbl%26amp%3Bots%3DoGYfNhjam7%26amp%3Bsig%3DQHWhR9D4p9xapIHbeA7-VvVYJa8%26amp%3Bhl%3Den%26amp%3Bsa%3DX%26amp%3Bved%3D0ahUKEwje_7LHyZ3KAhXLOSYKHWAbBtYQ6AEIHTAA%23v%3Donepage%26amp%3Bq%3DRight%2520and%2520Wrong%2520Methods%2520of%2520supporting%2520Protestantism%26amp%3Bf%3Dfalse", "https%3A//archive.org/details/christmasdayando00mauruoft", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3DUd9hAAAAcAAJ%26amp%3Bpg%3DPA7%26amp%3Bdq%3DThe%2BNew%2BStatute%2Band%2BDr%2BWard%26amp%3Bhl%3Den%26amp%3Bsa%3DX%26amp%3Bved%3D0ahUKEwje2LW0y53KAhUG5CYKHWeMDiMQ6AEIIzAB%23v%3Donepage%26amp%3Bq%3DThe%2520New%2520Statute%2520and%2520Dr%2520Ward%26amp%3Bf%3Dfalse", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3DauJhAAAAcAAJ%26amp%3Bpg%3DPR1%26amp%3Blpg%3DPR1%26amp%3Bdq%3DThoughts%2Bon%2Bthe%2BRule%2Bof%2BConscientious%2BSubscription%26amp%3Bsource%3Dbl%26amp%3Bots%3D4Y8OzbDXcT%26amp%3Bsig%3D9IjR4YvSJqfG46iWBp2QvVm1mdI%26amp%3Bhl%3Den%26amp%3Bsa%3DX%26amp%3Bved%3D0ahUKEwiHiu21zJ3KAhXI7CYKHSGvAY0Q6AEIKTAD%23v%3Donepage%26amp%3Bq%3DThoughts%2520on%2520the%2520Rule%2520of%2520Conscientious%2520Subscription%26amp%3Bf%3Dfalse", "https%3A//archive.org/details/epistletohebrew00maurgoog", "https%3A//archive.org/details/lozacchiaomaggi00unkngoog", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3DJr8rAAAAYAAJ%26amp%3Bprintsec%3Dfrontcover%23v%3Donepage%26amp%3Bq%26amp%3Bf%3Dfalse", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3DvzFHAAAAIAAJ%26amp%3Bprintsec%3Dfrontcover%23v%3Donepage%26amp%3Bq%26amp%3Bf%3Dfalse", "Encyclop%C3%A6dia%20Metropolitana", "https%3A//archive.org/details/a592596600mauruoft", "https%3A//archive.org/details/a592593200mauruoft", "https%3A//archive.org/details/a592485600mauruoft", "https%3A//archive.org/details/a592492700mauruoft", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3DxFIEAAAAQAAJ%26amp%3Bprintsec%3Dfrontcover%23v%3Donepage%26amp%3Bq%26amp%3Bf%3Dfalse", "https%3A//archive.org/details/churchafamily00unkngoog", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3DNb_w29cUGyAC%26amp%3Bprintsec%3Dfrontcover%23v%3Donepage%26amp%3Bq%26amp%3Bf%3Dfalse", "https%3A//archive.org/details/oldtestamentnin00maurgoog", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3DJj03AAAAMAAJ%26amp%3Bprintsec%3Dfrontcover%26amp%3Bdq%3DSermons%2Bon%2Bthe%2BSabbath%2BDay%2C%2Bon%2Bthe%2BCharacter%2Bof%2Bthe%2BWarrior%2C%2Band%2Bon%2Bthe%2BInterpretation%2Bof%2BHistory%26amp%3Bhl%3Den%26amp%3Bsa%3DX%26amp%3Bved%3D0ahUKEwj1-unf153KAhXBRSYKHT9kDQYQ6AEIHTAA%23v%3Donepage%26amp%3Bq%3DSermons%2520on%2520the%2520Sabbath%2520Day%252C%2520on%2520the%2520Character%2520of%2520the%2520Warrior%252C%2520and%2520on%2520the%2520Interpretation%2520of%2520History%26amp%3Bf%3Dfalse", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3D67oHAAAAQAAJ%26amp%3Bprintsec%3Dfrontcover%26amp%3Bdq%3DThe%2Bword%2BEternal%2Band%2Bthe%2BPunishment%2Bof%2Bthe%2BWicked%26amp%3Bhl%3Den%26amp%3Bsa%3DX%26amp%3Bved%3D0ahUKEwi82cTR2J3KAhVIQyYKHVvKAFgQ6AEIHTAA%23v%3Donepage%26amp%3Bq%3DThe%2520word%2520Eternal%2520and%2520the%2520Punishment%2520of%2520the%2520Wicked%26amp%3Bf%3Dfalse", "https%3A//archive.org/details/a592619800mauruoft", "https%3A//archive.org/details/a592601600mauruoft", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3DNRZVAAAAMAAJ%26amp%3Bsource%3Dgbs_navlinks_s%26lt%3Bbr/%26gt%3B", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3DYxZVAAAAMAAJ%26amp%3Bdq%3Deditions%3Af3Cqpi-bt80C%26amp%3Bsource%3Dgbs_navlinks_s", "https%3A//archive.org/details/lecturesontheecc00mauruoft", "https%3A//archive.org/details/thedoctrineofsac00mauruoft", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3DcKs8AAAAYAAJ%26amp%3Bprintsec%3Dfrontcover%23v%3Donepage%26amp%3Bq%26amp%3Bf%3Dfalse", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3D-wLSCUWwt9gC%26amp%3Bprintsec%3Dfrontcover%23v%3Donepage%26amp%3Bq%26amp%3Bf%3Dfalse", "https%3A//archive.org/details/patriarchslawgiv00mauruoft", "https%3A//archive.org/details/thegospelofstjoh00mauruoft", "https%3A//archive.org/details/a592457100mauruoft", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3DPe0EAAAAQAAJ%26amp%3Bprintsec%3Dfrontcover%23v%3Donepage%26amp%3Bq%26amp%3Bf%3Dfalse", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3DUMorAAAAYAAJ%26amp%3Bprintsec%3Dfrontcover%23v%3Donepage%26amp%3Bq%26amp%3Bf%3Dfalse", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3DH-deAAAAcAAJ%26amp%3Bprintsec%3Dfrontcover%26amp%3Bdq%3DF.%2BD%2BMaurice%26amp%3Bhl%3Den%26amp%3Bsa%3DX%26amp%3Bved%3D0ahUKEwj2mIC_g5PKAhUJ-2MKHYnpDvcQuwUIUjAJ%23v%3Donepage%26amp%3Bq%3DF.%2520D%2520Maurice%26amp%3Bf%3Dfalse", "https%3A//archive.org/stream/lecturesonapocal00maur/lecturesonapocal00maur_djvu.txt", "https%3A//archive.org/stream/dialoguesclergym00mauruoft/dialoguesclergym00mauruoft_djvu.txt", "https%3A//archive.org/stream/claimsofbibleofs00maur/claimsofbibleofs00maur_djvu.txt", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3DFw8MAAAAYAAJ%26amp%3Bprintsec%3Dfrontcover%23v%3Donepage%26amp%3Bq%26amp%3Bf%3Dfalse", "https%3A//archive.org/details/gospelofkingdomo00mauriala", "https%3A//archive.org/details/commandmentscon01maurgoog", "https%3A//archive.org/details/workingmenscolle188work", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3D0OUKAAAAYAAJ%26amp%3Bprintsec%3Dfrontcover%23v%3Donepage%26amp%3Bq%26amp%3Bf%3Dfalse", "https%3A//archive.org/details/a592453500mauruoft", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3Ds0nSAsVeX7kC%26amp%3Bprintsec%3Dfrontcover%23v%3Donepage%26amp%3Bq%26amp%3Bf%3Dfalse", "https%3A//archive.org/details/a592467000mauruoft", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3D-vAEAAAAQAAJ%26amp%3Bprintsec%3Dfrontcover%23v%3Donepage%26amp%3Bq%26amp%3Bf%3Dfalse", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3DrFoRAAAAYAAJ%26amp%3Bprintsec%3Dfrontcover%23v%3Donepage%26amp%3Bq%26amp%3Bf%3Dfalse", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3DUy5WAAAAMAAJ%26amp%3Bprintsec%3Dfrontcover%23v%3Donepage%26amp%3Bq%26amp%3Bf%3Dfalse", "St%20Peter%2C%20Vere%20Street", "Frederick%20Barton%20Maurice", "http%3A//www.spartacus-educational.com/REmaurice.htm", "http%3A//www.kingscollections.org/catalogues/kclca/collection/m/10ma85-1" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 3, 3, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 10, 10, 10, 11, 15, 15, 16, 16, 17, 19, 19, 21, 21, 24, 27, 28, 31, 32, 36, 40, 41, 41, 41, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 51, 56, 57, 57, 62, 64, 68, 75, 75, 75, 77, 79, 79, 79, 86, 86, 87, 88, 88, 89, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 100, 101, 102, 102, 102, 102, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 111, 112, 113, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 132, 134, 135, 136, 138, 139, 140, 141, 141, 143, 145, 146 ], "start": [ 150, 54, 185, 55, 223, 257, 285, 133, 182, 234, 16, 63, 73, 504, 38, 252, 423, 35, 97, 79, 90, 130, 80, 135, 394, 180, 110, 47, 384, 5, 31, 72, 124, 136, 217, 0, 12, 12, 12, 89, 0, 0, 0, 29, 277, 484, 464, 37, 177, 354, 386, 421, 94, 27, 44, 106, 101, 117, 12, 143, 154, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 77, 121, 151, 184, 216, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 173, 182, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 79, 12, 12, 12 ], "text": [ "Christian socialism", "Suffolk", "Unitarian", "Trinity College, Cambridge", "John Sterling", "Apostles' Club", "Trinity Hall", "Westminster Review", "John Stuart Mill", "Athenaeum", "Exeter College, Oxford", "curacy", "Bubbenhall", "Samuel Taylor Coleridge", "Guy's Hospital", "King's College, London", "Lincoln's Inn", "Boyle lecturer", "Warburton lecturer", "John Frederick Maurice", "Queen's College, London", "Working Men's College", "Matilda Ellen Bishop", "Royal Holloway College", "Richard William Jelf", "Working Men's College", "Christian Socialism", "Knightbridge professorship", "St Edward's, Cambridge", "Francis Close", "Richard Chenevix Trench", "Julius Hare", "Plato", "John Ruskin", "John Stuart Mill", "Hugh Walker", "Charles Kingsley", "Aubrey Thomas de Vere", "Matthew Arnold", "Charles Dodgson", "M. E. Grant Duff", "John Henry Newman", "Leslie Stephen", "revolutionary movements of 1848", "co-operative societies", "Edward Vansittart Neale", "Working Men's College", "\"Co-operative Societies\"", "Charles Kingsley", "William Reed Huntington", "Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral", "modern ecumenical movement", "Hugh Walker", "feast day", "liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church (USA)", "Book of Common Prayer", "\"Volume 2\"", "\"Volume 3\"", "\"Subscription no Bondage, Or The Practical Advantages Afforded by the Thirty-nine Articles as Guides in All the Branches of Academical Education\" under the pseudonym Rusticus", "\"Volume 1\"", "\"Volume 2\"", "\"Has the Church or the State power to Educate the Nation?\"", "\"Three Letters to the Rev W Palmer on the Jerusalem Bishopric\"", "\"Right and Wrong Methods of Supporting Protestantism: A Letter to Lord Ashley\"", "\"Christmas Day and Other Sermons\"", "\"The New Statute and Dr Ward: A Letter to a Non-resident Member of Convocation\"", "\"Thoughts on the Rule of Conscientious Subscription\"", "\"The Epistle to the Hebrews\"", "\"The Religions of the World and Their Relation to Christianity\"", "\"The Lord's Prayer: Nine Sermons\"", "\"Queen's College, London: its Objects and Methods\" in \"Queen's College, London: its Objects and Methods\"", "Encyclopædia Metropolitana", "\"Ancient Philosophy\"", "\"The Christian Fathers\"", "\"Mediaeval Philosophy\"", "\"Modern Philosophy\"", "\"The Prayer Book, Considered Especially in Reference to the Romish System\"", "\"The Church a Family\"", "\"Queen's College, London\" in reply to the Quarterly Review", "\"The Old Testament: Nineteen Sermons on the First Lessons for the Sundays from Septuagesima\"", "\"Sermons on the Sabbath Day, on the Character of the Warrior, and on the Interpretation of History\"", "\"The Word Eternal and the Punishment of the Wicked: A Letter to Dr Jelf \"", "\"Theological Essays\"", "\"The Prophets and Kings of the Old Testament: a series of sermons\"", "Volume 1", "\"Volume 2\"", "\"Lectures on the Ecclesiastical History of the First and Second Centuries\"", "\"The Doctrine of Sacrifice Deduced From the Scriptures\"", "\"The Unity of the New Testament\", 1st American ed in one volume", "\"Learning and Working: six lectures\" and \"The Religion of Rome: 4 lectures\"", "\"The Patriarchs and Lawgivers of the Old Testament: a series of sermons\"", "\"The Gospel of St John: a series of discourses\"", "\"The Epistles of St John: a series of lectures on Christian ethics\"", "\"What is Revelation?: a Series of Sermons on the Epiphany\"", "\"Sequel to the Enquiry, What is Revelation?\"", "\"Address of Congratulation to the Rev. F. D. Maurice, on His Nomination to St. Peter's, Vere Street; with His Reply Thereto\"", "\"Lectures on the Apocalypse, or the Book of Revelation of St John the Divine\"", "\"Dialogues Between a Clergyman and a Layman on Family Worship\"", "\"Claims of the Bible and of Science : Correspondence Between a Layman and the Rev. F. D. Mauhice on Some Questions Arising out of the Controversy Respecting the Pentateuch\"", "\"The Conflict of Good and Evil in our Day: twelve letters to a missionary\"", "\"The Gospel of the Kingdom of Heaven: a course of lectures on the Gospel of St Luke\"", "\"The Commandments Considered as Instruments of National Reformation\"", "\"The Working Men’s College\"", "\"The Workman and the Franchise: Chapters from English History on the Representation and Education of the People\"", "\"The Conscience: Lectures on Casuistry\"", "\"Social Morality: twenty-one lectures delivered in the University of Cambridge\"", "\"The Friendship of Books and Other Lectures\", ed. T. Hughes", "\"Sermons Peached in Country Churches\"", "\"Faith and Action from the Writings of F.D. Maurice\"", "\"The Acts of the Apostles: A Course of Sermons\"", "St Peter, Vere Street", "Frederick Barton Maurice", "\"Frederick Denison Maurice\"", "\"MAURICE, Professor Frederick Denison (1805–1872)\"" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Frederick Denison Maurice\n", "John Frederick Denison Maurice (1805–1872), known as F. D. Maurice, was an English Anglican theologian, a prolific author, and one of the founders of Christian socialism. Since World War II, interest in Maurice has expanded.\n", "Section::::Early life and education.\n", "John Frederick Denison Maurice was born in Normanton, Suffolk, on 29 August 1805, the only son of Michael Maurice and his wife, Priscilla. Michael Maurice was the evening preacher in a Unitarian chapel. Deaths in the family brought about changes in the family's \"religious convictions\" and \"vehement disagreement\" between family members. Maurice later wrote about these disagreements and their effect on him:\n", "Michael was \"of no little learning\" and gave his son his early education. The son \"appears to have been an exemplary child, responsive to teaching and always dutiful. He read a good deal on his own account, but had little inclination for games. Serious and precocious, he even at this time harboured ambitions for a life of public service.\"\n", "For his higher education in civil law, Maurice entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1823 that required no religious test for admissions though only members of the established church were eligible to obtain a degree. With John Sterling Maurice founded the Apostles' Club. He moved to Trinity Hall in 1825. In 1826, Maurice went to London to read for the bar and returned to Cambridge where he obtained a first-class degree in civil law in 1827.\n", "During the 1827–1830 break in his higher education, Maurice lived in London and Southampton. While in London, he contributed to the \"Westminster Review\" and made the acquaintance of John Stuart Mill. With Sterling he also edited the \"Athenaeum\". The magazine did not pay and his father had lost money which entailed moving the family to a smaller house in Southampton and Maurice joined them. During his time in Southampton, Maurice rejected his earlier Unitarianism and decided to be ordained in the Church of England.\n", "Maurice entered Exeter College, Oxford, in 1830 to prepare for ordination. He was older than most of students, he was very poor and he \"kept to himself, toiling at his books\". However, \"his honesty and intellectual powers\" impressed others. In March 1831, Maurice was baptised in the Church of England. After taking a second-class degree in November 1831, he worked as a \"private tutor\" in Oxford until his ordination as a deacon in January 1834 and appointment to a curacy in Bubbenhall near Leamington. Being twenty-eight years old when he was ordained deacon, Maurice was older and with a wider experience than most ordinands. He had attended both universities and been active in \"the literary and social interests of London\". All this, coupled with his diligence in study and reading, gave Maurice a knowledge \"scarcely paralleled by any of his contemporaries\". He was ordained as priest in 1835.\n", "Section::::Career and marriages.\n", "Except for his 1834–1836 first clerical assignment, Maurice's career can be divided between his conflicted years in London (1836–1866) and his peaceful years in Cambridge (1866–1872)\n", "For his first clerical assignment, Maurice served an assistant curacy in Bubbenhall in Warwickshire from 1834 until 1836. During his time in Bubbenhall, Maurice began writing on the topic of \"moral and metaphysical philosophy\". Writing on this topic by \"revision and expansion\" continued the rest of his life until the publication of \"Moral and Metaphysical Philosophy, 2 vols\" in 1871–1872, the year of his death. Also, Maurice's novel \"Eustace Conway\", begun , was published in 1834 and was praised by Samuel Taylor Coleridge.\n", "In 1836, he was appointed chaplain of Guy's Hospital where he took up residence and \"lectured the students on moral philosophy\". He continued this post until 1860. Maurice's public life began during his years at Guy's.\n", "In June 1837, Maurice met Anna Barton. They became engaged and were married on 7 October 1837.\"\n", "In 1838, the first edition of \"The Kingdom of Christ\" was published. It was \"one of his most significant works.\" A second enlarged edition was published in 1842 and a third edition in 1883. For Maurice the signs of this kingdom are \"the sacraments of baptism and the eucharist, to which must be added the creeds, the liturgy, the episcopate, and the scriptures—in fact, all the marks of catholicity as exemplified in the Church of England.\" The book was met with criticism when published, a criticism \"that lasted throughout Maurice's career.\"\n", "Section::::Career and marriages.:London.\n", "Maurice served as editor of the \"Educational Magazine\" during its entire 1839–1841 existence. He argued that \"the school system should not be transferred from the church to the state.\" Maurice was elected professor of English literature and history at King's College, London, in 1840. When the college added a theological department in 1846, he became a professor there also. That same year Maurice was elected chaplain of Lincoln's Inn and resigned the chaplaincy at Guy's Hospital.\n", "In 1845, Maurice was made both the Boyle lecturer by the Archbishop of York's nomination and the Warburton lecturer by the Archbishop of Canterbury's nomination. He held these chairs until 1853.\n", "Maurice's wife, Anna, died on 25 March 1845, leaving two sons, one of whom was John Frederick Maurice who wrote his father's biography.\n", "Queen’s College\n", "During his London years, Maurice engaged in two lasting educational initiatives: founding Queen's College, London in 1848 and the Working Men's College in 1854.\n", "In 1847, Maurice and \"most of his brother-professors\" at King's College formed a Committee on Education for the education of governesses. This committee joined a scheme for establishing a College for Women that resulted in the founding of Queen's College. Maurice was its first principal. The college was \"empowered to grant certificates of qualification 'to governesses' and 'to open classes in all branches of female education'.\"\n", "One of the early graduates of Queen's College who was influenced by Maurice was Matilda Ellen Bishop who became the first Principal of Royal Holloway College.\n", "On 4 July 1849, Maurice remarried, this time to Georgina Hare-Naylor.\n", "Dismissed from King's College\n", "\"Maurice was dismissed from his professorships because of his leadership in the Christian Socialist Movement, and because of the supposed unorthodoxy of his \"Theological Essays\" (1853).\" His work \"The Kingdom of Christ\" had evoked virulent criticism. The publication of his \"Theological Essays\" in 1853 evoked even more and precipitated his dismissal from King's College. At the instigation of Richard William Jelf, the Principal of the College, the Council of the College, asked Maurice to resign. He refused and demanded that he be either \"acquitted or dismissed.\" He was dismissed. To prevent the controversy from affecting Queen's College, Maurice \"severed his relations\" with it.\n", "The public and his friends were strongly in support of Maurice. His friends \"looked up to him with the reverence due to a great spiritual teacher.\" They were devoted to him and wanted to protect Maurice against his opponents.\n", "Working Men's College\n", "Although his relations with King's College and Queen's College had been severed, Maurice continued to work for the education of workers. In February 1854, he developed plans for a Working Men's College. Maurice gained enough support for the college by giving lectures that by 30 October 1854 the college opened with over 130 students. \"Maurice became principal, and took an active part both in teaching and superintending during the rest of his life in London.\"\n", "Maurice's teaching led to some \"abortive attempts at co-operation among working men\" and to the more enduring Christian Socialism movement and the Society for Promoting Working Men's Associations.\n", "In July 1860, in spite of controversy, Maurice was appointed to the benefice of the chapel of St. Peter's, Vere Street. He held the position until 1869.\n", "Section::::Career and marriages.:Cambridge University.\n", "\"On 25 October 1866 Maurice was elected to the Knightbridge professorship of casuistry, moral theology, and moral philosophy at [the University of] Cambridge.\" This professorship was the \"highest preferment\" Maurice attained. Among his books he cited in his application, were his \"Theological Essays\" and \"What is Revelation?\" that had evoked opposition elsewhere. But at Cambridge, Maurice was \"almost unanimously elected\" to the faculty. Maurice was \"warmly received\" at Cambridge, where \"there were no doubts of his sufficient orthodoxy\".\n", "While teaching at Cambridge, Maurice continued as the Working Men's College principal, though he was there less often. At first, he retained the Vere Street, London, cure which entailed a weekly rail trip to London to officiate at services and preach. When this proved too strenuous, upon medical advice, Maurice resigned this cure in October 1869. In 1870, by accepting the offer of St Edward's, Cambridge, where he had \"an opportunity for preaching to an intelligent audience\" with few pastoral duties, albeit with no stipend.\n", "In July 1871 Maurice accepted the Cambridge preachership at Whitehall. \"He was a man to whom other men, no matter how much they might differ from him, would listen.\"\n", "Royal Commissioner\n", "In spite of declining health, in 1870 Maurice agreed to serve on the Royal Commission regarding the Contagious Diseases Act of 1871, and travelled to London for the meetings. \"The Commission consisted of twenty-three men, including ten parliamentarians (from both Houses), some clergy, and some eminent scientists (such as T.H. Huxley).\"\n", "Dean Francis Close wrote a monograph about the proceedings of the royal commission. The issue was whether earlier acts legalising and policing prostitution for the armed forces should be repealed. Close quoted a commission member's speech to the House of Commons that praised Maurice as a \"model Royal Commissioner\". Close ended his monograph with these words: \"Professor Maurice remained firmly and conscientiously opposed to the Acts to the very last.\"\n", "Final years\n", "In spite of terminal illness, Maurice continued giving his professorial lectures, trying to know his students personally and completing his \"Metaphysical and Moral Philosophy\" (2 vols., 1871–1872). He also continued preaching (at Whitehall from November 1871 to January 1872 and two university sermons in November). His final sermon was 11 February 1872 in St Edward's. On 30 March he resigned from St Edward's. Very weak and mentally depressed, on Easter Monday, 1 April 1872, after receiving Holy Communion, with great effort he pronounced the blessing, became unconscious and died.\n", "Section::::Career and marriages.:Conflicting opinions of Maurice's thinking.\n", "In a letter of 2 April 1833 to Richard Chenevix Trench, Maurice lamented the current \"spirit\" of \"conflicting opinions\" that \"cramps our energies\" and \"kills our life\". In spite of his lamenting \"contradictory opinions,\" that term precisely described reactions to Maurice.\n", "Maurice's writings, lectures, and sermons spawned conflicting opinions. Julius Hare considered him \"the greatest mind since Plato\", but John Ruskin thought him \"by nature puzzle-headed and indeed wrong-headed;\" while John Stuart Mill considered that “there was more intellectual power wasted in Maurice than in any other of my contemporaries”.\n", "Hugh Walker in a study of Victorian literature found other examples of conflicting opinions.\n", "BULLET::::- Charles Kingsley pronounced Maurice \"a great and rare thinker\".\n", "BULLET::::- Aubrey Thomas de Vere compared listening to Maurice to \"eating pea-soup with a fork\".\n", "BULLET::::- Matthew Arnold spoke of Maurice as \"always beating the bush with profound emotion, but never starting the hare.\"\n", "One important literary and theological figure who was favorably impressed by Maurice was Charles Dodgson, also known as Lewis Carroll. Dodgson wrote about attending morning and afternoon services at Vere Street at which Maurice preached both times with the comment, \"I like his sermons very much\". Maurice held the benefice of the chapel of St. Peter's, Vere Street from 1860–1869.\n", "M. E. Grant Duff in his diary for 22 April 1855, wrote that he \"went, as usual about this time, to hear F.D. Maurice preach at Lincoln's Inn. I suppose I must have heard him, first and last, some thirty or forty times, and never carried away one clear idea, or even the impression that he had more than the faintest conception of what he himself meant.\"\n", "John Henry Newman described Maurice as a man of \"great power\" and of \"great earnestness\". However, Newman found Maurice so \"hazy\" that he \"lost interest in his writings.\"\n", "In the United States, \"The National Quarterly Review and Religious Magazine, Volume 38\" (January 1879), contained this appreciation of Maurice.\n", "\"Mr. Maurice's characteristics are well known and becoming every year more highly appreciated—broad catholicity, keeness of insight, powerful mental grasp, fearlessness of utterance and devoutness of spirit.\"\n", "Leslie Stephen in The English Utilitarians,Vol 3, John Stuart Mill. 1900., Wrote \" Maurice is equally opposed to the sacerdotalism which makes the essence of religion consist in a magical removal of penalties instead of a'regeneration' of the nature. He takes what may be vaguely called the 'subjective' view of religion, and sympathises with Schleiermacher's statement that piety is 'neither a knowing nor a doing, but an inclination and determination of the feelings' \".\n", "Section::::Social activism.\n", "\"The demand for political and economic righteousness is one of the principal themes of Maurice's theology.\" Maurice practiced his theology by going \"quietly on bearing the chief burthen of some of the most important social movements of the time.\"\n", "Living in London the \"condition of the poor pressed upon him with consuming force.\" Working men trusted him when they distrusted other clergymen and the church. Working men attended Bible classes and meetings led by Maurice whose theme was \"moral edification.\"\n", "Christian socialism\n", "Maurice was affected by the \"revolutionary movements of 1848\", especially the march on Parliament, but he believed that \"Christianity rather than secularist doctrines was the only sound foundation for social reconstruction.\"\n", "Maurice \"disliked competition as fundamentally unchristian, and wished to see it, at the social level, replaced by co-operation, as expressive of Christian brotherhood.\" In 1849, Maurice joined other Christian socialist in an attempt to mitigate competition by the creation of co-operative societies. He viewed co-operative societies as \"a modern application of primitive Christian communism.\" Twelve cooperative workshops were to be launched in London. However, even with subsidy by Edward Vansittart Neale many turned out to be unprofitable. Nevertheless, the effort effected lasting consequences as seen in the following sub-section on the \"Society for Promoting Working Men's Associations\"\n", "In 1854, there were eight Co-operative Productive Associations in London and fourteen in the Provinces. These included breweries, flour mills, tailors, hat makers, builders, printers, engineers. Others were formed in the following decades. Some of them failed after several years, some lasted a longer time, some were replaced.\n", "Maurice's perception of a need for a moral and social regeneration of society led him into Christian socialism. From 1848 until 1854 (when the movement came to an end), he was a leader of the Christian Socialist Movement. He insisted that \"Christianity is the only foundation of Socialism, and that a true Socialism is the necessary result of a sound Christianity.\"\n", "Maurice has been characterized as \"the \"spiritual\" leader\" of the Christian socialists because he was more interested in disseminating its theological foundations than \"their practical endeavours.\" Maurice once wrote,Let people call me merely a philosopher, or merely anything else…. My business, because I am a theologian, and have no vocation except for theology, is not to build, but to dig, to show that economics and politics … must have a ground beneath themselves, and that society was not to be made by any arrangements of ours, but is to be regenerated by finding the law and ground of its order and harmony, the only secret of its existence, in God.\n", "Society for Promoting Working Men's Associations\n", "Early in 1850 the Christian socialists started a working men’s association for tailors in London, followed by associations for other trades. To promote this movement, a Society for Promoting Working Men's Associations (SPWMA) was founded with Maurice as a founding member and head of its a \"central board\". At first, the SPWMA's work was merely propagating the idea of associations by publishing tracts. Then it undertook the practical project of establishing the Working Men's College because educated workers were essential for successful co-operative societies. With that ingredient more of the associations succeeded; others still failed or were replaced by a later \"cooperative movement. The lasting legacy of the Christian socialists was that, in 1852, they influenced the passage of an act in Parliament which gave \"a legal status to co-operative bodies\" such as working men's associations. The SPWMA \"flourished in the years from 1849 to 1853, or thereabouts.\"\n", "The original mission of the Society for Promoting Working Men's Associations was \"to diffuse the principles of co-operation as the practical application of Christianity to the purposes of trade and industry.\" The goal was forming associations by which working men and their families could enjoy \"the whole produce of their labour.\"\n", "In testimony from representatives of \"Co-operative Societies\" during 1892–1893 to the Royal Commission on Labour for the House of Commons, one witness applauded the contribution of Christian socialists to the \"present cooperative movement\" by their formulating the idea in the 1850s. The witness specifically cited \"Maurice, Kingsley, Ludlow, Neale, and Hughes.\"\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "That Maurice left a legacy that would be valued by many was harbingered by responses to his death. \"Crowds following his remains to their last resting place, and around the open grave there stood men of widely different creeds, united for the moment by the common sorrow and their deep sense of loss. From pulpit and press, from loyal friends and honest opponents, the tribute to the worth of Mr. Maurice was both sincere and generous.\"\n", "Section::::Legacy.:Personal legacy.\n", "Maurice’s close friends were \"deeply impressed with the spirituality of his character\". His wife observed that whenever Maurice was awake in the night, he was \"always praying.\" Charles Kingsley called him \"the most beautiful human soul whom God has ever allowed me to meet with.\"\n", "Maurice’s life comprised \"contradictory elements\".\n", "Section::::Legacy.:Teaching legacy.\n", "As a professor at King's College and at Cambridge, Maurice attracted \"a band of earnest students\" to whom he gave two things. He taught them from the knowledge he had gained by his comprehensive reading. More importantly, Maurice instilled in students \"the habit of inquiry and research\" and a \"desire for knowledge and the process of independent thought.\"\n", "Section::::Legacy.:Written legacy.\n", "Maurice's written legacy includes \"nearly 40 volumes\", and they hold \"a permanent place in the history of thought in his time.\" His writings are \"recognizable as the utterance of a mind profoundly Christian in all its convictions.\"\n", "By themselves, two of Maurice's books, \"The Kingdom of Christ\" (1838 and later editions) and \"Moral and Metaphysical Philosophy\" (2 volumes, 1871–1872), are \"remarkable enough to have made their writer famous.\" But there more reasons for Maurice's fame. In his \"life-work\" Maurice was \"constantly teaching, writing, guiding, organizing; training up others to do the same kind of work, but giving them something of his spirit, never simply his views.\" He drew out \"all the best that was in others, never trying to force himself upon them.\" With his opponents, Maurice tried to find some \"common ground\" between them. None who knew him personally \"could doubt that he was indeed a man of God.\"\n", "In \"The Kingdom of Christ\" Maurice viewed the true church as a united body that transcended the \"diversities and partialities of its individual members, factions, and sects\". The true church had six signs: \"baptism, creeds, set forms of worship, the eucharist, an ordained ministry, and the Bible.\" Maurice's ideas were reflected a half-century later by William Reed Huntington and the Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral. The modern ecumenical movement also incorporated Maurice's ideas contained in his \"The Kingdom of Christ\".\n", "Section::::Legacy.:Decline and revival of interest in legacy.\n", "Interest in the vast legacy of writings bequeathed by Maurice declined even before his death. Hugh Walker, a fellow academic, predicted in 1910 that neither of Maurice's major works, his \"Theological Essays\" (1853) and his \"Moral and Metaphysical Philosophy\" (1871–1872), will \"stand the test of time.\" However, \"this phase of neglect has passed.\"\n", "\"Since World War II there has been a revival of interest in Maurice as a theologian.\" During this period, twenty-three (some only in part) books about Maurice have been published as can be seen in the References section of this article.\n", "Maurice is honoured with a feast day on the liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church (USA) of the 1979 Book of Common Prayer on 1 April as \"Frederick Denison Maurice, Priest, 1872\" and a brief biography is included in the church's \"Holy Women, Holy Men: Celebrating the Saints\".\n", "Despite Maurice's dismissal by King's College after the publication of his \"Theological Essays\", \"a chair at King's, the F D Maurice Professorship of Moral and Social Theology, now commemorates his contribution to scholarship at the College.\"\n", "King's College also established \"The FD Maurice Lectures\" in 1933 in honour of Maurice. Maurice, who was Professor of English Literature and History (1840–1846) and then Professor of Theology (1846–1853).\"\n", "Section::::Writings.\n", "Maurice's writings result from diligent work on his part. As a rule he \"rose early\" and did his socializing with friends at breakfast. He dictated his writings until dinner-time. The manuscripts he dictated were \"elaborately corrected and rewritten\" before publication.\n", "Maurice's writings hold \"a permanent place in the history of thought in his time.\"\n", "Some of the following were \"rewritten and in a measure recast, and the date given is not necessarily that of the first appearance.\" Most of these writings \"were first delivered as sermons or lectures.\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Eustace Conway, or the Brother and Sister\"], a novel in three volumes (1834): Volume 1, \"Volume 2\", and \"Volume 3\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Subscription no Bondage, Or The Practical Advantages Afforded by the Thirty-nine Articles as Guides in All the Branches of Academical Education\" under the pseudonym Rusticus (1835)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Kingdom of Christ, or Hints to a Quaker, respecting the principles, constitution and ordinances of the Catholic Church\" (1838)\"Volume 1\" \"Volume 2\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Has the Church or the State power to Educate the Nation?\" (1839)\n", "BULLET::::- \" Reasons for Not Joining a Party in the Church; a Letter to S Wilberforce \" (1841)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Three Letters to the Rev W Palmer on the Jerusalem Bishopric\" (1842)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Right and Wrong Methods of Supporting Protestantism: A Letter to Lord Ashley\" (1843)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Christmas Day and Other Sermons\" (1843)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The New Statute and Dr Ward: A Letter to a Non-resident Member of Convocation\" (1845)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Thoughts on the Rule of Conscientious Subscription\" (1845)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Epistle to the Hebrews\" (1846)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Religions of the World and Their Relation to Christianity\" (1847)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Letter on the Attempt to Defeat the Nomination of Dr Hampden\" (1847)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Thoughts on the Duty of a Protestant on the Present Oxford Election\" (1847)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Lord's Prayer: Nine Sermons\" (1848)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Queen's College, London: its Objects and Methods\" in \"Queen's College, London: its Objects and Methods\" (1848)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Moral and Metaphysical Philosophy\" (at first an article in the \"Encyclopædia Metropolitana\", 1848) Volume 1 \"Ancient Philosophy\" Volume 2 \"The Christian Fathers\" Volume 3 \"Mediaeval Philosophy\" Volume 4 \"Modern Philosophy\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Prayer Book, Considered Especially in Reference to the Romish System\" (1849)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Church a Family\" (1850)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Queen's College, London\" in reply to the Quarterly Review (1850)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Old Testament: Nineteen Sermons on the First Lessons for the Sundays from Septuagesima\" (1851)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sermons on the Sabbath Day, on the Character of the Warrior, and on the Interpretation of History\" (1853)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Word Eternal and the Punishment of the Wicked: A Letter to Dr Jelf \" (1853)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Theological Essays\" (1853)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Prophets and Kings of the Old Testament: a series of sermons\" (1853)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Unity of the New Testament: A Synopsis of the First Three Gospels and of the Epistles of St. James, St. Jude, St. Peter, and St. Paul\" in two volumes (1854)Volume 1 \"Volume 2\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Lectures on the Ecclesiastical History of the First and Second Centuries\" (1854)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Doctrine of Sacrifice Deduced From the Scriptures\" (1854)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Unity of the New Testament, a Synopsis of the First Three Gospels, and the Epistles of St James, St Jude, St Peter, and St Paul\" in two volumes(1854)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Unity of the New Testament\", 1st American ed in one volume (1879)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Learning and Working: six lectures\" and \"The Religion of Rome: 4 lectures\" (1855)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Patriarchs and Lawgivers of the Old Testament: a series of sermons\" (1855)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Gospel of St John: a series of discourses\" (1857)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Epistles of St John: a series of lectures on Christian ethics\" (1857)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Eucharist: five sermons\" (1857)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Indian Crisis: five sermons\" (1857)\n", "BULLET::::- \"What is Revelation?: a Series of Sermons on the Epiphany\" (1859)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sequel to the Enquiry, What is Revelation?\" (1860)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Address of Congratulation to the Rev. F. D. Maurice, on His Nomination to St. Peter's, Vere Street; with His Reply Thereto\" (1860)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Lectures on the Apocalypse, or the Book of Revelation of St John the Divine\" (1861)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dialogues Between a Clergyman and a Layman on Family Worship\" (1862)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Claims of the Bible and of Science : Correspondence Between a Layman and the Rev. F. D. Mauhice on Some Questions Arising out of the Controversy Respecting the Pentateuch\" (1863)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Conflict of Good and Evil in our Day: twelve letters to a missionary\" (1864)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Gospel of the Kingdom of Heaven: a course of lectures on the Gospel of St Luke\" (1864)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Commandments Considered as Instruments of National Reformation\" (1866)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Casuistry, Moral Philosophy, and Moral Theology: inaugural lecture at Cambridge\" (1866)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Working Men’s College\" (1866)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Ground and Object of Hope for Mankind: four university sermons\" (1867)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Workman and the Franchise: Chapters from English History on the Representation and Education of the People\" (1866)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Conscience: Lectures on Casuistry\" (1868)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Social Morality: twenty-one lectures delivered in the University of Cambridge\" (1869)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Lord's Prayer, a Manual\" (1870).\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Friendship of Books and Other Lectures\", ed. T. Hughes (1873)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sermons Peached in Country Churches\" (1873)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Faith and Action from the Writings of F.D. Maurice\" (1886)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Acts of the Apostles: A Course of Sermons\" (1894) Preached at St Peter, Vere Street.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Frederick Barton Maurice\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Frederick Denison Maurice\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"MAURICE, Professor Frederick Denison (1805–1872)\"\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "John Frederick Denison Maurice", "F. D. Maurice" ] }, "description": "English theologian, religious author and Christian Socialist", "enwikiquote_title": "Frederick Denison Maurice", "wikidata_id": "Q961022", "wikidata_label": "Frederick Denison Maurice", "wikipedia_title": "Frederick Denison Maurice" }

{ "end": [ 108, 136, 193, 256, 353, 417, 444, 482, 606, 75, 92, 264, 283, 344, 34, 161, 238, 249, 265, 296, 30, 86, 135, 301, 358, 387, 445, 507, 534, 905, 956, 22, 39, 146, 196, 270, 376, 447, 52, 111, 150, 120, 155, 95, 64, 107, 115, 268, 103, 169, 231, 125, 179, 198, 211, 271, 287, 499, 533, 544, 585, 24, 101, 347, 192, 434, 478, 125, 142, 192, 199, 257, 385, 414, 427, 435, 454, 597, 140, 160, 421, 990, 62, 71, 120, 213, 252, 693, 764, 835, 176, 187, 280, 312, 459, 504, 63, 94, 123, 185, 336, 294, 356, 423, 164, 560, 202, 263, 378, 55, 101, 181, 571, 63, 106, 144, 154, 245, 175, 568, 139, 248, 57, 68, 39, 57, 76, 154, 184, 264, 269, 279, 311, 35, 141, 192, 313, 456, 474, 491, 566, 621, 628, 675, 759, 119, 324, 161, 137, 113, 137, 299, 531, 60, 171, 419, 312, 328, 120, 523, 151, 458, 90, 107, 123, 317, 341, 20, 39, 315, 54, 90, 109, 25, 77, 44, 70, 30, 40, 197, 41, 182, 25, 62, 144, 200, 309, 26, 25, 32, 30, 33, 38, 61, 82, 177, 43, 47, 86, 110, 105, 58, 36, 23, 137, 166, 25, 115, 27, 41, 100, 24, 99, 30, 60, 70, 87, 26, 77, 98, 18, 60, 120, 49, 60, 29, 23, 65, 81, 51, 60, 72, 63, 57, 31 ], "href": [ "Miura%20Peninsula", "navigator", "Japan", "Dutch%20East%20India%20Company", "Jan%20Joosten%20van%20Lodensteijn", "Jacob%20Quaeckernaeck", "Melchior%20van%20Santvoort", "Dutch%20Republic", "Samurai%23Foreign%20samurai", "sh%C5%8Dgun", "Tokugawa%20Ieyasu", "Factory%20%28trading%20post%29", "Netherlands", "Red%20seal%20ships", "Gillingham%2C%20Kent", "Limehouse", "shipbuilding", "astronomy", "navigation", "Royal%20Navy", "Anglo-Spanish%20War%20%281585%E2%80%931604%29", "Francis%20Drake", "Spanish%20Armada", "St%20Dunstan%27s%2C%20Stepney", "Barbary%20Company", "Jesuit", "Arctic", "Northeast%20Passage", "Siberia", "Jan%20Rijp", "Spitsbergen", "Dutch%20East%20India%20Company", "India", "Texel", "Rotterdam", "Dutch%20East%20India%20Company", "Protestant", "Dutch%20revolt", "Jacques%20Mahu", "Simon%20de%20Cordes", "Jan%20Huidekoper", "Gerrit%20van%20Beuningen", "Jacob%20Quaeckernaeck", "Sebald%20de%20Weert", "Jurriaan%20van%20Boekhout", "Baltazar%20de%20Cordes", "Dirck%20Gerritz%20Pomp", "Moluccas", "Guinea", "Annob%C3%B3n", "Straits%20of%20Magellan", "Desiderius%20Erasmus", "Buddhist", "Sano-shi", "Tochigi-ken", "Floreana%20Island", "Ecuador", "Indigenous%20peoples%20of%20the%20Americas", "Tidore", "Indonesia", "Portugal", "Spain", "Pacific%20Ocean", "typhoon", "Ky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB", "chain-shot", "coat%20of%20mail", "Usuki%2C%20%C5%8Cita", "%C5%8Cita%20Prefecture", "Portugal", "Society%20of%20Jesus", "pirate", "Osaka%20Castle", "Tokugawa%20Ieyasu", "daimy%C5%8D", "Edo", "sh%C5%8Dgun", "Battle%20of%20Sekigahara", "Taik%C5%8D", "Toyotomi%20Hideyoshi", "East%20Indies", "Strait%20of%20Magellan", "Edo", "Mukai%20Sh%C5%8Dgen", "Uraga%2C%20Kanagawa", "It%C5%8D%2C%20Shizuoka", "Izu%20Peninsula", "Japanese%20warship%20San%20Buena%20Ventura", "New%20Spain", "Tanaka%20Sh%C5%8Dsuke", "daimy%C5%8D", "Hirado", "Melchior%20van%20Santvoort", "Jan%20Joosten%20van%20Lodensteijn", "Ayutthaya%20Kingdom", "junk%20%28ship%29", "Philippines", "Rodrigo%20de%20Vivero%2C%201st%20Count%20of%20Valle%20de%20Orizaba", "Tokugawa%20Ieyasu", "New%20Spain", "Red%20Seal%20Ships", "Jo%C3%A3o%20Rodrigues%20%28missionary%29", "Valentim%20Carvalho", "Ieyasu", "Samurai", "hatamoto", "Hemi%20%28Japan%29", "Yokosuka%20City", "koku", "Uraga%2C%20Kanagawa", "Tokyo%20Bay", "John%20Saris", "Arctic", "Jacob%20Quaeckernaeck", "Melchior%20van%20Santvoort", "Red%20Seal%20Ship", "Pattani%20kingdom", "Factory%20%28trading%20post%29", "Jacques%20Specx", "Maurice%20of%20Nassau%2C%20Prince%20of%20Orange", "Hirado%2C%20Nagasaki", "Dejima", "Bantam%20%28city%29", "Indonesia", "John%20Saris", "Hirado", "Clove%20%28ship%29", "English%20East%20India%20Company", "Dutch%20East%20India%20Company", "broadcloth", "tin", "clove", "Maluku%20Islands", "Suruga%20Province", "Kamakura%2C%20Kanagawa", "Kamakura%20Great%20Buddha", "Tokugawa%20Hidetada", "varnish", "suit%20of%20armour", "James%20I%20of%20England", "Tower%20of%20London", "Royal%20Armouries%20Museum", "Leeds", "Nanbu%20Domain", "D%C5%8D-maru", "Red%20seal%20ships", "Richard%20Cocks", "Uraga%2C%20Kanagawa", "Northwest%20Passage", "Ayutthaya%20Kingdom", "Cochinchina", "Red%20Seal%20Ship", "Cochinchina", "Siam", "junk%20%28ship%29", "typhoon", "Ryukyu%20Islands", "Okinawa", "sappanwood", "monsoon", "Hidetada", "hatamoto", "Mukai%20Sh%C5%8Dgen%20Tadakatsu", "Tonkin", "Vietnam", "Amami%20%C5%8Cshima", "Ryukyu%20Islands", "Hirado", "Nagasaki%2C%20Nagasaki", "Francis%20Xavier", "Red%20Seal%20Ships", "Melchior%20van%20Santvoort", "Vincent%20Romeyn", "Edo", "Nihonbashi", "Anjinzuka%20Station", "Anjinzuka", "It%C5%8D%2C%20Shizuoka", "Shizuoka%20Prefecture", "Edmund%20Blunden", "Gillingham%2C%20Medway", "Tsuneo%20Matsudaira", "James%20Clavell", "Sh%C5%8Dgun%20%28novel%29", "John%20Blackthorne", "Sh%C5%8Dgun%20%281980%20miniseries%29", "James%20Clavell%27s%20Sh%C5%8Dgun", "William%20Dalton%20%28author%29", "James%20Scherer%20%28author%29", "Robert%20Lund", "Christopher%20Nicole", "Giles%20Milton", "alternate%20history", "Ruled%20Britannia", "Harry%20Turtledove", "Ostend", "Heroes%20%28U.S.%20TV%20series%29", "Young%20Samurai", "PlayStation%204", "Nioh", "Denver%20the%20Last%20Dinosaur", "Chuo%20University", "Anglo-Japanese%20relations", "Jan%20Joosten%20van%20Lodensteijn", "Yaesu", "Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D%2C%20Tokyo", "Edward%20and%20Henry%20Schnell", "Aizu", "Eug%C3%A8ne%20Collache", "French%20Navy", "Boshin%20War", "Jules%20Brunet", "Boshin%20War", "Ernest%20Mason%20Satow", "scholar", "diplomat", "Japanologist", "Hendrick%20Hamel", "Joseon", "Korea", "Yasuke", "retainer%20%28medieval%29", "Oda%20Nobunaga", "List%20of%20foreign-born%20samurai%20in%20Japan", "List%20of%20Westerners%20who%20visited%20Japan%20before%201868", "Richard%20Hildreth", "John%20Harris%20%28writer%29", "http%3A//www.dhs.kyutech.ac.jp/~ruxton/satow.html", "Giles%20Milton", "Hendrik%20Doeff", "http%3A//www.lecturelist.org/content/view_lecture/5626", "http%3A//www.columbia.edu/~hds2/learning/Learning_from_shogun_txt.pdf", "http%3A//sticerd.lse.ac.uk/dps/is/IS394.pdf", "https%3A//archive.org/stream/WillAdamsTheFirstEnglishmanInJapan", "http%3A//moblog.net/view/164158/will-adams-monument-in-gillingham-kent" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 9, 9, 9, 10, 10, 11, 12, 12, 13, 14, 15, 15, 15, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 17, 17, 17, 19, 19, 19, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 21, 21, 22, 22, 25, 27, 27, 27, 27, 27, 27, 27, 29, 29, 29, 29, 29, 29, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 32, 32, 32, 33, 33, 34, 34, 34, 35, 35, 35, 36, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 41, 41, 43, 43, 45, 45, 46, 46, 46, 46, 46, 49, 49, 49, 49, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 51, 53, 54, 63, 64, 64, 64, 65, 67, 67, 67, 68, 68, 70, 71, 72, 72, 73, 78, 78, 78, 78, 81, 81, 81, 83, 84, 84, 86, 86, 87, 87, 88, 88, 88, 89, 90, 93, 93, 93, 93, 93, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 101, 101, 101, 102, 103, 104, 104, 105, 107, 110, 111, 111, 111, 112, 112, 113, 113, 113, 114, 114, 115, 115, 115, 115, 116, 116, 116, 117, 117, 117, 118, 119, 125, 126, 127, 130, 135, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145 ], "start": [ 103, 127, 188, 232, 342, 398, 422, 468, 591, 69, 77, 247, 272, 336, 18, 152, 226, 240, 255, 286, 16, 73, 121, 280, 343, 381, 439, 490, 527, 899, 945, 17, 34, 141, 187, 246, 366, 416, 40, 96, 136, 100, 139, 80, 43, 89, 102, 260, 97, 162, 212, 118, 171, 190, 200, 256, 280, 492, 527, 535, 575, 15, 94, 340, 186, 424, 465, 120, 127, 182, 193, 251, 373, 399, 421, 432, 448, 577, 135, 142, 410, 972, 59, 59, 115, 210, 239, 676, 755, 821, 170, 181, 258, 285, 450, 499, 52, 65, 108, 176, 322, 280, 339, 417, 157, 552, 198, 250, 374, 50, 94, 171, 565, 44, 84, 131, 148, 238, 162, 544, 133, 242, 51, 59, 29, 51, 71, 128, 160, 254, 266, 274, 298, 29, 133, 171, 305, 449, 459, 479, 551, 599, 623, 670, 752, 111, 311, 156, 120, 109, 126, 286, 520, 56, 167, 412, 298, 321, 110, 516, 143, 450, 68, 101, 116, 311, 334, 14, 31, 301, 47, 68, 95, 22, 67, 28, 61, 27, 32, 183, 31, 165, 12, 56, 128, 194, 287, 12, 12, 21, 12, 21, 21, 46, 66, 171, 37, 34, 73, 106, 81, 43, 12, 12, 132, 155, 12, 111, 12, 30, 90, 12, 89, 12, 53, 62, 75, 12, 71, 93, 12, 52, 108, 12, 12, 12, 12, 46, 69, 38, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12 ], "text": [ "Miura", "navigator", "Japan", "Dutch East India Company", "Jan Joosten", "Jacob Quaeckernaeck", "Melchior van Santvoort", "Dutch Republic", "Western samurai", "shōgun", "Tokugawa Ieyasu", "trading factories", "Netherlands", "Red Seal", "Gillingham, Kent", "Limehouse", "shipbuilding", "astronomy", "navigation", "Royal Navy", "war with Spain", "Francis Drake", "Spanish Armada", "St Dunstan's, Stepney", "Barbary Company", "Jesuit", "Arctic", "Northeast Passage", "Siberia", "Rijp's", "Spitsbergen", "Dutch", "India", "Texel", "Rotterdam", "Dutch East India Company", "Protestant", "fighting for their independence", "Jacques Mahu", "Simon de Cordes", "Jan Huidekoper", "Gerrit van Beuningen", "Jacob Kwakernaak", "Sebald de Weert", "Jurriaan van Boekhout", "Baltazar de Cordes", "Dirck Gerritz", "Moluccas", "Guinea", "Annobón", "Straits of Magellan", "Erasmus", "Buddhist", "Sano-shi", "Tochigi-ken", "Floreana Island", "Ecuador", "natives", "Tidore", "Indonesia", "Portuguese", "Spaniards", "Pacific", "typhoon", "Kyūshū", "chain-shot", "coats of mail", "Usuki", "Ōita Prefecture", "Portuguese", "Jesuit", "pirate", "Osaka Castle", "Tokugawa Ieyasu", "daimyō", "Edo", "shōgun", "Battle of Sekigahara", "Taikō", "Toyotomi Hideyoshi", "East Indies", "Strait of Magellan", "Edo", "Mukai Shōgen", "Uraga", "Itō", "Izu Peninsula", "San Buena Ventura", "New Spain", "Tanaka Shōsuke", "daimyō", "Hirado", "Melchior van Santvoort", "Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn", "Ayutthaya", "junks", "Philippines", "Rodrigo de Vivero y Aberrucia", "Tokugawa Ieyasu", "New Spain", "Red Seal Ships", "João Rodrigues", "Valentim Carvalho", "Ieyasu", "Samurai", "hatamoto", "Hemi", "Yokosuka City", "koku", "Uraga", "Edo Bay", "John Saris", "Arctic", "Jacob Quaeckernaeck", "Melchior van Santvoort", "Red Seal Ship", "Patani", "factory", "Jacques Specx", "Prince Maurice of Nassau", "Hirado", "Dejima", "Banten", "Indonesia", "John Saris", "Hirado", "Clove", "British East India Company", "Dutch East India Company", "broadcloth", "tin", "clove", "Spice Islands", "Suruga", "Kamakura", "Kamakura Great Buddha", "Hidetada", "varnish", "suits of armour", "King James I", "Tower of London", "Royal Armouries Museum", "Leeds", "Nanbu", "Dō-maru", "Red Seal", "Richard Cocks", "Uraga", "Northwest Passage", "Siam", "Cochinchina", "Red Seal Ship", "Cochinchina", "Siam", "junk", "typhoon", "Ryukyu Islands", "Okinawa", "sappanwood", "monsoon", "Hidetada", "hatamoto", "Mukai Shōgen Tadakatsu", "Tonkin", "Vietnam", "Ōshima", "Ryukyus", "Hirado", "Nagasaki", "Francis Xavier", "shuinjō", "Melchior van Santvoort", "Vincent Romeyn", "Edo", "Nihonbashi", "railroad station", "Anjinzuka", "Itō", "Shizuoka", "Edmund Blunden", "Gillingham", "Tsuneo Matsudaira", "James Clavell", "Shōgun", "John Blackthorne", "Shōgun", "James Clavell's Shōgun", "William Dalton", "James Scherer", "Robert Lund", "Christopher Nicole", "Giles Milton", "alternate history", "Ruled Britannia", "Harry Turtledove", "Ostend", "Heroes", "Young Samurai", "PlayStation 4", "Nioh", "Denver the Last Dinosaur", "Chuo University", "Anglo-Japanese relations", "Jan Joosten", "Yaesu", "Chūō, Tokyo", "Henry Schnell", "Aizu", "Eugène Collache", "French Navy", "Boshin War", "Jules Brunet", "Boshin War", "Ernest Mason Satow", "scholar", "diplomat", "Japanologist", "Hendrick Hamel", "Joseon", "Korea", "Yasuke", "retainer", "Nobunaga Oda", "List of foreign-born samurai in Japan", "List of Westerners who visited Japan before 1868", "Hildreth, Richard", "John Harris", "Sir Ernest M. Satow", "Giles Milton", "Hendrik Doeff", "Williams Adams- Blue Eyed Samurai, Meeting Anjin", "\"Learning from Shogun. Japanese history and Western fantasy\"", "William Adams and Early English enterprise in Japan", "William Adams – The First Englishman In Japan", "Will Adams Memorial" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "William Adams (sailor, born 1564)\n", "William Adams (24 September 1564 – 16 May 1620), known in Japanese as Miura Anjin (三浦按針: \"the pilot of Miura\"), was an English navigator who, in 1600, was the first of his nation to reach Japan during a five-ship expedition for the Dutch East India Company. Of the few survivors of the only ship that reached Japan, Adams and his second mate Jan Joosten were not allowed to leave the country while Jacob Quaeckernaeck and Melchior van Santvoort were to go back to the Dutch Republic to invite them to trade. Adams and Joosten settled in Japan and became two of the first ever (and very few) Western samurai.\n", "Soon after Adams's arrival in Japan, he became a key advisor to the \"shōgun\" Tokugawa Ieyasu. Adams directed construction for the \"shōgun\" of the first Western-style ships in the country. He was later key to Japan's approving the establishment of trading factories by the Netherlands and England. He was also highly involved in Japan's Red Seal Asian trade, chartering and serving as captain of four expeditions to Southeast Asia. He died in Japan at age 55. He has been recognised as one of the most influential foreigners in Japan during this period.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Adams was born in Gillingham, Kent, England. When Adams was twelve his father died, and he was apprenticed to shipyard owner Master Nicholas Diggins at Limehouse for the seafaring life. He spent the next twelve years learning shipbuilding, astronomy, and navigation before entering the Royal Navy.\n", "With England at war with Spain, Adams served in the Royal Navy under Sir Francis Drake. He saw naval service against the Spanish Armada in 1588 as master of the \"Richarde Dyffylde\", a resupply ship. In the same year he is recorded to have married Mary Hyn in the parish church of St Dunstan's, Stepney. Soon after Adams became a pilot for the Barbary Company. During this service, Jesuit sources claim he took part in an expedition to the Arctic that lasted about two years, in search of a Northeast Passage along the coast of Siberia to the Far East. The veracity of this claim is somewhat suspect, because he never referred to such an expedition in his autobiographical letter written from Japan; its wording implies that the 1598 voyage was his first involvement with the Dutch. The Jesuit source may have misattributed to Adams a claim by one of the Dutch members of Mahu's crew who had been on Rijp's ship during the voyage that discovered Spitsbergen.\n", "Section::::Expedition to the Far East.\n", "Attracted by the Dutch trade with India, Adams, then 34 years old, shipped as pilot major with a five-ship fleet dispatched from the isle of Texel to the Far East in 1598 by a company of Rotterdam merchants (a \"voorcompagnie,\" predecessor of the Dutch East India Company). His brother Thomas accompanied him. The Dutch were allied with England and as well as fellow Protestants, they too were also at war with Spain fighting for their independence.\n", "The Adams brothers set sail from Rotterdam in June 1598 on the \"Hoope\" and joined with the rest of the fleet on 24 June. The fleet consisted of:\n", "BULLET::::- the \"Hoope\" (\"Hope\"), under Jacques Mahu (d. 1598), expedition leader, succeeded by Simon de Cordes (d. 1599), and finally, Jan Huidekoper;\n", "BULLET::::- the \"Liefde\" (\"Love\" or \"Charity\"), under Simon de Cordes, 2nd in command, succeeded by Gerrit van Beuningen and finally under Jacob Kwakernaak;\n", "BULLET::::- the \"Geloof\" (\"Faith\"), under Gerrit van Beuningen, and in the end, Sebald de Weert;\n", "BULLET::::- the \"Trouw\" (\"Loyalty\"), under Jurriaan van Boekhout (d. 1599), and finally, Baltazar de Cordes; and\n", "BULLET::::- the \"Blijde Boodschap\" (\"Good Tiding\" or \"The Gospel\"), under Sebald de Weert, and later, Dirck Gerritz.\n", "The fleet's original mission was to sail for the west coast of South America, where they would sell their cargo for silver, and to head for Japan only if the first mission failed. In that case, they were supposed to obtain silver in Japan to buy spices in the Moluccas (the Spice Islands), before heading back to Europe.\n", "The vessels, ships ranging from 75 to 250 tons and crowded with men, were driven to the coast of Guinea, West Africa where the adventurers attacked the island of Annobón for supplies. They sailed on west for the Straits of Magellan. Scattered by stress of weather and after several disasters in the South Atlantic, only three ships of the five made it through the Magellan Straits. (The \"Blijde Boodschap\" was adrift after being disabled in bad weather and was captured by a Spanish ship. The \"Geloof\" returned to Rotterdam in July 1600 with 36 men surviving of the original 109 crew.)\n", "During the voyage, Adams changed ships to the \"Liefde\" (originally named \"Erasmus\" and adorned by a wooden carving of Erasmus on her stern). The statue was preserved in a Buddhist temple in Sano-shi, Tochigi-ken. The \"Liefde\" waited for the other ships at Floreana Island off the Ecuadorean coast. However, only the \"Hoope\" had arrived by the spring of 1599. The captains of both vessels, together with Adams' brother Thomas and twenty other men, lost their lives in a violent encounter with natives. The \"Trouw\" later reached Tidore (Indonesia). The crew were killed by the Portuguese in January 1601.\n", "In fear of the Spaniards, the remaining crews determined to leave Ecuador and sail across the Pacific. It was late November 1599 when the two ships sailed westwardly for Japan. On their way, the two ships made landfall in \"certain islands\" (possibly the islands of Hawaii) where eight sailors deserted the ships. Later during the voyage, a typhoon claimed the \"Hoope\" with all hands, in late February 1600.\n", "Section::::Arrival in Japan.\n", "In April 1600, after more than nineteen months at sea, a crew of twenty-three sick and dying men (out of the 100 who started the voyage) brought the \"Liefde\" to anchor off the island of Kyūshū, Japan. Its cargo consisted of eleven chests of trade goods: coarse woolen cloth, glass beads, mirrors, and spectacles; and metal tools and weapons: nails, iron, hammers, nineteen bronze cannon; 5,000 cannonballs; 500 muskets, 300 chain-shot, and three chests filled with coats of mail.\n", "When the nine surviving crew members were strong enough to stand, they made landfall on 19 April off Bungo (present-day Usuki, Ōita Prefecture). They were met by Japanese locals and Portuguese Jesuit missionary priests claiming that Adams' ship was a pirate vessel and that the crew should be executed as pirates. The ship was seized and the sickly crew were imprisoned at Osaka Castle on orders by Tokugawa Ieyasu, the \"daimyō\" of Edo and future \"shōgun.\" The nineteen bronze cannon of the \"Liefde\" were unloaded and, according to Spanish accounts, later used at the decisive Battle of Sekigahara on 21 October 1600.\n", "Adams met Ieyasu in Osaka three times between May and June 1600. He was questioned by Ieyasu, then a guardian of the young son of the \"Taikō\" Toyotomi Hideyoshi, the ruler who had just died. Adams' knowledge of ships, shipbuilding and nautical smattering of mathematics appealed to Ieyasu.\n", "Coming before the king, he viewed me well, and seemed to be wonderfully favourable. He made many signs unto me, some of which I understood, and some I did not. In the end, there came one that could speak Portuguese. By him, the king demanded of me of what land I was, and what moved us to come to his land, being so far off. I showed unto him the name of our country, and that our land had long sought out the East Indies, and desired friendship with all kings and potentates in way of merchandise, having in our land diverse commodities, which these lands had not… Then he asked whether our country had wars? I answered him yea, with the Spaniards and Portugals, being in peace with all other nations. Further, he asked me, in what I did believe? I said, in God, that made heaven and earth. He asked me diverse other questions of things of religions, and many other things: As what way we came to the country. Having a chart of the whole world, I showed him, through the Strait of Magellan. At which he wondered, and thought me to lie. Thus, from one thing to another, I abode with him till mid-night. (from William Adams' letter to his wife)\n", "Adams wrote that Ieyasu denied the Jesuits' request for execution on the ground that:\n", "we as yet had not done to him nor to none of his land any harm or damage; therefore against Reason or Justice to put us to death. If our country had wars the one with the other, that was no cause that he should put us to death; with which they were out of heart that their cruel pretence failed them. For which God be forever praised. (William Adams' letter to his wife)\n", "Ieyasu ordered the crew to sail the \"Liefde\" from Bungo to Edo where, rotten and beyond repair, she sank.\n", "Section::::Japan's first western-style sailing ships.\n", "In 1604, Tokugawa ordered Adams and his companions to help Mukai Shōgen, who was commander-in-chief of the navy of Uraga, to build Japan's first Western-style ship. The sailing ship was built at the harbour of Itō on the east coast of the Izu Peninsula, with carpenters from the harbour supplying the manpower for the construction of an 80-ton vessel. It was used to survey the Japanese coast. The \"shōgun\" ordered a larger ship of 120 tons to be built the following year; it was slightly smaller than the \"Liefde\", which was 150 tons. According to Adams, Tokugawa \"came aboard to see it, and the sight whereof gave him great content\". In 1610, the 120-ton ship (later named \"San Buena Ventura\") was lent to shipwrecked Spanish sailors. They sailed it to New Spain, accompanied by a mission of twenty-two Japanese led by Tanaka Shōsuke.\n", "Following the construction, Tokugawa invited Adams to visit his palace whenever he liked and \"that always I must come in his presence.\"\n", "Other survivors of the \"Liefde\" were also rewarded with favours, and were allowed to pursue foreign trade. Most of the survivors left Japan in 1605 with the help of the \"daimyō\" of Hirado. Although Adams did not receive permission to leave Japan until 1613, Melchior van Santvoort and Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn engaged in trade between Japan and Southeast Asia and reportedly made a fortune. Both of them were reported by Dutch traders as being in Ayutthaya in early 1613, sailing richly cargoed \"junks.\"\n", "In 1609 Adams contacted the interim governor of the Philippines, Rodrigo de Vivero y Aberrucia on behalf of Tokugawa Ieyasu, who wished to establish direct trade contacts with New Spain. Friendly letters were exchanged, officially starting relations between Japan and New Spain. Adams is also recorded as having chartered Red Seal Ships during his later travels to Southeast Asia. (The \"Ikoku Tokai Goshuinjō\" has a reference to Miura Anjin receiving a \"shuinjō\", a document bearing a red Shogunal seal authorising the holder to engage in foreign trade, in 1614.)\n", "Section::::Western samurai.\n", "Taking a liking to Adams, the \"shōgun\" appointed him as a diplomatic and trade advisor, bestowing great privileges upon him. Ultimately, Adams became his personal advisor on all things related to Western powers and civilization. After a few years, Adams replaced the Jesuit Padre João Rodrigues as the Shogun's official interpreter. Padre Valentim Carvalho wrote: \"After he had learned the language, he had access to Ieyasu and entered the palace at any time\"; he also described him as \"a great engineer and mathematician\".\n", "Adams had a wife and children in England, but Ieyasu forbade the Englishman to leave Japan. He was presented with two swords representing the authority of a Samurai. The Shogun decreed that William Adams the pilot was dead and that Miura Anjin (三浦按針), a samurai, was born. According to the \"shōgun\", this action \"freed\" Adams to serve the Shogunate permanently, effectively making Adams' wife in England a widow. (Adams managed to send regular support payments to her after 1613 via the English and Dutch companies.) Adams also was given the title of \"hatamoto\" (bannerman), a high-prestige position as a direct retainer in the \"shōgun\"s court.\n", "Adams was given generous revenues: \"For the services that I have done and do daily, being employed in the Emperor's service, the emperor has given me a living\" (\"Letters\"). He was granted a fief in Hemi (Jpn: 逸見) within the boundaries of present-day Yokosuka City, \"with eighty or ninety husbandmen, that be my slaves or servants\" (\"Letters\"). His estate was valued at 250 \"koku\" (a measure of the yearly income of the land in rice, with one koku defined as the quantity of rice sufficient to feed one person for one year). He finally wrote \"God hath provided for me after my great misery\" (\"Letters\"), by which he meant the disaster-ridden voyage that had initially brought him to Japan.\n", "Adams's estate was located next to the harbour of Uraga, the traditional point of entrance to Edo Bay. There he was recorded as dealing with the cargoes of foreign ships. John Saris related that when he visited Edo in 1613, Adams had resale rights for the cargo of a Spanish ship at anchor in Uraga Bay.\n", "Adams' position gave him the means to marry Oyuki (お雪), the adopted daughter of Magome Kageyu. He was a highway official who was in charge of a packhorse exchange on one of the grand imperial roads that led out of Edo (roughly present-day Tokyo). Although Magome was important, Oyuki was not of noble birth, nor high social standing. Adams may have married from affection rather than for social reasons. Adams and Oyuki had a son Joseph and a daughter Susanna. Adams was constantly traveling for work. Initially, he tried to organise an expedition in search of the Arctic passage that had eluded him previously.\n", "Adams had a high regard for Japan, its people, and its civilisation:\n", "The people of this Land of Japan are good of nature, courteous above measure, and valiant in war: their justice is severely executed without any partiality upon transgressors of the law. They are governed in great civility. I mean, not a land better governed in the world by civil policy. The people be very superstitious in their religion, and are of diverse opinions.\n", "Section::::Establishment of the Dutch East India Company in Japan.\n", "In 1604 Ieyasu sent the \"Liefde\"'s captain, Jacob Quaeckernaeck, and the treasurer, Melchior van Santvoort, on a \"shōgun\"-licensed Red Seal Ship to Patani in Southeast Asia. He ordered them to contact the Dutch East India Company trading factory, which had just been established in 1602, in order to bring more western trade to Japan and break the Portuguese monopoly. In 1605, Adams obtained a letter of authorization from Ieyasu formally inviting the Dutch to trade with Japan. \n", "Hampered by conflicts with the Portuguese and limited resources in Asia, the Dutch were not able to send ships to Japan until 1609. Two Dutch ships, commanded by Jacques Specx, \"De Griffioen\" (the \"Griffin\", 19 cannons) and \"Roode Leeuw met Pijlen\" (the \"Red lion with arrows\", 400 tons, 26 cannons), were sent from Holland and reached Japan on 2 July 1609. The men of this Dutch expeditionary fleet established a trading base or \"factory\" on Hirado Island. Two Dutch envoys, Puyck and van den Broek, were the official bearers of a letter from Prince Maurice of Nassau to the court of Edo. Adams negotiated on behalf of these emissaries. The Dutch obtained free trading rights throughout Japan and to establish a trading factory there. (By contrast, the Portuguese were allowed to sell their goods only in Nagasaki at fixed, negotiated prices.)\n", "The Hollandes be now settled (in Japan) and I have got them that privilege as the Spaniards and Portingals could never get in this 50 or 60 years in Japan.\n", "After obtaining this trading right through an edict of Tokugawa Ieyasu on 24 August 1609, the Dutch inaugurated a trading factory in Hirado on 20 September 1609. The Dutch preserved their \"trade pass\" (Dutch: \"Handelspas\") in Hirado and then Dejima as a guarantee of their trading rights during the following two centuries that they operated in Japan.\n", "Section::::Establishment of an English trading factory.\n", "In 1611, Adams learned of an English settlement in Banten, Indonesia. He wrote asking them to convey news of him to his family and friends in England. He invited them to engage in trade with Japan which \"the Hollanders have here an Indies of money.\"\n", "In 1613, the English captain John Saris arrived at Hirado in the ship \"Clove,\" intending to establish a trading factory for the British East India Company. The Dutch East India Company (VOC) already had a major post at Hirado.\n", "Saris criticized Adams for his praise of Japan and adoption of Japanese customs:\n", "He persists in giving \"admirable and affectionated commendations of Japan. It is generally thought amongst us that he is a naturalized Japaner.\" (John Saris)\n", "In Hirado, Adams refused to stay in English quarters, residing instead with a local Japanese magistrate. The English noted that he wore Japanese dress and spoke Japanese fluently. Adams estimated the cargo of the \"Clove\" was of little value, essentially broadcloth, tin and cloves (acquired in the Spice Islands), saying that \"such things as he had brought were not very vendible\".\n", "Adams traveled with Saris to Suruga, where they met with Ieyasu at his principal residence in September. The Englishmen continued to Kamakura where they visited the noted Kamakura Great Buddha. (Sailors etched their names of the Daibutsu, made in 1252.) They continued to Edo, where they met Ieyasu's son Hidetada, who was nominally \"shōgun\", although Ieyasu retained most of the decision-making powers. During that meeting, Hidetada gave Saris two varnished suits of armour for King James I. As of 2015, one of these suits of armour is housed in the Tower of London, the other is on display in the Royal Armouries Museum, Leeds. The suits were made by Iwai Yozaemon of Nanbu. They were part of a series of presentation armours of ancient 15th-century Dō-maru style.\n", "On their return, the English party visited Tokugawa again. He conferred trading privileges to the English by a Red Seal permit, giving them \"free license to abide, buy, sell and barter\" in Japan. The English party returned to Hirado on 9 October 1613.\n", "At this meeting, Adams asked for and obtained Tokugawa's authorisation to return to his home country. But, he finally declined Saris' offer to take him back to England: \"I answered him I had spent in this country many years, through which I was poor... [and] desirous to get something before my return\". His true reasons seem to lie rather with his profound antipathy for Saris: \"The reason I would not go with him was for diverse injuries done against me, which were things to me very strange and unlooked for.\" (William Adams letters)\n", "Adams accepted employment with the newly founded Hirado trading factory, signing a contract on 24November 1613, with the East India Company for the yearly salary of 100 English Pounds. This was more than double the regular salary of 40 Pounds earned by the other factors at Hirado. Adams had a lead role, under Richard Cocks and together with six other compatriots (Tempest Peacock, Richard Wickham, William Eaton, Walter Carwarden, Edmund Sayers and William Nealson), in organising this new English settlement.\n", "Adams had advised Saris against the choice of Hirado, which was small and far away from the major markets in Osaka and Edo; he had recommended selection of Uraga near Edo for a post, but Saris wanted to keep an eye on the Dutch activities.\n", "During the ten-year operations of the East Indian Company (1613 and 1623), only three English ships after the \"Clove\" brought cargoes directly from London to Japan. They were invariably described as having poor value on the Japanese market. The only trade which helped support the factory was that organised between Japan and South-East Asia; this was chiefly Adams selling Chinese goods for Japanese silver:\n", "Were it not for hope of trade into China, or procuring some benefit from Siam, Pattania and Cochin China, it were no staying in Japon, yet it is certen here is silver enough & may be carried out at pleasure, but then we must bring them commodities to their liking. (Richard Cocks' diary, 1617)\n", "Section::::Religious rivalries.\n", "The Portuguese and other Catholic religious orders in Japan considered Adams a rival as an English Protestant. After Adams' power had grown, the Jesuits tried to convert him, then offered to secretly bear him away from Japan on a Portuguese ship. The Jesuits' willingness to disobey the order by Ieyasu prohibiting Adams from leaving Japan showed that they feared his growing influence. Catholic priests asserted that he was trying to discredit them. In 1614, Carvalho complained of Adams and other merchants in his annual letter to the Pope, saying that \"by false accusation [Adams and others] have rendered our preachers such objects of suspicion that he [Ieyasu] fears and readily believes that they are rather spies than sowers of the Holy Faith in his kingdom.\" \n", "Ieyasu, influenced by Adams' counsels and disturbed by unrest caused by the numerous Catholic converts, expelled the Portuguese Jesuits from Japan in 1614. He demanded that Japanese Catholics abandon their faith. Adams apparently warned Ieyasu against Spanish approaches as well.\n", "Section::::Character.\n", "After fifteen years spent in Japan, Adams had a difficult time establishing relations with the English arrivals. He initially shunned the company of the newly arrived English sailors in 1613 and could not get on good terms with Saris. But Richard Cocks, the head of the Hirado factory, came to appreciate Adams' character and what he had acquired of Japanese self-control. In a letter to the East India Company Cocks wrote:\n", "Section::::Participation in Asian trade.\n", "Adams later engaged in various exploratory and commercial ventures. He tried to organise an expedition to the legendary Northwest Passage from Asia, which would have greatly reduced the sailing distance between Japan and Europe. Ieyasu asked him if \"our countrimen could not find the northwest passage\" and Adams contacted the East India Company to organise manpower and supplies. The expedition never got underway.\n", "In his later years, Adams worked for the English East Indian Company. He made a number of trading voyages to Siam in 1616 and Cochinchina in 1617 and 1618, sometimes for the English East India Company, sometimes for his own account. He is recorded in Japanese records as the owner of a Red Seal Ship of 500 tons.\n", "Given the few ships that the Company sent from England and the poor trading value of their cargoes (broadcloth, knives, looking glasses, Indian cotton, etc.), Adams was influential in gaining trading certificates from the \"shōgun\" to allow the Company to participate in the Red Seal system. It made a total of seven junk voyages to Southeast Asia with mixed profit results. Four were led by William Adams as captain. Adams renamed a ship he acquired in 1617 as \"Gift of God;\" he sailed it on his expedition that year to Cochinchina. The expeditions he led are described more fully below.\n", "Section::::Participation in Asian trade.:1614 Siam expedition.\n", "In 1614, Adams wanted to organise a trade expedition to Siam to bolster the Company factory's activities and cash situation. He bought and upgraded a 200-ton Japanese junk for the Company, renaming her as \"Sea Adventure\"; and hired about 120 Japanese sailors and merchants, as well as several Chinese traders, an Italian and a Castilian (Spanish) trader. The heavily laden ship left in November 1614, during the typhoon season. The merchants Richard Wickham and Edmund Sayers of the English factory's staff also joined the voyage.\n", "The expedition was to purchase raw silk, Chinese goods, sappan wood, deer skins and ray skins (the latter used for the handles of Japanese swords). The ship carried £1250 in silver and £175 of merchandise (Indian cottons, Japanese weapons and lacquerware). The party encountered a typhoon near the Ryukyu Islands (modern Okinawa) and had to stop there to repair from 27 December 1614 until May 1615. It returned to Japan in June 1615 without having completed any trade.\n", "Section::::Participation in Asian trade.:1615 Siam expedition.\n", "Adams left Hirado in November 1615 for Ayutthaya in Siam on the refitted \"Sea Adventure,\" intent on obtaining sappanwood for resale in Japan. His cargo was chiefly silver (£600) and the Japanese and Indian goods unsold from the previous voyage.\n", "He bought vast quantities of the high-profit products. His partners obtained two ships in Siam in order to transport everything back to Japan. Adams sailed the \"Sea Adventure\" to Japan with 143 tonnes of sappanwood and 3700 deer skins, returning to Hirado in 47 days. (The return trip took from 5 June and 22 July 1616). Sayers, on a hired Chinese junk, reached Hirado in October 1616 with 44 tons of sappanwood. The third ship, a Japanese junk, brought 4,560 deer skins to Nagasaki, arriving in June 1617 after the monsoon.\n", "Less than a week before Adams' return, Ieyasu had died. Adams accompanied Cocks and Eaton to court to offer Company presents to the new ruler, Hidetada. Although Ieyasu's death seems to have weakened Adams' political influence, Hidetada agreed to maintain the English trading privileges. He also issued a new Red Seal permit (Shuinjō) to Adams, which allowed him to continue trade activities overseas under the \"shōgun\"s protection. His position as \"hatamoto\" was also renewed.\n", "On this occasion, Adams and Cocks also visited the Japanese Admiral Mukai Shōgen Tadakatsu, who lived near Adams' estate. They discussed plans for a possible invasion of the Catholic Philippines.\n", "Section::::Participation in Asian trade.:1617 Cochinchina expedition.\n", "In March 1617, Adams set sail for Cochinchina, having purchased the junk Sayers had brought from Siam and renamed it the \"Gift of God\". He intended to find two English factors, Tempest Peacock and Walter Carwarden, who had departed from Hirado two years before to explore commercial opportunities on the first voyage to South East Asia by the Hirado English Factory. Adams learned in Cochinchina that Peacock had been plied with drink, and killed for his silver. Carwarden, who was waiting in a boat downstream, realised that Peacock had been killed and hastily tried to reach his ship. His boat overturned and he drowned.\n", "Adams sold a small cargo of broadcloth, Indian piece goods and ivory in Cochinchina for the modest amount of £351.\n", "Section::::Participation in Asian trade.:1618 Cochinchina expedition.\n", "In 1618, Adams is recorded as having organised his last Red Seal trade expedition to Cochinchina and Tonkin (modern Vietnam), the last expedition of the English Hirado Factory to Southeast Asia. The ship, a chartered Chinese junk, left Hirado on 11 March 1618 but met with bad weather that forced it to stop at Ōshima in the northern Ryukyus. The ship sailed back to Hirado in May.\n", "Those expeditions to Southeast Asia helped the English factory survive for some time—during that period, sappanwood resold in Japan with a 200% profit—until the factory fell into bankruptcy due to high expenditures.\n", "Section::::Death and family legacy.\n", "Adams died at Hirado, north of Nagasaki, on 16 May 1620, at the age of 55. He was buried in Nagasaki-ken, where his grave marker may still be seen. In 2019 Japanese archaeologists announced the discovery of bones at the site believed to be those of Adams. His gravesite is next to a memorial to Saint Francis Xavier. In his will, he left his townhouse in Edo, his fief in Hemi, and 500 British pounds to be divided evenly between his family in England and his family in Japan. Cocks wrote: \"I cannot but be sorrowfull for the loss of such a man as Capt William Adams, he having been in such favour with two Emperors of Japan as never any Christian in these part of the world.\" (Cocks's diary)\n", "Cocks remained in contact with Adams' Japanese family, sending gifts; in March 1622, he offered silks to Joseph and Susanna. On the Christmas after Adams's death, Cocks gave Joseph his father's sword and dagger. Cocks records that Hidetada transferred the lordship from William Adams to his son Joseph Adams with the attendant rights to the estate at Hemi: He (Hidetada) has confirmed the lordship to his son, which the other emperor (Ieyasu) gave to the father. (Cocks's diary) Adams' son kept the title of Miura Anjin, and was a successful trader until Japan closed against foreign trading in 1635; he disappeared from historical records at that time.\n", "Cocks administered Adams's trading rights (the shuinjō) for the benefit of Adams's children, Joseph and Susanna. He carried this out conscientiously. In 1623, three years after Adams's death, the unprofitable English trading factory was dissolved by the East India Company. The Dutch traded on Adams's children's behalf via the Red Seal ships.\n", "By 1629, only two of Adams's shipmates from 1600 survived in Japan. Melchior van Santvoort and Vincent Romeyn lived privately in Nagasaki.\n", "Section::::Honors for Adams.\n", "BULLET::::- A town in Edo (modern Tokyo), Anjin-chō (in modern-day Nihonbashi) was named for Adams, who had a house there. He is annually celebrated on 15 June.\n", "BULLET::::- A village and a railroad station in his fiefdom, Anjinzuka (安針塚, \"Burial mound of the Pilot\") in modern Yokosuka, were named for him.\n", "BULLET::::- In the city of Itō, Shizuoka, the Miura Anjin Festival is held annually on 10 August. On the seafront at Itō is a monument to Adams. Next to it is a plaque inscribed with Edmund Blunden's poem, \"To the Citizens of Ito\", which commemorates Adams' achievement.\n", "BULLET::::- Adams' birth town, Gillingham, has held a Will Adams Festival every September since 2000. Since the late 20th century, both Itō and Yokosuka have become sister cities of Gillingham.\n", "BULLET::::- A monument to Adams was installed in Watling Street, Gillingham (Kent), opposite Darland Avenue. The monument was unveiled 11 May 1934 by his excellency Tsuneo Matsudaira GCVO, Japanese ambassador to the Court of St James.\n", "BULLET::::- A roundabout named Will Adams Roundabout with a Japanese theme just along from the Gillingham monument to Adams with two roads named after the Gillingham sister cities \"Ito Way\" and \"Yokosuka Way\"\n", "Section::::Representation in other media.\n", "BULLET::::- James Clavell based his best-selling novel \"Shōgun\" (1975) on Adams' life, changing the name of his protagonist to \"John Blackthorne\". This was adapted as a popular TV mini-series, \"Shōgun\" (1980). It was also adapted as a Broadway production, \"\" (1990), and the video game \"James Clavell's Shōgun\" (1989).\n", "There were numerous earlier works of fiction based on Adams.\n", "BULLET::::- William Dalton wrote \"Will Adams, The First Englishman in Japan: A Romantic Biography\" (London, 1861). Dalton had never been to Japan and his book reflects romanticised Victorian British notions of the \"exotic\" Asia.\n", "BULLET::::- Richard Blaker's \"The Needlewatcher\" (London, 1932) is the least romantic of the novels; he consciously attempted to de-mythologize Adams and write a careful historical work of fiction.\n", "BULLET::::- James Scherer's \"Pilot and Shōgun\" dramatises a series of incidents based on Adams' life.\n", "BULLET::::- American Robert Lund wrote \"Daishi-san\" (New York, 1960).\n", "BULLET::::- Christopher Nicole's \"Lord of the Golden Fan\" (1973) portrays Adams as sexually frustrated in England and freed by living in Japan, where he has numerous encounters. The work is considered light pornography.\n", "BULLET::::- In 2002, Giles Milton's historical biography \"Samurai William\" (2002) is based on historical sources, especially Richard Cocks's diary.\n", "BULLET::::- The 2002 alternate history novel \"Ruled Britannia\" by Harry Turtledove features a brief appearance by Adams, piloting cargo and passengers between England and Ostend, both of which are puppet states of the Habsburg Empire in this timeline.\n", "BULLET::::- In the second season of \"Heroes\", a story set in samurai-era Japan features an Englishman who seems to be based on Adams.\n", "BULLET::::- A book series called \"Young Samurai\" is about a young English boy who is ship wrecked in Japan, and is trained as a samurai.\n", "BULLET::::- Adams also serves as the template for the protagonist in the PlayStation 4 and PC video game \"Nioh\" (2017), but with supernatural and historical fiction elements.\n", "BULLET::::- In a 1995 interview, Ted Koplar of World Event Productions admitted \"Denver the Last Dinosaur\" was an allegory for the life and times of Adams.\n", "Section::::Representation in other media.:Depiction.\n", "According to Professor Derek Massarella of Chuo University:\n", "There is however one genuine contemporary image. \"It is a derivative drawing of William Adams, which appears to be based in a sketch attributed to Dorothy Burmingham (from a description given by Malchior von Santvoot). The original drawing is to be found at the Rotterdam Maritime Museum [whose specialist Marcel Kroon considers it to be from Adams' time]. A copy is preserved at the Bodleian Library, University of Oxford.\" \n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Anglo-Japanese relations\n", "BULLET::::- Jan Joosten – known in Japanese as \"Yan Yōsuten\", was a Dutch colleague of Adams, and the only known Dutch samurai. The Yaesu neighbourhood in Chūō, Tokyo was named for him.\n", "BULLET::::- Henry Schnell – known in Japanese as \"Hiramatsu Buhei\", was a Prussian arms dealer, who served the Aizu domain as a military instructor and procurer of weapons.\n", "BULLET::::- Eugène Collache – French Navy officer, who fought for the \"shōgun\" during the Boshin War (1868–1869).\n", "BULLET::::- Jules Brunet (1838–1911) – French officer who fought for the \"shōgun\" in the Boshin War\n", "BULLET::::- Ernest Mason Satow (1843–1929) – British scholar, diplomat and Japanologist\n", "BULLET::::- Hendrick Hamel (1630–1692) – first European to live in the Joseon-dynasty era in Korea (1666) and write about it\n", "BULLET::::- Yasuke (b. c. 1556) – a black (African) retainer briefly in the service of the Japanese warlord Nobunaga Oda\n", "BULLET::::- List of foreign-born samurai in Japan\n", "BULLET::::- List of Westerners who visited Japan before 1868\n", "Section::::Notes.\n", "Section::::Notes.:References.\n", "BULLET::::- \"England's Earliest Intercourse with Japan\", by C. W. Hillary (1905)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Letters written by the English Residents in Japan\", ed. by N. Murakami (1900, containing Adams's Letters reprinted from Memorials of the Empire of Japan, ed. by T. Rundall, Hakluyt Society, 1850)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Diary of Richard Cocks\", with preface by N. Murakami (1899, reprinted from the Hakluyt Society ed. 1883)\n", "BULLET::::- Hildreth, Richard, \"Japan as it was and is\" (1855)\n", "BULLET::::- John Harris, \"Navigantium atque Itinerantium Bibliotheca\" (1764), i. 856\n", "BULLET::::- \"Voyage of John Saris\", edited by Sir Ernest M. Satow (Hakluyt Society, 1900)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Asiatic Society of Japan Transactions\", xxvi. (sec. 1898) pp. I and 194, where four formerly unpublished letters of Adams are printed;\n", "BULLET::::- \"Collection of State Papers; East Indies, China and Japan.\" The MS. of his logs written during his voyages to Siam and China is in the Bodleian Library at Oxford.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Samurai William: The Adventurer Who Unlocked Japan\", by Giles Milton (UK 2002: )\n", "BULLET::::- \"William Adams and Early English Enterprise in Japan\", by Anthony Farrington and Derek Massarella \n", "BULLET::::- \"Adams the Pilot: The Life and Times of Captain William Adams: 1564–1620\", by William Corr, Curzon Press, 1995\n", "BULLET::::- \"The English Factory in Japan 1613–1623\", ed. by Anthony Farrington, British Library, 1991. (Includes all of William Adams' extant letters, as well as his will.)\n", "BULLET::::- \"A World Elsewhere. Europe’s Encounter with Japan in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries\", by Derek Massarella, Yale University Press, 1990.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Recollections of Japan\", Hendrik Doeff,\n", "Section::::Notes.:Hardcopy.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Needle-Watcher: The Will Adams Story, British Samurai\" by Richard Blaker\n", "BULLET::::- \"Servant of the Shogun\" by Richard Tames. Paul Norbury Publications, Tenterden, Kent, England..\n", "BULLET::::- \"Samurai William: The Englishman Who Opened Japan,\" by Giles Milton; ; December 2003\n", "Section::::Notes.:External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Williams Adams- Blue Eyed Samurai, Meeting Anjin\n", "BULLET::::- \"Learning from Shogun. Japanese history and Western fantasy\"\n", "BULLET::::- William Adams and Early English enterprise in Japan\n", "BULLET::::- William Adams – The First Englishman In Japan, full text online, Internet Archive\n", "BULLET::::- Will Adams Memorial\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Anjin-sama", "Anjin Miura" ] }, "description": "English navigator who travelled to Japan", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q313866", "wikidata_label": "William Adams", "wikipedia_title": "William Adams (sailor, born 1564)" }

{ "end": [ 90, 103, 118, 168, 206, 272, 333, 43, 186, 230, 276, 509, 543, 638, 133, 209, 123, 53, 117, 147, 189, 508, 546, 557, 572, 703, 749, 929, 48, 599, 731, 70, 230, 280, 321, 341, 503, 629, 856, 227, 267, 317, 357, 200, 317, 87, 105, 254, 343, 814, 1073, 1122, 247, 417, 735, 66, 271, 124, 537, 575, 598, 986, 12, 156, 377, 402, 504, 554, 619, 55, 129, 144, 156, 291, 92, 168, 222, 307, 99, 6, 17, 34, 205, 304, 394, 103, 186, 217, 271, 774, 888, 898, 79, 125, 205, 276, 331, 338, 37, 49, 83, 98, 137, 189, 36, 26, 25 ], "href": [ "queen%20consort%20of%20England", "Queen%20consort%20of%20Scotland", "Queen%20consort%20of%20Ireland", "Charles%20II%20of%20England", "John%20IV%20of%20Portugal", "House%20of%20Braganza", "Spanish%20Habsburgs", "Roman%20Catholic", "Popish%20Plot", "Edmund%20Berry%20Godfrey", "Titus%20Oates", "high%20treason", "English%20House%20of%20Commons", "Palace%20of%20Whitehall", "Barbara%20Palmer", "Lady%20of%20the%20Bedchamber", "Portuguese%20nobility", "Ducal%20Palace%20of%20Vila%20Vi%C3%A7osa", "John%20IV%20of%20Portugal", "Luisa%20de%20Guzm%C3%A1n", "Portuguese%20Restoration%20War", "John%20of%20Austria%20the%20Younger", "Fran%C3%A7ois%20de%20Vend%C3%B4me%2C%20duc%20de%20Beaufort", "Louis%20XIV%20of%20France", "Charles%20II%20of%20England", "Portugal", "Treaty%20of%20the%20Pyrenees", "Lisbon", "power%20behind%20the%20throne", "Joana%2C%20Princess%20of%20Beira", "regent", "Charles%20I%20of%20England", "Tangier", "Seven%20Islands%20of%20Bombay", "Colonial%20Brazil", "East%20Indies", "English%20expedition%20to%20Portugal%20%281662%E2%80%931668%29", "Portsmouth", "Anglican", "shawm", "bagpipes", "pilgrimage", "Lisbon", "Protestant", "reign", "Roman%20Catholic", "Anglican", "Protestant", "masques", "Audley%20End%20House", "Jacob%20Huysmans", "Catherine%20of%20Alexandria", "Richard%20Bellings", "Cretan%20War%20%281645%E2%80%931669%29", "HMY%20Saudadoes", "Barbara%20Palmer", "Portugal", "anti-Catholicism", "Franciscans", "St%20Peter%20of%20Alcantara", "Lord%20Chamberlain", "Louise%20de%20K%C3%A9rouaille%2C%20Duchess%20of%20Portsmouth", "Test%20Act", "Popish%20Plot", "Gilbert%20Burnet", "House%20of%20Lords", "James%20II%20of%20England", "James%20Scott%2C%201st%20Duke%20of%20Monmouth", "Monmouth%20Rebellion", "Somerset%20House", "Glorious%20Revolution", "William%20III%20of%20England", "Mary%20II%20of%20England", "Henry%20Hyde%2C%202nd%20Earl%20of%20Clarendon", "Treaty%20of%20Methuen", "Peter%20II%20of%20Portugal", "Bemposta%20Palace", "Monastery%20of%20S%C3%A3o%20Vicente%20de%20Fora", "Samuel%20Pepys", "Queens", "Borough%20%28New%20York%20City%29", "New%20York%20City", "Brooklyn", "Staten%20Island", "Charles%20Lennox%2C%201st%20Duke%20of%20Richmond", "Portuguese-Americans", "East%20River", "Long%20Island%20City", "Audrey%20Flack", "Claire%20Shulman", "Expo%20%2798", "Lisbon", "Jean%20Plaidy", "Susanna%20Gregory", "Seven%20Islands%20of%20Bombay", "East%20India%20Company", "Bombay", "Mumbai", "Royal%20coat%20of%20arms%20of%20the%20United%20Kingdom", "Impalement%20%28heraldry%29", "Coat%20of%20arms%20of%20Portugal", "supporter", "The%20Lion%20and%20the%20Unicorn", "wyvern", "List%20of%20English%20consorts", "History%20of%20tea%23United%20Kingdom", "Karleen%20Koen" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 10, 10, 13, 13, 15, 15, 17, 18, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 20, 20, 20, 21, 21, 23, 23, 23, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 27, 29, 29, 29, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 32, 32, 32, 32, 34, 35, 35, 35, 35, 35, 35, 36, 36, 36, 36, 36, 36, 36, 37, 37, 38, 38, 38, 38, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 42, 43, 47 ], "start": [ 66, 95, 111, 153, 199, 255, 316, 29, 175, 210, 265, 497, 519, 619, 119, 185, 104, 26, 91, 132, 163, 493, 510, 548, 562, 695, 727, 923, 25, 575, 725, 56, 223, 257, 315, 330, 469, 619, 848, 222, 259, 307, 351, 190, 312, 73, 97, 244, 336, 804, 1059, 1110, 231, 402, 720, 52, 263, 111, 526, 554, 582, 943, 4, 145, 363, 388, 496, 521, 601, 41, 110, 133, 149, 258, 75, 160, 207, 275, 87, 0, 10, 21, 193, 289, 370, 83, 176, 201, 259, 760, 880, 892, 68, 110, 182, 258, 325, 332, 4, 42, 59, 89, 114, 183, 12, 12, 12 ], "text": [ "queen consort of England", "Scotland", "Ireland", "King Charles II", "John IV", "House of Braganza", "Spanish Habsburgs", "Roman Catholic", "Popish Plot", "Edmund Berry Godfrey", "Titus Oates", "high treason", "English House of Commons", "Palace of Whitehall", "Barbara Palmer", "Ladies of the Bedchamber", "Portuguese nobility", "Ducal Palace of Vila Viçosa", "John, 8th Duke of Braganza", "Luisa de Guzmán", "Portuguese Restoration War", "John of Austria", "François de Vendôme, duc de Beaufort", "Louis XIV", "Charles II", "Portugal", "Treaty of the Pyrenees", "Lisbon", "power behind the throne", "Joana, Princess of Beira", "regent", "King Charles I", "Tangier", "Seven Islands of Bombay", "Brazil", "East Indies", "British military and naval support", "Portsmouth", "Anglican", "shawm", "bagpipes", "pilgrimage", "Lisbon", "Protestant", "reign", "Roman Catholic", "Anglican", "Protestant", "masques", "Audley End", "Jacob Huysmans", "St Catherine", "Richard Bellings", "Candia in Crete", "HMY \"Saudadoes\"", "Barbara Palmer", "Portugal", "anti-Catholic", "Franciscans", "St Peter of Alcantara", "Lord Chamberlain", "Louise de Kérouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth", "Test Act", "Popish Plot", "Gilbert Burnet", "House of Lords", "James II", "James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth", "Monmouth Rebellion", "Somerset House", "Glorious Revolution", "William III", "Mary II", "Henry Hyde, 2nd Earl of Clarendon", "Treaty of Methuen", "Peter II", "Bemposta Palace", "Monastery of São Vicente de Fora", "Samuel Pepys", "Queens", "borough", "New York City", "Kings County", "Richmond County", "the 1st Duke of Richmond", "Portuguese-Americans", "East River", "Long Island City", "Audrey Flack", "Claire Shulman", "Expo '98", "Lisbon", "Jean Plaidy", "Susanna Gregory", "Seven Islands of Bombay", "East India Company", "Bombay", "Mumbai", "royal arms of the British monarch", "impaled", "royal arms of her father", "supporter", "crowned lion of England", "wyvern", "List of English consorts", "History of tea", "Koen, Karleen" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Catherine of Braganza\n", "Catherine of Braganza (; 25 November 1638 – 31 December 1705) was queen consort of England, of Scotland and of Ireland from 1662 to 1685, as the wife of King Charles II. She was the daughter of King John IV, who became the first king of Portugal from the House of Braganza in 1640 after overthrowing the rule of the Spanish Habsburgs over Portugal. Catherine served as regent of Portugal during the absence of her brother in 1701 and during 1704–1705, after her return to her homeland as a widow.\n", "Owing to her devotion to the Roman Catholic faith in which she had been raised, Catherine was unpopular in England. She was a special object of attack by the inventors of the Popish Plot. In 1678 the murder of Edmund Berry Godfrey was ascribed to her servants, and Titus Oates accused her of an intention to poison the king. These charges, the absurdity of which was soon shown by cross-examination, nevertheless placed the queen for some time in great danger. On 28 November Oates accused her of high treason, and the English House of Commons passed an order for the removal of her and of all Roman Catholics from the Palace of Whitehall. Several further depositions were made against her, and in June 1679 it was decided that she should stand trial, which threat however was lifted by the king's intervention, for which she later showed him much gratitude.\n", "She produced no heirs for the king, having suffered three miscarriages. Her husband kept many mistresses, most notably Barbara Palmer, whom Catherine was forced to accept as one of her Ladies of the Bedchamber. By his mistresses Charles fathered numerous illegitimate offspring, which he acknowledged.\n", "Catherine is credited with introducing the British to tea-drinking, which was then widespread among the Portuguese nobility.\n", "Section::::Early life and family.\n", "Catherine was born at the Ducal Palace of Vila Viçosa, as the second surviving daughter of John, 8th Duke of Braganza and his wife, Luisa de Guzmán. Following the Portuguese Restoration War, her father was acclaimed King John IV of Portugal, on 1 December 1640. With her father's new position as one of Europe's most important monarchs, Portugal then possessing a widespread colonial empire, Catherine became a prime choice for a wife for European royalty, and she was proposed as a bride for John of Austria, François de Vendôme, duc de Beaufort, Louis XIV and Charles II. The consideration for the final choice was due to her being seen as a useful conduit for contracting an alliance between Portugal and England, after the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659 in which Portugal was arguably abandoned by France. Despite her country's ongoing struggle with Spain, Catherine enjoyed a happy, contented childhood in her beloved Lisbon.\n", "Commonly regarded as the power behind the throne, Queen Luisa was also a devoted mother who took an active interest in her children's upbringing and personally supervised her daughter's education. Catherine is believed to have spent most of her youth in a convent close by the royal palace where she remained under the watchful eye of her protective mother. It appears to have been a very sheltered upbringing, with one contemporary remarking that Catherine, \"was bred hugely retired\" and \"hath hardly been ten times out of the palace in her life\". Catherine's older sister, Joana, Princess of Beira, died in 1653, leaving Catherine as the eldest surviving child of her parents. Her husband was chosen by Luisa, who acted as regent of her country following her husband's death in 1656.\n", "Section::::Marriage.\n", "Negotiations for the marriage began during the reign of King Charles I, were renewed immediately after the Restoration, and on 23 June 1661, in spite of Spanish opposition, the marriage contract was signed. England secured Tangier (in North Africa) and the Seven Islands of Bombay (in India), trading privileges in Brazil and the East Indies, religious and commercial freedom in Portugal, and two million Portuguese crowns (about £300,000). In return Portugal obtained British military and naval support (which would prove to be decisive) in her fight against Spain and liberty of worship for Catherine. She arrived at Portsmouth on the evening of 13–14 May 1662, but was not visited there by Charles until 20 May. The following day the couple were married at Portsmouth in two ceremonies – a Catholic one conducted in secret, followed by a public Anglican service.\n", "On 30 September 1662 the married couple entered London as part of a large procession, which included the Portuguese delegation and many members of the court. There were also minstrels and musicians, among them ten playing shawms and twelve playing Portuguese bagpipes, those being the new Queen’s favourite instruments. The procession continued over a large bridge, especially designed and built for the occasion, which led into the palace where Henrietta Maria, the Queen Mother waited, along with the British court and nobility. This was followed by feasting and firework displays.\n", "Catherine possessed several good qualities, but had been brought up in a convent, secluded from the world, and was scarcely a wife Charles would have chosen for himself. Her mother in law the Dowager Queen Henrietta Maria was pleased with her and Henrietta wrote that she is \"The best creature in the world, from whom I have so much affection, I have the joy to see the King love her extremely. She is a Saint!\". In reality, Catherine's personal charms were not potent enough to wean Charles away from the society of his mistresses, and in a few weeks after her arrival she became aware of her painful and humiliating position as the wife of a licentious king.\n", "Little is known of Catherine's own thoughts on the match. While her mother plotted to secure an alliance with England and thus support in Portugal's fight for independence, and her future husband celebrated his restoration by dallying with his mistresses, Catherine's time had been spent in the sombre seclusion of her convent home, with little opportunity for fun or frivolity. Even outside the convent her actions were governed by the strict etiquette of the royal court of Portugal. By all accounts Catherine grew into a quiet, even-tempered young woman.\n", "At the time of her marriage she was already twenty-three, something which was not lost on her critics, and had long since resigned herself to the necessity of making a grand match abroad. Contented and serene, Catherine's response on being told of her impending nuptials was to request permission to make a pilgrimage to a favourite shrine of hers in Lisbon. Devoted to her beloved Portugal, as she set sail for England any distress she may have felt at leaving her family and her home was no doubt lessened by the knowledge that her marriage had been hailed as \"the welcomest news that ever came to the Portuguese people\".\n", "Catherine became pregnant and miscarried at least three times, and during a severe illness in 1663, she imagined, for a time, that she had given birth. Charles comforted her by telling her she had indeed given birth to two sons and a daughter. Her position was a difficult one, and though Charles continued to have children by his many mistresses, he insisted she be treated with respect, and sided with her against his mistresses when he felt she was not receiving the respect she was due.\n", "After her three miscarriages, it seemed to be more and more unlikely that the queen would bear an heir. Royal advisors urged the monarch to seek a divorce, hoping that the new wife would be Protestant and fertile – but Charles refused. This eventually led to her being made a target by courtiers. Throughout his reign, Charles firmly dismissed the idea of divorcing Catherine, and she remained faithful to Charles throughout their marriage.\n", "Section::::Queen consort (1662–1685).\n", "Catherine was not a particularly popular choice of queen since she was a Roman Catholic.\n", "Her religion prevented her from being crowned, as Roman Catholics were forbidden to take part in Anglican services. She initially faced hardships due to the language barrier, the king's infidelities and the political conflicts between Roman Catholics and Anglicans. Over time, her quiet decorum, loyalty and genuine affection for Charles changed the public's perception of her.\n", "Although her difficulties with the English language persisted, as time went on, the once rigidly formal Portuguese Infanta mellowed and began to enjoy some of the more innocent pleasures of the court. She loved to play cards and shocked devout Protestants by playing on Sundays. She enjoyed dancing and took great delight in organising masques. She had a great love for the countryside and picnics; fishing and archery were also favourite pastimes. In a far cry from her convent-days the newly liberated Catherine displayed a fondness for the recent trend of court ladies wearing men's clothing, which we are told, \"showed off her pretty, neat legs and ankles\"; and she was even reported to have considered leading the way in wearing shorter dresses, which would show off her feet. In 1670, on a trip to Audley End with her ladies-in-waiting, the once chronically shy Catherine attended a country fair disguised as a village maiden, but was soon discovered and, due to the large crowds, forced to make a hasty retreat. And when in 1664 her favourite painter, Jacob Huysmans, a Flemish Catholic, painted her as St Catherine, it promptly set a trend among court ladies.\n", "She did not involve herself in English politics, instead she kept up an active interest in her native country. Anxious to re-establish good relations with the Pope and perhaps gain recognition for Portuguese independence, she sent Richard Bellings, later her principal secretary, to Rome with letters for the pope and several cardinals. In 1669 she involved herself in the last-ditch effort to relieve Candia in Crete, which was under siege by the Turks and whose cause Rome was promoting, although she failed to persuade her husband to take any action. In 1670, as a sign of her rising favour with the pontiff she requested, and was granted, devotional objects. In 1670 Charles II ordered the building of a Royal yacht HMY \"Saudadoes\" for her, used for pleasure trips on the Thames and to maintain communications with the Queen's homeland of Portugal, making the journey twice.\n", "Catherine fainted when Charles's official mistress, Barbara Palmer was presented to her. Charles insisted on making Palmer Catherine's Lady of the Bedchamber. After this incident, Catherine withdrew from spending time with the king, declaring she would return to Portugal rather than openly accept the arrangement with Palmer. Clarendon failed to convince her to change her mind. Charles then dismissed nearly all the members of Catherine's Portuguese retinue, after which she stopped actively resisting, which pleased the king, however she participated very little in court life and activities.\n", "Section::::Catholicism.\n", "Though known to keep her faith a private matter, her religion and proximity to the king made her the target of anti-Catholic sentiment. Catherine occupied herself with her faith. Her piety was widely known and was a characteristic in his wife that the King greatly admired; in his letters to his sister, Catherine's devoutness is described almost with awe. Her household contained between four and six priests, and in 1665, Catherine decided to build a religious house east of St James's to be occupied by thirteen Portuguese Franciscans of the order of St Peter of Alcantara. It was completed by 1667 and would become known as The Friary.\n", "In 1675 the stress of a possible revival of the divorce project indirectly led to another illness, which Catherine's physicians claimed and her husband cannot fail to have noted, was \"due as much to mental as physical causes\". In the same year, all Irish and English Catholic priests were ordered to leave the country, which left Catherine dependent upon foreign priests. As increasingly harsher measures were put in place against Catholics, Catherine appointed her close friend and adviser, the devoutly Catholic Francisco de Mello, former Portuguese Ambassador to England, as her Lord Chamberlain. It was an unusual and controversial move but \"wishing to please Catherine and perhaps demonstrate the futility of moves for divorce, the King granted his permission. De Mello was dismissed the following year for ordering the printing of a Catholic book, leaving the beleaguered Catherine even more isolated at court\". One consolation was that Louise de Kérouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth, who replaced Barbara Palmer as reigning mistress, always treated the Queen with proper deference; the Queen in return showed her gratitude by using her own influence to protect Louise during the Popish Plot.\n", "Section::::Catholicism.:Popish plot.\n", "The Test Act of 1673 had driven all Catholics out of public office, and anti-Catholic feelings intensified in the years to come. Although she was not active in religious politics, in 1675 Catherine was criticised for supposedly supporting the idea of appointing a bishop to England who, it was hoped, would resolve the internal disputes of Catholics. Critics also noted the fact that, despite orders to the contrary, English Catholics attended her private chapel.\n", "As the highest-ranking Catholic in the country, Catherine was an obvious target for Protestant extremists, and it was hardly surprising that the Popish Plot of 1678 would directly threaten her position. However, Catherine was completely secure in her husband's favour (\"she could never do anything wicked, and it would be a horrible thing to abandon her\" he told Gilbert Burnet), and the House of Lords, most of whom knew her and liked her, refused by an overwhelming majority to impeach her. Relations between the royal couple became notably warmer: Catherine wrote of Charles' \"wonderful kindness\" to her and it was noted that his visits to her apartments became longer and more frequent.\n", "Section::::Later life and death.\n", "At Charles' final illness in 1685, she showed anxiety for his reconciliation with the Roman Catholic faith, and she exhibited great grief at his death. When he lay dying in 1685, he asked for Catherine, but she sent a message asking that her presence be excused and \"to beg his pardon if she had offended him all his life.\" He answered, \"Alas poor woman! she asks for my pardon? I beg hers with all my heart; take her back that answer.\" Later in the same year, she unsuccessfully interceded with James II for the life of James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, Charles's illegitimate son and leader of the Monmouth Rebellion – even though Monmouth in rebellion had called upon the support represented by the staunch Protestants opposed to the Catholic Church.\n", "Catherine remained in England, living at Somerset House, through the reign of James and his deposition in the Glorious Revolution by William III and Mary II. She remained in England partly because of a protracted lawsuit against her former Lord Chamberlain, Henry Hyde, 2nd Earl of Clarendon, over money that she claimed as part of her allowance and that he claimed was part of the perquisite of his office. Catherine's fondness for money is one of the more unexpected features of her character: her brother-in-law James, who was himself notably avaricious, remarked that she always drove a hard bargain.\n", "Initially on good terms with William and Mary, her position deteriorated as the practice of her religion led to misunderstandings and increasing isolation. A bill was introduced to Parliament to limit the number of Catherine's Catholic servants, and she was warned not to agitate against the government.\n", "She finally returned to Portugal in March 1692. In 1703, she supported the Treaty of Methuen between Portugal and England. She acted as regent for her brother, Peter II, in 1701 and 1704–05. She died at the Bemposta Palace in Lisbon on 31 December 1705 and was buried at the Monastery of São Vicente de Fora Lisbon.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "Catherine is often credited with the introduction of tea drinking to Britain, although Samuel Pepys makes reference to drinking tea for the first time in his diary entry for 25 September 1660, prior to Catherine's emigration to England and marriage to Charles. It is more likely that she popularised the drink, which was unusual in Britain at the time. Beyond tea, her arrival brought and promulgated goods such as cane, lacquer, cottons, and porcelain.\n", "Queens, a borough of New York City, was supposedly named after Catherine of Braganza, since she was queen when Queens County was established in 1683. Queens' naming is consistent with those of Kings County (the borough of Brooklyn, originally named after her husband, King Charles II) and Richmond County (the borough of Staten Island, named after his illegitimate son, the 1st Duke of Richmond). However, there is no historical evidence that Queens County was named in her honor, neither is there a document from the time proclaiming it so. Some written histories of Queens skip over the monarch entirely and make no mention of her. \n", "After the tri-centennial of the establishment of Queens County in 1983, a group of Portuguese-Americans began raising money to erect a 35-foot statue of Queen Catherine on the East River waterfront in Long Island City. The sculptor of the proposed statue was Audrey Flack. The project was well advanced when opposition arose. Historians objected on the grounds that there was no evidence that Queens was actually named after her, and further that a British monarch was an inappropriate subject for a public monument. African-Americans objected to the statue on the grounds that the British and Portuguese royal houses benefited from the African slave trade. Irish-Americans objected to any statue of a British monarch. The controversy forced Borough President Claire Shulman to withdraw her support, and the statue was never erected. A quarter-scale model survives at the site of Expo '98 in Lisbon, Portugal, facing west across the Atlantic.\n", "Novelists, notably Margaret Campbell Barnes in \"With All My Heart\", Jean Plaidy in her Charles II trilogy and Susanna Gregory in her \"Thomas Chaloner\" mystery novels, usually portray the Queen in a sympathetic light. So did Alison Macleod in her 1976 biography of the queen, \"The Portingale\". \n", "Catherine's marriage had an important result for the later history of India and of the British Empire, though the Queen personally had little to do with it: soon after acquiring the Seven Islands of Bombay as part of her dowry, Charles II rented them to the East India Company which moved its Presidency there – resulting in Bombay/Mumbai eventually growing to become one of the main cities of India.\n", "Section::::Arms.\n", "The royal arms of the British monarch are impaled with the royal arms of her father. For supporters, she used the crowned lion of England on the dexter side, and on the sinister, the wyvern Vert of Portugal.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of English consorts\n", "BULLET::::- History of tea in the United Kingdom\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Plaidy, Jean. (2008). \"The Merry Monarch's Wife: The Story of Catherine of Braganza.\" Broadway.\n", "BULLET::::- Plaidy, Jean. (2005). \"The Loves of Charles II: The Stuart Saga.\" Broadway.\n", "BULLET::::- Koen, Karleen. (2006). \"Dark Angels.\" Broadway.\n", "BULLET::::- Sousa, Manuel E. (1995). \"Catherine of Braganza.\" Howell Press Inc.\n", "BULLET::::- Elsna, Hebe. (1967). \"Catherine of Braganza : Charles II's Queen.\" Hale.\n", "BULLET::::- Mackay, Janet. (1937).\"Catherine of Braganza.\" J. Long, Limited; First Edition.\n", "BULLET::::- Barnes, Margaret Campbell. (1951). \"With All My Heart: The Love Story of Catherine of Braganza.\" Macrae-Smith Company.\n", "Section::::External links.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q176253", "wikidata_label": "Catherine of Braganza", "wikipedia_title": "Catherine of Braganza" }

{ "end": [ 175, 210, 73, 84, 94, 105, 116, 128, 142, 18, 76, 110, 133, 222, 486, 609, 666, 97, 322, 662, 810, 1055, 1121, 1160, 1366, 1386, 1580, 1644, 1668, 1690, 186, 228, 293, 326, 350, 396, 449, 654, 211, 236, 265, 279, 332, 73, 131, 210, 356, 451, 606, 647, 668, 106, 131, 167, 208, 295, 56, 344, 422, 502, 43, 122, 29, 60, 296, 169, 121, 115, 171, 45, 15, 122, 32, 53, 66, 116, 161, 45, 19, 28, 23, 38, 26, 46, 137, 50, 72 ], "href": [ "Hanoi%20Rocks", "Iggy%20Pop", "rock%20%27n%27%20roll", "punk%20rock", "flamenco", "glam%20punk", "glam%20rock", "blues%20rock", "hard%20rock", "Hanoi%20Rocks", "Finland", "punk%20rock", "Pelle%20Miljoona%20Oy", "Michael%20Monroe", "Sam%20Yaffa", "Nasty%20Suicide", "Gyp%20Casino", "Bangkok%20Shocks%2C%20Saigon%20Shakes%2C%20Hanoi%20Rocks", "Oriental%20Beat", "Razzle%20%28musician%29", "Self%20Destruction%20Blues", "Back%20to%20Mystery%20City", "Bob%20Ezrin", "Two%20Steps%20from%20the%20Move", "Ian%20Hunter%20%28singer%29", "Mott%20The%20Hoople", "Oriental%20Beat", "The%20Clash", "Terry%20Chimes", "Ren%C3%A9%20Berg", "Lacu%20%28musician%29", "Twelve%20Shots%20on%20the%20Rocks", "Another%20Hostile%20Takeover", "Andy%20Christell", "Conny%20Bloom", "Electric%20Boys", "Street%20Poetry", "Tavastia%20Club", "Terry%20Chimes", "Timo%20Kaltio", "Anita%20Chellemah", "Toto%20Coelo", "I%20Eat%20Cannibals", "The%20Suicide%20Twins", "Silver%20Missiles%20And%20Nightingales", "Too%20Much%20Ain%27t%20Enough", "Bertelsmann%20Music%20Group", "Samantha%20Fox", "Iggy%20Pop", "U.K.%20Subs", "Killing%20Time%20%28UK%20Subs%20album%29", "Johnny%20Thunders", "Angela%20Nicoletti", "Izzy%20Stradlin", "Shooting%20Gallery%20%28band%29", "Kiss%20%28band%29", "Building%20on%20Tradition", "Live%20Ammo", "Dan%20Lagerstedt", "Christian%20Andr%C3%A9", "The%2069%20Eyes", "Savage%20Garden%20%28The%2069%20Eyes%20album%29", "Pete%20Malmi", "Briard", "bio-pic", "Chris%20Shiflett", "Pelkosenniemi", "Michael%20Monroe", "Stiv%20Bators", "Celebrity%20Big%20Brother%20%28Finland%29", "Acey%20Slade", "Dave%20Grohl", "Bam%20Margera", "skater%20%28subculture%29", "Jackass%20%28TV%20series%29", "Viva%20la%20Bam", "radio%20Bam", "Silver%20Missiles%20And%20Nightingales", "UK%20Subs", "Snatches%20of%20Pink", "The%2069%20Eyes", "Savage%20Garden%20%28The%2069%20Eyes%20album%29", "Juice%20Leskinen", "http%3A//www.mtv.fi/viihde/muut/artikkeli/tallaista-on-andy-mccoyn-taide-katso-kuvat-tauluista/2876166", "http%3A//nyt.fi/a1305820767385", "https%3A//web.archive.org/web/20070721132439/http%3A//www.wickedinfo.com/content/view/125/1/", "https%3A//web.archive.org/web/20091027035936/http%3A//www.bazillionpoints.com/%3Fp%3D6" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 10, 10, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 13, 13, 13, 13, 14, 14, 15, 15, 15, 16, 20, 22, 22, 23, 25, 25, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 43, 58, 59, 60, 60, 62, 67, 68, 69, 70 ], "start": [ 164, 202, 60, 75, 86, 96, 107, 118, 133, 7, 69, 101, 116, 208, 477, 596, 656, 55, 309, 656, 788, 1035, 1112, 1137, 1356, 1371, 1567, 1635, 1656, 1681, 182, 203, 269, 312, 339, 383, 436, 641, 199, 225, 250, 269, 317, 56, 99, 189, 353, 439, 598, 638, 656, 91, 115, 154, 192, 291, 35, 335, 408, 487, 32, 109, 19, 54, 289, 155, 108, 101, 160, 14, 5, 112, 21, 47, 59, 105, 152, 13, 12, 12, 12, 25, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12 ], "text": [ "Hanoi Rocks", "Iggy Pop", "rock 'n' roll", "punk rock", "flamenco", "glam punk", "glam rock", "blues rock", "hard rock", "Hanoi Rocks", "Finland", "punk rock", "Pelle Miljoona Oy", "Michael Monroe", "Sam Yaffa", "Nasty Suicide", "Gyp Casino", "Bangkok Shocks, Saigon Shakes, Hanoi Rocks", "Oriental Beat", "Razzle", "Self Destruction Blues", "Back to Mystery City", "Bob Ezrin", "Two Steps from the Move", "Ian Hunter", "Mott The Hoople", "Oriental Beat", "The Clash", "Terry Chimes", "René Berg", "Lacu", "Twelve Shots on the Rocks", "Another Hostile Takeover", "Andy Christell", "Conny Bloom", "Electric Boys", "Street Poetry", "Tavastia Club", "Terry Chimes", "Timo Kaltio", "Anita Chellemah", "Toto Coelo", "I Eat Cannibals", "The Suicide Twins", "Silver Missiles And Nightingales", "Too Much Ain't Enough", "BMG", "Samantha Fox", "Iggy Pop", "U.K. Subs", "Killing Time", "Johnny Thunders", "Angela Nicoletti", "Izzy Stradlin", "Shooting Gallery", "Kiss", "Building on Tradition", "Live Ammo", "Dan Lagerstedt", "Christian André", "The 69 Eyes", "Savage Garden", "Pete Malmi", "Briard", "bio-pic", "Chris Shiflett", "Pelkosenniemi", "Michael Monroe", "Stiv Bators", "Finland's Celebrity Big Brother", "Acey Slade", "Dave Grohl", "Bam Margera", "skater", "Jackass", "Viva la Bam", "radio Bam", "Silver Missiles And Nightingales", "UK Subs", "Snatches of Pink", "The 69 Eyes", "Savage Garden", "Juice Leskinen", "A gallery of Andy McCoys paintings", "A profile \"Kaksi minää – 22 ihmistä kertoo, millainen on oikea Andy McCoy\" giving a detailed look on Andy McCoy's personality", "Andy McCoy interview at WickedInfo.com", "\"SHERIFF MCCOY: Outlaw Legend of Hanoi Rocks, by Andy McCoy\"" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Andy McCoy\n", "Antti Hulkko (born 11 October 1962), better known as Andy McCoy, is a Finnish musician. He is most famous for his role as the lead guitarist and main songwriter of Hanoi Rocks, but has also played with Iggy Pop.\n", "McCoy's works cover a wide range of music genres, including rock 'n' roll, punk rock, flamenco, glam punk, glam rock, blues rock and hard rock. He is also known to be an avid painter.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Hanoi Rocks (1979–1985, 2001–2009).\n", "Before Hanoi Rocks, McCoy had become well known in his home country, Finland, due to his work in the punk rock band Pelle Miljoona Oy. During this time McCoy was talking with Matti Fagerholm (better known as Michael Monroe) to start a band of their own, but because McCoy was currently in Pelle Miljoona Oy, he told Monroe to start the band without him in 1979. After McCoy left Pelle Miljoona Oy, he joined Monroe in Hanoi Rocks, with another former-Pelle Miljoona Oy member, Sam Yaffa. At this point, the Hanoi Rocks line-up consisted of Michael Monroe (lead vocals), Andy McCoy (lead guitar), Nasty Suicide (rhythm guitar), Sam Yaffa (bass) and Swedish Gyp Casino (drums).\n", "Hanoi Rocks released their first album in 1981 titled \"Bangkok Shocks, Saigon Shakes, Hanoi Rocks\", with eight out of ten tracks written by McCoy. The album was produced by Andy McCoy and Michael Monroe who were known as \"The Muddy Twins\". In 1982 Hanoi Rocks recorded and released their second studio album \"Oriental Beat\" in London. The original cover's back side featured Andy McCoy's then girlfriend Anna's naked breasts painted blue and red with \"Hanoi Roxx\" written across it. After the album's release, the band moved to London the same year, and subsequently fired drummer Gyp Casino before hiring Hanoi Rocks fan Nicholas Dingley, better known as Razzle, as drummer. The line-up with Razzle is considered the definitive version of Hanoi Rocks. Later that year the band released \"Self Destruction Blues\", which had Razzle on the cover, but he didn't play on the album, because it was actually a compilation of old singles. The tour for the album took the band to Asia for the first time. The next year 1983, the band released \"Back to Mystery City\" and after that, in 1984, the band worked with producer Bob Ezrin, and released \"Two Steps from the Move\". Before this, McCoy had written most of the songs by himself, but for this album Bob Ezrin helped McCoy with the writing, along with Monroe. He also got some help with the lyrics from legendary Ian Hunter (of Mott The Hoople). After Razzle's death, Sam Yaffa left the band due to personal differences with McCoy (amongst other reasons he was now engaged to Anna, McCoy's former girlfriend known from the \"Oriental Beat\" cover). The band tried out new members (amongst them The Clash ex-drummer Terry Chimes and bassist René Berg), but things didn't work out, so the band disbanded in 1985.\n", "In 2001 McCoy and Michael Monroe started working together again and decided to reform Hanoi Rocks with two new members on guitar and bass, with Michael Monroe's solo career drummer, Lacu. They released \"Twelve Shots on the Rocks\" that same year. In 2005 they released \"Another Hostile Takeover\" with new members Andy Christell on bass and Conny Bloom on guitar (both formerly of the Electric Boys). In 2007 the band released the album \"Street Poetry\". In 2008 Andy McCoy and Michael Monroe stated that they had taken the band as far as they could and so they decided to end the band. Hanoi Rocks played 8 sold out farewell gigs in 6 days at Tavastia Club, Helsinki. The original guitarist Nasty Suicide appeared as a special guest on three of the last gigs.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Other work (1985–1999, 2009–2012).\n", "After Hanoi Rocks' break-up in 1985, McCoy continued with his next project \"The Cherry Bombz\" which featured the last Hanoi line-up (except Michael Monroe), which consisted of Nasty Suicide, drummer Terry Chimes, bass player Timo Kaltio and vocalist Anita Chellemah of Toto Coelo fame (previously scoring a hit with \"I Eat Cannibals\"). The band was perceived as being the next stage of Hanoi Rocks. The music of The Cherry Bombz was actually very similar to that of Hanoi Rocks'. The band played a handful of shows in Europe and in the United States in 1985 and 1986 and released two EPs and a live album and video, but never a full-length studio album. In 1986, Timo Kaltio was replaced by bassist Dave Tregunna (Sham 69, Lords of the New Church), but the group broke up the next year.\n", "McCoy also worked with Nasty Suicide under the moniker \"The Suicide Twins\" and released the album \"Silver Missiles And Nightingales\" (which was the original working tile for \"Two Steps from the Move\") in 1986, which also featured a guest appearance by René Berg. \"The Suicide Twins\" project disbanded in 1987\n", "McCoy spent the rest of 1987 not doing much, except releasing his memoir titled \"Andy McCoy – From Hanoi to Eternity\", but nothing else. In 1988 McCoy released his first solo-album titled \"Too Much Ain't Enough.\" For the rest of 1988 McCoy did some acoustic gigs in Finland, moved to London and then to Los Angeles. Next McCoy struck a record deal with BMG. McCoy also became the first Finnish artist to have a gold record in the US, when Samantha Fox recorded a cover of The Suicide Twins' song \"The Best Is Yet to Come\". The rest of 1988 and some of 1989 McCoy spent touring as the guitarist for Iggy Pop. In 1989 McCoy appeared on the U.K. Subs' album \"Killing Time\".\n", "In the beginning of the 1990s, McCoy lived in Los Angeles with his son and new girlfriend, Johnny Thunders' cousin Angela Nicoletti (former girlfriend of Izzy Stradlin). McCoy formed the band Shooting Gallery and married Angela in October 1991. Shooting Gallery toured as an opening act for Kiss during a U.S. tour and also released an album in 1992, before breaking-up that same year. Shooting Gallery shortly came back and toured in Finland with Gyp Casino on drums in 1994, but again disbanded that same year.\n", "In 1995 McCoy's second solo-album \"Building on Tradition\" was released and, aside from Hanoi Rocks, it became McCoy's biggest success. The album's biggest hit \"Strung Out\" was originally meant for Shooting Gallery, but it was not recorded until the second solo-album. For the tour for \"Building on Tradition\", McCoy assembled the band Live Ammo, which featured McCoy (guitar, vocals), Angela McCoy (vocals), Dan Lagerstedt (guitar, vocals), Andy Christell (bass), Gyp Casino (drums) and Christian André (keyboards). Christell had to soon leave the band for family reasons, so Lagerstedt started to play bass. André was also fired from the band, and they soon disbanded.\n", "Also in 1995, McCoy appeared on The 69 Eyes' songs \"Vietnamese Baby\" and the song \"Wild Talk\" from the album Savage Garden. Next McCoy returned to his childhood passion: painting (which he still does).\n", "In 1996, McCoy and Pete Malmi reformed their old band Briard after 20 years. The new Briard (which also included Angela McCoy) released a new album simply titled \"Briard\". That same year filmmaker Pekka Lehto started the filming for the movie \"The Real McCoy\", a half-real, half-fictional bio-pic on McCoy. The film was released in 1999.\n", "After Hanoi officially ended in 2009, Andy McCoy formed a band called \"The Real McCoy Band\", but this band broke up after just three shows, when guitarist Chris Shiflett returned to the US after his son contracted swine flu.\n", "After 2009, McCoy was recruited as lead guitarist for Grease Helmet, a new Helsinki-based band. The first album of the band was released in September 2012. Besides working with Grease Helmet, McCoy has also performed with several other bands including the new band for a Finnish punk singer, Pelle Miljoona (which he had played before joining Hanoi Rocks) as well as Bam Margera's band in which he toured in Australia in 2015.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Besides music, Andy McCoy is an avid painter and he also makes a lot of his own and his wife's clothes, along with designing jewellery, scarfs and other accessories. Andy McCoy held his first Art Exhibition \"McCoy Hits Canvas\" at The Cable Factory in Helsinki in 2010.\n", "On 27 July 2009 a statue of Andy McCoy (Sculpted in Wood by Matti Hulkko) was erected in the main square of Pelkosenniemi. All proceeds went to charity for newcomers in the music business.\n", "McCoy's autobiography \"Sheriff McCoy: Outlaw Legend of Hanoi Rocks\" was published in English translation on 17 September 2009 by Bazillion Points Books.\n", "McCoy was previously married to Anastasia Maisonneuve, the ex-girlfriend of his Hanoi Rocks bandmate Michael Monroe, and the former common-law wife of musician Stiv Bators. She and McCoy have a son together named Sebastian. McCoy has been married to Angela Nicoletti since 1991.\n", "McCoy entered Finland's Celebrity Big Brother on 3 September 2013.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "When Acey Slade was asked \" Who is the best guitarist in rock right now?\" He replied: \"Andy McCoy. Period. When Dave Grohl met Andy McCoy he said \"I have met my first Rockstar.\" That's a pretty good reason\".\n", "McCoy is a friend of Bam Margera (professional skater and \"Jackass\" star). McCoy made his appearance in \"Viva la Bam\", \"\" and appeared several times on radio Bam. Bam Margera has a tattoo of Andy McCoy on his right arm.\n", "Section::::Discography.\n", "Section::::Discography.:Solo.\n", "BULLET::::- Too Much Ain't Enough (1988)\n", "BULLET::::- Building on Tradition (1995)\n", "BULLET::::- The Real McCoy – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1999)\n", "BULLET::::- R'n'R Memorabilia – The Best Solo Tracks So Far! (2003)\n", "Section::::Discography.:Briard.\n", "BULLET::::- I Really Hate Ya – 7\" (1977)\n", "BULLET::::- Fuck the Army – 7\" (1978)\n", "BULLET::::- Chirpy Chirpy Cheap Cheap – 7\" (1979)\n", "BULLET::::- Miss World – LP (1983)\n", "BULLET::::- Briard (1996)\n", "BULLET::::- Miss World – rerelease with 15 bonus songs (2005)\n", "Section::::Discography.:Pelle Miljoona Oy.\n", "BULLET::::- Moottoritie on kuuma (1980)\n", "Section::::Discography.:Suicide Twins.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Silver Missiles And Nightingales\" (1986)\n", "Section::::Discography.:Cherry Bombz.\n", "BULLET::::- Cherry Bombz/Hot Girls in Love (Mini-LP) (1985)\n", "BULLET::::- House of Ecstasy (EP) (1986)\n", "BULLET::::- Coming Down Slow (Live) (1987)\n", "Section::::Discography.:Shooting Gallery.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Shooting Gallery\" 1992 (Mercury records)\n", "Section::::Discography.:Grease Helmet.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Grease Helmet\" (2012)\n", "Section::::Discography.:Guest appearances.\n", "BULLET::::- Maukka Perusjätkä: Ennen kolmatta maailmansotaa (1980)\n", "BULLET::::- Pete Malmi: Malmi Re-released 2005 (1981)\n", "BULLET::::- Urban Dogs: Urban Dogs (McCoy on guitar on \"A Bridge Too Far\" and \"Human Beings\") (1983)\n", "BULLET::::- Fallen Angels: Fallen Angels (McCoy on additional guitar) (1983)\n", "BULLET::::- Fallen Angels: In Loving Memory (McCoy on additional guitar) (1986)\n", "BULLET::::- UK Subs: Killing Time (McCoy plays guitar on \"Drag Me Down\") (1988)\n", "BULLET::::- Snatches of Pink: Bent With Pray (McCoy plays guitar on \"Screams\") (1992)\n", "BULLET::::- The 69 Eyes: Savage Garden (\"Wild Talk\" with/by McCoy) (1995)\n", "BULLET::::- The 69 Eyes: Velvet Touch (McCoy plays guitar on \"TV Eye\") (1995)\n", "BULLET::::- Juice Leskinen: Kiveä ja sämpylää (1996)\n", "BULLET::::- XL5: Taas Mennään (Guitar by McCoy) (1996)\n", "BULLET::::- 22 Pistepirkko: Downhill City (McCoy on the song \"Let The Romeo Weep\") (1999)\n", "BULLET::::- Hidria Spacefolk: Balansia (McCoy on slide guitar on \"Pajas\") (2004)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- A gallery of Andy McCoys paintings\n", "BULLET::::- A profile \"Kaksi minää – 22 ihmistä kertoo, millainen on oikea Andy McCoy\" giving a detailed look on Andy McCoy's personality\n", "BULLET::::- Andy McCoy interview at WickedInfo.com\n", "BULLET::::- \"SHERIFF MCCOY: Outlaw Legend of Hanoi Rocks, by Andy McCoy\"\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Antti Hulkko" ] }, "description": "Finnish musician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1705347", "wikidata_label": "Andy McCoy", "wikipedia_title": "Andy McCoy" }

{ "end": [ 103, 110, 122, 29, 170, 187, 248, 270, 287, 312, 64, 123, 268, 288, 52, 161, 234, 296, 347, 167, 44, 68, 137, 152, 44, 64, 127, 72, 225, 49, 146, 187, 233, 33, 110, 158, 183, 58, 153, 223, 373, 63, 77, 98, 116, 405, 453, 191, 130, 170, 238, 116, 145, 43, 87, 102, 152, 170, 406, 22, 150, 167, 190, 202, 218, 245, 54, 35, 156, 147, 202, 211, 221, 321, 361, 35, 85, 294, 405, 286, 363, 51, 85, 68, 88, 132, 150, 165, 185, 234, 60, 20, 89, 150, 307, 546, 19, 87, 437, 75, 83, 33, 42, 92, 164, 344, 64, 179, 46, 65, 50, 44, 69, 31, 26, 95, 22, 55, 57, 35 ], "href": [ "critic", "essay", "poet", "The%20Examiner%20%281808%E2%80%9386%29", "William%20Hazlitt", "Charles%20Lamb", "John%20Keats", "Percy%20Bysshe%20Shelley", "Robert%20Browning", "Alfred%20Lord%20Tennyson", "Viareggio", "Louis%20%C3%89douard%20Fournier", "Charles%20Dickens", "Bleak%20House", "Southgate%2C%20London", "Philadelphia", "Quaker", "loyalist%20%28American%20Revolution%29", "American%20War%20of%20Independence", "James%20Brydges%2C%203rd%20Duke%20of%20Chandos", "Christ%27s%20Hospital", "Horsham%2C%20West%20Sussex", "autobiography", "Thomas%20Barnes%20%28journalist%29", "Thomas%20Gray", "William%20Collins%20%28poet%29", "speech%20impediment", "Juvenilia%20%28book%29", "theatre%20criticism", "Edward%20Quin", "Thornton%20Leigh%20Hunt", "Elizabeth%20Kent%20%28writer%29", "amanuensis", "War%20Office", "The%20Examiner%20%281808%E2%80%9386%29", "John%20Hunt%20%28publisher%29", "Robert%20Hunt%20%28critic%29", "William%20Blake", "John%20Keats", "George%20IV%20of%20the%20United%20Kingdom", "Horsemonger%20Lane%20Gaol", "Lord%20Byron", "Thomas%20Moore", "Henry%20Brougham%2C%201st%20Baron%20Brougham%20and%20Vaux", "Charles%20Lamb", "Jeremy%20Bentham", "battledore", "The%20Round%20Table%20%281817%20book%29", "The%20Feast%20of%20the%20Poets", "satire", "William%20Gifford", "Francesca%20da%20Rimini", "Inferno%20%28Dante%29", "Geoffrey%20Chaucer", "modern%20English", "John%20Dryden", "couplet", "Alexander%20Pope", "parody", "Percy%20Bysshe%20Shelley", "Bryan%20Procter", "Benjamin%20Haydon", "Charles%20Cowden%20Clarke", "Charles%20Wentworth%20Dilke", "Walter%20Coulson", "John%20Hamilton%20Reynolds", "Jenny%20kiss%27d%20Me", "Italy", "Liberalism", "Thomas%20Love%20Peacock", "Odysseus", "Homer", "Odyssey", "The%20Vision%20of%20Judgment", "Faust", "Greece", "Genoa", "Francesco%20Redi", "Monthly%20Repository", "Thomas%20Carlyle", "Cheyne%20Row", "Charles%20II%20of%20England", "Royal%20Opera%20House", "Richard%20Brinsley%20Sheridan", "Edward%20Moxon", "William%20Wycherley", "William%20Congreve", "John%20Vanbrugh", "George%20Farquhar", "Thomas%20Babington%20Macaulay%2C%201st%20Baron%20Macaulay", "Edinburgh%20Review", "Mary%20Shelley", "life%20annuity", "John%20Russell%2C%201st%20Earl%20Russell", "Sicily", "Kensington", "Putney", "Kensal%20Green%20Cemetery", "G.%20K.%20Chesterton", "Torquato%20Tasso", "Aminta", "Elizabeth%20Kent%20%28writer%29", "Canterbury%20Tales", "Boston", "Thornton%20Leigh%20Hunt", "Roger%20Ingpen", "Alexander%20Ireland%20%28journalist%29", "William%20Cosmo%20Monkhouse", "Hans%20Ostrom", "http%3A//digital.lib.uiowa.edu/leighhunt/index.html", "http%3A//essays.quotidiana.org/hunt/", "https%3A//web.archive.org/web/20090322185759/http%3A//rpo.library.utoronto.ca/poet/174.html", "http%3A//digital.lib.uiowa.edu/bai/gates.htm", "http%3A//www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/incomingFeeds/article746556.ece", "http%3A//library.beau.org/gutenberg/etext04/8mshl10.txt", "http%3A//www.iammelba.com/static/store.htm", "http%3A//www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php%3FsText%3DLeigh%2BHunt%26amp%3Bsearch%3Dss%26amp%3BOConly%3Dtrue%26amp%3BfirstRun%3Dtrue%26amp%3BLinkID%3Dmp02327", "National%20Portrait%20Gallery%20%28London%29", "https%3A//web.archive.org/web/20160304022718/http%3A//collage.cityoflondon.gov.uk/collage/app%3Bjsessionid%3D199378E05B8B8C4B9C728922BC2FF156%3Fservice%3Dexternal%252FItem%26amp%3Bsp%3DZLeigh%2BHunt%26amp%3Bsp%3D7312%26amp%3Bsp%3DX", "https%3A//web.archive.org/web/20110927162827/http%3A//collage.cityoflondon.gov.uk/collage/app%3Fservice%3Dexternal%252FItem%26amp%3Bsp%3DZLeigh%2BHunt%26amp%3Bsp%3D6448%26amp%3Bsp%3DX" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 9, 9, 9, 9, 10, 10, 10, 11, 11, 12, 14, 15, 15, 18, 18, 18, 18, 19, 20, 20, 20, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 22, 24, 24, 24, 30, 30, 31, 31, 31, 31, 31, 31, 33, 33, 33, 33, 33, 33, 33, 34, 37, 39, 40, 40, 40, 40, 41, 41, 42, 42, 42, 45, 46, 46, 47, 48, 49, 49, 49, 49, 49, 49, 49, 50, 52, 52, 52, 53, 53, 55, 55, 56, 58, 58, 59, 61, 66, 66, 67, 68, 68, 75, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 87, 88, 89 ], "start": [ 97, 105, 118, 17, 155, 175, 238, 250, 272, 292, 55, 101, 253, 277, 35, 149, 228, 288, 319, 133, 27, 48, 124, 139, 33, 49, 110, 61, 208, 38, 132, 173, 223, 23, 98, 149, 172, 45, 143, 199, 355, 53, 65, 79, 104, 391, 443, 176, 108, 164, 223, 97, 128, 36, 73, 91, 145, 156, 400, 15, 137, 152, 169, 192, 204, 223, 39, 30, 149, 128, 195, 206, 214, 303, 356, 29, 80, 280, 387, 272, 353, 41, 72, 60, 76, 115, 134, 152, 170, 226, 44, 8, 82, 133, 301, 536, 13, 66, 421, 68, 77, 19, 26, 86, 151, 332, 47, 164, 35, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 30, 12, 12 ], "text": [ "critic", "essay", "poet", "The Examiner", "William Hazlitt", "Charles Lamb", "John Keats", "Percy Bysshe Shelley", "Robert Browning", "Alfred Lord Tennyson", "Viareggio", "Louis Édouard Fournier", "Charles Dickens", "Bleak House", "Southgate, London", "Philadelphia", "Quaker", "loyalist", "American War of Independence", "James Brydges, 3rd Duke of Chandos", "Christ's Hospital", "Horsham, West Sussex", "autobiography", "Thomas Barnes", "Thomas Gray", "William Collins", "speech impediment", "\"Juvenilia\"", "theatre criticism", "Edward Quin", "Thornton Leigh", "Elizabeth Kent", "amanuensis", "War Office", "The Examiner", "John Hunt", "Robert Hunt", "William Blake", "John Keats", "the Prince Regent George", "Surrey County Gaol", "Lord Byron", "Thomas Moore", "Lord Henry Brougham", "Charles Lamb", "Jeremy Bentham", "battledore", "The Round Table", "The Feast of the Poets", "satire", "William Gifford", "Francesca da Rimini", "Dante's \"Inferno\"", "Chaucer", "modern English", "John Dryden", "couplet", "Alexander Pope", "parody", "Shelley", "Bryan Procter", "Benjamin Haydon", "Charles Cowden Clarke", "C.W. Dilke", "Walter Coulson", "John Hamilton Reynolds", "Jenny kiss'd Me", "Italy", "Liberal", "Thomas Love Peacock", "Ulysses", "Homer", "Odyssey", "Vision of Judgment", "Faust", "Greece", "Genoa", "Francesco Redi", "Monthly Repository", "Thomas Carlyle", "Cheyne Row", "Charles II", "Covent Garden", "Sheridan", "Edward Moxon", "William Wycherley", "William Congreve", "John Vanbrugh", "George Farquhar", "Macaulay", "Edinburgh Review", "Mary Shelley", "annuity", "Lord John Russell", "Sicily", "Kensington", "Putney", "Kensal Green Cemetery", "G. K. Chesterton", "Tasso's", "Aminta", "Elizabeth Kent", "Canterbury Tales", "Boston", "Thornton Hunt", "Roger Ingpen", "Alexander Ireland", "Cosmo Monkhouse", "Hans Ostrom", "Leigh Hunt Letters – The University of Iowa Libraries", "Essays by Leigh Hunt at Quotidiana.org", "Selection of poems by Leigh Hunt", "\"Leigh Hunt and Anna Maria Dashwood: A Shelleyan Romance\"", "\"An imprisoned wit\"", "\"Mrs. Shelley\"", "Ann Blainey, \"Immortal Boy: A Portrait of Leigh Hunt\". New York: St. Martins, 1985.", "Leigh Hunt", "National Portrait Gallery", "Hunt's house in the Vale of Health, Hampstead", "Hunt's house in Chelsea" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Leigh Hunt\n", "James Henry Leigh Hunt (19 October 178428 August 1859), best known as Leigh Hunt, was an English critic, essayist and poet.\n", "Hunt co-founded \"The Examiner\", a leading intellectual journal expounding radical principles. He was the centre of the Hampstead-based group that included William Hazlitt and Charles Lamb, known as the 'Hunt circle'. Hunt also introduced John Keats, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Robert Browning and Alfred Lord Tennyson to the public. \n", "Hunt's presence at Shelley's funeral on the beach near Viareggio was immortalised in the painting by Louis Édouard Fournier, although in reality Hunt did not stand by the pyre, as portrayed. Hunt was the inspiration for the Harold Skimpole character in Charles Dickens' novel \"Bleak House\".\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Early life.\n", "James Henry Leigh Hunt was born at Southgate, London, where his parents had settled after leaving the United States. His father Isaac, a lawyer from Philadelphia, and his mother, Mary Shewell, a merchant's daughter and a devout Quaker, had been forced to come to Britain because of their loyalist sympathies during the American War of Independence. \n", "Once in England, Issac Hunt became a popular preacher, but was unsuccessful in obtaining a permanent living. He was then employed by James Brydges, 3rd Duke of Chandos, as tutor to his nephew, James Henry Leigh. \n", "Section::::Biography.:Education.\n", "Leigh Hunt was educated at Christ's Hospital in Horsham, West Sussex from 1791 to 1799, a period that Hunt described in his autobiography. Thomas Barnes was a school friend of his. One of the boarding houses at Christ's Hospital is named after Hunt. \n", "As a boy, Hunt was an admirer of Thomas Gray and William Collins, writing many verses in imitation of them. A speech impediment, later cured, prevented Hunt from going to university. \"For some time after I left school,\" he says, \"I did nothing but visit my school-fellows, haunt the book-stalls and write verses.\" \n", "Hunt's first poems were published in 1801 under the title of \"Juvenilia\", introducing him into British literary and theatrical society. He began to write for the newspapers, and published in 1807 a volume of theatre criticism, and a series of \"Classic Tales\" with critical essays on the authors.\n", "Hunt's early essays were published by Edward Quin, editor and owner of \"The Traveller\".\n", "Section::::Biography.:Family.\n", "In 1809, Leigh Hunt married Marianne Kent (whose parents were Thomas and Ann). Over the next 20 years, the couple had ten children: Thornton Leigh (1810–73), John Horatio Leigh (1812–46), Mary Florimel Leigh (1813–49), Swinburne Percy Leigh (1816–27), Percy Bysshe Shelley Leigh (1817–99), Henry Sylvan Leigh (1819–76), Vincent Leigh (1823–52), Julia Trelawney Leigh (1826–72), Jacyntha Leigh (1828–1914), and Arabella Leigh (1829–30).\n", "Marianne Hunt, in poor health for most of her life, died on 26 January 1857 at age 69. Leigh Hunt made little mention of his family in his autobiography. Marianne's sister, Elizabeth Kent (Hunt's sister-in-law), became his amanuensis.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Newspapers.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Newspapers.:\"The Examiner\".\n", "In 1808, Hunt left the War Office, where he had been working as a clerk, to become editor of the \"The Examiner\", a newspaper founded by his brother, John Hunt. His brother Robert Hunt contributed to its columns. \n", "Robert Hunt's criticism earned the enmity of William Blake, who described the Examiner's office as containing a \"nest of villains\". Blake's response also included Leigh Hunt. Hunt had published several vitriolic reviews in 1808 and 1809 and had added Blake's name to a list of so-called \"quacks\".\n", "The Examiner soon acquired a reputation for unusual political independence; it would attack any worthy target, \"from a principle of taste,\" as John Keats expressed it. In 1813, the Examiner attacked the Prince Regent George. The British government tried the three Hunt brothers and sentenced them to two years in prison. Leigh Hunt served his term at the Surrey County Gaol. \n", "Leigh Hunt's visitors at Surrey County Gaol included Lord Byron, Thomas Moore, Lord Henry Brougham, and Charles Lamb. The stoicism with which Leigh Hunt bore his imprisonment attracted general attention and sympathy. His imprisonment allowed him many luxuries and access to friends and family, and Lamb described his decorations of the cell as something not found outside a fairy tale. When Jeremy Bentham called on him, he found Hunt playing battledore.\n", "From 1814 to 1817, Leigh Hunt and Hazlitt wrote a series of essays in \"The Examiner\" that they titled \"The Round Table\". These essays were published in two volumes in 1817 in \"The Round Table\". Twelve of the 52 essays were written by Hunt, the rest by Hazlitt.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Newspapers.:\"The Reflector\".\n", "From 1810 to 1811, Leigh Hunt edited a quarterly magazine, the \"Reflector\", for his brother John. He wrote \"The Feast of the Poets\" for publication. His work was a satire that offended many contemporary poets, particularly William Gifford.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Newspapers.:\"The Indicator\".\n", "From 1819 to 1821, Hunt edited \"The Indicator\", a weekly literary periodical published by Joseph Appleyard. Hunt probably wrote much of the content, which included reviews, essays, stories, and poems.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Newspapers.:\"The Companion\".\n", "From January to July 1828, Hunt edited \"The Companion\", a weekly literary periodical published by Hunt and Clarke. The journal dealt with books, theatrical productions and miscellaneous topics.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Poetry.\n", "In 1816, Hunt published the poem \"Story of Rimini\". This work was based on the tragic episode of Francesca da Rimini as told in Dante's \"Inferno\". \n", "Hunt's preference was decidedly for Chaucer's verse style, as adapted to modern English by John Dryden. This was in contrast to the epigrammatic couplet of Alexander Pope . The \"Story of Rimini\" is an optimistic narrative which runs contrary to the tragic nature of its subject. Hunt's flippancy and familiarity, often degenerating into the ludicrous, subsequently made him a target for ridicule and parody.\n", "In 1818, Hunt published a collection of poems entitled \"Foliage\", followed in 1819 by \"Hero and Leander\", and \"Bacchus and Ariadne\". In the same year he reprinted \"The Story of Rimini\" and \"The Descent of Liberty\" with the title of \"Poetical Works\". Hunt also started the \"Indicator\".\n", "Both Keats and Shelley belonged to a literary group that gathered around Hunt at Hampstead. The Hunt Circle also included Hazlitt, Lamb, Bryan Procter, Benjamin Haydon, Charles Cowden Clarke, C.W. Dilke, Walter Coulson and John Hamilton Reynolds. This group was known pejoratively as the Cockney School.\n", "Some of Hunt's most popular poems are \"Jenny kiss'd Me\", \"Abou Ben Adhem\" and \"A Night-Rain in Summer\".\n", "Section::::Biography.:Friendship with Keats and Shelley.\n", "Hunt maintained close friendships with both Keats and Shelley. Shelley's financial help saved Hunt from ruin. In return, Hunt provided Shelley with support during his family problems and defended him in the \"Examiner\". Hunt introduced Keats to Shelley and wrote a very generous appreciation of him in the \"Indicator.\" Keats seems, however, to have subsequently felt that Hunt's example as a poet had been in some respects detrimental to him.\n", "After Shelley's departure for Italy in 1818, Hunt experienced more financial difficulties. In addition, both his health and that of his wife Marianne failed. As a result, Hunt was forced to discontinue the \"Indicator\" (1819–1821), having, he says, \"almost died over the last numbers.\"\n", "Section::::Biography.:Trip to Italy.\n", "Shelley suggested that Hunt could join him and Byron in Italy to establish a quarterly magazine. The advantage is that they would be able to publish Liberal opinions without repression from the British government. Byron's motive for this proposal was allegedly to acquire more influence over the \"Examiner\" with Hunt out of England. However, Byron soon discovered that Hunt was no longer interested in the \"Examiner\". \n", "Leigh Hunt left England for Italy in November 1821, but storm, sickness and misadventure delayed his arrival until 1 July 1822. Thomas Love Peacock compared their voyage to that of the character Ulysses in Homer's Odyssey.\n", "Several weeks after Hunt arrived in Italy, Shelley died. Hunt was now virtually dependent upon Byron, who was not interested in supporting him and his family. Byron's friends also scorned Hunt. The \"Liberal\" lived through four quarterly numbers, containing contributions no less memorable than Byron's \"Vision of Judgment\" and Shelley's translations from \"Faust\".\n", "In 1823 Byron left Italy for Greece, abandoning the quarterly. Hunt remained in Genoa. Enjoying the Italian climate and culture, Hunt stayed in Italy until 1825. During this period, he created \"Ultra-Crepidarius: a Satire on William Gifford\" (1823), and his translation (1825) of Francesco Redi's \"Bacco in Toscana\".\n", "Section::::Biography.:Return to England.\n", "In 1825, due to a lawsuit with one of his brothers, Hunt returned to England. In 1828, Hunt published \"Lord Byron and some of his Contemporaries\". The work was designed to counter what Hunt perceived as an inaccurate public image of Byron. The public was shocked that Hunt, who had been obliged to Byron for so much, would \"bite the hand that fed him\". Hunt especially writhed under the withering satire of Moore. \n", "During his later years, Hunt continued to suffer from poverty and sickness. He worked unremittingly, but one effort failed after another. Two journalistic ventures, the \"Tatler\" (1830–1832), a daily devoted to literary and dramatic criticism, and \"London Journal\" (1834–1835) failed, even though \"London Journal\" contained some of his best writing. Hunt's editorship (1837–1838) of the \"Monthly Repository\"was also unsuccessful. \n", "In 1832 Hunt published by subscription a collected edition of his poems. The subscribers included many of his opponents. Also in 1832, Hunt printed for private circulation \"Christianism\", the work afterwards published (1853) as \"The Religion of the Heart\". A copy sent to Thomas Carlyle secured his friendship, and Hunt went to live next door to him in Cheyne Row in 1833. \n", "Hunt's romance, \"Sir Ralph Esher\", about Charles II's was successful. \"Captain Sword and Captain Pen\", published in 1835, a spirited contrast between the victories of peace and the victories of war, deserves to be ranked among his best poems. \n", "In 1840 Hunt's play \"Legend of Florence\" had a successful engagement at Covent Garden, helping him financially. \"Lover's Amazements\", a comedy, was acted several years afterwards, and was printed in \"Journal\" (1850–1851); other plays remained in manuscript. \n", "Also in 1840 Hunt wrote introductory notices to the work of Sheridan and to Edward Moxon's edition of the works of William Wycherley, William Congreve, John Vanbrugh and George Farquhar, a work which furnished the occasion of Macaulay's essay on the Dramatists of the Restoration. The narrative poem \"The Palfrey\" was published in 1842.\n", "During the 1830's, Hunt also wrote for the \"Edinburgh Review\"\n", "Section::::Final years.\n", "In 1844 Mary Shelley and her son, on succeeding to the family estates, settled an annuity of £120 upon Hunt (Rossetti 1890). In 1847 Lord John Russell set up a pension of £200 for Hunt. \n", "With his finances in better shape, Hunt published the companion books \"Imagination and Fancy\" (1844) and \"Wit and Humour\" (1846). These were two volumes of selections from English poets, which displayed his refined, discriminating critical tastes. Hunt also published a book on the pastoral poetry of Sicily, \"A Jar of Honey from Mount Hybla\" (1848). \"The Town\" (2 vols., 1848) and \"Men, Women and Books\" (2 vols., 1847) are partly made up from former material. \"The Old Court Suburb\" (2 vols., 1855; ed. A Dobson, 2002) is a sketch of Kensington, where Hunt long resided. \n", "In 1850 Hunt published his \"Autobiography\" (3 vols.). It has been described as a naive and affected, but accurate, piece of self-portraiture. Hunt published \"A Book for a Corner\" (2 vols.) in 1849 and \"Table Talk\" appeared in 1851. In 1855, he published his narrative poems, both original and translated, under the title \"Stories in Verse\".\n", "Hunt died in Putney in London on 28 August 1859. He was buried at Kensal Green Cemetery. In September 1966 Christ's Hospital named one of its houses in the memory of Hunt.\n", "In a letter of 25 September 1853, Dickens stated that Hunt had inspired the character of Harold Skimpole in \"Bleak House\"; \"I suppose he is the most exact portrait that was ever painted in words! ... It is an absolute reproduction of a real man\". A contemporary critic commented, \"I recognized Skimpole instantaneously; ... and so did every person whom I talked with about it who had ever had Leigh Hunt's acquaintance.\" G. K. Chesterton suggested that Dickens \"May never once have had the unfriendly thought, 'Suppose Hunt behaved like a rascal!'; he may have only had the fanciful thought, 'Suppose a rascal behaved like Hunt!'\" (Chesterton 1906).\n", "Section::::Other works.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Amyntas, A Tale of the Woods\" (1820), a translation of Tasso's \"Aminta\"\n", "BULLET::::- , with Elizabeth Kent, published anonymously\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Seer, or Common-Places refreshed\" (2 pts., 1840–1841)\n", "BULLET::::- three of the \"Canterbury Tales\" in \"The Poems of Geoffrey Chaucer\" modernized (1841)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Stories from the Italian Poets\" (1846)\n", "BULLET::::- compilations such as \"One Hundred Romances of Real Life\" (1843)\n", "BULLET::::- selections from Beaumont and Fletcher (1855)\n", "BULLET::::- with S Adams Lee, \"The Book of the Sonnet\" (Boston, 1867).\n", "His \"Poetical Works\" (2 vols.), revised by himself and edited by Lee, were printed at Boston in 1857, and an edition (London and New York) by his son, Thornton Hunt, appeared in 1860. Among volumes of selections are \"Essays\" (1887), ed. A. Symons; \"Leigh Hunt as Poet and Essayist\" (1889), ed. C. Kent; \"Essays and Poems\" (1891), ed. R. B. Johnson for the \"Temple Library\".\n", "Hunt's \"Autobiography\" was revised shortly before his death, and edited (1859) by Thornton Hunt, who also arranged his \"Correspondence\" (2 vols., 1862). Additional letters were printed by the Cowden Clarkes in their \"Recollections of Writers\" (1878). The \"Autobiography\" was edited (2 vols., 1903) with full bibliographical note by Roger Ingpen. \n", "A bibliography of Hunt's works was compiled by Alexander Ireland (\"List of the Writings of William Hazlitt and Leigh Hunt\", 1868). There are short lives of Hunt by Cosmo Monkhouse (\"Great Writers,\" 1893) and by RB Johnson (1896). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Volume 28 (2004).\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Blainey, Ann. \"Immortal Boy.\" 1985.\n", "BULLET::::- Blunden, Edmund, \"The Examiner Examined\". Cobden-Sanderson, 1928\n", "BULLET::::- Cox, Jeffrey N., \"Poetry and Politics in the Cockney School: Keats, Shelley, Hunt and their Circle\". Cambridge University Press, 1999.\n", "BULLET::::- Eberle-Sinatra, Michael, \"Leigh Hunt and the London Literary Scene: A Reception History of His Major Works, 1805–1828\". Routledge, 2005.\n", "BULLET::::- Holden, Anthony, \"The Wit in the Dungeon: The Life of Leigh Hunt\". Little, Brown, 2005.\n", "BULLET::::- Lulofs, Timothy J. and Hans Ostrom, \"Leigh Hunt: A Reference Guide.\" Boston: G.K. Hall, 1985.\n", "BULLET::::- Roe, Nicholas, \"Fiery Heart: The First Life of Leigh Hunt\". Pimlico, 2005.\n", "BULLET::::- The Autobiography of Leigh Hunt (3rd Edition) – With an introduction by Edmund Blunden, Oxford University Press \"The World's Classics\" Series 1928\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Archival material at\n", "BULLET::::- Leigh Hunt Letters – The University of Iowa Libraries\n", "BULLET::::- Essays by Leigh Hunt at Quotidiana.org\n", "BULLET::::- Selection of poems by Leigh Hunt\n", "BULLET::::- \"Leigh Hunt and Anna Maria Dashwood: A Shelleyan Romance\" by Eleanor M. Gates\n", "BULLET::::- \"An imprisoned wit\" article on the life and writings of Leigh Hunt in \"The Times Literary Supplement\" by Kelly Grovier\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mrs. Shelley\" by Lucy M. Rossetti (1890)\n", "BULLET::::- Ann Blainey, \"Immortal Boy: A Portrait of Leigh Hunt\". New York: St. Martins, 1985.\n", "BULLET::::- Leigh Hunt at the National Portrait Gallery\n", "BULLET::::- Hunt's house in the Vale of Health, Hampstead\n", "BULLET::::- Hunt's house in Chelsea\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "James Henry Leigh Hunt" ] }, "description": "English critic, essayist, poet and writer", "enwikiquote_title": "Leigh Hunt", "wikidata_id": "Q655213", "wikidata_label": "Leigh Hunt", "wikipedia_title": "Leigh Hunt" }

{ "end": [ 13, 47, 174, 194, 268, 324, 339, 362, 29, 84, 128, 152, 177, 219, 365, 472, 45, 118, 166, 226, 315, 424, 40, 113, 174, 240, 275, 84, 148, 299, 363, 466, 552, 606, 67, 144, 162, 178, 165, 232, 441, 670, 756, 75, 188, 208, 232, 516, 716, 46, 72, 257, 890, 912, 1110, 161, 843, 82, 247, 674, 613, 745, 824, 873, 941, 997, 1046, 285, 165, 205, 647, 688, 787, 913, 1370, 242, 420, 437, 477, 620, 95, 319, 792, 276, 312, 641, 118, 152, 59, 82, 104, 479, 970, 1851, 2008, 184, 248, 213, 256, 343, 350, 360, 140, 339, 361, 371, 382, 68, 126, 60, 100, 138, 225, 785, 894, 55, 166, 322, 535, 80, 214, 33, 451, 783, 247, 335, 131, 561, 584, 94, 329, 159, 183, 228, 323, 46, 74, 411, 560, 75, 194, 246, 484, 76, 135, 220, 166, 185, 411, 795, 48, 68, 88, 108, 145, 169, 195, 58, 84, 164, 396, 452, 530, 109, 125, 147, 159, 181, 199, 221, 240, 266, 294, 56, 76, 110, 116, 52, 74, 202, 78, 112, 137, 42, 57, 98, 44, 58, 48, 23, 32, 70, 28, 129 ], "href": [ "Fleet%20admiral%20%28United%20States%29", "Knight%20Commander%20of%20the%20Order%20of%20the%20British%20Empire", "United%20States%20Navy", "World%20War%20II", "Fleet%20admiral%20%28United%20States%29", "Ernest%20King", "William%20D.%20Leahy", "Chester%20W.%20Nimitz", "Elizabeth%2C%20New%20Jersey", "United%20States%20Naval%20Academy", "Great%20White%20Fleet", "World%20War%20I", "destroyer", "aircraft%20carrier", "Pacific%20War", "Empire%20of%20Japan", "South%20Pacific%20Area", "Guadalcanal%20Campaign", "Solomon%20Islands%20campaign", "United%20States%20Third%20Fleet", "Battle%20of%20Leyte%20Gulf", "largest%20naval%20battle%20in%20history", "Elizabeth%2C%20New%20Jersey", "William%20F.%20Halsey%20Sr.", "Rufus%20King", "Federalist%20Party%20%28United%20States%29", "Pingry%20School", "United%20States%20Naval%20Academy", "University%20of%20Virginia", "Delta%20Psi", "Seven%20Society", "United%20States%20Naval%20Academy", "Varsity%20letter", "Navy%20Midshipmen", "battleship", "Theodore%20Roosevelt", "Great%20White%20Fleet", "circumnavigation", "Ensign%20%28rank%29", "Lieutenant%2C%20junior%20grade", "destroyer", "Lieutenant%20commander%20%28United%20States%29", "Navy%20Cross%20%28United%20States%29", "Berlin", "Oslo", "Copenhagen", "Stockholm", "Captain%20%28naval%29", "Naval%20War%20College", "Bureau%20of%20Aeronautics", "Ernest%20King", "United%20States%20Naval%20Aviator", "Naval%20Air%20Station%20Pensacola", "Pensacola%2C%20Florida", "Rear%20admiral%20%28United%20States%29", "Billy%20Mitchell", "Husband%20E.%20Kimmel", "Wake%20Island", "attack%20on%20Pearl%20Harbor", "Hawaiian%20islands", "Carrier%20Strike%20Group%20Two%23Historical%20background", "Marshalls%E2%80%93Gilberts%20raids", "Doolittle%20Raid", "Tokyo", "Honshu", "Japanese%20archipelago", "morale", "Shingles", "Chester%20Nimitz", "CinCPAC", "Raymond%20A.%20Spruance", "Battle%20of%20Midway", "Frank%20Jack%20Fletcher", "Battle%20of%20the%20Coral%20Sea", "Miles%20Browning", "Battle%20of%20the%20Eastern%20Solomons", "Noum%C3%A9a", "New%20Caledonia%23Second%20World%20War", "Battle%20of%20Guadalcanal", "Alexander%20Vandegrift", "Robert%20L.%20Ghormley", "South%20Pacific%20Area", "Bataan%20Death%20March", "Battle%20of%20the%20Santa%20Cruz%20Islands", "Naval%20Battle%20of%20Guadalcanal", "Naval%20Battle%20of%20Guadalcanal", "Marc%20Mitscher", "Solomon%20Islands", "Solomon%20Islands%20campaign", "Solomon%20Islands", "Bougainville%20Island", "Empress%20Augusta%20Bay", "Rabaul", "Vella%20Lavella", "Bombing%20of%20Rabaul%20%28November%201943%29", "Bismarck%20Archipelago", "Operation%20Cartwheel", "U.S.%20Third%20Fleet", "Philippines", "Palaus", "Leyte%20%28island%29", "Luzon", "Fast%20Carrier%20Task%20Force", "USS%20Cascade%20%28AD-16%29%23Service%20Squadron%204%20and%20Service%20Squadron%2010", "Majuro%23History", "Enewetak%20Atoll%23History", "Ulithi%23History", "Raymond%20Spruance", "U.S.%20Fifth%20Fleet", "United%20States%20Seventh%20Fleet", "Douglas%20MacArthur", "Leyte%20%28island%29", "Leyte%20Gulf", "Battle%20of%20Leyte%20Gulf", "largest%20naval%20battle%20in%20history", "Takeo%20Kurita", "Battle%20of%20Leyte%20Gulf%23The%20submarine%20action%20in%20Palawan%20Passage%20.2823%20October.29", "Battle%20of%20the%20Sibuyan%20Sea", "San%20Bernardino%20Strait", "Thomas%20C.%20Kinkaid", "destroyer%20escort", "Battle%20off%20Samar", "The%20world%20wonders", "Robert%20Carney", "Battle%20of%20Leyte%20Gulf%23The%20Battle%20of%20Cape%20Enga%C3%B1o%20%28October%2025%E2%80%9326%29", "Samuel%20Eliot%20Morison", "Typhoon%20Cobra", "Ulithi", "4th%20Fleet%20%28Imperial%20Japanese%20Navy%29%23The%20Fourth%20Fleet%20incident", "South%20China%20Sea%20raid", "United%20States%20Fifth%20Fleet%23History", "Typhoon%20Connie", "Bombing%20of%20Kure%20%28July%201945%29", "Hokkaid%C5%8D", "Allied%20naval%20bombardments%20of%20Japan%20during%20World%20War%20II", "Surrender%20of%20Japan", "flagship", "Fleet%20admiral%20%28United%20States%29", "Central%20America", "Sons%20of%20the%20American%20Revolution", "International%20Telephone%20and%20Telegraph%20Company", "American%20Cable%20and%20Radio%20Corporation", "New%20York%20Harbor", "Fishers%20Island%2C%20New%20York", "Washington%20National%20Cathedral", "Arlington%20National%20Cemetery", "Great%20White%20Fleet", "circumnavigation", "Thomas%20C.%20Hart", "Brett%20Halsey", "James%20Cagney", "bio-pic", "The%20Gallant%20Hours", "James%20Whitmore", "Tora%21%20Tora%21%20Tora%21", "Robert%20Mitchum", "Midway%20%281976%20film%29", "Herman%20Wouk", "The%20Winds%20of%20War", "War%20and%20Remembrance", "miniseries", "Richard%20X.%20Slattery", "Pat%20Hingle", "Glenn%20Morshower", "Pearl%20Harbor%20%28film%29", "Kenneth%20Tobey", "MacArthur%20%28film%29", "Jack%20Diamond%20%28actor%29", "Battle%20Stations%20%281956%20film%29", "John%20Maxwell%20%28actor%29", "The%20Eternal%20Sea", "Morris%20Ankrum", "Thirty%20Seconds%20Over%20Tokyo", "Paul%20McCartney", "Linda%20McCartney", "Uncle%20Albert/Admiral%20Halsey", "What%27s%20My%20Line", "McHale%27s%20Navy", "The%20Hunt%20for%20Red%20October%20%28film%29", "Jack%20Ryan%20%28Tom%20Clancy%20character%29", "Darren%20Sapp", "Fire%20on%20the%20Flight%20Deck", "World%20of%20Warships", "Seth%20MacFarlane", "The%20Orville", "World%20Conqueror%204", "List%20of%20Fleet%20and%20Grand%20Admirals", "List%20of%20United%20States%20military%20leaders%20by%20rank", "List%20of%20military%20figures%20by%20nickname", "Gene%20Markey", "http%3A//penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/People/William_Halsey/HALAHS/home.html", "History%20of%20United%20States%20Naval%20Operations%20in%20World%20War%20II", "Theodore%20Taylor%20%28author%29", "Naval%20Institute%20Press" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 13, 13, 15, 16, 16, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 19, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 25, 25, 26, 27, 27, 27, 28, 28, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 31, 31, 33, 33, 33, 33, 33, 34, 34, 34, 34, 34, 35, 35, 37, 37, 37, 38, 38, 38, 39, 39, 39, 39, 41, 43, 44, 45, 45, 47, 48, 50, 53, 54, 56, 56, 57, 58, 58, 58, 60, 60, 62, 62, 64, 64, 64, 64, 66, 66, 66, 69, 69, 69, 69, 76, 76, 76, 76, 76, 76, 76, 77, 77, 77, 77, 77, 77, 78, 78, 78, 78, 78, 78, 78, 78, 78, 78, 79, 79, 79, 80, 81, 82, 82, 83, 83, 84, 85, 85, 86, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 95, 96, 96 ], "start": [ 0, 44, 156, 182, 255, 313, 326, 345, 8, 57, 111, 141, 168, 203, 347, 464, 27, 96, 137, 215, 294, 393, 19, 92, 164, 230, 262, 57, 126, 290, 350, 426, 544, 598, 57, 133, 145, 163, 159, 207, 432, 650, 746, 69, 177, 198, 223, 509, 699, 25, 61, 244, 863, 894, 1098, 147, 819, 71, 235, 658, 595, 725, 810, 868, 935, 976, 1040, 277, 151, 167, 631, 682, 773, 904, 1356, 212, 414, 424, 457, 597, 77, 301, 776, 244, 285, 614, 105, 137, 51, 67, 92, 460, 964, 1838, 2001, 164, 229, 202, 245, 337, 345, 355, 117, 316, 355, 363, 376, 52, 115, 47, 73, 133, 215, 764, 863, 43, 148, 315, 514, 66, 198, 17, 434, 763, 226, 321, 118, 555, 559, 68, 318, 145, 165, 220, 273, 20, 66, 398, 553, 44, 149, 210, 469, 52, 106, 193, 149, 169, 397, 783, 36, 61, 71, 94, 128, 155, 189, 47, 68, 145, 386, 433, 520, 94, 111, 134, 150, 169, 184, 209, 225, 253, 269, 52, 61, 83, 102, 39, 50, 193, 67, 89, 120, 27, 46, 81, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 13, 12, 108 ], "text": [ "Fleet Admiral", "KBE", "United States Navy", "World War II", "fleet admiral", "Ernest King", "William Leahy", "Chester W. Nimitz", "Elizabeth, New Jersey", "United States Naval Academy", "Great White Fleet", "World War I", "destroyer", "aircraft carrier", "War in the Pacific", "Japanese", "South Pacific Area", "Battle for Guadalcanal", "fighting up the Solomon chain", "Third Fleet", "Battle for Leyte Gulf", "largest naval battle in history", "Elizabeth, New Jersey", "William F. Halsey Sr.", "Rufus King", "Federalist", "Pingry School", "United States Naval Academy", "University of Virginia", "Delta Psi", "Seven Society", "United States Naval Academy at Annapolis", "lettered", "athletic", "battleship", "Roosevelt's", "Great White Fleet", "circumnavigated", "ensign", "lieutenant (junior grade)", "destroyer", "Lieutenant Commander", "Navy Cross", "Berlin", "Christiania", "Copenhagen", "Stockholm", "Captain", "Naval War College", "Bureau of Aeronautics", "Ernest King", "Naval Aviator", "Naval Air Station Pensacola", "Pensacola, Florida", "rear admiral", "Billy Mitchell", "Admiral Husband Kimmel's", "Wake Island", "Pearl Harbor", "Hawaiian islands", "Carrier Division 2", "Gilbert and Marshall", "Doolittle Raid", "Tokyo", "Honshu", "Japanese Home Islands", "morale", "Shingles", "Chester Nimitz", "Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet", "Raymond Spruance", "Midway", "Frank Fletcher", "Coral Sea", "Miles Browning", "Battle of the Eastern Solomons", "Nouméa", "New Caledonia", "Guadalcanal Campaign", "Alexander A. Vandegrift", "Robert L. Ghormley", "South Pacific Area", "Bataan Peninsula", "Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands", "Naval Battle of Guadalcanal", "Naval Battle of Guadalcanal", "Marc Mitscher", "Solomon Islands", "battling", "Solomon Islands", "Bougainville", "Empress Augusta Bay", "Rabaul", "Vella Lavella", "mission", "Bismarck Archipelago", "Operation Cartwheel", "Third Fleet", "Philippines", "Palaus", "Leyte", "Luzon", "Fast Carrier Task Force", "forward operating ports", "Majuro", "Enewetak", "Ulithi", "Raymond Spruance", "Fifth Fleet", "Seventh Fleet", "General Douglas MacArthur's", "Leyte", "Leyte Gulf", "Battle for Leyte Gulf", "largest naval battle in history", "Takeo Kurita", "attacked the force", "sinking", "San Bernardino Strait", "Thomas Kinkaid", "destroyer escort", "Battle off Samar", "The world wonders", "Robert \"Mick\" Carney", "Battle of Cape Engaño", "Samuel Morison", "Typhoon Cobra", "Ulithi", "The Fourth Fleet Incident", "raided the South China Sea", "Fifth Fleet", "Typhoon Connie", "naval base at Kure", "Hokkaidō", "bombardment of a number of Japanese coastal cities", "Japan formally surrendered", "flagship", "Fleet Admiral", "Central", "Sons of the American Revolution", "International Telephone and Telegraph Company", "American Cable and Radio Corporation", "New York Harbor", "Fishers Island, New York", "Washington National Cathedral", "Arlington National Cemetery", "Great White Fleet", "circumnavigation", "Thomas C. Hart", "Brett Halsey", "James Cagney", "bio-pic", "The Gallant Hours", "James Whitmore", "Tora! Tora! Tora!", "Robert Mitchum", "Midway", "Herman Wouk", "The Winds of War", "War and Remembrance", "miniseries", "Richard X. Slattery", "Pat Hingle", "Glenn Morshower", "\"Pearl Harbor\"", "Kenneth Tobey", "MacArthur", "Jack Diamond", "Battle Stations", "John Maxwell", "The Eternal Sea", "Morris Ankrum", "Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo", "Paul", "Linda McCartney", "Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey", "What's My Line", "McHale's Navy", "The Hunt for Red October", "Jack Ryan", "Darren Sapp", "Fire on the Flight Deck", "World of Warships", "Seth MacFarlane", "The Orville", "World Conqueror 4", "List of Fleet and Grand Admirals", "List of United States military leaders by rank", "List of military figures by nickname", "Gene Markey", "(The book is online)", "History of United States Naval Operations in World War II", "Taylor, Theodore", "Naval Institute Press" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "William Halsey Jr.\n", "Fleet Admiral William Frederick Halsey Jr., KBE (October 30, 1882 – August 16, 1959), known as Bill Halsey or \"Bull\" Halsey, was an American admiral in the United States Navy during World War II. He is one of four individuals to have attained the rank of fleet admiral of the United States Navy, the others being Ernest King, William Leahy, and Chester W. Nimitz.\n", "Born in Elizabeth, New Jersey, Halsey graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1904. He served in the Great White Fleet and, during World War I, commanded the destroyer . He took command of the aircraft carrier in 1935 after completing a course in naval aviation, and was promoted to the rank of rear admiral in 1938. At the start of the War in the Pacific (1941–1945), Halsey commanded the task force centered on the carrier in a series of raids against Japanese-held targets. \n", "Halsey was made commander, South Pacific Area, and led the Allied forces over the course of the Battle for Guadalcanal (1942–43) and the fighting up the Solomon chain (1942–45). In 1943 he was made commander of the Third Fleet, the post he held through the rest of the war. He took part in the Battle for Leyte Gulf, the largest naval battle of the Second World War and, by some criteria, the largest naval battle in history. He was promoted to fleet admiral in December 1945 and retired from active service in March 1947.\n", "Section::::Early years.\n", "Halsey was born in Elizabeth, New Jersey, on October 30, 1882, the son of U.S. Navy Captain William F. Halsey Sr. Through his father he was a descendant of Senator Rufus King, who was an American lawyer, politician, diplomat, and Federalist. Halsey attended the Pingry School.\n", "After waiting two years to receive an appointment to the United States Naval Academy, Halsey decided to study medicine at the University of Virginia and then join the Navy as a physician. He chose Virginia because his best friend, Karl Osterhause, was there. While there, Halsey joined the Delta Psi fraternity and was also a member of the secretive Seven Society. After his first year, Halsey received his appointment to the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, and entered the Academy in the fall of 1900. While attending the academy he lettered in football as a fullback and earned several athletic honors. Halsey graduated from the Naval Academy on February 2, 1904. \n", "Following graduation he spent his early service years in battleships, and sailed with the main battle fleet aboard the battleship as Roosevelt's Great White Fleet circumnavigated the globe from 1907 to 1909. Halsey was on the bridge of the battleship on April 13, 1904, when a flareback from the port gun in her after turret ignited a powder charge and set off two others. No explosion occurred, but the rapid burning of the powder burnt and suffocated to death 31 officers and enlisted. This resulted in Halsey dreading the 13th of every month, especially when it fell on a Friday.\n", "After his service on \"Missouri\", Halsey served aboard torpedo boats, beginning with in 1909. Halsey was one of the few officers who was promoted directly from ensign to full lieutenant, skipping the rank of lieutenant (junior grade). Torpedoes and torpedo boats became specialties of his, and he commanded the First Group of the Atlantic Fleet's Torpedo Flotilla in 1912 through 1913. Halsey commanded a number of torpedo boats and destroyers during the 1910s and 1920s. At that time, the destroyer and the torpedo boat, though extremely hazardous delivery methods, were the most effective way to bring the torpedo into combat against capital ships. Lieutenant Commander Halsey's World War I service, including command of in 1918, earned him the Navy Cross.\n", "Section::::Interwar years.\n", "In October 1922, he was the naval attaché at the American Embassy in Berlin, Germany. One year later, he was given additional duty as naval attaché at the American Embassies in Christiania, Norway; Copenhagen, Denmark; and Stockholm, Sweden. He then returned to sea duty, again in destroyers in European waters, in command of and . Upon his return to the U.S. in 1927, he served one year as executive officer of the battleship , and then for three years in command of , the station ship at the Naval Academy. Captain Halsey continued his destroyer duty on his next two-year stint at sea, starting in 1930 as Commander Destroyer Division Three of the Scouting Force, before returning to study at the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island.\n", "In 1934 the chief of the Bureau of Aeronautics, Navy Admiral Ernest King, offered Halsey command of the aircraft carrier , subject to completion of the course of an air observer. Captain Halsey elected to enroll as a cadet for the full 12-week Naval Aviator course rather than the simpler Naval Aviation Observer program. \"I thought it better to be able to fly the aircraft itself than to just sit back and be at the mercy of the pilot.\" Halsey earned his Naval Aviator's Wings on May 15, 1935, at the age of 52, the oldest person to do so in the history of the U.S. Navy. While he had approval from his wife to train as an observer, she learned from a letter after the fact that he had changed to pilot training, and she told her daughter, \"What do you think that the old fool is doing now? He's learning to fly!\" He went on to command \"Saratoga\", and later the Naval Air Station Pensacola at Pensacola, Florida. Halsey considered airpower an important part of the future navy, commenting, \"The naval officer in the next war had better know his aviation, and good.\" Captain Halsey was promoted to rear admiral in 1938. During this time he commanded carrier divisions and served as the overall commander of the Aircraft Battle Force.\n", "Section::::World War II.\n", "Traditional naval doctrine envisioned naval combat fought between opposing battleship gun lines. This view was challenged when army airman General Billy Mitchell demonstrated the capability of aircraft to substantially damage and sink even the most heavily armored naval vessel. In the interwar debate that followed, some saw the carrier as defensive in nature, providing air cover to protect the battle group from shore-based aircraft. Carrier-based aircraft were lighter in design and had not been shown to be as lethal. The adage \"Capital ships cannot withstand land-based air power\" was well known. Aviation proponents, however, imagined bringing the fight to the enemy with the use of air power. Halsey was a firm believer in the aircraft carrier as the primary naval offensive weapon system. When he testified at Admiral Husband Kimmel's hearing after the Pearl Harbor debacle he summed up American carrier tactics being to \"get to the other fellow with everything you have as fast as you can and to dump it on him.\" Halsey testified he would never hesitate to use the carrier as an offensive weapon.\n", "In April 1940, Halsey's ships, as part of Battle Fleet, moved to Hawaii and in June 1940, he was promoted to vice admiral (temporary rank): appointed commander Carrier Division 2 and commander Aircraft Battle Force.\n", "With tensions high and war imminent, U.S. Naval intelligence indicated Wake Island would be the target of a Japanese surprise attack. In response, on 28 November 1941 Admiral Kimmel ordered Halsey to take to ferry aircraft to Wake Island to reinforce the Marines there. Kimmel had given Halsey \"a free hand\" to attack and destroy any Japanese military forces encountered. The planes flew off her deck on December 2. Highly anxious of being spotted and then jumped by the Japanese carrier force, Halsey gave orders to \"sink any shipping sighted, shoot down any plane encountered.\" Protested his operations officer, \"Goddammit, Admiral, you can't start a private war of your own! Who's going to take the responsibility?\" Said Halsey: \"I'll take it! If anything gets in my way, we'll shoot first and argue afterwards.\" \n", "A storm delayed \"Enterprise\" on her return voyage to Hawaii. Instead of returning on December 6 as planned, she was still 200 miles out at sea, when she received word that the surprise attack anticipated was not at Wake Island, but at Pearl Harbor itself. News of the attack came in the form of overhearing desperate radio transmissions from one of her aircraft sent forward to Pearl Harbor, attempting to identify itself as American. The plane was shot down, and her pilot and crew were lost. In the immediate wake of the attack upon Pearl Harbor, Admiral Kimmel named Halsey \"commander of all the ships at sea.\" \"Enterprise\" searched south and west of the Hawaiian islands for the Japanese attackers, but did not locate the six Japanese fleet carriers then retiring to the north and west.\n", "Section::::World War II.:Early Pacific carrier raids.\n", "Vice Admiral Halsey and \"Enterprise\" slipped back into Pearl Harbor on the evening of December 8. Surveying the wreckage of the Pacific Fleet, he remarked, \"Before we're through with them, the Japanese language will be spoken only in hell.\" Halsey was an aggressive commander. Above all else, he was an energetic and demanding leader who had the ability to invigorate the U.S. Navy's fighting spirit when most required. In the early months of the war, as the nation was rocked by the fall of one western bastion after another, Halsey looked to take the fight to the enemy. Serving as commander, Carrier Division 2, aboard his flagship \"Enterprise\", Halsey led a series of hit-and-run raids against the Japanese, striking the Gilbert and Marshall islands in February, Wake Island in March, and carrying out the Doolittle Raid in April 1942 against the Japanese capital Tokyo and other places on Japan's largest and most populous island Honshu, the first air raid to strike the Japanese Home Islands, providing an important boost to American morale. Halsey's slogan, \"Hit hard, hit fast, hit often,\" soon became a byword for the Navy.\n", "Halsey returned to Pearl Harbor from his last raid on May 26, 1942, in poor health due to the extremely serious and stressful conditions at hand. He had spent nearly all of the previous six months on the bridge of the carrier \"Enterprise,\" directing the Navy's counterstrikes. Shingles covered a great deal of his body and caused unbearable itching, making it nearly impossible for him to sleep. Gaunt and having lost twenty pounds, he was medically ordered to the hospital in Hawaii.\n", "Meanwhile, U.S. Naval intelligence had strongly ascertained that the Japanese were planning an attack on the central Pacific island of Midway. Admiral Chester Nimitz, Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet, determined to take the opportunity to engage them. Losing Midway would have been a very serious threat because the Japanese then could easily take Hawaii and threaten the west coast of the United States. The loss of his most aggressive and combat experienced carrier admiral, Halsey, on the eve of this crisis was a severe blow to Nimitz. Nimitz met with Halsey, who recommended his cruiser division commander, Rear Admiral Raymond Spruance, to take command for the upcoming Midway operation. Nimitz considered the move, but it would mean stepping over Rear Admiral Frank Fletcher of Task Force 17, who was the senior of the two men. After interviewing Fletcher and reviewing his reports from the Coral Sea engagement, Nimitz was convinced that Fletcher's performance was sound, and he was given the responsibility of command in the defense of Midway. Acting upon Halsey's recommendations, Nimitz then made Rear Admiral Spruance commander of Halsey's Task Force 16, comprising the carriers \"Enterprise\" and \"Hornet\". To aid Spruance, who had no experience as the commander of a carrier force, Halsey sent along his irascible chief of staff, Captain Miles Browning. The ensuing harrowing Battle of Midway was a crucial turning point in the war for the United States and a dramatic victory for the U.S. Navy.\n", "Halsey's skin condition was so serious, he was sent on the light cruiser to San Francisco where he was met by a leading allergist for specialized treatment. The skin condition soon receded but Halsey was ordered to stand down for the next six weeks and relax. While detached stateside during his convalescence, he visited family and traveled to Washington D.C. In late August, he accepted a speaking engagement at the U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis. Prior to the discussion of his raids against the Japanese positions in the Marshall Islands, Halsey informed the midshipmen before him, \"Missing the Battle of Midway has been the greatest disappointment of my career, but I am going back to the Pacific where I intend personally to have a crack at those yellow-bellied sons of bitches and their carriers,\" which was received with loud applause.\n", "At the completion of his convalescence in September 1942, Admiral Nimitz reassigned Halsey to Commander, Air Force, Pacific Fleet.\n", "Section::::World War II.:South Pacific Area Command.\n", "After being medically approved to return to duty, Halsey was named to command a carrier task force in the South Pacific Area. Since \"Enterprise\" was still laid up in Pearl Harbor undergoing repairs following the Battle of the Eastern Solomons, and the other ships of Task Force 16 were still being readied, he began a familiarization trip to the south Pacific on October 15, 1942, arriving at area headquarters at Nouméa in New Caledonia on October 18. The Guadalcanal Campaign was at a critical juncture, with the 1st Marine Division, 11,000 men, under the combat command of Marine Major General Alexander A. Vandegrift holding on by a thread around Henderson (Air) Field. The Marines did receive additional support from the U.S. Army's 164th Regiment with a complement of 2,800 soldiers on October 13. This addition only helped to fill some of the serious holes and was insufficient to sustain the battle of itself.\n", "During this critical juncture, naval support was tenuous due to Vice Admiral Robert L. Ghormley's reticence, malaise and lackluster performance. Pacific Fleet commander Chester Nimitz had concluded that Vice Admiral Ghormley had become dispirited and exhausted. Nimitz made his decision to change the South Pacific Area command while Halsey was en route. As Halsey's aircraft came to rest in Nouméa, a whaleboat came alongside carrying Ghormley's flag lieutenant. Meeting him before he could board the flagship, the lieutenant handed over a sealed envelope containing a message from Nimitz:\n", "The order came as an awkward surprise to Halsey. Ghormley was a long time personal friend, and had been since their days as teammates on the football team back at Annapolis. Awkward or not, the two men carried out their directives. Halsey's command now included all ground, sea, and air forces in the South Pacific area. News of the change flashed and produced an immediate boost to morale with the beleaguered Marines, energizing his command. He was widely considered the U.S. Navy's most aggressive admiral, and with good reason. He set about assessing the situation to determine what actions were needed. Ghormley had been unsure of his command's ability to maintain the Marine toehold on Guadalcanal, and had been mindful of leaving them trapped there for a repeat of the Bataan Peninsula disaster. Halsey punctiliously made it clear he did not plan to withdraw the Marines. He not only intended to counter the Japanese efforts to dislodge them, he intended to secure the island. Above all else, he wanted to regain the initiative and take the fight to the Japanese. It was two days after Halsey had taken command in October 1942 that he gave an order that all naval officers in the South Pacific would dispense with wearing neckties with their tropical uniforms. As Richard Frank commented in his account of the Battle for Guadalcanal:\n", "Halsey led the South Pacific command through what was for the U.S. Navy the most tenuous phase of the war. Halsey committed his limited naval forces through a series of naval battles around Guadalcanal, including the carrier engagements of the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands and the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal. These engagements checked the Japanese advance and drained their naval forces of carrier aircraft and pilots. In November Halsey's willingness to place at risk his command's two fast battleships in the confined waters around Guadalcanal for a night engagement paid off with the U.S. Navy winning the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, the decisive naval engagement of the Guadalcanal campaign that doomed the Japanese garrison and wrested control from the Japanese.\n", "IJN aviation proved to be formidable during the Solomon campaign. In April 1943, Halsey assigned Admiral Marc Mitscher to Commander Air, Solomon Islands (ComAirSols) where he directed a mixed bag of Army, Navy, Marine and New Zealand aircraft in the airwar over Guadalcanal and up the Solomon chain. Said Halsey: \"I knew we'd probably catch hell from the Japs in the air. That's why I sent Pete Mitscher up there. Pete was a fighting fool and I knew it.\"\n", "Typical for the period was an exchange that occurred between Halsey and one of his staff officers in June 1943. South Pacific Command was expecting the arrival of an additional air group to support their next offensive. As a part of the long view of winning the war taken by Nimitz, upon its arrival at Fiji the group was given new orders to return stateside and be broken up, its pilots to be used as instructors for pilot training. South Pacific command had been counting on the air group for their operations up the Solomon chain. The staff officer who brought the dispatch to Halsey remarked \"If they do that to us we will have to go on the defensive.\" The admiral turned to the speaker and replied: \"As long as I have one plane and one pilot, I will stay on the offensive.\"\n", "Admiral Halsey's forces spent the rest of the year battling up the Solomon Islands chain to Bougainville. At Bougainville the Japanese had two airfields in the southern tip of the island, and another at the northern most peninsula, with a fourth on Buki just across the northern passage. Here, instead of landing near the Japanese airfields and taking them away against the bulk of the Japanese defenders, Halsey landed his invasion force of 14,000 Marines in Empress Augusta Bay, about halfway up the west coast of Bougainville. There he had the Seabees clear and build their own airfield. Two days after the landing, a large cruiser force was sent down from Japan to Rabaul in preparation for a night engagement against Halsey's screening force and supply ships in Empress Augusta Bay. The Japanese had been conserving their naval forces over the past year, but now committed a force of seven heavy cruisers, along with one light cruiser and four destroyers. At Rabaul the force refueled in preparation for the coming night battle. Halsey had no surface forces anywhere near equivalent strength to oppose them. The battleships , and assorted cruisers had been transferred to the Central Pacific to support the upcoming invasion of Tarawa. Other than the destroyer screen, the only force Halsey had available were the carrier airgroups on and . Rabaul was a heavily fortified port, with five airfields and extensive anti-aircraft batteries. Other than the surprise raid at Pearl Harbor, no mission against such a target had ever been accomplished with carrier aircraft. It was highly dangerous to the aircrews, and to the carriers as well. With the landing in the balance, Halsey sent his two carriers to steam north through the night to get into range of Rabaul, then launch a daybreak raid on the base. Aircraft from recently captured Vella Lavella were sent over to provide a combat air patrol over the carriers. All available aircraft from the two carriers were committed to the raid itself. The mission was a stunning success, so damaging the cruiser force at Rabaul as to make them no longer a threat. Aircraft losses in the raid were light. Halsey later described the threat to the landings \"the most desperate emergency that confronted me in my entire term as ComSoPac.\"\n", "Following the successful Bougainville operation, he then isolated and neutralized the Japanese naval stronghold at Rabaul by capturing surrounding positions in the Bismarck Archipelago in a series of amphibious landings known as Operation Cartwheel. This enabled the continuation of the drive north without the heavy fighting that would have been necessary to capture the base itself. With the neutralization of Rabaul, major operations in the South Pacific Command came to a close. With his determination and grit, Halsey had bolstered his command's resolve and seized the initiative from the Japanese until ships, aircraft and crews produced and trained in the States could arrive in 1943 and 1944 to tip the scales of the war in favor of the allies.\n", "Section::::World War II.:Battles of the Central Pacific.\n", "As the war progressed it moved out of the South Pacific and into the Central Pacific. Admiral Halsey's command shifted with it, and in May 1944 he was promoted to commanding officer of the newly formed Third Fleet. He commanded actions from the Philippines to Japan. From September 1944 to January 1945, he led the campaigns to take the Palaus, Leyte and Luzon, and on many raids on Japanese bases, including off the shores of Formosa, China, and Vietnam.\n", "By this point in the conflict the U.S. Navy was doing things the Japanese high command had not thought possible. The Fast Carrier Task Force was able to bring to battle enough air power to overpower land based aircraft and dominate whatever area the fleet was operating in. Moreover, the Navy's ability to establish forward operating ports as they did at Majuro, Enewetak and Ulithi, and their ability to convoy supplies out to the combat task forces allowed the fleet to operate for extended periods of time far out to sea in the central and western Pacific. The Japanese Navy conserved itself in port and would sortie in force to engage the enemy. The U.S. Navy remained at sea and on station, dominating whatever region it entered. The size of the Pacific Ocean, which Japanese planners had thought would limit the U.S. Navy's ability to operate in the western Pacific, would not be adequate to protect Japan.\n", "Command of the \"big blue fleet\" was alternated with Raymond Spruance. Under Spruance the fleet designation was the Fifth Fleet and the Fast Carrier Task Force was designated \"Task Force 58\". Under Halsey the fleet was designated Third Fleet and the Fast Carrier Task Force was designated \"Task Force 38\". The split command structure was intended to confuse the Japanese and created a higher tempo of operations. While Spruance was at sea operating the fleet, Halsey and his staff, self-dubbed the \"Department of Dirty Tricks\", would be planning the next series of operations. The two admirals were a contrast in styles. Halsey was aggressive and a risk taker. Spruance was calculating, professional and cautious. Most higher-ranking officers preferred to serve under Spruance; most common sailors were proud to serve under Halsey.\n", "Section::::World War II.:Battles of the Central Pacific.:Leyte Gulf.\n", "In October 1944, amphibious forces of the U.S. Seventh Fleet carried out General Douglas MacArthur's major landings on the island of Leyte in the Central Philippines. Halsey's Third Fleet was assigned to cover and support Seventh Fleet operations around Leyte. Halsey's plans assumed the Japanese fleet or a major portion of it would challenge the effort, creating an opportunity to engage it decisively. Halsey directed the Third Fleet \"will seek the enemy and attempt to bring about a decisive engagement if he undertakes operations beyond support of superior land based air forces.\"\n", "In response to the invasion, the Japanese launched their final major naval effort, an operation known as 'Sho-Go', involving almost all their surviving fleet. It was aimed at destroying the invasion shipping in the Leyte Gulf. The Northern Force of Admiral Ozawa was built around the remaining Japanese aircraft carriers, now weakened by the heavy loss of trained pilots. The Northern Force was meant to lure the covering U.S. forces away from the Gulf while two surface battle-groups, the Center Force and the Southern Force, were to break through to the beachhead and attack the invasion shipping. These forces were built around the remaining strength of the Japanese Navy, and comprised a total of 7 battleships and 16 cruisers. The operation brought about the Battle for Leyte Gulf, the largest naval battle of the Second World War and, by some criteria, the largest naval battle in history.\n", "The Center Force commanded by Vice Admiral Takeo Kurita was located October 23 coming through the Palawan Passage by two American submarines, which attacked the force, sinking two heavy cruisers and damaging a third. The following day Third Fleet's aircraft carriers launched strikes against Kurita's Center Force, sinking the battleship and damaging the heavy cruiser , causing the force to turn westward back towards its base. Kurita appeared to be retiring but he later reversed course and headed back into the San Bernardino Strait. At this point Ozawa's Northern Force was located by Third Fleet scout aircraft. Halsey made the momentous decision to take all available strength northwards to destroy the Japanese carrier forces, planning to strike them at dawn of October 25. He considered leaving a battle group behind to guard the strait, and made tentative plans to do so, but he felt he would also have to leave one of his three carrier groups to provide air cover, weakening his chance to crush the remaining Japanese carrier forces. The entire Third Fleet steamed northward. San Bernardino Strait was effectively left unguarded by any major surface fleet.\n", "Section::::World War II.:Battles of the Central Pacific.:Battle off Samar.\n", "In moving Third Fleet northwards, Halsey failed to advise Admiral Thomas Kinkaid of Seventh Fleet of his decision. Seventh Fleet intercepts of organizational messages from Halsey to his own task group commanders seemed to indicate that Halsey had formed a task force and detached it to protect the San Bernardino Strait, but this was not the case. Kinkaid and his staff failed to confirm this with Halsey, and neither had confirmed this with Nimitz.\n", "Despite aerial reconnaissance reports on the night of October 24–25 of Kurita's Center Force in the San Bernardino Strait, Halsey continued to take Third Fleet northwards, away from Leyte Gulf.\n", "When Kurita's Center Force emerged from the San Bernardino Strait on the morning of October 25, there was nothing to oppose them except a small force of escort carriers and screening destroyers and destroyer escorts, Task Unit 77.4.3 \"Taffy 3\", which had been tasked and armed to attack troops on land and guard against submarines, not oppose the largest enemy surface fleet since the battle of Midway, led by the largest battleship in the world. Advancing down the coast of the island of Samar towards the troop transports and support ships of the Leyte Gulf landing, they took Seventh Fleet's escort carriers and their screening ships entirely by surprise.\n", "In the desperate Battle off Samar which followed, Kurita's ships destroyed one of the escort carriers and three ships of the carriers' screen, and damaging a number of other ships as well. The remarkable resistance of the screening ships of Taffy 3 against Kurita's battle-group remains one of the most heroic feats in the history of the US Navy. Their efforts and those of the few aircraft that the escort carriers could put up took a heavy toll on Kurita's ships and convinced him that he was facing a stronger force than was the case. Mistaking the escort carriers for Halsey's fleet carriers, and fearing entrapment from the six battleships of the Third Fleet battleship group, he decided to withdraw back through the San Bernardino Strait and to the west without achieving his objective of disrupting the Leyte landing.\n", "When the Seventh Fleet's escort carriers found themselves under attack from the Center Force, Halsey began to receive a succession of desperate calls from Kinkaid asking for immediate assistance off Samar. For over two hours Halsey turned a deaf ear to these calls. Then, shortly after 10:00 hours, a message was received from Admiral Nimitz: \"Where is repeat where is Task Force 34? The world wonders\". The tail end of this message, The world wonders, was intended as padding designed to confuse enemy decoders, but was mistakenly left in the message when it was handed to Halsey. The urgent inquiry had seemingly become a stinging rebuke. The fiery Halsey threw his hat on the deck of the bridge and began cursing. Finally Halsey's Chief of Staff, Rear Admiral Robert \"Mick\" Carney, confronted him, telling Halsey \"Stop it! What the hell's the matter with you? Pull yourself together.\"\n", "Halsey cooled but continued to steam Third Fleet northward to close on Ozawa's Northern Force for a full hour after receiving the signal from Nimitz. Then, Halsey ordered Task Force 34 south. As Task Force 34 proceeded south they were further delayed when the battle force had to slow to 12 knots so that the battleships could refuel their escorting destroyers. The refueling cost a two and a half hour further delay. By the time Task Force 34 arrived at the scene it was too late to assist the Seventh Fleet's escort carrier groups. Kurita had already decided to retire and had left the area. A single straggling destroyer was caught by Halsey's advance cruisers and destroyers, but the rest of Kurita's force was able to escape.\n", "Meanwhile the major part Third Fleet continued to close on Ozawa's Northern Force, which included one fleet carrier (the last surviving Japanese carrier of the six that had attacked Pearl Harbor) and three light carriers. The Battle of Cape Engaño resulted in Halsey's Third Fleet sinking all four of Ozawa's carriers.\n", "The same attributes that made Halsey an invaluable leader in the desperate early months of the war, his desire to bring the fight to the enemy, his willingness to take on a gamble, worked against him in the later stages of the war. Halsey received much criticism for his decisions during the battle, with naval historian Samuel Morison terming the Third Fleet run to the north \"Halsey's Blunder.\" However, the destruction of the Japanese carriers had been an important goal up to that point, and the Leyte landings were still successful despite Halsey falling for the IJN decoy.\n", "Section::::World War II.:Halsey's Typhoon.\n", "After the Leyte Gulf engagement, December found the Third Fleet confronted with another powerful enemy in the form of Typhoon Cobra, which was dubbed \"Halsey's Typhoon\" by many.\n", "While conducting operations off the Philippines, the fleet had to discontinue refueling due to a Pacific storm. Rather than move Third Fleet away, Halsey chose to remain on station for another day. In fairness, he received conflicting information from Pearl Harbor and his own staff. The Hawaiian weathermen predicted a northerly path for the storm, which would have cleared Task Force 38 by some two hundred miles. Eventually his own staff provided a prediction regarding the direction of the storm that was far closer to the mark with a westerly direction. \n", "However, Halsey played the odds, declining to cancel planned operations and requiring the ships of Third Fleet to hold formation. On the evening of December 17 Third Fleet was unable to land its combat air patrol due to the pitching and rolling decks of the carriers. All the aircraft were ditched in the ocean and lost, but the pilots were all saved by accompanying destroyers. By 10:00 a.m. the next morning the barometer on the flagship was noted to be dropping precipitously. With increasingly heavy seas the fleet still attempted to maintain stations. The threat was greatest to the fleet's destroyers, which did not have the fuel reserves of the larger ships and were running dangerously low. Finally, at 11:49 a.m., Halsey issued the order for the ships of the fleet to take the most comfortable course available to them. Many of the smaller ships had already been forced to do so. \n", "Between 11:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m., the typhoon did its worst damage, tossing the ships in waves. The barometer continued to drop and the wind roared at with gusts well over . At 1:45 p.m. Halsey issued a typhoon warning to Fleet Weather Central. By this time Third Fleet had lost three of its destroyers. By the time the storm had cleared the next day a great many ships in the fleet had been damaged, 146 aircraft were destroyed and 802 seamen had been lost. For the next three days Third Fleet conducted search and rescue operations, finally retiring to Ulithi on 22 December 1944.\n", "Following the typhoon a Navy court of inquiry was convened on board in the Naval base at Ulithi. Admiral Nimitz, CINCPAC, was in attendance at the court. Forty-three-year-old Captain Herbert K. Gates, of \"Cascade\", was the Judge Advocate. The inquiry found that though Halsey had committed an error of judgement in sailing the Third Fleet into the heart of the typhoon, it stopped short of unambiguously recommending sanction. The events surrounding Typhoon Cobra were similar to those the Japanese navy had faced some nine years earlier in what they termed \"The Fourth Fleet Incident.\"\n", "Section::::World War II.:End of the war.\n", "During January 1945 the Third Fleet attacked Formosa and Luzon, and raided the South China Sea in support of the landing of US Army forces on Luzon. At the conclusion of this operation, Halsey passed command of the ships that made up Third Fleet to Admiral Spruance on January 26, whereupon its designation changed to Fifth Fleet. Returning home Halsey was asked about General MacArthur. General MacArthur was not the easiest man to work with, and vied with the Navy over the conduct and management of the war in the Pacific. Halsey had worked well with MacArthur and did not mind saying so. When a reporter asked Halsey if he thought General MacArthur's fleet (7th Fleet) would get to Tokyo first, the admiral grinned and answered \"We're going there together.\" Then seriously he added \"He's a very fine man. I have worked under him for over two years and have the greatest admiration and respect for him.\"\n", "Spruance held command of 5th Fleet until May, when command returned to Halsey. In early June 1945 the 3rd Fleet again sailed through the path of Typhoon Connie. On this occasion, six men were swept overboard and lost, along with 75 airplanes lost or destroyed, with another 70 badly damaged. Though some ships sustained significant damage, none were lost. A Navy court of inquiry was again convened, this time recommending that Halsey be reassigned, but Admiral Nimitz declined to abide by this recommendation, citing Halsey's prior service record, despite that record including a previous instance of negligently sailing his fleet through a typhoon.\n", "Halsey led Third Fleet through the final stages of the war, striking targets on the Japanese homeland itself. Third Fleet aircraft conducted attacks upon Tokyo, the naval base at Kure and the northern Japanese island of Hokkaidō, and Third Fleet battleships engaged in the bombardment of a number of Japanese coastal cities in preparation for an invasion of Japan, which ultimately never had to be undertaken.\n", "After the cessation of hostilities, Halsey, still aggressively cautious of Japanese kamikaze attacks, ordered Third Fleet to maintain a protective air cover with the following communiqué: \n", "He was present when Japan formally surrendered on the deck of his flagship, , on September 2, 1945.\n", "Section::::Postwar years.\n", "Immediately after the surrender of Japan, 54 ships of the Third Fleet returned to the United States, with Halsey's four-star flag flying from USS \"South Dakota\", for the annual Navy Day Celebrations in San Francisco on October 27, 1945. He hauled down his flag on 22 November 1945, and was assigned special duty in the office of the Secretary of the Navy. On December 11, 1945, he took the oath as Fleet Admiral, becoming the fourth and still the most recent naval officer awarded that rank. Fleet Admiral Halsey made a goodwill flying trip, passing by Central and South America, covering nearly 28,000 miles and 11 nations. He retired from active service in March 1947 but, as a Fleet Admiral, he was not taken off active duty status.\n", "Halsey was asked about the weapons used to win the war and he answered:\n", "Halsey joined the New Jersey Society of the Sons of the American Revolution in 1946. Upon retirement, he joined the board of two subsidiaries of the International Telephone and Telegraph Company, including the American Cable and Radio Corporation, and served until 1957. He maintained an office near the top of the ITT Building at 67 Broad Street, New York City in the late 1950s. He was involved in a number of efforts to preserve his former flagship as a memorial in New York Harbor. They proved fruitless, as it was not possible to secure sufficient funding to preserve the ship.\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "Halsey died on August 16, 1959, while on holiday on Fishers Island, New York. After lying in state in the Washington National Cathedral, he was interred on August 20, 1959, near his parents in Arlington National Cemetery. His wife, Frances Grandy Halsey, is buried with him.\n", "Asked about his contribution in the Pacific and the role he played in defending the United States, Halsey said merely:\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "While at the University of Virginia he met Frances Cooke Grandy (1887–1968) of Norfolk, Virginia, who Halsey called \"Fan.\" After his return from the Great White Fleet's circumnavigation of the globe and upon his promotion to the rank of full lieutenant he was able to persuade her to marry him. They married on December 1, 1909, at Christ Church in Norfolk. Among the ushers were Halsey's friends Thomas C. Hart and Husband E. Kimmel. Fan developed manic depression in the late 1930s and eventually had to live apart from Halsey. The couple had two children, Margaret Bradford (October 10, 1910, to December 1979) and William Fredrick Halsey III (September 8, 1915, to September 23, 2003). Admiral Halsey is also the great-uncle of actor Charles Oliver Hand, known professionally as Brett Halsey, who chose his stage name as a reference to him.\n", "Section::::Dates of rank.\n", "Halsey never held the rank of lieutenant (junior grade), as he was appointed a full lieutenant after three years of service as an ensign. For administrative reasons, Halsey's naval record states he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant (junior grade) and lieutenant on the same day.\n", "At the time of Halsey's promotion to rear admiral, both rear admirals lower half (O-7) and rear admirals upper half (O-8) wore two stars. This was the case until 1982. During World War II and up until 1950, the Navy used the one star commodore rank for certain staff specialties.\n", "Section::::Awards and decorations.\n", "Section::::Awards and decorations.:Foreign awards.\n", "Section::::In popular culture.\n", "BULLET::::- Halsey was portrayed by James Cagney in the 1959 bio-pic, \"The Gallant Hours\"; by James Whitmore in the 1970 film, \"Tora! Tora! Tora!\"; and by Robert Mitchum in the 1976 film, \"Midway\".\n", "BULLET::::- Halsey makes a brief appearance in Herman Wouk's novel \"The Winds of War\", and has a more substantial supporting role in the sequel \"War and Remembrance\". Wouk was extremely critical of Halsey's handling of the battle at Leyte Gulf, but also said he was too great a builder of naval morale to be retired in disgrace. (Chapter 92) Halsey was portrayed in the 1983 television miniseries adaptation of \"The Winds of War\" by Richard X. Slattery, and in the 1988 miniseries adaptation of \"War and Remembrance\" by Pat Hingle.\n", "BULLET::::- Halsey has been portrayed in a number of other films and TV miniseries, played by Glenn Morshower (\"Pearl Harbor\", 2001), Kenneth Tobey (\"MacArthur\", 1977), Jack Diamond (\"Battle Stations\", 1956), John Maxwell, (\"The Eternal Sea\", 1955) and Morris Ankrum (\"Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo\", 1944).\n", "BULLET::::- An \"Admiral Halsey\" is mentioned in the Paul and Linda McCartney song \"Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey\". The chorus of \"hands across the water, heads across the sky\" was a reference to the American aid programs of World War II. McCartney later specified that the second half of the song was indeed in honor of William Halsey.\n", "BULLET::::- On March 4, 1951, Halsey appeared as a mystery guest on episode No. 40 of the game show, \"What's My Line\", where the panel correctly deduced his identity.\n", "BULLET::::- In the television series, \"McHale's Navy\", one of Captain Binghampton's catchphrases whenever he would get frustrated with one of McHale's schemes was, \"What in the name of Halsey is going on here?\"\n", "BULLET::::- Halsey is mentioned in the 1990 film \"The Hunt for Red October\". Soviet submarine commander Marko Ramius, while engaged in battle with the Soviet attack submarine \"Konovalov\", asks Jack Ryan what books he wrote for the CIA. Ryan mentions one about Admiral Halsey, entitled \"The Fighting Sailor\" (not to be confused with a real book of the same title); Ramius reveals his awareness of the book and expresses disdain for Ryan's assessment of Halsey, saying, \"Your conclusions were all wrong, Ryan. Halsey acted stupidly.\"\n", "BULLET::::- The fictional aircraft carrier USS \"William Halsey\" in Darren Sapp's novel, \"Fire on the Flight Deck\", is named for Halsey.\n", "BULLET::::- On May 30, 2018, he was added as an unlockable unique commander for the United States Navy in the videogame World of Warships.\n", "BULLET::::- A character in Seth MacFarlane's \"The Orville\" is named Admiral Halsey, presumably after Admiral Halsey.\n", "BULLET::::- Halsey appears as a purchasable general in the Easytech mobile game \"World Conqueror 4\".\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of Fleet and Grand Admirals\n", "BULLET::::- List of United States military leaders by rank\n", "BULLET::::- List of military figures by nickname\n", "BULLET::::- Gene Markey\n", "Section::::Bibliography.\n", "BULLET::::- (The book is online)\n", "BULLET::::- Hughes, Thomas, \"Learning to Fight: Bill Halsey and the Early American Destroyer Force,\" \"Journal of Military History,\" 77 (Jan. 2013), 71–90.\n", "BULLET::::- (History of United States Naval Operations in World War II)\n", "BULLET::::- Taylor, Theodore. \"The Magnificent Mitscher\". New York: Norton, 1954; reprinted Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1991. .\n", "BULLET::::- Willmott, H.P. (1984) \"June, 1944\" Blandford Press\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "William Frederick Halsey, Jr." ] }, "description": "United States admiral", "enwikiquote_title": "William Frederick Halsey, Jr.", "wikidata_id": "Q439984", "wikidata_label": "William Halsey Jr.", "wikipedia_title": "William Halsey Jr." }

{ "end": [ 78, 104, 152, 169, 204, 34, 78, 255, 283, 293, 329, 401, 410, 470, 561, 600, 680, 727, 748, 803, 195, 318, 492, 594, 114, 285, 46, 69, 153, 194, 219, 299, 339, 385, 109, 139, 236, 261, 459, 488, 496, 45, 194, 223, 310, 379, 456, 89, 146, 180, 367, 408, 471, 487, 142, 314, 50, 173, 317, 76, 91, 220, 241, 424, 667, 682, 696, 20, 164, 197, 220, 28, 132 ], "href": [ "Vice%20admiral%20%28United%20States%29", "United%20States%20Navy", "World%20War%20I", "World%20War%20II", "aircraft%20carrier", "Charleston%2C%20South%20Carolina", "United%20States%20Naval%20Academy", "USS%20Illinois%20%28BB-7%29", "Officer%20%28armed%20forces%29", "ensign%20%28rank%29", "USS%20Mayflower%20%28PY-1%29", "Berlin", "Germany", "naval%20attach%C3%A9", "USS%20Cummings%20%28DD-44%29", "Bath%20Iron%20Works", "USS%20Terry%20%28DD-25%29", "Reserve%20Torpedo%20Flotilla", "U.S.%20Atlantic%20Fleet", "USS%20Jarvis%20%28DD-38%29", "flag%20secretary", "World%20War%20I", "Navy%20Cross%20%28United%20States%29", "Cruiser%20and%20Transport%20Force", "Distinguished%20Service%20Medal%20%28U.S.%20Army%29", "Chief%20of%20Naval%20Operations", "USS%20Breckinridge%20%28DD-148%29", "USS%20Overton%20%28DD-239%29", "Black%20Sea", "White%20Russians%20%28Russian%20Civil%20War%29", "Bolsheviks", "Crimean%20Peninsula", "Russian%20government-in-exile", "Order%20of%20St.%20Stanislav", "General%20Board%20of%20the%20United%20States%20Navy", "Philadelphia", "Naval%20War%20College", "Newport%2C%20Rhode%20Island", "Scouting%20Fleet", "Rio%20de%20Janeiro", "Brazil", "USS%20Arizona%20%28BB-39%29", "Naval%20Air%20Station", "San%20Diego%2C%20California", "Pensacola%2C%20Florida", "Asiatic%20Fleet", "USS%20Jason%20%28AV-2%29", "Office%20of%20Naval%20Intelligence", "United%20Kingdom", "London", "Northrop%20Grumman%20Newport%20News", "Newport%20News%2C%20Virginia", "aircraft%20carrier", "USS%20Ranger%20%28CV-4%29", "South%20America", "Hepburn%20Board", "Pearl%20Harbor", "Carrier%20Division%201", "United%20States%20Fleet", "Battle%20of%20the%20Atlantic%20%281940%29", "Franklin%20Delano%20Roosevelt", "Support%20Force", "U.S.%20Atlantic%20Fleet", "Germany", "myocardial%20infarction", "Naval%20Station%20Argentia", "Dominion%20of%20Newfoundland", "destroyer%20escort", "high-speed%20transport", "USS%20Arthur%20L.%20Bristol%20%28APD-97%29", "Ship%20commissioning", "Arthur%20L.%20Bristol%20School", "Naval%20Station%20Argentia%23Naval%20Air%20Station%20Argentia" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 14, 14, 15, 15, 15, 17, 17, 17, 17, 17, 17, 17, 17, 19, 19, 19, 19, 20, 20 ], "start": [ 66, 86, 141, 157, 188, 8, 51, 222, 273, 287, 318, 395, 403, 457, 532, 585, 654, 703, 729, 776, 181, 307, 482, 567, 87, 260, 23, 51, 144, 181, 209, 293, 312, 363, 91, 127, 219, 240, 445, 474, 490, 28, 177, 202, 292, 366, 442, 61, 132, 174, 342, 386, 455, 472, 129, 301, 38, 155, 298, 54, 82, 207, 222, 417, 655, 671, 684, 4, 144, 165, 210, 4, 106 ], "text": [ "Vice Admiral", "United States Navy", "World War I", "World War II", "aircraft carrier", "Charleston, South Carolina", "United States Naval Academy", "USS \"Illinois\" (Battleship No. 7)", "commission", "ensign", "\"Mayflower\"", "Berlin", "Germany", "naval attaché", "\"Cummings\" (Destroyer No. 44)", "Bath Iron Works", "\"Terry\" (Destroyer No. 25)", "Reserve Torpedo Flotilla", "U.S. Atlantic Fleet", "\"Jarvis\" (Destroyer No. 38)", "flag secretary", "World War I", "Navy Cross", "Cruiser and Transport Force", "Distinguished Service Medal", "Chief of Naval Operations", "\"Breckinridge\" (DD-148)", "\"Overton\" (DD-239)", "Black Sea", "White Russian", "Bolsheviks", "Crimea", "Russian government-in-exile", "Order of St. Stanislav", "Navy General Board", "Philadelphia", "Naval War College", "Newport, Rhode Island", "Scouting Fleet", "Rio de Janeiro", "Brazil", "\"Arizona\" (BB-39)", "Naval Air Station", "San Diego, California", "Pensacola, Florida", "Asiatic Fleet", "\"Jason\" (AV-2)", "Office of Naval Intelligence", "United Kingdom", "London", "Newport News Shipbuilding", "Newport News, Virginia", "aircraft carrier", "\"Ranger\" (CV-4)", "South America", "Hepburn Board", "Pearl Harbor", "Carrier Division 1", "United States Fleet", "Battle of the Atlantic", "Roosevelt", "Support Force", "U.S. Atlantic Fleet", "Germany", "heart attack", "NS Argentia", "Newfoundland", "destroyer escort", "high-speed transport", "USS \"Arthur L. Bristol\" (APD-97)", "commission", "Arthur L. Bristol School", "Naval Air Station Argentia" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Arthur L. Bristol\n", "Arthur LeRoy Bristol, Jr. (July 15, 1886 – April 27, 1942), was a Vice Admiral in the United States Navy, who held important commands during World War I and World War II, and was an early aircraft carrier commander.\n", "Section::::Early life and career.\n", "Born in Charleston, South Carolina, he entered the United States Naval Academy on September 23, 1902 and graduated with the Class of 1906. After the prescribed two years of sea duty, which he served in the pre-dreadnought USS \"Illinois\" (Battleship No. 7), he received his commission as ensign in 1908. Transferred to \"Mayflower\" in 1909, he remained in that Presidential yacht until ordered to Berlin, Germany, in January 1912 for a year and one-half as a naval attaché. In June 1913, he returned home to command the new destroyer \"Cummings\" (Destroyer No. 44) upon her completion at Bath Iron Works. A year later, he received the concurrent command of \"Terry\" (Destroyer No. 25) and the 2nd Division, Reserve Torpedo Flotilla, U.S. Atlantic Fleet. He then briefly commanded \"Jarvis\" (Destroyer No. 38).\n", "Section::::World War I.\n", "Late in 1915, Bristol was assigned the duties of aide and torpedo officer on the staff of Commander, Torpedo Flotilla, Atlantic Fleet and, in the winter of 1916, he became aide and flag secretary to the Commander, Destroyer Force, Atlantic Fleet. In the summer of 1917, soon after the United States entered World War I, he became aide and flag secretary for Commander, Cruiser Force, Atlantic Fleet. After serving in that capacity into the following winter, Bristol was awarded the Navy Cross for his service as flag secretary and acting chief of staff to Commander, Cruiser and Transport Force. While holding that post, he worked closely with Army authorities in the handling of troopship movements.\n", "Later, as flag secretary for the Commander, Cruiser and Transport Force, he earned the Distinguished Service Medal. Going ashore in February 1918, he labored in Washington through the end of World War I and into the spring of 1919 on duty in the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations.\n", "Section::::Russian Civil War.\n", "Bristol then commanded \"Breckinridge\" (DD-148) and \"Overton\" (DD-239) in succession, serving in the latter during that ship's operations in the Black Sea during the capitulation of White Russian forces to the Bolsheviks in November 1920. For his services rendered during the evacuation of the Crimea, a grateful Russian government-in-exile presented him with the Order of St. Stanislav, III Class.\n", "Section::::Assignments during the interwar years.\n", "Detached from \"Overton\" in August 1921, Bristol again served in Washington attached to the Navy General Board and then went to Philadelphia to assist in the decommissioning of destroyers. A course of instruction at the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island occupied him from July 1922 to May 1923, and he next served as an instructor on the staff of that institution from May 1923 to May 1924. Following a brief tour as aide for Commander, Scouting Fleet, he sailed to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to join the American naval mission there. \n", "Reporting to the battleship \"Arizona\" (BB-39) in February 1927, Bristol served as executive officer of that dreadnought until April of the following year, and then moved to the Naval Air Station (NAS), San Diego, California for aviation instruction. Following further flight training at NAS, Pensacola, Florida, he was designated a naval aviator and was sent to the Asiatic Fleet, where he served as commanding officer of the seaplane tender \"Jason\" (AV-2) and later, as Commander, Aircraft Squadrons, Asiatic Fleet. \n", "Detached in the spring of 1931, he checked in briefly at the Office of Naval Intelligence in Washington before proceeding on to the United Kingdom to become naval attaché in London on October 1, 1931. A brief stop in the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations upon his return from England in the spring of 1934 preceded his traveling to the Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Co., Newport News, Virginia, as prospective commanding officer of the new aircraft carrier \"Ranger\" (CV-4).\n", "Section::::Carrier commander.\n", "The first commanding officer of the Navy's first aircraft carrier to be built as such from the keel up, Bristol took \"Ranger\" to South American waters on shakedown and commanded her thereafter until June 1936, when he became Commanding Officer NAS, San Diego. During the latter tour, he served on the Hepburn Board, participating in the investigations into suitable base sites in the United States and its possessions. \n", "Becoming Commander, Patrol Wing 2, at Pearl Harbor, on July 27, 1939, Bristol was given flag rank on August 1, and, the following summer, became Commander Carrier Division 1. He then served as Commander, Aircraft, Scouting Force (September 18, to October 12, 1940), and as Commander, Patrol Wings, United States Fleet (October 12, 1940 to January 23, 1941) before reporting to the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations on January 25, 1941.\n", "Section::::World War II.\n", "With increasing American alarm over the course of the Battle of the Atlantic, the Roosevelt administration took steps to aid the British. To help escort convoys across the Atlantic, the Navy established the Support Force, U.S. Atlantic Fleet, and based it at Newport. On March 1, 1941, Rear Admiral Bristol became the Force's first commander. He held this important position throughout the tense, undeclared war with Germany in the summer and autumn of 1941 and through America's entry into the global conflict on December 7, of that year. Designated vice admiral on February 27, 1942, Bristol remained in that important command until he suffered a fatal heart attack at NS Argentia, Newfoundland, on April 27, 1942.\n", "Section::::Namesake.\n", "The destroyer escort USS \"Arthur L Bristol\" (DE-281) was named in honor of Vice Admiral Bristol. She was converted during construction into the high-speed transport USS \"Arthur L. Bristol\" (APD-97), and was in commission as such from 1945 to 1946.\n", "The Arthur L. Bristol School, which educated the children of U.S. Navy personnel between 1957 and 1995 at Naval Air Station Argentia, Newfoundland, also was named for Vice Admiral Bristol.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "United States Navy Vice admiral", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q4799409", "wikidata_label": "Arthur L. Bristol", "wikipedia_title": "Arthur L. Bristol" }

{ "end": [ 75, 122, 204, 253, 304, 614, 31, 78, 125, 295, 348, 413, 447, 60, 216, 226, 238, 258, 311, 379, 37, 58, 111, 137, 154, 166, 78, 64, 85, 370, 413, 567, 611, 716, 73, 111, 168, 308, 27, 42, 196, 289, 359, 423, 446, 620, 636, 33, 27, 10, 28, 61, 86, 109, 20, 47, 78 ], "href": [ "astronomer", "Berlin%20Observatory", "Heinrich%20Louis%20d%27Arrest", "Discovery%20of%20Neptune", "Urbain%20Le%20Verrier", "celestial%20mechanics", "Radis%23Pabsthaus", "Radis", "Gr%C3%A4fenhainichen", "Wittenberg", "Humboldt-Universit%C3%A4t%20zu%20Berlin", "Guben", "physics", "Johann%20Franz%20Encke", "Joseph%20von%20Fraunhofer", "refractor", "inch", "aperture", "Saturn%20%28Planet%29", "comet", "Dr.%20phil.", "doctoral%20thesis", "Ole%20R%C3%B8mer", "Meridian%20%28astronomy%29", "star", "planet", "Urbain%20Le%20Verrier", "Perturbation%20%28astronomy%29", "Uranus", "Heinrich%20Louis%20d%27Arrest", "Apparent%20magnitude", "proper%20motion", "minute%20of%20arc", "Neptune", "Friedrich%20Wilhelm%20Bessel", "K%C3%B6nigsberg%20Observatory", "Frederick%20William%20IV%20of%20Prussia", "Carl%20Gustav%20Jacob%20Jacobi", "Breslau", "Wroc%C5%82aw", "Universit%C3%A4t%20Breslau", "Rector%20%28academia%29", "orbits", "aurorae", "meteor", "Earth%27s%20magnetic%20field", "climatology", "Potsdam", "Gr%C3%A4fenhainichen", "Impact%20crater", "Galle%20%28lunar%20crater%29", "Galle%20%28Martian%20crater%29", "2097%20Galle", "rings%20of%20Neptune", "http%3A//adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-abs_connect%3Fdb_key%3DAST%26amp%3Bauthor%3Dgalle%2C%2520j.%26amp%3Baut_syn%3DNO", "Astrophysics%20Data%20System", "http%3A//mars.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/craters/PIA01676.html" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 8, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 10, 10, 10, 10, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 14, 15, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 19, 19, 21 ], "start": [ 65, 104, 181, 214, 287, 595, 22, 73, 110, 285, 311, 408, 440, 42, 206, 217, 234, 250, 305, 374, 28, 43, 102, 129, 150, 160, 61, 38, 79, 347, 404, 554, 597, 709, 49, 89, 148, 284, 20, 35, 145, 283, 353, 416, 440, 598, 625, 26, 12, 4, 17, 54, 76, 94, 12, 23, 12 ], "text": [ "astronomer", "Berlin Observatory", "Heinrich Louis d'Arrest", "first person to view the planet Neptune", "Urbain Le Verrier", "celestial mechanics", "Papsthaus", "Radis", "Gräfenhainichen", "Wittenberg", "Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Berlin", "Guben", "physics", "Johann Franz Encke", "Fraunhofer", "refractor", "Zoll", "aperture", "Saturn", "comet", "Dr. phil.", "doctoral thesis", "Ole Rømer", "meridian", "star", "planet", "Urbain Le Verrier", "perturbations of the orbit", "Uranus", "Heinrich Louis d'Arrest", "magnitude", "proper motion", "seconds of arc", "Neptune", "Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel", "Königsberg Observatory", "Friedrich Wilhelm IV", "Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi", "Breslau", "Wrocław", "Schlesischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Breslau", "Rector", "orbits", "aurorae", "meteor", "Earth's magnetic field", "climatology", "Potsdam", "Gräfenhainichen", "crater", "on the Moon", "on Mars", "2097 Galle", "ring of Neptune", "J. Galle", "Astrophysics Data System", "NASA photo of the Mars crater \"Galle\" (a.k.a. \"Happy Face Crater\")" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Johann Gottfried Galle\n", "Johann Gottfried Galle (9 June 1812 – 10 July 1910) was a German astronomer from Radis, Germany, at the Berlin Observatory who, on 23 September 1846, with the assistance of student Heinrich Louis d'Arrest, was the first person to view the planet Neptune and know what he was looking at. Urbain Le Verrier had predicted the existence and position of Neptune, and sent the coordinates to Galle, asking him to verify. Galle found Neptune in the same night he received Le Verrier's letter, within 1° of the predicted position. The discovery of Neptune is widely regarded as a dramatic validation of celestial mechanics, and is one of the most remarkable moments of 19th-century science.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Galle was born in the Papsthaus (a house in the Pabst wood) 2 km west of Radis in the vicinity of the town of Gräfenhainichen, as the first son of Marie Henriette \"née Pannier\" (1790–1839) and Johann Gottfried Galle (1790–1853), an operator of a tar oven. He attended the Gymnasium in Wittenberg and studied at Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Berlin from 1830 to 1833. He became a teacher at the Gymnasium in Guben, teaching mathematics and physics. Later on, he transferred to the Gymnasium in Berlin.\n", "Section::::Berlin Observatory.\n", "He had started to work as an assistant to Johann Franz Encke in 1835 immediately following the completion of the new Berlin Observatory. Galle worked there for the next 16 years, making use especially of a Fraunhofer-refractor with 9 Zoll (~22.5 cm) aperture. In 1838 he discovered an inner, dark ring of Saturn. From 2 December 1839 to 6 March 1840 he discovered three new comets.\n", "In 1845 Galle was awarded a Dr. phil.. His doctoral thesis was a reduction and critical discussion of Ole Rømer's observation of meridian transits of stars and planets on the days from 20 October to 23 October 1706.\n", "Section::::Berlin Observatory.:Discovery of Neptune.\n", "Around the same time in 1845 he sent a copy of his thesis to Urbain Le Verrier, but only received an answer a year later. Sent on 18 September 1846, it reached Galle on the morning of 23 September. \n", "Le Verrier had been investigating the perturbations of the orbit of the planet Uranus and from this he derived the position of a still undiscovered planet, and requested Galle to search in the corresponding section of sky. The very same night (after Encke gave permission to search, against his own judgement), in collaboration with his assistant Heinrich Louis d'Arrest, Galle discovered a star of 8th. magnitude, only 1° away from the calculated position, which was not recorded in the \"Berliner Akademischen Sternkarte\". Over the next two evenings, a proper motion of the celestial object of 4 seconds of arc was measured, which determined it absolutely as a planet, for which Le Verrier proposed the name Neptune. Galle always refused to be acknowledged as the discoverer of Neptune; he attributed the discovery to Le Verrier.\n", "In 1847 Galle was designated as the successor to Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel as Director of Königsberg Observatory. Before the enacted nomination from Friedrich Wilhelm IV effected \"de facto\", Galle withdrew his application at the beginning of 1848 due to an intrigue against him led by Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi.\n", "Section::::Breslau Observatory.\n", "In 1851 he moved to Breslau (today Wrocław) to become the director of the local observatory, and in 1856 he became Professor of Astronomy at the Schlesischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Breslau. He worked in Breslau for over 45 years. For the academic year 1875/76 he was elected Rector. At Breslau he dealt with the exact determination of planetary orbits and developed methods for calculating the height of the aurorae and the path of meteors, and consolidated the data for all 414 comets discovered up to 1894 into one work (with the help of his son). Otherwise he concerned himself with the Earth's magnetic field and climatology. Altogether he published over 200 works.\n", "Section::::Later years.\n", "In 1897 Galle returned to Potsdam, where he died in 1910 at the age of 98. He was survived by his wife and two sons, Andreas Galle and Georg Galle (1860–1946).\n", "The town of Gräfenhainichen, which is close to his birthplace, erected a memorial to him in 1977.\n", "Two craters, one on the Moon and the \"happy face\" one on Mars, the asteroid 2097 Galle, and a ring of Neptune have been named in his honor.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "Google celebrated Johann Gottfried Galle's 200th Birthday with Google Doodle https://www.google.com/doodles/johann-gottfried-galles-200th-birthday!\n", "BULLET::::- J. Galle @ Astrophysics Data System\n", "Section::::External links.:Astronomical images.\n", "BULLET::::- NASA photo of the Mars crater \"Galle\" (a.k.a. \"Happy Face Crater\")\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "German astronomer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q76431", "wikidata_label": "Johann Gottfried Galle", "wikipedia_title": "Johann Gottfried Galle" }

{ "end": [ 95, 226, 272, 304, 378, 97, 395, 437, 60, 73, 96, 111, 171, 318, 130, 164, 173, 266, 140, 151, 163, 196, 107, 129, 238, 326, 345, 392, 428, 503, 154, 186, 420, 88, 110, 157, 166, 180, 233, 277, 345, 618, 688, 180, 209, 230, 554, 566, 583, 432, 707, 245, 679, 688, 247, 108, 212, 238, 165, 209, 424, 765, 791, 811, 824, 881, 901, 1203, 74, 110, 185, 354, 54, 68, 125, 139, 181, 253, 101, 162, 216, 353, 448, 472, 502, 126, 25, 33, 100, 33, 46, 63, 36, 62, 84, 68 ], "href": [ "Kingdom%20of%20Gwynedd", "Norman%20dynasty", "King%20of%20Wales", "Rhodri%20the%20Great", "House%20of%20Aberffraw", "Dublin", "Owain%20Gwynedd", "Llywelyn%20the%20Great", "Welsh%20language", "Dublin", "Swords%2C%20Dublin", "County%20Dublin", "Cynan%20ap%20Iago", "Iago%20ab%20Idwal%20ap%20Meurig", "Sigtrygg%20Silkbeard", "Hiberno-Norse", "U%C3%AD%20%C3%8Dmair", "Amla%C3%ADb%20mac%20Sitriuc", "Kingdom%20of%20Dublin", "Kingdom%20of%20the%20Isles", "Wexford", "Muircheartach%20Ua%20Briain", "Bleddyn%20ap%20Cynfyn", "Trahaearn%20ap%20Caradog", "Abermenai%20Point", "Normans", "Robert%20of%20Rhuddlan", "Cynwrig%20ap%20Rhiwallon", "Ll%C5%B7n%20Peninsula", "Meirionnydd", "Robert%20of%20Rhuddlan", "Rhuddlan", "Clynnog%20Fawr", "Rhys%20ap%20Tewdwr", "Deheubarth", "Caradog%20ap%20Gruffudd", "Kingdom%20of%20Gwent", "Morgannwg", "St%20David%27s%20Cathedral", "Waterford", "St%20David%27s", "Kingdom%20of%20Powys", "Battle%20of%20Mynydd%20Carn", "Hugh%20d%27Avranches%2C%201st%20Earl%20of%20Chester", "Hugh%20of%20Montgomery%2C%202nd%20Earl%20of%20Shrewsbury", "Corwen", "Bangor%2C%20Gwynedd", "Caernarfon", "Aberlleiniog", "Ordericus%20Vitalis", "John%20Edward%20Lloyd", "William%20II%20of%20England", "Cadwgan%20ap%20Bleddyn", "Kingdom%20of%20Powys", "skiff", "Magnus%20III%20of%20Norway", "Menai%20Strait", "Hugh%20of%20Montgomery%2C%202nd%20Earl%20of%20Shrewsbury", "Henry%20I%20of%20England", "Eifionydd", "Alexander%20I%20of%20Scotland", "Owain%20ab%20Edwin%20of%20Tegeingl", "Owain%20Gwynedd", "Cadwaladr%20ap%20Gruffudd", "cantref", "Meirionnydd", "Kingdom%20of%20Powys", "Llangollen", "David%20the%20Scot", "Bishop%20of%20Bangor", "Hervey%20le%20Breton", "Bangor%20Cathedral", "Gruffudd%20ap%20Rhys", "Deheubarth", "Battle%20of%20Crug%20Mawr", "Cardigan%2C%20Ceredigion", "Ceredigion", "Golden%20Age", "Brut%20y%20Tywysogion", "King%20of%20the%20Britons", "Bangor%20Cathedral", "Christ%20Church%20Cathedral%2C%20Dublin", "Owain%20Gwynedd", "Gwenllian%20ferch%20Gruffudd", "Gruffudd%20ap%20Rhys", "Owain%20ab%20Edwin%20of%20Tegeingl", "Owain%20Gwynedd", "Cadwaladr%20ap%20Gruffydd", "Richard%20Fitz%20Gilbert%20de%20Clare", "Cadwallon%20ap%20Gruffudd", "Madog%20ap%20Maredudd", "Kingdom%20of%20Powys", "Gwenllian%20ferch%20Gruffudd", "Gruffudd%20ap%20Rhys", "Deheubarth", "http%3A//www.maryjones.us/ctexts/gruffydd.html" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 5, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 9, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 12, 12, 12, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 17, 17, 18, 18, 18, 19, 21, 21, 21, 22, 22, 22, 22, 22, 22, 22, 22, 22, 22, 23, 23, 23, 23, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 28, 29, 30, 30, 31, 33, 33, 36, 36, 36, 39 ], "start": [ 88, 220, 255, 293, 360, 91, 382, 419, 55, 67, 90, 98, 158, 295, 112, 151, 165, 246, 134, 146, 156, 173, 90, 109, 223, 320, 327, 372, 424, 492, 136, 178, 408, 74, 100, 138, 161, 171, 213, 268, 335, 613, 667, 159, 185, 224, 548, 556, 571, 415, 697, 224, 661, 683, 242, 88, 200, 220, 147, 200, 401, 739, 778, 802, 817, 870, 896, 1193, 60, 94, 169, 338, 38, 58, 116, 131, 171, 243, 84, 110, 200, 322, 435, 463, 486, 112, 12, 12, 71, 12, 29, 58, 12, 46, 74, 36 ], "text": [ "Gwynedd", "Norman", "King of all Wales", "Rhodri Mawr", "House of Aberffraw", "Dublin", "Owain Gwynedd", "Llywelyn the Great", "Welsh", "Dublin", "Swords", "County Dublin", "Cynan ap Iago", "Iago ab Idwal ap Meurig", "Sigtrygg Silkbeard", "Hiberno-Norse", "Uí Ímair", "another died in 1034", "Dublin", "Isles", "Wexford", "Muircheartach Ua Briain", "Bleddyn ap Cynfyn", "Trahaearn ap Caradog", "Abermenai Point", "Norman", "Robert of Rhuddlan", "Cynwrig ap Rhiwallon", "Llŷn", "Meirionnydd", "Robert of Rhuddlan", "Rhuddlan", "Clynnog Fawr", "Rhys ap Tewdwr", "Deheubarth", "Caradog ap Gruffudd", "Gwent", "Morgannwg", "St David's Cathedral", "Waterford", "St David's", "Powys", "Battle of Mynydd Carn", "Hugh, Earl of Chester", "Hugh, Earl of Shrewsbury", "Corwen", "Bangor", "Caernarfon", "Aberlleiniog", "Ordericus Vitalis", "J.E. Lloyd", "William II of England", "Cadwgan ap Bleddyn", "Powys", "skiff", "Magnus III of Norway", "Menai Strait", "Hugh of Shrewsbury", "Henry I of England", "Eifionydd", "Alexander I of Scotland", "Owain ab Edwin of Tegeingl", "Owain Gwynedd", "Cadwaladr", "cantref", "Meirionnydd", "Powys", "Llangollen", "David the Scot", "Bishop of Bangor", "Hervey le Breton", "Bangor Cathedral", "Gruffudd ap Rhys", "Deheubarth", "Crug Mawr", "Cardigan", "Ceredigion", "Golden Age", "Brut y Tywysogion", "head and king and defender and pacifier of all Wales", "Bangor Cathedral", "Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin", "Owain Gwynedd", "Gwenllian", "Gruffudd ap Rhys", "Owain ab Edwin", "Owain Gwynedd", "Cadwaladr ap Gruffudd", "Richard Fitz Gilbert de Clare", "Cadwallon ap Gruffudd", "Madog ap Maredudd", "Powys", "Gwenllian ferch Gruffudd", "Gruffudd ap Rhys", "Deheubarth", "The Celtic Literature Collective" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Gruffudd ap Cynan\n", "Gruffudd ap Cynan (c. 1055 – 1137), sometimes written as Gruffydd ap Cynan, was King of Gwynedd from 1081 until his death in 1137. In the course of a long and eventful life, he became a key figure in Welsh resistance to Norman rule, and was remembered as King of all Wales. As a descendant of Rhodri Mawr, Gruffudd ap Cynan was a senior member of the princely House of Aberffraw.\n", "Through his mother, Gruffudd had close family connections with the Norse settlement around Dublin and he frequently used Ireland as a refuge and as a source of troops. He three times gained the throne of Gwynedd and then lost it again, before regaining it once more in 1099 and this time keeping power until his death. Gruffudd laid the foundations which were built upon by his son Owain Gwynedd and his great-grandson Llywelyn the Great.\n", "Section::::Life.\n", "Unusually for a Welsh king or prince, a near-contemporary biography of Gruffudd, \"The history of Gruffudd ap Cynan\", has survived. Much of our knowledge of Gruffudd comes from this source. The traditional view among scholars was that it was written during the third quarter of the 12th century during the reign of Gruffudd's son, Owain Gwynedd, but it has recently been suggested that it may date from the early reign of Llywelyn the Great, around 1200. The author is not known.\n", "Most of the existing manuscripts of the history are in Welsh but these are clearly translations of a Latin original. It is usually considered that the original Latin version has been lost, and that existing Latin versions are re-translations from the Welsh. However Russell (2006) has suggested that the Latin version in Peniarth MS 434E incorporates the original Latin version, later amended to bring it into line with the Welsh text.\n", "Section::::Life.:Ancestry.\n", "According to the \"Life of Gruffudd ap Cynan\", Gruffudd was born in Dublin and reared near Swords, County Dublin in Ireland. He was the son of a Welsh Prince, Cynan ap Iago, who was a claimant to the Kingship of Gwynedd but was probably never its king, though his father, Gruffudd's grandfather, Iago ab Idwal ap Meurig had ruled Gwynedd from 1023 to 1039. When Gruffudd first appeared on the scene in Wales the Welsh annals several times refer to him as \"grandson of Iago\" rather than the more usual \"son of Cynan\", indicating that his father was little known in Wales. Cynan ap Iago seems to have died while Gruffudd was still young, since the \"History\" describes his mother telling him who his father was.\n", "According to \"Historia Gruffud vab Kenan\", Gruffudd's mother was Ragnailt ingen Amlaíb, a granddaughter of King Sigtrygg Silkbeard and a member of the Hiberno-Norse Uí Ímair dynasty. The latter had two sons named Amlaíb: one died in 1013, whilst another died in 1034. Either man could have been Ragnailt's father.\n", "During his many struggles to gain the kingship of Gwynedd, Gruffudd received considerable aid from Ireland, from the Hiberno-Norse at Dublin, the Isles and Wexford and from Muircheartach Ua Briain, because he was also descendant through his mother from Brian Boru, High King of Ireland.\n", "Section::::Life.:First bid for the throne.\n", "Gruffudd first attempted to take over the rule of Gwynedd in 1075, following the death of Bleddyn ap Cynfyn. Trahaearn ap Caradog had seized control of Gwynedd but had not yet firmly established himself. Gruffudd landed on Abermenai Point, Anglesey with an Irish force, and with the assistance of troops provided by the Norman Robert of Rhuddlan first defeated and killed Cynwrig ap Rhiwallon, an ally of Trahaearn who held Llŷn, then defeated Trahaearn himself in the battle of Gwaed Erw in Meirionnydd and gained control of Gwynedd.\n", "Gruffudd then led his forces eastwards to reclaim territories taken over by the Normans, and despite the assistance previously given by Robert of Rhuddlan attacked and destroyed Rhuddlan Castle. However tension between Gruffudd's Danish-Irish bodyguard and the local Welsh led to a rebellion in Llŷn, and Trahaearn took the opportunity to counterattack, defeating Gruffudd at the battle of Bron yr Erw above Clynnog Fawr the same year.\n", "Section::::Life.:Second bid for the throne and capture by the Normans.\n", "Gruffudd fled to Ireland but, in 1081, returned and made an alliance with Rhys ap Tewdwr, prince of Deheubarth. Rhys had been attacked by Caradog ap Gruffudd of Gwent and Morgannwg, and had been forced to flee to St David's Cathedral. Gruffudd this time embarked from Waterford with a force composed of Danes and Irish and landed near St David's, presumably by prior arrangement with Rhys. He was joined here by a force of his supporters from Gwynedd, and he and Rhys marched north to seek Trahaearn ap Caradog and Caradog ap Gruffudd who had themselves made an alliance and been joined by Meilyr ap Rhiwallon of Powys. The armies of the two confederacies met at the Battle of Mynydd Carn, with Gruffudd and Rhys victorious and Trahaearn, Caradog and Meilyr all being killed. Gruffudd was thus able to seize power in Gwynedd for the second time.\n", "He was soon faced with a new enemy, as the Normans were now encroaching on Gwynedd. Gruffudd had not been king very long when he was enticed to a meeting with Hugh, Earl of Chester and Hugh, Earl of Shrewsbury at Rhug, near Corwen. At the meeting Gruffudd was seized and taken prisoner. According to his biographer this was by the treachery of one of his own men, Meirion Goch. Gruffudd was imprisoned in Earl Hugh's castle at Chester for many years while Earl Hugh and Robert of Rhuddlan went on to take possession of Gwynedd, building castles at Bangor, Caernarfon and Aberlleiniog.\n", "Section::::Life.:Escape from captivity and third reign.\n", "Gruffudd reappeared on the scene years later, having escaped from captivity. According to his biography he was in fetters in the market-place at Chester when Cynwrig the Tall, on a visit to the city, saw his opportunity when the burgesses were at dinner. He picked Gruffudd up, fetters and all, and carried him out of the city on his shoulders. There is debate among historians as to the year of Gruffudd's escape. Ordericus Vitalis mentions a \"Grifridus\" attacking the Normans in 1088. The \"History\" in one place states that Gruffudd was imprisoned for twelve years, in another that he was imprisoned for sixteen years. Since he was captured in 1081, that would date his release to 1093 or 1097. J.E. Lloyd favours 1093, considering that Gruffudd was involved at the beginning of the Welsh uprising in 1094. K.L. Maund on the other hand favours 1097, pointing out that there is no reference to Gruffudd in the contemporary annals until 1098. D. Simon Evans inclines to the view that Ordericus Vitalis' date of 1088 could be correct, suggesting that an argument based on the silence of the annals is unsafe.\n", "Gruffudd again took refuge in Ireland but returned to Gwynedd to lead the assaults on Norman castles such as Aber Lleiniog. The Welsh revolt had begun in 1094 and by late 1095 had spread to many parts of Wales. This induced William II of England (William Rufus) to intervene, invading northern Wales in 1095. However his army was unable to bring the Welsh to battle and returned to Chester without having achieved very much. King William mounted a second invasion in 1097, but again without much success. The \"History\" only mentions one invasion by Rufus, which could indicate that Gruffudd did not feature in the resistance to the first invasion. At this time Cadwgan ap Bleddyn of Powys led the Welsh resistance.\n", "In the summer of 1098, Earl Hugh of Chester joined with Earl Hugh of Shrewsbury in another attempt to recover his losses in Gwynedd. Gruffudd and his ally Cadwgan ap Bleddyn retreated to Anglesey, but were then forced to flee to Ireland in a skiff when a fleet he had hired from the Danish settlement in Ireland accepted a better offer from the Normans and changed sides.\n", "Section::::Life.:King for the fourth time and consolidation.\n", "The situation was changed by the arrival of a Norwegian fleet under the command of King Magnus III of Norway, also known as Magnus Barefoot, who attacked the Norman forces near the eastern end of the Menai Straits. Earl Hugh of Shrewsbury was killed by an arrow said to have been shot by Magnus himself. The Normans were obliged to evacuate Anglesey, and the following year, Gruffudd returned from Ireland to take possession again, having apparently come to an agreement with Earl Hugh of Chester.\n", "With the death of Hugh of Chester in 1101, Gruffudd was able to consolidate his position in Gwynedd, as much by diplomacy as by force. He met King Henry I of England who granted him the rule of Llŷn, Eifionydd, Ardudwy and Arllechwedd, considerably extending his kingdom. By 1114, he had gained enough power to induce King Henry to invade Gwynedd in a three-pronged attack, one detachment led by King Alexander I of Scotland. Faced by overwhelming force, Gruffudd was obliged to pay homage to Henry and to pay a heavy fine, but lost no territory. By about 1118, Gruffudd's advancing years meant that most of the fighting, which pushed Gwynedd's borders eastward and southwards, was done by his three sons by his wife Angharad, daughter of Owain ab Edwin of Tegeingl: Cadwallon, Owain Gwynedd and later Cadwaladr. The cantrefs of Rhos and Rhufoniog were annexed in 1118, Meirionnydd captured from Powys in 1123, and Dyffryn Clwyd in 1124. Another invasion by the king of England in 1121 was a military failure. The king had to come to terms with Gruffudd and made no further attempt to invade Gwynedd during Gruffudd's reign. The death of Cadwallon in a battle against the forces of Powys near Llangollen in 1132 checked further expansion for the time being.\n", "Gruffudd was now powerful enough to ensure that his nominee David the Scot was consecrated as Bishop of Bangor in 1120. The see had been effectively vacant since Bishop Hervey le Breton had been forced to flee by the Welsh almost twenty years before, since Gruffudd and King Henry could not agree on a candidate. David went on to rebuild Bangor Cathedral with a large financial contribution from Gruffudd.\n", "Owain and Cadwaladr, in alliance with Gruffudd ap Rhys of Deheubarth, gained a crushing victory over the Normans at Crug Mawr near Cardigan in 1136 and took possession of Ceredigion. The latter part of Gruffydd's reign was considered to be a \"Golden Age\"; according to the \"Life of Gruffudd ap Cynan\" Gwynedd was \"bespangled with lime-washed churches like the stars in the firmament\".\n", "Section::::Death and succession.\n", "Gruffudd died in his bed, old and blind, in 1137 and was mourned by the annalist of Brut y Tywysogion as the \"head and king and defender and pacifier of all Wales\". He was buried by the high altar in Bangor Cathedral which he had been involved in rebuilding. He also made bequests to many other churches, including one to Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin where he had worshipped as a boy. He was succeeded as king of Gwynedd by his son Owain Gwynedd. His daughter Gwenllian, who married Gruffudd ap Rhys of Deheubarth, son of his old ally Rhys ap Tewdwr, is also notable for her resistance to English rule.\n", "Section::::Children.\n", "The family line of Cynan shows he had many children by several different women. With wife Angharad (daughter of Owain ab Edwin) he had: \n", "BULLET::::- Owain Gwynedd (Owain ap Gruffudd), married (1) Gwladus (Gladys) ferch Llywarch, daughter of Llywarch ap Trahaearn (2) Cristin ferch Goronwy, daughter of Goronwy ab Owain\n", "BULLET::::- Cadwaladr ap Gruffudd, married Alice de Clare, daughter of Richard Fitz Gilbert de Clare\n", "BULLET::::- Cadwallon ap Gruffudd\n", "BULLET::::- Mareda/Marared\n", "BULLET::::- Susanna, married Madog ap Maredudd, prince of Powys\n", "BULLET::::- Ranulht/Rannillt\n", "BULLET::::- Agnes/Annest ferch gruffydd\n", "BULLET::::- Gwenllian ferch Gruffudd, married Gruffudd ap Rhys, prince of Deheubarth\n", "Section::::References.\n", "Section::::References.:Sources.\n", "BULLET::::- . Translation online at The Celtic Literature Collective\n", "BULLET::::- Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America Before 1700 by Frederick Lewis Weis, Lines: 176B-26, 239–5\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "King of Gwynedd", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q687930", "wikidata_label": "Gruffudd ap Cynan", "wikipedia_title": "Gruffudd ap Cynan" }

{ "end": [ 199, 265, 290, 442, 563, 588, 78, 286, 321, 369, 206, 232, 284, 702, 51, 308, 539, 639, 826, 862, 136, 151, 185, 41, 52, 147, 180, 188, 213, 268, 287, 16, 34, 52, 69, 105, 111, 203, 27, 92, 187, 118, 131, 206, 52, 218, 435, 450, 684, 198, 257, 262, 269, 885, 496, 519, 536, 557, 580, 652, 21, 54, 121, 35, 65, 108, 140, 42, 61, 94, 52, 90, 114, 130, 143, 165, 191, 61, 94, 134, 147, 47, 60, 57, 76, 89, 111, 86, 116, 79, 125, 159, 101, 174, 186, 302, 55, 108, 67, 85, 131, 147, 103, 133, 164, 77, 102, 118, 112, 142, 163, 53, 50, 98, 135, 110, 50, 74, 177, 202, 29, 38, 54, 31, 39, 41, 24, 31, 27, 37, 48, 30, 49, 32, 41, 32, 32, 30, 27, 32, 34, 29, 32, 43, 34, 37, 48, 55, 32, 37 ], "href": [ "Ozzy%20Osbourne", "Heavy%20metal%20music", "Black%20Label%20Society", "Pride%20and%20Glory%20%28band%29", "Book%20of%20Shadows%20%28album%29", "Book%20of%20Shadows%20II", "Bayonne%2C%20New%20Jersey", "Silverton%2C%20New%20Jersey", "Jackson%2C%20New%20Jersey", "Jackson%20Memorial%20High%20School", "Jake%20E.%20Lee", "Brad%20Gillis", "Randy%20Rhoads", "Guns%20N%27%20Roses", "Joe%20Holmes", "Black%20Rain%20%28Ozzy%20Osbourne%20album%29", "United%20Kingdom", "Michael%20Beinhorn", "Ozzy%20and%20Friends%20Tour", "Black%20Sabbath", "Black%20Veil%20Brides", "Kiss%20%28band%29", "Rebels%20%28Black%20Veil%20Brides%20EP%29", "Black%20Sabbath", "cover%20band", "Rob%20Nicholson%20%28musician%29", "Joey%20Castillo", "Danzig%20%28band%29", "Queens%20of%20the%20Stone%20Age", "John%20Tempesta", "Clutch%20%28band%29", "Steve%20Vai", "Nuno%20Bettencourt", "Yngwie%20Malmsteen", "Tosin%20Abasi", "Generation%20Axe", "Ozzy%20Osbourne", "Dimebag%20Darrell", "New%20York%20Yankees", "Blair%27s%20Sauces%20and%20Snacks", "Death%20Wish%20Coffee", "Mudvayne", "Static-X", "Christians", "Gibson%20Les%20Paul%20Custom", "Randy%20Rhoads", "Alfred%20Hitchcock", "Vertigo%20%28film%29", "luthier", "Zippo", "mother%20of%20pearl", "fretboard", "inlay%20%28guitar%29", "Dimebag%20Darrell", "Wah-wah%20pedal", "Rotovibe", "Phase%2090", "Distortion%20%28music%29%23Overdrive/distortion%20pedals", "Delay%20effect", "Chorus%20effect", "NAMM%20Show", "Britny%20Fox", "Bite%20Down%20Hard", "Blackfoot%20%28band%29", "After%20the%20Reign%20%28album%29", "Damageplan", "New%20Found%20Power", "Dope%20%28band%29", "Fozzy", "All%20That%20Remains%20%28album%29", "Yngwie%20Malmsteen", "Derek%20Sherinian", "Inertia%20%28Derek%20Sherinian%20album%29", "Black%20Utopia", "Mythology%20%28Derek%20Sherinian%20album%29", "Blood%20of%20the%20Snake", "Molecular%20Heinosity", "My%20Darkest%20Days", "Porn%20Star%20Dancing", "Chad%20Kroeger", "Ludacris", "Jamey%20Jasta", "Hatebreed", "Black%20Veil%20Brides", "Kiss%20%28band%29", "Unholy%20%28song%29", "Rebels%20%28Black%20Veil%20Brides%20EP%29", "The%20Rippingtons", "Built%20To%20Last%20%28The%20Rippingtons%20album%29", "Eric%20Gales", "Allman%20Brothers", "Dickey%20Betts", "New%20York%20Rangers", "Los%20Angeles%20Kings", "Los%20Angeles%20Dodgers", "Boozed%2C%20Broozed%2C%20and%20Broken-Boned", "Nick%20Catanese", "Hard%20Rock%20Cafe", "James%20Durbin%20%28singer%29", "American%20Idol", "Heavy%20Metal%20%28Sammy%20Hagar%20song%29", "Sammy%20Hagar", "Lopez%20Tonight", "Lenny%20Kravitz", "Are%20You%20Gonna%20Go%20My%20Way%20%28song%29", "Rockfest", "Missouri", "Whole%20Lotta%20Rosie", "Rock%20Star%20%282001%20film%29", "Mark%20Wahlberg", "Jennifer%20Aniston", "Aqua%20Teen%20Hunger%20Force", "Californication%20%28TV%20series%29", "Angel%20%281999%20TV%20series%29", "The%20Magic%20Bullet%20%28Angel%29", "Bones%20%282010%20film%29", "music%20video%20game", "Guitar%20Hero%20World%20Tour", "guitar%20battle", "Stillborn%20%28song%29", "Sonic%20Brew", "Stronger%20Than%20Death", "Alcohol%20Fueled%20Brewtality", "1919%20Eternal", "The%20Blessed%20Hellride", "Hangover%20Music%20Vol.%20VI", "Mafia%20%28Black%20Label%20Society%20album%29", "Shot%20to%20Hell", "Skullage", "Order%20of%20the%20Black", "The%20Song%20Remains%20Not%20The%20Same", "Unblackened", "Catacombs%20of%20the%20Black%20Vatican", "Grimmest%20Hits", "No%20Rest%20for%20the%20Wicked%20%28Ozzy%29", "Just%20Say%20Ozzy", "No%20More%20Tears", "Live%20%26amp%3B%20Loud", "Ozzmosis", "Down%20to%20Earth%20%28Ozzy%20Osbourne%20album%29", "Live%20at%20Budokan%20%28Ozzy%20Osbourne%20album%29", "Black%20Rain%20%28Ozzy%20Osbourne%20album%29", "Pride%20and%20Glory%20%28album%29", "Extended%20Play", "Book%20of%20Shadows%20%28album%29", "Book%20of%20Shadows%20II", "http%3A//blacklabelsociety.com/home/", "https%3A//web.archive.org/web/20110321184430/http%3A//www.bonedo.de/workshop/gitarre-bass/play-alike-35-zakk-wylde-video-workshop-interview/workshop/zwylde-seite-1/index.html", "https%3A//web.archive.org/web/20110312191153/http%3A//www.bonedo.de/feature/allgemein/interviews/video-interview-zakk-wylde/video/index.html", "http%3A//www.altpress.com/news/entry/zakk_wylde_to_guest_on_new_black_veil_brides_ep" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 5, 5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 14, 14, 15, 15, 15, 16, 16, 16, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 22, 26, 26, 27, 27, 29, 29, 30, 31, 31, 32, 32, 32, 32, 32, 32, 32, 34, 34, 34, 34, 35, 35, 36, 36, 36, 36, 37, 37, 38, 40, 40, 41, 41, 41, 41, 42, 42, 43, 43, 43, 43, 44, 44, 44, 45, 45, 46, 49, 49, 49, 50, 51, 52, 52, 53, 55, 55, 55, 55, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 82, 84, 86, 87, 89, 90, 91, 92 ], "start": [ 186, 254, 271, 427, 548, 570, 59, 265, 302, 341, 195, 221, 272, 689, 41, 298, 537, 623, 805, 849, 119, 147, 179, 28, 42, 125, 167, 182, 190, 255, 281, 7, 18, 36, 58, 91, 98, 179, 11, 67, 170, 110, 123, 197, 30, 206, 419, 443, 677, 193, 242, 258, 263, 870, 493, 511, 528, 548, 575, 646, 12, 44, 107, 26, 50, 98, 125, 38, 56, 78, 36, 75, 107, 118, 134, 147, 172, 46, 77, 122, 139, 36, 51, 40, 72, 83, 105, 71, 103, 69, 110, 147, 85, 157, 179, 269, 42, 94, 55, 72, 120, 136, 90, 120, 139, 69, 94, 101, 103, 129, 147, 31, 35, 93, 119, 93, 34, 52, 164, 193, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 41, 19, 19, 12, 12, 12, 12 ], "text": [ "Ozzy Osbourne", "heavy metal", "Black Label Society", "Pride and Glory", "Book of Shadows", "Book of Shadows II", "Bayonne, New Jersey", "Silverton, New Jersey", "Jackson, New Jersey", "Jackson Memorial High School", "Jake E. Lee", "Brad Gillis", "Randy Rhoads", "Guns N' Roses", "Joe Holmes", "Black Rain", "UK", "Michael Beinhorn", "Ozzy and Friends Tour", "Black Sabbath", "Black Veil Brides", "Kiss", "Rebels", "Black Sabbath", "cover band", "Rob \"Blasko\" Nicholson", "Joey Castillo", "Danzig", "Queens of the Stone Age", "John Tempesta", "Clutch", "Steve Vai", "Nuno Bettencourt", "Yngwie Malmsteen", "Tosin Abasi", "Generation Axe", "Ozzy Osbourne", "\"Dimebag\" Darrell Abbott", "New York Yankees", "Blair's Sauces and Snacks", "Death Wish Coffee", "Mudvayne", "Static-X", "Christian", "Gibson Les Paul Custom", "Randy Rhoads", "Alfred Hitchcock", "Vertigo", "luthier", "Zippo", "mother of pearl", "neck", "inlays", "Dimebag Darrell", "Wah", "Rotovibe", "Phase 90", "Overdrive", "Delay", "Chorus", "NAMM Show", "Britny Fox", "Bite Down Hard", "Blackfoot", "After The Reign", "Damageplan", "New Found Power", "Dope", "Fozzy", "All That Remains", "Yngwie Malmsteen", "Derek Sherinian", "Inertia", "Black Utopia", "Mythology", "Blood of the Snake", "Molecular Heinosity", "My Darkest Days", "Porn Star Dancing", "Chad Kroeger", "Ludacris", "Jamey Jasta", "Hatebreed", "Black Veil Brides", "Kiss", "Unholy", "Rebels", "The Rippingtons", "Built To Last", "Eric Gales", "Allman Brothers", "Dickey Betts", "New York Rangers", "Los Angeles Kings", "Dodgers", "Boozed, Broozed, and Broken-Boned", "Nick Catanese", "Hard Rock Cafe", "James Durbin", "American Idol", "Heavy Metal", "Sammy Hagar", "Lopez Tonight", "Lenny Kravitz", "\"Are You Gonna Go My Way\"", "Rockfest", "Missouri", "Whole Lotta Rosie", "Rock Star", "Mark Wahlberg", "Jennifer Aniston", "Aqua Teen Hunger Force", "Californication", "Angel", "The Magic Bullet", "Bones (2010 film)", "music video game", "Guitar Hero World Tour", "guitar battle", "Stillborn", "Sonic Brew", "Stronger Than Death", "Alcohol Fueled Brewtality Live!! +5", "1919 Eternal", "The Blessed Hellride", "Hangover Music Vol. VI", "Mafia", "Shot to Hell", "Skullage", "Order of the Black", "The Song Remains Not The Same", "Unblackened", "Catacombs of the Black Vatican", "Grimmest Hits", "No Rest for the Wicked", "Just Say Ozzy", "No More Tears", "Live & Loud", "Ozzmosis", "Down to Earth", "Live at Budokan", "Black Rain", "Pride & Glory", "EP", "Book of Shadows", "Book of Shadows II", "Black Label Society official website", "Zakk Wylde Video Workshop (Videos in engl.)", "Zakk Wylde Interview", "Source: Alternative Press" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Zakk Wylde\n", "Zachary Phillip Wylde (born Jeffrey Phillip Wielandt; January 14, 1967) is an American musician, singer, songwriter, and actor. He is best known for his tenure as the lead guitarist for Ozzy Osbourne and as the founder, lead singer, and guitarist of the heavy metal band Black Label Society. His signature bulls-eye design appears on many of his guitars and is widely recognized. He was also the lead guitarist and vocalist of Pride and Glory, who released one self-titled album in 1994 before disbanding. As a solo artist, he released the albums \"Book of Shadows\" and \"Book of Shadows II\".\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Zachary Phillip Wylde was born Jeffrey Phillip Wielandt in Bayonne, New Jersey, on January 14, 1967. He started playing guitar at the age of eight, but did not become serious about it until his early teenage years. At the age of 14, he worked at Silverton Music in Silverton, New Jersey. He grew up in Jackson, New Jersey, where he attended Jackson Memorial High School, graduating in 1985. He has stated that he would practice playing the guitar as much as 12 hours per day and would often play the guitar almost non-stop between coming home from school and leaving for school the next morning, then sleeping through the school day.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Wylde played locally with his first band Stone Henge, then later with local Jersey band Zyris. Later, he auditioned for lead guitarist and co-writer for Ozzy Osbourne. Wylde was hired to replace Jake E. Lee, who replaced Brad Gillis, who had himself replaced the deceased Randy Rhoads. Rhoads remains Wylde's foremost guitar-playing and stagecraft influence.\n", "Wylde gravitated toward a particular Les Paul guitar, which has become known as \"The Grail\"; his famous bullseye-painted Gibson Les Paul custom. Wylde lost the guitar in 2000 after it fell from the back of a truck transporting equipment as he was travelling between gigs in Texas. Rewards were offered to anyone that had information about the guitar. Wylde and The Grail were reunited three years later when a fan bought it at a Dallas pawn shop and saw the initials \"Z.W.\" carved into the humbucker pickups backs. He contacted Wylde's former webmaster Randy Canis to arrange its return to Wylde. Grateful, Wylde gave the fan his signature model in exchange. In 1995, Wylde auditioned for Guns N' Roses.\n", "Wylde was replaced in Osbourne's band by Joe Holmes from 1995 until his return in 2001. On January 17, 2006, Zakk Wylde was recognized at the Hollywood Rock Walk of Fame, featuring his handprints and signature, in recognition of his successful career as a musician and his contribution to the music industry. The event was open to the public and many rock celebrities were present, including Ozzy Osbourne.\n", "For a time in the mid-2000s he contributed a monthly column entitled \"Brew-tality\" for a guitar magazine, discussing his techniques and equipment, as well as transcribing riffs and solo sections. After auditions in 2004/2005, Ozzy Osbourne announced Wylde as the official guitarist for his album, \"Black Rain\", which was released in 2007. On stage with Osbourne, Wylde has been credited for lending a high level of energy and passion to performances. Black Label Society's album \"Shot To Hell\", was released on September 11, 2006 in the UK, and September 12, 2006 in the U.S. through Roadrunner records, with production by Michael Beinhorn. Black Label Society headlined the second stage at the 2006 Ozzfest, with Wylde playing double duty with Ozzy on certain dates. He also joined Ozzy Osbourne for the Ozzy and Friends Tour in replacement of the Black Sabbath tour scheduled for the summer of 2012, playing a range of European dates including Graspop Metal Meeting in Belgium.\n", "Black Label Society released 'The Song Remains Not the Same' on May 10, 2011 on E1. Wylde also played a guitar solo on Black Veil Brides' cover of Kiss' \"Unholy\", on the 2011 EP \"Rebels\".\n", "Since 2014, Wylde has led a Black Sabbath cover band called \"Zakk Sabbath\", with Wylde handling guitar and vocals, joined by Rob \"Blasko\" Nicholson on bass guitar and Joey Castillo (Danzig, Queens of the Stone Age) on drums, who replaced original drummer John Tempesta. JP Gaster (Clutch) occupied the drummer's seat in between, in September 2017. The band tours intermittently, and has released a single, three-track vinyl-only live 12\" in 2016.\n", "Wylde, Steve Vai, Nuno Bettencourt, Yngwie Malmsteen, and Tosin Abasi were featured on the Generation Axe tour in 2016, 2017, and 2018.\n", "On April 28, 2017, it was announced that Wylde will be rejoining Ozzy Osbourne's band for a 2017 summer tour.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Wylde and his wife, Barbaranne, have four children: Hayley Rae, Hendrix, Sabbath Page, and Jesse. Ozzy Osbourne is Jesse's godfather. Wylde was a close friend of fellow guitarist \"Dimebag\" Darrell Abbott and dedicated the song \"In This River\" to Abbott after his death.\n", "Wylde is a New York Yankees fan. As of 2011, he has partnered with Blair's Sauces and Snacks to produce \"Berserker\" Hot Sauce and several variations. Wylde also promotes Death Wish Coffee via his Instagram page, as they have used his name in marketing their line, \"Odinforce Blend\".\n", "In August 2009, Wylde was hospitalized due to blood clots and was subsequently forced to cancel his tour with Mudvayne and Static-X. After his hospitalization, he stopped drinking alcohol. He is a Christian who has described himself as a \"Soldier of Christ\".\n", "Section::::Equipment.\n", "Wylde is known for his use of Gibson Les Paul Custom model guitars, equipped with EMG -81 and -85 active pickups, with a \"bulls-eye\" graphic on them, a design he used to differentiate himself visually from Randy Rhoads – who was also frequently identified by his cream Les Paul Custom, the guitar he has used since he was 12 years old. The \"bulls-eye\" paint job was originally supposed to look like the spiral from the Alfred Hitchcock movie \"Vertigo\", but when it came back incorrect from the paint shop, he liked the result and decided to keep it. One of Wylde's favorite stage guitars is a GMW RR-V, a model that is famously known as the \"Polka-dot V\" Created originally by luthier Karl Sandoval of California, used by Randy Rhoads, often mistaken as a custom Flying V.\n", "Wylde's signature Les Pauls include a red flame-maple bulls-eye model, a black and antique-white bulls-eye model, an orange \"buzz-saw\" model, the pattern on which was inspired by a design on a Zippo lighter, and a \"camo\" bulls-eye model with mother of pearl neck inlays and a green camouflage paint scheme. His original bulls-eye Les Paul was purchased from one of the owners of Metaltronix Amplification. Metaltronix was building a one-off live rig for Wylde that was designed around one of the owner's guitars, a creamy white Les Paul Custom with EMG pickups, which would later become known as \"The Grail\". Wylde has a custom Dean Splittail with a mud splatter bulls-eye graphic, as well as a signature Splittail shaped Gibson model called the \"ZV\". Another Dean in his collection is a Dime series Razorback with custom Bulls-eye graphics ordered for him specially by Dimebag Darrell shortly before his murder; since receiving the guitar, he has only ever used it on stage to play \"In This River\", Zakk's personal tribute to Dimebag.\n", "In practice, Wylde uses Marshall MG Series practice combos ranging in wattage levels from 10-30W during tour/private use especially in hotels and buses. Wylde has an extensive relationship with Marshall Amplification due to his love for their amplifiers, both solid state and valve powered. Live, Wylde exclusively uses Marshall JCM 800's with twin 4 X 12 Cabinets loaded with EVM12L 300W Black Label Speakers. His usual signal path consists of his guitar (on stage pedal board) Dunlop Wylde Wah Dunlop Wylde Rotovibe MXR ZW Phase 90 MXR Wylde Overdrive MXR Carbon Copy Delay (to a back stage pedal board) MXR EVH Flanger MXR Black Label Chorus split signals, one to each distorted amp into the High Gain input.\n", "A detailed gear diagram of Wylde's 1988 Ozzy Osbourne guitar rig is well-documented.\n", "At the 2015 NAMM Show, Wylde announced his new company called Wylde Audio and provided a preview of his new line of custom guitars and amplifiers. Currently he now is seen playing Wylde Audio equipment almost exclusively.\n", "Section::::Media appearances.\n", "Section::::Media appearances.:Guest album appearances.\n", "Wylde has made guest appearances on various albums by other artists:\n", "BULLET::::- He contributed a guitar solo on Britny Fox's track \"Six Guns Loaded\" from their 1991 release, \"Bite Down Hard\".\n", "BULLET::::- He guested on Blackfoot's 1994 album \"After The Reign\" playing the second solo on the title track.\n", "BULLET::::- He played \"White Christmas\" on the \"Merry Axemas 2\" Christmas guitar album.\n", "BULLET::::- He appears as guest vocalist and guitarist on the tracks \"Soul Bleed\" and \"Reborn\" on Damageplan's debut album, \"New Found Power\".\n", "BULLET::::- He played guitar solos on Dope's single \"Addiction\" from their newest album, \"No Regrets\".\n", "BULLET::::- He plays a solo on the song \"Wanderlust\" on Fozzy's 2005 release \"All That Remains\".\n", "BULLET::::- He has worked alongside Yngwie Malmsteen and others on five of Derek Sherinian's solo albums: \"Inertia\", \"Black Utopia\", \"Mythology\", \"Blood of the Snake\" and \"Molecular Heinosity\".\n", "BULLET::::- Wylde was a judge for the 8th annual Independent Music Awards. His contributions helped assist independent artists' careers.\n", "BULLET::::- In 2010, he played lead guitar on My Darkest Days' first single \"Porn Star Dancing\", along with guest singers Chad Kroeger and Ludacris.\n", "BULLET::::- In 2011, he featured in Jamey Jasta of Hatebreed's new project, \"Jasta\", in the song \"The Fearless Must Endure\".\n", "BULLET::::- He plays the guitar solo on Black Veil Brides' cover of the Kiss song \"Unholy\" on their EP, \"Rebels\".\n", "BULLET::::- Wylde laid down a solo on \"Monument / Monolith\", a song by The Rippingtons on their album \"Built To Last\", which released in 2012.\n", "BULLET::::- He contributes a guitar solo on the track Steep Climb on Eric Gales' 2014 album Good For Sumthin.\n", "Section::::Media appearances.:Guest live performances.\n", "BULLET::::- On August 1, 1993, at Great Woods Amphitheatre in Mansfield, MA, Wylde appeared on stage with the Allman Brothers on lead guitar since Dickey Betts was unable to make the show, and they needed a guitarist at the last minute. This show is documented on the bootleg \"Zakk Goes Wylde\".\n", "BULLET::::- Wylde performed the U.S. national anthem on the electric guitar during a New York Rangers game in October 2005. He has also played the anthem at Los Angeles Kings and Dodgers games. A video of a Kings performance is included as an extra feature on the DVD \"Boozed, Broozed, and Broken-Boned\".\n", "BULLET::::- On February 1, 2007 Wylde and Nick Catanese began a tour of acoustic shows at the Hard Rock Cafe in various cities across North America. Although Catanese had to leave mid-tour due to unspecified personal reasons, Wylde continued to play shows alone. He performed several songs on both the acoustic guitar and keyboard. The tour was eventually canceled due to unspecified reasons.\n", "BULLET::::- On April 13, 2011 he was the guitarist for James Durbin on \"American Idol\", during Durbin's performance of \"Heavy Metal\" by Sammy Hagar.\n", "BULLET::::- On April 20, 2011 he joined Michael Bearden and the Ese Vatos (house band for Lopez Tonight) to perform the Lenny Kravitz song \"Are You Gonna Go My Way\".\n", "BULLET::::- On May 14, 2011 he performed the U.S. national anthem at Rockfest in Kansas City, Missouri.\n", "BULLET::::- Wylde appeared onstage December 8, 2011 in Indianapolis, IN, to play a cover of AC/DC's \"Whole Lotta Rosie\" with Guns N' Roses while Black Label Society opened for Guns N' Roses during a leg of the US tour. Wylde also did this on subsequent shows before Black Label Society finished their run on the tour.\n", "BULLET::::- In Fall 2014, Wylde appeared as one of the performers on the \"Experience Hendrix 2014\" tour along with Billy Cox, Eric Johnson, Jonny Lang, Kenny Wayne Shepherd, Buddy Guy and others. Wylde performed \"Manic Depression\", \"Little Wing\", and \"Purple Haze\" as well as playing with many of the other performers.\n", "Section::::Media appearances.:Acting.\n", "BULLET::::- In 2001, Wylde appeared as the lead guitarist for a band called Steel Dragon in the movie \"Rock Star\", also starring Mark Wahlberg and Jennifer Aniston.\n", "BULLET::::- Wylde appeared in \"Aqua Teen Hunger Force\" episode \"Spirit Journey Formation Anniversary\" as himself\n", "BULLET::::- Wylde appeared in the \"Californication\" episode \"Suicide Solution\" in 2011, credited as \"Guitar Guy\".\n", "BULLET::::- Wylde also appeared playing guitar alongside Lorne and other audience members in Angel's season 4 episode \"The Magic Bullet\" in 2003.\n", "BULLET::::- Wylde appeared in the full-length movie \"Bones\" as Jed, Bones' uncle. reference: Bones (2010 film)\n", "Section::::Media appearances.:Other media.\n", "BULLET::::- Wylde appeared in the music video game \"Guitar Hero World Tour\" as a playable character. He becomes unlocked upon defeating him in a specially recorded guitar battle and completing Stillborn from the guitarist's catalog.\n", "Section::::Discography.\n", "BULLET::::- with Black Label Society\n", "BULLET::::- 1999: \"Sonic Brew\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2000: \"Stronger Than Death\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2001: \"Alcohol Fueled Brewtality Live!! +5\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2002: \"1919 Eternal\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2003: \"The Blessed Hellride\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2004: \"Hangover Music Vol. VI\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2005: \"Mafia\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2006: \"Shot to Hell\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2009: \"Skullage\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2010: \"Order of the Black\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2011: \"The Song Remains Not The Same\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2013: \"Unblackened\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2014: \"Catacombs of the Black Vatican\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2018: \"Grimmest Hits\"\n", "BULLET::::- with Ozzy Osbourne\n", "BULLET::::- 1988: \"No Rest for the Wicked\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1990: \"Just Say Ozzy (live album)\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1991: \"No More Tears\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1993: \"Live & Loud (live album)\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1995: \"Ozzmosis\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2001: \"Down to Earth\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2002: \"Live at Budokan (live album)\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2007: \"Black Rain\"\n", "BULLET::::- with Pride & Glory\n", "BULLET::::- 1994: \"Pride & Glory\"\n", "BULLET::::- with Zakk Sabbath\n", "BULLET::::- 2016: \"Live In Detroit (live EP)\"\n", "BULLET::::- Solo\n", "BULLET::::- 1996: \"Book of Shadows\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2016: \"Book of Shadows II\"\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Black Label Society official website\n", "BULLET::::- Zakk Wylde Video Workshop (Videos in engl.) Source: Bonedo.de\n", "BULLET::::- Zakk Wylde Interview Source: Bonedo.de\n", "BULLET::::- Source: Alternative Press\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American musician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q144746", "wikidata_label": "Zakk Wylde", "wikipedia_title": "Zakk Wylde" }

{ "end": [ 66, 80, 162, 189, 213, 223, 298, 338, 348, 383, 53, 114, 200, 259, 298, 68, 91, 162, 187, 223, 32, 20, 24, 25, 31, 24, 26, 28, 32, 84, 73, 94, 70, 45, 100 ], "href": [ "Germans", "Austrians", "Romy%20Schneider", "Deutsches%20Theater%20%28Berlin%29", "Lessing%20Theater", "Berlin", "Minna%20von%20Barnhelm", "Volkstheater%2C%20Vienna", "Vienna", "Burgtheater", "Austro-Hungarian%20Army", "Wolf%20Albach-Retty", "Magda%20Schneider", "Romy%20Schneider", "Sarah%20Biasini", "Georg%20Jacoby", "Money%20on%20the%20Street", "The%20Congress%20Dances%20%281955%20film%29", "Franz%20Antel", "Centenarian", "Money%20on%20the%20Street", "Episode%20%28film%29", "Maria%20Ilona", "Hotel%20Sacher%20%28film%29", "Whom%20the%20Gods%20Love%20%281942%20film%29", "Vienna%201910", "Maria%20Theresa%20%28film%29", "The%20Spendthrift%20%281953%20film%29", "The%20Congress%20Dances%20%281955%20film%29", "Grand%20Decoration%20of%20Honour%20for%20Services%20to%20the%20Republic%20of%20Austria", "Austrian%20Cross%20of%20Honour%20for%20Science%20and%20Art%2C%201st%20class", "Grand%20Decoration%20of%20Honour%20in%20Silver%20for%20Services%20to%20the%20Republic%20of%20Austria", "List%20of%20centenarians%20%28actors%2C%20filmmakers%20and%20entertainers%29", "https%3A//www.mediathek.at/nc/type/8000/searchQuery/866/hash/vNuuqn70/", "%C3%96sterreichische%20Mediathek" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 19, 20, 22, 24, 24 ], "start": [ 60, 72, 148, 172, 198, 217, 280, 326, 342, 372, 32, 97, 185, 245, 285, 56, 72, 143, 176, 213, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 18, 18, 18, 12, 12, 75 ], "text": [ "German", "Austrian", "Romy Schneider", "Deutsches Theater", "Lessing Theater", "Berlin", "Minna von Barnhelm", "Volkstheater", "Vienna", "Burgtheater", "Austro-Hungarian Army", "Wolf Albach-Retty", "Magda Schneider", "Romy Schneider", "Sarah Biasini", "Georg Jacoby", "Money on the Street", "The Congress Dances", "Franz Antel", "age of 105", "Money on the Street", "Episode", "Maria Ilona", "Hotel Sacher", "Whom the Gods Love", "Vienna 1910", "Maria Theresa", "The Spendthrift", "The Congress Dances", "Grand Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria", "Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class", "Grand Decoration of Honour in Silver for Services to the Republic of Austria", "List of centenarians (actors, filmmakers and entertainers)", "Recordings with Rosa Albach-Retty", "Österreichische Mediathek" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Rosa Albach-Retty\n", "Rosa Albach-Retty (26 December 1874 – 26 August 1980) was a German-born Austrian movie and stage actress. She is mainly remembered today as actress Romy Schneider's paternal grandmother.\n", "Section::::Life.\n", "Born into a well-known family of Austrian actors, she was the daughter of actor and director Rudolf Retty. Trained by her father, she began her stage career in 1890 at the Deutsches Theater and the Lessing Theater in Berlin, where she successfully performed in the title role of \"Minna von Barnhelm\". In 1895, she went to the Volkstheater in Vienna and in 1903 joined the Burgtheater ensemble.\n", "Albach-Retty was married to the Austro-Hungarian Army officer Karl Albach; she was the mother of Wolf Albach-Retty (1906–1967), an Austrian movie actor who married German movie actress Magda Schneider in 1937. She thereby was the grandmother of Romy Schneider and great-grandmother of Sarah Biasini.\n", "Albach-Retty made her first film appearance in 1930, in Georg Jacoby's \"Money on the Street\", and made her last appearance in the 1955 remake \"The Congress Dances\" directed by Franz Antel. She died in 1980 at the age of 105.\n", "Section::::Selected filmography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Money on the Street\" (1930)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Episode\" (1935)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Maria Ilona\" (1939)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hotel Sacher\" (1939)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Whom the Gods Love\" (1942)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Vienna 1910\" (1943)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Maria Theresa\" (1951)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Spendthrift\" (1953)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Congress Dances\" (1955)\n", "Section::::Decorations and awards.\n", "BULLET::::- 1955: Grand Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria\n", "BULLET::::- 1958: Kainz Medal\n", "BULLET::::- 1963: Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class\n", "BULLET::::- 1977: Grand Decoration of Honour in Silver for Services to the Republic of Austria\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of centenarians (actors, filmmakers and entertainers)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Recordings with Rosa Albach-Retty in the Online Archive of the Österreichische Mediathek (in German). Retrieved 29 July 2019\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Austrian movie and stage actress", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q78870", "wikidata_label": "Rosa Albach-Retty", "wikipedia_title": "Rosa Albach-Retty" }

{ "end": [ 53, 60, 73, 89, 111, 132, 149, 159, 167, 198, 275, 283, 317, 406, 25, 34, 65, 83, 108, 129, 159, 214, 49, 78, 39, 50, 103, 131, 162, 523, 95, 131, 32, 83, 15, 46, 78, 325, 339, 556, 622, 679, 722, 61, 101, 232, 192, 214, 247, 260, 288, 452, 469, 501, 113, 134, 481, 628, 84, 104, 174, 206, 257, 57, 94, 105, 174, 217, 280, 322, 391, 443, 634, 31, 485, 747, 87, 188, 251, 316, 89, 109, 151, 54, 101, 165, 245, 96, 71, 43, 130, 190, 57, 112, 154, 31, 89 ], "href": [ "Canadians", "lawyer", "businessman", "politician", "Liberal%20Party%20of%20Canada", "Member%20of%20Parliament", "Ottawa%20South", "1988%20Canadian%20federal%20election", "2004%20Canadian%20federal%20election", "deputy%20prime%20minister%20of%20Canada", "President%20%28corporate%20title%29", "Chief%20executive%20officer", "Business%20Council%20of%20Canada%20%28BCC%29", "Canadian%20Leaders%27%20Debates%20Commission", "Ottawa", "Ontario", "Bell%20High%20School%20%28Ottawa%29", "Bachelor%20of%20Arts", "Carleton%20University", "Bachelor%20of%20Laws", "University%20of%20Ottawa", "University%20of%20Lausanne", "Bora%20Laskin", "Chief%20Justice%20of%20Canada", "marathon", "1988%20Canadian%20federal%20election", "Jean%20Chr%C3%A9tien", "1993%20Canadian%20federal%20election", "Minister%20of%20Industry%20%28Canada%29", "brain%20drain", "Ottawa%20Senators", "Rod%20Bryden", "Dalton%20McGuinty", "Ontario%20Liberal%20Party", "Cabinet%20reshuffle", "Minister%20of%20Foreign%20Affairs%20%28Canada%29", "2000%20Canadian%20federal%20election", "Colin%20Powell", "Tom%20Ridge", "Deputy%20Prime%20Minister%20of%20Canada", "September%2011%20attacks", "Time%20%28magazine%29", "Canadian%20Newsmaker%20of%20the%20Year%20%28Time%29", "Minister%20of%20Finance%20%28Canada%29", "Paul%20Martin", "First%20Nations", "Allan%20Rock", "Minister%20of%20Canadian%20Heritage", "Deputy%20Prime%20Minister%20of%20Canada", "Sheila%20Copps", "Brian%20Tobin", "Jane%20Stewart%20%28politician%29", "Susan%20Whelan", "John%20H.%20Bryden", "Ambassador%20%28diplomacy%29", "United%20States", "Frank%20McKenna", "politics", "Dalton%20McGuinty", "Premier%20of%20Ontario", "Royal%20Commission", "Ontario", "Northeast%20blackout%20of%202003", "McCarthy%20T%C3%A9trault", "Toronto", "Ottawa", "Board%20of%20Directors", "Nortel", "Board%20of%20Directors", "Canadian%20Imperial%20Bank%20of%20Commerce", "Independent%20Task%20Force%20on%20North%20America", "Council%20on%20Foreign%20Relations", "European%20Union", "La%20Presse%20%28Canadian%20newspaper%29", "Martin%20Cauchon", "Paul%20Martin", "Stephen%20Harper", "Afghanistan", "St%C3%A9phane%20Dion", "Bob%20Rae", "2009%20Liberal%20Party%20of%20Canada%20leadership%20election", "St%C3%A9phane%20Dion", "2008%20Canadian%20federal%20election", "The%20Globe%20and%20Mail", "St%C3%A9phane%20Dion", "Christmas", "New%20Democratic%20Party%20%28Canada%29", "Business%20Council%20of%20Canada%20%28BCC%29", "Order%20of%20Canada", "Trilateral%20Commission", "Canadian%20Defence%20and%20Foreign%20Affairs%20Institute", "Canadian%20Imperial%20Bank%20of%20Commerce", "centre-right", "foreign%20aid", "knowledge%20economy", "Republicanism%20in%20Canada", "Monarchy%20of%20Canada" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 7, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 10, 10, 11, 11, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 13, 13, 13, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 16, 16, 16, 18, 18, 18, 18, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 22, 22, 22, 23, 23, 23, 23, 25, 25, 25, 26, 26, 26, 26, 27, 28, 29, 29, 29, 31, 32, 32, 33, 33 ], "start": [ 45, 54, 62, 79, 104, 112, 137, 155, 163, 177, 266, 280, 291, 379, 19, 27, 49, 81, 89, 124, 139, 192, 38, 55, 31, 37, 90, 118, 142, 512, 80, 121, 17, 62, 7, 19, 65, 313, 330, 535, 618, 673, 692, 42, 90, 219, 182, 197, 226, 248, 277, 440, 457, 487, 103, 121, 468, 620, 69, 86, 158, 199, 226, 40, 87, 99, 156, 202, 262, 288, 352, 415, 620, 22, 471, 736, 73, 177, 238, 309, 58, 96, 138, 36, 88, 156, 242, 64, 56, 22, 84, 186, 45, 101, 137, 21, 72 ], "text": [ "Canadian", "lawyer", "businessman", "politician", "Liberal", "Member of Parliament", "Ottawa South", "1988", "2004", "deputy prime minister", "President", "CEO", "Business Council of Canada", "Leaders' Debates Commission", "Ottawa", "Ontario", "Bell High School", "BA", "Carleton University", "LL.B.", "University of Ottawa", "University of Lausanne", "Bora Laskin", "Chief Justice of Canada", "marathon", "1988 election", "Jean Chrétien", "1993 election", "Minister of Industry", "brain drain", "Ottawa Senators", "Rod Bryden", "Dalton McGuinty", "Ontario Liberal Party", "shuffled", "Minister of Foreign Affairs", "2000 election", "Colin Powell", "Tom Ridge", "Deputy Prime Minister", "9/11", "\"Time\"", "Canadian newsmaker of the year", "Minister of Finance", "Paul Martin", "First Nations", "Allan Rock", "Heritage Minister", "Deputy Prime Minister", "Sheila Copps", "Brian Tobin", "Jane Stewart", "Susan Whelan", "John H. Bryden", "Ambassador", "United States", "Frank McKenna", "politics", "Dalton McGuinty", "Premier of Ontario", "Royal Commission", "Ontario", "eastern North American blackout", "McCarthy Tétrault", "Toronto", "Ottawa", "Board of Directors", "Nortel Networks", "Board of Directors", "Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce", "Independent Task Force on North America", "Council on Foreign Relations", "European Union", "La Presse", "Martin Cauchon", "Paul Martin", "Stephen Harper", "Afghanistan", "Stéphane Dion", "Bob Rae", "leadership of the Liberal Party", "Stéphane Dion", "2008 election", "The Globe and Mail", "Stéphane Dion", "Christmas", "NDP", "Business Council of Canada (BCC)", "Order of Canada", "Trilateral Commission", "Canadian Defence and Foreign Affairs Institute", "CIBC", "centre-right", "foreign aid", "knowledge economy", "republican", "Canadian monarchy" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "John Manley\n", "John Paul Manley (born January 5, 1950) is a Canadian lawyer, businessman, and politician. He served as Liberal Member of Parliament for Ottawa South from 1988 to 2004, and was deputy prime minister between 2002 and 2003. From January 2010 until October 2018 he was President and CEO of the Business Council of Canada. He currently serves on the advisory board of the and on the Leaders' Debates Commission.\n", "Section::::Background.\n", "Manley was born in Ottawa, Ontario, and attended Bell High School. He received a BA from Carleton University in 1971 and an LL.B. from the University of Ottawa in 1976. He also studied at the University of Lausanne.\n", "After law school Manley clerked under Bora Laskin, the Chief Justice of Canada. He was called to the Ontario bar in 1978.\n", "Manley's early career was in tax law at the firm Perley-Robertson Hill & McDougall LLP.\n", "He is married to Judith Manley with whom he has three children: Rebecca, David and Sarah.\n", "Manley is also an accomplished marathoner.\n", "Section::::Cabinet career.\n", "He was first elected as an MP in the 1988 election. When the Liberals came to power under Jean Chrétien following the 1993 election he became Minister of Industry. During his time in Industry, Manley was a staunch supporter of Canada-based research and development, and also of increased technology use in public schools. In particular, he felt that the so-called \"wired classroom\" would help to equalize the gap between urban and smaller, rural schools. These initiatives were partially aimed at combating the \"brain drain\", and Manley himself stated that \"Canada needs to pursue policies that will make it a magnet for brains, attracting them from elsewhere and retaining the ones we have.\"\n", "Manley also unveiled a multimillion-dollar rescue package for the cash-strapped Ottawa Senators, being a friend of owner Rod Bryden, but later withdrew the aid after critics argued that there were better uses for public funds.\n", "Manley supported Dalton McGuinty's successful bid to lead the Ontario Liberal Party in 1996.\n", "He was shuffled to Minister of Foreign Affairs on the eve of the 2000 election. He was widely applauded for his work in foreign affairs, particularly for helping to ease strained Canada-U.S. relations. He was seen as able to communicate with the U.S. administration, and had a good working relationship with both Colin Powell and Tom Ridge. David Rudd, then director of Toronto's Canadian Institute of Strategic Studies said: \"Under Manley, the government of Canada talks to Washington, not at it.\" In January 2002 he was appointed as Deputy Prime Minister and given special responsibility for security in response to 9/11. For his performance in these roles, he was named \"Time\" Magazine's \"Canadian newsmaker of the year\" in 2001.\n", "In May 2002, Chrétien appointed Manley as Minister of Finance, following the departure of Paul Martin. His 2003 federal budget laid out billions of dollars in new spending, primarily in health-care, child-care, and for First Nations. It also introduced new accountability features to help limit federal waste.\n", "Section::::2003 Liberal leadership election.\n", "When Jean Chrétien announced his decision to retire, Manley announced his intention to run for the Liberal leadership. His primary competition was Martin, although Industry Minister Allan Rock and Heritage Minister and former Deputy Prime Minister Sheila Copps also ran, while Brian Tobin briefly contemplated running. Manley's polling numbers and fundraising were slightly behind that of Rock's, while well ahead of Copps but far behind Martin.\n", "From the beginning, it was apparent that Martin had a significant head start on his rivals. Martin's record as Minister of Finance was impressive and he also controlled much of the party machinery by 2002. Manley attacked Martin's refusal to disclose his campaign contributors, but failed to make a significant dent in Martin's support. Manley generally polled around 25% during his time in the contest, and he had the support of ministers Jane Stewart and Susan Whelan and backbench MP John H. Bryden. The rest of cabinet and most of caucus said that they would back Martin (with Martin's large lead, even most Chrétien supporters grudgingly voted for Martin), including Rock who dropped out of the race early on. Seeing his inevitable defeat, Manley withdrew from the race on July 22, 2003, and endorsed Martin.\n", "Upon Martin's landslide victory at the leadership convention on November 14, 2003, political commentators wondered whether someone so closely linked to Chrétien would avoid a potentially embarrassing demotion in Martin's new cabinet. That year, Manley had several times expressed his interest in returning to the Foreign Affairs ministry, as it was likely that Martin would appoint his own lieutenant to the Finance portfolio. Though both were ideologically on the right wing of the Liberal party, Manley's attacks on Martin's campaign donations had likely poisoned the relationship between the two men, hurting Manley's chances of remaining a Minister. Indeed, Manley, Stewart, and Whelan were dropped from cabinet, while Bryden's constituency was abolished after Martin was sworn in as Prime Minister.\n", "Martin, who would release the list of his new cabinet in a few days, decided to offer Manley a role as Ambassador to the United States, a patronage posting Manley said he would seriously consider. In the end, Manley declined the ambassadorial appointment, apparently because it would take him out of the country and \"out of the loop\" for fundraising and other political activities with a long-term view towards his own eventual bid for the Liberal leadership someday. Frank McKenna, who had also been considered a federal leadership contender, was appointed instead. On November 28, Manley announced his retirement from politics, remaining as a backbencher until the 2004 federal election.\n", "Section::::Post-political career.\n", "Shortly after Manley announced his retirement from federal politics, Dalton McGuinty, Premier of Ontario and close friend of Manley, appointed him to chair a Royal Commission on the energy system of Ontario in the wake of the eastern North American blackout of 2003.\n", "On May 18, 2004, he joined the law firm McCarthy Tétrault as counsel, working in their Toronto and Ottawa offices. On May 26, 2004, Manley was named to the Board of Directors of telecommunications firm Nortel Networks. On January 27, 2005, he was elected to the Board of Directors of the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce. He was also co-chair of the Independent Task Force on North America, a project of the U.S. Council on Foreign Relations. In March 2005, the Task Force released a report that advocated a North American union, an economic union between Canada, Mexico and the United States which would resemble the European Union.\n", "In an interview with \"La Presse\" published on January 24, 2005, he openly declared his ongoing interest in the Liberal leadership. In what was seen by political followers as an unusually frank admission, Manley said he would be a candidate to replace Paul Martin if he were to step down in the next three to four years and was maintaining a cross-country organizational network for this purpose. Although he denied the existence of a formal pact with former cabinet-mate Martin Cauchon, he indicated that in a later leadership race he would probably throw his support to the younger man. On January 25, 2006, Manley sent a letter to supporters indicating that he was not going to contest the Liberal leadership after the resignation of Paul Martin.\n", "On October 12, 2007, Manley was appointed by Conservative Prime Minister Stephen Harper to head an independent, non-partisan panel reviewing Canada's mission and future role in Afghanistan, a position he had discussed with Liberal leader Stéphane Dion beforehand. Both Dion and Liberal Foreign Affairs critic Bob Rae had encouraging words for the panel.\n", "Manley's panel reported on Canada's Afghanistan mission to Prime Minister Harper on January 28, 2008. Harper accepted the findings, which argued for an indefinite extension of the mission beyond February 2009, but also pointed to logistical and equipment shortfalls, communications challenges with telling the mission's story to Canadians, and a coming manpower strength shortage. The report's recommendations were accepted by the house when the Liberals backed them along with the Conservatives.\n", "Manley had been mentioned as a possible contender for the leadership of the Liberal Party after Stéphane Dion's resignation following the 2008 election, but on November 4, 2008, he announced that he would not be a candidate.\n", "In the December 6, 2008 edition of \"The Globe and Mail\", Manley demanded Liberal leader Stéphane Dion step down so the party can find another leader before Christmas and to \"rebuild the Liberal Party, rather than leading a coalition with the NDP. He added, \"the notion that the public would accept Stéphane Dion as prime minister, after having resoundingly rejected that possibility a few weeks earlier, was delusional at best ... Mr. Dion had seemed to accept responsibility for the defeat (although somewhat reluctantly), and should have left his post immediately.\" Dion did, in fact, step down as party leader shortly after Manley's letter was published, however this was a result of internal party pressure and the significance of Manley's letter to this end is debatable.\n", "In June 2009, Manley was named the new President and CEO of the Business Council of Canada (BCC), then known as the Canadian Council of Chief Executives, effective January 2010. He stepped down from that position effective October 15, 2018, and was succeeded by Goldy Hyder.\n", "On July 1, 2009, Manley was appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada for his contributions to Canadian politics, notably as a cabinet minister, and as a business and community leader who had played an important role in the promotion of international aid and co-operation.\n", "He is a member of the Trilateral Commission and sits on the Advisory Council of the Canadian Defence and Foreign Affairs Institute. In 2014, he was appointed as Chairman of the Board of CIBC.\n", "Section::::Political ideology.\n", "Manley is regarded by some as being from the centre-right of the Liberal party, favouring fiscal conservatism, free trade, and friendly relations with the United States, although his budget included substantial program spending.\n", "Manley seems committed to many of the policies implemented under Chrétien, particularly to expanding foreign aid and improving Canada's \"knowledge economy\".\n", "Manley is known as a republican and an advocate of the abolition of the Canadian monarchy. This point of view created quite a controversy when, in response to a reporter's question, he publicly stated that the monarchy was unnecessary during a 12-day tour of Canada by the Queen. Manley served as the Queen's escort for the trip.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Canadian politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1389967", "wikidata_label": "John Manley", "wikipedia_title": "John Manley" }

{ "end": [ 53, 67, 78, 96, 164, 220, 233, 248, 296, 26, 72, 264, 283, 428, 64, 75, 105, 166, 309, 292, 369, 25, 67, 22, 23, 24, 20, 69 ], "href": [ "1883%20in%20science", "France", "astronomer", "mathematician", "celestial%20mechanics", "Roche%20sphere", "Roche%20limit", "Roche%20lobe", "meteorology", "Montpellier", "University%20of%20Montpellier", "Pierre-Simon%20Laplace", "nebular%20hypothesis", "comets", "planetary%20ring", "Saturn", "Natural%20satellite", "gravitation", "tidal%20force", "astronomical%20body", "orbit", "http%3A//www.academie-sciences.fr/activite/archive/dossiers/Roche/Roche_pdf/Roche_travaux.pdf", "Acad%C3%A9mie%20des%20sciences", "Roche%20lobe", "Roche%20limit", "Roche%20sphere", "Zden%C4%9Bk%20Kopal", "Springer%20Science%2BBusiness%20Media" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 9, 9, 12, 13, 14, 16, 16 ], "start": [ 49, 61, 68, 83, 145, 208, 222, 238, 285, 15, 47, 255, 265, 422, 50, 69, 101, 155, 298, 275, 364, 12, 46, 12, 12, 12, 12, 43 ], "text": [ "1883", "French", "astronomer", "mathematician", "celestial mechanics", "Roche sphere", "Roche limit", "Roche lobe", "meteorology", "Montpellier", "University of Montpellier", "Laplace's", "nebular hypothesis", "comets", "planetary ring", "Saturn", "moon", "gravitation", "tidal force", "astronomical body", "orbit", "List of works", "Académie des sciences", "Roche lobe", "Roche limit", "Roche sphere", "Z. Kopal", "Kluwer Academic Publishers" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Édouard Roche\n", "Édouard Albert Roche (17 October 1820 – 27 April 1883) was a French astronomer and mathematician, who is best known for his work in the field of celestial mechanics. His name was given to the concepts of the Roche sphere, Roche limit and Roche lobe. He also was the author of works in meteorology.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "He was born in Montpellier, and studied at the University of Montpellier, receiving his D.Sc. in 1844 and later becoming a professor at the same institution, where he served in the Faculté des Sciences starting in 1849. Roche made a mathematical study of Laplace's nebular hypothesis and presented his results in a series of papers to the Academy of Montpellier from his appointment until 1877. The most important were on comets (1860) and the nebular hypothesis itself (1873). Roche's studies examined the effects of strong gravitational fields upon swarms of tiny particles.\n", "He is perhaps most famous for his theory that the planetary rings of Saturn were formed when a large moon came too close to Saturn and was pulled apart by gravitational forces. He described a method of calculating the distance at which an object held together only by gravity would break up due to tidal forces; this distance became known as the Roche limit.\n", "His other best known works also involved orbital mechanics. The Roche sphere describes the limits at which an object which is in orbit around two other objects will be captured by one or the other, and the Roche lobe approximates the gravitational sphere of influence of one astronomical body in the face of perturbations from another heavier body around which it orbits.\n", "Section::::Works.\n", "Roche's works are in French, his vernacular language.\n", "Section::::Works.:Lists of works.\n", "BULLET::::- List of works, on the site of the Académie des sciences (31 items) (Includes—unnumbered—works commenting that of Roche. Also includes works in meteorology)\n", "BULLET::::- , in \"Mémoires de la Société des sciences, de l'agriculture et des arts de Lille\", 1885 (34 items)\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Roche lobe\n", "BULLET::::- Roche limit\n", "BULLET::::- Roche sphere\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Z. Kopal, \"The Roche problem\", Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1989 .\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Edward Roche", "Edouard Roche", "Édouard Albert Roche", "Edouard Albert Roche" ] }, "description": "French astronomer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q274223", "wikidata_label": "Édouard Roche", "wikipedia_title": "Édouard Roche" }

{ "end": [ 202, 219, 245, 265, 285, 329, 403, 478, 512, 655, 723, 264, 438, 487, 57, 76, 146, 155, 194, 131, 194, 232, 276, 299, 324, 53, 163, 97, 145, 209, 234, 255, 302, 315, 436, 744, 758, 66, 67, 132, 144, 278, 322, 484, 178, 57, 208, 224, 144, 275, 356, 378, 480, 816, 272, 357, 411, 442, 340, 355, 463, 586, 139, 171, 183, 204, 281, 493, 50, 100, 131, 159, 339, 749, 185, 107, 140, 200, 92, 91, 394, 427, 461, 33, 124, 378, 387, 399, 407, 417, 428, 448, 88, 175, 315, 359, 384, 421, 470, 554, 577, 593, 625, 633, 174, 186, 69, 140, 261, 89, 111, 128, 142, 157, 170, 126, 164, 190, 66, 153, 435, 931, 18, 17, 91, 194, 47, 33, 55, 74, 86, 111, 157, 201, 209, 341, 439, 497, 732, 741, 765, 125, 73, 91, 152, 189, 133, 56, 68, 109, 36, 33, 58, 15, 120, 420, 52, 105, 90, 215, 126, 287, 76, 45, 71, 187, 116, 183, 653, 707, 741, 779, 832, 36, 55, 223, 80, 112, 146, 90, 116, 53, 63, 100, 63, 116, 153, 94, 155, 163, 66, 30, 152, 60, 26, 73, 29, 112, 24, 79, 24, 166, 46, 26, 27, 49, 27, 44, 28, 65, 93, 244, 337, 421, 26, 64, 175, 281, 316, 20, 68, 92, 115, 73, 36, 42, 40, 48, 35, 49, 33, 42, 28, 82, 114, 177, 72, 34, 59, 46, 194, 141, 103, 29, 31, 78, 32, 49, 51, 48, 85, 54, 75, 31, 47, 41, 33, 46 ], "href": [ "Catholic%20Church", "Carmelite%20nun", "Spanish%20mystic", "Counter-Reformation", "theologian", "mental%20prayer", "Doctor%20of%20the%20Church", "Counter-Reformation", "Carmelite%20Order", "Saint%20John%20of%20the%20Cross", "Discalced%20Carmelites", "Asceticism", "Protestant%20reformation", "Spanish%20Inquisition", "canonized", "Pope%20Gregory%20XV", "national%20patron%20saint", "Spain", "St.%20James%20the%20Apostle", "The%20Interior%20Castle", "Spanish%20Renaissance%20literature", "Way%20of%20Perfection", "Literary%20canon", "Christian%20mysticism", "Christian%20meditation", "Pope%20Paul%20VI", "Catholicism", "Santo%20%28art%29", "Immaculate%20Conception%20of%20El%20Viejo", "Peru", "canonically%20crowned", "Pope%20John%20Paul%20II", "Patronages%20of%20the%20Immaculate%20Conception%23Nicaragua", "Nicaragua", "Infant%20Jesus%20of%20Prague", "Christian%20spirituality", "mysticism", "Pope%20John%20Paul%20II", "%C3%81vila%2C%20Spain", "marrano", "Converso", "Spanish%20Inquisition", "Jewish%20faith", "knighthood", "Gotarrendura", "pious", "martyrdom", "the%20Moors", "Virgin%20Mary", "knighthood", "Augustinian", "%C3%81vila%2C%20Spain", "Francisco%20de%20Osuna", "religious%20ecstasy", "ascetic", "Saint%20Peter%20of%20Alcantara", "Saint%20Ignatius%20of%20Loyola", "Spiritual%20Exercises", "mortal%20sin", "venial%20sin", "original%20sin", "God", "mortification%20of%20the%20flesh", "confession%20%28sacrament%29", "Jesuit", "Francis%20Borgia", "St.%20Peter%27s%20Day", "seraph", "Bernini", "Ecstasy%20of%20Saint%20Teresa", "Santa%20Maria%20della%20Vittoria%2C%20Rome", "levitation", "Peter%20Fenwick%20%28neuropsychologist%29", "Temporal%20lobe%20epilepsy", "cloister", "Franciscan", "Saint%20Peter%20of%20Alcantara", "Spiritual%20direction", "Convento%20de%20San%20Jos%C3%A9%20%28%C3%81vila%29", "Papal%20decree", "flagellation", "Liturgy%20of%20the%20Hours", "discalceation", "letters%20patent", "Religious%20order", "Medina%20del%20Campo", "Malag%C3%B3n", "Valladolid", "Toledo%2C%20Spain", "Pastrana%2C%20Spain", "Salamanca", "Alba%20de%20Tormes", "Friar", "John%20of%20the%20Cross", "Duruelo", "Jer%C3%B3nimo%20Graci%C3%A1n", "Carmelite%20visitator", "Andalusia", "Provincial%20superior", "Segovia", "Beas%20de%20Segura", "Seville", "Caravaca%20de%20la%20Cruz", "Murcia", "general%20chapter", "Piacenza", "Philip%20II%20of%20Spain", "inquisition", "Pope%20Gregory%20XIII", "Villanueva%20de%20la%20Jara", "Andalusia", "Palencia", "Soria", "Burgos", "Granada", "Catholic%20Europe", "Julian%20calendar", "Gregorian%20calendar", "Alba%20de%20Tormes", "Incorruptibility", "Ottoman%20Turk", "Pope%20Sixtus%20V", "Lisbon", "Ronda", "Francisco%20Franco", "Spanish%20Civil%20War", "Paris", "Sanl%C3%BAcar%20de%20Barrameda", "canonized", "Pope%20Gregory%20XV", "Cortes%20Generales", "patron%20saint", "University%20of%20Salamanca", "Doctor%20ecclesiae", "Latin", "Doctor%20of%20the%20Church", "Pope%20Paul%20VI", "Saint%20Catherine%20of%20Siena", "Francis%20of%20Sales", "F%C3%A9nelon", "Port-Royal-des-Champs", "Soul%20%28spirit%29", "mental%20prayer", "Contemplation%20%28Christianity%29", "penitence", "Meditations%20on%20the%20Life%20of%20Christ", "religious%20ecstasy", "levitation%20%28paranormal%29", "Mass%20%28liturgy%29", "Catholic%20Church", "Camino%20de%20Perfecci%C3%B3n", "El%20Castillo%20Interior", "Munster", "Christia%20Mercer", "Ren%C3%A9%20Descartes", "Meditations%20on%20First%20Philosophy", "visions%20of%20Jesus%20and%20Mary", "holy%20water", "Infant%20Jesus", "Saint%20Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se%20of%20Lisieux", "Infant%20Jesus%20of%20Prague", "Prague", "Child%20Jesus", "Philip%20IV%20of%20Spain", "Cortes%20of%20Castile%20and%20Le%C3%B3n", "Pope%20Urban%20VIII", "patron%20saint", "Saint%20James%20Matamoros", "Saint%20James%20the%20Greater", "Spanish%20people", "Blessed%20Virgin%20Mary", "Immaculate%20Conception", "Spanish%20Kingdom", "Marc-Antoine%20Charpentier", "motet", "Bass%20continuo", "Four%20Saints%20in%20Three%20Acts", "Virgil%20Thomson", "Gertrude%20Stein", "Sonic%20Youth", "Dirty%20%28Sonic%20Youth%20album%29", "Joan%20Osborne", "Relish%20%28album%29", "Grammy%20Award", "Bernini", "Ecstasy%20of%20Saint%20Teresa", "Santa%20Maria%20della%20Vittoria%2C%20Rome", "Pieter%20Paul%20Rubens", "Kunsthistorisches%20Museum", "Vienna", "Fran%C3%A7ois%20Pascal%20Simon%2C%20Baron%20G%C3%A9rard", "Simone%20de%20Beauvoir", "The%20Second%20Sex", "Kathryn%20Harrison", "R.%20A.%20Lafferty", "El%20Castillo%20Interior", "Pierre%20Klossowski", "The%20Baphomet", "George%20Eliot", "Middlemarch", "Thomas%20Hardy", "Tess%20of%20the%20d%27Urbervilles", "Jorie%20Graham", "Barbara%20Mujica%20%28writer%29", "Timothy%20Findley", "Pilgrim%20%28Timothy%20Findley%20novel%29", "Performance%20art", "Linda%20Montano", "Teresa%20de%20Jes%C3%BAs%20%28film%29", "Josefina%20Molina", "Concha%20Velasco", "Infant%20Jesus%20of%20Prague", "Spain", "France", "Nigel%20Wingrove", "Visions%20of%20Ecstasy", "Jesus", "British%20Board%20of%20Film%20Classification", "blasphemy", "Paz%20Vega", "Teresa%2C%20el%20cuerpo%20de%20Cristo", "Biographical%20film", "Ray%20Loriga", "Miguel%20As%C3%ADn%20Palacios%23Teresa%20of%20%C3%81vila", "Book%20of%20the%20First%20Monks", "Byzantine%20Discalced%20Carmelites", "Carmelite%20Rule%20of%20St.%20Albert", "Constitutions%20of%20the%20Carmelite%20Order", "Mount%20Carmel%23Carmelites", "Secular%20Order%20of%20Discalced%20Carmelites", "Saints%20and%20levitation", "Spanish%20Renaissance%20literature", "Teresa%20de%20Jes%C3%BAs", "Project%20Gutenberg", "Edgar%20Allison%20Peers", "Sheed%20and%20Ward", "Doubleday%20%28publisher%29", "The%20Way%20of%20Perfection", "TAN%20Books", "TAN%20Books", "Hackett%20Publishing%20Company", "New%20Orleans%20University", "Schaff-Herzog%20Encyclopedia%20of%20Religious%20Knowledge", "Marcelle%20Auclair", "Vita%20Sackville-West", "https%3A//carmelitesnottinghill.org.uk/twickenham-conference-videos/", "http%3A//www.bartleby.com/210/10/151.html", "http%3A//www.stpetersbasilica.info/Statues/Founders/TheresaofJesus/Theresa%2520of%2520Jesus.htm", "http%3A//www.biographyonline.net/spiritual/st_teresa_avila.html", "https%3A//web.archive.org/web/20081006012749/http%3A//saints.sqpn.com/saintt01.htm", "http%3A//www.carmelite-seremban.org/Spirituality/books", "http%3A//www.labasilicateresiana.com", "http%3A//www.ccel.org/ccel/teresa/life", "http%3A//www.ccel.org/ccel/teresa/way", "http%3A//www.ccel.org/ccel/teresa/castle2", "https%3A//web.archive.org/web/20051018071718/http%3A//www.sacred-destinations.com/spain/avila-convent-of-st-teresa.htm", "http%3A//www.poetseers.org/spiritual_and_devotional_poets/christian/teresa_of_avila/prayers_and_works/", "http%3A//www.stpetersbasilica.info/Exterior/Colonnades/Saints/St%2520Theresa-56/StTheresa.htm" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 10, 11, 11, 11, 12, 12, 12, 12, 14, 14, 16, 16, 16, 16, 17, 17, 17, 17, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 19, 19, 19, 22, 22, 22, 24, 25, 25, 25, 26, 27, 27, 27, 27, 29, 29, 29, 29, 29, 29, 29, 29, 29, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 32, 32, 33, 33, 33, 34, 34, 34, 34, 34, 34, 36, 36, 36, 38, 38, 38, 38, 41, 42, 42, 42, 44, 45, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 49, 50, 50, 50, 50, 52, 54, 54, 57, 59, 61, 64, 66, 66, 66, 68, 68, 72, 72, 73, 73, 74, 76, 76, 76, 77, 77, 77, 77, 77, 77, 77, 81, 81, 81, 82, 82, 82, 83, 83, 84, 84, 84, 86, 86, 86, 87, 87, 87, 88, 90, 90, 91, 92, 92, 93, 93, 94, 94, 95, 95, 96, 97, 98, 98, 100, 100, 101, 101, 101, 101, 101, 101, 102, 102, 102, 102, 102, 104, 104, 104, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 118, 119, 119, 120, 121, 123, 124, 126, 127, 129, 131, 133, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 155 ], "start": [ 187, 206, 231, 247, 275, 316, 383, 459, 497, 632, 703, 257, 416, 468, 48, 61, 125, 150, 173, 112, 164, 215, 262, 280, 304, 41, 152, 90, 112, 205, 215, 238, 284, 306, 414, 722, 749, 49, 55, 125, 136, 259, 310, 474, 166, 52, 199, 215, 133, 265, 345, 373, 475, 799, 265, 333, 387, 423, 334, 345, 451, 583, 112, 162, 177, 190, 266, 487, 43, 77, 105, 149, 326, 727, 177, 97, 116, 183, 69, 77, 382, 414, 448, 27, 119, 362, 380, 389, 401, 409, 419, 434, 85, 158, 308, 343, 365, 412, 460, 547, 563, 586, 606, 627, 159, 178, 51, 129, 244, 68, 102, 120, 137, 151, 163, 111, 158, 172, 52, 147, 423, 918, 12, 12, 75, 177, 42, 12, 46, 59, 80, 102, 134, 185, 204, 321, 427, 473, 716, 734, 751, 121, 60, 78, 143, 179, 125, 46, 64, 94, 16, 13, 51, 0, 106, 389, 27, 95, 78, 191, 104, 281, 65, 27, 51, 172, 104, 162, 630, 693, 722, 758, 817, 12, 50, 210, 55, 98, 132, 79, 111, 41, 57, 88, 56, 91, 121, 76, 131, 157, 51, 12, 138, 44, 12, 53, 12, 100, 12, 68, 12, 141, 34, 12, 12, 42, 12, 31, 13, 50, 79, 232, 332, 415, 12, 46, 170, 245, 307, 12, 41, 86, 105, 12, 13, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 65, 98, 163, 63, 13, 50, 37, 168, 119, 54, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12 ], "text": [ "Catholic Church", "Carmelite nun", "Spanish mystic", "religious reformer", "theologian", "mental prayer", "Doctor of the Church", "Counter-Reformation", "Carmelite Order", "Saint John of the Cross", "Discalced Carmelites", "ascetic", "Protestant reformation", "Spanish Inquisition", "canonized", "Pope Gregory XV", "national patron saint", "Spain", "St. James the Apostle", "The Interior Castle", "Spanish Renaissance literature", "Way of Perfection", "Literary canon", "Christian mysticism", "Christian meditation", "Pope Paul VI", "Catholicism", "Santero", "Immaculate Conception of El Viejo", "Peru", "canonically crowned", "Pope John Paul II", "Shrine of El Viejo", "Nicaragua", "Infant Jesus of Prague", "Christian spirituality", "mysticism", "Pope John Paul II", "Ávila, Spain", "marrano", "Converso", "Spanish Inquisition", "Jewish faith", "knighthood", "Gotarrendura", "pious", "martyrdom", "the Moors", "Virgin Mary", "knighthood", "Augustinian", "Ávila", "Osuna", "religious ecstasy", "ascetic", "Saint Peter of Alcantara", "Saint Ignatius of Loyola", "Spiritual Exercises", "mortal", "venial sin", "original sin", "God", "mortifications of the flesh", "confessor", "Jesuit", "Francis Borgia", "St. Peter's Day", "seraph", "Bernini", "Ecstasy of Saint Teresa", "Santa Maria della Vittoria", "levitation", "Peter Fenwick", "Temporal lobe epilepsy", "cloister", "Franciscan", "Saint Peter of Alcantara", "spiritual adviser", "St. Joseph's (San José)", "papal sanction", "flagellation", "Divine Office", "discalceation", "patent", "order", "Medina del Campo", "Malagón", "Valladolid", "Toledo", "Pastrana", "Salamanca", "Alba de Tormes", "men", "John of the Cross", "Duruelo", "Jerónimo Gracián", "Carmelite visitator", "Andalusia", "provincial", "Segovia", "Beas de Segura", "Seville", "Caravaca de la Cruz", "Murcia", "general chapter", "Piacenza", "Philip II of Spain", "inquisition", "Pope Gregory XIII", "Villanueva de la Jara", "Andalusia", "Palencia", "Soria", "Burgos", "Granada", "Catholic Europe", "Julian", "Gregorian calendar", "Alba de Tormes", "intact", "Ottoman Turk", "Pope Sixtus V", "Lisbon", "Ronda", "Francisco Franco", "Spanish Civil War", "Paris", "Sanlúcar de Barrameda", "canonized", "Pope Gregory XV", "Cortes", "patroness", "University of Salamanca", "Doctor ecclesiae", "Latin", "Doctor of the Church", "Pope Paul VI", "Saint Catherine of Siena", "Francis of Sales", "Fénelon", "Port-Royalists", "soul", "mental prayer", "contemplation", "penitence", "meditation", "ecstatic", "levitating", "Mass", "Catholic Church", "Camino de Perfección", "El Castillo Interior", "Munster", "Christia Mercer", "René Descartes", "Meditations on First Philosophy", "visions of Jesus and Mary", "holy water", "Infant Jesus", "Saint Thérèse of Lisieux", "Infant Jesus of Prague", "Prague", "Child Jesus", "Philip IV of Spain", "Castilian parliament", "Pope Urban VIII", "patron saint", "Saint James Matamoros", "Saint James the Greater", "Spanish people", "Blessed Virgin Mary", "Immaculate Conception", "Spanish Kingdom", "Marc-Antoine Charpentier", "motet", "Bass continuo", "Four Saints in Three Acts", "Virgil Thomson", "Gertrude Stein", "Sonic Youth", "Dirty", "Joan Osborne", "Relish", "Grammy Award", "Bernini", "The Ecstasy of St. Teresa", "Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome", "Pieter Paul Rubens", "Kunsthistorisches Museum", "Vienna", "François Gérard", "Simone de Beauvoir", "The Second Sex", "Kathryn Harrison", "R. A. Lafferty", "El Castillo Interior", "Pierre Klossowski", "The Baphomet", "George Eliot", "Middlemarch", "Thomas Hardy", "Tess of the d'Urbervilles", "Jorie Graham", "Barbara Mujica", "Timothy Findley", "Pilgrim", "Performance art", "Linda Montano", "Teresa de Jesús", "Josefina Molina", "Concha Velasco", "infant Jesus", "Spain", "France", "Nigel Wingrove", "Visions of Ecstasy", "Jesus", "British Board of Film Classification", "blasphemy", "Paz Vega", "Teresa, el cuerpo de Cristo", "biopic", "Ray Loriga", "Asín on mystical analogies in Saint Teresa of Avila and Islam", "Book of the First Monks", "Byzantine Discalced Carmelites", "Carmelite Rule of St. Albert", "Constitutions of the Carmelite Order", "Mount Carmel#Carmelites", "Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites", "Saints and levitation", "Spanish Renaissance literature", "\"Teresa de Jesús", "Project Gutenberg", "E. Allison Peers", "Sheed and Ward", "Doubleday", "The Way of Perfection", "TAN Books", "TAN Books", "Hackett Publishing Company", "New Orleans University", "Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge", "Auclair, Marcelle", "Vita Sackville-West", "\"Teresa 500\": Videos of a conference held at Roehampton University", "\"St. Teresa, Virgin\"", "Founder Statue in St Peter's Basilica", "Biography Online: Saint Teresa of Avila", "Patron Saints: Saint Teresa of Avila", "Books written by Saint Teresa of Avila, including Saint John of the Cross", "Basilica of Saint Teresa in Alba de Tormes", "Life of St. Teresa of Jesus, of The Order of Our Lady of Carmel", "\"Way of Perfection\"", "\"Interior Castle\" or \"The Mansions\"", "Convent of St Teresa in Avila", "Poems of Saint Teresa", "Colonnade Statue St Peter's Square" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Teresa of Ávila\n", "Saint Teresa of Ávila, born Teresa Sánchez de Cepeda y Ahumada, also called Saint Teresa of Jesus (28 March 15154 October 1582), was a Spanish noblewoman who chose a monastic life in the Catholic Church. A Carmelite nun, prominent Spanish mystic, religious reformer, author, theologian of the contemplative life and mental prayer, she earned the rare distinction of being declared a Doctor of the Church over four centuries after her death. Active during the Counter-Reformation, she reformed the Carmelite Orders of both women and men. The movement she initiated was later joined by the younger Spanish Carmelite friar and mystic, Saint John of the Cross. It led eventually to the establishment of the Discalced Carmelites. A formal papal decree adopting the split was issued in 1580.\n", "Teresa, who had been a social celebrity in her home province, was dogged by early family losses and ill health. In her mature years, she became the central figure of a movement of spiritual and monastic renewal borne out of an inner conviction and honed by ascetic practice. She was also at the centre of deep ecclesiastical controversy as she took on the pervasive laxity in her order against the background of the Protestant reformation sweeping over Europe and the Spanish Inquisition asserting church discipline in her home country. The consequences were to last well beyond her life. \n", "Forty years after her death in 1622, Teresa was canonized by Pope Gregory XV. At the time she was considered a candidate for national patron saint of Spain, but lost out to St. James the Apostle. She has since become one of the patron saints of Spain. \n", "Her written contributions, which include her autobiography, \"The Life of Teresa of Jesus\" and her seminal work \"The Interior Castle\", are today an integral part of Spanish Renaissance literature. Together with \"The Way of Perfection\", her works form part of the Literary canon of Christian mysticism and Christian meditation practice, and continue to attract interest from people both within and outside the Catholic Church. \n", "However, not until 27 September 1970 did Pope Paul VI proclaim Teresa a \"Doctor of the Church\" in recognition of her centuries-long spiritual legacy to Catholicism. \n", "Other associations with Teresa beyond her writings continue to exert a wide influence. A \"Santero\" image of the Immaculate Conception of El Viejo said to have been sent by her with a brother emigrating to Peru, was canonically crowned by Pope John Paul II on December 28, 1989 at the Shrine of El Viejo in Nicaragua. Another Catholic tradition holds that Saint Teresa is personally associated with devotion to the Infant Jesus of Prague, a statue she may have owned. Since her death, her reputation has grown, leading to multiple portrayals. She continues to be widely noted as inspiration to philosophers, theologians, historians, neurologists, fiction writers, artists as well as countless ordinary people interested in Christian spirituality and mysticism. \n", "Speaking to pilgrims from Avila in October 1981, Pope John Paul II said: \"It is necessary for the rich legacy left by Teresa of Jesus to be deeply reconsidered so that it can effect a renewal of the inner life of your nation and thereby influence the renewal of life in the entire church in all its aspects. The giant figure of the Great Teresa should act as a strong encouragement in that direction not only on a local or national scale but also on a universal scale\".\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Teresa Sánchez de Cepeda y Ahumada was born in 1515 in Ávila, Spain. Her paternal grandfather, Juan Sánchez de Toledo, was a marrano or Converso, a Jew forced to convert to Christianity or emigrate. When Teresa's father was a child, Juan was condemned by the Spanish Inquisition for allegedly returning to the Jewish faith, but he was later able to assume a Catholic identity. Her father, , was a successful wool merchant and one of the wealthiest men in Ávila. He bought a knighthood and assimilated successfully into Christian society.\n", "Previously married to Catalina del Peso y Henao, with whom he had three children, in 1509, Sánchez de Cepeda married Teresa's mother, Beatriz de Ahumada y Cuevas, in Gotarrendura.\n", "Teresa's mother was keen to raise her daughter as a pious Christian. Teresa was fascinated by accounts of the lives of the saints and ran away from home at age seven with her brother Rodrigo to find martyrdom among the Moors. Her uncle stopped them on the road as he was returning to the town, having spotted them outside the town walls.\n", "When Teresa was eleven years old, her mother died, leaving her grief-stricken. This prompted her to embrace a deeper devotion to the Virgin Mary as her spiritual mother. Teresa was also enamored of popular fiction, which at the time was primarily medieval tales of knighthood and works about fashion, gardens and flowers. Teresa was sent to the Augustinian nuns' school at Ávila.\n", "Section::::Early life.:Entry into religious life.\n", "After completing her education, she initially resisted the idea of a religious vocation, but after a stay with her uncle and other relatives, she relented. In 1536 aged 18, much to the disappointment of her pious and austere father, she decided to enter the local easy-going Carmelite \"Convent of the Incarnation\", significantly built on top of land that had been used previously as a burial ground for Jews. She took up religious reading on contemplative prayer, especially Osuna’s \"Third Spiritual Alphabet\" (1527). Her zeal for mortification caused her to become ill again and she spent almost a year in bed, causing huge worry to her community and family. She nearly died but, she recovered thanks to the miraculous intercession of St. Joseph, she believed. She began to experience instances of religious ecstasy.\n", "Section::::Early life.:Foundations of spirituality.\n", "Her reading of medieval mystics, consisted of directions for examinations of conscience and for spiritual self-concentration and inner contemplation known in mystical nomenclature as \"oratio recollectionis\" or \"oratio mentalis\". She also dipped into other mystical ascetic works such as the \"Tractatus de oratione et meditatione\" of Saint Peter of Alcantara, and perhaps some upon which Saint Ignatius of Loyola based his \"Spiritual Exercises\"—possibly the \"Spiritual Exercises\" themselves.\n", "She reported that, during her illness, she had risen from the lowest stage, \"recollection\", to the \"devotions of silence\" or even to the \"devotions of ecstasy\", which was one of perfect union with God (see ). During this final stage, she said she frequently experienced a rich \"blessing of tears\". As the Catholic distinction between mortal and venial sin became clear to her, she came to understand the awful terror of sin and the inherent nature of original sin. She also became conscious of her own natural impotence in confronting sin and the necessity of absolute subjection to God.\n", "Around 1556, friends suggested that her newfound knowledge was diabolical, not divine. She had begun to inflict mortifications of the flesh upon herself. But her confessor, the Jesuit Saint Francis Borgia, reassured her of the divine inspiration of her thoughts. On St. Peter's Day in 1559, Teresa became firmly convinced that Jesus Christ presented himself to her in bodily form, though invisible. These visions lasted almost uninterrupted for more than two years. In another vision, a seraph drove the fiery point of a golden lance repeatedly through her heart, causing an ineffable spiritual and bodily pain:\n", "This vision was the inspiration for one of Bernini's most famous works, the \"Ecstasy of Saint Teresa\" at Santa Maria della Vittoria in Rome.\n", "The memory of this episode served as an inspiration throughout the rest of her life, and motivated her lifelong imitation of the life and suffering of Jesus, epitomized in the adage often associated with her: \"Lord, either let me suffer or let me die.\"\n", "Section::::Early life.:Embarrassment of raptures.\n", "Teresa who became a celebrity in her town dispensing wisdom from behind the convent grille, was also known for her raptures which sometimes involved levitation. It was a source of embarrassment to her and she bade her sisters hold her down when this occurred. Subsequently, historians and neurologists and psychiatrists like, Peter Fenwick and Javier Alvarez-Rodriguez among others, have taken an interest in her symptomatology. The fact that she wrote down virtually everything that happened to her during her religious life, means that an invaluable and exceedingly rare medical record from the 16th-century has been preserved. Examination of this record has led to the speculative conclusion that she may have suffered from Temporal lobe epilepsy.\n", "Section::::Monastic reformer.\n", "Over time, Teresa found herself increasingly at odds with the spiritual malaise prevailing in her convent of the Incarnation. Among the 150 nuns living there, the observance of cloister, designed to protect and strengthen spiritual practice and prayer, became so lax that it appeared to lose its purpose. The daily invasion of visitors, many of high social and political rank, disturbed the atmosphere with frivolous concerns and vacuous conversation. Such intrusions in the solitude essential to develop and sustain contemplative prayer so grieved Teresa that she longed to intervene.\n", "The incentive to take the practical steps inspired by her inward motivation was supported by the Franciscan priest, Saint Peter of Alcantara, who met her early in 1560 and became her spiritual adviser. She resolved to found a \"reformed\" Carmelite convent, correcting the laxity which she had found at the Incarnation convent and elsewhere besides. Guimara de Ulloa, a woman of wealth and a friend, supplied the funds for the project.\n", "The abject poverty of the new convent, established in 1562 and named St. Joseph's (San José), at first caused a scandal among the citizens and authorities of Ávila, and the small house with its chapel was in peril of suppression. However, powerful patrons, including the local bishop, coupled with the impression of well ordered subsistence and purpose, turned animosity into approval.\n", "In March 1563, after Teresa had moved to the new convent house, she received papal sanction for her primary principles of absolute poverty and renunciation of ownership of property, which she proceeded to formulate into a \"constitution\". Her plan was the revival of the earlier, stricter monastic rules, supplemented by new regulations including the three disciplines of ceremonial flagellation prescribed for the Divine Office every week, and the discalceation of the religious. For the first five years, Teresa remained in seclusion, mostly engaged in prayer and writing.\n", "Section::::Monastic reformer.:Extended travels.\n", "In 1567, Teresa received a patent from the Carmelite General, Rubeo de Ravenna, to establish further houses of the new order. This process required many visitations and long journeys across nearly all the provinces of Spain. She left a record of the arduous project in her \"Libro de las Fundaciones\". Between 1567 and 1571, reformed convents were established at Medina del Campo, Malagón, Valladolid, Toledo, Pastrana, Salamanca, and Alba de Tormes.\n", "As part of the original patent, Teresa was given permission to set up two houses for men who wished to adopt the reforms. She convinced two Carmelite friars, John of the Cross and Father Anthony of Jesus to help with this. They founded the first monastery of Discalced Carmelite brothers in November 1568 at Duruelo. Another friend of Teresa, Jerónimo Gracián, the Carmelite visitator of the older observance of Andalusia and apostolic commissioner, and later provincial of the Teresian order, gave her powerful support in founding monasteries at Segovia (1571), Beas de Segura (1574), Seville (1575), and Caravaca de la Cruz (Murcia, 1576). Meanwhile, John of the Cross promoted the inner life of the movement through his power as a teacher and preacher.\n", "Section::::Monastic reformer.:Opposition to reforms.\n", "In 1576, unreformed members of the Carmelite order began to persecute Teresa, her supporters and her reforms. Following a number of resolutions adopted at the general chapter at Piacenza, the governing body of the order forbade all further founding of reformed convents. The general chapter instructed her to go into \"voluntary\" retirement at one of her institutions. She obeyed and chose St. Joseph's at Toledo. Meanwhile, her friends and associates were subjected to further attacks.\n", "Several years later, her appeals by letter to King Philip II of Spain secured relief. As a result, in 1579, the cases before the inquisition against her, Father Gracian and others, were dropped. This allowed the reform to resume. An edict from Pope Gregory XIII allowed the appointment of a special provincial for the newer branch of the Carmelite religious, and a royal decree created a \"protective\" board of four assessors for the reform.\n", "During the last three years of her life, Teresa founded convents at Villanueva de la Jara in northern Andalusia (1580), Palencia (1580), Soria (1581), Burgos, and Granada (1582). In total, seventeen convents, all but one founded by her, and as many men's monasteries were owed to her reforms over twenty years.\n", "Section::::Last days.\n", "Her final illness overtook her on one of her journeys from Burgos to Alba de Tormes. She died in 1582, just as Catholic Europe was making the switch from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar, which required the excision of the dates of 5–14 October from the calendar. She died either before midnight of 4 October or early in the morning of 15 October which is celebrated as her feast day. (According to the liturgical calendar then in use, she died on the 15th in any case, which began at sunset.) Her last words were: \"My Lord, it is time to move on. Well then, may your will be done. O my Lord and my Spouse, the hour that I have longed for has come. It is time to meet one another.\"\n", "Section::::Last days.:Holy relics.\n", "She was buried at the Convento de la Anunciación in Alba de Tormes. Nine months after her death the coffin was opened and her body was found to be intact but the clothing had rotted. Before the body was re-interred one of her hands was cut off, wrapped in a scarf and sent to Ávila. Father Gracián cut the little finger off the hand and - according to his own account - kept it with him until it was taken by the occupying Ottoman Turks, from whom he had to redeem it with a few rings and 20 reales. The body was exhumed again on 25 November 1585 to be moved to Ávila and found to be incorrupt. An arm was removed and left in Alba de Tormes at the nuns' request, to compensate for losing the main relic of Teresa, but the rest of the body was reburied in the Discalced Carmelite chapter house in Ávila. The removal was done without the approval of the Duke of Alba de Tormes and he brought the body back in 1586, with Pope Sixtus V ordering that it remain in Alba de Tormes on pain of excommunication. A grander tomb on the original site was raised in 1598 and the body was moved to a new chapel in 1616.\n", "The body still remains there, apart from the following parts:\n", "BULLET::::- Rome - right foot and part of the upper jaw\n", "BULLET::::- Lisbon - left hand\n", "BULLET::::- Ronda, Spain - left eye and right hand (the latter was kept by Francisco Franco until his death after Francoist troops captured it from Republican troops during the Spanish Civil War)\n", "BULLET::::- Museum of the Church of the Annunciation, Alba de Tormes - left arm and heart\n", "BULLET::::- Church of Our Lady of Loreto, Paris, France - one finger\n", "BULLET::::- Sanlúcar de Barrameda - one finger\n", "Section::::Canonization.\n", "In 1622, forty years after her death, she was canonized by Pope Gregory XV. The Cortes exalted her to patroness of Spain in 1627. The University of Salamanca had granted her the title \"Doctor ecclesiae\" (Latin for \"Doctor of the Church\") with a diploma in her lifetime but that title is distinct from the papal honour of Doctor of the Church, which is always conferred posthumously. The latter was finally bestowed upon her by Pope Paul VI on 27 September 1970, along with Saint Catherine of Siena, making them the first women to be awarded the distinction. Teresa is revered as the Doctor of Prayer. The mysticism in her works exerted a formative influence upon many theologians of the following centuries, such as Francis of Sales, Fénelon, and the Port-Royalists. In 1670 her coffin was plated in silver.\n", "Section::::Mysticism.\n", "The ultimate preoccupation of Teresa's mystical thought, as consistently reflected in her writings, is the ascent of the soul to God in four stages (see: \"The Autobiography\" Chs. 10-22):\n", "BULLET::::- The first, \"Devotion of the Heart\", consists of mental prayer and contemplation. It means the withdrawal of the soul from without, penitence and especially the devout meditation on the passion of Christ (\"Autobiography\" 11.20).\n", "BULLET::::- The second, \"Devotion of Peace\", is where human will is surrendered to God. This occurs by virtue of an uplifted awareness granted by God, while other faculties, such as memory, reason, and imagination, are not yet safe from worldly distraction. Although a partial distraction can happen, due to outer activity such as repetition of prayers or writing down spiritual things, the prevailing state is one of quietude (\"Autobiography\" 14.1).\n", "BULLET::::- The third, \"Devotion of Union\", concerns the absorption-in-God. It is not only a heightened, but essentially, an ecstatic state. At this level, reason is also surrendered to God, and only the memory and imagination are left to ramble. This state is characterized by a blissful peace, a sweet slumber of at least the \"higher soul faculties\", that is a consciousness of being enraptured by the love of God.\n", "BULLET::::- The fourth, \"Devotion of Ecstasy\", is where the consciousness of being in the body disappears. Sensory faculties cease to operate. Memory and imagination also become absorbed in God, as though intoxicated. Body and spirit dwell in the throes of exquisite pain, alternating between a fearful fiery glow, in complete unconscious helplessness, and periods of apparent strangulation. Sometimes such ecstatic transports literally cause the body to be lifted into space. This state may last as long as half an hour and tends to be followed by relaxation of a few hours of swoon-like weakness, attended by the absence of all faculties while in union with God. The subject awakens from this trance state in tears. it may be regarded as the culmination of mystical experience.\n", "Indeed, Teresa was said to have been observed levitating during Mass on more than one occasion.\n", "Teresa is regarded as one of the foremost writers on mental prayer, and her position among writers on mystical theology as unique. Her writings on this theme, stem from her personal experiences, thereby manifesting considerable insight and analytical gifts. Her definitions have been used in the \"Catechism of the Catholic Church\". Teresa states: \"Contemplative prayer, \"oración mental\", in my opinion is nothing other than a close sharing between friends. It means frequently taking time to be alone with Him whom we know loves us.\" Throughout her writings, Teresa returns to the image of watering one's garden as a metaphor for mystical prayer.\n", "Section::::Writings.\n", "Teresa's writings are regarded as among the most remarkable in the mystical literature of the Catholic Church.\n", "BULLET::::- The \"Autobiography\", written before 1567, under the direction of her confessor, Fr. Pedro Ibáñez.\n", "BULLET::::- \"El Camino de Perfección\" (\"The Way of Perfection\"), written also before 1567, at the direction of her confessor.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Meditations on Song of Songs\", 1567, written nominally for her daughters at the convent of Our Lady of Mount Carmel.\n", "BULLET::::- \"El Castillo Interior\" (\"The Interior Castle\"), written in 1577.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Relaciones\" (\"Relationships\"), an extension of the autobiography giving her inner and outer experiences in epistolary form.\n", "BULLET::::- Two smaller works are the \"Conceptos del Amor\" (\"Concepts of Love\") and \"Exclamaciones\". In addition, there are \"Las Cartas\" (Saragossa, 1671), or her correspondence, of which there are 342 extant letters and 87 fragments of others. St Teresa's prose is marked by an unaffected grace, an ornate neatness, and charming power of expression, together placing her in the front rank of Spanish prose writers.\n", "BULLET::::- Her rare poems (\"\"Todas las poesías\"\", Munster, 1854) are distinguished for tenderness of feeling and rhythm of thought.\n", "Section::::Writings.:Philosophical works.\n", "Christia Mercer, Columbia University philosophy professor, claims that the seventeenth-century Frenchman, René Descartes, lifted some of his most influential ideas from Teresa of Ávila, who, fifty years before Descartes, wrote popular books about the role of philosophical reflection in intellectual growth. She describes a number of striking similarities between Descartes' seminal work \"Meditations on First Philosophy\" and Teresa's \"Interior Castle\".\n", "Section::::Writings.:Excerpts.\n", "Saint Teresa, who reported visions of Jesus and Mary, was a strong believer in the efficacy of holy water, claiming to have used it with success to repel evil spirits and temptations. She wrote: \"I know from frequent experience that there is nothing which puts devils to flight better than holy water.\"\n", "A poem:\n", "The modern poem \"Christ has no body\", though widely attributed to Teresa, is not found in her writings.\n", "Section::::Legacy and the Infant Jesus of Prague.\n", "The Spanish nuns who established \"Carmel\" in France brought a devotion to the Infant Jesus with them, and it became widespread in France. Indeed, one of Teresa's most famous later followers, Saint Thérèse of Lisieux (1875-1898), a French Carmelite, herself named for Teresa, took as her religious name Sister \"Thérèse of the Child Jesus and the Holy Face\".\n", "Though there are no written historical accounts establishing that Teresa of Ávila ever owned the famous Infant Jesus of Prague statue, according to tradition, such a statue is said to have been in her possession and Teresa is reputed to have given it to a noblewoman travelling to Prague. The age of the statue dates to approximately the same time as Teresa.\n", "It has been thought that Teresa carried a portable statue of the Child Jesus wherever she went, the idea circulated by the early 1700s.\n", "Section::::Patron saint.\n", "In 1626, at the request of Philip IV of Spain, the Castilian parliament elected Teresa \"without lacking one vote\" as copatron saint of Castile. This status was affirmed by Pope Urban VIII in a brief issued on 21 July 1627 in which he stated:\n", "More broadly, the 1620s, the entirety of Spain (Castile and beyond) debated who should be the country's patron saint; the choices were either the current patron, Saint James Matamoros, or a pairing of him and the newly canonised Saint Teresa of Ávila. Teresa's promoters said Spain faced newer challenges, especially the threat of Protestantism and societal decline at home, thus needing a more contemporary patron who understood those issues and could guide the Spanish nation. Santiago's supporters (\"Santiaguistas\") fought back and eventually won the argument, but Teresa of Ávila remained far more popular at the local level. Saint James the Greater kept the title of patron saint for the Spanish people, and the most Blessed Virgin Mary under the title Immaculate Conception as the sole patroness for the entire Spanish Kingdom.\n", "Section::::Portrayals.\n", "They include the following:\n", "Section::::Portrayals.:Music.\n", "BULLET::::- Marc-Antoine Charpentier composed two motets for the feast of Saint Teresa: \"Flores, flores o Gallia\" for two voices and two flutes (H 374), c. 1680 and the other, for two high voices, one bass and Bass continuo (H 342), in 1686.\n", "BULLET::::- She is a principal character of the opera \"Four Saints in Three Acts\" by the composer Virgil Thomson with a libretto by Gertrude Stein.\n", "BULLET::::- Saint Teresa is the subject of the song \"Theresa's Sound-World\" by Sonic Youth off the 1992 album \"Dirty\", lyrics by Thurston Moore.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Saint Teresa\" is a track on Joan Osborne's \"Relish\" album, nominated for a Grammy Award in 1996.\n", "Section::::Portrayals.:Painting and sculpture.\n", "BULLET::::- Saint Teresa was the inspiration for one of Bernini's most famous sculptures, \"The Ecstasy of St. Teresa\" in Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome.\n", "BULLET::::- Teresa was the subject of a portrait by the Flemish master, Sir Pieter Paul Rubens (1615) now in the collection of the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna.\n", "BULLET::::- \"St. Teresa\" was painted in 1819–20 by François Gérard, a French neoclassical painter.\n", "Section::::Portrayals.:Literature.\n", "BULLET::::- Simone de Beauvoir singles out Teresa as a woman who lived the human condition (perhaps the only woman to do so) in her book \"The Second Sex\".\n", "BULLET::::- She is mentioned prominently in Kathryn Harrison's novel \"Poison\". The main character, Francisca De Luarca, is fascinated by her life.\n", "BULLET::::- R. A. Lafferty was strongly inspired by \"El Castillo Interior\" when he wrote his novel \"Fourth Mansions\". Quotations from St. Teresa's work are frequently used as chapter headings.\n", "BULLET::::- Pierre Klossowski prominently features Saint Teresa of Ávila in his metaphysical novel \"The Baphomet\".\n", "BULLET::::- George Eliot compared Dorothea Brooke to St. Teresa in \"Middlemarch\" (1871–1872) and wrote briefly about the life and works of St. Teresa in the \"Prelude\" to the novel.\n", "BULLET::::- Thomas Hardy took Saint Teresa as the inspiration for much of the characterisation of the heroine Tess (Teresa) Durbeyfield, in \"Tess of the d'Urbervilles\" (1891), most notably the scene in which she lies in a field and senses her soul ecstatically above her.\n", "BULLET::::- The contemporary poet Jorie Graham features Saint Teresa in the poem \"Breakdancing\" in her volume \"The End of Beauty\".\n", "BULLET::::- Barbara Mujica's novel \"Sister Teresa\", while not strictly hagiographical, is based upon Teresa's life.\n", "BULLET::::- Timothy Findley's 1999 novel \"Pilgrim\" features Saint Teresa as a minor character.\n", "Section::::Portrayals.:Drama and Film.\n", "BULLET::::- Performance artist Linda Montano has cited Teresa of Ávila as one of the most important influences on her work and since her return to Catholicism in the 2000s has done performances of her life.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Teresa de Jesús\" (1984), directed by Josefina Molina and starring Concha Velasco, is a Spanish made for TV mini-series. In it Teresa is portrayed as the determined foundress of new carmelite houses while protecting the infant Jesus statue on her many arduous journeys. The devotion to the Child Jesus spread quickly in Spain, possibly due to her mystical reputation and then to other places, including France.\n", "BULLET::::- Nigel Wingrove's 1989 short film \"Visions of Ecstasy\" was based on Teresa of Ávila. The film features phantasied sexualised scenes of Teresa with the body of Jesus on the cross. It is the only work to be refused certification by the British Board of Film Classification (BBFC) on the grounds of blasphemy.\n", "BULLET::::- Dževad Karahasan. \"The Delighted Angel\" drama about Teresa of Ávila and Rabija al-Adavija, Vienna-Salzburg-Klagenfurt, ARBOS 1995.\n", "BULLET::::- Paz Vega stars as Teresa in \"Teresa, el cuerpo de Cristo\", a 2007 Spanish biopic directed by Ray Loriga.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Asín on mystical analogies in Saint Teresa of Avila and Islam\n", "BULLET::::- \"Book of the First Monks\"\n", "BULLET::::- Byzantine Discalced Carmelites\n", "BULLET::::- Carmelite Rule of St. Albert\n", "BULLET::::- Constitutions of the Carmelite Order\n", "BULLET::::- Mount Carmel#Carmelites\n", "BULLET::::- Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites\n", "BULLET::::- Saints and levitation\n", "BULLET::::- Spanish Renaissance literature\n", "BULLET::::- \"Teresa de Jesús, 1984 Spanish language mini-series\n", "Section::::Bibliography.\n", "Section::::Bibliography.:Works by Teresa.\n", "BULLET::::- , St. Teresa's autobiography in an online version at Project Gutenberg\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Complete Works of St Teresa of Jesus\", in five volumes, translated and edited by E. Allison Peers, including 2 volumes of correspondence. London: Sheed and Ward, 1982.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Interior Castle\". Edited by E. Allison Peers, Doubleday, 1972.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Way of Perfection\". Translated and Edited by E. Allison Peers, Doubleday, 1991.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Life of Teresa of Jesus: The Autobiography of Teresa of Avila\". Translated by E. Allison Peers, Doubleday, 1991.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Interior Castle - The Mansions\", TAN Books, 1997.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Way of Perfection\", TAN Books, 1997.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Way of Perfection\", London, 2012. limovia.net\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Book of Her Life\", translated, with Notes, by Kieran Kavanaugh, OCD and Otilio Rodriguez, OCD. Introduction by Jodi Bilinkoff. Indianapolis/Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company, 2008.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Complete Poetry of St. Teresa of Avila\". A Bilingual Edition - Edición y traducción de Eric W. Vogt.\" New Orleans University Press of the South, 1996. Second edition, 2015. xl, 116 p.\n", "Section::::Bibliography.:About Teresa.\n", "This article was originally based on the text in the \"Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge.\"\n", "BULLET::::- (493 pages) French original\n", "BULLET::::- Auclair, Marcelle. (1953) \"Saint Teresa of Avila\". First English publication: New York: Pantheon. , (457 pages)\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Vita Sackville-West. \"The Eagle and the Dove, Saint Teresa of Avila and Saint Thérèse of Lisieux\", First published in 1943 by Michael Joseph LTD, 26 Bloomsbury Street, London, W.C.1\n", "BULLET::::- Carolyn A. Greene. \"Castles in the Sand\" fiction with cited sources about Teresa of Avila Lighthouse Trails Publishing, 2009.\n", "BULLET::::- Jean Abiven. \"15 Days of Prayer with Saint Teresa of Avila\", New City Press, 2011.\n", "BULLET::::- Bárbara Mujica, \"Teresa de Ávila: Lettered Woman\", (Nashville, Vanderbilt University Press, 2009).\n", "BULLET::::- E. Rhodes, \"Teresa de Jesus's Book and the Reform of the Religious Man in Sixteenth Century Spain,\" in Laurence Lux-Sterritt and Carmen Mangion (eds), \"Gender, Catholicism and Spirituality: Women and the Roman Catholic Church in Britain and Europe, 1200-1900\" (Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2011),\n", "BULLET::::- John Thomas, \"Ecstasy, art & the body. St. Teresa of Avila's 'Transverberation', and it depiction in the sculpture of Gianlorenzo Bernini\" in John Thomas, \"Happiness, Truth & Holy Images. Essays of Popular Theology and Religion & Art\" (Wolverhampton, Twin Books, 2019), pp. 12–16.\n", "BULLET::::- John Thomas, \"Architectural image and \"via mystica\". St. Teresa's \"Las Moradas\"\", in John Thomas, \"Happiness, Truth & Holy Images. Essays of Popular Theology and Religion & Art\" (Wolverhampton, Twin Books, 2019), pp. 39–48.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Teresa 500\": Videos of a conference held at Roehampton University in 2015 on the 500th anniversary of Teresa's birth/a\n", "BULLET::::- \"St. Teresa, Virgin\", \"Butler's Lives of the Saints\"\n", "BULLET::::- Founder Statue in St Peter's Basilica\n", "BULLET::::- Biography Online: Saint Teresa of Avila\n", "BULLET::::- Patron Saints: Saint Teresa of Avila\n", "BULLET::::- Books written by Saint Teresa of Avila, including Saint John of the Cross\n", "BULLET::::- Basilica of Saint Teresa in Alba de Tormes (in Spanish)\n", "BULLET::::- (in Spanish)\n", "BULLET::::- Life of St. Teresa of Jesus, of The Order of Our Lady of Carmel\n", "BULLET::::- \"Way of Perfection\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Interior Castle\" or \"The Mansions\"\n", "BULLET::::- Convent of St Teresa in Avila\n", "BULLET::::- Poems of Saint Teresa\n", "BULLET::::- , 1900, by Alexander Whyte, from Project Gutenberg\n", "BULLET::::- Colonnade Statue St Peter's Square\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Teresa Sánchez de Cepeda y Ahumada", "Teresa de Jesús", "Teresa Sanchez Cepeda Davila y Ahumada", "Teresa de Cepeda y Ahumada", "Teresa", "Avil̔skaia Tereza", "Saint Teresa of Jesus", "Saint Teresa of Ávila", "Teresa de, Saint Cepeda y Ahumada", "of Avila, Saint Theresa", "de Avila, Saint Teresa", "d̔Avila, Saint Teresa", "von Avila, Saint Theresia", "イエズスの聖テレジア", "聖女大テレサ", "Saint Teresia a Jesu", "聖テレザ", "Teresa de Cepeda y, Saint Ahumada", "Saint Teresa di Gesù", "Teresa Sanchez de Cepeda y Ahumada", "Saint Thérèse de Jésus", "Saint Theresa de Jesus", "テレジア", "Saint Theresia von Jesus", "von Avila, Saint Teresa", "アヴィラの聖テレジア", "Teresa, Saint De Cepeda y Ahumada", "イエスの聖女テレサ", "of Jesus, Saint Teresa", "Theresa, Saint De Cepeda", "アビラの聖テレサ", "d̔Avila, Saint Thérèse", "Theresa de, Saint Cepeda", "アビラの聖女テレサ", "Saint Teresa", "Teresa of Avila", "Saint Teresa of Avila", "Teresa de Jesus", "Saint Teresa di Gesu", "Saint Therese de Jesus" ] }, "description": "Roman Catholic saint", "enwikiquote_title": "Teresa of Ávila", "wikidata_id": "Q174880", "wikidata_label": "Teresa of Ávila", "wikipedia_title": "Teresa of Ávila" }

{ "end": [ 77, 115, 186, 230, 287, 315, 329, 337, 399, 436, 39, 49, 92, 123, 137, 180, 605, 658, 698, 763, 806, 854, 53, 85, 116, 185, 288, 332, 342, 352, 362, 379, 410, 487, 591, 107, 244, 350, 253, 274, 314, 98, 142, 348, 202, 58, 1365, 1397, 1423, 215, 273, 428, 83, 119, 159, 173, 37, 68, 26, 36, 33, 34, 45, 27, 109, 145, 161, 108, 136 ], "href": [ "Union%20Army", "American%20Civil%20War", "Medal%20of%20Honor", "Battle%20of%20Fair%20Oaks%20%26amp%3B%20Darbytown%20Road", "Major%20general%20%28United%20States%29", "Spanish%E2%80%93American%20War", "Fort%20Shafter", "Hawaii", "Shafter%2C%20California", "Shafter%2C%20Texas", "Galesburg%2C%20Michigan", "Union%20Army", "7th%20Michigan%20Volunteer%20Infantry%20Regiment", "Battle%20of%20Ball%27s%20Bluff", "Battle%20of%20Fair%20Oaks", "Battle%20of%20Fair%20Oaks", "19th%20Michigan%20Volunteer%20Infantry%20Regiment", "Battle%20of%20Thompson%27s%20Station", "Confederate%20States%20Army", "Colonel%20%28United%20States%29", "17th%20United%20States%20Colored%20Infantry", "Battle%20of%20Nashville", "Brevet%20%28military%29", "Brigadier%20general%20%28United%20States%29", "Regular%20Army%20%28United%20States%29", "Indian%20Wars", "United%20States%20Colored%20Troops", "Cheyenne", "Comanche", "Kickapoo%20people", "Kiowa", "Texas", "Fort%20Davis%20National%20Historic%20Site", "Henry%20Flipper", "Brigadier%20general%20%28United%20States%29", "California", "gout", "Fifth%20Army%20Corps%20%28Spanish-American%20War%29", "command%20hierarchy", "Samuel%20S.%20Sumner", "Gatling%20Gun", "Joseph%20Wheeler", "Santiago%20de%20Cuba", "Battle%20of%20Las%20Guasimas", "Battle%20of%20El%20Caney", "Battles%20of%20San%20Juan%20Hill%20and%20Kettle%20Hill", "Battle%20of%20Santiago%20de%20Cuba", "William%20T.%20Sampson", "Winfield%20Scott%20Schley", "Camp%20Wikoff", "Department%20of%20California", "Philippine%E2%80%93American%20War", "Military%20Order%20of%20the%20Loyal%20Legion%20of%20the%20United%20States", "Military%20Order%20of%20Foreign%20Wars", "Sons%20of%20the%20American%20Revolution", "San%20Francisco%20National%20Cemetery", "Rodger%20Boyce", "Rough%20Riders%20%28film%29", "Medal%20of%20Honor", "Civil%20War%20Campaign%20Medal", "Indian%20Campaign%20Medal", "Spanish%20Campaign%20Medal", "List%20of%20Medal%20of%20Honor%20recipients", "Paul%20H.%20Carlson", "Ph.D.", "Texas%20Tech%20University", "Lubbock%2C%20Texas", "College%20Station%2C%20Texas", "Texas%20A%26amp%3BM%20University%20Press" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 10, 10, 10, 11, 12, 13, 13, 13, 15, 15, 15, 16, 16, 16, 17, 19, 19, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 31, 31, 31, 31, 32, 32 ], "start": [ 67, 97, 172, 211, 274, 295, 317, 331, 380, 422, 20, 39, 52, 111, 128, 161, 564, 630, 687, 756, 771, 835, 47, 54, 104, 174, 260, 324, 334, 344, 357, 374, 400, 474, 574, 97, 240, 334, 237, 260, 303, 84, 126, 326, 187, 42, 1339, 1379, 1402, 204, 249, 406, 28, 89, 128, 142, 25, 56, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 104, 124, 147, 86, 110 ], "text": [ "Union Army", "American Civil War", "Medal of Honor", "Battle of Fair Oaks", "major general", "Spanish–American War", "Fort Shafter", "Hawaii", "Shafter, California", "Shafter, Texas", "Galesburg, Michigan", "Union Army", "7th Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment", "Ball's Bluff", "Fair Oaks", "Battle of Fair Oaks", "19th Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment", "Battle of Thompson's Station", "Confederate", "colonel", "17th United States Colored Infantry", "Battle of Nashville", "brevet", "brigadier general of volunteers", "regular army", "Indian Wars", "United States Colored Troops", "Cheyenne", "Comanche", "Kickapoo", "Kiowa", "Texas", "Fort Davis", "Henry Flipper", "brigadier general", "California", "gout", "Fifth Army Corps", "chain of command", "General Sumner", "Gatling Gun", "Joseph Wheeler", "Santiago de Cuba", "Battle of Las Guasimas", "attack El Caney", "San Juan Heights", "Battle of Santiago de Cuba", "William T. Sampson", "Winfield Scott Schley", "Camp Wikoff", "Department of California", "war in the Philippines", "Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States", "Military Order of Foreign Wars", "Sons of the American Revolution", "San Francisco National Cemetery", "Rodger Boyce", "Rough Riders", "Medal of Honor", "Civil War Campaign Medal", "Indian Campaign Medal", "Spanish Campaign Medal", "List of Medal of Honor recipients", "Paul H. Carlson", "Ph.D.", "Texas Tech University", "Lubbock, Texas", "College Station, Texas", "Texas A&M University Press" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "William Rufus Shafter\n", "William Rufus Shafter (October 16, 1835 – November 12, 1906) was a Union Army officer during the American Civil War who received America's highest military decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions at the Battle of Fair Oaks. Shafter also played a prominent part as a major general in the Spanish–American War. Fort Shafter, Hawaii, is named for him, as well as the city of Shafter, California and the ghost town of Shafter, Texas. He was nicknamed \"Pecos Bill\".\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Shafter was born in Galesburg, Michigan on October 16, 1835. He worked as a teacher and farmer in the years preceding the Civil War.\n", "Section::::Civil War and Indian campaigns.\n", "Shafter served as a 1st lieutenant the Union Army's 7th Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment at the battles of Ball's Bluff and Fair Oaks. He was wounded at the Battle of Fair Oaks and later received the Medal of Honor for heroism during the battle. He led a charge on the first day of the battle and was wounded towards the close of that day's fighting. In order to stay with his regiment he concealed his wounds, fighting on the second day of the battle. On August 22, 1862, he was mustered out of the volunteer service but returned to the field as major in the 19th Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment. He was captured at the Battle of Thompson's Station and spent three months in a Confederate prison. In April 1864 after his release he was appointed colonel of the 17th United States Colored Infantry and led the regiment at the Battle of Nashville.\n", "By the end of the war, he had been promoted to brevet brigadier general of volunteers. He stayed in the regular army when the war ended. During his subsequent service in the Indian Wars, he received his \"Pecos Bill\" nickname. He led the 24th Infantry, another United States Colored Troops regiment, in campaigns against the Cheyenne, Comanche, Kickapoo and Kiowa Indians in Texas. While commander of Fort Davis, he started a controversial court-martial of second lieutenant Henry Flipper, the first black cadet to graduate from West Point. In May 1897 he was appointed as a brigadier general.\n", "Section::::Spanish–American War.\n", "Just before the outbreak of the Spanish–American War, Shafter was commander of the Department of California. Shafter was an unlikely candidate for command of the expedition to Cuba. He was aged 63, weighed over 300 pounds and suffered from gout. Nevertheless, he received a promotion to Major General of Volunteers and command of the Fifth Army Corps being assembled in Tampa, Florida. One possible reason for his being given this command was his lack of political ambitions.\n", "Shafter appeared to maintain a very loose control over the expedition to Cuba from the beginning, commencing with a very disorganized landing at Daiquiri on the southern coast of Cuba. Confusion prevailed over landing priorities and the chain of command. When General Sumner refused to allow the Army's Gatling Gun Detachment - which had priority - to disembark from the transport \"Cherokee\" on the grounds that the lieutenant commanding the detachment did not have the rank to enforce his priority, Shafter had to personally intervene, returning to the ship in a steam launch to enforce his demand that the guns come off immediately.\n", "During the disembarkation, Shafter sent forward Fifth Corps' Cavalry Division under Joseph Wheeler to reconnoiter the road to Santiago de Cuba. In a complete (alleged, look for and read after action reports from Lt. Colonel Roosevelt and Colonel Wood.) disregard of orders, Wheeler brought on a fight which escalated into the Battle of Las Guasimas. Shafter apparently did not realize the battle was even underway nor did he say anything to Wheeler about it afterward.\n", "A plan was finally developed for the attack on Santiago. Shafter would send his 1st Division (at the time, brigade and division numbers were not unique outside their parent formation) to attack El Caney while his 2nd Division and the Cavalry Division would attack the heights south of El Caney known as San Juan Hill. Originally, Shafter planned to lead his forces from the front, but he suffered greatly from the tropical heat and was confined to his headquarters far to the rear and out of sight of the fighting. Unable to see the battle firsthand, he never developed a coherent chain of command. Shafter's offensive battle plans were both simplistic and extremely vague. He seemed to be unaware or unconcerned about the mass killing effect of modern military weapons technology possessed by the Spanish. Further, his intelligence-gathering efforts on Spanish troop dispositions and equipment was extremely meager, though he had a number of sources available to him, including reconnaissance reports by Cuban rebel forces as well as espionage obtained from indigenous Cubans.\n", "During the hurried attack on El Caney and San Juan Heights, American forces, who had packed the available roads and were unable maneuver, suffered heavy losses from Spanish troops equipped with modern repeating smokeless powder rifles and breech-loading artillery, while the short-ranged black-powder guns of U.S. artillery units were unable to respond effectively. Additional casualties were incurred in the actual assault, which was marked by a series of brave but disorganized and uncoordinated advances. After suffering some 1,400 casualties, and aided by a single Gatling Gun detachment for fire support, American troops successfully stormed and occupied both El Caney and San Juan Heights.\n", "The next task for Shafter was the investment and siege of the city of Santiago and its garrison. However, the extent of the American losses were becoming known at Shafter's headquarters back at Sevilla (his gout, poor physical condition, and huge bulk did not allow him to go to the front). The casualties were delivered not only by messenger report, but also by \"meat wagons\" delivering the wounded and dying to the hospital. Viewing the carnage, Shafter began to waver in his determination to defeat the Spanish at Santiago. He knew his troops' position was tenuous, but again had little intelligence on the hardships of the Spanish inside beleaguered Santiago. Shafter felt the Navy was doing little to relieve the pressure on his forces. Supplies could not be delivered to the front, leaving his men in want of necessities, particularly food rations. Shafter himself was ill, and very weak. With this view of events, Shafter sent a dramatic message to Washington. He suggested that the army should give up its attack and all its gains for the day, and withdraw to safer ground about five miles away. Fortunately, by the time this message reached Washington, Shafter changed his mind, and instead renewed siege operations after demanding the Spanish surrender the city and garrison of Santiago. With the victory of the U.S. Navy at the Battle of Santiago de Cuba, by Admirals William T. Sampson and Winfield Scott Schley, the fate of the Spanish position at Santiago was sealed. Shortly afterward, the Spanish commander surrendered the city.\n", "Section::::Postwar career and retirement.\n", "With disease rampant in the American army in Cuba, Shafter and many of his officers favored a quick withdrawal from Cuba. Shafter personally left Cuba in September 1898, and after a stay in quarantine at Camp Wikoff, Shafter returned to command the Department of California. There he oversaw the supplying of the expedition to the Philippines. In January 1900, Shafter offered the following opinion on the war in the Philippines: \"My plan would be to disarm the natives of the Philippine Islands, even if I have to kill half of them to do it. Then I would treat the rest of them with perfect justice.\"\n", "Shafter was a member of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, the Military Order of Foreign Wars and the Sons of the American Revolution.\n", "Shafter retired in 1901 and retired to a farm, next to his daughter's land in Bakersfield, California. He died there in 1906 and is buried at San Francisco National Cemetery.\n", "Section::::In popular culture.\n", "Shafter was portrayed by Rodger Boyce in the 1997 film \"Rough Riders\".\n", "Section::::Medal of Honor citation.\n", "Rank and Organization:\n", "Citation:\n", "Section::::Military awards.\n", "BULLET::::- Medal of Honor\n", "BULLET::::- Civil War Campaign Medal\n", "BULLET::::- Indian Campaign Medal\n", "BULLET::::- Spanish Campaign Medal\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of Medal of Honor recipients\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Paul H. Carlson, \"William R. Shafter: Military Commander in the American West\", unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, 1973\n", "BULLET::::- Paul Carlson, \"\"Pecos Bill\", a Military Biography of William R. Shafter\". College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press, 1989.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- view of Major General Shafter (needs Flash)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "William R. Shafter", "William Shafter" ] }, "description": "United States Army Medal of Honor recipient", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q582285", "wikidata_label": "William Rufus Shafter", "wikipedia_title": "William Rufus Shafter" }

{ "end": [ 103, 118, 130, 139, 176, 203, 222, 45, 65, 97, 122, 180, 215, 253, 333, 27, 44, 90, 141, 177, 210, 241, 356, 375, 608, 823, 888, 922, 963, 998, 1111, 62, 147, 406, 463, 635, 680, 122, 237, 50, 58, 66, 78, 42, 257, 282, 359, 470, 513, 688, 248, 160, 123, 539, 627, 99, 48, 120, 193, 213, 237, 277, 430, 59, 296, 303, 314, 322, 329, 335, 342, 355, 566, 573, 582, 591, 603, 109, 150, 191, 232, 545, 571, 730, 910, 38, 71, 101, 114, 211, 166, 198, 33, 191, 167, 250, 385, 91, 171, 26, 117, 54, 112, 147, 165, 200, 244, 257, 100, 181, 295, 328, 116, 39, 45, 31, 72, 94, 124, 114, 78, 165, 253, 59, 76, 95, 36, 88, 40, 33, 51, 52 ], "href": [ "polymath", "mathematician", "astronomer", "chemist", "photographer", "blueprint", "botanical", "Julian%20day", "astronomy", "moons%20of%20Saturn", "moons%20of%20Uranus", "photography", "colour%20blindness", "ultraviolet", "Inductive%20reasoning", "Slough", "Buckinghamshire", "William%20Herschel", "Caroline%20Herschel", "Eton%20College", "St%20John%27s%20College%2C%20Cambridge", "Senior%20Wrangler", "Charles%20Babbage", "George%20Peacock", "James%20South", "Gold%20Medal%20of%20the%20Royal%20Astronomical%20Society", "Lalande%20Medal", "French%20Academy%20of%20Sciences", "Royal%20Society", "Copley%20Medal", "Royal%20Guelphic%20Order", "President%20of%20the%20Royal%20Astronomical%20Society", "Dionysius%20Lardner%27s%20Cabinet%20cyclop%C3%A6dia", "natural%20philosophy", "inductive%20reasoning", "University%20of%20Cambridge", "Charles%20Darwin", "General%20Catalogue%20of%20Nebulae%20and%20Clusters", "Catalogue%20of%20Nebulae", "NGC%207", "NGC%2010", "NGC%2025", "NGC%2028", "Duke%20of%20Sussex", "William%20Herschel", "Cape%20Town", "Claremont%2C%20Cape%20Town", "Comet%20Halley", "Thomas%20Maclear", "Eta%20Carinae", "camera%20lucida", "Table%20Mountain", "Charles%20Lyell", "catastrophism", "Physical%20law", "proto-language", "Charles%20Babbage", "Bridgewater%20Treatise", "The%20Voyage%20of%20the%20Beagle", "Cape%20Town", "Robert%20FitzRoy", "Charles%20Darwin", "The%20Origin%20of%20Species", "Herschel%20baronets", "Saturn", "Mimas%20%28moon%29", "Enceladus", "Tethys%20%28moon%29", "Dione%20%28moon%29", "Rhea%20%28moon%29", "Titan%20%28moon%29", "Iapetus%20%28moon%29", "Uranus", "Ariel%20%28moon%29", "Umbriel%20%28moon%29", "Titania%20%28moon%29", "Oberon%20%28moon%29", "photographic%20processes", "cyanotype", "blueprint", "chrysotype", "phytotype", "anthotype", "Henry%20Collen", "William%20Willis%20%28inventor%29", "sodium%20thiosulfate", "halide", "Henry%20Fox%20Talbot", "Louis%20Daguerre", "photographic%20fixer", "Encyclop%C3%A6dia%20Britannica", "Iliad", "actinometer", "photochemistry", "calendar%20year", "mean%20tropical%20year", "equinox", "American%20Academy%20of%20Arts%20and%20Sciences", "Royal%20Swedish%20Academy%20of%20Sciences", "New%20York%20Sun%20%28historical%29", "Great%20Moon%20Hoax", "Herschel%2C%20Saskatchewan", "Dolichorhynchops%20herschelensis", "Plesiosauria", "Mount%20Herschel", "J.%20Herschel%20%28crater%29", "Herschel%20Girls%27%20School", "Cape%20Town", "Yukon%20Territory", "John%20Franklin", "William%20Herschel", "Caroline%20Herschel", "Alexander%20Hamilton-Gordon%20%28British%20Army%20general%29", "William%20James%20Herschel", "Alexander%20Stewart%20Herschel", "John%20Herschel%20the%20Younger", "Thomas%20Francis%20Wade", "Admiral%20%28Royal%20Navy%29", "John%20Maclear", "Indian%20Civil%20Service", "Hawkhurst", "Westminster%20Abbey", "American%20Philosophical%20Society", "Charles%20Babbage", "William%20Whewell", "Richard%20Jones%20%28economist%29", "http%3A//www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Herschel.html", "https%3A//www.webarchive.org.uk/wayback/archive/20100311230213/http%3A//www.midley.co.uk/articles/14march1839.htm", "http%3A//herschelmuseum.org.uk/", "https%3A//makingscience.royalsociety.org/s/rs/people/fst01800986", "http%3A//assa.saao.ac.za/resource/Chronology4.doc.", "Astronomische%20Nachrichten" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 9, 9, 9, 9, 11, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 14, 15, 16, 16, 16, 17, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 26, 26, 28, 28, 29, 29, 29, 30, 30, 31, 31, 32, 32, 32, 32, 32, 32, 32, 33, 33, 33, 33, 36, 38, 40, 41, 43, 44, 44, 45, 49, 49, 49, 60, 60, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67 ], "start": [ 95, 105, 120, 132, 164, 194, 213, 35, 56, 82, 107, 169, 199, 242, 315, 21, 29, 74, 124, 165, 182, 226, 341, 361, 597, 779, 875, 896, 950, 986, 1091, 19, 109, 388, 444, 612, 666, 81, 217, 45, 52, 60, 72, 28, 241, 273, 350, 458, 499, 677, 235, 146, 110, 504, 608, 85, 33, 100, 181, 204, 223, 263, 409, 52, 290, 298, 305, 316, 324, 331, 337, 348, 560, 568, 575, 584, 597, 87, 141, 182, 222, 536, 562, 718, 896, 20, 65, 95, 106, 193, 143, 193, 22, 177, 154, 232, 378, 54, 138, 14, 102, 15, 82, 124, 151, 189, 222, 248, 85, 168, 279, 311, 91, 17, 19, 18, 53, 87, 96, 94, 69, 148, 223, 44, 61, 82, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 27 ], "text": [ "polymath", "mathematician", "astronomer", "chemist", "photographer", "blueprint", "botanical", "Julian day", "astronomy", "moons of Saturn", "moons of Uranus", "photography", "colour blindness", "ultraviolet", "inductive approach", "Slough", "Buckinghamshire", "William Herschel", "Caroline Herschel", "Eton College", "St John's College, Cambridge", "Senior Wrangler", "Charles Babbage", "George Peacock", "James South", "Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society", "Lalande Medal", "French Academy of Sciences", "Royal Society", "Copley Medal", "Royal Guelphic Order", "President of the Royal Astronomical Society", "Dionysius Lardner's Cabinet cyclopædia", "natural philosophy", "inductive reasoning", "University of Cambridge", "Charles Darwin", "General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters", "Catalogue of Nebulae", "NGC 7", "NGC 10", "NGC 25", "NGC 28", "Duke of Sussex", "William Herschel", "Cape Town", "Claremont", "Comet Halley", "Thomas Maclear", "Eta Carinae", "camera lucida", "Table Mountain", "Charles Lyell", "catastrophic extinction and renewal", "intermediate causes", "proto-language", "Charles Babbage", "Bridgewater Treatise", "HMS \"Beagle\"", "Cape Town", "Robert FitzRoy", "Charles Darwin", "The Origin of Species", "baronet", "Saturn", "Mimas", "Enceladus", "Tethys", "Dione", "Rhea", "Titan", "Iapetus", "Uranus", "Ariel", "Umbriel", "Titania", "Oberon", "photographic processes", "cyanotype", "blueprint", "chrysotype", "phytotype", "anthotype", "Henry Collen", "William Willis", "sodium thiosulfate", "halide", "Talbot", "Daguerre", "photographic fixer", "Encyclopædia Britannica", "Iliad", "actinometer", "photochemistry", "calendar year", "mean tropical year", "equinox", "American Academy of Arts and Sciences", "Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences", "New York Sun", "Great Moon Hoax", "Herschel in western Saskatchewan Canada", "Dolichorhynchops herschelensis", "short-necked plesiosaur", "Mount Herschel", "J. Herschel", "Herschel Girls' School", "Cape Town", "Yukon Territory", "John Franklin", "William Herschel", "Caroline Herschel", "Alexander Hamilton-Gordon", "William James Herschel", "Alexander Stewart Herschel", "John Herschel", "Thomas Francis Wade", "Admiral", "John Fiot Lee Pearse Maclear", "Indian Civil Service", "Hawkhurst", "Westminster Abbey", "American Philosophical Society", "Charles Babbage", "William Whewell", "Richard Jones", "Biographical information", "R. Derek Wood (2008), 'Fourteenth March 1839, Herschel's Key to Photography'", "Herschel Museum of Astronomy", "Science in the Making", "Chronology of Astronomy in South Africa", "Astronomische Nachrichten" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "John Herschel\n", "Sir John Frederick William Herschel, 1st Baronet (; 7 March 1792 – 11 May 1871) was an English polymath, mathematician, astronomer, chemist, inventor, experimental photographer who invented the blueprint, and did botanical work.\n", "Herschel originated the use of the Julian day system in astronomy. He named seven moons of Saturn and four moons of Uranus. He made many contributions to the science of photography, and investigated colour blindness and the chemical power of ultraviolet rays; his \"Preliminary Discourse\" (1831), which advocated an inductive approach to scientific experiment and theory building, was an important contribution to the philosophy of science.\n", "Section::::Early life and work on astronomy.\n", "Herschel was born in Slough, Buckinghamshire, the son of Mary Baldwin and William Herschel. He was the nephew of astronomer Caroline Herschel. He studied shortly at Eton College and St John's College, Cambridge, graduating as Senior Wrangler in 1813. It was during his time as an undergraduate that he became friends with the mathematicians Charles Babbage and George Peacock. He left Cambridge in 1816 and started working with his father. He took up astronomy in 1816, building a reflecting telescope with a mirror in diameter, and with a focal length. Between 1821 and 1823 he re-examined, with James South, the double stars catalogued by his father. He was one of the founders of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1820. For his work with his father, he was presented with the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1826 (which he won again in 1836), and with the Lalande Medal of the French Academy of Sciences in 1825, while in 1821 the Royal Society bestowed upon him the Copley Medal for his mathematical contributions to their Transactions. Herschel was made a Knight of the Royal Guelphic Order in 1831.\n", "Herschel served as President of the Royal Astronomical Society three times: 1827–29, 1839–41 and 1847–49.\n", "Herschel's \"A preliminary discourse on the study of natural philosophy\", published early in 1831 as part of \"Dionysius Lardner's Cabinet cyclopædia\", set out methods of scientific investigation with an orderly relationship between observation and theorising. He described nature as being governed by laws which were difficult to discern or to state mathematically, and the highest aim of natural philosophy was understanding these laws through inductive reasoning, finding a single unifying explanation for a phenomenon. This became an authoritative statement with wide influence on science, particularly at the University of Cambridge where it inspired the student Charles Darwin with \"a burning zeal\" to contribute to this work.\n", "Herschel published a catalogue of his astronomical observations in 1864, as the \"General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters\", a compilation of his own work and that of his father's, expanding on the senior Herschel's \"Catalogue of Nebulae\". A further complementary volume was published posthumously, as the \"General Catalogue of 10,300 Multiple and Double Stars\".\n", "Herschel correctly considered astigmatism to be due to irregularity of the cornea and theorised that vision could be improved by the application of some animal jelly contained in a capsule of glass against the cornea. His views were published in an article entitled Light in 1828 and the \"Encyclopædia Metropolitana\" in 1845.\n", "Discoveries of Herschel include the galaxies NGC 7, NGC 10, NGC 25, and NGC 28\n", "Section::::Visit to Southern Africa.\n", "Declining an offer from the Duke of Sussex that they travel to South Africa on a Navy ship, Herschel and his wife paid £500 for passage on the S.S. \"Mountstuart Elphinstone\", which departed from Portsmouth on 13 November 1833.\n", "The voyage to South Africa was made in order to catalogue the stars, nebulae, and other objects of the southern skies. This was to be a completion as well as extension of the survey of the northern heavens undertaken initially by his father William Herschel. He arrived in Cape Town on 15 January 1834 and set up a private telescope at Feldhausen at Claremont, a suburb of Cape Town. Amongst his other observations during this time was that of the return of Comet Halley. Herschel collaborated with Thomas Maclear, the Astronomer Royal at the Cape of Good Hope and the members of the two families became close friends. During this time, he also witnessed the Great Eruption of Eta Carinae (December, 1837).\n", "In addition to his astronomical work, however, this voyage to a far corner of the British empire also gave Herschel an escape from the pressures under which he found himself in London, where he was one of the most sought-after of all British men of science. While in southern Africa, he engaged in a broad variety of scientific pursuits free from a sense of strong obligations to a larger scientific community. It was, he later recalled, probably the happiest time in his life.\n", "In an extraordinary departure from astronomy, Herschel combined his talents with those of his wife, Margaret, and between 1834 and 1838 they produced 131 botanical illustrations of fine quality, showing the Cape flora. Herschel used a camera lucida to obtain accurate outlines of the specimens and left the details to his wife. Even though their portfolio had been intended as a personal record, and despite the lack of floral dissections in the paintings, their accurate rendition makes them more valuable than many contemporary collections. Some 112 of the 132 known flower studies were collected and published as \"Flora Herscheliana\" in 1996.\n", "As their home during their stay in the Cape, the Herschels had selected 'Feldhausen' (\"Field Houses\"), an old estate on the south-eastern side of Table Mountain. Here John set up his reflector to begin his survey of the southern skies.\n", "Herschel, at the same time, read widely. Intrigued by the ideas of gradual formation of landscapes set out in Charles Lyell's \"Principles of Geology\", he wrote to Lyell on 20 February 1836 praising the book as a work that would bring \"a complete revolution in [its] subject, by altering entirely the point of view in which it must thenceforward be contemplated\" and opening a way for bold speculation on \"that mystery of mysteries, the replacement of extinct species by others.\" Herschel himself thought catastrophic extinction and renewal \"an inadequate conception of the Creator\" and by analogy with other intermediate causes, \"the origination of fresh species, could it ever come under our cognizance, would be found to be a natural in contradistinction to a miraculous process\". He prefaced his words with the couplet:\n", "Taking a gradualist view of development and referring to evolutionary descent from a proto-language, Herschel commented: \n", "The document was circulated, and Charles Babbage incorporated extracts in his ninth and unofficial \"Bridgewater Treatise\", which postulated laws set up by a divine programmer. When HMS \"Beagle\" called at Cape Town, Captain Robert FitzRoy and the young naturalist Charles Darwin visited Herschel on 3 June 1836. Later on, Darwin would be influenced by Herschel's writings in developing his theory advanced in \"The Origin of Species\". In the opening lines of that work, Darwin writes that his intent is \"to throw some light on the origin of species – that mystery of mysteries, as it has been called by one of our greatest philosophers,\" referring to Herschel. However, Herschel ultimately rejected the theory of natural selection.\n", "Herschel returned to England in 1838, was created a baronet, of Slough in the County of Buckingham, and published \"Results of Astronomical Observations made at the Cape of Good Hope\" in 1847. In this publication he proposed the names still used today for the seven then-known satellites of Saturn: Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys, Dione, Rhea, Titan, and Iapetus. In the same year, Herschel received his second Copley Medal from the Royal Society for this work. A few years later, in 1852, he proposed the names still used today for the four then-known satellites of Uranus: Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, and Oberon.\n", "Section::::Photography.\n", "Herschel made numerous important contributions to photography. He made improvements in photographic processes, particularly in inventing the cyanotype process, which became known as blueprints. and variations, such as the chrysotype. In 1839, he made a photograph on glass, which still exists, and experimented with some color reproduction, noting that rays of different parts of the spectrum tended to impart their own color to a photographic paper. Herschel made experiments using photosensitive emulsions of vegetable juices, called phytotypes, also known as anthotypes, and published his discoveries in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London in 1842. He collaborated in the early 1840s with Henry Collen, portrait painter to Queen Victoria. Herschel originally discovered the platinum process on the basis of the light sensitivity of platinum salts, later developed by William Willis.\n", "Herschel coined the term \"photography\" in 1839. Herschel was also the first to apply the terms \"negative\" and \"positive\" to photography.\n", "Herschel discovered sodium thiosulfate to be a solvent of silver halides in 1819, and informed Talbot and Daguerre of his discovery that this \"hyposulphite of soda\" (\"hypo\") could be used as a photographic fixer, to \"fix\" pictures and make them permanent, after experimentally applying it thus in early 1839.\n", "Herschel's ground-breaking research on the subject was read at the Royal Society in London in March 1839 and January 1840.\n", "Section::::Other aspects of Herschel's career.\n", "Herschel wrote many papers and articles, including entries on meteorology, physical geography and the telescope for the eighth edition of the \"Encyclopædia Britannica\". He also translated the \"Iliad\" of Homer.\n", "In 1823, Herschel published his findings on the optical spectra of metal salts.\n", "Herschel invented the actinometer in 1825 to measure the direct heating power of the sun's rays, and his work with the instrument is of great importance in the early history of photochemistry.\n", "Herschel proposed a correction to the Gregorian calendar, making years that are multiples of 4000 not leap years, thus reducing the average length of the calendar year from 365.2425 days to 365.24225. Although this is closer to the mean tropical year of 365.24219 days, his proposal has never been adopted because the Gregorian calendar is based on the mean time between vernal equinoxes (currently days).\n", "Herschel was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1832, and in 1836, a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.\n", "In 1835, the \"New York Sun\" newspaper wrote a series of satiric articles that came to be known as the Great Moon Hoax, with statements falsely attributed to Herschel about his supposed discoveries of animals living on the Moon, including batlike winged humanoids.\n", "The village of Herschel in western Saskatchewan Canada (site of the discovery of \"Dolichorhynchops herschelensis, a type of short-necked plesiosaur\",) Mount Herschel Antarctica, the crater J. Herschel on the Moon, and the Herschel Girls' School in Cape Town South Africa, are all named after him.\n", "While it is commonly accepted that Herschel Island, in the Arctic Ocean, part of the Yukon Territory, was named after him, the entries in the expedition journal of Sir John Franklin state that the latter wished to honour the Herschel family, of which John Herschel's father, Sir William Herschel, and his aunt, Caroline Herschel, are as notable as John.\n", "Section::::Family.\n", "Herschel married his cousin Margaret Brodie Stewart (1810–1884) on 3 March 1829 at Edinburgh and was father of the following children:\n", "BULLET::::1. Caroline Emilia Elizabeth Herschel (31 March 1830 – 29 Jan 1909), who married Alexander Hamilton-Gordon\n", "BULLET::::2. Isabella Herschel (5 June 1831 – 1893)\n", "BULLET::::3. Sir William James Herschel, 2nd Bt. (9 January 1833 – 1917),\n", "BULLET::::4. Margaret Louisa Herschel (1834–1861), an accomplished artist\n", "BULLET::::5. Prof. Alexander Stewart Herschel (1836–1907), FRS, FRAS\n", "BULLET::::6. Col. John Herschel FRS, FRAS, (1837–1921) surveyor\n", "BULLET::::7. Marie Sophie Herschel (1839–1929)\n", "BULLET::::8. Amelia Herschel (1841–1926) married Sir Thomas Francis Wade, diplomat and sinologist\n", "BULLET::::9. Julia Edith Herschel (1842–1933) married on 4 June 1878 to Captain (later Admiral) John Fiot Lee Pearse Maclear\n", "BULLET::::10. Matilda Rose Herschel (1844–1914), a gifted artist, married William Waterfield (Indian Civil Service)\n", "BULLET::::11. Francisca Herschel (1846–1932)\n", "BULLET::::12. Constance Ann Herschel (1855–20 June 1939)\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "Herschel died on 11 May 1871 at age 79 at Collingwood, his home near Hawkhurst in Kent. On his death, he was given a national funeral and buried in Westminster Abbey. His obituary by Henry W Field of London was read to the American Philosophical Society on 1 December 1871.\n", "Section::::Bibliography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"On the Aberration of Compound Lenses and Object-Glasses\" (1821)\n", "BULLET::::- Book-length articles on \"Light\", \"Sound\" and \"Physical Astronomy\" for the \"Encyclopaedia Metropolitana\" (30 vols. 1817–45)\n", "BULLET::::- \"General Catalogue of 10,300 Multiple and Double Stars\" (published posthumously)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Familiar Lectures on Scientific Subjects\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Manual of Scientific Inquiry\" (ed.), (1849)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Meteorology\" (1861)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Familiar Lectures on Scientific Subjects\" (1867)\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- On Herschel's relationship with Charles Babbage, William Whewell, and Richard Jones, see\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Biographical information\n", "BULLET::::- R. Derek Wood (2008), 'Fourteenth March 1839, Herschel's Key to Photography'\n", "BULLET::::- Herschel Museum of Astronomy\n", "BULLET::::- Science in the Making Herschel's papers in the Royal Society's archives\n", "BULLET::::- Chronology of Astronomy in South Africa\n", "BULLET::::- , published in Astronomische Nachrichten\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "John Herschel", "Sir John Frederick William Herschel", "Zhon Gershelʹ", "John Frederick Herschel", "Sir John Herschel", "John F. W. Herschel", "J. F. W. Herschel", "Dzhon Frederik Uilʹi︠a︡m Gershelʹ" ] }, "description": "English mathematician, astronomer, chemist and photographer", "enwikiquote_title": "John Herschel", "wikidata_id": "Q14278", "wikidata_label": "John Frederick William Herschel", "wikipedia_title": "John Herschel" }

{ "end": [ 59, 209, 226, 256, 9, 50, 57, 90, 165, 261, 334, 468, 558, 595, 691, 705, 907, 1058, 1078, 1845, 1896, 61, 93, 122, 493, 588, 703, 741, 1256, 205, 236, 517, 66, 500, 133, 149, 371, 588, 51, 228, 422, 43, 225, 381, 580, 201, 26, 36, 157, 177, 194, 236, 375, 81, 144, 178, 232, 328, 35, 158, 221, 444, 174, 186, 312, 426, 207, 235, 367, 511, 657, 819, 345, 436, 32, 26, 41, 70 ], "href": [ "Kingdom%20of%20Jerusalem", "Baldwin%26amp%3Bnbsp%3BII%20of%20Jerusalem", "Armenia", "Morphia%20of%20Melitene", "Jerusalem", "Christians", "Franks", "First%20Crusade", "Rethel", "County%20of%20Edessa", "Gabriel%20of%20Melitene", "Montlh%C3%A9ry", "King%20of%20Jerusalem", "Baldwin%20I%20of%20Jerusalem", "Alice%20of%20Antioch", "Hodierna%20of%20Tripoli", "Matthew%20of%20Edessa", "coronation", "Christmas%20Day", "Franks", "Crusader%20states", "heir%20presumptive", "Outremer", "life%20expectancy", "queen%20regnant", "jure%20uxoris", "Urraca%20of%20Castile", "Eleanor%20of%20Aquitaine", "Haute%20Cour%20of%20Jerusalem", "Louis%26amp%3Bnbsp%3BVI%20of%20France", "vassal", "suzerainty", "Baldwin%20III%20of%20Jerusalem", "William%20of%20Tyre", "Hugh%26amp%3Bnbsp%3BII%20of%20Le%20Puiset", "County%20of%20Jaffa%20and%20Ascalon", "William%20of%20Tyre", "Catholic%20Church%20hierarchy", "Ashkelon", "Latin%20Patriarch%20of%20Jerusalem", "Amalric%20I%20of%20Jerusalem", "Catholic%20Church", "Tomb%20of%20Lazarus%20%28al-Eizariya%29%23Roman%20Catholic%20Church%20of%20St.%20Lazarus", "Jericho", "Bernard%20Hamilton", "Hugo%20Buchtal", "Crusader%20states", "County%20of%20Edessa", "Officers%20of%20the%20Kingdom%20of%20Jerusalem", "Manasses%20of%20Hierges", "Philip%20of%20Milly", "Raymond%20of%20Antioch", "Siege%20of%20Edessa%20%281144%29", "Second%20Crusade", "Louis%26amp%3Bnbsp%3BVII%20of%20France", "Conrad%20III%20of%20Germany", "Eleanor%20of%20Aquitaine", "William%20X%20of%20Aquitaine", "Council%20of%20Acre", "Damascus", "Aleppo", "Patriarch%20Fulk%20of%20Jerusalem", "Judea", "Samaria", "Nablus", "Tower%20of%20David", "Constance%20of%20Antioch", "Pisa", "Gilead", "Sibylla%20of%20Anjou", "Agnes%20of%20Courtenay", "Sibylla%20of%20Jerusalem", "Abbey%20of%20St.%20Mary%20of%20the%20Valley%20of%20Jehosaphat", "Mar%20Saba", "Mayer%2C%20Hans%20Eberhard", "Newman%2C%20Sharan", "http%3A//www.medievalarchives.com/Melisende", "http%3A//www.medievalarchives.com/PodcastList" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 10, 13, 13, 13, 13, 16, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 21, 21, 21, 24, 25, 25, 26, 26, 28, 29, 29, 29, 29, 29, 31, 31, 41, 42, 47, 47 ], "start": [ 41, 186, 219, 237, 0, 41, 51, 77, 159, 255, 315, 459, 541, 586, 686, 697, 890, 1048, 1065, 1837, 1883, 45, 85, 107, 480, 577, 686, 721, 1246, 187, 230, 507, 55, 485, 113, 135, 356, 582, 44, 219, 415, 37, 214, 374, 564, 189, 12, 30, 148, 158, 179, 218, 364, 67, 125, 168, 212, 319, 20, 150, 215, 427, 169, 179, 306, 412, 187, 231, 361, 492, 639, 812, 315, 411, 12, 12, 12, 45 ], "text": [ "Queen of Jerusalem", "Baldwin II of Jerusalem", "Armenia", "Morphia of Melitene", "Jerusalem", "Christian", "Franks", "First Crusade", "Rethel", "Edessa", "Gabriel of Melitene", "Montlhéry", "King of Jerusalem", "Baldwin I", "Alice", "Hodierna", "Matthew of Edessa", "coronation", "Christmas Day", "Frankish", "Frankish East", "heir presumptive", "Outremer", "life expectancy", "queen regnant", "jure uxoris", "Urraca of Castile", "Eleanor of Aquitaine", "Haute Cour", "Louis VI of France", "vassal", "suzerainty", "Baldwin III", "William of Tyre", "Hugh II of Le Puiset", "Count of Jaffa", "William of Tyre", "Church", "Ascalon", "Patriarch", "Amalric", "Church", "St. Lazarus", "Jericho", "Bernard Hamilton", "Hugo Buchtal", "Crusader state", "Edessa", "constable", "Manasses of Hierges", "Philip of Milly", "Raymond of Antioch", "Edessa fell", "Second Crusade", "Louis VII of France", "Conrad III", "Eleanor of Aquitaine", "William X", "meeting in Acre", "Damascus", "Aleppo", "patriarch Fulcher", "Judea", "Samaria", "Nablus", "Tower of David", "Constance of Antioch", "Pisa", "Gilead", "Sibylla of Flanders", "Agnes of Courtenay", "Sibylla", "shrine of Our Lady of Josaphat", "monastery of Saint Sabbas", "Mayer, Hans Eberhard", "Newman, Sharan", "Melisende: Queen of Jerusalem", "Medieval Archives Podcast" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem\n", "Melisende (1105 – 11 September 1161) was Queen of Jerusalem from 1131 to 1153, and regent for her son between 1153 and 1161 while he was on campaign. She was the eldest daughter of King Baldwin II of Jerusalem, and the Armenian princess Morphia of Melitene.\n", "Section::::Heir presumptive.\n", "Jerusalem had recently been conquered by Christian Franks in 1099 during the First Crusade, and Melisende's paternal family originally came from the County of Rethel in France. Her father Baldwin was a crusader knight who carved out the Crusader State of Edessa and married Morphia, daughter of the Armenian prince Gabriel of Melitene, in a diplomatic marriage to fortify alliances in the region. Melisende, named after her paternal grandmother, Melisende of Montlhéry, grew up in Edessa until she was 13, when her father was elected as the King of Jerusalem as successor of his cousin Baldwin I. By the time of his election as king, and Morphia already had three daughters: Melisende, Alice, and Hodierna. As the new king, had been encouraged to put away Morphia in favor of a new younger wife with better political connections, one that could yet bear him a male heir. Armenian historian Matthew of Edessa wrote that was thoroughly devoted to his wife, and refused to consider divorcing her. As a mark of his love for his wife, had postponed his coronation until Christmas Day 1119 so that Morphia and his daughters could travel to Jerusalem and so that the queen could be crowned alongside him. For her part, Morphia did not interfere in the day to day politics of Jerusalem, but demonstrated her ability to take charge of affairs when events warranted it. When Melisende's father was captured during a campaign in 1123, Morphia hired a band of Armenian mercenaries to discover where her husband was being held prisoner, and in 1124 Morphia took a leading part in the negotiations with Baldwin's captors to have him released, including traveling to Syria and handing over her youngest daughter Yveta as hostage and as surety for the payment of the king's ransom. Both of her parents stood as role models for the young Melisende, half Frankish and half Armenian, growing up in the Frankish East in a state of constant warfare.\n", "As the eldest child, Melisende was raised as heir presumptive. Frankish women in the Outremer had a higher life expectancy than men, in part due to the constant state of war in the region, and as a result Frankish women exerted a wide degree of influence in the region and provided a strong sense of continuity to Eastern Frankish society. Women who inherited territory usually did so because war and violence brought many men to premature death, and women who were recognized as queen regnant rarely exercised their authority directly, with their spouse exercising authority \"jure uxoris\", through the medium of their wives. Contemporaries of Melisende who did rule, however, included Urraca of Castile (1080–1129), and Eleanor of Aquitaine (1122–1204). During her father's reign Melisende was styled as \"daughter of the king and heir of the kingdom of Jerusalem\", and took precedence above other nobles and Christian clergy in ceremonial occasions. Increasingly she was associated with her father on official documents, including in the minting of money, granting of fiefdoms and other forms of patronage, and in diplomatic correspondence. Baldwin raised his daughter as a capable successor to himself and Melisende enjoyed the support of the \"Haute Cour\", a kind of royal council composed of the nobility and clergy of the realm.\n", "However, also thought that he would have to marry Melisende to a powerful ally, one who would protect and safeguard Melisende's inheritance and her future heirs. Baldwin deferred to King Louis VI of France to recommend a Frankish vassal for his daughter's hand. The Frankish connection remained an important consideration for Crusader Jerusalem, as the nascent kingdom depended heavily on manpower and connections from France, Germany, and Italy. By deferring to France, was not submitting Jerusalem to the suzerainty of France; rather, he was placing the moral guardianship of the Outremer with the West for its survival, reminding that the Outremer was, to some extent, Frankish lands.\n", "When Melisende bore a son and heir in 1130, the future Baldwin III, her father took steps to ensure Melisende would rule after him as reigning Queen of Jerusalem. held a coronation ceremony investing the kingship of Jerusalem jointly between his daughter, his grandson , and Fulk. Strengthening her position, designated Melisende as sole guardian for the young Baldwin, excluding Fulk. When died the next year in 1131, Melisende and Fulk ascended to the throne as joint rulers. Later, William of Tyre wrote of Melisende's right to rule following the death of her father that \"the rule of the kingdom remained in the power of the lady queen Melisende, a queen beloved by God, to whom it passed by hereditary right\". However, with the aid of his knights, Fulk excluded Melisende from granting titles, offering patronage, and of issuing grants, diplomas, and charters. Fulk openly and publicly dismissed her hereditary authority. The fears of seemed to be justified, and the continued mistreatment of their queen irritated the members of the \"Haute Cour\", whose own positions would be eroded if Fulk continued to dominate the realm. Fulk's behavior was in keeping with his ruling philosophy, as in Anjou Fulk had squashed any attempts by local towns to administer themselves and strong-armed his vassals into submission. Fulk's autocratic style contrasted with the somewhat collegial association with their monarch that native Eastern Franks had come to enjoy.\n", "Section::::Palace intrigue.\n", "The estrangement between husband and wife was a convenient political tool that Fulk used in 1134 when he accused Hugh II of Le Puiset, Count of Jaffa, of having an affair with Melisende. Hugh was the most powerful baron in the kingdom, and devotedly loyal to the memory of his cousin . This loyalty now extended to Melisende. Contemporary sources, such as William of Tyre, discount the alleged infidelity of Melisende and instead point out that Fulk overly favoured newly arrived Frankish crusaders from Anjou over the native nobility of the kingdom. Had Melisende been guilty, the Church and nobility likely would not have later rallied to her cause.\n", "Hugh allied himself with the Muslim city of Ascalon, and was able to hold off the army set against him. He could not maintain his position indefinitely, however. His alliance with Ascalon cost him support at court. The Patriarch negotiated lenient terms for peace, and Hugh was exiled for three years. Soon thereafter an unsuccessful assassination attempt against Hugh was attributed to Fulk or his supporters. This was reason enough for the queen's party to openly challenge Fulk, as Fulk's unfounded assertions of infidelity were a public affront that would damage Melisende's position entirely.\n", "Through what amounted to a palace coup, the queen's supporters overcame Fulk, and from 1135 onwards Fulk's influence rapidly deteriorated. One historian wrote that Fulk's supporters \"went in terror of their lives\" in the palace. William of Tyre wrote that Fulk \"did not attempt to take the initiative, even in trivial matters, without [Melisende's] knowledge\". Husband and wife reconciled by 1136 and a second son, Amalric, was born. When Fulk was killed in a hunting accident in 1143, Melisende publicly and privately mourned for him.\n", "Melisende's victory was complete. Again she is seen in the historical record granting titles of nobility, fiefdoms, appointments and offices, granting royal favours and pardons and holding court. Of Melisende, William of Tyre wrote \"reseditque reginam regni potestas penes dominam Melisendem, Deo amabilem reginam, cui jure hereditario competebat.\" Melisende was no mere regent-queen for her son , but a queen regnant, reigning by right of hereditary and civil law.\n", "Section::::Patroness of the church and arts.\n", "Melisende enjoyed the support of the Church throughout her lifetime; from her appointment as successor, throughout the conflict with Fulk, and later when would come of age. In 1138 she founded the large convent of St. Lazarus in Bethany where her younger sister Ioveta would rule as abbess. In keeping with a royal abbey, Melisende granted the convent the fertile plains of Jericho. Additionally, the queen supplied rich furnishings and liturgical vessels, so that it would not be in any way inferior to religious houses for men. According to author and historian Bernard Hamilton, Melisende also gave large\n", "Queen Melisende also appreciated a variety of literary and visual arts - her passion and assortment due to the different artistic exposures she received as a result of her parents' mixed Frankish-Armenian union. She created both a school of book makers and a school of miniature painters - a painting style most used in medieval illuminated manuscripts. She also commissioned the construction of \"a vaulted complex of shops in Jerusalem, including the legendary (and still surviving) Street of Bad Cooking\". The Street of Bad Cooking (Malquisinat) was the central and most famous market of Crusader Jerusalem, presenting specialized merchants and cooks to supply the numerous pilgrims who visited the city with food.\n", "Melisende's love for books and her religious piety were very well known. She was recognized as a patroness of books, a fact her husband knew how to exploit following the incident that greatly injured their relationship and the monarchy's stability. King Fulk was jealous of the friendship Melisende shared with Hugh, Count of Jafa. Placed under scrutiny for supposed adultery with the Queen, Hugh was attacked by an assassin who was most likely sent by the King himself. This greatly angered the queen. Melisende was extremely hostile after the accusations about her alleged infidelity with Hugh and refused to speak to or allow in court those who sided with her husband - deeming them \"under the displeasure of the queen\". It is apparent that Fulk set to appease his wife by commissioning her the special book as a peace offering. \"The Melisende Psalter is an extraordinarily beautiful little book that survives today in the British Museum\" - a gloriously decorated gift carefully and thoughtfully chosen. While only 21.6 centimeters tall and 14 centimeters wide, the Melisende Psalter was ornately and expensively adorned - originally having the entire front cover gilded in gold and with six roundels made of ivory and exquisitely carved. It has a \"multicolored silk spine\" and the ivory roundels/medallions have studded \"turquoise, ruby, and emerald stones\" around scenes of King David from the Old Testament, a calendar with all the saints' days/observances marked, and also prayers of worship and adoration - all with extremely ornate illuminated initial letters. While there is no identification placing this book as Melisende's or made with her in mind, there is plenty of evidence that is highly suggestive of her as the sole recipient. The use of Latin text appropriate for a secular woman (as opposed to an abbess or such), the particular venerations of the Virgin Mary and Mary Magdalen (suggestive of the nearby abbey Melisende patronized and was later buried at), and the only two royal mentions/inclusions being of Melisende's parents all indicate that this book was for her. One final indicator that this was from Fulk to Melisende (other than the fact that only a king would be able to afford creating such a piece so pricey) is that there is a carving of a bird on the back cover labeled \"Herodius\" which is also known as \"fulica\" or falcon - making this a stamp pun/play on words to King Fulk's name.\n", "Though influenced by Byzantine and Italian traditions in the illuminations, the artists who contributed to the Melisende Psalter had a unique and decidedly 'Jerusalem style'. The historian Hugo Buchtal wrote that\n", "There is no account of how Melisende received this gift but shortly after its creation, the royal union appeared stronger than ever. Two things prove the couple's reconciliation: 1) almost every single charter after this was issued by Fulk but labeled \"with the consent and the approval of Queen Melisende\", and 2) the birth of the royal pair's second son, Amalric, in 1136. It is also reported that Queen Melisende mourned greatly after her husband fell off a horse and died in 1145.\n", "Section::::Second Crusade.\n", "In 1144 the Crusader state of Edessa was besieged in a border war that threatened its survival. Queen Melisende responded by sending an army led by constable Manasses of Hierges, Philip of Milly, and Elinand of Bures. Raymond of Antioch ignored the call for help, as his army was already occupied against the Byzantine Empire in Cilicia. Despite Melisende's army, Edessa fell.\n", "Melisende sent word to the Pope in Rome, and the west called for a Second Crusade. The crusader expedition was led by French Louis VII of France and the German Emperor Conrad III. Accompanying Louis was his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine, with her own vassal lords in tow. Eleanor had herself been designated by her father, William X, to succeed him in her own right, just as Melisende had been designated to succeed her father.\n", "During the Crusader meeting in Acre in 1148, the battle strategy was planned. Conrad and Louis advised 18-year-old to attack the Muslim city-state of Damascus, though Melisende, Manasses, and Eleanor wanted to take Aleppo, which would aid them in retaking Edessa. The meeting ended with Damascus as their target. Damascus and Jerusalem were on very good diplomatic terms and there was a peace treaty between them. The result of this breach of treaty was that Damascus would never trust the Crusader states again, and the loss of a sympathetic Muslim state was a blow from which later monarchs of Jerusalem could not recover. After 11 months, Eleanor and Louis departed for France, ending the Second Crusade.\n", "Section::::Mother and son.\n", "Melisende's relationship with her son was complex. As a mother she would know her son and his capabilities, and she is known to have been particularly close to her children. As a ruler she may have been reluctant to entrust decision-making powers to an untried youth. Either way there was no political or social pressure to grant Baldwin any authority before 1152, even though Baldwin reached majority in 1145. and Melisende were jointly crowned as co-rulers on Christmas Day, 1143. This joint crowning was similar to Melisende's own crowning with her father in 1128, and may have reflected a growing trend to crown one's heir in the present monarch's lifetime, as demonstrated in other realms of this period.\n", "Baldwin grew up to be a capable, if not brilliant, military commander. By age 22 however, Baldwin felt he could take some responsibility in governance. Melisende had hitherto only partially associated Baldwin in her rule. Tension between mother and son mounted between 1150 and 1152, with Baldwin blaming Manasses for alienating his mother from him. The crisis reached a boiling point early 1152 when Baldwin demanded that the patriarch Fulcher crown him in the Holy Sepulchre, without Melisende present. The Patriarch refused. Baldwin, in protest, staged a procession in the city streets wearing laurel wreaths, a kind of self-crowning.\n", "Baldwin and Melisende agreed to put the decision to the \"Haute Cour\". The \"Haute Cour\" decided that Baldwin would rule the north of the kingdom and Melisende the richer Judea and Samaria, and Jerusalem itself. Melisende acquiesced, though with misgivings. This decision would prevent a civil war but also divide the kingdom's resources. Though later historians criticized Melisende for not abdicating in favor of her son, there was little impetus for her to do so. She was universally recognized as an exceptional steward for her kingdom, and her rule had been characterized as a wise one by church leaders and other contemporaries. Baldwin had not shown any interest in governance prior to 1152, and had resisted responsibility in this arena. The Church clearly supported Melisende, as did the barons of Judea and Samaria.\n", "Despite putting the matter before the \"Haute Cour\", Baldwin was not happy with the partition any more than Melisende. But instead of reaching further compromise, within weeks of the decision he launched an invasion of his mother's realms. Baldwin showed that he was Fulk's son by quickly taking the field; Nablus and Jerusalem fell swiftly. Melisende with her younger son Amalric and others sought refuge in the Tower of David. Church mediation between mother and son resulted in the grant of the city of Nablus and adjacent lands to Melisende to rule for life, and a solemn oath by not to disturb her peace. This peace settlement demonstrated that though Melisende lost the \"civil war\" to her son, she still maintained great influence and avoided total obscurity in a convent.\n", "Section::::Retirement.\n", "By 1153, son and mother had been reconciled. Since the civil war, Baldwin had shown his mother great respect. Melisende's connections, especially to her sister Hodierna, and to her niece Constance of Antioch, meant that she had direct influence in northern Syria, a priceless connection since Baldwin had himself broken the treaty with Damascus in 1147.\n", "As was often on military campaigns, he realized he had few reliable advisers. From 1154 onwards, Melisende is again associated with her son in many of his official public acts. In 1156, she concluded a treaty with the merchants of Pisa. In 1157, with Baldwin on campaign in Antioch, Melisende saw an opportunity to take el-Hablis, which controlled the lands of Gilead beyond the Jordan. Also in 1157, on the death of patriarch Fulcher, Melisende, her sister Ioveta the Abbess of Bethany, and Sibylla of Flanders had Amalric of Nesle appointed as patriarch of Jerusalem. Additionally, Melisende was witness to her son Amalric's marriage to Agnes of Courtenay in 1157. In 1160, she gave her assent to a grant made by her son Amalric to the Holy Sepulchre, perhaps on the occasion of the birth of her granddaughter Sibylla to Agnes and Amalric.\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "In 1161, Melisende had what appears to have been a stroke. Her memory was severely impaired and she could no longer take part in state affairs. Her sisters, the countess of Tripoli and abbess of Bethany, came to nurse her before she died on 11 September 1161. Melisende was buried next to her mother Morphia in the shrine of Our Lady of Josaphat. Melisende, like her mother, bequeathed property to the Orthodox monastery of Saint Sabbas.\n", "William of Tyre, writing on Melisende's 30-year reign, wrote that \"she was a very wise woman, fully experienced in almost all affairs of state business, who completely triumphed over the handicap of her sex so that she could take charge of important affairs\", and that, \"striving to emulate the glory of the best princes, Melisende ruled the kingdom with such ability that she was rightly considered to have equalled her predecessors in that regard\". Professor Bernard Hamilton of the University of Nottingham has written that, while William of Tyre's comments may seem rather patronizing to modern readers, they amount to a great show of respect from a society and culture in which women were regarded as having fewer rights and less authority than their brothers, their fathers or even their sons.\n", "Section::::Sources.\n", "BULLET::::- Tranovich, Margaret, \"Melisende of Jerusalem: The World of a Forgotten Crusader Queen\" (Sawbridgeworth, East and West Publishing, 2011).\n", "BULLET::::- Gaudette, Helen A. (2010), \"The Spending Power of a Crusader Queen: Melisende of Jerusalem\", \"in\" Theresa Earenfight (ed.), \"Women and Wealth in Late Medieval Europe\", Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 135‑148\n", "BULLET::::- Gerish, Deborah (2006), \"Holy War, Royal Wives, and Equivocation in Twelfth-Century Jerusalem\", \"in\" Naill Christie and Maya Yazigis (ed.), \"Noble Ideals and Bloody Realities\", Leiden, J. Brill, pp. 119‑144\n", "BULLET::::- Gerish, Deborah (2012), \"Royal Daughters of Jerusalem and the Demands of Holy War\", \"Leidschrift Historisch Tijdschrift\", vol. 27, n 3, pp. 89‑112\n", "BULLET::::- Hamilton, Bernard (1978), \"Women in the Crusader States: the Queens of Jerusalem\", \"in\" Derek Baker and Rosalind M. T. Hill (ed.), \"Medieval Women\", Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 143‑174; Nurith Kenaan-Kedar, \"Armenian Architecture in Twelfth-Century Crusader Jerusalem\", \"Assaph Studies in Art History\", n 3, pp. 77‑91\n", "BULLET::::- Kühnel, Bianca (1991), \"The Kingly Statement of the Bookcovers of Queen Melisende’s Psalter\", \"in\" Ernst Dassmann and Klaus Thraede (ed.), \"Tesserae: Festschrift für Joseph Engemann\", Münster, Aschendorffsche Verlagsbuchhandlung, pp. 340‑357\n", "BULLET::::- Lambert, Sarah (1997), \"Queen or Consort: Rulership and Politics in the Latin East, 1118-1228\", \"in\" Anne J. Duggan (ed.), \"Queens and Queenship in Medieval Europe\", Woodbridge, Boydell Press, pp. 153‑169\n", "BULLET::::- Mayer, Hans Eberhard (1972), \"Studies in the History of Queen Melisende of Jerusalem\", \"Dumbarton Oaks Papers\", vol. 26, pp. 93‑182.\n", "BULLET::::- Newman, Sharan, \"Defending the City of God: a Medieval Queen, the First Crusades, and the Quest for Peace in Jerusalem\", Palgrave Macmillan, 2014\n", "BULLET::::- Philips, Jonathan. \"Holy Warriors: a Modern History of the Crusades\", Vintage Books, 2010\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Historical fiction\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Melisende: Queen of Jerusalem on Medieval Archives Podcast\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Queen of Jerusalem", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q232151", "wikidata_label": "Melisende", "wikipedia_title": "Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem" }

{ "end": [ 40, 60, 73, 86, 183, 211, 55, 71, 114, 124, 246, 62, 99, 32, 23, 57, 72, 28, 37, 31, 53, 65, 84, 27, 30, 33, 67, 85, 34, 68, 43, 30, 49, 37, 29, 48, 67, 31, 48, 47, 28, 38 ], "href": [ "polka", "trumpeter", "clarinetist", "saxophonist", "Grammy%20Award", "Grammy%20Award%20for%20Best%20Polka%20Album", "Carnegie%20Hall", "Lincoln%20Center", "Palace%20of%20Culture", "Warsaw", "Billy%20Ray%20Cyrus", "WTBQ", "Florida%2C%20Orange%20County%2C%20New%20York", "Come%20Share%20the%20Wine", "Gone%20Polka", "Willie%20Nelson", "Brenda%20Lee", "I%20Love%20to%20Polka", "Let%20the%20Whole%20World%20Sing", "Let%27s%20Polka%20%27Round", "Charlie%20Daniels", "Bela%20Fleck", "Boots%20Randolph", "Life%27s%20a%20Polka", "Live%20at%20Gilley%27s%21", "Living%20on%20Polka%20Time", "Bill%20Anderson%20%28singer%29", "Flaco%20Jim%C3%A9nez", "Polka%21%20All%20Night%20Long", "Willie%20Nelson", "Bill%20Anderson%20%28singer%29", "Polka%20in%20Paradise", "Bobby%20Vinton", "Shake%2C%20Rattle%20and%20Polka%21", "Top%20of%20the%20World%20%28Jimmy%20Sturr%20album%29", "Arlo%20Guthrie", "Rhonda%20Vincent", "Touched%20by%20a%20Polka", "Mel%20Tillis", "When%20It%27s%20Polka%20Time%20at%20Your%20House", "http%3A//www.jimmysturr.com", "http%3A//www.letspolka.com/2006/11/interview-with-jimmy-sturr" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 5, 5, 10, 14, 14, 14, 17, 19, 20, 20, 20, 20, 21, 22, 23, 23, 23, 26, 26, 29, 31, 31, 40, 43, 43, 43, 44, 44, 46, 106, 107 ], "start": [ 35, 51, 62, 75, 171, 195, 42, 57, 97, 118, 231, 58, 82, 13, 13, 44, 62, 13, 13, 13, 38, 55, 70, 13, 13, 13, 54, 72, 13, 55, 30, 13, 37, 13, 13, 36, 53, 13, 38, 13, 12, 12 ], "text": [ "polka", "trumpeter", "clarinetist", "saxophonist", "Grammy Award", "Best Polka Album", "Carnegie Hall", "Lincoln Center", "Palace of Culture", "Warsaw", "Billy Ray Cyrus", "WTBQ", "Florida, New York", "Come Share the Wine", "Gone Polka", "Willie Nelson", "Brenda Lee", "I Love to Polka", "Let the Whole World Sing", "Let's Polka 'Round", "Charlie Daniels", "Bela Fleck", "Boots Randolph", "Life's a Polka", "Live at Gilley's!", "Living on Polka Time", "Bill Anderson", "Flaco Jiménez", "Polka! All Night Long", "Willie Nelson", "Bill Anderson", "Polka in Paradise", "Bobby Vinton", "Shake, Rattle and Polka!", "Top of the World", "Arlo Guthrie", "Rhonda Vincent", "Touched by a Polka", "Mel Tillis", "When It's Polka Time at Your House", "Official website", "Interview with Jimmy Sturr" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Jimmy Sturr\n", "James W. Sturr, Jr. is an American polka musician, trumpeter, clarinetist, saxophonist and leader of Jimmy Sturr & His Orchestra. His recordings have won 18 out of the 24 Grammy Awards given for Best Polka Album. Sturr's orchestra is on the Top Ten List of the All-Time Grammy Awards, and has acquired more Grammy nominations than anyone in the history of musical polka awards.\n", "Section::::Touring history.\n", "Sturr and his orchestra have performed at Carnegie Hall, Lincoln Center in New York City and the Palace of Culture in Warsaw, Poland. When touring, the band rides in Jimmy's forty-five foot customized tour bus, previously owned by Billy Ray Cyrus.\n", "Section::::Radio show.\n", "Sturr hosts a syndicated radio show on stations including WTBQ in his hometown of Florida, New York, the station he once owned. He also has a weekly radio show on SirusXM channel, Rural Radio.\n", "Section::::Discography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"All American Polka Festival\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Best of Jimmy Sturr and His Orchestra\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Come on and Dance:Live\" (2014)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Come Share the Wine\" (2008 Grammy)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Double Magic\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"First Class Polkas\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Forget Me Never\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Gone Polka\" (2002 Grammy) with Willie Nelson and Brenda Lee\n", "BULLET::::- \"Grammy Gold\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Greatest Hits of Polka\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"I Love to Polka\" (1996 Grammy)\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Jimmy Sturr Christmas\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Let the Whole World Sing\" (2009 Grammy)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Let's Polka 'Round\" with Charlie Daniels, Bela Fleck and Boots Randolph (2004 Grammy)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Life's a Polka\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Live at Gilley's!\" (1992 Grammy)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Living on Polka Time\" (1998 Grammy) with Bill Anderson and Flaco Jiménez\n", "BULLET::::- \"Most Requested Hits\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Not Just Another Polka\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Polka! All Night Long\" (1997 Grammy) with Willie Nelson\n", "BULLET::::- \"Polka Christmas\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"\"Polka Christmas\" in My Home Town\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Polka Cola\" with Bill Anderson\n", "BULLET::::- \"Polka Fever\" (1978)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Polka in Paradise\" with Bobby Vinton (2007 Grammy)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Polka is My Life\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Polka Party\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Polkapalooza\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Primetime Polkas\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Pure Country\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Pure Polka\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rock N Polka\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Saturday Night Polka\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Shake, Rattle and Polka!\" (2006 Grammy)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sturr It Up\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sturr Struck\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Top of the World\" with Arlo Guthrie and Rhonda Vincent (2003 Grammy)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Touched by a Polka\" with Mel Tillis (2001 Grammy)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tribute to the Legends of Polka Music\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"When It's Polka Time at Your House\" (1991 Grammy)\n", "Section::::Band members.\n", "Main Band Members\n", "BULLET::::- Jimmy Sturr - Leader, Vocals, Clarinet, Saxophone, Drums, and Trumpet\n", "BULLET::::- Rick Henly - Trumpet\n", "BULLET::::- Bill Ash - Trumpet\n", "BULLET::::- Kenny Harbus - Trumpet & Vocals\n", "BULLET::::- Jim Perry - Clarinet, Alto Saxophone, and Tenor Saxophone\n", "BULLET::::- Nick DeVito - Clarinet & Alto Saxophone\n", "BULLET::::- Johnny Karas - Tenor Saxophone & Vocals\n", "BULLET::::- Ron Oswanski - Piano & Accordion\n", "BULLET::::- Frank Urbanovitch - Violin & Vocals\n", "BULLET::::- Rich Pavasaris - Bass Guitar\n", "BULLET::::- Rich Berends - Drums\n", "Other Band Members/Reoccurring Members\n", "BULLET::::- Tom Conklin - Bus Driver\n", "BULLET::::- Jim Dixon - Bus Driver\n", "BULLET::::- Gus Kosior - Manager & Bus Driver\n", "BULLET::::- Barbara James - Assistant Manager\n", "BULLET::::- Al Piatkowski - Accordion\n", "BULLET::::- Nick Koryluk - Accordion\n", "BULLET::::- Joe Mariany - Clarinet and Saxophone\n", "BULLET::::- Ray Barno - Clarinet, Alto Saxophone, and Baritone Saxophone\n", "BULLET::::- Chris Caffery - Guitar\n", "Past Band Members\n", "BULLET::::- Hank Golis - Trumpet\n", "BULLET::::- Kevin Krauth - Trumpet & Vocals\n", "BULLET::::- Al Noble - Trumpet\n", "BULLET::::- Ben Poole - Trumpet\n", "BULLET::::- Eric Parks - Trumpet\n", "BULLET::::- Dana Sylvander - Trombone\n", "BULLET::::- Dennis Coyman - Drums\n", "BULLET::::- Bill Langan - Bass Guitar\n", "BULLET::::- Mike Ralff - Bass Guitar\n", "BULLET::::- Dave Kowalski - Guitar\n", "BULLET::::- Eddie Burton - Guitar\n", "BULLET::::- Lou Pallo - Guitar\n", "BULLET::::- Kevin Chase - Guitar\n", "BULLET::::- Walt Cunningham - Strings & Banjo\n", "BULLET::::- Ed Goldberg - Piano & Bass\n", "BULLET::::- Jeff Hoffman - Piano\n", "BULLET::::- Jeff Miller - Piano\n", "BULLET::::- Keith Slattery - Piano\n", "BULLET::::- Lenny Filipowski - Piano\n", "BULLET::::- Dennis Polisky - Clarinet & Alto Saxophone\n", "BULLET::::- Greg Dolecki - Clarinet & Alto Saxophone\n", "BULLET::::- Joe Magnuszewski - Clarinet & Alto Saxophone\n", "BULLET::::- Peter Kargul - Violin\n", "BULLET::::- Ryan Joseph - Violin\n", "BULLET::::- Steve Wnuk - Violin\n", "BULLET::::- Gene Bartkiewicz - Accordion\n", "BULLET::::- Wally Czerniawski - Accordion\n", "BULLET::::- Steve Swiader - Accordion\n", "BULLET::::- Gennarose - Vocals\n", "BULLET::::- Lance Wing - Vocals\n", "BULLET::::- Lindsey Webster - Vocals\n", "BULLET::::- John Doolan - Equipment Manager\n", "BULLET::::- Bryan Doolan - Roadie\n", "BULLET::::- Thomas 'Tom' Karas - Accordion/keyboard (1983-1989)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Official website\n", "BULLET::::- Interview with Jimmy Sturr\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American musician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q4442402", "wikidata_label": "Jimmy Sturr", "wikipedia_title": "Jimmy Sturr" }

{ "end": [ 75, 92, 115, 171, 208, 262, 33, 52, 219, 88, 207, 538, 33, 104, 141, 286, 522, 537, 718, 726, 735, 747, 100, 151, 14, 324, 482, 62, 62, 84, 37 ], "href": [ "Poland", "Germany", "printmaker", "Etching", "Berlin", "Berlin%20Academy%20of%20Art", "Danzig", "Poland", "Huguenot", "Greater%20Poland", "Switzerland", "Augsburg", "Jeannette%20Papin", "Suzanne%20Chodowiecka", "Bernhard%20Rode", "etching", "Rococo", "Classicism", "Johann%20Bernhard%20Basedow", "Georges-Louis%20Leclerc%2C%20Comte%20de%20Buffon", "Lavater", "Johann%20Heinrich%20Pestalozzi", "sensibility", "nationalism", "printmaking", "Partitions%20of%20Poland", "J%C3%B3zef%20%C5%81%C4%99cki", "https%3A//web.archive.org/web/20110604121145/http%3A//collectionsonline.lacma.org/mwebcgi/mweb.exe%3Frequest%3Dbrowse%3Bdept%3Dprints%3Bmethod%3Dartist%3Bsearchtype%3D1%3Bterm%3DChodowiecki%2C%2520Daniel%2520Nikolaus", "http%3A//www.malarze.com/artysta.php%3Fid%3D55", "http%3A//www.malarze.com/artysta.php%3Fid%3D286", "http%3A//www.bildindex.de/rx/apsisa.dll/registerinhalt%3Fsid%3D%26amp%3Bcnt%3D%26amp%3Brid%3D2%26amp%3Baid%3D%2A%26amp%3Bquery%3D%2Bxdbpics%253Aalle%2520%2Br1a_name%253A%27C%2A%27%2520%2520%2Br1a_name%253A%2522chodowiecki%2C%2520daniel%2520nikolaus%2522%26amp%3Bno%3D1%26amp%3Bcount%3D50%26amp%3Bsort%3Dno%26amp%3Brid%3D2" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 9, 10, 10, 16, 17, 18, 19 ], "start": [ 69, 86, 105, 165, 202, 241, 27, 46, 211, 74, 196, 530, 24, 97, 128, 279, 516, 527, 711, 720, 728, 737, 89, 140, 3, 304, 471, 12, 12, 12, 12 ], "text": [ "Polish", "German", "printmaker", "etcher", "Berlin", "Berlin Academy of Art", "Danzig", "Poland", "Huguenot", "Greater Poland", "Switzerland", "Augsburg", "Jeannette", "Suzanne", "Bernhard Rode", "etching", "Rococo", "Classicism", "Basedow", "Buffon", "Lavater", "Pestalozzi", "sensibility", "nationalist", "printmaking", "Partitions of Poland", "Józef Łęcki", "541 images of works at the LA County Museum of Art", "Gallery of works by Chodowiecki at www.malarze.com", "Gallery of works by Chodowiecki's brother - Gottfried at www.malarze.com", "Works at www.bildindex.de" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Daniel Chodowiecki\n", "Daniel Niklaus Chodowiecki (16 October 1726 – 7 February 1801) was a Polish—and later German—painter and printmaker with Huguenot ancestry, who is most famous as an etcher. He spent most of his life in Berlin, and became the director of the Berlin Academy of Art.\n", "Section::::Family.\n", "He was born in the city of Danzig (Gdańsk) in Poland, and in a letter “in typical Berlin humor” wrote, “that he moved to Berlin, Germany, which shows for sure, that he is a 'genuine Pole'.” He kept close to the Huguenot scene, due to his ancestry. \n", "His grandfather Bartholomāus Chodowiecki had lived in the 16th century in Greater Poland. Gottfried Chodowiecki, Daniel's father, was a tradesman in Danzig and his mother, Henriette Ayrer born in Switzerland, was a Huguenot. Daniel's grandfather Christian had been a tradesman in the city as well. When his father died, both Daniel (aged 16) and his younger brother Gottfried Chodowiecki went to live with their uncle in Berlin, who offered to educate them, and where Daniel received an artistic training with the painter Haid in Augsburg. His brother also became a painter.\n", "He had three daughters, Jeannette (b. 1761, married the French-reformed preacher Jacques Papin), Suzanne (1763–1819) and Henriette (1770–1880). Jeannette's daughter Marianne Chodowiecka Papin (married Gretschel, 1794–1870) and her son Heinrich Papin (1786–1839) also became artists.\n", "Section::::Art.\n", "Soon Daniel was able to earn a living by painting. He was admitted to the Berlin Academy in 1764 and became vice-director under Bernhard Rode in 1788. He had found his true calling and became the most famous German graphic artist of his time. His works includes several thousand etchings, usually rather small, and many drawings and paintings. His book illustrations embrace almost all the great classics. His prints represent in great detail the life of the bourgeoisie during the \"Zopfstil\" period, a time between Rococo and Classicism. In 1797 Chodowiecki was appointed director of the Academy of Arts in Berlin, where he died on 7 February 1801. The bulk of his work was in illustrating scientific books by Basedow, Buffon, Lavater, Pestalozzi and others. He also painted many portraits of Polish gentry and was interested in Huguenot and Polish history as well, making some paintings on the topic. \n", "He was in tune with the developing spirit of the age, and many works reflect the cult of sensibility, and then the revolutionary and German nationalist feelings of the end of the century. \n", "In printmaking, he is credited with the invention of the deliberate \"remarque\", a small sketch on a plate, lying outside the main image. These were originally little sketches or doodles by artists, not really meant to be seen, but Chodowiecki turned them into \"bonus items\" for collectors.\n", "Chodowiecki, though speaking only French and German (due to his offices in the Huguenot French community in Berlin he often spoke French), many times also declared his Polish allegiance and had his son Isaac Heinrich, born in Berlin, painted as a very young child with a Polish outfit and haircut. After Partitions of Poland Chodowiecki wrote to Gräfin Solms-Laubach: \"From father's side I'm Polish, a descendant of a brave nation which will soon vanish\". In a letter to Józef Łęcki, the Polish astronomer, he wrote: \"\"I consider it an honour to be a genuine Pole, even though I am now living in Germany\"\". Because of his mother's and his wife's Huguenot descent he was very close to the Huguenots of Berlin. Nearly all his life and career was spent in Germany, writing in German and living in Berlin from the age of almost 17.\n", "One of his most popular books is \"Journey from Berlin to Danzig\" (, 1773) with many illustrations. He purchased a horse rather than going by stage coach. This was his first return after 30 years absence and he went specifically to see his elderly mother and sisters in Danzig again. He made only one more trip to Danzig afterwards, to his mother's funeral. He describes and illustrates towns and people in Pomerania and Prussia on the way.\n", "Chodowiecki is buried at the \"Französischer Friedhof\" cemetery in Berlin.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Wolfgang Plat, \"Die Reise nach Danzig, Mit Daniel Chodowiecki durch Pommern\"\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- 541 images of works at the LA County Museum of Art\n", "BULLET::::- Gallery of works by Chodowiecki at www.malarze.com\n", "BULLET::::- Gallery of works by Chodowiecki's brother - Gottfried at www.malarze.com\n", "BULLET::::- Works at www.bildindex.de\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Daniel Nikolaus Chodowiecki", "Chodowiecki", "Chodoviecki", "D. N. Chodowiecki", "Daniel Nicolaus Chodowiecki", "D. Chodowiecki", "D.N. Chodowiecki", "chodowiecki", "Daniel Nikol. Chodowiecki", "Dan. Nic. Chodowiecki", "chodowiecki daniel", "Dan. Nik. Chodowiecki", "d. chodow.", "Daniel Chodowiecky", "d. chodowiecky", "Chodowiecki Daniel Nicolaus", "Dan. Chodowiecki", "d. chodowiecki", "daniel nicol. chodowiecki", "Dan Chodowiecki", "dan. nicol. chodowiecki", "chodowiecki d.", "daniel chodowicki", "Chodowiecky", "Daniel Nikolaus Chodowiecke" ] }, "description": "German artist", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q696720", "wikidata_label": "Daniel Chodowiecki", "wikipedia_title": "Daniel Chodowiecki" }

{ "end": [ 44, 70, 84, 103, 32, 46, 72, 254, 274, 352, 363, 68, 107, 158, 97, 46, 82, 108 ], "href": [ "Danzig", "Weimar", "Germany", "poet", "Gda%C5%84sk", "Polish-Lithuanian%20Commonwealth", "Royal%20Prussia", "theology", "Halle%20%28Saale%29", "Schiller", "Goethe", "O%20du%20fr%C3%B6hliche", "Christmas%20carol", "O%20Sanctissima", "Weimar", "https%3A//findingaid.lib.byu.edu/viewItem/MSS%25201992", "https%3A//sites.lib.byu.edu/sc/", "Brigham%20Young%20University" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 6, 6, 6 ], "start": [ 38, 64, 78, 99, 17, 40, 59, 246, 269, 344, 357, 54, 92, 145, 91, 12, 50, 84 ], "text": [ "Danzig", "Weimar", "German", "poet", "Danzig (Gdańsk)", "Polish", "Royal Prussia", "theology", "Halle", "Schiller", "Goethe", "O du fröhliche", "Christmas carol", "O Sanctissima", "Weimar", "Johann Daniel Falk works, MSS 1992", "L. Tom Perry Special Collections", "Brigham Young University" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Johannes Daniel Falk\n", "Johannes Daniel Falk (28 October 1768 Danzig – 14 February 1826 Weimar) was a German publisher and poet.\n", "Falk was born in Danzig (Gdańsk) in the Polish province of Royal Prussia, where he received his first education against the wishes of his father, who wanted to employ the child in his business as wig maker. The Danzig city council granted Falk a theology stipendium at Halle, but he did not become a preacher and frequented literary circles of Schiller and Goethe instead.\n", "In late 1815 or early 1816, he wrote the German text \"O du fröhliche\" that became a popular Christmas carol, to the melody of the Catholic hymn \"O Sanctissima\".\n", "Falk was the founder of the \"Falk'sche Institute\", a public education place for orphans in Weimar. He died in that city in 1826.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Johann Daniel Falk works, MSS 1992 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Brigham Young University\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "German poet", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q84344", "wikidata_label": "Johannes Daniel Falk", "wikipedia_title": "Johannes Daniel Falk" }

{ "end": [ 116, 129, 164, 229, 282, 363, 384, 410, 80, 94, 110, 127, 195, 225, 253, 432, 497, 32, 71, 118, 146, 184, 303, 206, 42, 135, 179, 250, 380, 264, 318, 57, 125, 131, 142, 151, 166, 179, 368, 470, 180, 449, 37, 103, 119, 198, 235, 307, 358, 378, 398, 424, 481, 525, 595, 642, 839, 883, 902, 1109, 54, 120, 193, 40, 52, 50, 56, 80, 38, 47, 71, 80, 51, 92, 60, 79, 84, 106, 66, 101, 181, 253, 21, 120, 159, 302, 58, 95, 46, 24, 52, 50, 132, 211, 29, 57, 89, 27, 67, 106 ], "href": [ "Walloons", "Tournai", "Belgium", "Director-General%20of%20New%20Netherland", "New%20Netherland", "Sweden", "New%20Sweden", "Delaware%20Peninsula", "Manhattan%20Island", "Netherlands", "Lenape", "Native%20Americans%20in%20the%20United%20States", "New%20Amsterdam", "Manhattan", "New%20York%20City", "Dutch%20East%20India%20Company", "guilder", "Tournai", "Calvinist", "Tournai", "Wallonia", "Southern%20Netherlands", "Protestants", "Utrecht", "Dutch%20West%20India%20Company", "Dutch%20gulden", "Nathaniel%20Benchley", "Lenape", "Weckquaesgeek", "John%20Romeyn%20Brodhead", "United%20States%20dollar", "Staten%20Island%2C%20New%20York", "kettle", "axe", "hoe%20%28tool%29", "wampum", "bradawl", "Jew%27s%20harp", "technology%20transfer", "wampum", "patroons", "Wouter%20van%20Twiller", "Cleves%2C%20Germany", "Samuel%20Blommaert", "Sweden", "New%20World", "Delaware%20River", "New%20Sweden", "Fogel%20Grip", "Kalmar%20Nyckel", "Swedes%27%20Landing", "Wilmington%2C%20Delaware", "Fort%20Christina", "Stockholm", "Caribbean", "tobacco", "The%20Flying%20Deer%20%28ship%29", "list%20of%20Atlantic%20hurricanes%20in%20the%2017th%20century%231625%E2%80%931649", "Saint%20Kitts", "M%C3%A5ns%20Nilsson%20Kling", "Staten%20Island%20Ferry%20Whitehall%20Terminal", "South%20Ferry%20%E2%80%93%20Whitehall%20Street%20%28New%20York%20City%20Subway%29", "Henry%20Hudson", "Inwood%20Hill%20Park", "The%20Battery%20%28Manhattan%29", "East%20Harlem", "Claremont%20Avenue", "Daughters%20of%20the%20American%20Revolution", "Moltkestra%C3%9Fe", "Wesel", "North%20Rhine-Westphalia", "Germany", "Rodgers%20and%20Hart", "Give%20It%20Back%20to%20the%20Indians", "Groucho%20Marx", "comedy", "film", "The%20Story%20of%20Mankind%20%28film%29", "Boardwalk%20Empire", "Edward%20L.%20Bader", "Peter%20Stuyvesant", "Steve%20Buscemi", "Bob%20Dylan", "The%20Bootleg%20Series%20Volumes%201%E2%80%933%20%28Rare%20%26amp%3B%20Unreleased%29%201961%E2%80%931991", "Henry%20Hudson", "Spoonerism", "Uno%20%28Better%20Call%20Saul%29", "Better%20Call%20Saul", "Dutch%20colonization%20of%20the%20Americas", "Dutch%20Empire", "List%20of%20colonial%20governors%20of%20New%20Jersey", "List%20of%20colonial%20governors%20of%20New%20York", "Brill%20Academic%20Publishers", "Delaware%20Historical%20Society", "Project%20Gutenberg", "http%3A//www.gutenberg.net/etext/3161", "J.%20Franklin%20Jameson", "https%3A//web.archive.org/web/20021205012316/http%3A//www.angelfire.com/realm/shades/nativeamericans/meotac.htm", "Encyclopedia%20of%20New%20York%20City", "https%3A//web.archive.org/web/20101023083225/http%3A//www.nnp.org/nnp/documents/schagen_main.html" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 7, 10, 11, 11, 11, 11, 12, 12, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 16, 16, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 21, 21, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 27, 27, 27, 29, 29, 30, 30, 30, 30, 31, 31, 31, 31, 32, 32, 32, 32, 33, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42, 44, 44, 44, 45, 47, 48 ], "start": [ 109, 122, 157, 221, 268, 356, 374, 392, 64, 89, 104, 111, 182, 216, 240, 408, 490, 25, 62, 111, 138, 164, 292, 199, 18, 127, 161, 241, 367, 244, 315, 44, 119, 128, 139, 145, 162, 169, 349, 464, 172, 431, 22, 87, 112, 189, 221, 297, 348, 365, 383, 404, 467, 516, 586, 635, 822, 874, 887, 1091, 16, 90, 181, 24, 40, 39, 40, 44, 26, 42, 49, 73, 35, 65, 48, 73, 80, 86, 50, 89, 165, 240, 12, 93, 146, 291, 55, 79, 12, 12, 12, 12, 107, 177, 12, 33, 70, 12, 38, 12 ], "text": [ "Walloon", "Tournai", "Belgium", "Director", "New Netherland", "Swedish", "New Sweden", "Delaware Peninsula", "Manhattan Island", "Dutch", "Lenape", "Native Americans", "New Amsterdam", "Manhattan", "New York City", "Dutch East India Company", "guilder", "Tournai", "Calvinist", "Tournai", "Wallonia", "Southern Netherlands", "Protestants", "Utrecht", "Dutch West India Company", "guilders", "Nathaniel Benchley", "Canarsees", "Weckquaesgeek", "John Romeyn Brodhead", "US$", "Staten Island", "kettle", "axe", "hoe", "wampum", "awls", "Jew's harp", "technology transfer", "wampum", "patroons", "Wouter van Twiller", "Cleves, Germany", "Samuel Blommaert", "Swedish", "New World", "Delaware River", "New Sweden", "Fogel Grip", "Kalmar Nyckel", "Swedes' Landing", "Wilmington, Delaware", "Fort Christina", "Stockholm", "Caribbean", "tobacco", "\"The Flying Deer\"", "hurricane", "St. Christopher", "Måns Nilsson Kling", "Staten Island Ferry Whitehall Terminal", "South Ferry – Whitehall Street", "Henry Hudson", "Inwood Hill Park", "Battery Park", "East Harlem", "Claremont Avenue", "Daughters of the American Revolution", "Moltkestraße", "Wesel", "North Rhine-Westphalia", "Germany", "Rodgers and Hart", "Give It Back to the Indians", "Groucho Marx", "comedy", "film", "The Story of Mankind", "Boardwalk Empire", "Edward Bader", "Peter Stuyvesant", "Steve Buscemi", "Bob Dylan", "The Bootleg Series Volume 1", "Mister Hudson", "spoonerizes", "Uno", "Better Call Saul", "Dutch colonization of the Americas", "Dutch Empire", "List of colonial governors of New Jersey", "List of colonial governors of New York", "Brill Academic Publishers", "The Historical Society of Delaware", "Project Gutenberg", "Narrative New Netherland", "J. Franklin Jameson", "\"The Canarsees\"", "Encyclopedia of New York City", "Pieter (later English spelling \"Peter\") Schaghen, \"Letter on the purchase of Manhattan Island\"" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Peter Minuit\n", "Peter Minuit, Pieter Minuit, Pierre Minuit, or Peter Minnewit (between 1580 and 1585 – August 5, 1638) was a Walloon from Tournai, in present-day located in Belgium. His surname means \"midnight\" in French. He was the 3rd Director of the Dutch North American colony of New Netherland from 1626 until 1631, and 3rd Governor of New Netherland. He founded the Swedish colony of New Sweden on the Delaware Peninsula in 1638.\n", "Minuit is generally credited with orchestrating the purchase of Manhattan Island for the Dutch from the Lenape Native Americans. Manhattan later became the site of the Dutch city of New Amsterdam, and the borough of Manhattan of modern-day New York City. A common account states that Minuit purchased Manhattan for $24 worth of trinkets. A letter written by Dutch merchant Peter Schaghen to directors of the Dutch East India Company stated that Manhattan was purchased \"for the value of 60 guilders\" in goods, an amount worth approximately $1,050 in 2015 dollars.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Early life.\n", "Peter Minuit was born at Tournai between 1580 and 1585 into a Calvinist family that had moved from the city of Tournai (presently part of Wallonia, Belgium) in the Southern Netherlands, to Wesel in Germany, in order to avoid Spanish Catholic colonials, who were not favorably disposed toward Protestants.\n", "His father, Johann, died in 1609 and Peter took over management of the household and his father's business. Peter had a good reputation in Wesel, attested by the fact that he was several times appointed a guardian. He also assisted the poor during the Spanish occupation of 1614–1619.\n", "Minuit married Gertrude Raedts on August 20, 1613. Gertrude was from a wealthy family and she probably helped Peter Minuit establish himself as a broker. A will drawn up in 1615 in the Dutch city of Utrecht, mentions \"Peter Minnewit\" as a diamond cutter. Whether he traded in other items is unknown.\n", "By 1624, the city was in an economic decline and in 1625, he had left Wesel and like others, went to Holland. At first, Gertrude went to stay with her relatives in Cleve.\n", "Section::::Biography.:As director of New Netherland.\n", "Minuit joined the Dutch West India Company, probably in the mid-1620s, and was sent with his family to New Netherland in 1625 to search for tradable goods other than the animal pelts that then were the major product coming from New Netherland. He returned in the same year, and in 1626 was appointed the new director of New Netherland, taking over from Willem Verhulst. He sailed to North America and arrived in the colony on May 4, 1626. \n", "Minuit is credited with purchasing the island of Manhattan from the Native Americans in exchange for traded goods valued at 60 guilders. According to the writer Nathaniel Benchley, Minuit conducted the transaction with Seyseys, chief of the Canarsees, who were only too happy to accept valuable merchandise in exchange for an island that was mostly controlled by the Weckquaesgeeks.\n", "The figure of 60 guilders comes from a letter by a representative of the Dutch States-General and member of the board of the Dutch West India Company, Pieter Janszoon Schagen, to the States-General in November 1626. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 (or 60 guilders) to US$23. The popular account rounds this off to $24. By 2006 sixty guilders in 1626 was worth approximately $1,000 in current dollars, according to the Institute for Social History of Amsterdam.\n", "According to researchers at the National Library of the Netherlands, \"The original inhabitants of the area were unfamiliar with the European notions and definitions of ownership rights. For the Indians, water, air and land could not be traded. Such exchanges would also be difficult in practical terms because many groups migrated between their summer and winter quarters. It can be concluded that both parties probably went home with totally different interpretations of the sales agreement.\"\n", "A contemporary purchase of rights in nearby Staten Island, to which Minuit also was party, involved duffel cloth, iron kettles, axe heads, hoes, wampum, drilling awls, \"Jew's harps\", and \"diverse other wares\". \"If similar trade goods were involved in the Manhattan arrangement\", Burrows and Wallace surmise, \"then the Dutch were engaged in high-end technology transfer, handing over equipment of enormous usefulness in tasks ranging from clearing land to drilling wampum.\"\n", "Minuit conducted politics in a measure of democracy in the colony during his time in New Netherland. He was highest judge in the colony, but in both civil and criminal affairs he was assisted by a council of five colonists. This advisory body would advise the director and jointly with him would develop, administer, and adjudicate a body of laws to help govern the colony. In addition there was a schout-fiscal, half-sheriff, half-attorney-general, and the customs officer. During Minuit's administration, several mills were built, trade grew exponentially, and the population grew to almost 300.\n", "In 1631, the Dutch West India Company (WIC) suspended Minuit from his post for reasons that are unclear, but probably for (perhaps unintentionally) abetting the landowning patroons who were engaging in illegal fur trade and otherwise enriching themselves against the interests and orders of the West India Company. He arrived back in Europe in August 1632 to explain his actions, but was dismissed and was succeeded as director by Wouter van Twiller. It is possible that Minuit had become the victim of the internal disputes over the rights that the board of directors had given to the patroons.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Establishing the New Sweden colony.\n", "After having lived in Cleves, Germany for several years, Minuit made arrangements with Samuel Blommaert and the Swedish government in 1636 or 1637 to create the first Swedish colony in the New World. Located on the lower Delaware River within territory earlier claimed by the Dutch, it was called New Sweden. Minuit and his company arrived on the \"Fogel Grip\" and \"Kalmar Nyckel\" at Swedes' Landing (now Wilmington, Delaware), in the spring of 1638. They constructed Fort Christina later that year, then returned to Stockholm for a second load of colonists, and made a side trip to the Caribbean on the return to pick up a shipment of tobacco for resale in Europe to make the voyage profitable. During this voyage, Minuit drowned when the ship he was visiting (at the invitation of its Dutch captain, a friend of Minuit), \"The Flying Deer\", was lost with all hands during a hurricane at St. Christopher (today's St. Kitts) in the Caribbean. The losses suffered, such as goods, colonists, and Minuit, caused irreversible damage to Sweden's colonization attempts. Two years later, Swedish Lt. Måns Nilsson Kling, whose rank was raised to captain, replaced him as governor. Nine expeditions to the colony were carried out before the Dutch captured it in 1655.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "Section::::Legacy.:Places named after Minuit.\n", "BULLET::::- The Staten Island Ferry Whitehall Terminal's Peter Minuit Plaza, north of the South Ferry – Whitehall Street station (). Following the 400th anniversary celebrations of Henry Hudson's voyage to Manhattan, a pavilion was opened there to honor the Dutch. Each night at midnight, LED lights around the pavilion's perimeter glow in honor of Minuit.\n", "BULLET::::- A marker in Inwood Hill Park at the supposed site of the purchase of Manhattan\n", "BULLET::::- A granite flagstaff base in Battery Park, which depicts the historic purchase\n", "BULLET::::- A school and playground in East Harlem, which are named for him.\n", "BULLET::::- An apartment building at 25 Claremont Avenue in Manhattan, which bears his name above the front entrance\n", "BULLET::::- The Peter Minuit Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution\n", "BULLET::::- A memorial on Moltkestraße in Wesel, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany\n", "Section::::Legacy.:In popular culture.\n", "BULLET::::- The beginning lines of Rodgers and Hart's 1939 song \"Give It Back to the Indians\" recount the sale of Manhattan: \"Old Peter Minuit had nothing to lose when he bought the isle of Manhattan / For twenty-six dollars and a bottle of booze, and they threw in the Bronx and Staten / Pete thought he had the best of the bargain, but the poor red man just grinned / And he grunted \"ugh!\" (meaning \"okay\" in his jargon) for he knew poor Pete was skinned.\"\n", "BULLET::::- One version of Minuit was played by Groucho Marx in the 1957 comedy film \"The Story of Mankind\".\n", "BULLET::::- Minuit is mentioned on the HBO drama \"Boardwalk Empire\", where the character Edward Bader tells a joke featuring the line, \"'50 bucks?' the fella says. 'Peter Stuyvesant only paid 24 for the entire island of Manhattan!'\", while Steve Buscemi's' character Enoch 'Nucky' Thompson has to correct Bader and inform him that it was in fact Peter Minuit who bought Manhattan, not Stuyvesant.\n", "BULLET::::- Bob Dylan mentions Minuit in his song \"Hard Times in New York Town\" (released on The Bootleg Series Volume 1) in the following line: \"Mister Hudson come a-sailing down the stream, / and old Mister Minuit paid for his dream.\" In the released recording of the song, however, Dylan spoonerizes \"Mister Minuit\" by mispronouncing his name as \"Minnie Mistuit.\" The official lyrics have the correct version of the name, except that Minuit is spelled \"Minuet.\"\n", "BULLET::::- Minuit is mentioned in the first episode, \"Uno\", of the AMC drama \"Better Call Saul\". Jimmy McGill (the later titular Saul), while confronting lawyers at his brother's law firm, accuses them of being \"like Peter Minuit\" and suggests that they \"throw in some beads and shells\" to the $26,000.00 being given to his brother.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Dutch colonization of the Americas\n", "BULLET::::- Dutch Empire\n", "BULLET::::- List of colonial governors of New Jersey\n", "BULLET::::- List of colonial governors of New York\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Arand, Tobias. \"Peter Minuit aus Wesel - Ein rheinischer Überseekaufmann im 17. Jahrhundert; in: Schöne Neue Welt. Rheinländer erobern Amerika, hg. v. Rheinischen Freilichtmuseum und Landesmuseum für Volkskunde in Kommern\", Opladen 1981, 13-42\n", "BULLET::::- Jacobs, Jaap. (2005), \"New Netherland: A Dutch Colony in Seventeenth-Century America\". Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, .\n", "BULLET::::- Mickley, Joseph J. \"Some account of Willem Usselinx and Peter Minuit: Two individuals who were instrumental in establishing the first permanent colony in Delaware\", The Historical Society of Delaware, 1881\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Project Gutenberg's \"Narrative New Netherland\", edited by J. Franklin Jameson, includes a footnote about the life of Minuit, but gives an improbable birth date of 1550.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Canarsees\", Angelfire\n", "BULLET::::- Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace: \"Gotham\", 1999.\n", "BULLET::::- Kenneth T. Jackson, ed.: \"Encyclopedia of New York City\" (1995)\n", "BULLET::::- Pieter (later English spelling \"Peter\") Schaghen, \"Letter on the purchase of Manhattan Island\",\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Peter Minnewitt" ] }, "description": "third director-general of New Netherland, founder of the Swedish colony of New Sweden in 1638", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q312889", "wikidata_label": "Peter Minuit", "wikipedia_title": "Peter Minuit" }

{ "end": [ 79, 90, 103, 118, 218, 275, 291, 306, 433, 532, 166, 228, 244, 252, 318, 363, 390, 466, 49, 161, 222, 310, 381, 438, 463, 576, 589, 71, 83, 124, 163, 237, 326, 355, 363, 376, 496, 515, 596, 603, 750, 84, 297, 321, 457, 62, 103, 145, 155, 174, 194, 209, 311, 30, 60, 110, 164, 192, 221, 342, 365, 373, 396, 414, 495, 552, 78, 91, 272, 286, 519, 36, 135, 276, 334, 608, 632, 874, 131, 1138, 1417, 1451, 185, 329, 716, 751, 286, 131, 271, 281, 113, 123, 151, 203, 491, 510, 518, 527, 538, 633, 678, 872, 963, 299, 392, 444, 604, 633, 669, 1224, 1303, 1376, 1476, 1572, 1631, 1693, 1785, 1817, 204, 367, 724, 36, 168, 185, 200, 238, 145, 167, 739, 831, 934, 955, 1058, 156, 168, 197, 486, 688, 756, 51, 77, 167, 272, 347, 491, 506, 517, 148, 119, 255, 39, 205, 434, 527, 572, 613, 855, 71, 316, 630, 528, 144, 203, 234, 380, 438, 464, 552, 180, 220, 315, 167, 128, 99, 67, 58, 69, 60, 43, 18, 66, 21, 63 ], "href": [ "Germans", "natural%20history", "ethnology", "travel%20literature", "Johann%20Reinhold%20Forster", "James%20Cook", "Second%20voyage%20of%20James%20Cook", "Pacific%20Ocean", "Polynesia", "Royal%20Society", "Benjamin%20Franklin", "Collegium%20Carolinum%20%28Kassel%29", "Ottoneum", "Kassel", "Vilnius%20University", "librarian", "University%20of%20Mainz", "botany", "Age%20of%20Enlightenment", "Georg%20Christoph%20Lichtenberg", "Alexander%20von%20Humboldt", "Mainz", "Jacobin%20Club", "Mainz%20Republic", "republicanism", "Kingdom%20of%20Prussia", "Habsburg%20Monarchy", "Mokry%20Dw%C3%B3r%2C%20Pomeranian%20Voivodeship", "Danzig", "Royal%20Prussia", "Polish-Lithuanian%20Commonwealth", "Johann%20Reinhold%20Forster", "Reformed%20churches", "Russian%20Empire", "tsarina", "Catherine%20II%20of%20Russia", "Volga%20German", "Volga%20River", "Kalmykia", "steppe", "cartography", "Saratov", "Dissenter", "Warrington", "Mikhail%20Lomonosov", "Royal%20Society", "Joseph%20Banks", "Kingdom%20of%20Great%20Britain", "admiralty", "James%20Cook", "Second%20voyage%20of%20James%20Cook", "Pacific%20Ocean", "technical%20drawing", "HMS%20Resolution%20%28Cook%29", "Plymouth", "Atlantic%20Ocean", "Southern%20Ocean", "Polynesia", "Cape%20Horn", "Tonga", "New%20Caledonia", "Tahiti", "Marquesas%20Islands", "Easter%20Island", "Antarctica", "Terra%20Australis", "zoology", "botanics", "geography", "ethnology", "Western%20culture", "Louis%20Antoine%20de%20Bougainville", "noble%20savage", "social%20structure", "Society%20Islands", "Nomuka", "Ha%27apai", "Tongatapu", "John%20Montagu%2C%204th%20Earl%20of%20Sandwich", "Christoph%20Martin%20Wieland", "Alexander%20von%20Humboldt", "ethnology", "travel%20literature", "ethnography", "Polynesia", "musical%20notation", "William%20Bligh", "Royal%20Society", "Berlin", "Madrid", "Collegium%20Carolinum%20%28Kassel%29", "Kassel", "Therese%20Huber", "Christian%20Gottlob%20Heyne", "Age%20of%20Enlightenment", "Gotthold%20Ephraim%20Lessing", "Johann%20Gottfried%20Herder", "Christoph%20Martin%20Wieland", "Johann%20Wolfgang%20von%20Goethe", "University%20of%20G%C3%B6ttingen", "Georg%20Christoph%20Lichtenberg", "Samuel%20Thomas%20von%20S%C3%B6mmering", "Rosicrucian", "Komisja%20Edukacji%20Narodowej", "Vilnius%20University", "Vilnius", "Immanuel%20Kant", "race%20%28classification%20of%20human%20beings%29", "University%20of%20Halle", "Catherine%20II%20of%20Russia", "Mulovsky%20expedition", "Saint%20Petersburg", "J%C4%99drzej%20%C5%9Aniadecki", "Mainz", "University%20of%20Mainz", "Johannes%20von%20M%C3%BCller", "Prince-elector", "Friedrich%20Karl%20Josef%20von%20Erthal", "Mutiny%20on%20the%20Bounty", "Joseph%20Banks", "New%20South%20Wales", "indology", "Sanskrit", "Shakuntala", "Latin", "William%20Jones%20%28philologist%29", "Southern%20Netherlands", "Dutch%20Republic", "history%20of%20art", "ethnology", "Gothic%20architecture", "Cologne%20Cathedral", "Romanticism", "Flanders", "Duchy%20of%20Brabant", "French%20Revolution", "ancien%20r%C3%A9gime", "Storming%20of%20the%20Bastille", "Christian%20Gottlob%20Heyne", "General%20Custine", "Mainz", "Jacobin%20Club", "Electoral%20Palace%20Mainz", "Mainz%20Republic", "Rhine", "Landau", "Bingen%20am%20Rhein", "Siege%20of%20Mainz%20%281793%29", "Adam%20Lux", "French%20First%20Republic", "Francis%20II%2C%20Holy%20Roman%20Emperor", "Imperial%20ban", "Ludwig%20Ferdinand%20Huber", "Reign%20of%20Terror", "Committee%20of%20Public%20Safety", "Maximilien%20Robespierre", "Friedrich%20Schiller", "Royal%20Prussia", "Tierra%20del%20Fuego", "cosmopolitanism", "Karl%20Wilhelm%20Friedrich%20Schlegel", "Revolutions%20of%201848%20in%20the%20German%20states", "Wilhelm%20II%20of%20Germany", "Third%20Reich", "East%20Germany", "class%20struggle", "Schirmacher%20Oasis%23Georg%20Forster%20Station", "West%20Germany", "Sammlung%20f%C3%BCr%20V%C3%B6lkerkunde", "G%C3%B6ttingen", "Pitt%20Rivers%20Museum", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3Dw5PE4ociU0IC%26amp%3Bprintsec%3Dfrontcover%26amp%3Bdq%3Dgeorg%2Bforster%2Bvoyage%2Bround%2Bthe%2Bworld", "http%3A//www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/34914", "http%3A//www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/36186", "European%20and%20American%20voyages%20of%20scientific%20exploration", "List%20of%20important%20publications%20in%20anthropology", "German%20Wikipedia", "https%3A//web.archive.org/web/20150518105404/http%3A//web.prm.ox.ac.uk/forster/", "http%3A//www.georg-forster-gesellschaft.de/", "https%3A//web.archive.org/web/20061021045441/http%3A//www.royalsoc.co.uk/DServe/dserve.exe%3FdsqIni%3DDserve.ini%26amp%3BdsqApp%3DArchive%26amp%3BdsqCmd%3DImageView.tcl%26amp%3BdsqDb%3DCatalog%26amp%3BdsqImage%3DEC_1776_22.jpg", "Royal%20Society", "http%3A//adb.anu.edu.au/biography/forster-johann-georg-adam-2056", "Australian%20Dictionary%20of%20Biography" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 14, 14, 14, 14, 15, 15, 15, 15, 16, 18, 18, 18, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 21, 21, 21, 22, 22, 22, 22, 22, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 29, 30, 30, 32, 32, 32, 32, 32, 32, 32, 35, 36, 36, 40, 41, 41, 41, 41, 41, 41, 41, 42, 42, 42, 44, 45, 46, 55, 56, 59, 61, 62, 63, 63, 64, 64 ], "start": [ 73, 80, 92, 105, 195, 265, 278, 299, 424, 519, 149, 209, 236, 246, 281, 349, 371, 460, 36, 134, 200, 305, 369, 424, 453, 568, 581, 47, 77, 111, 133, 214, 318, 348, 356, 364, 483, 504, 590, 597, 739, 77, 288, 311, 448, 49, 91, 138, 146, 164, 177, 202, 300, 14, 52, 96, 150, 183, 212, 337, 352, 367, 379, 401, 485, 537, 71, 83, 263, 277, 512, 7, 123, 260, 319, 602, 625, 865, 118, 1114, 1395, 1439, 168, 315, 707, 743, 273, 118, 265, 275, 94, 117, 138, 180, 478, 503, 512, 520, 532, 610, 651, 845, 952, 273, 374, 437, 591, 629, 664, 1202, 1284, 1360, 1459, 1567, 1612, 1674, 1778, 1786, 198, 355, 709, 28, 160, 175, 195, 225, 125, 151, 725, 822, 915, 938, 1050, 148, 161, 177, 473, 664, 733, 36, 72, 155, 256, 333, 486, 500, 511, 134, 111, 240, 29, 193, 412, 512, 546, 591, 837, 58, 300, 615, 497, 129, 193, 223, 368, 424, 444, 540, 156, 211, 297, 158, 111, 82, 12, 12, 53, 12, 12, 12, 53, 12, 29 ], "text": [ "German", "naturalist", "ethnologist", "travel writer", "Johann Reinhold Forster", "James Cook", "second voyage", "Pacific", "Polynesia", "Royal Society", "Benjamin Franklin", "Collegium Carolinum", "Ottoneum", "Kassel", "Academy of Vilna (Vilnius University)", "head librarian", "University of Mainz", "botany", "Enlightenment", "Georg Christoph Lichtenberg", "Alexander von Humboldt", "Mainz", "Jacobin Club", "Mainz Republic", "republican", "Prussian", "Austrian", "Nassenhuben (Mokry Dwór)", "Danzig", "Royal Prussia", "Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth", "Johann Reinhold Forster", "Reformed", "Russian", "empress", "Catherine II", "German colony", "Volga River", "Kalmyk", "steppe", "cartography", "Saratov", "Dissenter", "Warrington", "Lomonosov", "Royal Society", "Joseph Banks", "British", "admiralty", "James Cook", "second expedition", "Pacific", "draughtsman", "HMS \"Resolution\"", "Plymouth", "South Atlantic", "Southern Ocean", "Polynesia", "Cape Horn", "Tonga", "New Caledonia", "Tahiti", "Marquesas Islands", "Easter Island", "Antarctica", "Terra Australis", "zoology", "botanics", "geography", "ethnology", "Western", "Louis Antoine de Bougainville", "noble savage", "social structure", "Society Islands", "Nomuka", "Ha'apai", "Tongatapu", "Lord Sandwich", "Christoph Martin Wieland", "Alexander von Humboldt", "ethnologists", "travel literature", "ethnographical", "Polynesia", "notation", "William Bligh", "Royal Society", "Berlin", "Madrid", "Collegium Carolinum", "Kassel", "Therese Heyne", "Christian Gottlob Heyne", "Enlightenment", "Lessing", "Herder", "Wieland", "Goethe", "University of Göttingen", "Georg Christoph Lichtenberg", "Samuel Thomas von Sömmering", "Rosicrucian", "Komisja Edukacji Narodowej", "Vilnius University", "Vilnius", "Immanuel Kant", "race", "Halle", "Catherine II of Russia", "Mulovsky expedition", "Saint Petersburg", "Jędrzej Śniadecki", "Mainz", "University of Mainz", "Johannes von Müller", "Elector", "Friedrich Karl Josef von Erthal", "Bounty", "Joseph Banks", "New South Wales", "indology", "Sanskrit", "Shakuntala", "Latin", "William Jones", "Southern Netherlands", "United Provinces", "history of art", "ethnology", "Gothic architecture", "Cologne Cathedral", "Romantic", "Flanders", "Brabant", "revolution in France", "ancien régime", "Storming of the Bastille", "Christian Gottlob Heyne", "General Custine", "Mainz", "Jacobin Club", "Electoral Palace", "Mainz Republic", "Rhine", "Landau", "Bingen", "Siege of Mainz", "Adam Lux", "French Republic", "Francis II", "Imperial ban", "Ludwig Ferdinand Huber", "Reign of Terror", "Committee of Public Safety", "Maximilien Robespierre", "Friedrich Schiller", "Royal Prussia", "Tierra del Fuego", "cosmopolitanism", "Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel", "1848 revolution", "Wilhelm II", "Third Reich", "East Germany", "class struggle", "GDR research station", "West Germany", "Sammlung für Völkerkunde", "Göttingen", "Pitt Rivers Museum", "(preview)", "Project Gutenberg", "Project Gutenberg", "European and American voyages of scientific exploration", "List of important publications in anthropology", "German Wikipedia", "The Forster Collection at the Pitt Rivers Museum", "Georg Forster society in Kassel", "Letter", "Royal Society", "Biography", "Australian Dictionary of Biography" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Georg Forster\n", "Johann Georg Adam Forster (; November 27, 1754 – January 10, 1794) was a German naturalist, ethnologist, travel writer, journalist, and revolutionary. At an early age, he accompanied his father, Johann Reinhold Forster, on several scientific expeditions, including James Cook's second voyage to the Pacific. His report of that journey, \"A Voyage Round the World\", contributed significantly to the ethnology of the people of Polynesia and remains a respected work. As a result of the report, Forster was admitted to the Royal Society at the early age of twenty-two and came to be considered one of the founders of modern scientific travel literature.\n", "After returning to continental Europe, Forster turned toward academia. He traveled to Paris to seek out a discussion with the American revolutionary Benjamin Franklin in 1777. He taught natural history at the Collegium Carolinum in the Ottoneum, Kassel (1778–84), and later at the Academy of Vilna (Vilnius University) (1784–87). In 1788, he became head librarian at the University of Mainz. Most of his scientific work during this time consisted of essays on botany and ethnology, but he also prefaced and translated many books about travel and exploration, including a German translation of Cook's diaries.\n", "Forster was a central figure of the Enlightenment in Germany, and corresponded with most of its adherents, including his close friend Georg Christoph Lichtenberg. His ideas and personality influenced Alexander von Humboldt, one of the great scientists of the 19th century. When the French took control of Mainz in 1792, Forster became one of the founders of the city's Jacobin Club and went on to play a leading role in the Mainz Republic, the earliest republican state in Germany. During July 1793 and while he was in Paris as a delegate of the young Mainz Republic, Prussian and Austrian coalition forces regained control of the city and Forster was declared an outlaw. Unable to return to Germany and separated from his friends and family, he died in Paris of illness in early 1794.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Georg Forster was born in the small village of Nassenhuben (Mokry Dwór) near Danzig (Gdańsk), in the region of Royal Prussia, in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. He was the oldest of seven surviving children of Johann Reinhold Forster and Justina Elisabeth (née Nicolai). His father was a naturalist, scientist and Reformed pastor. In 1765, the Russian empress Catherine II commissioned the pastor to travel through Russia on a research journey and investigate the situation of a German colony on the Volga River. Georg, then ten years old, joined him. On the journey, which reached the Kalmyk steppe on the lower Volga, they discovered several new species, and the young Forster learned how to conduct scientific research and practice cartography. He also became fluent in Russian.\n", "The report of the journey, which included sharp criticism of the governor of Saratov, was not well received at court. The Forsters claimed they had not received fair payment for their work and had to move house. They chose to settle in England in 1766. The father took up teaching at the Dissenter's Academy in Warrington and also translation work. At the age of only thirteen, the young Forster published his first book: an English translation of Lomonosov's history of Russia, which was well received in scientific circles.\n", "Section::::Around the world with Captain Cook.\n", "In 1772, Forster's father became a member of the Royal Society. This and the withdrawal of Joseph Banks resulted in his invitation by the British admiralty to join James Cook's second expedition to the Pacific (1772–75). Georg Forster joined his father in the expedition again and was appointed as a draughtsman to his father. Johann Reinhold Forster's task was to work on a scientific report of the journey's discoveries that was to be published after their return.\n", "They embarked HMS \"Resolution\" on July 13, 1772, in Plymouth. The ship's route led first to the South Atlantic, then through the Indian Ocean and the Southern Ocean to the islands of Polynesia and finally around Cape Horn back to England, returning on July 30, 1775. During the three-year journey, the explorers visited New Zealand, the Tonga islands, New Caledonia, Tahiti, the Marquesas Islands and Easter Island. They went further south than anybody before them, almost discovering Antarctica. The journey conclusively disproved the \"Terra Australis Incognita\" theory, which claimed there was a big, habitable continent in the South.\n", "Supervised by his father, Georg Forster first undertook studies of the zoology and botanics of the southern seas, mostly by drawing animals and plants. However, Georg also pursued his own interests, which led to completely independent explorations in comparative geography and ethnology. He quickly learned the languages of the Polynesian islands. His reports on the people of Polynesia are well regarded today, as they describe the inhabitants of the southern islands with empathy, sympathy and largely without Western or Christian bias.\n", "Unlike Louis Antoine de Bougainville, whose reports from a journey to Tahiti a few years earlier had initiated uncritical \"noble savage\" romanticism, Forster developed a sophisticated picture of the societies of the South Pacific islands. He described various social structures and religions that he encountered on the Society Islands, Easter Island and in Tonga and New Zealand, and ascribed this diversity to the difference in living conditions of these people. At the same time, he also observed that the languages of these fairly widely scattered islands were similar. About the inhabitants of the Nomuka islands (in the Ha'apai island group of present-day Tonga), he wrote that their languages, vehicles, weapons, furniture, clothes, tattoos, style of beard, in short all of their being matched perfectly with what he had already seen while studying tribes on Tongatapu. However, he wrote, \"we could not observe any subordination among them, though this had strongly characterised the natives of Tonga-Tabboo, who seemed to descend even to servility in their obeisance to the king.\"\n", "The journey was rich in scientific results. However, the relationship between the Forsters and Cook and his officers was often problematic, due to the elder Forster's fractious temperament as well as Cook's refusal to allow more time for botanical and other scientific observation. Cook refused scientists on his third journey after his experiences with the Forsters.\n", "Section::::Founder of modern travel literature.\n", "These conflicts continued after the journey with the problem of who should write the official account of the travels. Lord Sandwich, although willing to pay the promised money, was irritated with Johann Reinhold Forster's opening chapter and tried to have it edited. However, Forster did not want to have his writing corrected \"like a theme of a School-boy\", and stubbornly refused any compromise. As a result, the official account was written by Cook, and the Forsters were deprived of the right to compile the account and did not obtain payment for their work. During the negotiations, the younger Forster decided to release an unofficial account of their travels. In 1777, his book \"A Voyage Round the World in His Britannic Majesty's Sloop Resolution, Commanded by Capt. James Cook, during the Years, 1772, 3, 4, and 5\" was published. This report was the first account of Cook's second voyage (it appeared six weeks before the official publication) and was intended for the general public. The English version and his own translation into German (published 1778–80) earned the young author real fame. The poet Christoph Martin Wieland praised the book as the most important one of his time, and even today it remains one of the most important journey descriptions ever written. The book also had a significant impact on German literature, culture and science, influencing such scientists as Alexander von Humboldt and it inspired many ethnologists of later times.\n", "Forster wrote well-polished German prose, which was not only scientifically accurate and objective, but also exciting and easy to read. This differed from conventional travel literature of the time, insofar as it presented more than a mere collection of data – it also demonstrated coherent, colourful and reliable ethnographical facts that resulted from detailed and sympathetic observation. He often interrupted the description to enrich it with philosophical remarks about his observations. His main focus was always on the people he encountered: their behavior, customs, habits, religions and forms of social organization. In \"A Voyage Round the World\" he even presented the songs sung by the people of Polynesia, complete with lyrics and notation. The book is one of the most important sources concerning the societies of the Southern Pacific from the times before European influence had become significant.\n", "Both Forsters also published descriptions of their South Pacific travels in the Berlin-based \"Magazin von merkwürdigen neuen Reisebeschreibungen\" (\"\"Magazine of strange new travel accounts\"\"), and Georg published a translation of \"\"A Voyage to the South Sea, by Lieutenant William Bligh, London 1792\"\" in 1791–93.\n", "Section::::Forster at universities.\n", "The publication of \"A Voyage Round the World\" brought Forster scientific recognition all over Europe. The respectable Royal Society made him a member on January 9, 1777, though he was not even 23 years old. He was granted similar titles from academies ranging from Berlin to Madrid. These appointments, however, were unpaid.\n", "In 1778, he went to Germany to take a teaching position as a Natural History professor at the Collegium Carolinum in Kassel, where he met Therese Heyne, the daughter of classicist Christian Gottlob Heyne. She later became one of the first independent female writers in Germany. They married in 1785 (which was after he left Kassel) and had three children, but their marriage was not happy. From his time in Kassel on, Forster actively corresponded with important figures of the Enlightenment, including Lessing, Herder, Wieland and Goethe. He also initiated cooperation between the Carolinum in Kassel and the University of Göttingen where his friend Georg Christoph Lichtenberg worked. Together, they founded and published the scientific and literary journal \"Göttingisches Magazin der Wissenschaften und Litteratur\". Forster's closest friend, Samuel Thomas von Sömmering, arrived in Kassel shortly after Forster, and both were soon involved with the Rosicrucians in Kassel.\n", "However, by 1783 Forster saw that his involvement with the Rosicrucians not only led him away from real science, but also deeper into debt (it is said he was not good at money); for these reasons Forster was happy to accept a proposal by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Komisja Edukacji Narodowej (Commission of National Education) and became Chair of Natural History at Vilnius University in 1784. Initially, he was accepted well in Vilnius, but he felt more and more isolated with time. Most of his contacts were still with scientists in Germany; especially notable is his dispute with Immanuel Kant about the definition of race. In 1785, Forster traveled to Halle where he submitted his thesis on the plants of the South Pacific for a doctorate in medicine. Back in Vilnius, Forster's ambitions to build a real natural history scientific center could not get appropriate financial support from the authorities in Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Moreover, his famous speech on natural history in 1785 went almost unnoticed and was not printed until 1843. These events led to high tensions between him and the local community. Eventually, he broke the contract six years short of its completion as Catherine II of Russia had offered him a place on a journey around the world (the Mulovsky expedition) for a high honorarium and a position as a professor in Saint Petersburg. This resulted in a conflict between Forster and the influential Polish scientist Jędrzej Śniadecki. However, the Russian proposal was withdrawn and Forster left Vilnius. He then settled in Mainz, where he became head librarian of the University of Mainz, a position held previously by his friend Johannes von Müller, who made sure Forster would succeed him when Müller moved to the administration of Elector Friedrich Karl Josef von Erthal.\n", "Forster regularly published essays on contemporary explorations and continued to be a very prolific translator; for instance, he wrote about Cook's third journey to the South Pacific, and about the Bounty expedition, as well as translating Cook's and Bligh's diaries from these journeys into German. From his London years, Forster was in contact with Sir Joseph Banks, the initiator of the Bounty expedition and a participant in Cook's first journey. While at the University of Vilnius he wrote the article \"Neuholland und die brittische Colonie in Botany-Bay\", published in the \"Allgemeines historisches Taschenbuch\" (Berlin, December 1786), an essay on the future prospects of the English colony founded in New South Wales in 1788.\n", "Another interest of his was indology – one of the main goals of his failed expedition to be financed by Catherine II had been to reach India. He translated the Sanskrit play \"Shakuntala\" using a Latin version provided by Sir William Jones; this strongly influenced Herder and triggered German interest in the culture of India.\n", "Section::::\"Views from the Lower Rhine\".\n", "In the second quarter of 1790, Forster and the young Alexander von Humboldt started from Mainz on a long journey through the Southern Netherlands, the United Provinces, and England, eventually finishing in Paris. The impressions from the journey were described in a three volume publication \"Ansichten vom Niederrhein, von Brabant, Flandern, Holland, England und Frankreich im April, Mai und Juni 1790\" (\"Views of the Lower Rhine, from Brabant, Flanders, Holland, England, and France in April, May and June 1790\"), published 1791–94. Goethe said about the book: \"One wants, after one has finished reading, to start it over, and wishes to travel with such a good and knowledgeable observer.\" The book includes comments on the history of art that were as influential for the discipline as \"A Voyage Round the world\" was for ethnology. Forster was, for example, one of the first writers who gave just treatment to the Gothic architecture of Cologne Cathedral, which was widely perceived as \"barbarian\" at that time. The book conformed well to the early Romantic intellectual movements in German-speaking Europe.\n", "Forster's main interest, however, was again focused on the social behavior of people, as 15 years earlier in the Pacific. The national uprisings in Flanders and Brabant and the revolution in France sparked his curiosity. The journey through these regions, together with the Netherlands and England, where citizens' freedoms were equally well developed, in the end helped him to resolve his own political opinions. From that time on he was to be a confident opponent of the ancien régime. With other German scholars, he welcomed the outbreak of the revolution as a clear consequence of the Enlightenment. As early as July 30, 1789, shortly after he heard about the Storming of the Bastille, he wrote to his father-in-law, philologist Christian Gottlob Heyne, that it was beautiful to see what philosophy had nurtured in people's minds and then had realized in the state. To educate people about their rights in this way, he wrote, was after all the surest way; the rest would then result as if by itself.\n", "Section::::Life as a revolutionary.\n", "Section::::Life as a revolutionary.:Foundation of the Mainz Republic.\n", "The French revolutionary army under General Custine gained control over Mainz on October 21, 1792. Two days later, Forster joined others in establishing a Jacobin Club called \"Freunde der Freiheit und Gleichheit\" (\"Friends of Freedom and Equality\") in the Electoral Palace. From early 1793 he was actively involved in organizing the Mainz Republic. This first republic located on German soil was constituted on the principles of democracy, and encompassed areas on the left bank of the Rhine between Landau and Bingen. Forster became vice-president of the republic's temporary administration and a candidate in the elections to the local parliament, the \"Rheinisch-Deutscher Nationalkonvent\" (\"Rhenish-German National Convention\"). From January to March 1793, he was an editor of \"Die neue Mainzer Zeitung oder Der Volksfreund\" (\"The new Mainz newspaper or The People's Friend\"). In his first article he wrote:\n", "This freedom did not last long, though. The Mainz Republic existed only until the retreat of the French troops in July 1793 after the Siege of Mainz.\n", "Forster was not present in Mainz during the siege. As representatives of the Mainz National Convention, he and Adam Lux had been sent to Paris to apply for Mainz – which was unable to exist as an independent state – to become a part of the French Republic. The application was accepted, but had no effect, since Mainz was conquered by Prussian and Austrian troops, and the old order was restored. Forster lost his library and collections and decided to remain in Paris.\n", "Section::::Life as a revolutionary.:Death in revolutionary Paris.\n", "Based on a decree by Emperor Francis II inflicting punishments on German subjects who collaborated with the French revolutionary government, Forster was declared an outlaw and placed under the Imperial ban; a prize of 100 ducats was set on his head and he could not return to Germany. Devoid of all means of making a living and without his wife, who had stayed in Mainz with their children and her later husband Ludwig Ferdinand Huber, he remained in Paris. At this point the revolution in Paris had entered the Reign of Terror introduced by the Committee of Public Safety under the rule of Maximilien Robespierre. Forster had the opportunity to experience the difference between the promises of the revolution of happiness for all and its cruel practice. In contrast to many other German supporters of the revolution, like for instance Friedrich Schiller, Forster did not turn back from his revolutionary ideals under the pressure of the terror. He viewed the events in France as a force of nature that could not be slowed and that had to release its own energies to avoid being even more destructive.\n", "Before the reign of terror reached its climax, Forster died after a rheumatic illness in his small attic apartment at Rue des Moulins in Paris in January 1794, at the age of thirty-nine. At the time, he was making plans to visit India.\n", "Section::::Views on nations and their culture.\n", "Forster had partial Scottish roots and was born in Polish Royal Prussia, and therefore was by birth a Polish subject. He worked in Russia, England, Poland and in several German countries of his time. Finally, he finished his life in France. He worked in different milieus and traveled a lot from his youth on. It was his view that this, together with his scientific upbringing based on the principles of the Enlightenment, gave him a wide perspective on different ethnic and national communities:\n", "In his opinion all human beings have the same abilities with regard to reason, feelings and imagination, but these basic ingredients are used in different ways and in different environments, which gives rise to different cultures and civilizations. According to him it is obvious that the culture on Tierra del Fuego is at a lower level of development than European culture, but he also admits that the conditions of life there are much more difficult and this gives people very little chance to develop a higher culture. Based on these opinions he was classified as one of the main examples of 18th-century German cosmopolitanism.\n", "In contrast to the attitude expressed in these writings and to his Enlightenment background, he used insulting terms expressing prejudice against Poles in his private letters during his stay in Vilnius and in a diary from the journey through Poland, but he never published any manifestation of this attitude. These insults only became known after his death, when his private correspondence and diaries were released to the public. Since Forster's published descriptions of other nations were seen as impartial scientific observations, Forster's disparaging description of Poland in his letters and diaries was often taken at face value in Imperial and Nazi Germany, where it was used as a means of science-based support for a purported German superiority. The spreading of the \"\"Polnische Wirtschaft\"\" (Polish economy) stereotype is most likely due to the influence of his letters.\n", "Forster's attitude brought him into conflict with the people of the different nations he encountered and made him welcome nowhere, as he was too revolutionary and antinational for Germans, proud and opposing in his dealings with Englishmen, too unconcerned about Polish science for Poles, and too insignificant politically and ignored while in France.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "After Forster's death, his works were mostly forgotten, except in professional circles. This was partly due to his involvement in the French revolution. However, his reception changed with the politics of the times, with different periods focusing on different parts of his work. In the period of rising nationalism after the Napoleonic era he was regarded in Germany as a \"traitor to his country\", overshadowing his work as an author and scientist. This attitude rose even though the philosopher Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel wrote about Forster at the beginning of the 19th century:\n", "Some interest in Forster's life and revolutionary actions was revived in the context of the liberal sentiments leading up to the 1848 revolution. But he was largely forgotten in the Germany of Wilhelm II and more so in the Third Reich, where interest in Forster was limited to his stance on Poland from his private letters. Interest in Forster resumed in the 1960s in East Germany, where he was interpreted as a champion of class struggle. The GDR research station in Antarctica that was opened on October 25, 1987, was named after him. In West Germany, the search for democratic traditions in German history also lead to a more diversified picture of him in the 1970s. The Alexander von Humboldt foundation named a scholarship program for foreign scholars from developing countries after him. His reputation as one of the first and most outstanding German ethnologists is indisputable, and his works are seen as crucial in the development of ethnology in Germany into a separate branch of science.\n", "The ethnographical items collected by Georg and Johann Reinhold Forster are now presented as the \"Cook-Forster-Sammlung\" (\"Cook–Forster Collection\") in the Sammlung für Völkerkunde anthropological collection in Göttingen. Another collection of items collected by the Forsters is on display at the Pitt Rivers Museum in Oxford.\n", "Section::::Works.\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Voyage Round the World in His Britannic Majesty's Sloop Resolution, Commanded by Capt. James Cook, during the Years, 1772, 3, 4, and 5\" (1777) (preview)\n", "BULLET::::- \"De Plantis Esculentis Insularum Oceani Australis Commentatio Botanica\" (1786) available online at Project Gutenberg\n", "BULLET::::- \"Florulae Insularum Australium Prodromus \" (1786) available online at Project Gutenberg\n", "BULLET::::- \"Essays on moral and natural geography, natural history and philosophy\" (1789–97)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Views of the Lower Rhine, Brabant, Flanders\" (three volumes, 1791–94)\n", "BULLET::::- \" Georg Forsters Werke, Sämtliche Schriften, Tagebücher, Briefe\", Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, G. Steiner et al. Berlin: Akademie 1958\n", "BULLET::::- \"Werke in vier Bänden\", Gerhard Steiner (editor). Leipzig: Insel 1965. ASIN: B00307GDQ0\n", "BULLET::::- \"Reise um die Welt\", Gerhard Steiner (editor). Frankfurt am Main: Insel, 1983.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ansichten vom Niederrhein\", Gerhard Steiner (editor). Frankfurt am Main: Insel, 1989.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Georg Forster, Briefe an Ernst Friedrich Hector Falcke. Neu aufgefundene Forsteriana aus der Gold- und Rosenkreuzerzeit\", Michael Ewert, Hermann Schüttler (editors). Georg-Forster-Studien Beiheft 4. Kassel: Kassel University Press 2009.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- European and American voyages of scientific exploration\n", "BULLET::::- List of important publications in anthropology\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Sources\n", "This article is partly based on a translation of the German Wikipedia article .\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- The Forster Collection at the Pitt Rivers Museum\n", "BULLET::::- Georg Forster society in Kassel\n", "BULLET::::- Letter recommending Georg Forster to the Royal Society (archived link, October 21, 2006)\n", "BULLET::::- Biography at the Australian Dictionary of Biography\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Johann Georg Adam Forster", "G.Forst." ] }, "description": "German naturalist, ethnologist, travel writer, journalist, and revolutionary", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q58062", "wikidata_label": "Georg Forster", "wikipedia_title": "Georg Forster" }

{ "end": [ 154, 170, 187, 216, 287, 310, 327, 576, 620, 733, 747, 757, 910, 961, 994, 1072, 1189, 1209, 1236, 44, 62, 134, 151, 177, 239, 256, 279, 314, 399, 439, 470, 502, 533, 556, 39, 62, 92, 155, 188, 206, 235, 357, 406, 464, 496, 534, 27, 313, 550, 586, 597, 609, 813, 94, 119, 161, 372, 614, 719, 746, 763, 927, 977, 62, 144, 201, 156, 321, 64, 523, 672, 908, 87, 122, 321, 354, 399, 506, 72, 132, 176, 190, 62, 79, 193, 294, 330, 454, 201, 237, 314, 19, 80, 122, 175, 607, 623, 876, 20, 338, 399, 475, 497, 522, 543, 584, 677, 834, 1076, 1097, 1120, 1224, 1244, 64, 219, 350, 371, 387, 404, 48, 93, 139, 324, 349, 97, 333, 404, 492, 827, 840, 855, 876, 947, 1143, 1157, 90, 191, 264, 275, 348, 132, 151, 178, 277, 300, 360, 403, 455, 990, 1051, 117, 229, 505, 526, 550, 570, 622, 702, 1077, 1113, 1165, 1182, 73, 89, 243, 509, 638, 656, 673, 700, 68, 112, 148, 341, 377, 402, 418, 590, 623, 829, 1130, 1183, 189, 200, 280, 358, 557, 584, 624, 651, 170, 476, 493, 163, 192, 216, 355, 522, 555, 583, 776, 802, 135, 156, 490, 576, 782, 1072, 88, 291, 484, 894, 991, 1081, 1106, 746, 858, 39, 144, 158, 180, 246, 266, 281, 299, 891, 1068, 1162, 186, 300, 392, 409, 637, 673, 157, 494, 731, 993, 1056, 79, 752, 958, 167, 200, 225, 454, 682, 918, 309, 491, 291, 303, 441, 494, 522, 735, 79, 149, 178, 427, 451, 492, 885, 1360, 1392, 1482, 1490, 1500, 1511, 1596, 85, 135, 222, 80, 18, 96, 108, 138, 292, 320, 75, 212, 632, 111, 96, 127, 212, 247, 334, 106, 203, 537, 99, 314, 354, 412, 126, 194, 216, 236, 59, 136, 557, 654, 752, 947, 1380, 1398, 1434, 1442, 97, 251, 460, 472, 489, 860, 918, 90, 157, 190, 648, 680, 96, 487, 94, 194, 236, 269, 396, 410, 587, 760, 776, 959, 206, 234, 436, 456, 476, 511, 99, 324, 338, 350, 384, 521, 641, 183, 204, 240, 307, 345, 752, 907, 1057, 1361, 1489, 1595, 101, 160, 177, 223, 372, 514, 549, 572, 135, 147, 276, 651, 721, 824, 846, 392, 102, 153, 236, 258, 406, 80, 113, 155, 218, 369, 453, 477, 503, 513, 550, 709, 727, 60, 74, 108, 153, 285, 223, 299, 426, 202, 320, 383, 478, 497, 515, 548, 558, 616, 672, 732, 80, 97, 118, 145, 253, 394, 433, 503, 85, 206, 231, 130, 143, 224, 245, 37, 66, 121, 159, 318, 438, 515, 602, 96, 113, 128, 149, 202, 295, 325, 354, 59, 391, 486, 550, 113, 154, 207, 272, 141, 206, 254, 269, 97, 672, 311, 328, 346, 562, 28 ], "href": [ "Ralph%20Richardson", "Peggy%20Ashcroft", "John%20Gielgud", "Theatre%20of%20the%20United%20Kingdom", "West%20End%20theatre", "No%C3%ABl%20Coward", "Private%20Lives", "John%20Burrell%20%28theatre%20director%29", "the%20Old%20Vic", "Richard%20III%20%28play%29", "Sophocles", "Oedipus%20Rex", "English%20Stage%20Company", "The%20Entertainer%20%28play%29", "The%20Entertainer%20%28film%29", "Royal%20National%20Theatre", "Othello%20%281965%20British%20film%29", "Shylock", "The%20Merchant%20of%20Venice", "Wuthering%20Heights%20%281939%20film%29", "Rebecca%20%281940%20film%29", "Henry%20V%20%281944%20film%29", "Hamlet%20%281948%20film%29", "Richard%20III%20%281955%20film%29", "The%20Shoes%20of%20the%20Fisherman", "Sleuth%20%281972%20film%29", "Marathon%20Man%20%28film%29", "The%20Boys%20from%20Brazil%20%28film%29", "The%20Moon%20and%20Sixpence", "Long%20Day%27s%20Journey%20into%20Night%20%281973%20film%29", "Love%20Among%20the%20Ruins%20%28film%29", "Cat%20on%20a%20Hot%20Tin%20Roof", "Brideshead%20Revisited%20%28TV%20serial%29", "King%20Lear%20%281983%20TV%20programme%29", "Knight%20Bachelor", "life%20peerage", "Order%20of%20Merit", "Academy%20Awards", "British%20Academy%20Film%20Awards", "Primetime%20Emmy%20Award", "Golden%20Globe%20Award", "Laurence%20Olivier%20Awards", "Society%20of%20London%20Theatre", "Jill%20Esmond", "Vivien%20Leigh", "Joan%20Plowright", "Dorking", "Huguenot", "Church%20of%20England", "high%20church", "ritualist", "Anglicanism", "Incumbent%20%28ecclesiastical%29", "Rector%20%28ecclesiastical%29", "St%20Saviour%27s%2C%20Pimlico", "All%20Saints%2C%20Margaret%20Street", "Anglo-Catholicism", "Julius%20Caesar%20%28play%29", "Helen%20Maud%20Holt", "Sybil%20Thorndike", "Ellen%20Terry", "Twelfth%20Night", "The%20Taming%20of%20the%20Shrew", "St%20Edward%27s%20School%2C%20Oxford", "Puck%20%28A%20Midsummer%20Night%27s%20Dream%29", "A%20Midsummer%20Night%27s%20Dream", "Central%20School%20of%20Speech%20Training%20and%20Dramatic%20Art", "Elsie%20Fogerty", "Peggy%20Ashcroft", "Lewis%20Casson", "Gerald%20du%20Maurier", "Frank%20Benson%20%28actor%29", "Birmingham%20Repertory%20Theatre", "Michael%20Billington%20%28critic%29", "She%20Stoops%20to%20Conquer", "Uncle%20Vanya", "All%27s%20Well%20That%20Ends%20Well", "Ralph%20Richardson", "Royalty%20Theatre", "Jill%20Esmond", "Henry%20V.%20Esmond", "Eva%20Moore", "R.%26amp%3Bnbsp%3BC.%20Sherriff", "Journey%27s%20End", "West%20End%20theatre", "Beau%20Geste", "P.%20C.%20Wren", "The%20Manchester%20Guardian", "The%20Temporary%20Widow", "Lilian%20Harvey", "Too%20Many%20Crooks%20%281930%20film%29", "No%C3%ABl%20Coward", "Private%20Lives", "Phoenix%20Theatre%20%28London%29", "Gertrude%20Lawrence", "Broadway%20theatre", "Adrianne%20Allen", "Sheridan%20Morley", "RKO%20Pictures", "Friends%20and%20Lovers%20%281931%20film%29", "Fox%20Studios", "martial%20law", "The%20Yellow%20Ticket", "Elissa%20Landi", "Lionel%20Barrymore", "Jeffrey%20Richards", "Ronald%20Colman", "Westward%20Passage", "Perfect%20Understanding", "Gloria%20Swanson", "No%20Funny%20Business", "Greta%20Garbo", "Queen%20Christina%20%28film%29", "Gordon%20Daviot", "Bronson%20Albery", "John%20Barrymore", "George%20S.%20Kaufman", "Edna%20Ferber", "The%20Royal%20Family%20%28play%29", "John%20Gielgud", "No%C3%ABl%20Coward%20Theatre", "Edith%20Evans", "Mercutio", "Romeo", "J.%26amp%3Bnbsp%3BB.%20Priestley", "Old%20Vic", "River%20Thames", "Lilian%20Baylis", "Edith%20Evans", "Ruth%20Gordon", "Alec%20Guinness", "Michael%20Redgrave", "Hamlet", "The%20Observer", "Ivor%20Brown", "Tyrone%20Guthrie", "Sir%20Toby%20Belch", "Sir%20Andrew%20Aguecheek", "Henry%20V%20%28play%29", "Coronation%20of%20King%20George%20VI%20and%20Queen%20Elizabeth", "Orlando%20%28As%20You%20Like%20It%29", "As%20You%20Like%20It%20%281936%20film%29", "Paul%20Czinner", "British%20Film%20Institute", "Screenonline", "Vivien%20Leigh", "Fire%20Over%20England", "Savoy%20Hotel%20Grill%20Room", "Ann%20Todd", "Henry%20Ainley", "Kronborg", "Ophelia", "Richard%20Burton", "Derek%20Jacobi", "Kenneth%20Branagh", "Jude%20Law", "Macbeth", "Michel%20Saint-Denis", "A%20Yank%20at%20Oxford", "The%20Divorce%20of%20Lady%20X", "Iver", "Buckinghamshire", "Othello", "Iago", "Othello%20%28character%29", "Coriolanus", "Edmund%20Kean", "William%20Macready", "Henry%20Irving", "Robert%20Speaight", "Q%20Planes", "Frank%20Nugent", "The%20New%20York%20Times", "Heathcliff%20%28Wuthering%20Heights%29", "Wuthering%20Heights%20%281939%20film%29", "Merle%20Oberon", "David%20Niven", "Scarlett%20O%27Hara", "Gone%20with%20the%20Wind%20%28film%29", "William%20Wyler", "Academy%20Award%20for%20Best%20Actor", "C.%20A.%20Lejeune", "Alfred%20Hitchcock", "Rebecca%20%281940%20film%29", "Joan%20Fontaine", "David%20O.%20Selznick", "Pride%20and%20Prejudice%20%281940%20film%29", "Mr.%20Darcy", "Elizabeth%20Bennet", "Greer%20Garson", "Brooks%20Atkinson", "San%20Ysidro%20Ranch", "Santa%20Barbara%2C%20California", "Duff%20Cooper", "Ministry%20of%20Information%20%28United%20Kingdom%29", "Winston%20Churchill", "Alexander%20Korda", "That%20Hamilton%20Woman", "Horatio%20Nelson%2C%201st%20Viscount%20Nelson", "Emma%2C%20Lady%20Hamilton", "Napoleon", "Hitler", "Samuel%20Goldwyn", "Cecil%20B.%20DeMille", "49th%20Parallel%20%28film%29", "Fleet%20Air%20Arm", "RAF%20Worthy%20Down", "The%20Demi-Paradise", "Henry%20V%20%281944%20film%29", "Filippo%20Del%20Giudice", "John%20Betjeman", "William%20Walton", "Michael%20Kennedy%20%28music%20critic%29", "Hamlet%20%281948%20film%29", "Richard%20III%20%281955%20film%29", "John%20Burrell%20%28theatre%20director%29", "Lords%20Commissioners%20of%20the%20Admiralty", "No%C3%ABl%20Coward%20Theatre", "Harcourt%20Williams", "Joyce%20Redman", "Margaret%20Leighton", "Peer%20Gynt", "Arms%20and%20the%20Man", "Richard%20III%20%28play%29", "Uncle%20Vanya", "Antony%20Sher", "Com%C3%A9die-Fran%C3%A7aise", "Harold%20Hobson", "Justice%20Shallow", "Falstaff", "Oedipus%20Rex", "The%20Critic%20%28play%29", "Sophocles", "Richard%20Brinsley%20Sheridan", "Cyrano%20de%20Bergerac%20%28play%29", "James%20Agate", "Knight%20Bachelor", "Oliver%20Sylvain%20Baliol%20Brett%2C%203rd%20Viscount%20Esher", "Royal%20National%20Theatre", "Hamlet%20%281948%20film%29", "The%20Daily%20Telegraph", "Academy%20Award%20for%20Best%20Picture", "The%20School%20for%20Scandal", "Thornton%20Wilder", "The%20Skin%20of%20Our%20Teeth", "Melvyn%20Bragg", "Bernard%20Levin", "The%20Guardian", "Peter%20Finch", "Laurence%20Olivier%20Productions", "Jean%20Anouilh", "Antigone%20%28Anouilh%29", "Binkie%20Beaumont", "Tennessee%20Williams", "A%20Streetcar%20Named%20Desire", "A%20Streetcar%20Named%20Desire%20%281951%20film%29", "St%20James%27s%20Theatre", "Christopher%20Fry", "Venus%20Observed", "George%20Bernard%20Shaw", "Caesar%20and%20Cleopatra%20%28play%29", "Antony%20and%20Cleopatra", "W.%26amp%3Bnbsp%3BA.%20Darlington", "Ruggero%20Ruggeri", "Luigi%20Pirandello", "Moli%C3%A8re", "Jean%20Racine", "Pierre%20de%20Marivaux", "Alfred%20de%20Musset", "Orson%20Welles", "Carrie%20%281952%20film%29", "Sister%20Carrie", "British%20Academy%20Film%20Awards", "Elephant%20Walk", "Coronation%20of%20Queen%20Elizabeth%20II", "Terence%20Rattigan", "Ruritania", "The%20Sleeping%20Prince%20%28play%29", "Venice%20Preserv%27d", "The%20Apple%20Cart", "Richard%20III%20%281955%20film%29", "Cedric%20Hardwicke", "Yul%20Brynner", "Royal%20Shakespeare%20Theatre", "Glen%20Byam%20Shaw", "Roger%20Furse", "J.%20C.%20Trewin", "Macbeth%20%28character%29", "Lady%20Macbeth", "Titus%20Andronicus", "Peter%20Brook", "Stoll%20Theatre", "South%20Sea%20Bubble%20%28play%29", "The%20Sleeping%20Prince%20%28play%29", "The%20Prince%20and%20the%20Showgirl", "Marilyn%20Monroe", "Arthur%20Miller", "John%20Osborne", "Look%20Back%20in%20Anger", "Royal%20Court%20Theatre", "The%20Entertainer%20%28play%29", "variety%20show", "Anthony%20Holden", "Tony%20Richardson", "Palace%20Theatre%2C%20London", "Joan%20Plowright", "Alan%20Bennett", "Forty%20Years%20On%20%28play%29", "David%20Storey", "Home%20%28play%29", "The%20Devil%27s%20Disciple%20%281959%20film%29", "Peter%20Hall%20%28director%29", "Eug%C3%A8ne%20Ionesco", "Theatre%20of%20the%20Absurd", "Rhinoceros%20%28play%29", "Becket", "Anthony%20Quinn", "Spartacus%20%28film%29", "Marcus%20Licinius%20Crassus", "The%20Entertainer%20%28film%29", "The%20Moon%20and%20Sixpence", "Primetime%20Emmy%20Award", "Charlton%20Heston", "decree%20nisi", "Chichester%20Festival", "John%20Fletcher%20%28playwright%29", "John%20Ford%20%28dramatist%29", "The%20Broken%20Heart", "Athene%20Seyler", "John%20Neville%20%28actor%29", "Moscow%20Arts%20Theatre", "Saint%20Joan%20%28play%29", "John%20Arden", "Term%20of%20Trial", "South%20Bank", "Oliver%20Lyttelton%2C%201st%20Viscount%20Chandos", "John%20Dexter", "William%20Gaskill", "Kenneth%20Tynan", "dramaturge", "Peter%20O%27Toole", "Michael%20Gambon", "Maggie%20Smith", "Alan%20Bates", "Anthony%20Hopkins", "Paul%20Scofield", "Robert%20Stephens", "Georges%20Feydeau", "A%20Flea%20in%20Her%20Ear", "Somerset%20Maugham", "George%20Farquhar", "The%20Recruiting%20Officer", "Franco%20Zeffirelli", "The%20Sunday%20Telegraph", "Jonathan%20Miller", "The%20Master%20Builder", "stage%20fright", "Othello%20%281965%20British%20film%29", "The%20Crucible", "William%20Congreve", "Love%20for%20Love", "Bunny%20Lake%20is%20Missing", "Juno%20and%20the%20Paycock", "Mahdi", "Charles%20George%20Gordon", "Khartoum%20%28film%29", "Rolf%20Hochhuth", "Rolf%20Hochhuth%23Soldiers", "W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw%20Sikorski", "prostate%20cancer", "Three%20Sisters%20%28play%29", "August%20Strindberg", "The%20Dance%20of%20Death%20%28Strindberg%29", "Shylock", "John%20French%2C%201st%20Earl%20of%20Ypres", "Oh%21%20What%20a%20Lovely%20War", "Hugh%20Dowding%2C%201st%20Baron%20Dowding", "Battle%20of%20Britain%20%28film%29", "Harold%20Wilson", "Eugene%20O%27Neill", "Long%20Day%27s%20Journey%20into%20Night", "Eduardo%20de%20Filippo", "Trevor%20Griffiths", "Guys%20and%20Dolls", "Michael%20Caine", "Joseph%20L.%20Mankiewicz", "Anthony%20Shaffer%20%28writer%29", "Sleuth%20%281972%20film%29", "The%20Illustrated%20London%20News", "Marlon%20Brando", "The%20Godfather", "Jean%20Giradoux", "Amphitryon%2038", "Eden%20End", "dermatomyositis", "Polaroid%20Corporation", "John%20Schlesinger", "Marathon%20Man%20%28film%29", "David%20Robinson%20%28film%20critic%29", "The%20World%20at%20War", "Long%20Day%27s%20Journey%20into%20Night%20%281973%20film%29", "Love%20Among%20the%20Ruins%20%28film%29", "Cat%20on%20a%20Hot%20Tin%20Roof", "Harold%20Pinter", "The%20Collection%20%28play%29", "Pharisee", "Nicodemus", "Jesus%20of%20Nazareth", "The%20Boys%20from%20Brazil%20%28film%29", "Nazi%20hunter", "The%20Jazz%20Singer%20%281980%20film%29", "Inchon%20%28film%29", "The%20Bounty%20%281984%20film%29", "Wild%20Geese%20II", "Brideshead%20Revisited%20%28TV%20serial%29", "John%20Mortimer", "A%20Voyage%20Round%20My%20Father", "King%20Lear%20%281983%20TV%20programme%29", "Wagner%20%28film%29", "Derek%20Jarman", "War%20Requiem%20%28film%29", "Steyning", "West%20Sussex", "Poets%27%20Corner", "Westminster%20Abbey", "Knight%20Bachelor", "1947%20Birthday%20Honours", "life%20peerage", "1970%20Birthday%20Honours", "Order%20of%20Merit", "Order%20of%20the%20Dannebrog", "Legion%20of%20Honour", "Order%20of%20Merit%20of%20the%20Italian%20Republic", "Tufts%20University", "Massachusetts", "University%20of%20Oxford", "University%20of%20Edinburgh", "Sonning%20Prize", "Royal%20Swedish%20Academy%20of%20Letters%2C%20History%20and%20Antiquities", "Albert%20Medal%20%28Royal%20Society%20of%20Arts%29", "Royal%20Society%20of%20Arts", "Academy%20Awards", "British%20Academy%20Film%20Awards", "Golden%20Globe%20Award", "Tony%20Award%20for%20Best%20Actor%20in%20a%20Play", "Hollywood%20Walk%20of%20Fame", "Hollywood%20Boulevard", "American%20Theater%20Hall%20of%20Fame", "British%20Film%20Institute%20Fellowship", "Laurence%20Olivier%20Awards", "The%20Society%20of%20London%20Theatre", "Douglas%20Fairbanks", "Ramon%20Navarro", "Peter%20Ustinov", "William%20Redfield%20%28actor%29", "Spencer%20Tracy", "Humphrey%20Bogart", "Lauren%20Bacall", "Michael%20Coveney", "https%3A//www.laurenceolivier.com/" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 10, 10, 10, 12, 12, 13, 13, 13, 13, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 15, 15, 15, 15, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 18, 18, 18, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 22, 22, 22, 22, 22, 22, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 27, 27, 27, 27, 27, 27, 27, 27, 27, 27, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 29, 29, 29, 29, 29, 29, 29, 29, 31, 31, 31, 31, 31, 31, 31, 31, 31, 31, 31, 31, 32, 32, 32, 32, 32, 32, 32, 32, 33, 33, 33, 34, 34, 34, 34, 34, 34, 34, 34, 34, 35, 35, 35, 35, 35, 35, 36, 36, 36, 36, 36, 36, 36, 38, 38, 39, 39, 39, 39, 39, 39, 39, 39, 39, 39, 39, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 41, 41, 41, 41, 41, 42, 42, 42, 43, 43, 43, 43, 43, 43, 45, 45, 46, 46, 46, 46, 46, 46, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 49, 49, 49, 50, 51, 51, 51, 51, 51, 51, 52, 52, 52, 54, 55, 55, 55, 55, 55, 56, 56, 56, 57, 57, 57, 57, 59, 59, 59, 59, 60, 60, 60, 60, 60, 60, 60, 60, 60, 60, 61, 61, 61, 61, 61, 61, 61, 62, 62, 62, 62, 62, 63, 63, 64, 64, 64, 64, 64, 64, 64, 64, 64, 64, 67, 67, 67, 67, 67, 67, 68, 68, 68, 68, 68, 68, 68, 69, 69, 69, 69, 69, 69, 69, 69, 69, 69, 69, 70, 70, 70, 70, 70, 70, 70, 70, 71, 71, 71, 71, 71, 71, 71, 73, 74, 74, 74, 74, 74, 75, 75, 75, 75, 75, 75, 75, 75, 75, 75, 75, 75, 76, 76, 76, 78, 78, 79, 79, 79, 80, 80, 80, 80, 80, 80, 80, 80, 80, 80, 80, 81, 81, 81, 81, 81, 81, 81, 81, 82, 82, 82, 83, 83, 83, 83, 85, 85, 85, 85, 85, 85, 85, 85, 86, 86, 86, 86, 86, 86, 86, 86, 87, 87, 87, 87, 88, 88, 88, 88, 89, 89, 92, 92, 95, 95, 96, 96, 96, 96, 98 ], "start": [ 138, 156, 175, 203, 279, 299, 314, 564, 609, 722, 738, 750, 889, 946, 987, 1056, 1182, 1202, 1214, 27, 55, 127, 145, 166, 213, 250, 267, 294, 378, 410, 450, 481, 513, 547, 29, 50, 78, 141, 161, 195, 217, 334, 381, 453, 484, 520, 20, 305, 533, 575, 588, 598, 804, 88, 98, 134, 358, 601, 710, 731, 752, 914, 954, 36, 140, 176, 106, 308, 50, 511, 655, 896, 59, 104, 300, 343, 374, 490, 57, 121, 161, 181, 48, 66, 185, 284, 320, 431, 182, 224, 299, 8, 67, 107, 158, 599, 609, 861, 8, 320, 388, 464, 480, 510, 527, 568, 664, 818, 1055, 1083, 1103, 1213, 1229, 51, 205, 336, 354, 376, 391, 36, 82, 128, 316, 344, 82, 326, 398, 479, 816, 829, 842, 860, 941, 1131, 1147, 76, 183, 254, 268, 325, 125, 137, 166, 255, 288, 348, 386, 444, 982, 1039, 109, 222, 491, 514, 535, 562, 615, 684, 1061, 1092, 1161, 1167, 66, 85, 236, 499, 627, 640, 661, 685, 60, 100, 130, 331, 360, 390, 407, 575, 605, 816, 1102, 1167, 173, 193, 267, 341, 538, 575, 608, 639, 155, 460, 480, 152, 169, 199, 340, 503, 541, 573, 768, 796, 121, 140, 477, 563, 766, 1055, 81, 272, 471, 880, 976, 1075, 1095, 734, 849, 28, 127, 146, 163, 237, 250, 270, 288, 880, 1051, 1149, 171, 292, 381, 399, 628, 665, 139, 483, 723, 983, 1040, 73, 733, 928, 145, 185, 204, 442, 669, 906, 298, 463, 284, 295, 426, 476, 498, 718, 61, 134, 164, 423, 431, 472, 869, 1345, 1382, 1475, 1484, 1492, 1505, 1584, 79, 122, 217, 67, 8, 80, 99, 119, 276, 306, 64, 196, 621, 83, 82, 116, 200, 240, 322, 90, 192, 524, 83, 295, 327, 398, 113, 182, 198, 225, 44, 129, 543, 639, 738, 933, 1368, 1384, 1422, 1438, 77, 241, 453, 463, 479, 854, 905, 81, 134, 175, 627, 670, 81, 474, 75, 181, 227, 253, 383, 398, 568, 750, 766, 946, 196, 222, 425, 441, 463, 501, 86, 310, 326, 340, 369, 508, 626, 176, 187, 233, 299, 323, 735, 887, 1042, 1343, 1477, 1586, 89, 152, 164, 202, 352, 509, 535, 564, 122, 139, 258, 636, 708, 814, 828, 385, 96, 132, 224, 241, 393, 66, 84, 137, 202, 355, 440, 457, 488, 507, 523, 696, 714, 47, 64, 100, 138, 277, 207, 287, 412, 186, 291, 363, 457, 484, 501, 540, 549, 599, 652, 721, 65, 91, 108, 132, 233, 381, 409, 494, 79, 194, 220, 122, 132, 211, 228, 22, 45, 109, 138, 304, 416, 499, 564, 80, 100, 122, 140, 189, 238, 313, 333, 45, 364, 468, 540, 91, 135, 178, 239, 118, 179, 237, 256, 84, 656, 298, 313, 333, 547, 12 ], "text": [ "Ralph Richardson", "Peggy Ashcroft", "John Gielgud", "British stage", "West End", "Noël Coward", "Private Lives", "John Burrell", "the Old Vic", "Richard III", "Sophocles", "Oedipus", "English Stage Company", "The Entertainer", "on film", "National Theatre", "Othello", "Shylock", "The Merchant of Venice", "Wuthering Heights", "Rebecca", "Henry V", "Hamlet", "Richard III", "The Shoes of the Fisherman", "Sleuth", "Marathon Man", "The Boys from Brazil", "The Moon and Sixpence", "Long Day's Journey into Night", "Love Among the Ruins", "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof", "Brideshead Revisited", "King Lear", "knighthood", "life peerage", "Order of Merit", "Academy Awards", "British Academy Film Awards", "Emmy Awards", "Golden Globe Award", "Laurence Olivier Awards", "Society of London Theatre", "Jill Esmond", "Vivien Leigh", "Joan Plowright", "Dorking", "Huguenot", "Church of England", "high church", "ritualist", "Anglicanism", "incumbent", "rector", "St Saviour's, Pimlico", "All Saints, Margaret Street", "Anglo-Catholic", "Julius Caesar", "Lady Tree", "Sybil Thorndike", "Ellen Terry", "Twelfth Night", "The Taming of the Shrew", "St Edward's School, Oxford", "Puck", "A Midsummer Night's Dream", "Central School of Speech Training and Dramatic Art", "Elsie Fogerty", "Peggy Ashcroft", "Lewis Casson", "Gerald du Maurier", "Frank Benson", "Birmingham Repertory Company", "Michael Billington", "She Stoops to Conquer", "Uncle Vanya", "All's Well That Ends Well", "Ralph Richardson", "Royalty Theatre", "Jill Esmond", "Henry V. Esmond", "Eva Moore", "R. C. Sherriff", "Journey's End", "West End", "Beau Geste", "P. C. Wren", "The Manchester Guardian", "The Temporary Widow", "Lilian Harvey", "Too Many Crooks", "Noël Coward", "Private Lives", "Phoenix Theatre", "Gertrude Lawrence", "Broadway", "Adrianne Allen", "Sheridan Morley", "RKO Pictures", "Friends and Lovers", "Fox Studios", "martial law", "The Yellow Ticket", "Elissa Landi", "Lionel Barrymore", "Jeffrey Richards", "Ronald Colman", "Westward Passage", "Perfect Understanding", "Gloria Swanson", "No Funny Business", "Greta Garbo", "Queen Christina", "Gordon Daviot", "Bronson Albery", "John Barrymore", "George S. Kaufman", "Edna Ferber", "Theatre Royal", "John Gielgud", "New Theatre", "Edith Evans", "Mercutio", "Romeo", "J. B. Priestley", "Old Vic", "Thames", "Lilian Baylis", "Edith Evans", "Ruth Gordon", "Alec Guinness", "Michael Redgrave", "Hamlet", "The Observer", "Ivor Brown", "Tyrone Guthrie", "Sir Toby", "Sir Andrew", "Henry V", "Coronation of George VI", "Orlando", "As You Like It", "Paul Czinner", "British Film Institute", "Screenonline", "Vivien Leigh", "Fire Over England", "Savoy Grill", "Ann Todd", "Henry Ainley", "Elsinore", "Ophelia", "Richard Burton", "Derek Jacobi", "Kenneth Branagh", "Jude Law", "Macbeth", "Michel Saint-Denis", "A Yank at Oxford", "The Divorce of Lady X", "Iver", "Buckinghamshire", "Othello", "Iago", "Othello", "Coriolanus", "Edmund Kean", "William Macready", "Henry Irving", "Robert Speaight", "Q Planes", "Frank Nugent", "The New York Times", "Heathcliff", "Wuthering Heights", "Merle Oberon", "David Niven", "Scarlett O'Hara", "Gone with the Wind", "William Wyler", "Academy Award for Best Actor", "Caroline Lejeune", "Alfred Hitchcock", "Rebecca", "Joan Fontaine", "David O. Selznick", "Pride and Prejudice", "Mr. Darcy", "Elizabeth Bennet", "Greer Garson", "Brooks Atkinson", "San Ysidro Ranch", "Santa Barbara", "Duff Cooper", "Minister of Information", "Winston Churchill", "Alexander Korda", "That Hamilton Woman", "Horatio Nelson", "title role", "Napoleon", "Hitler", "Samuel Goldwyn", "Cecil B. DeMille", "49th Parallel", "Fleet Air Arm", "RNAS Worthy Down", "The Demi-Paradise", "Henry V", "Filippo Del Giudice", "John Betjeman", "William Walton", "Michael Kennedy", "Hamlet", "Richard III", "John Burrell", "Sea Lords", "New Theatre", "Harcourt Williams", "Joyce Redman", "Margaret Leighton", "Peer Gynt", "Arms and the Man", "Richard III", "Uncle Vanya", "Antony Sher", "Comédie-Française", "Harold Hobson", "Justice Shallow", "Falstaff", "Oedipus Rex", "The Critic", "Sophocles", "Sheridan", "Cyrano de Bergerac", "James Agate", "knighted", "Lord Esher", "National Theatre", "Hamlet", "The Daily Telegraph", "Academy Award for Best Picture", "The School for Scandal", "Thornton Wilder", "The Skin of Our Teeth", "Melvyn Bragg", "Bernard Levin", "The Guardian", "Peter Finch", "Laurence Olivier Productions", "Anouilh", "Antigone", "Binkie Beaumont", "Tennessee Williams", "A Streetcar Named Desire", "1951 film version", "St James's Theatre", "Christopher Fry", "Venus Observed", "Shaw", "Caesar and Cleopatra", "Antony and Cleopatra", "W. A. Darlington", "Ruggero Ruggeri", "Pirandello", "Molière", "Racine", "Marivaux", "Musset", "Orson Welles", "Carrie", "Sister Carrie", "BAFTA", "Elephant Walk", "Coronation", "Terence Rattigan", "Ruritania", "The Sleeping Prince", "Venice Preserv'd", "The Apple Cart", "Richard III", "Cedric Hardwicke", "Yul Brynner", "Shakespeare Memorial Theatre", "Glen Byam Shaw", "Roger Furse", "J. C. Trewin", "Macbeth", "Lady Macbeth", "Titus Andronicus", "Peter Brook", "Stoll Theatre", "South Sea Bubble", "The Sleeping Prince", "The Prince and the Showgirl", "Marilyn Monroe", "Arthur Miller", "John Osborne", "Look Back in Anger", "Royal Court", "The Entertainer", "variety", "Anthony Holden", "Tony Richardson", "Palace Theatre", "Joan Plowright", "Alan Bennett", "Forty Years On", "David Storey", "Home", "The Devil's Disciple", "Peter Hall", "Ionesco", "absurdist", "Rhinoceros", "Becket", "Anthony Quinn", "Spartacus", "Marcus Licinius Crassus", "The Entertainer", "The Moon and Sixpence", "Emmy Award", "Charlton Heston", "decree \"nisi\"", "Chichester Festival", "John Fletcher", "John Ford", "The Broken Heart", "Athene Seyler", "John Neville", "Moscow Arts Theatre", "Saint Joan", "John Arden", "Term of Trial", "South Bank", "Lord Chandos", "John Dexter", "William Gaskill", "Kenneth Tynan", "dramaturge", "Peter O'Toole", "Michael Gambon", "Maggie Smith", "Alan Bates", "Anthony Hopkins", "Paul Scofield", "Robert Stephens", "Feydeau", "A Flea in Her Ear", "Maugham", "Farquhar", "The Recruiting Officer", "Franco Zeffirelli", "The Sunday Telegraph", "Jonathan Miller", "The Master Builder", "stage fright", "as a film", "The Crucible", "Congreve", "Love for Love", "Bunny Lake is Missing", "Juno and the Paycock", "Mahdi", "General Gordon", "Khartoum", "Rolf Hochhuth", "Soldiers", "Władysław Sikorski", "prostate cancer", "Three Sisters", "Strindberg", "The Dance of Death", "Shylock", "French", "Oh! What a Lovely War", "Hugh Dowding", "Battle of Britain", "Harold Wilson", "Eugene O'Neill", "Long Day's Journey into Night", "Eduardo de Filippo", "Trevor Griffiths", "Guys and Dolls", "Michael Caine", "Joseph L. Mankiewicz", "Anthony Shaffer", "Sleuth", "The Illustrated London News", "Marlon Brando", "The Godfather", "Jean Giradoux", "Amphitryon", "Eden End", "dermatomyositis", "Polaroid", "John Schlesinger", "Marathon Man", "David Robinson", "The World at War", "Long Day's Journey into Night", "Love Among the Ruins", "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof", "Harold Pinter", "The Collection", "Pharisee", "Nicodemus", "Jesus of Nazareth", "The Boys from Brazil", "Nazi hunter", "The Jazz Singer", "Inchon", "The Bounty", "Wild Geese II", "Brideshead Revisited", "John Mortimer", "A Voyage Round My Father", "King Lear", "Wagner", "Derek Jarman", "War Requiem", "Steyning", "West Sussex", "Poets' Corner", "Westminster Abbey", "Knight Bachelor", "1947 Birthday Honours", "life peerage", "1970 Birthday Honours", "Order of Merit", "Order of the Dannebrog", "Legion of Honour", "Order of Merit of the Italian Republic", "Tufts University", "Massachusetts", "Oxford", "Edinburgh", "Sonning Prize", "Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities", "Albert Medal", "Royal Society of Arts", "Academy Awards", "British Academy Film Awards", "Golden Globe Award", "Tony Award", "Hollywood Walk of Fame", "Hollywood Boulevard", "American Theater Hall of Fame", "British Film Institute Fellowship", "Laurence Olivier Awards", "Society of West End Theatre", "Douglas Fairbanks", "Ramon Navarro", "Peter Ustinov", "William Redfield", "Spencer Tracy", "Humphrey Bogart", "Lauren Bacall", "Michael Coveney", "Official website" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Laurence Olivier\n", "Laurence Kerr Olivier, Baron Olivier, (; 22 May 1907 – 11 July 1989) was an English actor and director who, along with his contemporaries Ralph Richardson, Peggy Ashcroft and John Gielgud, dominated the British stage of the mid-20th century. He also worked in films throughout his career, playing more than fifty cinema roles. Late in his career, he had considerable success in television roles.\n", "His family had no theatrical connections, but Olivier's father, a clergyman, decided that his son should become an actor. After attending a drama school in London, Olivier learned his craft in a succession of acting jobs during the late 1920s. In 1930 he had his first important West End success in Noël Coward's \"Private Lives\", and he appeared in his first film. In 1935 he played in a celebrated production of \"Romeo and Juliet\" alongside Gielgud and Ashcroft, and by the end of the decade he was an established star. In the 1940s, together with Richardson and John Burrell, Olivier was the co-director of the Old Vic, building it into a highly respected company. There his most celebrated roles included Shakespeare's Richard III and Sophocles's Oedipus. In the 1950s Olivier was an independent actor-manager, but his stage career was in the doldrums until he joined the \"avant garde\" English Stage Company in 1957 to play the title role in \"The Entertainer\", a part he later played on film. From 1963 to 1973 he was the founding director of Britain's National Theatre, running a resident company that fostered many future stars. His own parts there included the title role in \"Othello\" (1965) and Shylock in \"The Merchant of Venice\" (1970).\n", "Among Olivier's films are \"Wuthering Heights\" (1939), \"Rebecca\" (1940), and a trilogy of Shakespeare films as actor-director: \"Henry V\" (1944), \"Hamlet\" (1948), and \"Richard III\" (1955). His later films included \"The Shoes of the Fisherman\" (1968), \"Sleuth\" (1972), \"Marathon Man\" (1976), and \"The Boys from Brazil\" (1978). His television appearances included an adaptation of \"The Moon and Sixpence\" (1960), \"Long Day's Journey into Night\" (1973), \"Love Among the Ruins\" (1975), \"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof\" (1976), \"Brideshead Revisited\" (1981) and \"King Lear\" (1983).\n", "Olivier's honours included a knighthood (1947), a life peerage (1970) and the Order of Merit (1981). For his on-screen work he received four Academy Awards, two British Academy Film Awards, five Emmy Awards and three Golden Globe Awards. The National Theatre's largest auditorium is named in his honour, and he is commemorated in the Laurence Olivier Awards, given annually by the Society of London Theatre. He was married three times, to the actresses Jill Esmond from 1930 to 1940, Vivien Leigh from 1940 to 1960, and Joan Plowright from 1961 until his death.\n", "Section::::Life and career.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Family background and early life (1907–1924).\n", "Olivier was born in Dorking, Surrey, the youngest of the three children of the Reverend Gerard Kerr Olivier (1869–1939) and his wife Agnes Louise, \"née\" Crookenden (1871–1920). Their elder children were Sybille (1901–1989) and Gerard Dacres \"Dickie\" (1904–1958). His great-great-grandfather was of French Huguenot descent, and Olivier came from a long line of Protestant clergymen. Gerard Olivier had begun a career as a schoolmaster, but in his thirties he discovered a strong religious vocation and was ordained as a priest of the Church of England. He practised extremely high church, ritualist Anglicanism and liked to be addressed as \"Father Olivier\". This made him unacceptable to most Anglican congregations, and the only church posts he was offered were temporary, usually deputising for regular incumbents in their absence. This meant a nomadic existence, and for Laurence's first few years, he never lived in one place long enough to make friends.\n", "In 1912, when Olivier was five, his father secured a permanent appointment as assistant rector at St Saviour's, Pimlico. He held the post for six years, and a stable family life was at last possible. Olivier was devoted to his mother, but not to his father, whom he found a cold and remote parent. Nevertheless, he learned a great deal of the art of performing from him. As a young man Gerard Olivier had considered a stage career and was a dramatic and effective preacher. Olivier wrote that his father knew \"when to drop the voice, when to bellow about the perils of hellfire, when to slip in a gag, when suddenly to wax sentimental ... The quick changes of mood and manner absorbed me, and I have never forgotten them.\"\n", "In 1916, after attending a series of preparatory schools, Olivier passed the singing examination for admission to the choir school of All Saints, Margaret Street, in central London. His elder brother was already a pupil, and Olivier gradually settled in, though he felt himself to be something of an outsider. The church's style of worship was (and remains) Anglo-Catholic, with emphasis on ritual, vestments and incense. The theatricality of the services appealed to Olivier, and the vicar encouraged the students to develop a taste for secular as well as religious drama. In a school production of \"Julius Caesar\" in 1917, the ten-year-old Olivier's performance as Brutus impressed an audience that included Lady Tree, the young Sybil Thorndike, and Ellen Terry, who wrote in her diary, \"The small boy who played Brutus is already a great actor.\" He later won praise in other schoolboy productions, as Maria in \"Twelfth Night\" (1918) and Katherine in \"The Taming of the Shrew\" (1922).\n", "From All Saints, Olivier went on to St Edward's School, Oxford, from 1920 to 1924. He made little mark until his final year, when he played Puck in the school's production of \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\"; his performance was a tour de force that won him popularity among his fellow pupils. In January 1924, his brother left England to work in India as a rubber planter. Olivier missed him greatly and asked his father how soon he could follow. He recalled in his memoirs that his father replied, \"Don't be such a fool, you're not going to India, you're going on the stage.\"\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Early acting career (1924–1929).\n", "In 1924 Gerard Olivier, a habitually frugal man, told his son that he must gain not only admission to the Central School of Speech Training and Dramatic Art, but also a scholarship with a bursary to cover his tuition fees and living expenses. Olivier's sister had been a student there and was a favourite of Elsie Fogerty, the founder and principal of the school. Olivier later speculated that it was on the strength of this that Fogerty agreed to award him the bursary.\n", "One of Olivier's contemporaries at the school was Peggy Ashcroft, who observed he was \"rather uncouth in that his sleeves were too short and his hair stood on end but he was intensely lively and great fun\". By his own admission, he was not a very conscientious student, but Fogerty liked him and later said that he and Ashcroft stood out among her many pupils. On leaving the school after a year, Olivier gained work with small touring companies before being taken on in 1925 by Sybil Thorndike and her husband Lewis Casson as a bit-part player, understudy and assistant stage manager for their London company. He modelled his performing style on that of Gerald du Maurier, of whom he said, \"He seemed to mutter on stage but had such perfect technique. When I started I was so busy doing a du Maurier that no one ever heard a word I said. The Shakespearean actors one saw were terrible hams like Frank Benson.\" Olivier's concern with speaking naturally and avoiding what he called \"singing\" Shakespeare's verse was the cause of much frustration in his early career, as critics regularly decried his delivery.\n", "In 1926, on Thorndike's recommendation, Olivier joined the Birmingham Repertory Company. His biographer Michael Billington describes the Birmingham company as \"Olivier's university\", where in his second year he was given the chance to play a wide range of important roles, including Tony Lumpkin in \"She Stoops to Conquer\", the title role in \"Uncle Vanya\", and Parolles in \"All's Well That Ends Well\". Billington adds that the engagement led to \"a lifelong friendship with his fellow actor Ralph Richardson that was to have a decisive effect on the British theatre.\"\n", "While playing the juvenile lead in \"Bird in Hand\" at the Royalty Theatre in June 1928, Olivier began a relationship with Jill Esmond, the daughter of the actors Henry V. Esmond and Eva Moore. Olivier later recounted that he thought \"she would most certainly do excellent well for a wife ... I wasn't likely to do any better at my age and with my undistinguished track-record, so I promptly fell in love with her.\"\n", "In 1928 Olivier created the role of Stanhope in R. C. Sherriff's \"Journey's End\", in which he scored a great success at its single Sunday night premiere. He was offered the part in the West End production the following year, but turned it down in favour of the more glamorous role of Beau Geste in a stage adaptation of P. C. Wren's 1929 novel of the same name. \"Journey's End\" became a long-running success; \"Beau Geste\" failed. \"The Manchester Guardian\" commented, \"Mr. Laurence Olivier did his best as Beau, but he deserves and will get better parts. Mr. Olivier is going to make a big name for himself\". For the rest of 1929 Olivier appeared in seven plays, all of which were short-lived. Billington ascribes this failure rate to poor choices by Olivier rather than mere bad luck.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Rising star (1930–1935).\n", "In 1930, with his impending marriage in mind, Olivier earned some extra money with small roles in two films. In April he travelled to Berlin to film the English-language version of \"The Temporary Widow\", a crime comedy with Lilian Harvey, and in May he spent four nights working on another comedy, \"Too Many Crooks\". During work on the latter film, for which he was paid £60, he met Laurence Evans, who became his personal manager. Olivier did not enjoy working in film, which he dismissed as \"this anaemic little medium which could not stand great acting\", but financially it was much more rewarding than his theatre work.\n", "Olivier and Esmond married on 25 July 1930 at All Saints, Margaret Street, although within weeks both realised they had erred. Olivier later recorded that the marriage was \"a pretty crass mistake. I insisted on getting married from a pathetic mixture of religious and animal promptings. ... She had admitted to me that she was in love elsewhere and could never love me as completely as I would wish\". Olivier later recounted that following the wedding he did not keep a diary for ten years and never followed religious practices again, although he considered those facts to be \"mere coincidence\", unconnected to the nuptials.\n", "In 1930 Noël Coward cast Olivier as Victor Prynne in his new play \"Private Lives\", which opened at the new Phoenix Theatre in London in September. Coward and Gertrude Lawrence played the lead roles, Elyot Chase and Amanda Prynne. Victor is a secondary character, along with Sybil Chase; the author called them \"extra puppets, lightly wooden ninepins, only to be repeatedly knocked down and stood up again\". To make them credible spouses for Amanda and Elyot, Coward was determined that two outstandingly attractive performers should play the parts. Olivier played Victor in the West End and then on Broadway; Adrianne Allen was Sybil in London, but could not go to New York, where the part was taken by Esmond. In addition to giving the 23-year-old Olivier his first successful West End role, Coward became something of a mentor. In the late 1960s Olivier told Sheridan Morley:\n", "In 1931 RKO Pictures offered Olivier a two-film contract at $1,000 a week; he discussed the possibility with Coward, who, irked, told Olivier \"You've no artistic integrity, that's your trouble; this is how you cheapen yourself.\" He accepted and moved to Hollywood, despite some misgivings. His first film was the drama \"Friends and Lovers\", in a supporting role, before RKO loaned him to Fox Studios for his first film lead, a British journalist in a Russia under martial law in \"The Yellow Ticket\", alongside Elissa Landi and Lionel Barrymore. The cultural historian Jeffrey Richards describes Olivier's look as an attempt by Fox Studios to produce a likeness of Ronald Colman, and Colman's moustache, voice and manner are \"perfectly reproduced\". Olivier returned to RKO to complete his contract with the 1932 drama \"Westward Passage\", which was a commercial failure. Olivier's initial foray into American films had not provided the breakthrough he hoped for; disillusioned with Hollywood, he returned to London, where he appeared in two British films, \"Perfect Understanding\" with Gloria Swanson and \"No Funny Business\"—in which Esmond also appeared. He was tempted back to Hollywood in 1933 to appear opposite Greta Garbo in \"Queen Christina\", but was replaced after two weeks of filming because of a lack of chemistry between the two.\n", "Olivier's stage roles in 1934 included Bothwell in Gordon Daviot's \"Queen of Scots\", which was only a moderate success for him and for the play, but led to an important engagement for the same management (Bronson Albery) shortly afterwards. In the interim he had a great success playing a thinly disguised version of the American actor John Barrymore in George S. Kaufman and Edna Ferber's \"Theatre Royal\". His success was vitiated by his breaking an ankle two months into the run, in one of the athletic, acrobatic stunts with which he liked to enliven his performances.\n", "In 1935, under Albery's management, John Gielgud staged \"Romeo and Juliet\" at the New Theatre, co-starring with Peggy Ashcroft, Edith Evans and Olivier. Gielgud had seen Olivier in \"Queen of Scots\", spotted his potential, and now gave him a major step up in his career. For the first weeks of the run Gielgud played Mercutio and Olivier played Romeo, after which they exchanged roles. The production broke all box-office records for the play, running for 189 performances. Olivier was enraged at the notices after the first night, which praised the virility of his performance but fiercely criticised his speaking of Shakespeare's verse, contrasting it with his co-star's mastery of the poetry. The friendship between the two men was prickly, on Olivier's side, for the rest of his life.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Old Vic and Vivien Leigh (1936–1938).\n", "In May 1936 Olivier and Richardson jointly directed and starred in a new piece by J. B. Priestley, \"Bees on the Boatdeck\". Both actors won excellent notices, but the play, an allegory of Britain's decay, did not attract the public and closed after four weeks. Later in the same year Olivier accepted an invitation to join the Old Vic company. The theatre, in an unfashionable location south of the Thames, had offered inexpensive tickets for opera and drama under its proprietor Lilian Baylis since 1912. Her drama company specialised in the plays of Shakespeare, and many leading actors had taken very large cuts in their pay to develop their Shakespearean techniques there. Gielgud had been in the company from 1929 to 1931, and Richardson from 1930 to 1932. Among the actors whom Olivier joined in late 1936 were Edith Evans, Ruth Gordon, Alec Guinness and Michael Redgrave. In January 1937 he took the title role in an uncut version of \"Hamlet\", in which once again his delivery of the verse was unfavourably compared with that of Gielgud, who had played the role on the same stage seven years previously to enormous acclaim. \"The Observer\"'s Ivor Brown praised Olivier's \"magnetism and muscularity\" but missed \"the kind of pathos so richly established by Mr Gielgud\". The reviewer in \"The Times\" found the performance \"full of vitality\", but at times \"too light ... the character slips from Mr Olivier's grasp\".\n", "After \"Hamlet\", the company presented \"Twelfth Night\" in what the director, Tyrone Guthrie, summed up as \"a baddish, immature production of mine, with Olivier outrageously amusing as Sir Toby and a very young Alec Guinness outrageous and more amusing as Sir Andrew\". \"Henry V\" was the next play, presented in May to mark the Coronation of George VI. A pacifist, as he then was, Olivier was as reluctant to play the warrior king as Guthrie was to direct the piece, but the production was a success, and Baylis had to extend the run from four to eight weeks.\n", "Following Olivier's success in Shakespearean stage productions, he made his first foray into Shakespeare on film in 1936, as Orlando in \"As You Like It\", directed by Paul Czinner, \"a charming if lightweight production\", according to Michael Brooke of the British Film Institute's (BFI's) Screenonline. The following year Olivier appeared alongside Vivien Leigh in the historical drama \"Fire Over England\". He had first met Leigh briefly at the Savoy Grill and then again when she visited him during the run of \"Romeo and Juliet\", probably early in 1936, and the two had begun an affair sometime that year. Of the relationship, Olivier later said that \"I couldn't help myself with Vivien. No man could. I hated myself for cheating on Jill, but then I had cheated before, but this was something different. This wasn't just out of lust. This was love that I really didn't ask for but was drawn into.\" While his relationship with Leigh continued he conducted an affair with the actress Ann Todd, and possibly had a brief affair with the actor Henry Ainley, according to the biographer Michael Munn.\n", "In June 1937 the Old Vic company took up an invitation to perform \"Hamlet\" in the courtyard of the castle at Elsinore, where Shakespeare located the play. Olivier secured the casting of Leigh to replace Cherry Cottrell as Ophelia. Because of torrential rain the performance had to be moved from the castle courtyard to the ballroom of a local hotel, but the tradition of playing Hamlet at Elsinore was established, and Olivier was followed by, among others, Gielgud (1939), Redgrave (1950), Richard Burton (1954), Derek Jacobi (1979), Kenneth Branagh (1988) and Jude Law (2009). Back in London, the company staged \"Macbeth\", with Olivier in the title role. The stylised production by Michel Saint-Denis was not well liked, but Olivier had some good notices among the bad. On returning from Denmark, Olivier and Leigh told their respective spouses about the affair and that their marriages were over; Esmond moved out of the marital house and in with her mother. After Olivier and Leigh made a tour of Europe in mid 1937 they returned to separate film projects—\"A Yank at Oxford\" for her and \"The Divorce of Lady X\" for him—and moved into a property together in Iver, Buckinghamshire.\n", "Olivier returned to the Old Vic for a second season in 1938. For \"Othello\" he played Iago, with Richardson in the title role. Guthrie wanted to experiment with the theory that Iago's villainy is driven by suppressed homosexual love for Othello. Olivier was willing to co-operate, but Richardson was not; audiences and most critics failed to spot the supposed motivation of Olivier's Iago, and Richardson's Othello seemed underpowered. After that comparative failure, the company had a success with \"Coriolanus\" starring Olivier in the title role. The notices were laudatory, mentioning him alongside great predecessors such as Edmund Kean, William Macready and Henry Irving. The actor Robert Speaight described it as \"Olivier's first incontestably great performance\". This was Olivier's last appearance on a London stage for six years.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Hollywood and the Second World War (1938–1944).\n", "In 1938 Olivier joined Richardson to film the spy thriller \"Q Planes\", released the following year. Frank Nugent, the critic for \"The New York Times\", thought Olivier was \"not quite so good\" as Richardson, but was \"quite acceptable\". In late 1938, lured by a salary of $50,000, the actor travelled to Hollywood to take the part of Heathcliff in the 1939 film \"Wuthering Heights\", alongside Merle Oberon and David Niven. In less than a month Leigh had joined him, explaining that her trip was \"partially because Larry's there and partially because I intend to get the part of Scarlett O'Hara\"—the role in \"Gone with the Wind\" in which she was eventually cast. Olivier did not enjoy making \"Wuthering Heights\", and his approach to film acting, combined with a dislike for Oberon, led to tensions on set. The director, William Wyler, was a hard taskmaster, and Olivier learned to remove what Billington described as \"the carapace of theatricality\" to which he was prone, replacing it with \"a palpable reality\". The resulting film was a commercial and critical success that earned him a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor, and created his screen reputation. Caroline Lejeune, writing for \"The Observer\", considered that \"Olivier's dark, moody face, abrupt style, and a certain fine arrogance towards the world in his playing are just right\" in the role, while the reviewer for \"The Times\" wrote that Olivier \"is a good embodiment of Heathcliff ... impressive enough on a more human plane, speaking his lines with real distinction, and always both romantic and alive.\"\n", "After returning to London briefly in mid-1939, the couple returned to America, Leigh to film the final takes for \"Gone with the Wind\", and Olivier to prepare for filming of Alfred Hitchcock's \"Rebecca\"—although the couple had hoped to appear in it together. Instead, Joan Fontaine was selected for the role of Mrs de Winter, as the producer David O. Selznick thought that not only was she more suitable for the role, but that it was best to keep Olivier and Leigh apart until their divorces came through. Olivier followed \"Rebecca\" with \"Pride and Prejudice\", in the role of Mr. Darcy. To his disappointment Elizabeth Bennet was played by Greer Garson rather than Leigh. He received good reviews for both films and showed a more confident screen presence than he had in his early work. In January 1940 Olivier and Esmond were granted their divorce. In February, following another request from Leigh, her husband also applied for their marriage to be terminated.\n", "On stage, Olivier and Leigh starred in \"Romeo and Juliet\" on Broadway. It was an extravagant production, but a commercial failure. In \"The New York Times\" Brooks Atkinson praised the scenery but not the acting: \"Although Miss Leigh and Mr Olivier are handsome young people they hardly act their parts at all.\" The couple had invested almost all their savings in the project, and its failure was a grave financial blow. They were married in August 1940, at the San Ysidro Ranch in Santa Barbara.\n", "The war in Europe had been under way for a year and was going badly for Britain. After his wedding Olivier wanted to help the war effort. He telephoned Duff Cooper, the Minister of Information under Winston Churchill, hoping to get a position in Cooper's department. Cooper advised him to remain where he was and speak to the film director Alexander Korda, who was based in the US at Churchill's behest, with connections to British Intelligence. Korda—with Churchill's support and involvement—directed \"That Hamilton Woman\", with Olivier as Horatio Nelson and Leigh in the title role. Korda saw that the relationship between the couple was strained. Olivier was tiring of Leigh's suffocating adulation, and she was drinking to excess. The film, in which the threat of Napoleon paralleled that of Hitler, was seen by critics as \"bad history but good British propaganda\", according to the BFI.\n", "Olivier's life was under threat from the Nazis and pro-German sympathisers. The studio owners were concerned enough that Samuel Goldwyn and Cecil B. DeMille both provided support and security to ensure his safety. On the completion of filming, Olivier and Leigh returned to Britain. He had spent the previous year learning to fly and had completed nearly 250 hours by the time he left America. He intended to join the Royal Air Force but instead made another propaganda film, \"49th Parallel\", narrated short pieces for the Ministry of Information, and joined the Fleet Air Arm because Richardson was already in the service. Richardson had gained a reputation for crashing aircraft, which Olivier rapidly eclipsed. Olivier and Leigh settled in a cottage just outside RNAS Worthy Down, where he was stationed with a training squadron; Noël Coward visited the couple and thought Olivier looked unhappy. Olivier spent much of his time taking part in broadcasts and making speeches to build morale, and in 1942 he was invited to make another propaganda film, \"The Demi-Paradise\", in which he played a Soviet engineer who helps improve British-Russian relationships.\n", "In 1943, at the behest of the Ministry of Information, Olivier began working on \"Henry V\". Originally he had no intention of taking the directorial duties, but ended up directing and producing, in addition to taking the title role. He was assisted by an Italian internee, Filippo Del Giudice, who had been released to produce propaganda for the Allied cause. The decision was made to film the battle scenes in neutral Ireland, where it was easier to find the 650 extras. John Betjeman, the press attaché at the British embassy in Dublin, played a key liaison role with the Irish government in making suitable arrangements. The film was released in November 1944. Brooke, writing for the BFI, considers that it \"came too late in the Second World War to be a call to arms as such, but formed a powerful reminder of what Britain was defending.\" The music for the film was written by William Walton, \"a score that ranks with the best in film music\", according to the music critic Michael Kennedy. Walton also provided the music for Olivier's next two Shakespearean adaptations, \"Hamlet\" (1948) and \"Richard III\" (1955). \"Henry V\" was warmly received by critics. The reviewer for \"The Manchester Guardian\" wrote that the film combined \"new art hand-in-hand with old genius, and both superbly of one mind\", in a film that worked \"triumphantly\". The critic for \"The Times\" considered that Olivier \"plays Henry on a high, heroic note and never is there danger of a crack\", in a film described as \"a triumph of film craft\". There were Oscar nominations for the film, including Best Picture and Best Actor, but it won none and Olivier was instead presented with a \"Special Award\". He was unimpressed, and later commented that \"this was my first absolute fob-off, and I regarded it as such.\"\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Co-directing the Old Vic (1944–1948).\n", "Throughout the war Tyrone Guthrie had striven to keep the Old Vic company going, even after German bombing in 1942 left the theatre a near-ruin. A small troupe toured the provinces, with Sybil Thorndike at its head. By 1944, with the tide of the war turning, Guthrie felt it time to re-establish the company in a London base and invited Richardson to head it. Richardson made it a condition of accepting that he should share the acting and management in a triumvirate. Initially he proposed Gielgud and Olivier as his colleagues, but the former declined, saying, \"It would be a disaster, you would have to spend your whole time as referee between Larry and me.\" It was finally agreed that the third member would be the stage director John Burrell. The Old Vic governors approached the Royal Navy to secure the release of Richardson and Olivier; the Sea Lords consented, with, as Olivier put it, \"a speediness and lack of reluctance which was positively hurtful.\"\n", "The triumvirate secured the New Theatre for their first season and recruited a company. Thorndike was joined by, among others, Harcourt Williams, Joyce Redman and Margaret Leighton. It was agreed to open with a repertory of four plays: \"Peer Gynt\", \"Arms and the Man\", \"Richard III\" and \"Uncle Vanya\". Olivier's roles were the Button Moulder, Sergius, Richard and Astrov; Richardson played Peer, Bluntschli, Richmond and Vanya. The first three productions met with acclaim from reviewers and audiences; \"Uncle Vanya\" had a mixed reception, although \"The Times\" thought Olivier's Astrov \"a most distinguished portrait\" and Richardson's Vanya \"the perfect compound of absurdity and pathos\". In \"Richard III\", according to Billington, Olivier's triumph was absolute: \"so much so that it became his most frequently imitated performance and one whose supremacy went unchallenged until Antony Sher played the role forty years later\". In 1945 the company toured Germany, where they were seen by many thousands of Allied servicemen; they also appeared at the Comédie-Française theatre in Paris, the first foreign company to be given that honour. The critic Harold Hobson wrote that Richardson and Olivier quickly \"made the Old Vic the most famous theatre in the Anglo-Saxon world.\"\n", "The second season, in 1945, featured two double bills. The first consisted of \"Henry IV, Parts 1 and 2\". Olivier played the warrior Hotspur in the first and the doddering Justice Shallow in the second. He received good notices, but by general consent the production belonged to Richardson as Falstaff. In the second double bill it was Olivier who dominated, in the title roles of \"Oedipus Rex\" and \"The Critic\". In the two one-act plays his switch from searing tragedy and horror in the first half to farcical comedy in the second impressed most critics and audience members, though a minority felt that the transformation from Sophocles's bloodily blinded hero to Sheridan's vain and ludicrous Mr Puff \"smacked of a quick-change turn in a music hall\". After the London season the company played both the double bills and \"Uncle Vanya\" in a six-week run on Broadway.\n", "The third, and final, London season under the triumvirate was in 1946–47. Olivier played King Lear, and Richardson took the title role in \"Cyrano de Bergerac\". Olivier would have preferred the roles to be reversed, but Richardson did not wish to attempt Lear. Olivier's Lear received good but not outstanding reviews. In his scenes of decline and madness towards the end of the play some critics found him less moving than his finest predecessors in the role. The influential critic James Agate suggested that Olivier used his dazzling stage technique to disguise a lack of feeling, a charge that the actor strongly rejected, but which was often made throughout his later career. During the run of \"Cyrano\", Richardson was knighted, to Olivier's undisguised envy. The younger man received the accolade six months later, by which time the days of the triumvirate were numbered. The high profile of the two star actors did not endear them to the new chairman of the Old Vic governors, Lord Esher. He had ambitions to be the first head of the National Theatre and had no intention of letting actors run it. He was encouraged by Guthrie, who, having instigated the appointment of Richardson and Olivier, had come to resent their knighthoods and international fame.\n", "In January 1947 Olivier began working on his second film as a director, \"Hamlet\" (1948), in which he also took the lead role. The original play was heavily cut to focus on the relationships, rather than the political intrigue. The film became a critical and commercial success in Britain and abroad, although Lejeune, in \"The Observer\", considered it \"less effective than [Olivier's] stage work. ... He speaks the lines nobly, and with the caress of one who loves them, but he nullifies his own thesis by never, for a moment, leaving the impression of a man who cannot make up his own mind; here, you feel rather, is an actor-producer-director who, in every circumstance, knows exactly what he wants, and gets it\". , the critic for \"The Daily Telegraph\" thought the film \"brilliant ... one of the masterpieces of the stage has been made into one of the greatest of films.\" \"Hamlet\" became the first non-American film to win the Academy Award for Best Picture, while Olivier won the Award for Best Actor.\n", "In 1948 Olivier led the Old Vic company on a six-month tour of Australia and New Zealand. He played Richard III, Sir Peter Teazle in Sheridan's\" The School for Scandal\" and Antrobus in Thornton Wilder's \"The Skin of Our Teeth\", appearing alongside Leigh in the latter two plays. While Olivier was on the Australian tour and Richardson was in Hollywood, Esher terminated the contracts of the three directors, who were said to have \"resigned\". Melvyn Bragg in a 1984 study of Olivier, and John Miller in the authorised biography of Richardson, both comment that Esher's action put back the establishment of a National Theatre for at least a decade. Looking back in 1971, Bernard Levin wrote that the Old Vic company of 1944 to 1948 \"was probably the most illustrious that has ever been assembled in this country\". \"The Times\" said that the triumvirate's years were the greatest in the Old Vic's history; as \"The Guardian\" put it, \"the governors summarily sacked them in the interests of a more mediocre company spirit\".\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Post-war (1948–1951).\n", "By the end of the Australian tour, both Leigh and Olivier were exhausted and ill, and he told a journalist, \"You may not know it, but you are talking to a couple of walking corpses.\" Later he would comment that he \"lost Vivien\" in Australia, a reference to Leigh's affair with the Australian actor Peter Finch, whom the couple met during the tour. Shortly afterwards Finch moved to London, where Olivier auditioned him and put him under a long-term contract with Laurence Olivier Productions. Finch and Leigh's affair continued on and off for several years.\n", "Although it was common knowledge that the Old Vic triumvirate had been dismissed, they refused to be drawn on the matter in public, and Olivier even arranged to play a final London season with the company in 1949, as Richard III, Sir Peter Teazle, and Chorus in his own production of Anouilh's \"Antigone\" with Leigh in the title role. After that, he was free to embark on a new career as an actor-manager. In partnership with Binkie Beaumont he staged the English premiere of Tennessee Williams's \"A Streetcar Named Desire\", with Leigh in the central role of Blanche DuBois. The play was condemned by most critics, but the production was a considerable commercial success, and led to Leigh's casting as Blanche in the 1951 film version. Gielgud, who was a devoted friend of Leigh's, doubted whether Olivier was wise to let her play the demanding role of the mentally unstable heroine: \"[Blanche] was so very like her, in a way. It must have been a most dreadful strain to do it night after night. She would be shaking and white and quite distraught at the end of it.\"\n", "The production company set up by Olivier took a lease on the St James's Theatre. In January 1950 he produced, directed and starred in Christopher Fry's verse play \"Venus Observed\". The production was popular, despite poor reviews, but the expensive production did little to help the finances of Laurence Olivier Productions. After a series of box-office failures, the company balanced its books in 1951 with productions of Shaw's \"Caesar and Cleopatra\" and Shakespeare's \"Antony and Cleopatra\" which the Oliviers played in London and then took to Broadway. Olivier was thought by some critics to be under par in both his roles, and some suspected him of playing deliberately below his usual strength so that Leigh might appear his equal. Olivier dismissed the suggestion, regarding it as an insult to his integrity as an actor. In the view of the critic and biographer W. A. Darlington, he was simply miscast both as Caesar and Antony, finding the former boring and the latter weak. Darlington comments, \"Olivier, in his middle forties when he should have been displaying his powers at their very peak, seemed to have lost interest in his own acting\". Over the next four years Olivier spent much of his time working as a producer, presenting plays rather than directing or acting in them. His presentations at the St James's included seasons by Ruggero Ruggeri's company giving two Pirandello plays in Italian, followed by a visit from the Comédie-Française playing works by Molière, Racine, Marivaux and Musset in French. Darlington considers a 1951 production of \"Othello\" starring Orson Welles as the pick of Olivier's productions at the theatre.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Independent actor-manager (1951–1954).\n", "While Leigh made \"Streetcar\" in 1951, Olivier joined her in Hollywood to film \"Carrie\", based on the controversial novel \"Sister Carrie\"; although the film was plagued by troubles, Olivier received warm reviews and a BAFTA nomination. Olivier began to notice a change in Leigh's behaviour, and he later recounted that \"I would find Vivien sitting on the corner of the bed, wringing her hands and sobbing, in a state of grave distress; I would naturally try desperately to give her some comfort, but for some time she would be inconsolable.\" After a holiday with Coward in Jamaica, she seemed to have recovered, but Olivier later recorded, \"I am sure that ... [the doctors] must have taken some pains to tell me what was wrong with my wife; that her disease was called manic depression and what that meant—a possibly permanent cyclical to-and-fro between the depths of depression and wild, uncontrollable mania. He also recounted the years of problems he had experienced because of Leigh's illness, writing, \"throughout her possession by that uncannily evil monster, manic depression, with its deadly ever-tightening spirals, she retained her own individual canniness—an ability to disguise her true mental condition from almost all except me, for whom she could hardly be expected to take the trouble.\"\n", "In January 1953 Leigh travelled to Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) to film \"Elephant Walk\" with Peter Finch. Shortly after filming started she suffered a breakdown, and returned to Britain where, between periods of incoherence, she told Olivier that she was in love with Finch, and had been having an affair with him; she gradually recovered over a period of several months. As a result of the breakdown, many of the Oliviers' friends learned of her problems. Niven said she had been \"quite, quite mad\", and in his diary, Coward expressed the view that \"things had been bad and getting worse since 1948 or thereabouts.\"\n", "For the Coronation season of 1953, Olivier and Leigh starred in the West End in Terence Rattigan's Ruritanian comedy, \"The Sleeping Prince\". It ran for eight months but was widely regarded as a minor contribution to the season, in which other productions included Gielgud in \"Venice Preserv'd\", Coward in \"The Apple Cart\" and Ashcroft and Redgrave in \"Antony and Cleopatra\".\n", "Olivier directed his third Shakespeare film in September 1954, \"Richard III\" (1955), which he co-produced with Korda. The presence of four theatrical knights in the one film—Olivier was joined by Cedric Hardwicke, Gielgud and Richardson—led an American reviewer to dub it \"An-All-Sir-Cast\". The critic for \"The Manchester Guardian\" described the film as a \"bold and successful achievement\", but it was not a box-office success, which accounted for Olivier's subsequent failure to raise the funds for a planned film of \"Macbeth\". He won a BAFTA award for the role and was nominated for the Best Actor Academy Award, which Yul Brynner won.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Last years with Leigh (1955–1956).\n", "In 1955 Olivier and Leigh were invited to play leading roles in three plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre, Stratford. They began with \"Twelfth Night\", directed by Gielgud, with Olivier as Malvolio and Leigh as Viola. Rehearsals were difficult, with Olivier determined to play his conception of the role despite the director's view that it was vulgar. Gielgud later commented:\n", "The next production was \"Macbeth\". Reviewers were lukewarm about the direction by Glen Byam Shaw and the designs by Roger Furse, but Olivier's performance in the title role attracted superlatives. To J. C. Trewin, Olivier's was \"the finest Macbeth of our day\"; to Darlington it was \"the best Macbeth of our time\". Leigh's Lady Macbeth received mixed but generally polite notices, although to the end of his life Olivier believed it to have been the best Lady Macbeth he ever saw.\n", "In their third production of the 1955 Stratford season, Olivier played the title role in \"Titus Andronicus\", with Leigh as Lavinia. Her notices in the part were damning, but the production by Peter Brook and Olivier's performance as Titus received the greatest ovation in Stratford history from the first-night audience, and the critics hailed the production as a landmark in post-war British theatre. Olivier and Brook revived the production for a continental tour in June 1957; its final performance, which closed the old Stoll Theatre in London, was the last time Leigh and Olivier acted together.\n", "Leigh became pregnant in 1956 and withdrew from the production of Coward's comedy \"South Sea Bubble\". The day after her final performance in the play she miscarried and entered a period of depression that lasted for months. The same year Olivier decided to direct and produce a film version of \"The Sleeping Prince\", retitled \"The Prince and the Showgirl\". Instead of appearing with Leigh, he cast Marilyn Monroe as the showgirl. Although the filming was challenging because of Monroe's behaviour, the film was appreciated by the critics.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Royal Court and Chichester (1957–1963).\n", "During the production of \"The Prince and the Showgirl\", Olivier, Monroe and her husband, the American playwright Arthur Miller, went to see the English Stage Company's production of John Osborne's \"Look Back in Anger\" at the Royal Court. Olivier had seen the play earlier in the run and disliked it, but Miller was convinced that Osborne had talent, and Olivier reconsidered. He was ready for a change of direction; in 1981 he wrote:\n", "Osborne was already at work on a new play, \"The Entertainer\", an allegory of Britain's post-colonial decline, centred on a seedy variety comedian, Archie Rice. Having read the first act—all that was completed by then—Olivier asked to be cast in the part. He had for years maintained that he might easily have been a third-rate comedian called \"Larry Oliver\", and would sometimes play the character at parties. Behind Archie's brazen façade there is a deep desolation, and Olivier caught both aspects, switching, in the words of the biographer Anthony Holden, \"from a gleefully tacky comic routine to moments of the most wrenching pathos\". Tony Richardson's production for the English Stage Company transferred from the Royal Court to the Palace Theatre in September 1957; after that it toured and returned to the Palace. The role of Archie's daughter Jean was taken by three actresses during the various runs. The second of them was Joan Plowright, with whom Olivier began a relationship that endured for the rest of his life. Olivier said that playing Archie \"made me feel like a modern actor again\". In finding an \"avant-garde\" play that suited him, he was, as Osborne remarked, far ahead of Gielgud and Ralph Richardson, who did not successfully follow his lead for more than a decade. Their first substantial successes in works by any of Osborne's generation were Alan Bennett's \"Forty Years On\" (Gielgud in 1968) and David Storey's \"Home\" (Richardson and Gielgud in 1970).\n", "Olivier received another BAFTA nomination for his supporting role in 1959's \"The Devil's Disciple\". The same year, after a gap of two decades, Olivier returned to the role of Coriolanus, in a Stratford production directed by the 28-year-old Peter Hall. Olivier's performance received strong praise from the critics for its fierce athleticism combined with an emotional vulnerability. In 1960 he made his second appearance for the Royal Court company in Ionesco's absurdist play \"Rhinoceros\". The production was chiefly remarkable for the star's quarrels with the director, Orson Welles, who according to the biographer Francis Beckett suffered the \"appalling treatment\" that Olivier had inflicted on Gielgud at Stratford five years earlier. Olivier again ignored his director and undermined his authority. In 1960 and 1961 Olivier appeared in Anouilh's \"Becket\" on Broadway, first in the title role, with Anthony Quinn as the king, and later exchanging roles with his co-star.\n", "Two films featuring Olivier were released in 1960. The first—filmed in 1959—was \"Spartacus\", in which he portrayed the Roman general, Marcus Licinius Crassus. His second was \"The Entertainer\", shot while he was appearing in \"Coriolanus\"; the film was well received by the critics, but not as warmly as the stage show had been. The reviewer for \"The Guardian\" thought the performances were good, and wrote that Olivier \"on the screen as on the stage, achieves the tour de force of bringing Archie Rice ... to life\". For his performance, Olivier was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor. He also made an adaptation of \"The Moon and Sixpence\" in 1960, winning an Emmy Award.\n", "The Oliviers' marriage was disintegrating during the late 1950s. While directing Charlton Heston in the 1960 play \"The Tumbler\", Olivier divulged that \"Vivien is several thousand miles away, trembling on the edge of a cliff, even when she's sitting quietly in her own drawing room\", at a time when she was threatening suicide. In May 1960 divorce proceedings started; Leigh reported the fact to the press and informed reporters of Olivier's relationship with Plowright. The decree \"nisi\" was issued in December 1960, which enabled him to marry Plowright in March 1961. A son, Richard, was born in December 1961; two daughters followed, Tamsin Agnes Margaret—born in January 1963—and Julie-Kate, born in July 1966.\n", "In 1961 Olivier accepted the directorship of a new theatrical venture, the Chichester Festival. For the opening season in 1962 he directed two neglected 17th-century English plays, John Fletcher's 1638 comedy \"The Chances\" and John Ford's 1633 tragedy \"The Broken Heart\", followed by \"Uncle Vanya\". The company he recruited was forty strong and included Thorndike, Casson, Redgrave, Athene Seyler, John Neville and Plowright. The first two plays were politely received; the Chekhov production attracted rapturous notices. \"The Times\" commented, \"It is doubtful if the Moscow Arts Theatre itself could improve on this production.\" The second Chichester season the following year consisted of a revival of \"Uncle Vanya\" and two new productions—Shaw's \"Saint Joan\" and John Arden's \"The Workhouse Donkey\". In 1963 Olivier received another BAFTA nomination for his leading role as a schoolteacher accused of sexually molesting a student in the film \"Term of Trial\".\n", "Section::::Life and career.:National Theatre.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:National Theatre.:1963–1968.\n", "At around the time the Chichester Festival opened, plans for the creation of the National Theatre were coming to fruition. The British government agreed to release funds for a new building on the South Bank of the Thames. Lord Chandos was appointed chairman of the National Theatre Board in 1962, and in August Olivier accepted its invitation to be the company's first director. As his assistants, he recruited the directors John Dexter and William Gaskill, with Kenneth Tynan as literary adviser or \"dramaturge\". Pending the construction of the new theatre, the company was based at the Old Vic. With the agreement of both organisations, Olivier remained in overall charge of the Chichester Festival during the first three seasons of the National; he used the festivals of 1964 and 1965 to give preliminary runs to plays he hoped to stage at the Old Vic.\n", "The opening production of the National Theatre was \"Hamlet\" in October 1963, starring Peter O'Toole and directed by Olivier. O'Toole was a guest star, one of occasional exceptions to Olivier's policy of casting productions from a regular company. Among those who made a mark during Olivier's directorship were Michael Gambon, Maggie Smith, Alan Bates, Derek Jacobi and Anthony Hopkins. It was widely remarked that Olivier seemed reluctant to recruit his peers to perform with his company. Evans, Gielgud and Paul Scofield guested only briefly, and Ashcroft and Richardson never appeared at the National during Olivier's time. Robert Stephens, a member of the company, observed, \"Olivier's one great fault was a paranoid jealousy of anyone who he thought was a rival\".\n", "In his decade in charge of the National, Olivier acted in thirteen plays and directed eight. Several of the roles he played were minor characters, including a crazed butler in Feydeau's \"A Flea in Her Ear\" and a pompous solicitor in Maugham's \"Home and Beauty\"; the vulgar soldier Captain Brazen in Farquhar's 1706 comedy \"The Recruiting Officer\" was a larger role but not the leading one. Apart from his Astrov in the \"Uncle Vanya\", familiar from Chichester, his first leading role for the National was Othello, directed by Dexter in 1964. The production was a box-office success and was revived regularly over the next five seasons. His performance divided opinion. Most of the reviewers and theatrical colleagues praised it highly; Franco Zeffirelli called it \"an anthology of everything that has been discovered about acting in the past three centuries.\" Dissenting voices included \"The Sunday Telegraph\", which called it \"the kind of bad acting of which only a great actor is capable ... near the frontiers of self-parody\"; the director Jonathan Miller thought it \"a condescending view of an Afro Caribbean person\". The burden of playing this demanding part at the same time as managing the new company and planning for the move to the new theatre took its toll on Olivier. To add to his load, he felt obliged to take over as Solness in \"The Master Builder\" when the ailing Redgrave withdrew from the role in November 1964. For the first time Olivier began to suffer from stage fright, which plagued him for several years. The National Theatre production of \"Othello\" was released as a film in 1965, which earned four Academy Award nominations, including another for Best Actor for Olivier.\n", "During the following year Olivier concentrated on management, directing one production (\"The Crucible\"), taking the comic role of the foppish Tattle in Congreve's \"Love for Love\", and making one film, \"Bunny Lake is Missing\", in which he and Coward were on the same bill for the first time since \"Private Lives\". In 1966, his one play as director was \"Juno and the Paycock\". \"The Times\" commented that the production \"restores one's faith in the work as a masterpiece\". In the same year Olivier portrayed the Mahdi, opposite Heston as General Gordon, in the film \"Khartoum\".\n", "In 1967 Olivier was caught in the middle of a confrontation between Chandos and Tynan over the latter's proposal to stage Rolf Hochhuth's \"Soldiers\". As the play speculatively depicted Churchill as complicit in the assassination of the Polish prime minister Władysław Sikorski, Chandos regarded it as indefensible. At his urging the board unanimously vetoed the production. Tynan considered resigning over this interference with the management's artistic freedom, but Olivier himself stayed firmly in place, and Tynan also remained. At about this time Olivier began a long struggle against a succession of illnesses. He was treated for prostate cancer and, during rehearsals for his production of Chekhov's \"Three Sisters\" he was hospitalised with pneumonia. He recovered enough to take the heavy role of Edgar in Strindberg's \"The Dance of Death\", the finest of all his performances other than in Shakespeare, in Gielgud's view.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:National Theatre.:1968–1974.\n", "Olivier had intended to step down from the directorship of the National Theatre at the end of his first five-year contract, having, he hoped, led the company into its new building. By 1968 because of bureaucratic delays construction work had not even begun, and he agreed to serve for a second five-year term. His next major role, and his last appearance in a Shakespeare play, was as Shylock in \"The Merchant of Venice\", his first appearance in the work. He had intended Guinness or Scofield to play Shylock, but stepped in when neither was available. The production by Jonathan Miller, and Olivier's performance, attracted a wide range of responses. Two different critics reviewed it for \"The Guardian\": one wrote \"this is not a role which stretches him, or for which he will be particularly remembered\"; the other commented that the performance \"ranks as one of his greatest achievements, involving his whole range\".\n", "In 1969 Olivier appeared in two war films, portraying military leaders. He played Field Marshal French in the First World War film \"Oh! What a Lovely War\", for which he won another BAFTA award, followed by Air Chief Marshal Hugh Dowding in \"Battle of Britain\". In June 1970 he became the first actor to be created a peer for services to the theatre. Although he initially declined the honour, Harold Wilson, the incumbent prime minister, wrote to him, then invited him and Plowright to dinner, and persuaded him to accept.\n", "After this Olivier played three more stage roles: James Tyrone in Eugene O'Neill's \"Long Day's Journey into Night\" (1971–72), Antonio in Eduardo de Filippo's \"Saturday, Sunday, Monday\" and John Tagg in Trevor Griffiths's \"The Party\" (both 1973–74). Among the roles he hoped to play, but could not because of ill-health, was Nathan Detroit in the musical \"Guys and Dolls\". In 1972 he took leave of absence from the National to star opposite Michael Caine in Joseph L. Mankiewicz's film of Anthony Shaffer's \"Sleuth\", which \"The Illustrated London News\" considered to be \"Olivier at his twinkling, eye-rolling best\"; both he and Caine were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor, losing to Marlon Brando in \"The Godfather\".\n", "The last two stage plays Olivier directed were Jean Giradoux's \"Amphitryon\" (1971) and Priestley's \"Eden End\" (1974). By the time of \"Eden End\", he was no longer director of the National Theatre; Peter Hall took over on 1 November 1973. The succession was tactlessly handled by the board, and Olivier felt that he had been eased out—although he had declared his intention to go—and that he had not been properly consulted about the choice of successor. The largest of the three theatres within the National's new building was named in his honour, but his only appearance on the stage of the Olivier Theatre was at its official opening by the Queen in October 1976, when he made a speech of welcome, which Hall privately described as the most successful part of the evening.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Later years (1975–1989).\n", "Olivier spent the last 15 years of his life in securing his finances and dealing with deteriorating health, which included thrombosis and dermatomyositis, a degenerative muscle disorder. Professionally, and to provide financial security, he made a series of advertisements for Polaroid cameras in 1972, although he stipulated that they must never be shown in Britain; he also took a number of cameo film roles, which were in \"often undistinguished films\", according to Billington. Olivier's move from leading parts to supporting and cameo roles came about because his poor health meant he could not get the necessary long insurance for larger parts, with only short engagements in films available.\n", "Olivier's dermatomyositis meant he spent the last three months of 1974 in hospital, and he spent early 1975 slowly recovering and regaining his strength. When strong enough, he was contacted by the director John Schlesinger, who offered him the role of a Nazi torturer in the 1976 film \"Marathon Man\". Olivier shaved his pate and wore oversized glasses to enlarge the look of his eyes, in a role that the critic David Robinson, writing for \"The Times\", thought was \"strongly played\", adding that Olivier was \"always at his best in roles that call for him to be seedy or nasty or both\". Olivier was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role, and won the Golden Globe of the same category.\n", "In the mid-1970s Olivier became increasingly involved in television work, a medium of which he was initially dismissive. In 1973 he provided the narration for a 26-episode documentary, \"The World at War\", which chronicled the events of the Second World War, and won a second Emmy Award for \"Long Day's Journey into Night\" (1973). In 1975 he won another Emmy for \"Love Among the Ruins\". The following year he appeared in adaptations of Tennessee Williams's \"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof\" and Harold Pinter's \"The Collection\". Olivier portrayed the Pharisee Nicodemus in Franco Zeffirelli's 1977 miniseries \"Jesus of Nazareth\". In 1978 he appeared in the film \"The Boys from Brazil\", playing the role of Ezra Lieberman, an ageing Nazi hunter; he received his eleventh Academy Award nomination. Although he did not win the Oscar, he was presented with an Honorary Award for his lifetime achievement.\n", "Olivier continued working in film into the 1980s, with roles in \"The Jazz Singer\" (1980), \"Inchon\" (1981), \"The Bounty\" (1984) and \"Wild Geese II\" (1985). He continued to work in television; in 1981 he appeared as Lord Marchmain in \"Brideshead Revisited\", winning another Emmy, and the following year he received his tenth and last BAFTA nomination in the television adaptation of John Mortimer's stage play \"A Voyage Round My Father\". In 1983 he played his last Shakespearean role as Lear in \"King Lear\", for Granada Television, earning his fifth Emmy. He thought the role of Lear much less demanding than other tragic Shakespearean heroes: \"No, Lear is easy. He's like all of us, really: he's just a stupid old fart.\" When the production was first shown on American television, the critic Steve Vineberg wrote:\n", "The same year he also appeared in a cameo alongside Gielgud and Richardson in \"Wagner\", with Burton in the title role; his final screen appearance was as an elderly, wheelchair-bound soldier in Derek Jarman's 1989 film \"War Requiem\".\n", "After being ill for the last 22 years of his life, Olivier died of renal failure on 11 July 1989 aged 82 at his home near Steyning, West Sussex. His cremation was held three days later; his ashes were buried in Poets' Corner of Westminster Abbey during a memorial service in October that year.\n", "Section::::Awards, honours and memorials.\n", "Olivier was appointed Knight Bachelor in the 1947 Birthday Honours for services to the stage and to films. A life peerage followed in the 1970 Birthday Honours for services to the theatre; he was subsequently created Baron Olivier, of Brighton in the County of Sussex. Olivier was later appointed to the Order of Merit in 1981. He also received honours from foreign governments. In 1949 he was made Commander of the Order of the Dannebrog by the Danish King Frederik IX; the French appointed him ', Legion of Honour, in 1953; the Italian government created him ', Order of Merit of the Italian Republic, in 1953; and in 1971 he was granted the Order of Yugoslav Flag with Golden Wreath.\n", "From academic and other institutions, Olivier received honorary doctorates from Tufts University in Massachusetts (1946), Oxford (1957) and Edinburgh (1964). He was also awarded the Danish Sonning Prize in 1966, the Gold Medallion of the Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities in 1968; and the Albert Medal of the Royal Society of Arts in 1976.\n", "For his work in films, Olivier received four Academy Awards: an honorary award for \"Henry V\" (1947), a Best Actor award and one as producer for \"Hamlet\" (1948), and a second honorary award in 1979 to recognise his lifetime of contribution to the art of film. He was nominated for nine other acting Oscars and one each for production and direction. He also won two British Academy Film Awards out of ten nominations, five Emmy Awards out of nine nominations, and three Golden Globe Awards out of six nominations. He was nominated once for a Tony Award (for best actor, as Archie Rice) but did not win.\n", "In February 1960, for his contribution to the film industry, Olivier was inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame, with a star at 6319 Hollywood Boulevard; he is included in the American Theater Hall of Fame. In 1977 Olivier was awarded a British Film Institute Fellowship.\n", "In addition to the naming of the National Theatre's largest auditorium in Olivier's honour, he is commemorated in the Laurence Olivier Awards, bestowed annually since 1984 by the Society of West End Theatre. In 1991 Gielgud unveiled a memorial stone commemorating Olivier in Poets' Corner at Westminster Abbey. In 2007, the centenary of Olivier's birth, a life-sized statue of him was unveiled on the South Bank, outside the National Theatre; the same year the BFI held a retrospective season of his film work.\n", "Section::::Technique and reputation.\n", "Olivier's acting technique was minutely crafted, and he was known for changing his appearance considerably from role to role. By his own admission, he was addicted to extravagant make-up, and unlike Richardson and Gielgud, he excelled at different voices and accents. His own description of his technique was \"working from the outside in\"; he said, \"I can never act as myself, I have to have a pillow up my jumper, a false nose or a moustache or wig... I cannot come on looking like me and be someone else.\" Rattigan described how at rehearsals Olivier \"built his performance slowly and with immense application from a mass of tiny details\". This attention to detail had its critics: Agate remarked, \"When I look at a watch it is to see the time and not to admire the mechanism. I want an actor to tell me Lear's time of day and Olivier doesn't. He bids me watch the wheels go round.\"\n", "Tynan remarked to Olivier, \"you aren't really a contemplative or philosophical actor\"; Olivier was known for the strenuous physicality of his performances in some roles. He told Tynan this was because he was influenced as a young man by Douglas Fairbanks, Ramon Navarro and John Barrymore in films, and Barrymore on stage as Hamlet: \"tremendously athletic. I admired that greatly, all of us did. ... One thought of oneself, idiotically, skinny as I was, as a sort of Tarzan.\" According to Morley, Gielgud was widely considered \"the best actor in the world from the neck up and Olivier from the neck down.\" Olivier described the contrast thus: \"I've always thought that we were the reverses of the same coin... the top half John, all spirituality, all beauty, all abstract things; and myself as all earth, blood, humanity.\"\n", "Together with Richardson and Gielgud, Olivier was internationally recognised as one of the \"great trinity of theatrical knights\" who dominated the British stage during the middle and later decades of the 20th century. In an obituary tribute in \"The Times\", Bernard Levin wrote, \"What we have lost with Laurence Olivier is \"glory\". He reflected it in his greatest roles; indeed he walked clad in it—you could practically see it glowing around him like a nimbus... no one will ever play the roles he played as he played them; no one will replace the splendour that he gave his native land with his genius.\" Billington commented:\n", "After Olivier's death, Gielgud reflected, \"He followed in the theatrical tradition of Kean and Irving. He respected tradition in the theatre, but he also took great delight in breaking tradition, which is what made him so unique. He was gifted, brilliant, and one of the great controversial figures of our time in theatre, which is a virtue and not a vice at all.\"\n", "Olivier said in 1963 that he believed he was born to be an actor, but his colleague Peter Ustinov disagreed; he commented that although Olivier's great contemporaries were clearly predestined for the stage, \"Larry could have been a notable ambassador, a considerable minister, a redoubtable cleric. At his worst, he would have acted the parts more ably than they are usually lived.\" The director David Ayliff agreed that acting did not come instinctively to Olivier as it did to his great rivals. He observed, \"Ralph was a natural actor, he couldn't stop being a perfect actor; Olivier did it through sheer hard work and determination.\" The American actor William Redfield had a similar view:\n", "In comparing Olivier and the other leading actors of his generation, Ustinov wrote, \"It is of course vain to talk of who is and who is not the greatest actor. There is simply no such thing as a greatest actor, or painter or composer\". Nonetheless, some colleagues, particularly film actors such as Spencer Tracy, Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall, came to regard Olivier as the finest of his peers. Peter Hall, though acknowledging Olivier as the head of the theatrical profession, thought Richardson the greater actor. Others, such as the critic Michael Coveney, awarded the palm to Gielgud. Olivier's claim to theatrical greatness lay not only in his acting, but as, in Hall's words, \"the supreme man of the theatre of our time\", pioneering Britain's National Theatre. As Bragg identified, \"no one doubts that the National is perhaps his most enduring monument\".\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Official website\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Baron Olivier of Brighton", "The Lord Olivier" ] }, "description": "British actor, director and producer", "enwikiquote_title": "Laurence Olivier", "wikidata_id": "Q55245", "wikidata_label": "Laurence Olivier", "wikipedia_title": "Laurence Olivier" }

{ "end": [ 75, 80, 90, 103, 136, 184, 24, 39, 121, 198, 206, 540, 230, 222, 27, 114, 44, 42, 26, 60, 33, 53, 42, 69 ], "href": [ "Sweden", "poet", "novelist", "laureate", "Nobel%20Prize%20in%20Literature", "Swedish%20Academy", "Olshammar", "%C3%96rebro%20County", "Royal%20Swedish%20Academy%20of%20Arts", "Europe", "Africa", "Swedish%20literature", "Charles%20XII%20of%20Sweden", "August%20Strindberg", "%C3%96vralid", "Charles%20Wharton%20Stork", "List%20of%20Swedish%20language%20writers", "List%20of%20Swedish%20language%20poets", "Oscar%20Levertin", "https%3A//www.jstor.org/stable/27699977", "http%3A//runeberg.org/authors/heidstam.html", "Projekt%20Runeberg", "http%3A//litteraturbanken.se/%23%21/forfattare/HeidenstamV/titlar", "Swedish%20Literature%20Bank" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 5, 7, 27, 33, 34, 35, 38, 40, 40, 41, 41 ], "start": [ 68, 76, 82, 95, 111, 169, 15, 26, 101, 192, 200, 522, 209, 205, 20, 93, 12, 12, 12, 39, 12, 37, 12, 46 ], "text": [ "Swedish", "poet", "novelist", "laureate", "Nobel Prize in Literature", "Swedish Academy", "Olshammar", "Örebro County", "Academy of Stockholm", "Europe", "Africa", "Swedish literature", "Charles XII of Sweden", "August Strindberg", "Övralid", "Charles Wharton Stork", "List of Swedish language writers", "List of Swedish language poets", "Oscar Levertin", "\"Swedish Literature,\"", "Verner von Heidenstam", "Projekt Runeberg", "Works by Verner von Heidenstam", "Swedish Literature Bank" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Verner von Heidenstam\n", "Carl Gustaf Verner von Heidenstam (6 July 1859 – 20 May 1940) was a Swedish poet, novelist and laureate of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1916. He was a member of the Swedish Academy from 1912. His poems and prose work are filled with a great joy of life, sometimes imbued with a love of Swedish history and scenery, particularly its physical aspects.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "He was born in Olshammar, Örebro County on 6 July 1859 to a noble family. He studied painting in the Academy of Stockholm, but soon left because of ill health. He then traveled extensively in Europe, Africa and the orient. He was at once greeted as a poet of promise on the publication of his first collection of poems, \"Vallfart och vandringsår\" (\"Pilgrimage: the Wander Years\", 1888). It is a collection of poems inspired by his experiences in the orient and marks an abandonment of naturalism that was dominant then in Swedish literature.\n", "His love for beauty is shown also by the long narrative poem \"Hans Alienus \"(1892). \"Dikter\" (\"Poems\", 1895) and \"Karolinerna\" (\"The Charles Men\", 2 vols., 1897–1898), a series of historical portraits of King Charles XII of Sweden and his cavaliers, shows a strong nationalistic passion. English translations of short stories from \"Karolinerna\" can be found in the \"American-Scandinavian Review\" (New York), May 1914, November 1915, and July 1916. The two volumes of \"Folkunga Trädet\" (\"The Tree of the Folkungs\", 1905–07) are the inspired, epic story of a clan of Swede chieftains in the Middle Ages.\n", "In 1910 a controversy was waged in Swedish newspapers between a number of Swedish literary men on the topic of the proletarian “degradation” of literature, the protagonists of the two opposing camps being August Strindberg and Heidenstam. Professors Lidforss and Böök also took part. Heidenstam's chief contribution was the pamphlet, directed chiefly against Strindberg, \"Proletärfilosofiens upplösning och fall\" (\"The Decline and Fall of the Proletarian Philosophy\").\n", "Heidenstam's poetical collection \"Nya Dikter\", published in 1915, deals with philosophical themes, mainly concerning the elevation of man to a better humanity from solitude.\n", "He died at his home Övralid on 20 May 1940.\n", "Section::::Works.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Från Col di Tenda till Blocksberg \", pictures of travel (1888)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Vallfart och vandringsår\" (1888)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Renässans\" (1889)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Endymion\" (1889, novel)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hans Alienus \"(1892)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dikter\" (1895)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Karolinerna (\"The Charles Men\", 1897–98, novel)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sankt Göran och draken \"(1900)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Klassizität und Germanismus\" (published in German, Vienna 1901)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Heliga Birgittas pilgrimsfärd\" (\"Saint Bridget's Pilgrimage\", 1901)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ett folk \" (1902)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Skogen susar \"(\"The Forest Whispers\", 1904)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Folkungaträdet \"(\"The Tree of the Folkungs\", 2 volumes, 1905–1907)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Svenskarna och deras hövdingar\" (1910, historical lectures)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Nya Dikter\" (1915).\n", "Works in English translation\n", "BULLET::::- \"A King and his Campaigners\" (1902)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Soothsayer\" (1919)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sweden's Laureate. Selected Poems of Verner Von Heidenstam\" (1919) - (trans. by Charles Wharton Stork)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Birth of God\" (1920)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Charles Men\" (1920) - (trans. by Charles Wharton Stork)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Swedes and their Chieftains\" (1925) - (trans. by Charles Wharton Stork)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Tree of the Folkungs\" (1925)\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of Swedish language writers\n", "BULLET::::- List of Swedish language poets\n", "BULLET::::- Oscar Levertin\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Barton, Hildor Arnold (2003). \"Sweden and Visions of Norway: Politics and Culture, 1814-1905\". SIU Press.\n", "BULLET::::- Larsson, Hans Emil (1909). \"Swedish Literature,\" \"The Journal of English and Germanic Philology\" 8 (3), pp. 313–329.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Verner von Heidenstam at Projekt Runeberg\n", "BULLET::::- Works by Verner von Heidenstam at Swedish Literature Bank (in Swedish)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Carl Gustaf Verner von Heidenstam" ] }, "description": "Swedish writer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q129173", "wikidata_label": "Verner von Heidenstam", "wikipedia_title": "Verner von Heidenstam" }

{ "end": [ 77, 94, 308, 342, 57, 81, 313, 333, 367, 659, 101, 128, 256, 294, 458, 71, 220, 41, 49, 107, 145, 178, 269, 307, 336, 490, 502, 536, 622, 49, 83, 158, 153, 194, 225, 508, 17, 168, 174, 93, 136, 214, 403, 528, 101, 163, 222, 54, 59, 80, 137, 441, 460, 178, 200, 229, 292, 200, 223, 246, 458, 606, 36, 52, 242, 369, 391, 450, 474, 526, 646, 242, 217, 406, 505, 44, 73, 390, 105, 116, 213, 246, 293, 336, 360, 192, 48, 72, 161, 340, 388, 403, 141, 312, 337, 396, 444, 522, 924, 936, 105, 128, 475, 643, 117, 154, 212, 338, 393, 469, 37, 200, 499, 514, 27, 86, 174, 203, 294, 378, 406, 425, 153, 169, 479, 497, 41, 88, 158, 436, 246, 76, 162, 66, 260, 426, 460, 493, 539, 663, 687, 757, 844, 70, 188, 302, 334, 415, 462, 507, 543, 576, 593, 732, 776, 920, 1111, 1232, 1276, 88, 94, 174, 154, 308, 32, 134, 160, 173, 282, 296, 370, 470, 569, 651, 669, 876, 910, 937, 71, 119, 123, 138, 214, 260, 372, 34, 85, 36, 134, 170, 182, 348, 44, 284, 489, 503, 87, 452, 55, 598, 618, 56, 99, 207, 432, 454, 79, 94, 114, 139, 242, 296, 309, 845, 243, 394, 402, 415, 507, 726, 733, 60, 66, 162, 348, 362, 399, 142, 186, 26, 42, 90, 106, 118, 166, 377, 484, 55, 139, 334, 64, 99, 138, 149, 163, 200, 285, 448, 530, 552, 72, 19, 26, 19, 36, 25, 48 ], "href": [ "Striptease", "Glamour%20photography", "X-Rated%20Critics%20Organization", "AVN%20%28magazine%29", "ClubJenna", "Jay%20Grdina", "Briana%20Loves%20Jenna", "Briana%20Banks", "AVN%20Award", "Times%20Square", "Howard%20Stern", "Private%20Parts%20%281997%20film%29", "Playboy%20TV", "Jenna%27s%20American%20Sex%20Star", "New%20York%20Times%20Best%20Seller%20list", "AVN%20Award", "webcam%20model", "Las%20Vegas%20Valley", "Nevada", "Police%20officer", "Las%20Vegas%20Sheriff%27s%20Department", "KSNV-DT", "Folies%20Berg%C3%A8re", "Tropicana%20Resort%20%26amp%3B%20Casino", "melanoma", "Arizona", "Montana", "trailer%20home", "Roman%20Catholic", "Beauty%20contest", "ballet", "Zombie%20Strippers", "Fromberg%2C%20Montana", "gang%20rape", "American%20football", "Motorcycle", "tattoo", "E%21", "Disneyland%20Resort", "Minor%20%28law%29", "strip%20club", "Crazy%20Horse%20Too", "Bonanza%20High%20School", "Jameson%20Irish%20Whiskey", "Suze%20Randall", "Penthouse%20%28magazine%29", "List%20of%20men%27s%20magazines", "cocaine", "Lysergic%20acid%20diethylamide", "methamphetamine", "heroin", "Redding%2C%20California", "Drug%20detoxification", "Softcore%20pornography", "Andrew%20Blake%20%28director%29", "Nikki%20Tyler", "Randy%20West%20%28actor%29", "Woodland%20Hills%2C%20Los%20Angeles", "San%20Fernando%20Valley", "Los%20Angeles", "Kylie%20Ireland", "Ginger%20Lynn", "breast%20implant", "lesbian", "heterosexual", "anal%20sex", "List%20of%20sex%20positions%23Multiple%20penetration", "oral%20sex", "saliva", "interracial%20pornography", "The%20Howard%20Stern%20Show", "Wicked%20Pictures", "AVN%20Award", "Fans%20of%20X-Rated%20Entertainment", "%23Awards", "Playboy%20TV", "Jenna%27s%20American%20Sex%20Star", "Maxim%20%28magazine%29", "Exxxotica", "New%20Jersey", "webcam%20model", "Fleshlight", "artificial%20vagina", "master%20of%20ceremonies", "XBIZ%20Award", "Briana%20Loves%20Jenna", "William%20Shatner", "Shatner%27s%20Raw%20Nerve", "Bob%20Guccione", "New%20York%20Magazine", "Vivid%20Entertainment", "Forbes", "Times%20Square", "sex%20toy", "Doc%20Johnson", "action%20figure", "Adult%20video%20games", "orgasm", "Saks%20Fifth%20Avenue", "Colette%20%28boutique%29", "strip%20club", "Scottsdale%2C%20Arizona", "lap%20dance", "referendum", "Vivid%20Girls", "Detroit", "lingerie", "National%20Football%20League", "Super%20Bowl", "Legends%20Cup%20%28LFL%29", "Playboy%20Enterprises", "Christie%20Hefner", "Spice%20Network", "pay-per-view", "Tera%20Patrick", "Neil%20Strauss", "ReganBooks", "HarperCollins", "New%20York%20Times%20Best%20Seller%20list", "XRCO%20Award", "Seymore%20Butts", "Family%20Business%20%28U.S.%20TV%20series%29", "Hot%20d%27Or", "Cannes", "Screenplay", "Comics", "Judith%20Regan", "tie-in", "VH1", "A%26amp%3BE%20Network", "vaginoplasty", "erotic%20novel", "Skyhorse%20Publishing", "Howard%20Stern", "Private%20Parts%20%281997%20film%29", "Extreme%20Championship%20Wrestling", "Hardcore%20Heaven%201997", "The%20Dudley%20Boyz", "ECW%20Living%20Dangerously", "Sean%20Morley", "WWE", "guest%20host", "Wild%20On%21", "Without%20Me%20%28Eminem%20song%29", "Kiana%20Tom", "Family%20Guy", "Brian%20Does%20Hollywood", "Brian%20Griffin", "Peter%20Griffin", "Ron%20Jeremy", "Comedy%20Central", "television%20movie", "Porn%20%27n%20Chicken", "Candy%20Suxxx", "prostitute", "G-Phoria", "Tony%20Hawk%27s%20Pro%20Skater%204", "NBC", "Mister%20Sterling", "NBC", "CNBC", "Reuters", "Ginger%20Lynn%20Allen", "Sin-Jin%20Smyth", "Comedy%20Central", "mobile%20phone", "Samurai%20Love%20God", "Mediaweek", "podcast", "Adidas", "whack%20a%20mole", "Madame%20Tussauds", "The%20Simple%20Life", "Paris%20Hilton", "Nicole%20Richie", "Zombie%20Strippers", "Eug%C3%A8ne%20Ionesco", "Rhinoceros%20%28play%29", "Celebrity%20Big%20Brother%2016", "Celebrity%20Big%20Brother%2016", "Abercrombie%20%26amp%3B%20Fitch", "A%26amp%3BF%20Quarterly", "Jennifer%20Granholm", "Corinne%20Wood", "American%20conservatism", "Oxford%20Union", "Oxford", "Pony%20International", "athletic%20shoes", "Bill%20O%27Reilly%20%28commentator%29", "Fox%20News", "The%20Harvard%20Crimson", "Bisexuality", "Nikki%20Tyler", "Marilyn%20Manson", "Tommy%20Lee", "Brad%20Armstrong%20%28director%29", "Costa%20Rica", "Jay%20Grdina", "Scottsdale%2C%20Arizona", "Spanish%20Colonial%20Revival%20Style%20architecture", "skin%20cancer", "miscarriage", "In%20vitro%20fertilisation", "Star%20%28magazine%29", "TMZ.com", "Mixed%20martial%20arts", "Ultimate%20Fighting%20Championship", "Tito%20Ortiz", "Myspace", "United%20States%20Marine%20Corps", "Marine%20Corps%20Air%20Station%20Miramar", "San%20Diego%2C%20California", "The%20Apprentice%20%28U.S.%20season%207%29", "Twitter", "Alprazolam", "Zolpidem", "Buprenorphine/naloxone", "Oxycodone", "brass%20knuckles", "iPhone", "Israel", "Judaism", "Channel%202%20%28Israel%29", "Orthodox%20Judaism", "Haredi", "New%20York%20%28state%29", "People%20for%20the%20Ethical%20Treatment%20of%20Animals", "KFC", "Democratic%20Party%20%28United%20States%29", "Hillary%20Clinton", "2008%20United%20States%20presidential%20election", "Republican%20Party%20%28United%20States%29", "Mitt%20Romney", "2012%20United%20States%20presidential%20election", "Same-sex%20marriage%20in%20the%20United%20States", "Donald%20Trump", "Tito%20Ortiz", "Huntington%20Beach%2C%20California", "OxyContin", "Westminster%2C%20California", "misdemeanor", "driving%20under%20the%20influence", "alcohol%20%28drug%29", "drug", "blood-alcohol%20level", "Range%20Rover", "probation", "Mothers%20Against%20Drunk%20Driving", "Mothers%20Against%20Drunk%20Driving%23Victim%20impact%20panels", "List%20of%20pornographic%20actors%20who%20appeared%20in%20mainstream%20films", "http%3A//www.avn.com/porn-stars/Jenna-Jameson-260497.html", "AVN%20%28magazine%29", "http%3A//www.biography.com/people/jenna-jameson-381220", "FYI%20%28U.S.%20TV%20channel%29", "https%3A//web.archive.org/web/20161101124820/http%3A//www.playboy.com/jenna-jameson", "Playboy" ], "paragraph_id": [ 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 9, 10, 10, 13, 14, 14, 14, 14, 15, 16, 16, 16, 17, 17, 17, 17, 17, 17, 19, 19, 19, 19, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 21, 22, 22, 22, 22, 22, 22, 22, 22, 23, 24, 24, 24, 26, 26, 27, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 31, 32, 32, 32, 32, 33, 33, 35, 35, 35, 35, 35, 35, 35, 35, 37, 37, 37, 37, 38, 38, 38, 38, 38, 38, 39, 39, 39, 39, 40, 42, 42, 42, 42, 42, 42, 42, 43, 43, 43, 43, 44, 44, 44, 44, 45, 46, 46, 49, 49, 49, 49, 49, 49, 49, 49, 49, 49, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 51, 51, 51, 52, 52, 53, 53, 53, 53, 53, 53, 53, 53, 53, 53, 53, 53, 53, 53, 54, 54, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 57, 57, 58, 58, 58, 58, 58, 61, 61, 61, 61, 62, 62, 63, 63, 63, 64, 64, 64, 64, 64, 65, 65, 65, 65, 65, 65, 65, 65, 68, 68, 68, 68, 68, 68, 68, 69, 70, 70, 70, 70, 70, 72, 72, 73, 73, 73, 73, 73, 73, 73, 73, 76, 76, 76, 77, 77, 77, 77, 77, 77, 77, 77, 77, 77, 79, 81, 81, 82, 82, 83, 83 ], "start": [ 69, 82, 280, 320, 48, 71, 295, 321, 358, 647, 89, 115, 246, 269, 421, 62, 208, 32, 43, 93, 115, 171, 255, 282, 328, 483, 495, 524, 614, 34, 77, 142, 136, 185, 217, 503, 11, 166, 157, 85, 126, 199, 384, 517, 89, 154, 199, 47, 56, 65, 131, 422, 455, 170, 188, 218, 282, 186, 204, 235, 445, 595, 22, 45, 230, 361, 373, 442, 468, 504, 625, 227, 208, 366, 493, 34, 48, 385, 96, 106, 201, 236, 276, 316, 350, 174, 33, 53, 149, 323, 369, 397, 129, 305, 326, 383, 419, 516, 907, 929, 95, 109, 466, 633, 106, 137, 204, 314, 383, 456, 18, 185, 486, 502, 15, 74, 164, 190, 257, 368, 393, 410, 145, 163, 472, 485, 29, 82, 155, 425, 234, 64, 143, 54, 247, 396, 441, 478, 517, 654, 684, 747, 836, 60, 179, 292, 314, 402, 449, 497, 529, 560, 578, 721, 766, 912, 1087, 1229, 1261, 85, 90, 167, 137, 295, 18, 122, 144, 164, 275, 290, 358, 455, 554, 639, 656, 860, 896, 927, 55, 98, 104, 125, 197, 248, 360, 22, 79, 18, 120, 157, 174, 329, 36, 273, 475, 494, 73, 442, 45, 579, 605, 45, 89, 185, 428, 447, 59, 91, 104, 132, 216, 264, 300, 821, 236, 389, 396, 407, 498, 712, 727, 54, 59, 144, 332, 356, 391, 99, 183, 18, 27, 50, 96, 107, 126, 360, 472, 45, 111, 325, 41, 88, 111, 142, 159, 181, 274, 439, 501, 531, 12, 12, 23, 12, 23, 12, 37 ], "text": [ "stripper", "glamor model", "X-Rated Critics Organization", "Adult Video News (AVN)", "ClubJenna", "Jay Grdina", "Briana Loves Jenna", "Briana Banks", "AVN Award", "Times Square", "Howard Stern", "Private Parts", "Playboy TV", "Jenna's American Sex Star", "\"The New York Times\" Best Seller list", "AVN Award", "webcam model", "Las Vegas", "Nevada", "Police officer", "Las Vegas Sheriff's Department", "KSNV-DT", "Folies Bergère", "Tropicana Resort & Casino", "melanoma", "Arizona", "Montana", "trailer home", "Catholic", "beauty pageants", "ballet", "Zombie Strippers", "Fromberg, Montana", "gang rape", "football", "biker", "tattoo", "E!", "Disneyland Resort", "underage", "strip club", "Crazy Horse Too", "Bonanza High School", "the whiskey", "Suze Randall", "Penthouse", "several men's magazines", "cocaine", "LSD", "methamphetamine", "heroin", "Redding, California", "detox", "softcore", "Andrew Blake", "Nikki Tyler", "Randy West", "Woodland Hills", "San Fernando Valley", "Los Angeles", "Kylie Ireland", "Ginger Lynn", "breast implant", "lesbian", "heterosexual", "anal sex", "double penetration", "oral sex", "saliva", "interracial sex scenes", "The Howard Stern Show", "Wicked Pictures", "AVN Award", "Fans of X-Rated Entertainment (F.O.X.E.)", "other awards", "Playboy TV", "Jenna's American Sex Star", "Maxim", "Exxxotica", "New Jersey", "webcam model", "Fleshlight", "artificial vagina", "master of ceremonies", "XBIZ Award", "Briana Loves Jenna", "William Shatner", "Shatner's Raw Nerve", "Bob Guccione", "New York Magazine", "Vivid Entertainment", "Forbes", "Times Square", "sex toy", "Doc Johnson", "action figure", "sex simulation video game", "orgasm", "Saks Fifth Avenue", "Colette", "strip club", "Scottsdale, Arizona", "lap dance", "referendum", "Vivid Girls", "Detroit, Michigan", "lingerie", "National Football League", "Super Bowl", "Lingerie Bowl", "Playboy Enterprises", "Christie Hefner", "Spice Network", "pay-per-view", "Tera Patrick", "Neil Strauss", "ReganBooks", "HarperCollins", "\"The New York Times\" Best Seller list", "XRCO Award", "Seymore Butts", "Family Business", "Hot d'Or", "Cannes", "scripts", "comic panels", "Judith Regan", "tie-in", "VH1", "A&E Network", "vaginoplasty", "erotic novel", "Skyhorse Publishing", "Howard Stern", "Private Parts", "Extreme Championship Wrestling", "Hardcore Heaven '97", "The Dudley Boyz", "ECW Living Dangerously", "Val Venis", "WWE", "guest host", "Wild On!", "Without Me", "Kiana Tom", "Family Guy", "Brian Does Hollywood", "Brian Griffin", "Peter Griffin", "Ron Jeremy", "Comedy Central", "television movie", "Porn 'n Chicken", "Candy Suxxx", "prostitute", "G-Phoria", "Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 4", "NBC", "Mister Sterling", "NBC", "CNBC", "Reuters", "Ginger Lynn Allen", "Sin-Jin Smyth", "Comedy Central", "mobile phone", "Samurai Love God", "Mediaweek", "podcast", "Adidas", "whack a mole", "Madame Tussauds", "The Simple Life", "Paris Hilton", "Nicole Richie", "Zombie Strippers", "Eugène Ionesco", "Rhinoceros", "sixteenth series", "Celebrity Big Brother", "Abercrombie & Fitch", "A&F Quarterly", "Jennifer Granholm", "Corinne Wood", "conservative", "Oxford Union", "Oxford", "Pony International", "athletic shoes", "Bill O'Reilly", "Fox News", "The Harvard Crimson", "bisexual", "Nikki Tyler", "Marilyn Manson", "Tommy Lee", "Brad Armstrong", "Costa Rica", "Jay Grdina", "Scottsdale, Arizona", "Spanish-style", "skin cancer", "miscarried", "in vitro fertilization", "Star", "TMZ.com", "mixed martial artist", "UFC", "Tito Ortiz", "Myspace", "United States Marine Corps", "Marine Corps Air Station Miramar", "San Diego", "The Celebrity Apprentice", "Twitter", "Xanax", "Ambien", "Suboxone", "Oxycodone", "brass knuckles", "iPhone", "Israel", "Judaism", "Israel's Channel 2", "Orthodox Judaism", "Haredi", "New York", "People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals", "KFC", "Democrat", "Hillary Clinton", "2008 United States presidential election", "Republican", "Mitt Romney", "2012 United States presidential election", "same-sex marriage", "Donald Trump", "Tito Ortiz", "Huntington Beach, California", "OxyContin", "Westminster, California", "misdemeanor", "driving under the influence", "alcohol", "drug", "blood-alcohol level", "Range Rover", "probation", "Mothers Against Drunk Driving", "victims' impact panel", "List of pornographic actors who appeared in mainstream films", "Profile", "AVN", "Profile", "Biography.com", "Jenna Jameson", "playboy.com" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Jenna Jameson\n", "Jenna Jameson (born Jenna Marie Massoli; April 9, 1974) is an American pornographic film actress, businesswoman, model, writer, and television personality. She has been named the world's most famous adult entertainment performer and \"The Queen of Porn\".\n", "She started acting in erotic videos in 1993 after having worked as a stripper and glamor model. By 1996, she had won the \"top newcomer\" award from each of the three major adult movie organizations. She has since won more than 35 adult-video awards, and has been inducted into the X-Rated Critics Organization (XRCO) and Adult Video News (AVN) Halls of Fame.\n", "Jameson founded the adult-entertainment company ClubJenna in 2000 with Jay Grdina, whom she later married and divorced. Initially, a single website, this business expanded into managing similar websites of other stars and began producing sexually explicit videos in 2001. The first such movie, \"Briana Loves Jenna\" (with Briana Banks), was named at the 2003 AVN Awards as the best-selling and best-renting pornographic title for 2002. By 2005, ClubJenna had revenues of US$30 million with profits estimated at half that. Advertisements for her site and films, often bearing her picture, have towered on a 48-foot-tall billboard in New York City's Times Square.\n", "Jameson has also crossed over into mainstream pop culture, starting with a minor role in Howard Stern's 1997 film \"Private Parts\". Her mainstream appearances continued with several guest-hosting and guest-starring on various television programs. Playboy TV hosted her \"Jenna's American Sex Star\" reality show, in which aspiring porn stars competed for a ClubJenna contract. Her 2004 autobiography, \"\", spent six weeks on \"The New York Times\" Best Seller list.\n", "Jameson announced her retirement from pornography at the 2008 AVN Awards, stating that she would never return to the industry. Although she no longer performs in pornographic films, she has been working as a webcam model since 2013.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Jenna Marie Massoli was born in Las Vegas, Nevada. Her father, Laurence Henry Massoli, was a Police officer at the Las Vegas Sheriff's Department and program director for KSNV-DT. Her mother, Judith Brooke Hunt, was a Las Vegas showgirl who danced in the Folies Bergère show at the Tropicana Resort & Casino. Her mother died of melanoma on February 20, 1976, two months before her daughter's second birthday. The cancer treatments bankrupted the family and they relocated in Nevada, Arizona and Montana, usually living in a trailer home or with her paternal grandmother. She and her older brother Tony were raised Catholic, though they were essentially left to parent each other.\n", "Jameson was a frequent entrant in beauty pageants as a child and enrolled in ballet classes throughout her childhood. In a featurette on the \"Zombie Strippers\" DVD, Jameson indicates she trained in dance for fifteen years.\n", "Jameson wrote in her autobiography that in October 1990, when she was 16 years old and while the family was living on a cattle ranch in Fromberg, Montana, she was beaten with rocks and gang raped by four boys after a football game at Fromberg High School. The incident began after she attempted to hitchhike home and that she entered the car of the four boys while believing that she would be driven to her home. She reported being raped a second time while still 16 by \"Preacher\", her boyfriend Jack's biker uncle. Preacher has denied the rape ever occurred. Rather than tell her father, she left home and moved in with Jack in her first serious relationship.\n", "Jack was a tattoo artist and gave her the first of a series of tattoos, one of which would become her trademark tattoo, two hearts on her right buttock. According to E!, her brother Tony, who later owned a tattoo parlor himself, added the inscription \"Heart Breaker\".\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Section::::Career.:Early.\n", "She tried to follow in her mother's career as a Las Vegas showgirl, but most shows rejected her for not having the then-typical height of . She was hired at Disneyland Resort, but left after two months stating concerns over the schedule and salary.\n", "Her boyfriend Jack encouraged her to apply for jobs as a dancer, and in 1991, though underage, she began dancing in Las Vegas strip clubs using a fake identification. After she was rejected from the Crazy Horse Too strip club because of her orthodontia, she removed her braces with pliers and was accepted. After six months, she was earning US$2,000 per night, before graduating from Bonanza High School.\n", "Her first stage name as a dancer was \"Jennasis\", which she later used as the name of a business that she incorporated (\"Jennasis Killing Co.\"). As for picking her permanent professional name, she said, \"I had to come up with a good name. I didn't want a porno name. So I sat down, opened up the phone book and thumbed to the J's, cause I wanted it to match my first name.\" She saw 'James', but rejected \"Jenna James\" because it \"sounds too porno\". Right under that was 'Jameson' which struck her as being the name of the whiskey she likes and thought \"Ok, that's perfect.\" That night at work she saw her brother and asked him what he thought of the name \"Jenna Jameson\". He said, \"I'm drinking Jameson right now.\" And the name stuck after that.\n", "Besides dancing, starting later in 1991, she posed for nude photographs for photographer Suze Randall in Los Angeles, with the intention of getting into \"Penthouse\". After her photos had appeared in several men's magazines under various names, she then stopped working for Randall, feeling Randall was \"a shark\".\n", "While in high school, she began taking drugs – cocaine, LSD, and methamphetamine – accompanied by her brother (who was addicted to heroin) and at times her father. Her addiction worsened during her four years with her boyfriend. She eventually stopped eating properly and became too thin to model; Jack left her in 1994. She weighed when a friend put her in a wheelchair and sent her to her father, who was then living in Redding, California, in order to detox; her father did not recognize her when she got off the plane.\n", "Section::::Career.:Pornographic film.\n", "Jameson says that she started acting in sex videos in retaliation for the infidelity of her boyfriend, Jack. She first appeared in an erotic film in 1993, a non-explicit softcore movie by Andrew Blake, with girlfriend Nikki Tyler. Her first pornographic movie scenes were filmed by Randy West and appeared in 1994's \"Up and Cummers 10\" and \"Up and Cummers 11\". She quickly achieved notice and appeared in several other pornographic films while still living in Las Vegas.\n", "Of her first adult movie, Randy West said \"Jenna contacted me and said she wanted to get into the XXX business, but her agent didn't want her to do porn. A month later I'm on a shoot in Woodland Hills [a San Fernando Valley section of Los Angeles], and there's Jenna. She said she wanted to get into the business, despite what her agent said. I told her if you want to just do a girl/girl scene, we can do that. She said she wanted to work with Kylie Ireland, so I set it up. When the sex started, she just fucking rocked! I knew Jenna was special right off the bat. I figured she'd be the next Ginger Lynn, but nobody had any idea she was going to be as big as she turned out to be. Jenna told me when we first met that she was going to be a star.\"\n", "Jameson got her first breast implants on July 28, 1994, to enhance her stripping and movie careers. By 2004, she had had two different sets of breast implants and a chin implant.\n", "Jameson's first adult video appearances were lesbian scenes (a common way that female performers ease into the business). She says: \"Girl-on-girl was easy and natural. Then they offered me lots of money to do boy-girl.\" Her first heterosexual scene was in \"Up and Cummers 11\" (1994). At the beginning of her career, she promised herself that she would never do anal sex or double penetration scenes on film. Instead, her \"signature move\" was oral sex, lubricated with saliva. She has also never done any interracial sex scenes with men (despite that category's runaway popularity during the 2000s). When asked about this on \"The Howard Stern Show\" on February 8, 2008, she said that she was not necessarily opposed to doing so; rather, \"it never really came up\", as there were few black men working in porn when she started, and none of them worked [exclusively] for the same company [as] she did.\n", "In 1994, after overcoming her drug addiction by spending several weeks with her father and grandmother, Jameson relocated to Los Angeles to live with Nikki Tyler. Her first movie after that was \"Silk Stockings\". Later in 1995, Wicked Pictures, a then small pornographic film production company, signed her to an exclusive contract. She remembers telling Wicked Pictures founder Steve Orenstein: \"The most important thing to me right now is to become the biggest star the industry has ever seen.\"\n", "The contract earned Jameson US$6,000 for each of eight movies in her first year. Her first big-budget production was \"Blue Movie\" (1995), where she played a reporter investigating a porn set; it won multiple AVN Awards. In 1996, Jameson won top awards from three major industry organizations, the XRCO Best New Starlet award, the AVN Best New Starlet Award, and the Fans of X-Rated Entertainment (F.O.X.E.) Video Vixen award. She was the first entertainer to win all three awards. A stream of other awards followed.\n", "By 2001, Jameson earned $60,000 for a day and a half of filming a single DVD, and $8,000 per night dancing at strip clubs. She tried to restrict herself to five films per year and two weeks of dancing per month. Her husband Jay Grdina has said that she earned as much as $25,000 per night dancing.\n", "Between 2005 and 2006, she hosted Playboy TV's \"Jenna's American Sex Star\", where prospective porn stars compete in sexual performances for a contract with her company, ClubJenna. Winners of the contracts for the first two years were Brea Bennett and Roxy Jezel.\n", "In August 2007, Jameson had her breast implants removed, reducing her from a D to a C cup; she also said she was finished with appearing on camera in pornographic films, though she would continue running ClubJenna, which was grossing $30 million per year. In January 2008, Jameson confirmed she was retiring from pornographic performances and has since said that she \"won't even do a \"Maxim\" cover\".\n", "Jameson's first appearance at an adult-entertainment event since her retirement was at the 2013 Exxxotica New Jersey convention in October. The following month, she returned to the adult industry as a webcam model. On January 15, 2014, Fleshlight released Jameson's signature artificial vagina. Jameson was also the master of ceremonies for the 2014 XBIZ Awards on January 24.\n", "Section::::Career.:Business ventures.\n", "Jameson and Grdina formed ClubJenna as an Internet pornography company in 2000. ClubJenna.com was one of the first pornographic sites to provide more than pictures and videos; it provided explicit diaries, relationship advice, and even stock tips to paid members. The site reportedly was profitable in its third week. The business later diversified into multimedia pornographic entertainment, first by administering other porn stars' websites, then, in 2001, by the production of pornographic films.\n", "Early ClubJenna films starred Jameson herself, limiting herself to on-screen sex with other women or with Grdina, who appeared as Justin Sterling. The first ClubJenna film, \"Briana Loves Jenna\" (2001), co-produced with Vivid, cost US$280,000 to make, and grossed over $1 million in its first year. It was the best selling and best-renting pornographic title of its year, winning twin AVN Awards. It was marketed as \"Jenna. Her first boy/girl scene in over 2 years.\" referring to Jameson's abstention from heterosexual on-film intercourse. Grdina has said that Jameson's films averaged sales of 100,000 copies, compared with run-of-the-mill pornographic films, which did well to sell 5,000. On the other hand, he also said that their films took up to twelve days to film, compared with one day for other pornographic films.\n", "In a January 2009 interview with William Shatner on \"Shatner's Raw Nerve\", Jameson said she came close to buying \"Penthouse\" magazine when publisher Bob Guccione filed for Chapter 11 reorganization of his business (which occurred in August 2003), but was thwarted when someone else swooped in and bought up all the stock. \"New York Magazine\"'s \"Intelligencer\" quoted a source from Penthouse as saying \"I'm sure she is considering it\", adding that Jameson was to be cover girl in January 2004 – and \"it's a really wild-looking shoot, even for a porn star.\"\n", "In 2004, the ClubJenna films expanded to starring other actresses without Jameson – Krystal Steal, Jesse Capelli, McKenzie Lee, Ashton Moore and Sophia Rossi – as Jameson stepped back from starring roles. In 2005 Jameson first directed a film, \"The Provocateur\", released as \"Jenna's Provocateur\" in September 2006. The ClubJenna films were distributed and marketed by Vivid Entertainment, which \"Forbes\" magazine once called \"the world's largest adult film company\". They made up a third of ClubJenna's revenues, but over half of the profits.\n", "ClubJenna was run as a family business, with Grdina's sister, Kris, as Vice President in charge of merchandising. In 2005, ClubJenna had estimated revenues of $30 million, with profits of about half that.\n", "Jameson also capitalized on merchandising herself. Since May 2003, she has been appearing on a tall billboard in New York City's Times Square promoting her web site and movies. The first advertisement displayed her wearing only a thong and read \"Who Says They Cleaned Up Times Square?\" There is a line of sex toys licensed to Doc Johnson, and an \"anatomically correct\" Jenna Jameson action figure. She stars in her own sex simulation video game, \"Virtually Jenna\", in which the goal is to bring a 3D model of her to orgasm. Y-Tell, ClubJenna's wireless company, sells Jenna Jameson \"moan tones\" (telephone ringtones), chat services, and games in partnerships with 20 carriers around the world, mostly in Europe and South America. In 2006, New York City-based Wicked Cow Entertainment started to expand her brand to barware, perfume, handbags, lingerie, and footwear, sold through high end retailers such as Saks Fifth Avenue and Colette boutiques. Her film and merchandising success enabled her to attain her goal of becoming the top porn star in the world.\n", "In August 2005, ClubJenna launched Club Thrust, an interactive website for Jameson's gay male fans, which includes videos, galleries, sex advice, gossip, and downloads. The director of webmaster relations for ClubJenna said the straight site had always had a lot of gay traffic. By 2006, ClubJenna administered more than 150 official sites for other adult entertainment industry stars.\n", "In August 2005, a group of business investors that included Jameson purchased Babes Cabaret, a strip club in Scottsdale, Arizona, intending to make it the first foray of ClubJenna into live entertainment. Soon after the purchase attracted attention, the Scottsdale City Council proposed a new ordinance banning nudity at adult-entertainment venues and requiring a four-foot divider restricting contact with dancers. Such a divider would have also effectively banned lap dances, the dancers' main source of revenue. Jameson argued strongly against the ordinance, and helped organize a petition against it. On September 12, 2006, in a referendum on the ordinance, voters struck down the stricter rules, allowing the club to continue to operate as before.\n", "On February 3, 2006, Jameson hosted a \"Vivid ClubJenna Super Bowl Party\" with several other ClubJenna and Vivid Girls at the Zoo Club in Detroit, Michigan for a $500 to $1,000 ticket price. It featured a lingerie show, but no planned nudity or sex acts. When first announced, the party caused controversy with the National Football League, which did not sanction this as an official Super Bowl event. For 2007, Jameson signed up to play quarterback in the Lingerie Bowl, but retired due to her insurance company's damage concerns. She instead acted as commentator.\n", "On June 22, 2006, Playboy Enterprises announced that it had bought ClubJenna Inc., along with an agreement to have both Jameson and Grdina stay on as contracted executives. Playboy CEO Christie Hefner said that she expected to rapidly increase film production, producing about thirty features in the first year, and will expand the way they are sold, not only as DVDs but through TV channels, video-on-demand services, and mobile phones. On November 1, 2006, Playboy renamed one of the Spice Network's pay-per-view channels from The Hot Network to ClubJenna.\n", "In April 2007, Tera Patrick and her production company Teravision filed a lawsuit against Jameson and Playboy Enterprises for failing to properly account for and pay royalties on revenue earned by Patrick's website, clubtera.com.\n", "Section::::Career.:Books.\n", "Jameson's autobiography, \"\" was published in 2004. It was co-written with Neil Strauss, a contributor to \"The New York Times\" and \"Rolling Stone\", and published by ReganBooks, a division of HarperCollins. It was an instant bestseller, spending six weeks on \"The New York Times\" Best Seller list. The autobiography also won the 2004 \"Mainstream's Adult Media Favorite\" XRCO Award in a tie with Seymore Butts's \"Family Business\" TV series. It was translated into German as \"Pornostar. Die Autobiographie\" in November 2005, and Spanish as \"Cómo Hacer El Amor Igual Que Una Estrella Porno\" in January 2006.\n", "The book covers her early career from her beginning in show business living with her tattoo artist boyfriend, through receiving the Pornographic Hot d'Or award at Cannes, and wedding pictures from her second marriage. It does not omit sordid details, describing her two rapes, drug addictions, an unhappy first marriage, and numerous affairs with men and women. The first-person narrative is broken up by personal photos, childhood diary entries, family interviews, movie scripts, and comic panels.\n", "The autobiography publisher, Judith Regan, also served as executive producer of a tie-in television news special, \"Jenna Jameson's Confessions\", airing on VH1 on August 16, 2004, one day before the book's launch. In April 2005, ReganBooks and Jameson filed lawsuits against each other. The point of contention was a proposed reality show about Jameson's everyday life, discussed between her then-husband, Jay Grdina, and the A&E Network. ReganBooks maintained that any A&E deal was a breach of Jameson's contract, which indicated that ReganBooks had a stake in the profits generated by both the special based on her memoir and a reality-based series, as well as \"any similar projects\". Jameson's suit claimed that the A&E deal preceded the ReganBooks contract. The reality series had still not materialized, and the lawsuit was still being discussed, when HarperCollins fired Judith Regan on December 15, 2006, over an unrelated issue.\n", "In January 2007, Jameson was reported in talks with producers on turning the autobiography into a movie. In March 2007, Jameson was reportedly missing meetings with producers, thus endangering the movie, due to problems with a recent vaginoplasty.\n", "In April 2013, Jameson announced she was working on a fictional erotic novel called \"Sugar\". It was co-written with Hope Tarr and published by Skyhorse Publishing. It was released on October 21, 2013.\n", "Section::::Career.:Mainstream appearances.\n", "Jameson is also known for achieving a high level of celebrity outside of pornography – even bringing pornography itself closer to mainstream society's awareness and acceptance. She has said: \"I've always embraced my hard-core roots, but becoming a household name was an important thing to me.\"\n", "In 1995, Jameson sent photos of herself to radio host Howard Stern. She became a regular guest on his show, appearing more than 30 times, and played the role of \"Mandy\", the \"First Nude Woman on Radio\", in Stern's semi-autobiographical 1997 film \"Private Parts\". This film appearance was the beginning of a series of non-porn film and television roles. In 1997, Jameson made an appearance for an Extreme Championship Wrestling pay-per-view, Hardcore Heaven '97 as the valet for The Dudley Boyz; another appearance at ECW Living Dangerously on March 1, 1998; and a few months where she was ECW's on-screen interviewer. In 1998, she filmed a vignette with Val Venis, a character in the WWE, for airing on WWE programming. In the late 1990s, Jameson guest hosted several episodes of the E! cable network's hit travel/adventure/party show \"Wild On!\", appearing scantily clad in tropical locations. Jameson was featured and interviewed on the British television show \"European Blue Review\" on Channel 5.\n", "Jameson appeared in a 2001 music video for the Eminem song \"Without Me\". She can be seen in bed with Eminem as one of the \"two trailer park girls\" (the other one is fitness model Kiana Tom) that \"go round the outside\". Jameson voiced an animated version of herself in a July 2001 episode of \"Family Guy\" entitled \"Brian Does Hollywood\". Her character won an award for acting in a porn film directed by Brian Griffin, and at the close of the episode Peter Griffin kidnaps her. In 2002, Jameson and Ron Jeremy played themselves in Comedy Central's first feature television movie \"Porn 'n Chicken\", in the roles of speakers for a pornography viewing club. Also in 2002, she appeared in two video games, most notably voicing Candy Suxxx in \"\". Her character begins as a prostitute, but goes on to success as a pornographic actress and is displayed on several billboards within the game. Her performance won the 2003 G-Phoria \"Best Live Action/Voice Performance Award – Female\". She also provided both the appearance and the voice for \"Daisy\", a secret playable character for the video game \"Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 4\", who performs provocative tricks with her clothing and skateboard. In 2003, Jameson appeared in two episodes of the NBC prime-time television show \"Mister Sterling\" as the girlfriend of a political financier.\n", "In the months following the publication of her autobiography, she was interviewed on NBC, CNBC, Fox News, and CNN, and the book was reviewed by \"The New York Times\", \"Reuters\", and other major media outlets.\n", "Jameson was featured prominently in \"Samhain\", a low budget horror film in which she starred with other pornographic actresses including Ginger Lynn Allen. It was filmed in 2002 but had sat unreleased until 2005, when it was re-cut and released as \"\". She had another minor horror film role in \"Sin-Jin Smyth\", delayed from release until late 2006.\n", "In February 2006, Comedy Central announced plans to feature Jameson as \"P-Whip\", in a starring role in its first animated mobile phone series, \"Samurai Love God\". \"Mediaweek\" called her the biggest name attached to the project. In April 2006, Jameson was the star of a video podcast ad for Adidas, advertising Adicolor shoes by playing a provocative game of whack a mole. In July 2006, Jameson became the first pornographic actress to have a wax model at Madame Tussauds (in the Las Vegas museum). Jameson made an appearance in the U.S. reality TV show \"The Simple Life\" in the fifth-season episode \"Committed\", broadcast on July 1, 2007; Paris Hilton and Nicole Richie, while working in a \"love camp\", brought her in to help throw a \"love ceremony\" vow for the five dysfunctional couples. In 2008, Jameson had another starring role in the comedy horror film \"Zombie Strippers\", loosely based on Eugène Ionesco's classic play \"Rhinoceros\".\n", "On August 27, 2015, Jameson became a contestant on the sixteenth series of the UK reality series \"Celebrity Big Brother\", representing the USA. On September 22, she became the sixth housemate to be evicted on Day 27, just two days short from the final.\n", "Section::::Career.:Mainstream appearances.:Controversial mainstream appearances.\n", "Some of her mainstream appearances sparked controversy. An interview with Jameson contained in the 1999 Abercrombie & Fitch \"A&F Quarterly\" was part of the motivation for Michigan Attorney General Jennifer Granholm and Illinois Lieutenant Governor Corinne Wood to speak out against the hybrid magazine-catalog. The campaign was joined by parents and Christian conservative groups, and got the \"Quarterly\" removed from shelves and eventually canceled in 2003.\n", "In November 2001, the Oxford Union debating society invited Jameson to come to Oxford to argue against the proposition \"The House Believes that Porn is Harmful.\" She wrote in her diary at the time, \"I feel like I am going to be out of my element, but, I could never pass this chance up ... it's a once in a lifetime thing.\" In the end, her side won the debate 204 to 27.\n", "In February 2003, Pony International planned to feature her as one of several pornographic actors in advertisements for athletic shoes. This was attacked by Bill O'Reilly of Fox News in an editorial called \"Using Quasi-Prostitutes to Sell Sneakers\", calling pornographic actors inappropriate role models for teens. In response, \"The Harvard Crimson\" proposed a boycott of O'Reilly and Fox News. Jameson herself sent a sarcastic email to the show, writing:\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Relationships and health.\n", "In 2004 Jameson stated that she was bisexual, and that she had had sex with 100 women and 30 men off-screen in her life, but by 2008 she described herself as \"totally hetero\". She has stated the best relationship she ever had was her lesbian relationship with porn actress Nikki Tyler, which she documents in her autobiography. They lived together at the start of her porn career and again before her second marriage. Famous boyfriends discussed in her autobiography include Marilyn Manson and Tommy Lee.\n", "On December 20, 1996, Jameson married porn star/Wicked Pictures director Brad Armstrong (real name Rodney Hopkins). The marriage lasted just 10 weeks. Although they informally separated in March 1997, she remained contractually obligated to work on Wicked Pictures projects involving both of them. They legally separated and divorced in March 2001, after Brad discovered her sexual affair with Jorge Araya Montoya (whom she met on a visit to Costa Rica).\n", "Jameson met former pornographic studio owner Jay Grdina (born John G. Grdina), scion of a wealthy cattle-ranching family, who had entered pornographic film production after college. From 1998 until Jameson's retirement, Grdina was Jameson's only on-screen male sex partner, acting under the name Justin Sterling. They were engaged in December 2000, well before her divorce from Armstrong/Hopkins, and married June 22, 2003. They tried to have children from mid-2004 onwards, as Jameson had planned to retire from adult entertainment upon becoming a mother. The couple resided in Scottsdale, Arizona, in a Spanish-style mansion, bought for $2 million in 2002.\n", "In November 2004, Jameson was diagnosed with skin cancer. Though surgery removed it, she miscarried shortly after the diagnosis. She was unable to conceive again with Grdina, even with in vitro fertilization. Jameson said the in vitro process \"wasn't a good thing for me\"; she gained weight and did not get pregnant. According to Jameson, the stresses of cancer plus infertility led to her marriage's collapse. In August 2006, \"Star\" magazine and TMZ.com confirmed with Jameson's publicist that she and Grdina had separated.\n", "In October 2006, it was reported that Jameson began dating mixed martial artist and former UFC champion Tito Ortiz, whom she met on Myspace. Ortiz canceled a November 12, 2006 appearance as the guest of honor at the United States Marine Corps birthday ball at the Marine Corps Air Station Miramar in San Diego, when the Corps refused to let him bring Jameson as his guest. On November 30, 2006, in an interview on \"The Howard Stern Show\", Ortiz stated that he was in love with Jameson, that she was no longer acting in pornography, and that they were in a monogamous relationship. On December 12, 2006, Jameson filed for divorce from Grdina. She introduced Ortiz and talked about their relationship at the 2008 AVN Adult Movie Awards while she was presenting an award. She also made brief appearances on two episodes of \"The Celebrity Apprentice\" to help Ortiz on the tasks assigned in those episodes.\n", "Jameson announced in August 2008 that she and Ortiz were expecting twins in April 2009. On March 16, 2009, Jameson gave birth to twin boys, Jesse Jameson and Journey Jette. Jameson and Ortiz split up in March 2013. Ortiz was granted full custody of the twins.\n", "Jameson's father, Laurence Henry Massoli, died on October 2, 2010, after suffering complications from triple bypass surgery.\n", "As of 2014, Jameson has undergone extensive tattooing, almost completely covering both of her arms in sleeve tattoos. In 2013, self-proclaimed socialite and writer Britney Markham became Jameson's personal assistant after having met on Twitter. In a 2014 interview with \"LA Weekly\", Markham claimed that Jameson would make requests for drugs. Markham posited that the pills of choice were Xanax, Ambien and Suboxone along with alcohol. At the same time, Markham denied that Jameson had been taking Oxycodone, in spite of previous rumors. Markham stated that she was assaulted and battered by Jameson following an incident in a hair salon in Los Angeles in 2013 when Jameson punched Markham in the stomach with a brass knuckles iPhone case. The blow was so severe, Markham claims she vomited blood and was hospitalized.\n", "On August 5, 2016, Jameson announced that she and her Israeli boyfriend, Lior Bitton, were expecting their first child together. On April 6, 2017, they welcomed a daughter, Batel Lu.\n", "In June 2015, Jameson announced that she was converting to Judaism, in order to marry Bitton. She was raised Catholic. In October of that year, Israel's Channel 2 announced a reality television series documenting Jameson's conversion. On November 11, 2016, Jameson announced on her Twitter feed that she completed her conversion to Orthodox Judaism with a Haredi rabbinical court in Upstate New York.\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Political views.\n", "After viewing undercover videos of chicken production, Jameson agreed to do a short video for PETA People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals as part of the group's campaign against KFC's treatment of chickens.\n", "Jameson supported Democrat Hillary Clinton in the 2008 United States presidential election, but Republican Mitt Romney in the 2012 United States presidential election, stating: \"I'm very looking forward to a Republican being back in office. When you're rich, you want a Republican in office.\" In June 2015, she made a post on her Twitter account in support of same-sex marriage in the United States. In late November 2015, Jameson made multiple tweets showing support for Donald Trump as the next president of the United States.\n", "In 2017, Jameson criticized Playboy for featuring its first transgender Playmate for November 2017 Playmate.\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Legal issues.\n", "On April 26, 2010, Jameson's then-boyfriend, Tito Ortiz was arrested for felony domestic abuse at the couple's Huntington Beach, California home. Jameson was photographed afterward that day with a bandaged arm, amid accusations by both parties against each other, with Ortiz accusing Jameson of being erratic and addicted to OxyContin, while she alleged that he was abusive. Since the incident occurred, both parties have recanted these allegations that were made toward one another, though as of April 29, 2010, the investigation by the police department remained open.\n", "On May 25, 2012, Jameson was arrested in Westminster, California and charged with three misdemeanor counts for driving under the influence of alcohol or other drugs, driving with a blood-alcohol level over the state legal limit, and driving on a suspended license after her Range Rover struck a light pole. She initially pleaded not guilty to the charges, but later changed her plea to guilty. She was sentenced to three years of informal probation, ordered to pay $340 in fines, and participate in a Mothers Against Drunk Driving victims' impact panel. The charge for driving without a valid license was dismissed.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of pornographic actors who appeared in mainstream films\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Profile on AVN\n", "BULLET::::- Profile on Biography.com\n", "BULLET::::- Jenna Jameson profile at playboy.com\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q400", "wikidata_label": "", "wikipedia_title": "" }

{ "end": [ 84, 95, 109, 122, 136, 35, 43, 94, 140, 344, 444, 692, 71, 82, 187, 214, 261, 332, 365, 394, 95, 213, 22, 30, 36, 73, 108 ], "href": [ "Russians", "Soviet%20Union", "mathematician", "mechanics", "physicist", "Nizhny%20Novgorod", "Russia", "Kharkov%20University", "Aleksandr%20Lyapunov", "National%20Technical%20University%20%26quot%3BKharkiv%20Polytechnical%20Institute%26quot%3B", "Saint%20Petersburg%20State%20University", "Steklov%20Institute%20of%20Mathematics", "Orthogonality", "Function%20%28mathematics%29", "Liouville%E2%80%93Steklov%20method", "orthogonal%20polynomials", "generalized%20Fourier%20series", "Steklov%20function", "hydrodynamics", "Solid%20mechanics", "International%20Congress%20of%20Mathematicians", "G%C3%B6ttingen%20Academy%20of%20Sciences%20and%20Humanities", "Gaspra", "Crimea", "USSR", "Saint%20Petersburg", "http%3A//www.mathsoc.spb.ru/pantheon/steklov/Steklov_150.pdf" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 8 ], "start": [ 77, 89, 96, 111, 127, 20, 37, 76, 122, 313, 423, 660, 61, 72, 163, 192, 235, 316, 352, 374, 92, 169, 16, 24, 32, 57, 26 ], "text": [ "Russian", "Soviet", "mathematician", "mechanician", "physicist", "Nizhny Novgorod", "Russia", "Kharkov University", "Aleksandr Lyapunov", "Kharkov Technological Institute", "Petersburg University", "Steklov Institute of Mathematics", "orthogonal", "functional", "Liouville–Steklov method", "orthogonal polynomials", "generalized Fourier series", "Steklov function", "hydrodynamics", "theory of elasticity", "ICM", "Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities", "Gaspra", "Crimea", "USSR", "Saint Petersburg", "The Legacy of Vladimir Andreevich Steklov in Mathematical Physics: Work and School" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Vladimir Steklov (mathematician)\n", "Vladimir Andreevich Steklov (; 9 January 1864 – 30 May 1926) was a Prominent Russian and Soviet mathematician, mechanician and physicist.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Steklov was born in Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. In 1887, he graduated from the Kharkov University, where he was a student of Aleksandr Lyapunov. In 1889–1906 he worked at the Department of Mechanics of this University. He became a full professor in 1896. During 1893–1905 he also taught theoretical mechanics in the Kharkov Technological Institute (now known as Kharkiv Polytechnical Institute). In 1906 he started working at Petersburg University. In 1921 he petitioned for the creation of the Institute of Physics and Mathematics. Upon his death the institute was named after him. The Mathematics Department split from the Institute in 1934. It is now known as Steklov Institute of Mathematics.\n", "Steklov's primary scientific contribution was in the area of orthogonal functional sets. He introduced a class of closed orthogonal sets, developed the asymptotic Liouville–Steklov method for orthogonal polynomials, proved theorems on generalized Fourier series, and developed an approximation technique later named Steklov function. He also worked on hydrodynamics and the theory of elasticity.\n", "Steklov wrote a number of works on the history of science. He was an Invited Speaker of the ICM in 1924 in Toronto. In 1926 he was elected a corresponding member of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities.\n", "Steklov died in Gaspra, Crimea, USSR. He was interred in Saint Petersburg, Russia.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- N. Kuznetsov, The Legacy of Vladimir Andreevich Steklov in Mathematical Physics: Work and School.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Vladimir Andreevich Steklov", "Steklov Vladimir Andreevich", "Stekloff V.A.", "Stekloff W." ] }, "description": "Russian mathematician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q559188", "wikidata_label": "Vladimir Steklov", "wikipedia_title": "Vladimir Steklov (mathematician)" }

{ "end": [ 145, 158, 270, 293, 336, 357, 388, 53, 87, 113, 140, 172, 195, 219, 268, 329, 340, 428, 457, 504, 549, 675, 73, 215, 373, 390, 419, 603, 641, 736, 821, 834, 880, 904, 956, 75, 117, 144, 212, 377, 495, 568, 576, 622, 708, 39, 306, 372, 64, 107, 144, 184, 250, 282, 41, 53, 124, 194, 220, 102, 145, 198, 224, 289, 104, 221, 260, 564, 596, 38, 76, 134, 305, 339, 377, 399, 421, 760, 58, 96, 114, 237, 261, 294, 51, 107, 436, 474, 524, 550, 32, 111, 133, 171, 303, 473, 271, 385, 42, 492, 207, 360, 52, 89, 84, 122, 137, 285, 465, 35, 306, 354, 43, 76, 90, 131, 515, 529, 552, 694, 817, 111, 234, 41, 122, 240, 261, 290, 315, 334, 382, 413, 50, 252, 287, 310, 518, 560, 726, 801, 879, 956, 145, 222, 90, 129, 250, 306, 352, 381, 451, 615, 741, 820, 857, 889, 64, 252, 284, 28, 128, 223, 264, 322, 62, 156, 189, 428, 497, 553, 118, 162, 234, 36, 130, 242, 301, 916, 1204, 1273, 46, 71, 135, 186, 263, 809, 85, 109, 171, 372, 392, 280, 307, 374, 688, 776, 794, 18, 159, 198, 277, 395, 33, 69, 148, 175, 340, 619, 701, 230, 289, 316, 486, 538, 666, 52, 83, 328, 92, 348, 363, 43, 118, 183, 771, 21, 194, 566, 90, 247, 293, 538, 132, 145, 198, 257, 275, 489, 581, 72, 110, 179, 301, 502, 897, 37, 96, 137, 192, 240, 298, 332, 86, 64, 270, 600, 78, 121, 162, 389, 47, 196, 357, 445, 119, 48, 147, 446, 490, 507, 82, 191, 398, 481, 679, 64, 188, 291, 380, 138, 241, 429, 508, 788, 1184, 1319, 146, 160, 578, 658, 699, 129, 862, 876, 905, 138, 530, 86, 594, 628, 738, 823, 871, 885, 69, 126, 138, 283, 371, 407, 44, 67, 88, 109, 233, 285, 553, 145, 121, 141, 197, 468, 559, 52, 108, 162, 220, 283, 433, 316, 51, 63, 193, 222, 453, 478, 91, 116, 308, 380, 751, 187, 251, 330, 351, 124, 266, 389, 384, 452, 51, 323, 116, 262, 550, 109, 266, 302, 380, 103, 160, 234, 672, 84, 544, 882, 46, 160, 187, 242, 96, 211, 231, 316, 549, 607, 641, 653, 858, 1073, 1116, 1160, 1257, 1371, 51, 98, 166, 217, 348, 738, 833, 155, 312, 468, 30, 305, 367, 687, 808, 1116, 1129, 1161, 87, 264, 537, 898, 122, 159, 289, 597, 702, 980, 1016, 40, 95, 151, 159, 276, 401, 489, 501, 520, 807, 1360, 32, 203, 337, 556, 675, 777, 1107, 1298, 1315, 1323, 1379, 102, 36, 117, 169, 449, 56, 191, 747, 1073, 122, 153, 322, 32, 41, 79, 186, 82, 181, 220, 239, 281, 313, 97, 538, 35, 53, 73, 52, 108, 190, 66, 90, 207, 223, 277, 411, 451, 672, 15, 272, 196, 39, 67, 52, 63, 39, 37, 45, 33, 46, 146, 162, 235, 19, 48, 59, 270, 299, 382, 430, 482, 628, 643, 660, 736, 763, 810, 997, 1007, 1047, 1076, 1090, 1111, 1168, 77, 94, 116, 133, 163, 177, 214, 228, 246, 256, 277, 289, 328, 345, 376, 402, 448, 463, 108, 124, 141, 156, 188, 204, 292, 527, 540, 550, 570, 582, 599, 610, 624, 639, 652, 668, 680, 698, 712, 726, 744, 789, 817, 829, 847, 880, 897, 921, 936, 94, 227, 379, 462, 60, 87, 215, 232, 251, 265, 287, 27, 106, 278, 478, 502, 542, 559, 131, 150, 164, 180, 194, 232, 270, 298, 327, 354, 388, 422, 460, 498, 540, 628, 664, 704, 744, 785, 818, 850, 893, 930, 977, 1026, 1047, 1113, 51, 280, 465, 569, 33, 115, 346, 398, 407, 471, 22, 36, 135, 164, 184, 265, 373, 396, 283, 710, 728, 774, 897, 908, 592, 22, 155, 327, 34, 293, 53, 106, 459, 79, 353, 386, 816, 835, 145, 270, 611, 674, 904, 431, 447, 504, 522, 534, 745, 121, 143, 152, 208, 250, 50, 14, 51, 78, 253, 394, 671, 717, 754, 973, 984, 1026, 1077, 1109, 1169, 1197, 1249, 1322, 1348, 1424, 1447, 1472, 1672, 1710, 1815, 39, 156, 162, 181, 186, 216, 222, 275, 280, 315, 321, 356, 379, 428, 435, 527, 553, 32, 61, 152, 35, 32, 33, 22, 30, 30, 91, 118, 282, 65, 122, 151, 140, 20, 66, 87, 177, 51, 20, 151, 119, 90, 107, 44, 73, 92, 24, 96, 27, 63, 93, 147, 102, 41, 63, 78, 66, 81, 32, 147, 45, 129, 27, 81, 110, 52, 71, 100, 77, 31, 34, 24, 40, 69, 113 ], "href": [ "United%20States%20senator", "Arizona", "United%20States%20House%20of%20Representatives", "Republican%20Party%20%28United%20States%29", "president%20of%20the%20United%20States", "2008%20United%20States%20presidential%20election", "Barack%20Obama", "United%20States%20Naval%20Academy", "Early%20life%20and%20military%20career%20of%20John%20McCain", "United%20States%20Navy", "naval%20aviator", "ground-attack%20aircraft", "aircraft%20carriers", "Vietnam%20War", "1967%20USS%20Forrestal%20fire", "Operation%20Rolling%20Thunder", "Hanoi", "North%20Vietnam", "prisoner%20of%20war", "torture", "repatriation", "Captain%20%28United%20States%20O-6%29", "United%20States%20House%20of%20Representatives", "Conservatism%20in%20the%20United%20States", "LGBT%20rights%20in%20the%20United%20States", "gun%20control", "Campaign%20finance%20reform%20in%20the%20United%20States", "Keating%20Five", "campaign%20finance%20reform", "McCain%E2%80%93Feingold%20Act", "United%20States%E2%80%93Vietnam%20relations", "Vietnam", "Senate%20Commerce%20Committee", "pork%20barrel", "Gang%20of%2014", "John%20McCain%202000%20presidential%20campaign", "Republican%20Party%20presidential%20primaries%2C%202000", "George%20W.%20Bush", "John%20McCain%20presidential%20campaign%2C%202008", "Obama%20administration", "Senate%20Armed%20Services%20Committee", "Donald%20Trump", "2016%20United%20States%20presidential%20election", "Patient%20Protection%20and%20Affordable%20Care%20Act", "American%20Health%20Care%20Act%20of%202017", "brain%20cancer", "United%20States%20Capitol%20rotunda", "Washington%20National%20Cathedral", "Coco%20Solo", "Panama%20Canal%20Zone", "John%20S.%20McCain%20Jr.", "Roberta%20McCain", "Joe%20McCain", "Panama%20Canal", "Scotch-Irish%20Americans", "English%20Americans", "John%20S.%20McCain%20Sr.", "Admiral%20%28United%20States%29", "United%20States%20Navy", "Northern%20Virginia", "Episcopal%20High%20School%20%28Alexandria%29", "Alexandria%2C%20Virginia", "scholastic%20wrestling", "Episcopal%20Church%20%28United%20States%29", "United%20States%20Naval%20Academy", "bullying", "boxing", "class%20rank", "Intelligence%20quotient", "Early%20life%20and%20military%20career%20of%20John%20McCain%23Naval%20training%2C%20early%20assignments%2C%20first%20marriage%2C%20and%20children", "Ensign%20%28United%20States%29", "Pensacola%2C%20Florida", "ground-attack%20aircraft", "A-1%20Skyraider", "aircraft%20carrier", "Caribbean%20Sea", "Mediterranean%20Sea", "Flight%20envelope", "Carol%20McCain", "A-4%20Skyhawk", "Early%20life%20and%20military%20career%20of%20John%20McCain%23Vietnam%20operations", "Operation%20Rolling%20Thunder", "Vietnam%20War", "Gulf%20of%20Tonkin", "Lieutenant%20Commander%20%28United%20States%29", "1967%20USS%20Forrestal%20fire", "aircraft%20carrier", "Operation%20Rolling%20Thunder", "Commendation%20Medal", "Bronze%20Star%20Medal", "Early%20life%20and%20military%20career%20of%20John%20McCain%23Prisoner%20of%20war", "North%20Vietnam", "A-4E%20Skyhawk", "Hanoi", "Tr%C3%BAc%20B%E1%BA%A1ch%20Lake", "H%E1%BB%8Fa%20L%C3%B2%20Prison", "prisoner%20of%20war", "solitary%20confinement", "John%20S.%20McCain%20Jr.", "Code%20of%20the%20U.S.%20Fighting%20Force", "dysentery", "Operation%20Linebacker%20II", "Early%20life%20and%20military%20career%20of%20John%20McCain%23Return%20to%20United%20States", "Carol%20McCain", "physical%20therapy", "National%20War%20College", "Fort%20McNair", "Commanding%20Officer", "Meritorious%20Unit%20Commendation", "Early%20life%20and%20military%20career%20of%20John%20McCain%23Senate%20liaison%2C%20divorce%2C%20and%20second%20marriage", "supercarrier", "Carter%20administration", "Cindy%20McCain", "Phoenix%2C%20Arizona", "Jim%20Hensley", "Hensley%20%26amp%3B%20Co.", "William%20Cohen", "Gary%20Hart", "Participants%20in%20wedding%20ceremonies%23Groomsmen", "prenuptial%20agreement", "Tax%20return%20%28United%20States%29", "Admiral%20%28United%20States%29", "Rear%20Admiral%20%28lower%20half%29", "Captain%20%28United%20States%20O-6%29", "veteran%27s%20pension", "Silver%20Star", "Legion%20of%20Merit", "Distinguished%20Flying%20Cross%20%28United%20States%29", "Bronze%20Star%20Medal", "Purple%20Heart", "Commendation%20Medal", "Prisoner%20of%20War%20Medal", "House%20and%20Senate%20career%20of%20John%20McCain%2C%20until%202000%23U.S.%20Congressman", "Hensley%20%26amp%3B%20Co.", "Jim%20Hensley", "Anheuser-Busch", "Charles%20Keating%20Jr.", "Fife%20Symington%20III", "Arizona%27s%201st%20congressional%20district", "John%20Jacob%20Rhodes", "carpetbagger", "Phoenix%20Gazette", "United%20States%20House%20Committee%20on%20Natural%20Resources", "Martin%20Luther%20King%20Jr.%20Day", "Ronald%20Reagan", "Reaganomics", "foreign%20policy%20of%20the%20Reagan%20administration", "Foreign%20policy%20of%20the%20Reagan%20administration%23Cold%20War", "Foreign%20policy%20of%20the%20Reagan%20administration%23Latin%20America", "Contras", "Multinational%20Force%20in%20Lebanon", "1983%20Beirut%20barracks%20bombing", "United%20States%20House%20Committee%20on%20Foreign%20Affairs", "Chile", "Government%20Junta%20of%20Chile%20%281973%29", "Augusto%20Pinochet", "Meghan%20McCain", "Bangladesh", "Mother%20Teresa", "House%20and%20Senate%20career%20of%20John%20McCain%2C%20until%202000%23U.S.%20Senator", "Richard%20Kimball", "Conservatism%20in%20the%20United%20States", "Barry%20Goldwater", "List%20of%20United%20States%20Senators%20from%20Arizona", "United%20States%20Senate%20Committee%20on%20Armed%20Services", "United%20States%20Senate%20Committee%20on%20Commerce%2C%20Science%20and%20Transportation", "United%20States%20Senate%20Committee%20on%20Indian%20Affairs", "Indian%20Gaming%20Regulatory%20Act", "Native%20American%20gambling%20enterprises", "Gramm-Rudman", "1988%20Republican%20National%20Convention", "short%20list", "George%20H.%20W.%20Bush", "House%20and%20Senate%20career%20of%20John%20McCain%2C%20until%202000%23Keating%20Five%20scandal", "Keating%20Five", "Charles%20Keating%20Jr.", "Lincoln%20Savings%20and%20Loan%20Association", "Senate%20Ethics%20Committee", "civil%20rights", "Evan%20Mecham", "House%20and%20Senate%20career%20of%20John%20McCain%2C%20until%202000%23A%20maverick%20senator", "Senate%20Select%20Committee%20on%20POW/MIA%20Affairs", "John%20Kerry", "Vietnam%20War%20POW/MIA%20issue", "missing%20in%20action", "International%20Republican%20Institute", "Stephen%20Breyer", "Ruth%20Bader%20Ginsburg", "U.S.%20Supreme%20Court", "Robert%20Bork", "Clarence%20Thomas", "Russ%20Feingold", "campaign%20finance%20reform", "soft%20money", "media%20bias", "Bipartisan%20Campaign%20Reform%20Act", "Filibuster%20in%20the%20United%20States%20Senate", "wikt%3Amaverick", "Operation%20Gothic%20Serpent", "pork%20barrel", "Line%20Item%20Veto%20Act%20of%201996", "United%20States%20Supreme%20Court", "1996%20United%20States%20presidential%20election", "short%20list", "Bob%20Dole", "Time%20%28magazine%29", "tobacco%20industry", "Clinton%20administration", "cloture", "impeachment%20of%20Bill%20Clinton", "perjury", "obstruction%20of%20justice", "1999%20NATO%20bombing%20of%20the%20Federal%20Republic%20of%20Yugoslavia", "Kosovo%20War", "Profile%20in%20Courage%20Award", "Faith%20of%20My%20Fathers", "Mark%20Salter", "Faith%20of%20My%20Fathers%20%28film%29", "Nashua%2C%20New%20Hampshire", "Governor%20of%20Texas", "George%20W.%20Bush", "New%20Hampshire%20primary", "campaign%20bus", "town%20hall%20meeting", "South%20Carolina%20primary", "The%20Arizona%20Republic", "The%20New%20York%20Times", "Agent%20Orange", "Bill%20Clinton", "push%20poll", "plant%20%28person%29", "The%20Manchurian%20Candidate", "Arizona", "Michigan", "Virginia%20Beach", "Pat%20Robertson", "Jerry%20Falwell", "Virginia", "Super%20Tuesday", "Presidency%20of%20George%20W.%20Bush", "HMO", "McCain%E2%80%93Feingold", "Economic%20Growth%20and%20Tax%20Relief%20Reconciliation%20Act%20of%202001", "Jim%20Jeffords", "political%20capital", "September%2011%2C%202001%2C%20attacks", "War%20in%20Afghanistan%20%282001%E2%80%93present%29", "Joe%20Lieberman", "9/11%20Commission", "Fritz%20Hollings", "Aviation%20and%20Transportation%20Security%20Act", "airport%20security", "Bipartisan%20Campaign%20Reform%20Act", "Iraq", "Iraq%20Resolution", "Donald%20Rumsfeld", "Climate%20Stewardship%20Acts", "cap%20and%20trade", "greenhouse%20gases", "Barack%20Obama", "2004%20United%20States%20presidential%20election", "John%20Kerry", "2004%20Republican%20National%20Convention", "War%20on%20Terror", "Stuart%20Starky", "Gang%20of%2014", "filibuster", "Supreme%20Court%20of%20the%20United%20States", "John%20Roberts", "Samuel%20Alito", "Tax%20Increase%20Prevention%20and%20Reconciliation%20Act%20of%202005", "Ted%20Kennedy", "Secure%20America%20and%20Orderly%20Immigration%20Act", "Comprehensive%20Immigration%20Reform%20Act%20of%202006", "Comprehensive%20Immigration%20Reform%20Act%20of%202007", "Indian%20gaming", "Senate%20Indian%20Affairs%20Committee", "Jack%20Abramoff%20Indian%20lobbying%20scandal", "Indian%20Gaming%20Regulatory%20Act", "War%20on%20Terrorism", "Guantanamo%20Bay%20detainment%20camp", "Adolf%20Eichmann", "McCain%20Detainee%20Amendment", "FM%2034-52%20Intelligence%20Interrogation", "Time%20%28magazine%29", "waterboarding", "Chairman%20of%20the%20Joint%20Chiefs%20of%20Staff", "Richard%20Myers", "Iraq%20troop%20surge%20of%202007", "University%20of%20Virginia", "Larry%20Sabato", "Portsmouth%2C%20New%20Hampshire", "Mayor%20of%20New%20York%20City", "Rudy%20Giuliani", "Nationwide%20opinion%20polling%20for%20the%20Republican%20Party%202008%20presidential%20candidates", "Comprehensive%20Immigration%20Reform%20Act%20of%202007", "Nationwide%20opinion%20polling%20for%20the%20Republican%20Party%202008%20presidential%20candidates", "Underdog%20%28competition%29", "The%20Boston%20Globe", "New%20Hampshire%20Union%20Leader", "Independent%20Democrat", "Iowa%20Republican%20caucuses%2C%202008", "Governor%20of%20Arkansas", "Mike%20Huckabee", "New%20Hampshire%20Republican%20primary%2C%202008", "Governor%20of%20Massachusetts", "Mitt%20Romney", "South%20Carolina%20Republican%20primary%2C%202008", "Tennessee", "Fred%20Thompson", "Florida%20Republican%20primary%2C%202008", "Delegate%20%28American%20politics%29", "Super%20Tuesday%20%282008%29", "Republican%20Party%20%28United%20States%29%20presidential%20primaries%2C%202008", "United%20States%20Constitution", "natural-born%20citizen", "List%20of%20United%20States%20Presidents%20by%20age", "melanoma", "Barack%20Obama", "Hillary%20Clinton", "Democratic%20Party%20%28United%20States%29%20presidential%20primaries%2C%202008", "lobbyist", "conflict%20of%20interest", "presumptive%20nominee", "town%20hall%20meetings", "United%20States%20presidential%20election%20debates%2C%202008", "Steve%20Schmidt", "Rick%20Davis%20%28politics%29", "United%20States%20Intelligence%20Community", "Campaign%20finance%20in%20the%20United%20States%23Public%20financing%20of%20campaigns", "Governor%20of%20Alaska", "Sarah%20Palin", "Walter%20Mondale", "Geraldine%20Ferraro", "2008%20Republican%20National%20Convention", "Saint%20Paul%2C%20Minnesota", "New%20York%20Times", "David%20Brooks%20%28commentator%29", "Vox%20%28website%29", "Tea%20Party%20movement", "Joe%20Lieberman", "United%20States%20presidential%20election%20debates%2C%202008", "Proposed%20bailout%20of%20U.S.%20financial%20system%20%282008%29", "subprime%20mortgage%20crisis", "Liquidity%20crisis%20of%20September%202008", "Joe%20the%20Plumber", "Jeremiah%20Wright%20controversy", "Bill%20Ayers%20presidential%20election%20controversy", "electoral%20college%20votes", "battleground%20state", "Senate%20career%20of%20John%20McCain%2C%202001%E2%80%932014%23Activities%20after%20Obama%20election%20to%20presidency", "United%20States%20Senate%20election%20in%20Arizona%2C%202010", "American%20Recovery%20and%20Reinvestment%20Act%20of%202009", "Sonia%20Sotomayor", "War%20in%20Afghanistan%20%282001%E2%80%93present%29", "U.S.%20missile%20defense%20complex%20in%20Poland", "Obama%20health%20care%20plan", "Filibuster%20in%20the%20United%20States%20Senate", "Don%27t%20ask%2C%20don%27t%20tell", "J.%20D.%20Hayworth", "United%20States%20Senate%20election%20in%20Arizona%2C%202010", "Tea%20Party%20movement", "Guant%C3%A1namo%20Bay%20detention%20camp", "Patient%20Protection%20and%20Affordable%20Care%20Act", "Arizona%20SB%201070", "Tucson%2C%20Arizona", "111th%20Congress", "Tax%20Relief%2C%20Unemployment%20Insurance%20Reauthorization%2C%20and%20Job%20Creation%20Act%20of%202010", "DREAM%20Act", "New%20START%20Treaty", "112th%20Congress", "United%20States%20Senate%20Committee%20on%20Armed%20Services", "Arab%20Spring", "Hosni%20Mubarak", "2011%20military%20intervention%20in%20Libya", "Anti-Gaddafi%20forces", "National%20Transitional%20Council", "Benghazi", "War%20Powers%20Resolution%23Libya%20intervention%20in%202011", "Budget%20Control%20Act%20of%202011", "United%20States%20debt-ceiling%20crisis%20of%202011", "Carl%20Levin", "National%20Defense%20Authorization%20Act%20for%20Fiscal%20Year%202012", "Military%20Commissions%20Act%20of%202006", "Republican%20Party%20presidential%20primaries%2C%202012", "Mitt%20Romney", "Greek%20tragedy", "super%20PAC", "Citizens%20United%20v.%20Federal%20Election%20Commission", "Huma%20Abedin", "Muslim%20Brotherhood", "attack%20on%20the%20U.S.%20diplomatic%20mission%20in%20Benghazi", "Watergate%20scandal", "Susan%20Rice", "Syrian%20civil%20war", "Free%20Syrian%20Army", "no-fly%20zone", "2013%20Ghouta%20chemical%20weapons%20attack", "Bashar%20al-Assad", "Rand%20Paul", "Ted%20Cruz", "Justin%20Amash", "Gang%20of%20Eight%20%28immigration%29", "Border%20Security%2C%20Economic%20Opportunity%2C%20and%20Immigration%20Modernization%20Act%20of%202013", "nuclear%20option", "Harry%20Reid", "United%20States%20federal%20government%20shutdown%20of%202013", "United%20States%20debt-ceiling%20crisis%20of%202013", "Continuing%20Appropriations%20Act%2C%202014", "Bipartisan%20Budget%20Act%20of%202013", "Arizona%20Republican%20Party", "Islamic%20State%20in%20Iraq%20and%20the%20Levant", "Northern%20Iraq%20offensive%20%28June%202014%29", "Euromaidan", "Viktor%20Yanukovych", "Maidan%20Nezalezhnosti", "Kiev", "2014%20Russian%20military%20intervention%20in%20Ukraine", "International%20sanctions%20during%20the%202014%20pro-Russian%20unrest%20in%20Ukraine", "Colleen%20Bell", "Noah%20Mamet", "George%20James%20Tsunis", "Senate%20Intelligence%20Committee%20report%20on%20CIA%20torture", "Cuba%E2%80%93United%20States%20relations", "114th%20United%20States%20Congress", "United%20States%20Senate%20Committee%20on%20Armed%20Services", "Goldwater-Nichols%20Act%20of%201986", "Under%20Secretary%20of%20Defense%20for%20Acquisition%2C%20Technology%20and%20Logistics", "Jack%20Reed%20%28politician%29", "United%20States%20Senate%20election%20in%20Arizona%2C%202016", "Joint%20Comprehensive%20Plan%20of%20Action", "Saudi%20Arabian-led%20intervention%20in%20Yemen", "Shia%20Islam", "Houthis", "Ali%20Abdullah%20Saleh", "2016%20Orlando%20nightclub%20shooting", "Republican%20Party%20presidential%20primaries%2C%202016", "Donald%20Trump", "Mitt%20Romney%27s%202016%20anti-Trump%20speech", "Donald%20Trump%20presidential%20campaign%2C%202016", "Kelli%20Ward", "Ann%20Kirkpatrick", "Donald%20Trump%20Access%20Hollywood%20controversy", "write%20in", "Trump%E2%80%93Russia%20dossier", "Christopher%20Steele", "James%20Comey", "Tbilisi", "Georgia%20%28country%29", "United%20States", "United%20States%20Department%20of%20State", "Senate%20Armed%20Services%20Committee", "James%20R.%20Clapper%20Jr.", "Director%20of%20National%20Intelligence", "Michael%20S.%20Rogers", "National%20Security%20Agency", "United%20States%20Cyber%20Command", "2017%20United%20States%E2%80%93Saudi%20Arabia%20arms%20deal", "Medicaid", "China", "2010%20Nobel%20Peace%20Prize", "Liu%20Xiaobo", "2017%20Rohingya%20persecution%20in%20Myanmar", "Persecution%20of%20Muslims%20in%20Myanmar", "Myanmar", "craniotomy", "Mayo%20Clinic%23Locations", "Senate%20Majority%20Leader", "Mitch%20McConnell", "American%20Health%20Care%20Act%20of%202017", "glioblastoma", "brain%20tumor", "melanoma", "Donald%20Trump", "party-line%20vote", "diverticulitis", "United%20States%20Senate%20Committee%20on%20Armed%20Services", "United%20States%20Senate%20Committee%20on%20Homeland%20Security%20and%20Governmental%20Affairs", "United%20States%20Senate%20Homeland%20Security%20Permanent%20Subcommittee%20on%20Investigations", "United%20States%20Senate%20Homeland%20Security%20Subcommittee%20on%20Financial%20and%20Contracting%20Oversight", "United%20States%20Senate%20Committee%20on%20Indian%20Affairs", "United%20States%20Senate%20Select%20Committee%20on%20Intelligence", "United%20States%20Congressional%20International%20Conservation%20Caucus", "Senate%20Ukraine%20Caucus", "Republican%20Main%20Street%20Partnership", "Mountain%20Standard%20Time", "Coordinated%20Universal%20Time", "Cornville%2C%20Arizona", "Lying%20in%20state", "Arizona%20State%20Capitol", "Phoenix%2C%20Arizona", "United%20States%20Capitol%20rotunda", "United%20States%20Capitol", "Washington%20National%20Cathedral", "Episcopal%20Church%20%28United%20States%29", "Southern%20Baptist%20Convention", "President%20of%20the%20United%20States", "George%20W.%20Bush", "Barack%20Obama", "Donald%20Trump", "Governor%20of%20Alaska", "Sarah%20Palin", "Vice%20President%20of%20the%20United%20States", "Joe%20Biden", "Russ%20Feingold", "United%20States%20Secretary%20of%20Defense", "William%20Cohen", "Warren%20Beatty", "Vladimir%20Vladimirovich%20Kara-Murza", "Secretary%20General%20of%20NATO", "Jens%20Stoltenberg", "President%20of%20Ukraine", "Petro%20Poroshenko", "Speaker%20of%20the%20Taiwanese%20Congress", "Su%20Jia-chyuan", "National%20Defense%20Minister%20of%20Canada", "Harjit%20Sajjan", "Minister%20of%20Defence%20%28Estonia%29", "J%C3%BCri%20Luik", "Foreign%20Minister%20of%20Estonia", "Sven%20Mikser", "Ministry%20of%20Foreign%20Affairs%20%28Latvia%29", "Edgars%20Rink%C4%93vi%C4%8Ds", "Foreign%20Minister%20of%20Lithuania", "Linas%20Antanas%20Linkevi%C4%8Dius", "Foreign%20Affairs%20Minister%20of%20Saudi%20Arabia", "Adel%20al-Jubeir", "Barack%20Obama", "George%20W.%20Bush", "Henry%20Kissinger", "Joe%20Lieberman", "Meghan%20McCain", "The%20New%20Yorker", "George%20H.W.%20Bush", "John%20F.%20Kelly", "James%20Mattis", "Bob%20Dole", "Madeleine%20Albright", "John%20Kerry", "Mitch%20McConnell", "Paul%20Ryan", "Nancy%20Pelosi", "Chuck%20Schumer", "Mitt%20Romney", "Lindsey%20Graham", "Jeff%20Flake", "Elizabeth%20Warren", "Jon%20Huntsman%20Jr.", "Ivanka%20Trump", "Jared%20Kushner", "Meghan%20McCain", "Carl%20Bernstein", "Tom%20Brokaw", "Charlie%20Rose", "Warren%20Beatty", "Annette%20Benning", "Jay%20Leno", "Joy%20Behar", "Annapolis%2C%20Maryland", "Naval%20Academy%20Chapel", "United%20States%20Naval%20Academy%20Cemetery", "Charles%20R.%20Larson", "Twitter", "Tom%20Hanks", "Whoopi%20Goldberg", "Ellen%20DeGeneres", "Reese%20Witherspoon", "Jimmy%20Kimmel", "Khloe%20Kardashian", "Doug%20Ducey", "United%20States%20Senate%20special%20election%20in%20Arizona%2C%202020", "Jon%20Kyl", "Cindy%20McCain", "Jon%20Kyl", "Matt%20Salmon", "John%20Shadegg", "Jimmy%20Carter", "George%20H.%20W.%20Bush", "Bill%20Clinton", "George%20W.%20Bush", "Barack%20Obama", "Joe%20Biden", "Mike%20Pence", "Richard%20Nixon", "Tricia%20Nixon%20Cox", "Julie%20Nixon%20Eisenhower", "Emmanuel%20Macron", "Tsai%20Ing-wen", "Petro%20Poroshenko", "Volodymyr%20Groysman", "Scott%20Morrison", "Malcolm%20Turnbull", "Theresa%20May", "David%20Cameron", "Justin%20Trudeau", "Stephen%20Harper", "Angela%20Merkel", "Heiko%20Maas", "Benjamin%20Netanyahu", "Narendra%20Modi", "Abdullah%20Abdullah", "Shah%20Mehmood%20Qureshi", "14th%20Dalai%20Lama", "Nguy%E1%BB%85n%20Qu%E1%BB%91c%20C%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng", "H%E1%BB%8Fa%20L%C3%B2%20Prison", "United%20States%E2%80%93Vietnam%20relations", "Lindsey%20Graham", "Meghan%20McCain", "70th%20Primetime%20Emmy%20Awards", "Aretha%20Franklin", "Saturday%20Night%20Live", "Parks%20and%20Recreation", "24%20%28TV%20series%29", "Lorne%20Michaels", "Senate%20Minority%20Leader", "Chuck%20Schumer", "Russell%20Senate%20Office%20Building", "Method%20ringing%23%26quot%3BPerformances%26quot%3B", "Grandsire", "Washington%20National%20Cathedral", "Bells%20of%20Congress", "Old%20Post%20Office%20%28Washington%2C%20D.C.%29", "Half-mast%23United%20States", "Mitch%20McConnell", "Chuck%20Schumer", "United%20States%20Department%20of%20Defense", "American%20Legion", "AMVETS", "Veterans%27%20Access%20to%20Care%20through%20Choice%2C%20Accountability%2C%20and%20Transparency%20Act%20of%202014", "advocacy%20group", "American%20Conservative%20Union", "Americans%20for%20Democratic%20Action", "National%20Journal", "Almanac%20of%20American%20Politics", "Matthew%20Continetti", "William%20F.%20Buckley%20Jr.", "National%20Journal", "Project%20Vote%20Smart", "Chelsea%20Clinton", "Janet%20Reno", "Joe%20Lieberman", "Lindsey%20Graham", "psychoanalysis", "Julia%20Keller", "Thad%20Cochran", "Earmark%20%28politics%29", "Chicago%20Tribune", "United%20States%20Marine%20Corps", "Iraq%20War", "Meghan%20McCain", "blogging", "Twitter", "The%20View%20%28talk%20show%29", "cameo%20appearance", "Wedding%20Crashers", "24%20%28TV%20series%29", "Parks%20and%20Recreation", "Saturday%20Night%20Live", "Early%20life%20and%20military%20career%20of%20John%20McCain%23Military%20awards", "Time%20%28magazine%29", "Profile%20in%20Courage%20Award", "Russ%20Feingold", "The%20Eisenhower%20Institute", "Dwight%20D.%20Eisenhower", "Jewish%20Institute%20for%20National%20Security%20Affairs", "Henry%20M.%20Jackson", "World%20Leadership%20Forum", "Mikheil%20Saakashvili", "Georgia%20%28country%29", "Order%20of%20National%20Hero%20%28Georgia%29", "Georgians", "Ukrainian%20Orthodox%20Church%20%E2%80%93%20Kiev%20Patriarchate", "Order%20of%20St.%20Vladimir", "Allegheny%20College", "Joe%20Biden", "Petro%20Poroshenko", "President%20of%20Ukraine", "Order%20of%20Liberty%20%28Ukraine%29", "Hashim%20Tha%C3%A7i", "President%20of%20Kosovo", "Philadelphia%20Liberty%20Medal", "National%20Constitution%20Center", "Order%20of%20the%20Rising%20Sun%231st%20Class%2C%20Grand%20Cordon", "honorary%20degree", "Colgate%20University", "Doctor%20of%20Laws", "The%20Citadel%2C%20The%20Military%20College%20of%20South%20Carolina", "Doctor%20of%20Public%20Administration", "Wake%20Forest%20University", "Doctor%20of%20Laws", "University%20of%20Southern%20California", "Doctor%20of%20Humane%20Letters", "Northwestern%20University", "Doctor%20of%20Laws", "Liberty%20University", "The%20New%20School", "Royal%20Military%20College%20of%20Canada", "Military%20science", "University%20Philosophical%20Society", "Trinity%20College%20Dublin", "Faith%20of%20My%20Fathers", "Mark%20Salter", "Faith%20of%20My%20Fathers%20%28film%29", "Worth%20the%20Fighting%20For", "Why%20Courage%20Matters", "Character%20Is%20Destiny", "Hard%20Call", "Thirteen%20Soldiers", "The%20Restless%20Wave%20%28book%29", "https%3A//web.archive.org/web/20081013133940/http%3A//www.usnews.com/articles/news/world/2008/01/28/john-mccain-prisoner-of-war-a-first-person-account.html", "U.S.%20News%20%26amp%3B%20World%20Report", "The%20Library%20of%20America", "The%20Code%20of%20Conduct%20and%20the%20Vietnam%20Prisoners%20of%20War", "National%20War%20College", "http%3A//graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/politics/20080615/McCain.pdf", "Ernest%20C.%20Brace", "https%3A//web.archive.org/web/20030219/http%3A//mccain.senate.gov/speechesyr.htm", "The%20Best%20and%20the%20Brightest", "David%20Halberstam", "Harlan%20Ullman", "Max%20Cleland", "https%3A//web.archive.org/web/20080529155057/http%3A//www.popularmechanics.com/technology/military_law/3491861.html%3Fpage%3D3", "Popular%20Mechanics", "Dan%20van%20der%20Vat", "https%3A//web.archive.org/web/20080821034132/http%3A//www.foreignaffairs.org/20071101faessay86602/john-mccain/an-enduring-peace-built-on-freedom.html", "Foreign%20Affairs", "Electoral%20history%20of%20John%20McCain", "List%20of%20United%20States%20Senators%20born%20outside%20the%20United%20States", "John%20Wiley%20%26amp%3B%20Sons", "David%20Brock", "Anchor%20Books", "Elizabeth%20Drew", "Simon%20%26amp%3B%20Schuster", "Millbrook%20Press", "Reader%27s%20Digest%20Press", "Lexington%20Books", "Mark%20Salter", "Faith%20of%20My%20Fathers", "Random%20House", "Worth%20the%20Fighting%20For", "Random%20House", "Stuart%20Rochester", "Naval%20Institute%20Press", "The%20Real%20McCain", "PoliPoint%20Press", "Robert%20Timberg", "Touchstone%20Books", "https%3A//www.amazon.com/dp/product-description/0684826739", "The%20Nightingale%27s%20Song", "Simon%20%26amp%3B%20Schuster", "https%3A//www.nytimes.com/books/first/t/timberg-mccain.html", "Palgrave%20Macmillan", "https%3A//web.archive.org/web/19990508184631/http%3A//mccain.senate.gov/", "http%3A//www.johnmccain.com/", "Sean%20Wilentz", "https%3A//www.britannica.com/biography/John-McCain", "Encyclop%C3%A6dia%20Britannica", "https%3A//www.pbs.org/weta/finding-your-roots/blog/john-mccains-interactive-family-tree/" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 14, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 19, 20, 21, 21, 22, 23, 26, 26, 27, 27, 27, 27, 27, 28, 28, 28, 29, 29, 29, 29, 29, 29, 29, 29, 29, 30, 30, 31, 31, 31, 31, 31, 31, 31, 31, 31, 34, 34, 34, 34, 34, 34, 34, 34, 34, 34, 36, 36, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 39, 39, 39, 41, 41, 41, 41, 41, 42, 42, 42, 42, 42, 42, 43, 43, 43, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 45, 46, 46, 46, 46, 46, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 49, 49, 49, 49, 49, 50, 50, 50, 50, 51, 51, 51, 53, 53, 53, 53, 53, 53, 54, 54, 54, 56, 56, 56, 57, 57, 57, 57, 58, 58, 58, 59, 59, 59, 59, 61, 61, 61, 61, 61, 61, 61, 64, 64, 64, 64, 64, 64, 65, 65, 65, 65, 65, 65, 65, 66, 67, 67, 67, 68, 68, 68, 68, 69, 69, 69, 69, 70, 72, 72, 72, 72, 72, 73, 73, 73, 73, 73, 74, 74, 74, 74, 75, 75, 75, 75, 75, 75, 75, 76, 76, 76, 76, 76, 78, 79, 79, 79, 80, 80, 81, 81, 81, 81, 81, 81, 81, 82, 82, 82, 82, 82, 82, 83, 84, 84, 84, 85, 85, 85, 86, 87, 87, 87, 87, 87, 88, 88, 88, 88, 88, 88, 89, 90, 90, 90, 90, 90, 90, 91, 91, 91, 91, 91, 92, 92, 92, 92, 93, 93, 93, 94, 94, 97, 97, 98, 98, 98, 99, 99, 99, 99, 100, 100, 100, 100, 101, 101, 101, 102, 102, 102, 102, 104, 104, 104, 104, 104, 104, 104, 104, 104, 104, 104, 104, 104, 104, 105, 105, 105, 105, 105, 105, 105, 107, 107, 107, 108, 108, 108, 108, 108, 108, 108, 108, 109, 109, 109, 109, 110, 110, 110, 110, 110, 110, 110, 111, 111, 111, 111, 111, 111, 111, 111, 111, 111, 111, 112, 112, 112, 112, 112, 112, 112, 112, 112, 112, 112, 113, 114, 114, 114, 114, 115, 115, 115, 115, 116, 116, 116, 117, 117, 117, 117, 119, 119, 119, 119, 119, 119, 120, 121, 122, 122, 122, 123, 123, 123, 126, 126, 126, 126, 126, 126, 126, 126, 127, 129, 130, 132, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 140, 145, 146, 148, 148, 148, 149, 149, 149, 149, 149, 149, 149, 149, 149, 149, 149, 149, 149, 149, 149, 149, 149, 149, 149, 149, 149, 150, 150, 150, 150, 150, 150, 150, 150, 150, 150, 150, 150, 150, 150, 150, 150, 150, 150, 151, 151, 151, 151, 151, 151, 152, 152, 152, 152, 152, 152, 152, 152, 152, 152, 152, 152, 152, 152, 152, 152, 152, 152, 152, 152, 152, 152, 152, 152, 152, 153, 153, 153, 153, 154, 154, 154, 154, 154, 154, 154, 155, 155, 155, 155, 155, 155, 155, 157, 157, 157, 157, 157, 157, 157, 157, 157, 157, 157, 157, 157, 157, 157, 157, 157, 157, 157, 157, 157, 157, 157, 157, 157, 157, 157, 157, 158, 158, 158, 158, 159, 159, 159, 159, 159, 159, 160, 160, 160, 160, 160, 160, 160, 160, 162, 162, 162, 162, 162, 162, 163, 165, 165, 165, 166, 166, 167, 167, 167, 168, 173, 173, 173, 173, 174, 174, 174, 174, 174, 175, 175, 175, 175, 175, 175, 176, 176, 176, 176, 176, 178, 179, 180, 180, 180, 180, 180, 180, 180, 180, 180, 180, 180, 180, 180, 180, 180, 180, 180, 180, 180, 180, 180, 180, 180, 181, 181, 181, 181, 181, 181, 181, 181, 181, 181, 181, 181, 181, 181, 181, 181, 181, 185, 185, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 193, 193, 193, 194, 194, 194, 195, 196, 198, 198, 199, 200, 201, 201, 202, 203, 203, 205, 206, 208, 209, 209, 210, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 214, 214, 215, 215, 216, 216, 217, 217, 218, 218, 218, 219, 219, 219, 220, 222, 223, 224, 224, 224, 225 ], "start": [ 124, 151, 232, 283, 306, 344, 376, 26, 66, 95, 127, 150, 178, 208, 243, 304, 335, 415, 442, 497, 542, 668, 35, 203, 362, 375, 396, 591, 618, 717, 801, 827, 855, 893, 946, 32, 88, 130, 170, 357, 464, 556, 572, 603, 676, 27, 277, 343, 55, 90, 126, 161, 247, 270, 30, 46, 106, 186, 202, 85, 124, 188, 215, 277, 77, 213, 255, 554, 594, 0, 70, 125, 283, 326, 361, 390, 404, 743, 47, 85, 99, 212, 250, 280, 31, 87, 420, 449, 501, 533, 17, 98, 121, 166, 289, 460, 256, 365, 24, 477, 198, 327, 44, 84, 68, 102, 126, 267, 436, 0, 294, 333, 26, 60, 84, 103, 502, 520, 543, 674, 799, 99, 222, 34, 104, 229, 246, 264, 298, 322, 341, 392, 0, 239, 276, 296, 499, 542, 690, 784, 867, 941, 110, 196, 77, 118, 207, 266, 311, 374, 432, 587, 710, 815, 852, 873, 58, 242, 271, 0, 113, 202, 249, 297, 38, 138, 165, 400, 461, 541, 83, 152, 217, 29, 118, 223, 265, 893, 1192, 1262, 34, 29, 125, 161, 246, 775, 71, 90, 153, 361, 377, 267, 284, 364, 678, 757, 782, 10, 129, 187, 251, 382, 7, 59, 140, 171, 324, 597, 694, 162, 282, 294, 422, 528, 642, 33, 72, 309, 71, 334, 349, 22, 106, 166, 749, 1, 176, 554, 78, 238, 287, 518, 125, 137, 184, 244, 262, 481, 568, 43, 107, 164, 288, 490, 880, 10, 69, 124, 177, 226, 258, 316, 56, 60, 251, 585, 55, 108, 148, 377, 7, 186, 322, 432, 106, 38, 137, 433, 478, 495, 60, 180, 356, 437, 635, 51, 157, 254, 352, 125, 227, 415, 483, 749, 1180, 1306, 109, 147, 554, 636, 687, 104, 840, 863, 880, 94, 468, 78, 578, 602, 718, 810, 851, 872, 48, 101, 127, 261, 362, 394, 29, 58, 75, 89, 207, 265, 520, 137, 109, 126, 161, 460, 538, 33, 90, 138, 207, 273, 416, 300, 36, 52, 179, 205, 418, 457, 77, 104, 305, 362, 738, 152, 213, 306, 335, 109, 239, 347, 369, 434, 0, 281, 77, 247, 532, 71, 244, 292, 359, 89, 124, 216, 643, 42, 529, 876, 32, 80, 178, 226, 82, 180, 220, 303, 514, 588, 612, 645, 822, 1047, 1092, 1150, 1202, 1330, 7, 87, 153, 208, 302, 727, 815, 106, 295, 458, 14, 289, 356, 652, 793, 1107, 1121, 1149, 74, 184, 523, 888, 82, 127, 254, 568, 678, 944, 988, 30, 78, 132, 155, 231, 369, 477, 491, 507, 756, 1341, 4, 179, 308, 488, 666, 747, 1073, 1250, 1311, 1316, 1361, 71, 11, 105, 133, 409, 46, 176, 704, 1065, 55, 135, 311, 25, 34, 66, 170, 51, 161, 187, 222, 257, 286, 70, 530, 28, 36, 63, 26, 84, 183, 56, 70, 185, 208, 247, 399, 440, 664, 0, 255, 182, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 143, 159, 217, 7, 27, 52, 263, 278, 353, 418, 466, 618, 629, 648, 724, 748, 799, 983, 998, 1034, 1056, 1077, 1098, 1135, 52, 78, 96, 117, 135, 164, 179, 215, 230, 247, 261, 278, 302, 329, 347, 377, 408, 449, 96, 110, 126, 143, 175, 190, 276, 514, 529, 542, 552, 572, 584, 601, 612, 626, 641, 654, 670, 682, 700, 714, 731, 776, 803, 819, 835, 867, 882, 913, 927, 75, 207, 343, 445, 53, 78, 200, 217, 234, 253, 271, 17, 90, 271, 473, 495, 531, 547, 119, 133, 152, 166, 182, 223, 260, 285, 311, 332, 373, 410, 444, 480, 526, 612, 653, 691, 730, 771, 805, 840, 875, 917, 960, 1006, 1032, 1096, 38, 260, 451, 556, 7, 100, 327, 378, 405, 457, 0, 23, 105, 152, 168, 236, 356, 381, 273, 695, 715, 756, 882, 902, 573, 8, 128, 296, 18, 265, 35, 84, 443, 61, 338, 376, 803, 821, 131, 258, 599, 666, 889, 424, 439, 498, 514, 527, 737, 105, 127, 150, 188, 231, 15, 10, 27, 65, 229, 374, 625, 693, 732, 954, 977, 1004, 1069, 1092, 1148, 1180, 1240, 1306, 1328, 1408, 1435, 1453, 1659, 1682, 1772, 24, 138, 158, 170, 183, 194, 218, 242, 277, 292, 317, 338, 365, 396, 430, 495, 531, 13, 50, 133, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 12, 94, 260, 13, 102, 139, 125, 12, 40, 71, 164, 40, 12, 134, 104, 12, 92, 12, 12, 75, 12, 84, 12, 47, 78, 126, 87, 29, 44, 66, 44, 69, 12, 126, 30, 114, 12, 65, 101, 30, 55, 91, 59, 12, 12, 12, 26, 46, 12 ], "text": [ "United States senator", "Arizona", "United States House of Representatives", "Republican", "president of the United States", "2008 election", "Barack Obama", "United States Naval Academy", "received a commission", "United States Navy", "naval aviator", "ground-attack aircraft", "aircraft carriers", "Vietnam War", "1967 USS \"Forrestal\" fire", "Operation Rolling Thunder", "Hanoi", "North Vietnam", "prisoner of war", "torture", "release", "captain", "United States House of Representatives", "conservative", "LGBT rights", "gun regulations", "campaign finance reform", "Keating Five", "campaign finance reform", "McCain–Feingold Act", "diplomatic relations", "Vietnam", "Senate Commerce Committee", "pork barrel", "Gang of 14", "Republican nomination for president in 2000", "heated primary season contest", "George W. Bush", "Republican presidential nomination in 2008", "Obama administration", "Senate Armed Services Committee", "Donald Trump", "2016", "Affordable Care Act", "American Health Care Act of 2017", "brain cancer", "United States Capitol rotunda", "Washington National Cathedral", "Coco Solo", "Panama Canal Zone", "John S. McCain Jr.", "Roberta (Wright) McCain", "Joe", "Panama Canal", "Scots-Irish", "English", "John S. McCain Sr.", "admirals", "United States Navy", "Northern Virginia", "Episcopal High School", "Alexandria", "wrestling", "Episcopalian", "United States Naval Academy", "bullying", "boxer", "class rank", "IQ", "McCain began his early military career", "ensign", "Pensacola", "ground-attack aircraft", "A-1 Skyraider", "aircraft carrier", "Caribbean", "Mediterranean Sea", "push the envelope", "Carol Shepp", "A-4 Skyhawk", "His combat duty", "Operation Rolling Thunder", "Vietnam War", "Gulf of Tonkin", "lieutenant commander", "USS \"Forrestal\" fire", "aircraft carrier", "Operation Rolling Thunder", "Navy Commendation Medal", "Bronze Star Medal", "prisoner of war", "North Vietnam", "A-4E Skyhawk", "Hanoi", "Trúc Bạch Lake", "Hỏa Lò Prison", "prisoner of war", "solitary confinement", "John S. McCain Jr.", "Code of Conduct", "dysentery", "U.S. \"Christmas Bombing\" campaign", "returned", "Carol", "physical therapy", "National War College", "Fort McNair", "Commanding Officer", "Meritorious Unit Commendation", "McCain served as the Navy's liaison", "supercarrier", "Carter administration", "Cindy Lou Hensley", "Phoenix, Arizona", "father", "a large beer distributorship", "William Cohen", "Gary Hart", "groomsmen", "prenuptial agreement", "income tax returns", "full admiral", "rear admiral", "captain", "disability pension", "Silver Star", "Legion of Merit", "Distinguished Flying Cross", "Bronze Star Medal", "Purple Heart", "Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medals", "Prisoner of War Medal", "McCain set his sights on becoming a representative", "Hensley & Co.", "Jim Hensley", "Anheuser-Busch", "Charles Keating Jr.", "Fife Symington III", "Arizona's 1st congressional district", "John Jacob Rhodes", "carpetbagger", "Phoenix Gazette", "House Committee on Interior Affairs", "Martin Luther King Jr. Day", "Ronald Reagan", "Reaganomics", "foreign policy of the Reagan administration", "hardline stance against the Soviet Union", "policy towards Central American conflicts", "Contras", "deployed in Lebanon", "1983 Beirut barracks bombing", "House Foreign Affairs Committee", "Chile", "junta", "Augusto Pinochet", "Meghan", "Bangladesh", "Mother Teresa", "McCain's Senate career began", "Richard Kimball", "American conservative", "Barry Goldwater", "U.S. senator from Arizona", "Armed Services Committee", "Commerce Committee", "Indian Affairs Committee", "Indian Gaming Regulatory Act", "Native American gambling enterprises", "Gramm-Rudman", "1988 Republican National Convention", "short list", "George H. W. Bush", "scandal", "Keating Five", "Charles Keating Jr.", "Lincoln Savings and Loan Association", "Senate Ethics Committee", "civil rights", "Evan Mecham", "independence", "Senate Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs", "John Kerry", "Vietnam War POW/MIA issue", "missing in action", "International Republican Institute", "Stephen Breyer", "Ruth Bader Ginsburg", "U.S. Supreme Court", "Robert Bork", "Clarence Thomas", "Russ Feingold", "campaign finance reform", "soft money", "media bias", "McCain–Feingold Act", "filibustered", "maverick", "military operations in Somalia", "pork barrel", "Line Item Veto Act of 1996", "Supreme Court", "1996 presidential election", "short list", "Bob Dole", "Time", "tobacco industry", "Clinton administration", "cloture", "February 1999 Senate trial following the impeachment of Bill Clinton", "perjury", "obstruction of justice", "NATO bombing campaign against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia", "Kosovo War", "Profile in Courage Award", "Faith of My Fathers", "Mark Salter", "made into a TV film", "Nashua, New Hampshire", "Texas Governor", "George W. Bush", "New Hampshire primary", "campaign bus", "town hall meeting", "South Carolina primary", "The Arizona Republic", "The New York Times", "Agent Orange", "Bill Clinton", "push poll", "plants", "Manchurian Candidate", "Arizona", "Michigan", "Virginia Beach", "Pat Robertson", "Jerry Falwell", "Virginia", "Super Tuesday", "George W. Bush administration", "HMO", "McCain–Feingold", "Bush tax cuts", "Jim Jeffords", "political capital", "September 11, 2001, attacks", "U.S.-led war in Afghanistan", "Joe Lieberman", "9/11 Commission", "Fritz Hollings", "Aviation and Transportation Security Act", "airport security", "Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act", "Iraq", "Iraq War Resolution", "Donald Rumsfeld", "Climate Stewardship Act", "cap and trade", "greenhouse gas", "Barack Obama", "2004 U.S. presidential election campaign", "John Kerry", "2004 Republican National Convention", "War on Terror", "Stuart Starky", "Gang of 14", "filibuster", "Supreme Court", "John Roberts", "Samuel Alito", "Bush tax cut extension", "Ted Kennedy", "Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act", "Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006", "Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007", "Indian gaming", "Senate Indian Affairs Committee", "Jack Abramoff Indian lobbying scandal", "Indian Gaming Regulatory Act", "War on Terror", "Guantánamo Bay", "Adolf Eichmann", "McCain Detainee Amendment", "U.S. Army Field Manual on Interrogation", "Time", "waterboarding", "Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff", "Richard Myers", "Iraq troop surge of 2007", "University of Virginia", "Larry Sabato", "Portsmouth, New Hampshire", "Mayor of New York City", "Rudy Giuliani", "national Republican polls", "Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007", "often running third or fourth with 15 percent or less support.", "underdog", "The Boston Globe", "New Hampshire Union Leader", "Independent Democrat", "Iowa caucuses", "Governor of Arkansas", "Mike Huckabee", "New Hampshire primary", "Governor of Massachusetts", "Mitt Romney", "South Carolina primary", "Tennessee", "Fred Thompson", "Florida primary", "delegates", "Super Tuesday", "Republican primaries", "United States Constitution", "natural-born citizen", "oldest person to become president", "melanoma", "Barack Obama", "Hillary Clinton", "battle for the Democratic nomination", "lobbyist", "conflicts of interest", "presumptive nominee", "town hall meetings", "more traditional debates", "Steve Schmidt", "Rick Davis", "U.S. intelligence", "public financing", "Alaska Governor", "Sarah Palin", "Walter Mondale", "Geraldine Ferraro", "2008 Republican National Convention", "Saint Paul, Minnesota", "New York Times", "David Brooks", "Vox", "Tea Party movement", "Joe Lieberman", "general election debates with Obama", "proposed U.S. financial system bailout", "subprime mortgage crisis", "liquidity crisis", "Joe the Plumber", "Jeremiah Wright controversy", "his purported relationship with Bill Ayers", "electoral votes", "battleground state", "Following his defeat, McCain returned to the Senate", "for re-election to his Senate seat in 2010", "Obama economic stimulus package of 2009", "Sonia Sotomayor", "War in Afghanistan", "U.S. missile defense complex in Poland", "Obama health care plan", "filibuster", "Don't ask, don't tell", "J. D. Hayworth", "2010 U.S. Senate election in Arizona", "Tea Party movement", "Guantánamo Bay detention camp", "Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act", "Arizona SB 1070", "Tucson", "111th Congress", "Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010", "DREAM Act", "New START Treaty", "112th Congress", "Senate Armed Services Committee", "Arab Spring", "Hosni Mubarak", "2011 military intervention in Libya", "Anti-Gaddafi forces", "National Transitional Council", "Benghazi", "authorized the military intervention", "Budget Control Act of 2011", "U.S. debt ceiling crisis", "Carl Levin", "National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012", "the U.S. military and its tribunal system", "2012 Republican Party presidential primaries", "Mitt Romney", "Greek tragedy", "super PAC", "Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission", "Huma Abedin", "Muslim Brotherhood", "attack on the U.S. diplomatic mission in Benghazi", "Watergate scandal", "Susan Rice", "Syrian civil war", "Free Syrian Army", "no-fly zone", "2013 Ghouta chemical weapons attack", "Bashar al-Assad", "Rand Paul", "Ted Cruz", "Justin Amash", "Gang of Eight", "Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013", "nuclear option", "Harry Reid", "U.S. federal government shutdown of 2013", "U.S. debt-ceiling crisis of 2013", "Continuing Appropriations Act, 2014", "Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013", "Arizona Republican Party", "Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant", "2014 Northern Iraq offensive", "Euromaidan", "Viktor Yanukovych", "Independence Square", "Kiev", "2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine", "sanctions imposed against Russia", "Colleen Bell", "Noah Mamet", "George Tsunis", "Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture", "relations with Cuba", "114th United States Congress", "Armed Services Committee", "Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986", "Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics", "Jack Reed", "Arizona's 2016 Senate election", "Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action", "Saudi Arabian-led military intervention in Yemen", "Shia", "Houthis", "Ali Abdullah Saleh", "2016 Orlando nightclub shooting", "2016 Republican primaries", "Donald Trump", "Mitt Romney's 2016 anti-Trump speech", "Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016", "Kelli Ward", "Ann Kirkpatrick", "Donald Trump \"Access Hollywood\" controversy", "write in", "dossier regarding the Trump presidential campaign's links to Russia", "Christopher Steele", "James Comey", "Tbilisi", "Georgia", "United States", "State Department", "Senate Armed Services Committee", "James R. Clapper Jr.", "Director of National Intelligence", "Michael S. Rogers", "National Security Agency", "United States Cyber Command", "arms deal with Saudi Arabia", "Medicaid", "Chinese", "Nobel Peace Prize", "Liu Xiaobo", "Rohingya crisis in Myanmar", "Rohingya Muslim minority", "Myanmar", "craniotomy", "Mayo Clinic Hospital", "Senate Majority Leader", "Mitch McConnell", "Better Care Reconciliation Act", "glioblastoma", "brain tumor", "melanoma", "President Trump", "party-line voting", "diverticulitis", "Committee on Armed Services", "Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs", "Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations", "Subcommittee on Financial and Contracting Oversight", "Committee on Indian Affairs", "Committee on Intelligence", "International Conservation Caucus", "Senate Ukraine Caucus", "Republican Main Street Partnership", "MST", "UTC", "Cornville, Arizona", "lay in state", "Arizona State Capitol", "Phoenix", "rotunda", "United States Capitol", "Washington National Cathedral", "Episcopalian", "Southern Baptist", "Presidents", "George W. Bush", "Barack Obama", "Donald Trump", "Alaska Governor", "Sarah Palin", "Vice President", "Joe Biden", "Russ Feingold", "Secretary of Defense", "William Cohen", "Warren Beatty", "Vladimir Vladimirovich Kara-Murza", "Secretary General of NATO", "Jens Stoltenberg", "President of Ukraine", "Petro Poroshenko", "Speaker of Taiwan's Congress", "Su Jia-chyuan", "National Defense Minister of Canada", "Harjit Sajjan", "Defense Minister", "Jüri Luik", "Foreign Minister", "Sven Mikser", "Foreign Minister of Latvia", "Edgars Rinkēvičs", "Foreign Minister of Lithuania", "Linas Antanas Linkevičius", "Foreign Affairs Minister of Saudi Arabia", "Adel al-Jubeir", "Barack Obama", "George W. Bush", "Henry Kissinger", "Joe Lieberman", "Meghan McCain", "The New Yorker", "George H.W. Bush", "John F. Kelly", "John Mattis", "Bob Dole", "Madeleine Albright", "John Kerry", "Mitch McConnell", "Paul Ryan", "Nancy Pelosi", "Chuck Schumer", "Mitt Romney", "Lindsey Graham", "Jeff Flake", "Elizabeth Warren", "Jon Huntsman", "Ivanka Trump", "Jared Kushner", "Meghan McCain", "Carl Bernstein", "Tom Brokaw", "Charlie Rose", "Warren Beatty", "Annette Benning", "Jay Leno", "Joy Behar", "Annapolis, Maryland", "Naval Academy Chapel", "United States Naval Academy Cemetery", "Charles R. Larson", "Twitter", "Tom Hanks", "Whoopi Goldberg", "Ellen DeGeneres", "Reese Witherspoon", "Jimmy Kimmel", "Khloe Kardashian", "Doug Ducey", "special election", "Jon Kyl", "Cindy", "Jon Kyl", "Matt Salmon", "John Shadegg", "Jimmy Carter", "George H. W. Bush", "Bill Clinton", "George W. Bush", "Barack Obama", "Joe Biden", "Mike Pence", "Richard Nixon", "Tricia Nixon Cox", "Julie Nixon Eisenhower", "Emmanuel Macron", "Tsai Ing-wen", "Petro Poroshenko", "Volodymyr Groysman", "Scott Morrison", "Malcolm Turnbull", "Theresa May", "David Cameron", "Justin Trudeau", "Stephen Harper", "Angela Merkel", "Heiko Maas", "Benjamin Netanyahu", "Narendra Modi", "Abdullah Abdullah", "Shah Mehmood Qureshi", "14th Dalai Lama", "Nguyễn Quốc Cường", "Hỏa Lò Prison", "Vietnam-US relations", "Lindsey Graham", "Meghan McCain", "70th Primetime Emmy Awards", "Aretha Franklin", "Saturday Night Live", "Parks and Recreation", "24", "Lorne Michaels", "Senate Minority Leader", "Chuck Schumer", "Russell Senate Office Building", "quarter peal", "Grandsire Caters", "Washington National Cathedral", "Bells of Congress", "Old Post Office", "half-staff", "Mitch McConnell", "Chuck Schumer", "Defense Department", "American Legion", "AMVETS", "Veterans Choice Act", "advocacy group", "American Conservative Union", "Americans for Democratic Action", "National Journal", "Almanac of American Politics", "Matthew Continetti", "William F. Buckley Jr.", "National Journal", "Project Vote Smart", "Chelsea Clinton", "Janet Reno", "Joe Lieberman", "Lindsey Graham", "psychoanalytic", "Julia Keller", "Thad Cochran", "earmarks", "Chicago Tribune", "Marines", "Iraq War", "Meghan", "blogging", "Twitter", "The View", "cameo appearance", "Wedding Crashers", "24", "Parks and Recreation", "Saturday Night Live", "his military honors and decorations", "Time", "Profile in Courage Award", "Russ Feingold", "The Eisenhower Institute", "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs", "Henry M. \"Scoop\" Jackson", "World Leadership Forum", "Mikheil Saakashvili", "Georgia", "Order of National Hero", "Georgian", "Kiev Patriarchate", "Order of St. Vladimir", "Allegheny College", "Joe Biden", "Petro Poroshenko", "President of Ukraine", "Order of Liberty", "Hashim Thaçi", "President of Kosovo", "Liberty Medal", "National Constitution Center", "Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun", "honorary degree", "Colgate University", "LL.D", "The Citadel", "DPA", "Wake Forest University", "LL.D", "University of Southern California", "DHL", "Northwestern University", "LL.D", "Liberty University", "The New School", "Royal Military College of Canada", "D.MSc", "University Philosophical Society", "Trinity College Dublin", "Faith of My Fathers", "Mark Salter", "Faith of My Fathers", "Worth the Fighting For", "Why Courage Matters", "Character Is Destiny", "Hard Call", "Thirteen Soldiers", "The Restless Wave", "\"How the POW's Fought Back\", by John S. McCain III, Lieut. Commander, U.S. Navy", "U.S. News & World Report", "The Library of America", "The Code of Conduct and the Vietnam Prisoners of War", "National War College", "actual paper", "Ernest C. Brace", "Speeches", "The Best and the Brightest", "David Halberstam", "Harlan Ullman", "Max Cleland", "Foreword", "Popular Mechanics", "Dan van der Vat", "\"An Enduring Peace Built on Freedom: Securing America's Future\" by John McCain", "Foreign Affairs", "Electoral history of John McCain", "List of United States Senators born outside the United States", "John Wiley & Sons", "Brock, David", "Anchor Books", "Drew, Elizabeth", "Simon & Schuster", "Millbrook Press", "Reader's Digest Press", "Lexington Books", "Salter, Mark", "Faith of My Fathers", "Random House", "Worth the Fighting For", "Random House", "Rochester, Stuart I.", "Naval Institute Press", "The Real McCain", "PoliPoint Press", "Timberg, Robert", "Touchstone Books", "Chapter 1", "The Nightingale's Song", "Simon & Schuster", "Chapter 1", "Palgrave Macmillan", "Senator John McCain", "John McCain for Senate", "Sean Wilentz", "\"John McCain.\"", "Encyclopædia Britannica", "Gates, H.L. John McCain's Interactive Family Tree. PBS. February 11, 2016. Accessed February 17, 2017" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "John McCain\n", "John Sidney McCain III (August 29, 1936 – August 25, 2018) was an American politician and military officer, who served as a United States senator from Arizona from January 1987 until his death. He previously served two terms in the United States House of Representatives and was the Republican nominee for president of the United States in the 2008 election, which he lost to Barack Obama.\n", "McCain graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1958 and received a commission in the United States Navy. He became a naval aviator and flew ground-attack aircraft from aircraft carriers. During the Vietnam War, he almost died in the 1967 USS \"Forrestal\" fire. While on a bombing mission during Operation Rolling Thunder over Hanoi in October 1967, he was shot down, seriously injured, and captured by the North Vietnamese. He was a prisoner of war until 1973. He experienced episodes of torture and refused an out-of-sequence early release. During the war, he sustained wounds that left him with lifelong physical disabilities. He retired from the Navy as a captain in 1981 and moved to Arizona, where he entered politics.\n", "In 1982, McCain was elected to the United States House of Representatives, where he served two terms. He entered the U.S. Senate in 1987 and easily won reelection five times. While generally adhering to conservative principles, McCain also had a reputation as a \"maverick\" for his willingness to break from his party on certain issues. His supportive stances on LGBT rights, gun regulations, and campaign finance reform were significantly more liberal than those of the party's base. McCain was investigated and largely exonerated in a political influence scandal of the 1980s as one of the Keating Five; he then made campaign finance reform one of his signature concerns, which eventually resulted in passage of the McCain–Feingold Act in 2002. He was also known for his work in the 1990s to restore diplomatic relations with Vietnam. McCain chaired the Senate Commerce Committee and opposed pork barrel spending. He belonged to the bipartisan \"Gang of 14\", which played a key role in alleviating a crisis over judicial nominations.\n", "McCain entered the race for the Republican nomination for president in 2000, but lost a heated primary season contest to Governor George W. Bush of Texas. He secured the Republican presidential nomination in 2008, but lost the general election. McCain subsequently adopted more orthodox conservative stances and attitudes and largely opposed actions of the Obama administration, especially with regard to foreign policy matters. In 2015, he became Chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee. He refused to support then-Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump in 2016. While McCain opposed the Affordable Care Act, he cast the deciding vote against the ACA-repealing American Health Care Act of 2017.\n", "After being diagnosed with brain cancer in 2017, McCain reduced his role in the Senate in order to focus on treatment. He died on August 25, 2018, four days before his 82nd birthday. Following his death, McCain lay in state in the Arizona State Capitol rotunda and then in the United States Capitol rotunda. His funeral was televised from the Washington National Cathedral, with former U.S. Presidents George W. Bush and Barack Obama giving eulogies.\n", "Section::::Early life and military career, 1936–1981.\n", "Section::::Early life and military career, 1936–1981.:Early life and education.\n", "John Sidney McCain III was born on August 29, 1936, at Coco Solo Naval Air Station in the Panama Canal Zone, to naval officer John S. McCain Jr. (1911–1981) and Roberta (Wright) McCain (b. 1912). He had an older sister Sandy and a younger brother Joe. At that time, the Panama Canal was under U.S. control.\n", "McCain's family tree includes Scots-Irish and English ancestors. His father and his paternal grandfather, John S. McCain Sr., were also Naval Academy graduates and both became four-star admirals in the United States Navy. The McCain family moved with their father as he took various naval postings in the United States and in the Pacific.\n", "As a result, he attended a total of about 20 schools. In 1951, the family settled in Northern Virginia, and McCain attended Episcopal High School, a private preparatory boarding school in Alexandria. He excelled at wrestling and graduated in 1954. He referred to himself as an Episcopalian as recently as June 2007 after which date he said he came to identify as a Baptist.\n", "Following in the footsteps of his father and grandfather, McCain entered the United States Naval Academy, where he was a friend and informal leader for many of his classmates and sometimes stood up for targets of bullying. He also fought as a lightweight boxer. McCain did well in academic subjects that interested him, such as literature and history, but studied only enough to pass subjects that gave him difficulty, such as mathematics. He came into conflict with higher-ranking personnel and did not always obey the rules, which contributed to a low class rank (894 of 899), despite a high IQ. McCain graduated in 1958.\n", "Section::::Early life and military career, 1936–1981.:Naval training, first marriage, and Vietnam War assignment.\n", "McCain began his early military career when he was commissioned as an ensign and started two and a half years of training at Pensacola to become a naval aviator. While there, he earned a reputation as a man who partied. He completed flight school in 1960 and became a naval pilot of ground-attack aircraft; he was assigned to A-1 Skyraider squadrons aboard the aircraft carriers and in the Caribbean and Mediterranean Seas. McCain began as a sub-par flier who was at times careless and reckless; during the early to mid-1960s, two of his flight missions crashed and a third mission collided with power lines, but he received no major injuries. His aviation skills improved over time, and he was seen as a good pilot, albeit one who tended to \"push the envelope\" in his flying.\n", "On July 3, 1965, McCain was 28 when he married Carol Shepp, who had worked as a runway model and secretary. McCain adopted her two young children Douglas and Andrew. He and Carol then had a daughter who they named Sidney.\n", "McCain requested a combat assignment and was assigned to the aircraft carrier flying A-4 Skyhawks. His combat duty began when he was 30 years old in mid-1967, when \"Forrestal\" was assigned to a bombing campaign, Operation Rolling Thunder, during the Vietnam War. Stationed in the Gulf of Tonkin, McCain and his fellow pilots became frustrated by micromanagement from Washington, and he later wrote, \"In all candor, we thought our civilian commanders were complete idiots who didn't have the least notion of what it took to win the war.\"\n", "On July 29, 1967, McCain was a lieutenant commander when he was near the center of the USS \"Forrestal\" fire. He escaped from his burning jet and was trying to help another pilot escape when a bomb exploded; McCain was struck in the legs and chest by fragments. The ensuing fire killed 134 sailors and took 24 hours to control. With the \"Forrestal\" out of commission, McCain volunteered for assignment with the , another aircraft carrier employed in Operation Rolling Thunder. There he was awarded the Navy Commendation Medal and the Bronze Star Medal for missions flown over North Vietnam.\n", "Section::::Early life and military career, 1936–1981.:Prisoner of war.\n", "McCain was taken prisoner of war on October 26, 1967. He was flying his 23rd bombing mission over North Vietnam when his A-4E Skyhawk was shot down by a missile over Hanoi. McCain fractured both arms and a leg when he ejected from the aircraft, and nearly drowned after he parachuted into Trúc Bạch Lake. Some North Vietnamese pulled him ashore, then others crushed his shoulder with a rifle butt and bayoneted him. McCain was then transported to Hanoi's main Hỏa Lò Prison, nicknamed the \"Hanoi Hilton\".\n", "Although McCain was seriously wounded and injured, his captors refused to treat him. They beat and interrogated him to get information, and he was given medical care only when the North Vietnamese discovered that his father was an admiral. His status as a prisoner of war (POW) made the front pages of major American newspapers.\n", "McCain spent six weeks in the hospital, where he received marginal care. He had lost , was in a chest cast, and his gray hair had turned white. McCain was sent to a different camp on the outskirts of Hanoi. In December 1967, McCain was placed in a cell with two other Americans who did not expect him to live more than a week. In March 1968, McCain was placed into solitary confinement, where he remained for two years.\n", "In mid-1968, his father John S. McCain Jr. was named commander of all U.S. forces in the Vietnam theater, and the North Vietnamese offered McCain early release because they wanted to appear merciful for propaganda purposes and also to show other POWs that elite prisoners were willing to be treated preferentially. McCain refused repatriation unless every man taken in before him was also released. Such early release was prohibited by the POWs' interpretation of the military Code of Conduct which states in Article III: \"I will accept neither parole nor special favors from the enemy\". To prevent the enemy from using prisoners for propaganda, officers were to agree to be released in the order in which they were captured.\n", "Beginning in August 1968, McCain was subjected to a program of severe torture. He was bound and beaten every two hours; this punishment occurred at the same time that he was suffering from heat and dysentery. Further injuries brought McCain to \"the point of suicide\", but his preparations were interrupted by guards. Eventually, McCain made an anti-U.S. propaganda \"confession\". He had always felt that his statement was dishonorable, but as he later wrote, \"I had learned what we all learned over there: every man has his breaking point. I had reached mine.\" Many U.S. POWs were tortured and maltreated in order to extract \"confessions\" and propaganda statements; virtually all of them eventually yielded something to their captors. McCain received two to three beatings weekly because of his continued refusal to sign additional statements.\n", "McCain refused to meet various anti-war groups seeking peace in Hanoi, wanting to give neither them nor the North Vietnamese a propaganda victory. From late 1969, treatment of McCain and many of the other POWs became more tolerable, while McCain continued to resist the camp authorities. McCain and other prisoners cheered the U.S. \"Christmas Bombing\" campaign of December 1972, viewing it as a forceful measure to push North Vietnam to terms.\n", "McCain was a prisoner of war in North Vietnam for five and a half years until his release on March 14, 1973. His wartime injuries left him permanently incapable of raising his arms above his head. After the war, McCain returned to the site with his wife Cindy and family on a few occasions to try to come to terms with what had happened to him there during his capture.\n", "Section::::Early life and military career, 1936–1981.:Commanding officer, liaison to Senate and second marriage.\n", "McCain was reunited with his family when he returned to the United States. His wife Carol had been crippled by an automobile accident in December 1969. As a returned POW, he became a celebrity of sorts.\n", "McCain underwent treatment for his injuries that included months of physical therapy. He attended the National War College at Fort McNair in Washington, D.C. during 1973–1974. He was rehabilitated by late 1974 and his flight status was reinstated. In 1976, he became Commanding Officer of a training squadron that was stationed in Florida. He improved the unit's flight readiness and safety records, and won the squadron its first-ever Meritorious Unit Commendation. During this period in Florida, he had extramarital affairs and his marriage began to falter, about which he later stated, \"The blame was entirely mine\".\n", "McCain served as the Navy's liaison to the U.S. Senate beginning in 1977. In retrospect, he said that this represented his \"real entry into the world of politics and the beginning of my second career as a public servant.\" His key behind-the-scenes role gained congressional financing for a new supercarrier against the wishes of the Carter administration.\n", "In April 1979, McCain met Cindy Lou Hensley, a teacher from Phoenix, Arizona, whose father had founded a large beer distributorship. They began dating, and he urged his wife Carol to grant him a divorce, which she did in February 1980; the uncontested divorce took effect in April 1980. The settlement included two houses, and financial support for her ongoing medical treatments due to her 1969 car accident; they remained on good terms. McCain and Hensley were married on May 17, 1980, with Senators William Cohen and Gary Hart attending as groomsmen. McCain's children did not attend, and several years passed before they reconciled. John and Cindy McCain entered into a prenuptial agreement that kept most of her family's assets under her name; they kept their finances apart and filed separate income tax returns.\n", "McCain decided to leave the Navy. It was doubtful whether he would ever be promoted to the rank of full admiral, as he had poor annual physicals and had not been given a major sea command. His chances of being promoted to rear admiral were better, but he declined that prospect, as he had already made plans to run for Congress and said he could \"do more good there.\"\n", "McCain retired from the Navy as a captain on April 1, 1981. He was designated as disabled and awarded a disability pension. Upon leaving the military, he moved to Arizona. His numerous military decorations and awards include the Silver Star, two Legion of Merits, Distinguished Flying Cross, three Bronze Star Medals, two Purple Hearts, two Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medals, and the Prisoner of War Medal.\n", "Section::::House and Senate elections and career, 1982–2000.\n", "Section::::House and Senate elections and career, 1982–2000.:U.S. Representative.\n", "McCain set his sights on becoming a representative because he was interested in current events, was ready for a new challenge, and had developed political ambitions during his time as Senate liaison. Living in Phoenix, he went to work for Hensley & Co., his new father-in-law Jim Hensley's large Anheuser-Busch beer distributorship. As vice president of public relations at the distributorship, he gained political support among the local business community, meeting powerful figures such as banker Charles Keating Jr., real estate developer Fife Symington III (later Governor of Arizona) and newspaper publisher Darrow \"Duke\" Tully. In 1982, McCain ran as a Republican for an open seat in Arizona's 1st congressional district, which was being vacated by 30-year incumbent Republican John Jacob Rhodes. A newcomer to the state, McCain was hit with charges of being a carpetbagger. McCain responded to a voter making that charge with what a \"Phoenix Gazette\" columnist later described as \"the most devastating response to a potentially troublesome political issue I've ever heard\":\n", "McCain won a highly contested primary election with the assistance of local political endorsements, his Washington connections, and money that his wife lent to his campaign. He then easily won the general election in the heavily Republican district.\n", "In 1983, McCain was elected to lead the incoming group of Republican representatives, and was assigned to the House Committee on Interior Affairs. Also that year, he opposed creation of a federal Martin Luther King Jr. Day, but admitted in 2008: \"I was wrong and eventually realized that, in time to give full support [in 1990] for a state holiday in Arizona.\"\n", "At this point, McCain's politics were mainly in line with those of President Ronald Reagan; this included support for Reaganomics, and he was active on Indian Affairs bills. He supported most aspects of the foreign policy of the Reagan administration, including its hardline stance against the Soviet Union and policy towards Central American conflicts, such as backing the Contras in Nicaragua. McCain opposed keeping U.S. Marines deployed in Lebanon, citing unattainable objectives, and subsequently criticized President Reagan for pulling out the troops too late; in the interim, the 1983 Beirut barracks bombing killed hundreds. McCain won re-election to the House easily in 1984, and gained a spot on the House Foreign Affairs Committee. In 1985, he made his first return trip to Vietnam, and also traveled to Chile where he met with its military junta ruler, General Augusto Pinochet.\n", "Section::::House and Senate elections and career, 1982–2000.:Growing family.\n", "In 1984, McCain and Cindy had their first child, daughter Meghan, who was followed two years later by son John IV and in 1988 by son James. In 1991, Cindy brought an abandoned three-month-old girl needing medical treatment to the U.S. from a Bangladeshi orphanage run by Mother Teresa. The McCains decided to adopt her and she was named Bridget.\n", "Section::::House and Senate elections and career, 1982–2000.:First two terms in the U.S. Senate.\n", "McCain's Senate career began in January 1987, after he defeated his Democratic opponent, former state legislator Richard Kimball, by 20 percentage points in the 1986 election. McCain succeeded longtime American conservative icon and Arizona fixture Barry Goldwater upon the latter's retirement as U.S. senator from Arizona.\n", "Senator McCain became a member of the Armed Services Committee, with which he had formerly done his Navy liaison work; he also joined the Commerce Committee and the Indian Affairs Committee. He continued to support the Native American agenda. As first a House member and then a senator—and as a lifelong gambler with close ties to the gambling industry—McCain was one of the main authors of the 1988 Indian Gaming Regulatory Act, which codified rules regarding Native American gambling enterprises. McCain was also a strong supporter of the Gramm-Rudman legislation that enforced automatic spending cuts in the case of budget deficits.\n", "McCain soon gained national visibility. He delivered a well-received speech at the 1988 Republican National Convention, was mentioned by the press as a short list vice-presidential running mate for Republican nominee George H. W. Bush, and was named chairman of Veterans for Bush.\n", "McCain became embroiled in a scandal during the 1980s, as one of five United States senators comprising the so-called Keating Five. Between 1982 and 1987, McCain had received $112,000 in lawful political contributions from Charles Keating Jr. and his associates at Lincoln Savings and Loan Association, along with trips on Keating's jets that McCain belatedly repaid, in 1989. In 1987, McCain was one of the five senators whom Keating contacted in order to prevent the government's seizure of Lincoln, and McCain met twice with federal regulators to discuss the government's investigation of Lincoln. In 1999, McCain said: \"The appearance of it was wrong. It's a wrong appearance when a group of senators appear in a meeting with a group of regulators, because it conveys the impression of undue and improper influence. And it was the wrong thing to do.\" In the end, McCain was cleared by the Senate Ethics Committee of acting improperly or violating any law or Senate rule, but was mildly rebuked for exercising \"poor judgment\". In his 1992 re-election bid, the Keating Five affair was not a major issue, and he won handily, gaining 56 percent of the vote to defeat Democratic community and civil rights activist Claire Sargent and independent former governor, Evan Mecham.\n", "McCain developed a reputation for independence during the 1990s. He took pride in challenging party leadership and establishment forces, becoming difficult to categorize politically.\n", "As a member of the 1991–1993 Senate Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs, chaired by fellow Vietnam War veteran and Democrat, John Kerry, McCain investigated the Vietnam War POW/MIA issue, to determine the fate of U.S. service personnel listed as missing in action during the Vietnam War. The committee's unanimous report stated there was \"no compelling evidence that proves that any American remains alive in captivity in Southeast Asia.\" Helped by McCain's efforts, in 1995 the U.S. normalized diplomatic relations with Vietnam. McCain was vilified by some POW/MIA activists who, despite the committee's unanimous report, believed large numbers of Americans were still held against their will in Southeast Asia. From January 1993 until his death, McCain was Chairman of the International Republican Institute, an organization partly funded by the U.S. government that supports the emergence of political democracy worldwide.\n", "In 1993 and 1994, McCain voted to confirm President Clinton's nominees Stephen Breyer and Ruth Bader Ginsburg whom he considered to be qualified for the U.S. Supreme Court. He later explained that \"under our Constitution, it is the president's call to make.\" McCain had also voted to confirm nominees of Presidents Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush, including Robert Bork and Clarence Thomas.\n", "McCain attacked what he saw as the corrupting influence of large political contributions—from corporations, labor unions, other organizations, and wealthy individuals—and he made this his signature issue. Starting in 1994, he worked with Democratic Wisconsin Senator Russ Feingold on campaign finance reform; their McCain–Feingold bill attempted to put limits on \"soft money\". The efforts of McCain and Feingold were opposed by some of the moneyed interests targeted, by incumbents in both parties, by those who felt spending limits impinged on free political speech and might be unconstitutional as well, and by those who wanted to counterbalance the power of what they saw as media bias. Despite sympathetic coverage in the media, initial versions of the McCain–Feingold Act were filibustered and never came to a vote.\n", "The term \"maverick Republican\" became a label frequently applied to McCain, and he also used it himself. In 1993, McCain opposed military operations in Somalia. Another target of his was pork barrel spending by Congress, and he actively supported the Line Item Veto Act of 1996, which gave the president power to veto individual spending items but was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1998.\n", "In the 1996 presidential election, McCain was again on the short list of possible vice-presidential picks, this time for Republican nominee Bob Dole. The following year, \"Time\" magazine named McCain as one of the \"25 Most Influential People in America\".\n", "In 1997, McCain became chairman of the powerful Senate Commerce Committee; he was criticized for accepting funds from corporations and businesses under the committee's purview, but in response said the small contributions he received were not part of the big-money nature of the campaign finance problem. McCain took on the tobacco industry in 1998, proposing legislation that would increase cigarette taxes in order to fund anti-smoking campaigns, discourage teenage smokers, increase money for health research studies, and help states pay for smoking-related health care costs. Supported by the Clinton administration but opposed by the industry and most Republicans, the bill failed to gain cloture.\n", "Section::::House and Senate elections and career, 1982–2000.:Start of third term in the U.S. Senate.\n", "In November 1998, McCain won re-election to a third Senate term; he prevailed in a landslide over his Democratic opponent, environmental lawyer Ed Ranger. In the February 1999 Senate trial following the impeachment of Bill Clinton, McCain voted to convict the president on both the perjury and obstruction of justice counts, saying Clinton had violated his sworn oath of office. In March 1999, McCain voted to approve the NATO bombing campaign against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, saying that the ongoing genocide of the Kosovo War must be stopped and criticizing past Clinton administration inaction. Later in 1999, McCain shared the Profile in Courage Award with Feingold for their work in trying to enact their campaign finance reform, although the bill was still failing repeated attempts to gain cloture.\n", "In August 1999, McCain's memoir \"Faith of My Fathers\", co-authored with Mark Salter, was published; a reviewer observed that its appearance \"seems to have been timed to the unfolding Presidential campaign.\" The most successful of his writings, it received positive reviews, became a bestseller, and was later made into a TV film. The book traces McCain's family background and childhood, covers his time at Annapolis and his service before and during the Vietnam War, concluding with his release from captivity in 1973. According to one reviewer, it describes \"the kind of challenges that most of us can barely imagine. It's a fascinating history of a remarkable military family.\"\n", "Section::::2000 presidential campaign.\n", "McCain announced his candidacy for president on September 27, 1999, in Nashua, New Hampshire, saying he was staging \"a fight to take our government back from the power brokers and special interests, and return it to the people and the noble cause of freedom it was created to serve\". The frontrunner for the Republican nomination was Texas Governor George W. Bush, who had the political and financial support of most of the party establishment.\n", "McCain focused on the New Hampshire primary, where his message appealed to independents. He traveled on a campaign bus called the Straight Talk Express. He held many town hall meetings, answering every question voters asked, in a successful example of \"retail politics\", and he used free media to compensate for his lack of funds. One reporter later recounted that, \"McCain talked all day long with reporters on his Straight Talk Express bus; he talked so much that sometimes he said things that he shouldn't have, and that's why the media loved him.\" On February 1, 2000, he won New Hampshire's primary with 49 percent of the vote to Bush's 30 percent. The Bush campaign and the Republican establishment feared that a McCain victory in the crucial South Carolina primary might give his campaign unstoppable momentum.\n", "\"The Arizona Republic\" wrote that the McCain–Bush primary contest in South Carolina \"has entered national political lore as a low-water mark in presidential campaigns\", while \"The New York Times\" called it \"a painful symbol of the brutality of American politics\". A variety of interest groups, which McCain had challenged in the past, ran negative ads. Bush borrowed McCain's earlier language of reform, and declined to dissociate himself from a veterans activist who accused McCain (in Bush's presence) of having \"abandoned the veterans\" on POW/MIA and Agent Orange issues.\n", "Incensed, McCain ran ads accusing Bush of lying and comparing the governor to Bill Clinton, which Bush said was \"about as low a blow as you can give in a Republican primary\". An anonymous smear campaign began against McCain, delivered by push polls, faxes, e-mails, flyers, and audience plants. The smears claimed that McCain had fathered a black child out of wedlock (the McCains' dark-skinned daughter was adopted from Bangladesh), that his wife Cindy was a drug addict, that he was a homosexual, and that he was a \"Manchurian Candidate\" who was either a traitor or mentally unstable from his North Vietnam POW days. The Bush campaign strongly denied any involvement with the attacks.\n", "McCain lost South Carolina on February 19, with 42 percent of the vote to Bush's 53 percent, in part because Bush mobilized the state's evangelical voters and outspent McCain. The win allowed Bush to regain lost momentum. McCain said of the rumor spreaders, \"I believe that there is a special place in hell for people like those.\" According to one acquaintance, the South Carolina experience left him in a \"very dark place\".\n", "McCain's campaign never completely recovered from his South Carolina defeat, although he did rebound partially by winning in Arizona and Michigan a few days later. He made a speech in Virginia Beach that criticized Christian leaders, including Pat Robertson and Jerry Falwell, as divisive conservatives, declaring \"... we embrace the fine members of the religious conservative community. But that does not mean that we will pander to their self-appointed leaders.\" McCain lost the Virginia primary on February 29, and on March 7 lost nine of the thirteen primaries on Super Tuesday to Bush. With little hope of overcoming Bush's delegate lead, McCain withdrew from the race on March 9, 2000. He endorsed Bush two months later, and made occasional appearances with the Texas governor during the general election campaign.\n", "Section::::Senate career, 2000–2008.\n", "Section::::Senate career, 2000–2008.:Remainder of third Senate term.\n", "McCain began 2001 by breaking with the new George W. Bush administration on a number of matters, including HMO reform, climate change, and gun control legislation; McCain–Feingold was opposed by Bush as well. In May 2001, McCain was one of only two Senate Republicans to vote against the Bush tax cuts. Besides the differences with Bush on ideological grounds, there was considerable antagonism between the two remaining from the previous year's campaign. Later, when a Republican senator, Jim Jeffords, became an Independent, thereby throwing control of the Senate to the Democrats, McCain defended Jeffords against \"self-appointed enforcers of party loyalty\". Indeed, there was speculation at the time, and in years since, about McCain himself leaving the Republican Party, but McCain had always adamantly denied that he ever considered doing so. Beginning in 2001, McCain used political capital gained from his presidential run, as well as improved legislative skills and relationships with other members, to become one of the Senate's most influential members.\n", "After the September 11, 2001, attacks, McCain supported Bush and the U.S.-led war in Afghanistan. He and Democratic senator Joe Lieberman wrote the legislation that created the 9/11 Commission, while he and Democratic senator Fritz Hollings co-sponsored the Aviation and Transportation Security Act that federalized airport security.\n", "In March 2002, McCain–Feingold, officially known as the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002, passed in both Houses of Congress and was signed into law by President Bush. Seven years in the making, it was McCain's greatest legislative achievement.\n", "Meanwhile, in discussions over proposed U.S. action against Iraq, McCain was a strong supporter of the Bush administration's position. He stated that Iraq was \"a clear and present danger to the United States of America\", and voted accordingly for the Iraq War Resolution in October 2002. He predicted that U.S. forces would be treated as liberators by a large number of the Iraqi people. In May 2003, McCain voted against the second round of Bush tax cuts, saying it was unwise at a time of war. By November 2003, after a trip to Iraq, he was publicly questioning Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, saying that more U.S. troops were needed; the following year, McCain announced that he had lost confidence in Rumsfeld.\n", "In October 2003, McCain and Lieberman co-sponsored the Climate Stewardship Act that would have introduced a cap and trade system aimed at returning greenhouse gas emissions to 2000 levels; the bill was defeated with 55 votes to 43 in the Senate. They reintroduced modified versions of the Act two additional times, for the final time in January 2007 with the co-sponsorship of Barack Obama, among others.\n", "In the 2004 U.S. presidential election campaign, McCain was once again frequently mentioned for the vice-presidential slot, only this time as part of the Democratic ticket under nominee John Kerry. McCain said that Kerry had never formally offered him the position and that he would not have accepted it if he had. At the 2004 Republican National Convention, McCain supported Bush for re-election, praising Bush's management of the War on Terror since the September 11 attacks. At the same time, he defended Kerry's Vietnam War record. By August 2004, McCain had the best favorable-to-unfavorable rating (55 percent to 19 percent) of any national politician; he campaigned for Bush much more than he had four years previously, though the two remained situational allies rather than friends.\n", "McCain was also up for re-election as senator, in 2004. He defeated little-known Democratic schoolteacher Stuart Starky with his biggest margin of victory, garnering 77 percent of the vote.\n", "Section::::Senate career, 2000–2008.:Start of fourth Senate term.\n", "In May 2005, McCain led the so-called Gang of 14 in the Senate, which established a compromise that preserved the ability of senators to filibuster judicial nominees, but only in \"extraordinary circumstances\". The compromise took the steam out of the filibuster movement, but some Republicans remained disappointed that the compromise did not eliminate filibusters of judicial nominees in all circumstances. McCain subsequently cast Supreme Court confirmation votes in favor of John Roberts and Samuel Alito, calling them \"two of the finest justices ever appointed to the United States Supreme Court.\"\n", "Breaking from his 2001 and 2003 votes, McCain supported the Bush tax cut extension in May 2006, saying not to do so would amount to a tax increase. Working with Democratic Senator Ted Kennedy, McCain was a strong proponent of comprehensive immigration reform, which would involve legalization, guest worker programs, and border enforcement components. The Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act was never voted on in 2005, while the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006 passed the Senate in May 2006 but failed in the House. In June 2007, President Bush, McCain, and others made the strongest push yet for such a bill, the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007, but it aroused intense grassroots opposition among talk radio listeners and others, some of whom furiously characterized the proposal as an \"amnesty\" program, and the bill twice failed to gain cloture in the Senate.\n", "By the middle of the 2000s (decade), the increased Indian gaming that McCain had helped bring about was a $23 billion industry. He was twice chairman of the Senate Indian Affairs Committee, in 1995–1997 and 2005–2007, and his Committee helped expose the Jack Abramoff Indian lobbying scandal. By 2005 and 2006, McCain was pushing for amendments to the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act which would have limited creation of off-reservation casinos, and also limited the movement of tribes across state lines to build casinos.\n", "Owing to his time as a POW, McCain was recognized for his sensitivity to the detention and interrogation of detainees in the War on Terror. An opponent of the Bush administration's use of torture and detention without trial at Guantánamo Bay, saying: \"some of these guys are terrible, terrible killers and the worst kind of scum of humanity. But, one, they deserve to have some adjudication of their cases ... even Adolf Eichmann got a trial\". In October 2005, McCain introduced the McCain Detainee Amendment to the Defense Appropriations bill for 2005, and the Senate voted 90–9 to support the amendment. It prohibits inhumane treatment of prisoners, including prisoners at Guantánamo, by confining military interrogations to the techniques in the U.S. Army Field Manual on Interrogation. Although Bush had threatened to veto the bill if McCain's amendment was included, the President announced in December 2005 that he accepted McCain's terms and would \"make it clear to the world that this government does not torture and that we adhere to the international convention of torture, whether it be here at home or abroad\". This stance, among others, led to McCain being named by \"Time\" magazine in 2006 as one of America's 10 Best Senators. McCain voted in February 2008 against a bill containing a ban on waterboarding, which provision was later narrowly passed and vetoed by Bush. However, the bill in question contained other provisions to which McCain objected, and his spokesman stated: \"This wasn't a vote on waterboarding. This was a vote on applying the standards of the [Army] field manual to CIA personnel.\"\n", "Meanwhile, McCain continued questioning the progress of the war in Iraq. In September 2005, he remarked upon Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Richard Myers' optimistic outlook on the war's progress: \"Things have not gone as well as we had planned or expected, nor as we were told by you, General Myers.\" In August 2006, he criticized the administration for continually understating the effectiveness of the insurgency: \"We [have] not told the American people how tough and difficult this could be.\" From the beginning, McCain strongly supported the Iraq troop surge of 2007. The strategy's opponents labeled it \"McCain's plan\" and University of Virginia political science professor Larry Sabato said, \"McCain owns Iraq just as much as Bush does now.\" The surge and the war were unpopular during most of the year, even within the Republican Party, as McCain's presidential campaign was underway; faced with the consequences, McCain frequently responded, \"I would much rather lose a campaign than a war.\" In March 2008, McCain credited the surge strategy with reducing violence in Iraq, as he made his eighth trip to that country since the war began.\n", "Section::::2008 presidential campaign.\n", "McCain formally announced his intention to run for President of the United States on April 25, 2007, in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. He stated that: \"I'm not running for president to be somebody, but to do something; to do the hard but necessary things, not the easy and needless things.\"\n", "McCain's oft-cited strengths as a presidential candidate for 2008 included national name recognition, sponsorship of major lobbying and campaign finance reform initiatives, his ability to reach across the aisle, his well-known military service and experience as a POW, his experience from the 2000 presidential campaign, and an expectation that he would capture Bush's top fundraisers. During the 2006 election cycle, McCain had attended 346 events and helped raise more than $10.5 million on behalf of Republican candidates. McCain also became more willing to ask business and industry for campaign contributions, while maintaining that such contributions would not affect any official decisions he would make. Despite being considered the front-runner for the nomination by pundits as 2007 began, McCain was in second place behind former Mayor of New York City Rudy Giuliani in national Republican polls as the year progressed.\n", "McCain had fundraising problems in the first half of 2007, due in part to his support for the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007, which was unpopular among the Republican base electorate. Large-scale campaign staff downsizing took place in early July, but McCain said that he was not considering dropping out of the race. Later that month, the candidate's campaign manager and campaign chief strategist both departed. McCain slumped badly in national polls, often running third or fourth with 15 percent or less support.\n", "The Arizona senator subsequently resumed his familiar position as a political underdog, riding the Straight Talk Express and taking advantage of free media such as debates and sponsored events. By December 2007, the Republican race was unsettled, with none of the top-tier candidates dominating the race and all of them possessing major vulnerabilities with different elements of the Republican base electorate. McCain was showing a resurgence, in particular with renewed strength in New Hampshire—the scene of his 2000 triumph—and was bolstered further by the endorsements of \"The Boston Globe\", the \"New Hampshire Union Leader\", and almost two dozen other state newspapers, as well as from Senator Lieberman (now an Independent Democrat). McCain decided not to campaign significantly in the January 3, 2008, Iowa caucuses, which saw a win by former Governor of Arkansas Mike Huckabee.\n", "McCain's comeback plan paid off when he won the New Hampshire primary on January 8, defeating former Governor of Massachusetts Mitt Romney in a close contest, to once again become one of the front-runners in the race. In mid-January, McCain placed first in the South Carolina primary, narrowly defeating Mike Huckabee. Pundits credited the third-place finisher, Tennessee's former U.S. Senator Fred Thompson, with drawing votes from Huckabee in South Carolina, thereby giving a narrow win to McCain.\n", "A week later, McCain won the Florida primary, beating Romney again in a close contest; Giuliani then dropped out and endorsed McCain.\n", "On February 5, McCain won both the majority of states and delegates in the Super Tuesday Republican primaries, giving him a commanding lead toward the Republican nomination. Romney departed from the race on February 7. McCain's wins in the March 4 primaries clinched a majority of the delegates, and he became the presumptive Republican nominee.\n", "McCain was born in the Panama Canal Zone. Had he been elected, he would have become the first president who was born outside the contiguous forty-eight states. This raised a potential legal issue, since the United States Constitution requires the president to be a natural-born citizen of the United States. A bipartisan legal review, and a unanimous but non-binding Senate resolution, both concluded that he was a natural-born citizen. If inaugurated in 2009 at the age of 72 years and 144 days, he would have been the oldest person to become president.\n", "McCain addressed concerns about his age and past health issues, stating in 2005 that his health was \"excellent\". He had been treated for melanoma and an operation in 2000 for that condition left a noticeable mark on the left side of his face. McCain's prognosis appeared favorable, according to independent experts, especially because he had already survived without a recurrence for more than seven years. In May 2008, McCain's campaign briefly let the press review his medical records, and he was described as appearing cancer-free, having a strong heart, and in general being in good health.\n", "McCain clinched enough delegates for the nomination and his focus shifted toward the general election, while Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton fought a prolonged battle for the Democratic nomination. McCain introduced various policy proposals, and sought to improve his fundraising. Cindy McCain, who accounted for most of the couple's wealth with an estimated net worth of $100 million, made part of her tax returns public in May. After facing criticism about lobbyists on staff, the McCain campaign issued new rules in May 2008 to avoid conflicts of interest, causing five top aides to leave.\n", "When Obama became the Democrats' presumptive nominee in early June, McCain proposed joint town hall meetings, but Obama instead requested more traditional debates for the fall. In July, a staff shake-up put Steve Schmidt in full operational control of the McCain campaign. Rick Davis remained as campaign manager but with a reduced role. Davis had also managed McCain's 2000 presidential campaign; in 2005 and 2006, U.S. intelligence warned McCain's Senate staff about Davis's Russian links but gave no further warnings.\n", "Throughout the summer of 2008, Obama typically led McCain in national polls by single-digit margins, and also led in several key swing states. McCain reprised his familiar underdog role, which was due at least in part to the overall challenges Republicans faced in the election year. McCain accepted public financing for the general election campaign, and the restrictions that go with it, while criticizing his Democratic opponent for becoming the first major party candidate to opt out of such financing for the general election since the system was implemented in 1976. The Republican's broad campaign theme focused on his experience and ability to lead, compared to Obama's.\n", "On August 29, 2008, McCain revealed Alaska Governor Sarah Palin as his surprise choice for a running mate. McCain was only the second U.S. major-party presidential nominee (after Walter Mondale, who chose Geraldine Ferraro) to select a woman for his running mate and the first Republican to do so. On September 3, 2008, McCain and Palin became the Republican Party's presidential and vice presidential nominees at the 2008 Republican National Convention in Saint Paul, Minnesota. McCain surged ahead of Obama in national polls following the convention, as the Palin pick energized core Republican voters who had previously been wary of him. However, by the campaign's own later admission, the rollout of Palin to the national media went poorly, and voter reactions to Palin grew increasingly negative, especially among independents and other voters concerned about her qualifications.\n", "McCain's decision to choose Sarah Palin as his running mate was criticized; \"New York Times\" journalist David Brooks said that \"he took a disease that was running through the Republican party – anti-intellectualism, disrespect for facts – and he put it right at the centre of the party\". Laura McGann in \"Vox\" says that McCain gave the \"reality TV politics\" and Tea Party movement more political legitimacy, as well as solidifying \"the Republican Party's comfort with a candidate who would say absurdities ... unleashing a political style and a values system that animated the Tea Party movement and laid the groundwork for a Trump presidency.\" Although McCain said later that he expressed regret for not choosing the independent Senator Joe Lieberman as his VP candidate instead, he consistently defended Palin's performances at his events.\n", "On September 24, McCain said he was temporarily suspending his campaign activities, called on Obama to join him, and proposed delaying the first of the general election debates with Obama, in order to work on the proposed U.S. financial system bailout before Congress, which was targeted at addressing the subprime mortgage crisis and liquidity crisis. McCain's intervention helped to give dissatisfied House Republicans an opportunity to propose changes to the plan that was otherwise close to agreement. After Obama declined McCain's suspension suggestion, McCain went ahead with the debate on September 26. On October 1, McCain voted in favor of a revised $700 billion rescue plan. Another debate was held on October 7; like the first one, polls afterward suggested that Obama had won it. A final presidential debate occurred on October 15. Down the stretch, McCain was outspent by Obama by a four-to-one margin.\n", "During and after the final debate, McCain compared Obama's proposed policies to socialism and often invoked \"Joe the Plumber\" as a symbol of American small business dreams that would be thwarted by an Obama presidency. He barred using the Jeremiah Wright controversy in ads against Obama, but the campaign did frequently criticize Obama regarding his purported relationship with Bill Ayers. His rallies became increasingly vitriolic, with attendees denigrating Obama and displaying a growing anti-Muslim and anti-African-American sentiment. During a campaign rally in Minnesota, Gayle Quinnell, a McCain supporter, told him she did not trust Obama because \"he's an Arab\". He replied, \"No ma'am. He's a decent family man, citizen, that I just happen to have disagreements with on fundamental issues.\" McCain's response was considered one of the finer moments of the campaign and was still being viewed several years later as a marker for civility in American politics. Meghan McCain said that she cannot \"go a day without someone bringing up (that) moment,\" and noted that at the time \"there were a lot of people really trying to get my dad to go (against Obama) with ... you're a Muslim, you're not an American aspect of that,\" but that her father had refused. \"I can remember thinking that it was a morally amazing and beautiful moment, but that maybe there would be people in the Republican Party that would be quite angry,\" she said.\n", "The election took place on November 4, and Barack Obama was declared the projected winner at about 11:00 pm Eastern Standard Time; McCain delivered his concession speech in Phoenix, Arizona about twenty minutes later. In it, he noted the historic and special significance of Obama being elected the nation's first African American president. In the end, McCain won 173 electoral votes to Obama's 365; McCain failed to win most of the battleground states and lost some traditionally Republican ones. McCain gained 46 percent of the nationwide popular vote, compared to Obama's 53 percent.\n", "Section::::Senate career after 2008.\n", "Section::::Senate career after 2008.:Remainder of fourth Senate term.\n", "Following his defeat, McCain returned to the Senate amid varying views about what role he might play there. In mid-November 2008 he met with President-elect Obama, and the two discussed issues they had commonality on. Around the same time, McCain indicated that he intended to run for re-election to his Senate seat in 2010. As the inauguration neared, Obama consulted with McCain on a variety of matters, to an extent rarely seen between a president-elect and his defeated rival, and President Obama's inauguration speech contained an allusion to McCain's theme of finding a purpose greater than oneself.\n", "Nevertheless, McCain emerged as a leader of the Republican opposition to the Obama economic stimulus package of 2009, saying it had too much spending for too little stimulative effect. McCain also voted against Obama's Supreme Court nomination of Sonia Sotomayor—saying that while undeniably qualified, \"I do not believe that she shares my belief in judicial restraint\"—and by August 2009 was siding more often with his Republican Party on closely divided votes than ever before in his senatorial career. McCain reasserted that the War in Afghanistan was winnable and criticized Obama for a slow process in deciding whether to send additional U.S. troops there.\n", "McCain also harshly criticized Obama for scrapping construction of the U.S. missile defense complex in Poland, declined to enter negotiations over climate change legislation similar to what he had proposed in the past, and strongly opposed the Obama health care plan. McCain led a successful filibuster of a measure that would allow repeal of the military's \"Don't ask, don't tell\" policy towards gays. Factors involved in McCain's new direction included Senate staffers leaving, a renewed concern over national debt levels and the scope of federal government, a possible Republican primary challenge from conservatives in 2010, and McCain's campaign edge being slow to wear off. As one longtime McCain advisor said, \"A lot of people, including me, thought he might be the Republican building bridges to the Obama Administration. But he's been more like the guy blowing up the bridges.\"\n", "In early 2010, a primary challenge from radio talk show host and former U.S. Congressman J. D. Hayworth materialized in the 2010 U.S. Senate election in Arizona and drew support from some but not all elements of the Tea Party movement. With Hayworth using the campaign slogan \"The Consistent Conservative\", McCain said—despite his own past use of the term on a number of occasions—\"I never considered myself a maverick. I consider myself a person who serves the people of Arizona to the best of his abilities.\" The primary challenge coincided with McCain reversing or muting his stance on some issues such as the bank bailouts, closing of the Guantánamo Bay detention camp, campaign finance restrictions, and gays in the military.\n", "When the health care plan, now called the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, passed Congress and became law in March 2010, McCain strongly opposed the landmark legislation not only on its merits but also on the way it had been handled in Congress. As a consequence, he warned that congressional Republicans would not work with Democrats on anything else: \"There will be no cooperation for the rest of the year. They have poisoned the well in what they've done and how they've done it.\" McCain became a vocal defender of Arizona SB 1070, the April 2010 tough anti-illegal immigration state law that aroused national controversy, saying that the state had been forced to take action given the federal government's inability to control the border. In the August 24 primary, McCain beat Hayworth by a 56 to 32 percent margin. McCain proceeded to easily defeat Democratic Tucson city councilman Rodney Glassman in the general election.\n", "In the lame duck session of the 111th Congress, McCain voted for the compromise Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010, but against the DREAM Act (which he had once sponsored) and the New START Treaty. Most prominently, he continued to lead the eventually losing fight against \"Don't ask, don't tell\" repeal. In his opposition, he sometimes fell into anger or hostility on the Senate floor, and called its passage \"a very sad day\" that would compromise the battle effectiveness of the military.\n", "Section::::Senate career after 2008.:Fifth Senate term.\n", "While control of the House of Representatives went over to the Republicans in the 112th Congress, the Senate stayed Democratic and McCain continued to be the ranking member of the Senate Armed Services Committee. As the Arab Spring took center stage, McCain urged that the embattled Egyptian president, Hosni Mubarak, step down and thought the U.S. should push for democratic reforms in the region despite the associated risks of religious extremists gaining power. McCain was an especially vocal supporter of the 2011 military intervention in Libya. In April of that year he visited the Anti-Gaddafi forces and National Transitional Council in Benghazi, the highest-ranking American to do so, and said that the rebel forces were \"my heroes\". In June, he joined with Senator Kerry in offering a resolution that would have authorized the military intervention, and said: \"The administration's disregard for the elected representatives of the American people on this matter has been troubling and counterproductive.\" In August, McCain voted for the Budget Control Act of 2011 that resolved the U.S. debt ceiling crisis. In November, McCain and Senator Carl Levin were leaders in efforts to codify in the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 that terrorism suspects, no matter where captured, could be detained by the U.S. military and its tribunal system; following objections by civil libertarians, some Democrats, and the White House, McCain and Levin agreed to language making it clear that the bill would not pertain to U.S. citizens.\n", "In the 2012 Republican Party presidential primaries, McCain endorsed former 2008 rival Mitt Romney and campaigned for him, but compared the contest to a Greek tragedy due to its drawn-out nature with massive super PAC-funded attack ads damaging all the contenders. He labeled the Supreme Court's 2010 \"Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission\" decision as \"uninformed, arrogant, naïve\", and, decrying its effects and the future scandals he thought it would bring, said it would become considered the court's \"worst decision ... in the 21st century\". McCain took the lead in opposing the defense spending sequestrations brought on by the Budget Control Act of 2011 and gained attention for defending State Department aide Huma Abedin against charges brought by a few House Republicans that she had ties to the Muslim Brotherhood.\n", "McCain continued to be one of the most frequently appearing guests on the Sunday morning news talk shows.\n", "He became one of the most vocal critics of the Obama administration's handling of the September 11, 2012, attack on the U.S. diplomatic mission in Benghazi, saying it was a \"debacle\" that featured either \"a massive cover-up or incompetence that is not acceptable\" and that it was worse than the Watergate scandal. As an outgrowth of this strong oppositi, he and a few other senators were successful in blocking the planned nomination of Ambassador to the UN Susan Rice to succeed Hillary Rodham Clinton as U.S. Secretary of State; McCain's friend and colleague John Kerry was nominated instead.\n", "Regarding the Syrian civil war that had begun in 2011, McCain repeatedly argued for the U.S. intervening militarily in the conflict on the side of the anti-government forces. He staged a visit to rebel forces inside Syria in May 2013, the first senator to do so, and called for arming the Free Syrian Army with heavy weapons and for the establishment of a no-fly zone over the country. Following reports that two of the people he posed for pictures with had been responsible for the kidnapping of eleven Lebanese Shiite pilgrims the year before, McCain disputed one of the identifications and said he had not met directly with the other. Following the 2013 Ghouta chemical weapons attack, McCain argued again for strong American military action against the government of the Syrian president, Bashar al-Assad, and in September 2013 cast a Foreign Relations committee vote in favor of Obama's request to Congress that it authorize a military response. McCain took the lead in criticizing a growing non-interventionist movement within the Republican Party, exemplified by his March 2013 comment that Senators Rand Paul and Ted Cruz and Representative Justin Amash were \"wacko birds\".\n", "During 2013, McCain was a member of a bi-partisan group of senators, the \"Gang of Eight\", which announced principles for another try at comprehensive immigration reform. The resulting Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013 passed the Senate by a 68–32 margin, but faced an uncertain future in the House. In July 2013, McCain was at the forefront of an agreement among senators to drop filibusters against Obama administration executive nominees without Democrats resorting to the \"nuclear option\" that would disallow such filibusters altogether. However, the option would be imposed later in the year anyway, to the senator's displeasure. These developments and some other negotiations showed that McCain now had improved relations with the Obama administration, including the president himself, as well as with Democratic Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid, and that he had become the leader of a power center in the Senate for cutting deals in an otherwise bitterly partisan environment. They also led some observers to conclude that the \"maverick\" McCain had returned.\n", "McCain was publicly skeptical about the Republican strategy that precipitated the U.S. federal government shutdown of 2013 and U.S. debt-ceiling crisis of 2013 in order to defund or delay the Affordable Care Act; in October 2013 he voted in favor of the Continuing Appropriations Act, 2014, which resolved them and said, \"Republicans have to understand we have lost this battle, as I predicted weeks ago, that we would not be able to win because we were demanding something that was not achievable.\" Similarly, he was one of nine Republican senators who voted for the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013 at the end of the year. By early 2014, McCain's apostasies were enough that the Arizona Republican Party formally censured him for having what they saw as a liberal record that had been \"disastrous and harmful\". McCain remained stridently opposed to many aspects of Obama's foreign policy, however, and in June 2014, following major gains by the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant in the 2014 Northern Iraq offensive, decried what he saw as a U.S. failure to protect its past gains in Iraq and called on the president's entire national security team to resign. McCain said, \"Could all this have been avoided? ... The answer is absolutely yes. If I sound angry it's because I am angry.\"\n", "McCain was a supporter of the Euromaidan protests against Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych and his government, and appeared in Independence Square in Kiev in December 2013. Following the overthrow of Yanukovych and subsequent 2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine, McCain became a vocal supporter of providing arms to Ukrainian military forces, saying the sanctions imposed against Russia were not enough. In 2014, McCain led the opposition to the appointments of Colleen Bell, Noah Mamet, and George Tsunis to the ambassadorships in Hungary, Argentina, and Norway, respectively, arguing they were unqualified appointees being rewarded for their political fundraising. Unlike many Republicans, McCain supported the release and contents of the Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture in December 2014, saying \"The truth is sometimes a hard pill to swallow. It sometimes causes us difficulties at home and abroad. It is sometimes used by our enemies in attempts to hurt us. But the American people are entitled to it, nonetheless.\" He added that the CIA's practices following the September 11 attacks had \"stained our national honor\" while doing \"much harm and little practical good\" and that \"Our enemies act without conscience. We must not.\" He opposed the Obama administration's December 2014 decision to normalize relations with Cuba.\n", "The 114th United States Congress assembled in January 2015 with Republicans in control of the Senate, and McCain achieved one of his longtime goals when he became chairman of the Armed Services Committee. In this position, he led the writing of proposed Senate legislation that sought to modify parts of the Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986 in order to return responsibility for major weapons systems acquisition back to the individual armed services and their secretaries and away from the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics. As chair, McCain tried to maintain a bipartisan approach and forged a good relationship with ranking member Jack Reed. In April 2015, McCain announced that he would run for a sixth term in Arizona's 2016 Senate election. While there was still conservative and Tea Party anger at him, it was unclear if they would mount an effective primary challenge against him. During 2015, McCain strongly opposed the Obama administration's proposed comprehensive agreement on the Iranian nuclear program (later finalized as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA)), saying that Secretary of State Kerry was \"delusional\" and \"giv[ing] away the store\" in negotiations with Iran. McCain supported the Saudi Arabian-led military intervention in Yemen against the Shia Houthis and forces loyal to former President Ali Abdullah Saleh, saying: \"I'm sure civilians die in war. Not nearly as many as the Houthis have executed.\"\n", "McCain accused President Obama of being \"directly responsible\" for the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting \"because when he pulled everybody out of Iraq, al-Qaeda went to Syria, became ISIS, and ISIS is what it is today thanks to Barack Obama's failures.\"\n", "During the 2016 Republican primaries, McCain said he would support the Republican nominee even if it was Donald Trump, but following Mitt Romney's 2016 anti-Trump speech, McCain endorsed the sentiments expressed in that speech, saying he had serious concerns about Trump's \"uninformed and indeed dangerous statements on national security issues\". Relations between the two had been fraught since early in the Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016, when McCain referred to a room full of Trump supporters as \"crazies\", and the real estate mogul then said of McCain: \"He insulted me, and he insulted everyone in that room ... He is a war hero because he was captured. I like people who weren't captured ... perhaps he was a war hero, but right now he's said a lot of very bad things about a lot of people.\" Following Trump becoming the presumptive nominee of the party on May 3, McCain said that Republican voters had spoken and he would support Trump.\n", "McCain himself faced a primary challenge from Kelli Ward, a fervent Trump supporter, and then was expected to face a potentially strong challenge from Democratic Congresswoman Ann Kirkpatrick in the general election. The senator privately expressed worry over the effect that Trump's unpopularity among Hispanic voters might have on his own chances but also was concerned with more conservative pro-Trump voters; he thus kept his endorsement of Trump in place but tried to speak of him as little as possible given their disagreements. However McCain defeated Ward in the primary by a double-digit percentage point margin and gained a similar lead over Kirkpatrick in general election polls, and when the Donald Trump \"Access Hollywood\" controversy broke, he felt secure enough to on October 8 withdraw his endorsement of Trump. McCain stated that Trump's \"demeaning comments about women and his boasts about sexual assaults\" made it \"impossible to continue to offer even conditional support\" and added that he would not vote for Hillary Clinton, but would instead \"write in the name of some good conservative Republican who is qualified to be president.\" McCain, at 80 years of age, went on to defeat Kirkpatrick, securing a sixth term as United States Senator from Arizona.\n", "In November 2016, McCain learned of the existence of a dossier regarding the Trump presidential campaign's links to Russia compiled by Christopher Steele. McCain sent a representative to gather more information, who obtained a copy of the dossier. In December 2016, McCain passed on the dossier to FBI Director James Comey in a 1-on-1 meeting. McCain later wrote that he felt the dossier's \"allegations were disturbing\" but unverifiable by himself, so he let the FBI investigate.\n", "On December 31, 2016, in Tbilisi, Georgia, McCain stated that the United States should strengthen its sanctions against Russia. One year later, on December 23, 2017, the State Department announced that the United States would provide Ukraine with \"enhanced defensive capabilities\".\n", "Section::::Senate career after 2008.:Sixth and final Senate term.\n", "McCain chaired the January 5, 2017, hearing of the Senate Armed Services Committee where Republican and Democratic senators and intelligence officers, including James R. Clapper Jr., the Director of National Intelligence, Michael S. Rogers, the head of the National Security Agency and United States Cyber Command presented a \"united front\" that \"forcefully reaffirmed the conclusion that the Russian government used hacking and leaks to try to influence the presidential election.\"\n", "In June 2017, McCain voted to support President Trump's controversial arms deal with Saudi Arabia.\n", "Repeal and replacement of Obamacare (the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act) was a centerpiece of McCain's 2016 re-election campaign, and in July 2017 he said, \"Have no doubt: Congress must replace Obamacare, which has hit Arizonans with some of the highest premium increases in the nation and left 14 of Arizona's 15 counties with only one provider option on the exchanges this year.\" He added that he supports affordable and quality health care, but objected that the pending Senate bill did not do enough to shield the Medicaid system in Arizona.\n", "In response to the death of Chinese Nobel Peace Prize laureate Liu Xiaobo, who died of organ failure while in government custody, McCain said that \"this is only the latest example of Communist China's assault on human rights, democracy, and freedom.\"\n", "In September 2017, as the Rohingya crisis in Myanmar became ethnic cleansing of the Rohingya Muslim minority, McCain announced moves to scrap planned future military cooperation with Myanmar.\n", "In October 2017, McCain praised President Trump's decision to decertify Iran's compliance with the Iran nuclear deal (JCPOA) while not yet withdrawing the U.S. from the agreement, saying that the Obama-era policy failed \"to meet the multifaceted threat Iran poses. The goals President Trump presented in his speech today are a welcomed long overdue change.\"\n", "Section::::Senate career after 2008.:Sixth and final Senate term.:Brain tumor diagnosis and surgery.\n", "On July 14, 2017, McCain underwent a minimally invasive craniotomy at Mayo Clinic Hospital in Phoenix, Arizona, in order to remove a blood clot above his left eye. His absence prompted Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell to delay a vote on the Better Care Reconciliation Act. Five days later, Mayo Clinic doctors announced that the laboratory results from the surgery confirmed the presence of a glioblastoma, which is a very aggressive brain tumor. Standard treatment options for this tumor include chemotherapy and radiation, although even with treatment, average survival time is approximately 14 months. McCain was a survivor of previous cancers, including melanoma.\n", "President Trump made a public statement wishing Senator McCain well, as did many others, including former President Obama. On July 19, McCain's senatorial office issued a statement that he \"appreciates the outpouring of support he has received over the last few days. He is in good spirits as he continues to recover at home with his family in Arizona. He is grateful to the doctors and staff at Mayo Clinic for their outstanding care, and is confident that any future treatment will be effective.\" On July 24, McCain announced via Twitter that he would return to the United States Senate the following day.\n", "Section::::Senate career after 2008.:Sixth and final Senate term.:Return to the Senate.\n", "McCain returned to the Senate on July 25, less than two weeks after brain surgery. He cast a deciding vote allowing the Senate to begin consideration of bills to replace the Affordable Care Act. Along with that vote, he delivered a speech criticizing the party-line voting process used by the Republicans, as well as by the Democrats in passing the Affordable Care Act to begin with, and McCain also urged a \"return to regular order\" utilizing the usual committee hearings and deliberations. On July 28, he cast the decisive vote against the Republicans' final proposal that month, the so-called \"skinny repeal\" option, which failed 49–51.\n", "McCain did not vote in the Senate after December 2017, remaining instead in Arizona to undergo cancer treatment. On April 15, 2018, he underwent surgery for an infection relating to diverticulitis and the following day was reported to be in stable condition.\n", "Section::::Senate career after 2008.:Committee assignments.\n", "BULLET::::- Committee on Armed Services (Chair)\n", "BULLET::::- as chair of the full committee may serve as an ex-officio member of any subcommittee\n", "BULLET::::- Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs\n", "BULLET::::- Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations\n", "BULLET::::- Subcommittee on Financial and Contracting Oversight\n", "BULLET::::- Committee on Indian Affairs\n", "BULLET::::- Committee on Intelligence (ex-officio)\n", "Section::::Senate career after 2008.:Caucus memberships.\n", "BULLET::::- International Conservation Caucus\n", "BULLET::::- Senate Diabetes Caucus\n", "BULLET::::- Senate National Security Caucus (Co-Chair)\n", "BULLET::::- Sportsmen's Caucus\n", "BULLET::::- Senate Wilderness and Public Lands Caucus\n", "BULLET::::- Senate Ukraine Caucus\n", "BULLET::::- Republican Main Street Partnership.\n", "Section::::Death and funeral.\n", "On August 24, 2018, McCain's family announced that he would no longer receive treatment for his cancer. He died the following day at 4:28 p.m. MST (11:28 p.m. UTC), with his wife and family beside him, at his home in Cornville, Arizona.\n", "McCain lay in state in the Arizona State Capitol in Phoenix on August 29, which would have been his 82nd birthday. This was followed by a service at North Phoenix Baptist Church on August 30. His remains were then moved to Washington, D.C. to lie in state in the rotunda of the United States Capitol on August 31, which was followed by a service at the Washington National Cathedral on September 1. He was a \"lifelong Episcopalian\" who attended, but did not join, a Southern Baptist church for at least 17 years; memorial services were scheduled in both denominations. Prior to his death, McCain requested that former Presidents George W. Bush and Barack Obama deliver eulogies at his funeral, and asked that both President Donald Trump and former Alaska Governor and 2008 vice presidential nominee Sarah Palin not attend any of the services. McCain himself planned the funeral arrangements and selected his pallbearers for the service in Washington; the pallbearers included former Vice President Joe Biden, former Wisconsin Senator Russ Feingold, former Secretary of Defense William Cohen, actor Warren Beatty, and Russian dissident Vladimir Vladimirovich Kara-Murza.\n", "Multiple foreign leaders attended McCain's service: Secretary General of NATO Jens Stoltenberg, President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko, Speaker of Taiwan's Congress Su Jia-chyuan, National Defense Minister of Canada Harjit Sajjan, Defense Minister Jüri Luik and Foreign Minister Sven Mikser of Estonia, Foreign Minister of Latvia Edgars Rinkēvičs, Foreign Minister of Lithuania Linas Antanas Linkevičius, and Foreign Affairs Minister of Saudi Arabia Adel al-Jubeir.\n", "Dignitaries who gave eulogies at the Memorial Service in Washington National Cathedral included Barack Obama, George W. Bush, Henry Kissinger, Joe Lieberman, and his daughter Meghan McCain. The New Yorker magazine hailed the service as the biggest resistance meeting of the Trump era.\n", "Many American political figures paid tribute at the funeral. Those who attended included former United States Presidents Obama, Bush, Clinton, Carter; First Ladies Michelle, Laura, Hillary, Rosalyn; and former Vice Presidents Biden, Cheney, Gore, and Quayle. Former President George H.W. Bush (who died three months after McCain) was too ill to attend the service and President Trump was not invited. Many figures from political life both current and former from both political parties attended. Figures included, John F. Kelly, John Mattis, Bob Dole, Madeleine Albright, John Kerry, Mitch McConnell, Paul Ryan, Nancy Pelosi, Chuck Schumer, Mitt Romney, Lindsey Graham, Jeff Flake, Elizabeth Warren, Jon Huntsman. Ivanka Trump and Jared Kushner attended to the displeasure of Meghan McCain. Journalists Carl Bernstein, Tom Brokaw, and Charlie Rose, as well as actors Warren Beatty, Annette Benning, and comedians Jay Leno, and Joy Behar also attended the funeral.\n", "On September 2, the funeral cortege traveled from Washington, D.C. through Annapolis, Maryland, where the streets were lined with crowds of onlookers, to the Naval Academy. A private service was held at the Naval Academy Chapel, attended by the brigade of midshipmen and McCain's classmates. After the chapel service, McCain was buried at the United States Naval Academy Cemetery, next to his Naval Academy classmate and lifelong friend Admiral Charles R. Larson.\n", "Many celebrities paid tribute to the late Senator on Twitter. Those included, Tom Hanks who tweeted \"Duty. Honor. Country. Our nation thanks you, John McCain. There has been no finer son of America\". Whoopi Goldberg, Ellen DeGeneres, Reese Witherspoon, Jimmy Kimmel, and Khloe Kardashian also tweeted out remembrances of the late Senator.\n", "Arizona Governor Doug Ducey was empowered to appoint McCain's interim replacement until a special election is held in 2020 to determine who is to serve out the remainder of McCain's term, which ends in January 2023 and thus appointed the then former Arizona U.S. Senator Jon Kyl to fill the vacancy. Under Arizona law, the appointed replacement must be of the same party as McCain, a Republican. Newspaper speculation about potential appointees has included McCain's widow Cindy, former Senator Jon Kyl, and former Representatives Matt Salmon and John Shadegg. Ducey said that he would not make a formal appointment until after McCain's final funeral and burial; on September 4, two days after McCain was buried, Ducey appointed Kyl to fill McCain's seat.\n", "Section::::Death and funeral.:Tributes.\n", "McCain received many tributes and condolences, including from Congressional colleagues, all living former Presidents – Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, Barack Obama – and former Vice President Joe Biden, as well as Vice President Mike Pence and President Richard Nixon's daughters Tricia Nixon Cox and Julie Nixon Eisenhower. French President Emmanuel Macron, Taiwanese President Tsai Ing-wen, Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko and Prime Minister Volodymyr Groysman, Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison, who had just taken office the previous day, and former Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull, British Prime Minister Theresa May and former Prime Minister David Cameron, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and former Prime Minister Stephen Harper, German Chancellor Angela Merkel and foreign minister Heiko Maas, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, Afghanistan chief executive Abdullah Abdullah, Pakistani foreign minister Shah Mehmood Qureshi, the 14th Dalai Lama, and former Vietnamese ambassador to Washington Nguyễn Quốc Cường also sent condolences.\n", "Colonel Trần Trọng Duyệt, who ran the Hỏa Lò Prison when McCain was held there, remarked, \"At that time I liked him personally for his toughness and strong stance. Later on, when he became a US Senator, he and Senator John Kerry greatly contributed to promote Vietnam-US relations so I was very fond of him. When I learnt about his death early this morning, I feel very sad. I would like to send condolences to his family.\" In a TV interview, Senator Lindsey Graham said McCain's last words to him were \"I love you, I have not been cheated.\" His daughter, Meghan McCain, shared her grief, stating that she was present at the moment he died.\n", "At the 70th Primetime Emmy Awards, McCain was recognized in the \"In Memoriam\" segment, right before Aretha Franklin. Many fans questioned the inclusion of McCain in the segment because he wasn't known for television. He had, however, appeared in various television projects, including hosting and several cameo appearances on \"Saturday Night Live\". He also made appearances on \"Parks and Recreation\" and \"24\". McCain was also a good friend of \"SNL\" creator Lorne Michaels, who produced that year's Emmy Awards ceremony.\n", "Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer (D-NY) announced that he would introduce a resolution to rename the Russell Senate Office Building after McCain. A quarter peal of Grandsire Caters in memory of McCain was rung by the bellringers of Washington National Cathedral the day following his death. Another memorial quarter peal was rung on September 6 on the Bells of Congress at the Old Post Office in Washington.\n", "Section::::Death and funeral.:Negative reaction from the White House.\n", "Trump reportedly rejected the White House's plans to release a statement praising McCain's life, and he initially said nothing about McCain himself in a tweet that extended condolences to McCain's family. In addition, the flag at the White House, which had been lowered to half-staff the day of McCain's death (August 25), was raised back to full-staff at 12:01 a.m. on August 27. Trump reportedly felt that media coverage of McCain's death was excessive given that McCain was never president. In contrast with the White House's initial decision, many governors, both Democratic and Republican, had ordered flags in their states to fly at half-staff until McCain's interment, and Senate leaders Mitch McConnell and Chuck Schumer requested support from the Defense Department so that flags would be flown at half-staff on all government buildings. Following public backlash from the American Legion and AMVETS, Trump relented and ordered the White House flag back to half-staff later in the day on August 27. Trump belatedly issued a statement praising McCain's service to the country, and he signed a proclamation ordering flags to be flown at half-staff until McCain's interment at the Naval Academy Cemetery.\n", "In March 2019—seven months after McCain's death—Trump issued a series of public statements that criticized McCain at least four times in five days. Trump also claimed that he approved McCain's funeral but was not thanked for it. However, the Washington National Cathedral responded that no governmental or presidential approval was needed for McCain's funeral because he was not a former president. McCain's lying in state was approved by the Senate, while Trump did approve the transport for McCain's body. Trump also described himself as having \"got the job done\" on the Veterans Choice Act while claiming McCain failed on the same issue. However, McCain was actually one of the two main authors of the bill, which President Barack Obama signed into law in 2014. Trump simply signed the VA MISSION Act of 2018 (), an expansion of that law, which was worked on by McCain and others, and includes McCain's name in its full title. Trump also falsely claimed that McCain graduated \"last in his class\" when McCain was actually fifth from last.\n", "Section::::Political positions.\n", "Various advocacy groups have given McCain scores or grades as to how well his votes align with the positions of each group. The American Conservative Union awarded McCain a lifetime rating of 82 percent through 2015, while McCain registered an average lifetime 12 percent \"Liberal Quotient\" from Americans for Democratic Action through 2015. CrowdPac, which rates politicians based on donations made and received, gave Senator McCain a score of 4.3C with 10C being the most conservative and 10L being the most liberal.\n", "The non-partisan \"National Journal\" rates a Senator's votes by what percentage of the Senate voted more liberally than he or she, and what percentage more conservatively, in three policy areas: economic, social, and foreign. For 2005–2006 (as reported in the 2008 \"Almanac of American Politics\"), McCain's average ratings were as follows: economic policy: 59 percent conservative and 41 percent liberal; social policy: 54 percent conservative and 38 percent liberal; and foreign policy: 56 percent conservative and 43 percent liberal. In 2012, the \"National Journal\" gave McCain a composite score of 73 percent conservative and 27 percent liberal, while in 2013 he received a composite score of 60 percent conservative and 40 percent liberal.\n", "Columnists such as Robert Robb and Matthew Continetti used a formulation devised by William F. Buckley Jr. to describe McCain as \"conservative\" but not \"a conservative\", meaning that while McCain usually tended towards conservative positions, he was not \"anchored by the philosophical tenets of modern American conservatism\". Following his 2008 presidential election loss, McCain began adopting more orthodox conservative views; the magazine \"National Journal\" rated McCain along with seven of his colleagues as the \"most conservative\" Senators for 2010 and he achieved his first 100 percent rating from the American Conservative Union for that year. During Barack Obama's presidency, McCain was one of the top five Republicans most likely to vote with Obama's position on significant votes; McCain voted with Obama's position on such votes more than half the time in 2013 and was \"censured by the Arizona Republican party for a so-called 'liberal' voting record\".\n", "From the late 1990s until 2008, McCain was a board member of Project Vote Smart which was set up by Richard Kimball, his 1986 Senate opponent. The project provides non-partisan information about the political positions of McCain and other candidates for political office. Additionally, McCain used his Senate website to describe his political positions.\n", "Section::::Cultural and political image.\n", "McCain's personal character was a dominant feature of his public image. This image includes the military service of both himself and his family, the circumstances and tensions surrounding the end of his first marriage and beginning of second, his maverick political persona, his temper, his admitted problem of occasional ill-considered remarks, and his close ties to his children from both his marriages.\n", "McCain's political appeal was more nonpartisan and less ideological compared to many other national politicians. His stature and reputation stemmed partly from his service in the Vietnam War. He also carried physical vestiges of his war wounds, as well as his melanoma surgery. When campaigning, he quipped: \"I am older than dirt and have more scars than Frankenstein.\"\n", "Writers often extolled McCain for his courage not just in war but in politics, and wrote sympathetically about him. McCain's shift of political stances and attitudes during and especially after the 2008 presidential campaign, including his self-repudiation of the maverick label, left many writers expressing sadness and wondering what had happened to the McCain they thought they had known. By 2013, some aspects of the older McCain had returned, and his image became that of a kaleidoscope of contradictory tendencies, including, as one writer listed, \"the maverick, the former maverick, the curmudgeon, the bridge builder, the war hero bent on transcending the call of self-interest to serve a cause greater than himself, the sore loser, old bull, last lion, loose cannon, happy warrior, elder statesman, lion in winter.\"\n", "In his own estimation, McCain was straightforward and direct, but impatient. His other traits included a penchant for lucky charms, a fondness for hiking, and a sense of humor that sometimes backfired spectacularly, as when he made a joke in 1998 about the Clintons that was widely deemed not fit to print in newspapers: \"Do you know why Chelsea Clinton is so ugly? – Because Janet Reno is her father.\" McCain subsequently apologized profusely, and the Clinton White House accepted his apology. McCain did not shy away from addressing his shortcomings, and he apologized for them. He was known for sometimes being prickly and hot-tempered with Senate colleagues, but his relations with his own Senate staff were more cordial, and inspired loyalty towards him. He formed a strong bond with two senators, Joe Lieberman and Lindsey Graham, over hawkish foreign policy and overseas travel, and they became dubbed the \"Three Amigos\".\n", "McCain acknowledged having said intemperate things in years past, though he also said that many stories have been exaggerated. One psychoanalytic comparison suggested that McCain was not the first presidential candidate to have a temper, and cultural critic Julia Keller argued that voters want leaders who are passionate, engaged, fiery, and feisty. McCain employed both profanity and shouting on occasion, although such incidents became less frequent over the years. Lieberman made this observation: \"It is not the kind of anger that is a loss of control. He is a very controlled person.\" Senator Thad Cochran, who knew McCain for decades and had battled him over earmarks, expressed concern about a McCain presidency: \"He is erratic. He is hotheaded. He loses his temper and he worries me.\" Yet Cochran supported McCain for president when it was clear he would win the nomination. The \"Chicago Tribune\" editorial board called McCain a patriot, who although sometimes wrong was fearless, and that he deserves to be thought of among the few US senators in history, whose names are more recognizable than some presidents.\n", "All of McCain's family members were on good terms with him, and he defended them against some of the negative consequences of his high-profile political lifestyle. His family's military tradition extends to the latest generation: son John Sidney IV (\"Jack\") graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in 2009, becoming the fourth generation John S. McCain to do so, and is a helicopter pilot; son James served two tours with the Marines in the Iraq War; and son Doug flew jets in the navy. His daughter Meghan became a blogging and Twittering presence in the debate about the future of the Republican Party following the 2008 elections, and showed some of his maverick tendencies. In 2017 Meghan joined the cast of the popular ABC talk show \"The View\" as a co-host. Senator McCain himself also appeared as a guest on the program.\n", "McCain appeared in several television shows and films while he was a sitting senator. He made uncredited cameo appearances in \"Wedding Crashers\" and \"24\" and had two uncredited cameos in \"Parks and Recreation\". McCain also hosted \"Saturday Night Live\" in 2002 and appeared in two episodes in 2008.\n", "Section::::Awards and honors.\n", "In addition to his military honors and decorations, McCain was granted a number of civilian awards and honors.\n", "In 1997, \"Time\" magazine named McCain as one of the \"25 Most Influential People in America\".\n", "In 1999, McCain shared the Profile in Courage Award with Senator Russ Feingold for their work towards campaign finance reform. The following year, the same pair shared the Paul H. Douglas Award for Ethics in Government. In 2005, The Eisenhower Institute awarded McCain the Eisenhower Leadership Prize. The prize recognizes individuals whose lifetime accomplishments reflect Dwight D. Eisenhower's legacy of integrity and leadership. In 2006, the Bruce F. Vento Public Service Award was bestowed upon McCain by the National Park Trust. The same year, McCain was awarded the Henry M. Jackson Distinguished Service Award by the Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs, in honor of Senator Henry M. \"Scoop\" Jackson. In 2007, the World Leadership Forum presented McCain with the Policymaker of the Year Award; it is given internationally to someone who has \"created, inspired or strongly influenced important policy or legislation\". In 2010, President Mikheil Saakashvili of Georgia awarded McCain the Order of National Hero, an award never previously given to a non-Georgian. In 2015, the Kiev Patriarchate awarded McCain its own version of the Order of St. Vladimir. In 2016, Allegheny College awarded McCain, along with Vice President Joe Biden, its Prize for Civility in Public Life. In August 2016, Petro Poroshenko, the President of Ukraine, awarded McCain with the highest award for foreigners, the Order of Liberty. In 2017, Hashim Thaçi, the President of Kosovo, awarded McCain the \"Urdhër i Lirisë\" (Order of Freedom) medal for his contribution to the freedom and independence of Kosovo, and its partnership with the U.S. McCain also received the Liberty Medal from the National Constitution Center in 2017. In the spring of 2018 McCain was decorated with the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun from the Japanese Emperor for 'strengthening bilateral relations and promoting friendship between Japan and the United States'.\n", "McCain received several honorary degrees from colleges and universities in the United States and internationally. These include ones from Colgate University (LL.D 2000), The Citadel (DPA 2002), Wake Forest University (LL.D May 20, 2002), the University of Southern California (DHL May 2004), Northwestern University (LL.D June 17, 2005), Liberty University (2006), The New School (2006), and the Royal Military College of Canada (D.MSc June 27, 2013). He was also made an Honorary Patron of the University Philosophical Society at Trinity College Dublin in 2005.\n", "On 11 July 2018, , originally named in honor of the Senator's father and grandfather, was rededicated in the Senator's name also.\n", "Section::::Bibliography.\n", "Section::::Bibliography.:Books.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Faith of My Fathers\" by John McCain, Mark Salter (Random House, August 1999) (later made into the 2005 television film \"Faith of My Fathers\")\n", "BULLET::::- \"Worth the Fighting For\" by John McCain, Mark Salter (Random House, September 2002)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Why Courage Matters: The Way to a Braver Life\" by John McCain, Mark Salter (Random House, April 2004)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Character Is Destiny: Inspiring Stories Every Young Person Should Know and Every Adult Should Remember\" by John McCain, Mark Salter (Random House, October 2005)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hard Call: Great Decisions and the Extraordinary People Who Made Them\" by John McCain, Mark Salter (Hachette, August 2007)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Thirteen Soldiers: A Personal History of Americans at War\" by John McCain, Mark Salter (Simon & Schuster, November 2014)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Restless Wave: Good Times, Just Causes, Great Fights, and Other Appreciations\" by John McCain, Mark Salter (Simon & Schuster, May 2018)\n", "Section::::Bibliography.:Articles and forewords.\n", "BULLET::::- \"How the POW's Fought Back\", by John S. McCain III, Lieut. Commander, U.S. Navy, \"U.S. News & World Report\", May 14, 1973 (reprinted for web under different title in 2008). Reprinted in \"Reporting Vietnam, Part Two: American Journalism 1969–1975\" (The Library of America, 1998)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Code of Conduct and the Vietnam Prisoners of War\", by John S. McCain, Commander USN, National War College, April 8, 1974 (actual paper)\n", "BULLET::::- Foreword by John McCain to \"A Code to Keep: The True Story of America's Longest-Held Civilian POW in Vietnam\" by Ernest C. Brace (St. Martin's Press, 1988)\n", "BULLET::::- Speeches of John McCain, 1988–2000\n", "BULLET::::- Foreword by John McCain to \"Glory Denied: The Saga of Jim Thompson, America's Longest-held Prisoner\" by Tom Philpott (W. W. Norton, 2001)\n", "BULLET::::- Foreword by John McCain to \"The Best and the Brightest\" by David Halberstam (Random House, 2001 edition)\n", "BULLET::::- Foreword by John S. McCain to \"Unfinished Business: Afghanistan, the Middle East and Beyond – Defusing the Dangers That Threaten America's Security\" by Harlan Ullman (Citadel Press, June 2002)\n", "BULLET::::- Foreword by John McCain and Max Cleland to \"Odysseus in America: Combat Trauma and the Trials of Homecoming\" by Jonathan Shay (Scribner, November 2002)\n", "BULLET::::- Foreword by John McCain to \"Debunking 9/11 Myths: Why Conspiracy Theories Can't Stand Up to the Facts\" by the Editors of \"Popular Mechanics\" (Hearst, August 2006)\n", "BULLET::::- Introduction by John McCain to \"Pearl Harbor, the Day of Infamy, an Illustrated History\" by Dan van der Vat (Black Walnut Books, 2007)\n", "BULLET::::- \"An Enduring Peace Built on Freedom: Securing America's Future\" by John McCain \"Foreign Affairs\", November/December 2007\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Electoral history of John McCain\n", "BULLET::::- List of United States Senators born outside the United States\n", "Section::::Bibliography.\n", "BULLET::::- Alexander, Paul. \"Man of the People: The Life of John McCain\" (John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey 2002). .\n", "BULLET::::- Brock, David and Waldman, Paul. \"Free Ride: John McCain and the Media\" (Anchor Books, New York 2008). .\n", "BULLET::::- Drew, Elizabeth. \"Citizen McCain\" (Simon & Schuster, New York 2002). .\n", "BULLET::::- Feinberg, Barbara Silberdick. \"John McCain: Serving His Country\" (Millbrook Press, Brookfield, Connecticut 2000). .\n", "BULLET::::- Hubbell, John G. \"P.O.W.: A Definitive History of the American Prisoner-Of-War Experience in Vietnam, 1964–1973\" (Reader's Digest Press, New York 1976). .\n", "BULLET::::- Karaagac, John. \"John McCain: An Essay in Military and Political History\" (Lexington Books, Lanham, Maryland 2000). .\n", "BULLET::::- McCain, John and Salter, Mark, \"Faith of My Fathers\" (Random House, New York 1999). .\n", "BULLET::::- McCain, John and Salter, Mark. \"Worth the Fighting For\" (Random House, New York 2002). .\n", "BULLET::::- Rochester, Stuart I. and Kiley, Frederick. \"Honor Bound: American Prisoners of War in Southeast Asia, 1961–1973\" (Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland 1999). .\n", "BULLET::::- Schecter, Cliff. \"The Real McCain: Why Conservatives Don't Trust Him and Why Independents Shouldn't\" (PoliPoint Press, Sausalito, California 2008). .\n", "BULLET::::- Timberg, Robert. \"John McCain: An American Odyssey\" (Touchstone Books, New York 1999). . Chapter 1 available online.\n", "BULLET::::- Timberg, Robert. \"The Nightingale's Song\" (Simon & Schuster, New York 1996). . Chapter 1 available online.\n", "BULLET::::- Welch, Matt. \"McCain: The Myth of a Maverick\" (Palgrave Macmillan, New York 2007). .\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Senator John McCain official U.S. Senate site\n", "BULLET::::- John McCain for Senate\n", "BULLET::::- Sean Wilentz: \"John McCain.\" In: \"Encyclopædia Britannica\", February 15, 2018\n", "BULLET::::- Gates, H.L. John McCain's Interactive Family Tree. PBS. February 11, 2016. Accessed February 17, 2017\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "John Sidney McCain III" ] }, "description": "United States Senator and former presidential candidate", "enwikiquote_title": "John McCain", "wikidata_id": "Q10390", "wikidata_label": "John McCain", "wikipedia_title": "John McCain" }

{ "end": [ 124, 192, 283, 343, 381, 117, 554, 605, 663, 69, 227, 247, 288, 84, 121, 173, 231, 383, 59, 207, 244, 68, 205, 388, 443, 67, 50, 28, 55, 74 ], "href": [ "United%20States%20Republican%20Party", "List%20of%20Governors%20of%20California", "Great%20Depression", "mayor%20of%20San%20Francisco", "resign", "Mission%20District%2C%20San%20Francisco%2C%20California", "Mabel%20and%20Fatty%20Viewing%20the%20World%27s%20Fair%20at%20San%20Francisco", "Roscoe%20Arbuckle", "Slim%20Summerville", "Roman%20Catholic%20Archdiocese%20of%20San%20Francisco", "Edward%20Joseph%20Hanna", "Panama-Pacific%20International%20Exposition", "Merchants%20Exchange%20Building%20%28San%20Francisco%29", "San%20Jose%2C%20California", "lynching", "Brooke%20Hart", "pardon", "National%20Guard%20%28United%20States%29", "San%20Joaquin%20cotton%20strike", "Visalia%2C%20California", "Caroline%20Decker", "Santa%20Clara%20County%2C%20California", "Washington%20Bartlett", "Colma%2C%20California", "Frank%20Merriam", "San%20Francisco%E2%80%93Oakland%20Bay%20Bridge", "https%3A//web.archive.org/web/20040806113556/http%3A//www.governor.ca.gov/govsite/govsgallery/h/biography/governor_27.html", "http%3A//politicalgraveyard.com/bio/rollyson-romaldus.html%23RHS0JWWJQ", "The%20Political%20Graveyard", "http%3A//www.sfmuseum.org/hist1/rolph.html" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 10, 10, 10, 10, 12, 14, 15, 15, 16 ], "start": [ 108, 165, 267, 321, 375, 101, 497, 591, 647, 48, 208, 208, 269, 76, 113, 162, 225, 369, 34, 200, 229, 50, 186, 371, 430, 35, 12, 12, 32, 12 ], "text": [ "Republican Party", "27th governor of California", "Great Depression", "mayor of San Francisco", "resign", "Mission District", "Mabel and Fatty Viewing the World's Fair at San Francisco", "Fatty Arbuckle", "Slim Summerville", "Roman Catholic Church", "Edward Joseph Hanna", "Panama-Pacific International Exposition", "Merchants' Exchange", "San Jose", "lynching", "Brooke Hart", "pardon", "National Guard", "San Joaquin cotton strike", "Visalia", "Caroline Decker", "Santa Clara County", "Washington Bartlett", "Colma, California", "Frank Merriam", "San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge", "Biography from the State of California", "James Rolph, Jr.", "The Political Graveyard", "Biography from the Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "James Rolph\n", "James \"Sunny Jim\" Rolph Jr. (August 23, 1869 – June 2, 1934) was an American politician and a member of the Republican Party. He was elected to a single term as the 27th governor of California from January 6, 1931 until his death on June 2, 1934 at the height of the Great Depression. Previously, Rolph had been the 30th mayor of San Francisco from January 8, 1912 until his resignation to become governor. Rolph remains the longest-serving mayor in San Francisco history.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Rolph was born in San Francisco. He had four brothers and two sisters. After attending school in the Mission District, he went to work as an office boy in a commission house. He married Annie Marshall Reid (1872–1956) and had at least one son: James Rolph, III (1904-1980).\n", "Rolph entered the shipping business in 1900, by forming a partnership with George Hind. He would over the next decade serve as president of two banks, one of which he helped establish. Although he was asked to run for mayor in 1909, he chose to wait until 1911 to run for mayor—a position that he would hold for nineteen years. As mayor, he was known as \"Sunny Jim\" and his theme song was \"There Are Smiles That Make You Happy\". In 1915 he appeared as himself in an early documentary film titled \"Mabel and Fatty Viewing the World's Fair at San Francisco\", which was directed by and starred Fatty Arbuckle. In 1924, Rolph appeared as himself in a Slim Summerville comedy short film, \"Hello, Frisco.\"\n", "Rolph knew of the power in San Francisco of the Roman Catholic Church. Italians, Irish, French and Germans made up the majority of the population of the City. He established a deep friendship with Archbishop Edward Joseph Hanna. In turn, Hanna would support Rolph in his 1930 election as governor of California.\n", "In addition to his mayoral duties and overseeing his shipping interests, he directed the Ship Owners and Merchants Tugboat Company and the San Francisco Chamber of Commerce. He also was vice-president of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition and president of the Merchants' Exchange. He resigned in 1931 to assume the office of governor of California.\n", "Rolph received considerable criticism for publicly praising the citizens of San Jose following the November 1933 lynching of the confessed kidnapper-murderers of Brooke Hart, a local department store heir, while promising to pardon anyone involved, thereby earning the nickname, \"Governor Lynch.\" Four days before the lynching he had announced he would not call on the National Guard to prevent the lynching, which was already being discussed locally.\n", "After violence erupted during the San Joaquin cotton strike in October 1933, Governor Rolph appointed a fact-finding committee to investigate the deaths of several strikers. When the committee met in Visalia on October 19, 1933, Caroline Decker, a labor activist who had taken part in other California agricultural actions, took testimony from the strikers who testified about the growers' assaults on striking workers.\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "After suffering several heart attacks, he died in Santa Clara County on June 2, 1934, aged 64, three years into his term. Rolph was the second governor to die in office, the first being Washington Bartlett in 1887, who, like Rolph, had also been elected while mayor of San Francisco but died during his only gubernatorial term. He is buried at Greenlawn Memorial Park in Colma, California. He was succeeded by Lieutenant Governor Frank Merriam in the Governor's Office.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "One of the unofficial names of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge is the James \"Sunny Jim\" Rolph Bridge.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Biography from the State of California\n", "BULLET::::- James Rolph, Jr. at The Political Graveyard\n", "BULLET::::- Biography from the Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "James Rolph, Jr." ] }, "description": "California politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q878728", "wikidata_label": "James Rolph", "wikipedia_title": "James Rolph" }

{ "end": [ 124, 135, 161, 189, 254, 265, 29, 70, 89, 150, 364, 387, 400, 439, 468, 494, 546, 24, 31, 212, 237, 361, 382, 409, 497, 104, 260, 344, 417, 82, 13, 27, 49, 60, 71, 106, 120, 136, 71, 108, 172, 48, 53, 44, 32, 63 ], "href": [ "theatre", "impresario", "music%20hall", "slapstick", "Pieing", "Hal%20Roach", "comedian", "Charlie%20Chaplin", "understudy", "Stan%20Laurel", "war%20song", "First%20World%20War", "parody", "hymn", "The%20Church%27s%20One%20Foundation", "Second%20World%20War", "Guinea%20Pig%20Club", "Exeter", "Devon", "Tagg%27s%20Island", "River%20Thames", "Frank%20Matcham", "The%20Karsino", "Film", "bankrupt", "diabetes", "Hal%20Roach%20Studios", "Stan%20Laurel", "Hal%20Roach", "Lilliput%2C%20Dorset", "houseboat", "Astoria%20%28recording%20studio%29", "River%20Thames", "Hampton%2C%20London", "Middlesex", "recording%20studio", "Pink%20Floyd", "David%20Gilmour", "Music%20Hall%20Guild%20of%20Great%20Britain%20and%20America", "blue%20plaque", "Camberwell", "http%3A//archive.timesonline.co.uk/tol/archive/", "https%3A//web.archive.org/web/20120716235229/http%3A//www.marketingreinforcements.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/index_fredkarno.html", "http%3A//www.charliehallpicturearchive.co.uk", "http%3A//myweb.tiscali.co.uk/sherwoodtimes/karno.htm", "http%3A//www.themusichallguild.com" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 10, 10, 10, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18 ], "start": [ 117, 125, 151, 180, 227, 256, 21, 55, 79, 139, 353, 372, 394, 435, 441, 478, 531, 18, 26, 199, 225, 348, 371, 403, 489, 96, 243, 333, 408, 66, 4, 20, 37, 53, 62, 90, 110, 123, 26, 97, 162, 31, 12, 12, 12, 12 ], "text": [ "theatre", "impresario", "music hall", "slapstick", "custard-pie-in-the-face gag", "Hal Roach", "comedian", "Charlie Chaplin", "understudy", "Stan Laurel", "trench song", "First World War", "parody", "hymn", "The Church's One Foundation", "Second World War", "Guinea Pig Club", "Exeter", "Devon", "Tagg's Island", "River Thames", "Frank Matcham", "The Karsino", "cinema", "bankrupt", "diabetes", "Hal Roach Studios", "Stan Laurel", "Hal Roach", "Lilliput, Dorset", "houseboat", "Astoria", "River Thames", "Hampton", "Middlesex", "recording studio", "Pink Floyd", "David Gilmour", "Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America", "blue plaque", "Camberwell", "The Times archive", "Fred Karno, Tagg's Island and the Astoria", "The Charlie Hall Picture Archive", "Fred Karno biography", "Fred Karno at the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Fred Karno\n", "Frederick John Westcott (26 March 1866 – 18 September 1941), best known by his stage name Fred Karno, was an English theatre impresario of the British music hall. As a comedian of slapstick he is credited with popularizing the custard-pie-in-the-face gag. During the 1890s, in order to circumvent stage censorship, Karno developed a form of sketch comedy without dialogue.\n", "Cheeky authority-defying playlets such as \"Jail Mum\" (1896) in which prisoners play tricks on warders and \"Early Birds\" (1903), where a small man defeats a large ruffian in London's East End, can be seen as precursors of movie silent comedy. Film producer Hal Roach stated: \"Fred Karno is not only a genius, he is the man who originated slapstick comedy. We in Hollywood owe much to him.\"\n", "Among the music hall comedians who worked for him were Charlie Chaplin and his understudy, Arthur Jefferson, who later adopted the name of Stan Laurel. These were part of what was known as \"Fred Karno's Army\", a phrase still occasionally used in the UK to refer to a chaotic group or organisation. The phrase was also adapted by British soldiers into a trench song in the First World War, as a parody of, or rather to the tune of, the hymn \"The Church's One Foundation\". In the Second World War it was adapted as the Anthem of the Guinea Pig Club, the first line becoming \"We are McIndoe's Army ...\".\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Karno was born in Exeter, Devon, England, in 1866. He worked as a cabinet maker with a workshop in Waterbeer Street. He married Edith and in 1896 his son, Fred Karno Jr. was born. In 1904 he visited Tagg's Island on London's River Thames and in 1912 he bought the island and the existing hotel. He demolished the original hotel and hired architect Frank Matcham to build The Karsino. With the advent of cinema, the music hall's popularity declined. As a result of this decline, Karno went bankrupt in 1925.\n", "On 24 May 1927 his wife Edith, from whom he had been separated since 1904, died in her sleep of diabetes. Three weeks later, Karno married his second wife, his long-time partner, Marie Moore. Karno went to the US in 1929, and was hired by the Hal Roach Studios as a writer-director, and was reunited with one of his former protégés, Stan Laurel. However, his stay at the studio was brief and unsuccessful as Hal Roach found out Karno's main abilities were as a producer, and he departed in February 1930. On his return to Britain, Karno helped to write and produce several short films and in 1936 returned to the theatre with a show called \"Real Life\".\n", "Karno spent his last years in southwest England in the village of Lilliput, Dorset, as a part-owner of an off-licence bought with financial help from Charlie Chaplin, and died there in 1941 from diabetes, aged 75.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "His houseboat, the \"Astoria\", on the River Thames at Hampton, Middlesex, is now used as a recording studio by Pink Floyd's David Gilmour.\n", "On 30 September 2012, the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America unveiled a commemorative blue plaque to Karno at his former studios at 38 Southwell Road, Camberwell, in south London.\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- (Subscription required.)\n", "BULLET::::- (Available through The Times archive. Subscription required.)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Fred Karno, Tagg's Island and the Astoria\n", "BULLET::::- The Charlie Hall Picture Archive\n", "BULLET::::- Fred Karno biography\n", "BULLET::::- Fred Karno at the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Frederick John Westcott" ] }, "description": "British theatre manager", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q969031", "wikidata_label": "Fred Karno", "wikipedia_title": "Fred Karno" }

{ "end": [ 95, 133, 169, 29, 82, 130, 176, 229, 249, 303, 345, 64, 100, 164, 250, 294, 328, 344, 400, 511, 611, 245, 264, 310, 73, 100, 353, 363, 469, 484, 506, 545, 736, 762, 802, 907, 91, 227, 292, 100, 131, 271, 97, 209, 450, 495, 691, 838, 865, 47, 173, 319, 365, 435, 39, 194, 268, 342, 51, 84, 134, 208, 34, 42, 108, 185, 257, 746, 950, 1122, 1400, 1465, 1481, 92, 140, 30, 56, 128, 50, 137, 182, 189, 183, 217, 277, 55, 73, 181, 46, 113, 212, 197, 360, 390, 306, 373, 868, 124, 152, 213, 138, 139, 154, 204, 68, 114, 143, 170, 319, 15, 287, 298, 35, 74, 185, 286, 433, 266, 391, 531, 91, 101, 110, 119, 129, 137, 149, 159, 169, 179, 92, 48, 179, 246, 306, 344, 131, 143, 164, 266, 294, 30, 104, 124, 184, 109, 130, 181, 209, 308, 398, 453, 77, 104, 149, 222, 453, 506, 554, 637, 641, 69, 91, 117, 55, 74, 171, 46, 64, 94, 64, 73, 56, 120, 132, 252, 276, 298, 37, 74, 63, 59, 72, 97, 63, 68, 89, 104, 58, 51, 123, 149, 71, 96, 57, 40, 52, 102 ], "href": [ "Republican%20Party%20%28United%20States%29", "United%20States%20Senator", "List%20of%20Governors%20of%20California", "Lake%20Forest%2C%20Illinois", "UC%20Berkeley%20School%20of%20Law", "United%20States%20Marine%20Corps", "San%20Diego", "Richard%20Nixon", "Barry%20Goldwater", "California%20State%20Assembly", "Mayor%20of%20San%20Diego", "Strategic%20Defense%20Initiative", "Civil%20Liberties%20Act%20of%201988", "Omnibus%20Budget%20Reconciliation%20Act%20of%201990", "California%20gubernatorial%20election%2C%201990", "three-strikes%20law", "deregulation", "Term%20limits%20in%20the%20United%20States", "California%20Proposition%20187", "Illegal%20immigration%20to%20the%20United%20States", "Republican%20Party%20presidential%20primaries%2C%201996", "American%20conservatism", "Hoover%20Institution", "Arnold%20Schwarzenegger", "Lake%20Forest%2C%20Illinois", "Chicago", "St.%20Louis", "Missouri", "University-preparatory%20school", "John%20Burroughs%20School", "Ladue%2C%20Missouri", "St.%20Louis%20Country%20Day%20School", "Yale%20University", "New%20Haven%2C%20Connecticut", "United%20States%20Navy", "Bachelor%20of%20Arts", "United%20States%20Marine%20Corps", "Juris%20Doctor", "UC%20Berkeley%20School%20of%20Law", "Richard%20M.%20Nixon", "Herb%20Klein%20%28journalist%29", "San%20Diego", "San%20Diego", "Los%20Angeles%20Times", "Barry%20Goldwater", "1964%20United%20States%20presidential%20election", "Republican%20Party%20%28United%20States%29", "California%20State%20Assembly", "Clair%20Burgener", "Mayor%20of%20San%20Diego", "San%20Diego%20City%20Council", "Downtown%20San%20Diego", "Major%20League%20Baseball", "Ray%20Kroc", "1972%20Republican%20National%20Convention", "Miami", "ITT%20Corporation", "San%20Diego%20Sports%20Arena", "Clarence%20M.%20Pendleton%20Jr.", "Model%20Cities%20Program", "Ronald%20Reagan", "United%20States%20Commission%20on%20Civil%20Rights", "Republican%20Party%20%28United%20States%29", "primary%20election", "S.%26amp%3Bnbsp%3BI.%20Hayakawa", "Jerry%20Brown", "Proposition%2013", "Rose%20Bird", "Ronald%20Reagan", "U.S.%20Senate", "Armenians", "George%20Deukmejian", "Tom%20Bradley%20%28American%20politician%29", "Martin%20Luther%20King%20Jr.%20Day", "Bob%20Dole", "Japanese-American", "Central%20Valley%20%28California%29", "Civil%20Liberties%20Act%20of%201988", "U.S.%20Senate%20Committee%20on%20Armed%20Services", "Strategic%20Defense%20Initiative", "missile%20defense", "fiscal%20conservative", "inauguration%20of%20George%20H.%20W.%20Bush", "President%20of%20the%20United%20States", "Omnibus%20Budget%20Reconciliation%20Act%20of%201990", "Governor%20of%20California", "George%20Deukmejian", "David%20Souter", "Governor%20of%20California", "George%20Deukmejian", "Dianne%20Feinstein", "Great%20Depression", "market-based", "health%20insurance", "University%20of%20California", "California%20State%20University", "Los%20Angeles%20Times", "employment%20discrimination", "sexual%20orientation", "Enron", "social%20promotion", "California%20State%20Treasurer", "Kathleen%20Brown", "Pat%20Brown", "Pat%20Nixon", "Richard%20M.%20Nixon", "Richard%20Nixon%20Presidential%20Library%20and%20Museum", "Yorba%20Linda%2C%20California", "Pat%20Brown", "Term%20limits", "lieutenant%20governor", "Gray%20Davis", "Los%20Angeles%20Times", "California%20Proposition%20187%20%281994%29", "illegal%20immigrant", "California", "immigration", "Republican%20Party%20%28United%20States%29", "Arnold%20Schwarzenegger", "California%20gubernatorial%20recall%20election", "Arizona", "Colorado", "Florida", "Georgia%20%28U.S.%20state%29", "Illinois", "Nevada", "New%20Mexico", "New%20York%20%28state%29", "Oklahoma", "Texas", "three%20strikes%20law", "death%20penalty", "Robert%20Alton%20Harris", "capital%20punishment%20in%20California", "gas%20chamber", "lethal%20injection", "Enron", "President%20of%20the%20United%20States", "U.S.%20presidential%20election%2C%201996", "Battery%20Park", "Statue%20of%20Liberty", "UC%20Irvine", "Bill%20Clinton", "Orange%20County%2C%20California", "Bob%20Dole", "merchant%20bank", "Los%20Angeles", "Irvine%20Company", "TelePacific%20Communications", "IDT%20Entertainment", "San%20Francisco", "Japan", "Hoover%20Institution", "think%20tank", "Stanford%20University", "Richard%20Nixon%20Foundation", "Federal%20Advisory%20Committee%20Act", "President%27s%20Foreign%20Intelligence%20Advisory%20Board", "Defense%20Policy%20Board%20Advisory%20Committee", "Bingham%20McCutchen", "LLP%23United%20States", "Arnold%20Schwarzenegger", "Gray%20Davis", "California", "Rudolph%20Giuliani", "U.S.%20President", "John%20McCain", "Ernest%20Hahn", "Alonzo%20Horton", "San%20Diego%20Walk%20of%20Fame", "Meg%20Whitman", "Sacramento%20Bee", "Ted%20Cruz", "2016%20United%20States%20presidential%20election", "Richard%20Nixon%20Presidential%20Library", "Henry%20Kissinger", "Bill%20Clinton", "Bob%20Dole", "Woodrow%20Wilson%20Awards", "Congressional%20Medal%20of%20Honor%20Society", "San%20Diego%20State%20College", "University%20of%20California%2C%20Berkeley%20School%20of%20Law", "University%20of%20California%2C%20Berkeley", "Judicial%20Council%20of%20California", "San%20Francisco%20Giants", "https%3A//www.nationalww2museum.org/visit/museum-campus/founders-plaza/governor-pete-wilson-liberty-flagstaff", "National%20WWII%20Museum", "New%20Orleans", "Secretary%20of%20Defense", "Prager%20University", "Governor%20Wilson", "Gayle%20Wilson", "http%3A//www.4president.org/brochures/petewilson1996brochure.htm", "http%3A//www.calvoter.org/archive/94general/cand/governor/wils/wilsindex.html", "https%3A//web.archive.org/web/20070827035719/http%3A//www.californiagovernors.ca.gov/h/biography/governor_36.html", "https%3A//web.archive.org/web/20060927150256/http%3A//www.hoover.org/bios/2811421.html", "http%3A//www.calvoter.org/archive/94general/cand/governor/wils/wilsplat1.html", "https%3A//web.archive.org/web/20060823124624/http%3A//aad.english.ucsb.edu/docs/wilson.html" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 13, 13, 13, 13, 14, 14, 14, 14, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 17, 19, 20, 20, 20, 21, 21, 21, 22, 23, 23, 23, 24, 24, 25, 27, 27, 27, 28, 28, 28, 29, 29, 29, 33, 33, 34, 35, 38, 38, 38, 39, 39, 39, 39, 39, 41, 41, 41, 42, 50, 50, 50, 50, 52, 52, 52, 53, 53, 53, 53, 53, 53, 53, 53, 53, 53, 55, 57, 57, 57, 57, 57, 59, 61, 61, 61, 61, 63, 63, 63, 63, 66, 66, 66, 66, 66, 66, 66, 67, 67, 67, 67, 67, 67, 67, 67, 67, 68, 68, 68, 69, 69, 69, 70, 70, 70, 72, 73, 74, 74, 75, 75, 75, 75, 78, 79, 80, 81, 81, 82, 83, 84, 84, 84, 85, 86, 86, 86, 89, 90, 92, 93, 94, 95 ], "start": [ 85, 112, 142, 8, 57, 104, 167, 216, 234, 278, 327, 36, 73, 123, 212, 277, 316, 333, 374, 494, 586, 233, 246, 289, 52, 93, 344, 355, 444, 470, 501, 517, 721, 740, 784, 891, 65, 215, 244, 84, 121, 262, 88, 192, 435, 466, 681, 813, 851, 29, 151, 301, 344, 427, 4, 189, 253, 320, 26, 64, 121, 168, 24, 35, 94, 174, 243, 737, 937, 1111, 1392, 1448, 1470, 66, 132, 13, 42, 101, 19, 109, 150, 170, 150, 187, 236, 33, 56, 169, 24, 96, 196, 181, 348, 375, 282, 346, 851, 99, 134, 208, 122, 124, 140, 195, 59, 98, 130, 147, 310, 0, 268, 288, 18, 48, 168, 276, 422, 248, 370, 504, 84, 93, 103, 112, 121, 131, 139, 151, 161, 174, 79, 35, 160, 221, 295, 328, 126, 134, 151, 254, 277, 21, 92, 111, 176, 96, 119, 167, 183, 291, 385, 448, 59, 94, 130, 198, 426, 459, 515, 620, 638, 48, 81, 107, 39, 60, 160, 35, 51, 72, 53, 59, 48, 94, 98, 237, 254, 282, 16, 38, 40, 49, 61, 67, 43, 12, 69, 93, 38, 34, 108, 137, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12 ], "text": [ "Republican", "United States Senator", "36th Governor of California", "Lake Forest, Illinois", "UC Berkeley School of Law", "United States Marine Corps", "San Diego", "Richard Nixon", "Barry Goldwater", "California State Assembly", "Mayor of San Diego", "Strategic Defense Initiative", "Civil Liberties Act of 1988", "Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990", "1990 California gubernatorial election", "three-strikes law", "deregulation", "term limits", "California Proposition 187", "illegal immigrant", "1996 Republican primaries", "conservative", "Hoover Institution", "Arnold Schwarzenegger", "Lake Forest, Illinois", "Chicago", "St. Louis", "Missouri", "preparatory middle school", "John Burroughs", "Ladue", "St. Louis Country Day School", "Yale University", "New Haven, Connecticut", "United States Navy", "Bachelor of Arts", "United States Marine Corps", "Juris Doctor", "University of California, Berkeley School of Law", "Richard M. Nixon", "Herb Klein", "San Diego", "San Diego", "Los Angeles Times", "Barry Goldwater", "presidential campaign in 1964", "Republican", "California State Assembly", "Clair Burgener", "Mayor of San Diego", "San Diego City Council", "Downtown San Diego", "Major League Baseball", "Ray Kroc", "1972 Republican National Convention", "Miami", "ITT Corporation", "San Diego Sports Arena", "Clarence M. Pendleton Jr.", "Model Cities Program", "Ronald Reagan", "United States Commission on Civil Rights", "Republican", "primary", "S. I. Hayakawa", "Jerry Brown", "Proposition 13", "Rose Bird", "Ronald Reagan", "U.S. Senate", "Armenian", "George Deukmejian", "Tom Bradley", "Martin Luther King Jr. Day", "Bob Dole", "Japanese-American", "Central Valley", "Civil Liberties Act of 1988", "Senate Armed Services Committee", "Strategic Defense Initiative", "ballistic missile defense system", "fiscal conservative", "inauguration of George H. W. Bush", "President of the United States", "Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990", "Governor of California", "George Deukmejian", "David Souter", "Governor of California", "George Deukmejian", "Dianne Feinstein", "Great Depression", "market-based", "health coverage", "University of California", "California State University", "Los Angeles Times", "employment discrimination", "sexual orientation", "Enron", "social promotion", "State Treasurer", "Kathleen Brown", "Pat Brown", "Pat Nixon", "Richard M. Nixon", "Nixon Library", "Yorba Linda, California", "Pat Brown", "Term limit laws", "lieutenant governor", "Gray Davis", "Los Angeles Times", "California Proposition 187", "illegal immigrant", "California", "immigration", "Republican Party's", "Arnold Schwarzenegger", "unique 2003 recall election", "Arizona", "Colorado", "Florida", "Georgia", "Illinois", "Nevada", "New Mexico", "New York", "Oklahoma", "Texas", "Three Strikes", "death penalty", "Robert Alton Harris", "five people were executed", "gas chamber", "lethal injection", "Enron", "President", "1996 election", "Battery Park", "Statue of Liberty", "UC Irvine", "Bill Clinton", "Orange County", "Bob Dole", "merchant bank", "Los Angeles", "Irvine Company", "TelePacific Communications", "IDT Entertainment", "San Francisco", "Japan", "Hoover Institution", "think tank", "Stanford University", "Richard Nixon Foundation", "Federal advisory committees", "President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board", "Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee", "Bingham McCutchen", "LLP", "Arnold Schwarzenegger", "Gray Davis", "California", "Rudolph Giuliani", "U.S. President", "John McCain", "Ernest Hahn", "Alonzo Horton", "San Diego Walk of Fame", "Meg Whitman", "Sacramento Bee", "Ted Cruz", "2016 presidential election", "Richard Nixon Presidential Library", "Henry Kissinger", "President Bill Clinton", "Senator Bob Dole", "Woodrow Wilson Awards", "Congressional Medal of Honor Society", "San Diego State College", "Boalt Hall", "UC Berkeley", "Judicial Council of California", "San Francisco Giants", "Governor Pete Wilson Liberty Flagstaff was raised at the", "National WWII Museum", "New Orleans", "Secretary of Defense", "Prager University", "Governor Wilson", "Gayle Wilson", "Reaffirming Liberty: Wilson for President Campaign Brochure", "Pete Wilson, Candidate for Governor, 1994 Platform Papers, Speeches and Endorsements", "Pete Wilson Biography and Inaugural addresses", "Hoover Institution Biography", "Cal Voter: Gov. Wilson's Record on Crime", "Undated speech by Pete Wilson on Affirmative Action titled \"The Minority-Majority Society\"" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Pete Wilson\n", "Peter Barton Wilson (born August 23, 1933) is an American attorney and politician. A Republican, he served as a United States Senator and the 36th Governor of California.\n", "Born in Lake Forest, Illinois, Wilson graduated from the UC Berkeley School of Law after serving in the United States Marine Corps. He established a legal practice in San Diego and campaigned for Republicans such as Richard Nixon and Barry Goldwater. Wilson won election to the California State Assembly in 1966 and became the Mayor of San Diego in 1971. He held that office until 1983, when he became a member of the United States Senate.\n", "In the Senate, Wilson supported the Strategic Defense Initiative and the Civil Liberties Act of 1988, while he opposed the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990. He resigned from the Senate after winning the 1990 California gubernatorial election. As governor, he signed a three-strikes law and supported energy deregulation and term limits. He was also an advocate for California Proposition 187, which established a state-run citizenship screening system with the intention of preventing illegal immigrants from using social services. He sought the presidential nomination in the 1996 Republican primaries but quickly dropped out of the race.\n", "Wilson retired from public office after serving two terms as governor. Since leaving office, he has worked for several businesses and has been affiliated with several other organizations. He is a distinguished visiting fellow at the conservative Hoover Institution. Wilson also co-chaired Arnold Schwarzenegger's successful 2003 gubernatorial campaign.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Peter Barton Wilson was born on August 23, 1933, in Lake Forest, Illinois, a suburb north of Chicago. His parents were James Boone Wilson and Margaret (Callaghan) Wilson. His father sold college fraternity jewelry to work his way through University of Illinois, and later became a successful advertising executive. The Wilson family settled in St. Louis, Missouri when Pete was in elementary school. He then attended the private, non-sectarian preparatory middle school John Burroughs (grades 7–9) in Ladue, and then St. Louis Country Day School, an exclusive private high school, where he won an award in his senior year for combined scholarship, athletics, and citizenship. In the fall of 1951, Pete Wilson enrolled at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, where he received a United States Navy Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) scholarship, majored in English, and earned his Bachelor of Arts degree. In his junior year he elected to join the Marine Corps upon his graduation.\n", "After graduating from Yale, Wilson served for three years in the United States Marine Corps as an infantry officer, eventually becoming a platoon leader. Upon completion of his Marine Corps service, Wilson earned a Juris Doctor degree from the University of California, Berkeley School of Law.\n", "In 1962, while working as an Advance Man for the Republican gubernatorial candidate Richard M. Nixon, Wilson got to know Herb Klein, one of Nixon's top aides. Klein suggested that Wilson might do well in Southern California politics, so in 1963, Wilson moved to San Diego.\n", "After passing the bar exam, Wilson began his practice as a criminal defense attorney in San Diego, but he found such work to be low-paying and personally repugnant. He later commented to the \"Los Angeles Times\", \"I realized I couldn't be a criminal defense lawyer – because most of the people who do come to you are guilty.\" Wilson switched to a more conventional law practice and continued his activity in local politics, working for Barry Goldwater's unsuccessful presidential campaign in 1964. Wilson's liking for politics and managing the day-to-day details of the political process was growing. He put in long hours for the Goldwater campaign, earning the friendship of local Republican boosters so necessary for a political career, and in 1966, at the age of thirty-three, he ran for, and won a seat in the California State Assembly, succeeding Clair Burgener.\n", "Wilson was re-elected to the Assembly in 1968 and 1970, and in 1971 was elected mayor of San Diego.\n", "Section::::Mayor of San Diego.\n", "Wilson served three terms as Mayor of San Diego, from 1971 to 1983, winning election by a 2:1 margin each time. During his three terms he restructured San Diego City Council, reorganized the planning and civil service commissions, instituted campaign finance reform, and promoted the redevelopment of Downtown San Diego. He also helped to keep Major League Baseball's Padres in San Diego, helping to persuade local millionaire Ray Kroc to buy the team.\n", "The 1972 Republican National Convention had been scheduled to take place in San Diego in August 1972. However, in May 1972 the Republican National Committee voted to move the convention to Miami because of a scandal involving a donation to the event by ITT Corporation, as well as concerns about the proposed venue (the San Diego Sports Arena) and the adequacy of hotel space. Wilson proclaimed the week of the convention to be America's Finest City Week, which became an annual event and gave rise to San Diego's unofficial nickname.\n", "In 1972, Wilson recruited Clarence M. Pendleton Jr. to head the Model Cities Program in San Diego. In 1981, US President Ronald Reagan appointed Pendleton to chair the United States Commission on Civil Rights, a position that he held from 1981 until his death in San Diego in 1988.\n", "Section::::United States Senator.\n", "In 1982, Wilson won the Republican primary in California to replace the retiring U.S. Senator S. I. Hayakawa. Wilson's Democratic opponent was the outgoing two-term Governor Jerry Brown. Wilson was known as a fiscal conservative who supported Proposition 13, although Wilson had opposed the measure while mayor of San Diego. However, Brown ran on his gubernatorial record of building the largest state budget surpluses in California history. Both Wilson and Brown were moderate-to-liberal on social issues, including support for abortion rights. The election was expected to be close, with Brown holding a slim lead in most of the polls leading up to Election Day. Wilson hammered away at Brown's appointment of California Chief Justice Rose Bird, using this to portray himself as tougher on crime than Brown was. Brown's late entry into the 1980 Democratic presidential primary, after promising not to run, was also an issue. President Ronald Reagan made a number of visits to California late in the race to campaign for Wilson. Reagan quipped that the last thing he wanted to see was both of his home state's U.S. Senate seats falling into Democrats' hands, especially to be occupied by the man who succeeded him as Governor. Despite exit polls indicating a narrow Brown victory, Wilson edged him out to win the election. A major contributing factor may also have been a late influx of the Armenian vote in the California Governor's race between George Deukmejian and Tom Bradley. Many of these votes came from heavily Republican areas. The Deukmejian voters likely also voted for Wilson for United States Senator.\n", "On October 19, 1983, Wilson voted in favor of a bill establishing Martin Luther King Jr. Day. The legislation was signed into law by President Reagan the following month.\n", "In June 1984, Wilson voted in favor of legislation restricting federal highway funds for states that did not raise the minimum age for drinking to 21.\n", "In May 1985, Wilson underwent surgery for a ruptured appendix at Bethesda Naval Hospital, concurrently as fellow Republican Senator Bob Dole hoped to gather enough votes for the Reagan administration's 1986 budget. The surgery was expected to keep Wilson hospitalized for days, but Wilson returned to Capitol Hill via an ambulance to cast a vote in favor of the budget on May 10. After voting, Wilson stated he made the decision to forgo further bed rest as he believed the vote was possibly the most important of his career.\n", "Convinced by Japanese-American farmers in Central Valley to support redress, Wilson co-sponsored the Civil Liberties Act of 1988. The bill was signed into law by President Reagan.\n", "As a member of the Senate Armed Services Committee, he called for early implementation of President Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative, a national ballistic missile defense system.\n", "Wilson also co-sponsored the Federal Intergovernmental Regulatory Relief Act requiring the federal government to reimburse states for the cost of new federal mandates. A fiscal conservative, he was named the Senate's \"Watchdog of the Treasury\" for each of his eight years in the nation's capital.\n", "In 1988, Wilson won the race for the United States Senate against his Democratic opponent, Leo T. McCarthy. On January 20, 1989, he presided over the inauguration of George H. W. Bush as President of the United States. He voted against Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990, Bush's tax increase, thus remaining a fiscal conservative.\n", "In the weeks following incumbent Governor of California George Deukmejian announcing that he was not running for a third term, Wilson considered a gubernatorial bid; by late January 1989, Wilson admitted to the decision being agonizing for him amid his consulting with others on a possible run. At the beginning of his second six-year term in the Senate, Wilson announced plans to run for Governor of California. In 1990, he resigned from the Senate after winning the California gubernatorial election.\n", "On October 2, 1990, Wilson, away from Washington to campaign for California governor, became the only sitting senator from either party to not vote on the nomination of David Souter for Associate Justice on the United States Supreme Court. He had previously endorsed Souter for confirmation.\n", "Section::::Governor of California.\n", "Pete Wilson was elected Governor of California to succeed outgoing two-term Republican governor George Deukmejian, who chose not to seek a third term in 1990, defeating former San Francisco Mayor Dianne Feinstein, who would go on to be elected to Wilson's former U.S. Senate seat two years later. Wilson was sworn in as governor on January 7, 1991.\n", "As governor, Wilson's oversaw economic recovery in California, just as the rest of the country was recovering from an economic slump. Inheriting the state's worst economy since the Great Depression, Wilson insisted on strict budget discipline and sought to rehabilitate the state's environment for investment and new job creation. During his term, market-based, unsubsidized health coverage was made available for employees of small businesses.\n", "Despite his belief in fiscal conservatism, Wilson raised the sales tax to reduce the state deficit, including imposing a sales tax on newspapers (which did not have one up to then) and \"snack\" foods. He also raised car license fees and college tuition; by 1991, tuition fees at the University of California rose by 40%, while they rose by 24% at California State University. Additionally, he raised the income tax in the top bracket temporarily. However, by 1993, the snack tax was repealed by the Democratic state legislature and the sales tax increase expired. On April 26, 1991, Wilson proposed an increase in sales tax by 1 1/4 cents and state taxes by 6.7 billion as part of plan to reduce the state's budget deficit. The revenue gap had increased by 5 billion in the four months of his governorship. In response to the April 1991 proposal, the \"Los Angeles Times\" wrote of Wilson,\n", "In July, the Senate voted 28 to 9 in favor of a bipartisan tax plan that would have increased taxes on the wealthiest Californians, boosted the corporate tax rate, and imposed a tax increase on telecommunication serves by two percent. Wilson returned the budget bill to the legislature without his signature, revoking a prior commitment to vetoing the measure.\n", "On July 12, 1991, Wilson signed a bill mandating that parents neglecting paying for child support could warrant stiff fines and potential suspensions of business and professional licenses. The legislation was intended to address a rising cause of poverty among children and women in the state at a time when unpaid child support in California totaled to 2 billion annually.\n", "On July 24, 1991, Wilson signed a bill requiring mass transit rail lines to be built underground in the event construction take place in the residential neighborhoods of North Hollywood and Van Nuys. The bill, requested by the residents of those neighborhoods, was aimed at easing \"homeowners' fear of noise from ground-level trains running along a proposed rail route that parallels Chandler and Victory boulevards.\"\n", "Less than a year into his first term as governor, Wilson vetoed AB 101, a bill written to prohibit employment discrimination based on sexual orientation in the state. Wilson feared that the bill would increase lawsuits and make California less competitive economically. The veto was met with protests that included demonstrations during Wilson's subsequent public appearances and speeches.\n", "Wilson was the driving force behind the 1996 legislation that deregulated the state's energy market, which was the first energy utilities deregulation in the U.S. and aggressively pushed by companies such as Enron.\n", "Wilson also enacted education reforms aimed at creating statewide curriculum standards, reducing class size and replacing social promotion with early remedial education. Wilson promoted standardized testing of all students, increased teacher training, and a longer school year. However, it was Wilson's uncompromising stance on reducing education spending that led to the budget impasse of 1992, leaving state workers without paychecks from July until September, when the California Supreme Court forced the Governor and the legislature to agree to terms that ended the sixty-three-day stand-off.\n", "On February 22, 1993, Wilson issued an executive order banning smoke in a majority of state buildings barring \"buildings controlled by the courts, the Legislature or the state's two university systems.\" The order was set to take effect December 31. Wilson said secondhand smoke \"threatens the health of non-smoking state employees\" and charged workplace smoking with increasing the cost of cleaning, damaged furniture and carpets, and heightens the chances of starting fires.\n", "In late 1993, Wilson traveled to Asia to endorse Californian goods and investment opportunities abroad. Wilson's six-day tour was also marked by his insistence of composing export-oriented jobs.\n", "Wilson was re-elected to a second gubernatorial term in 1994, gaining 55 percent of the vote in his race against Democratic State Treasurer Kathleen Brown, daughter of former California Governor Pat Brown.\n", "Wilson spoke at the funeral services for former First Lady Pat Nixon in 1993 and former President Richard M. Nixon in 1994 at the Nixon Library in Yorba Linda, California. Two years later, Wilson became, to date, the most recent governor to speak at a California gubernatorial funeral, that of former Governor Pat Brown.\n", "For most of his time as governor, Wilson reduced per-capita infrastructure spending for California, much as he had done as the Mayor of San Diego. Many construction projects – most notably highway expansion/improvement projects – were severely hindered or delayed, while other maintenance and construction projects were abandoned completely.\n", "Term limit laws passed by voters as Proposition 140, and championed by Wilson in 1990, prohibited Wilson from running for re-election to a third term. At the end of his term of office, Wilson left California with a $16 billion budget surplus. He was succeeded by then-lieutenant governor Gray Davis as governor.\n", "A September 1998 \"Los Angeles Times\" poll found 55% of registered voters in California favored Wilson's job performance.\n", "Section::::Governor of California.:Welfare.\n", "On December 14, 1991, in an address to Howard Jarvis Taxpayers Association, Wilson criticized the Democratic leaders of the state legislature for their opposition to his budget-balancing plan and \"spent most of his hour at the Biltmore Hotel in downtown Los Angeles railing against the state's entitlement programs – including education and Medi-Cal, but especially Aid to Families with Dependent Children and other welfare programs.\"\n", "On January 8, 1993, Wilson submitted the 1993 spending plan, advocating an immediate cut in welfare grants by 4.2 percent that would be followed six months later by a larger reduction of 15 percent that would be directed at recipient families with an able-bodied adult. The twin cuts would reduce California's standing as the fifth highest benefit granting state to the twelfth.\n", "By the end of his first term, Wilson allied with members of the state legislature that supported the continuation of recession-inspired cuts to welfare benefits. A bill imposing the continued reduction of benefits was passed by two committees of the Republican-majority assembly. H. D. Palmer maintained Wilson's priorities rested in other issues and though admitting to an improving in revenues, disclosed that \"the governor does not believe that the first call on those revenues should go to double-digit cost-of-living increases for welfare recipients.\"\n", "Wilson's second inaugural address featured a proclamation that the administration would usher in welfare reform:\n", "In his 1997 State of the State address, Wilson criticized welfare recipients and charged the program with creating conditions producing out-of-wedlock births, the lack of paternal involvement in the lives of children, and the lifelong ramifications to children caused by the father not being of presence. Under Wilson's welfare overhaul package, mothers would have to go to work after two years and a year would pass before they could return to welfare, which would only have a five-year lifetime. Paternity for each child would also have to be established for the mother to begin receiving benefits.\n", "Section::::Governor of California.:Proposition 187.\n", "As governor, Wilson was closely associated with California Proposition 187, a 1994 ballot initiative to establish a state-run citizenship screening system and prohibit illegal immigrants from using health care, public education, and other social services in the U.S. State of California. Voters passed the proposed law as a referendum in November 1994; it was the first time that a state had passed legislation related to immigration, customarily an issue for federal policies and programs. The law was challenged in a legal suit and found unconstitutional by a federal court in 1998 and never went into effect.\n", "Passage of Proposition 187 reflected state residents' concerns about illegal immigration into the United States and the large Hispanic population in California. Opponents believed the law was discriminatory against immigrants of Hispanic origin; supporters generally insisted that their concerns were economic: that the state could not afford to provide social services for so many who entered the state illegally or overstayed their visas. Wilson himself would state that the policy was \"about supporting the people who came here the right way.\"\n", "Opponents of Proposition 187 cited its passage as the cause of long-term negative effects for the California Republican Party statewide. Noting a rapid increase in the Latino participation in California elections, some analysts cite Wilson and the Republican Party's embrace of Proposition 187 as a cause of the failure of the party to win statewide elections. Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger is the only Republican to win a California gubernatorial, senatorial, or presidential election since 1994, in a unique 2003 recall election. Schwarzenegger was also re-elected in 2006.\n", "Since 1995 the following states have had similar ballot initiatives or laws passed: Arizona, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, Oklahoma and Texas.\n", "Section::::Governor of California.:Policies on crime.\n", "Wilson led efforts to enact \"tough on crime\" measures and signed into law the \"Three Strikes\" (25 years to life for repeat offenders) As a result of the Three Strikes Law, 4,431 offenders have been sentenced to 25 years to life for strings of crime. The law required the construction of new prisons, leading some to question the role in his stance of the California Correctional Peace Officers Association, a lobbying group of prison guards that gave $1.47 million to Wilson's gubernatorial campaigns.\n", "On September 26, 1995, Wilson signed a bill authorizing the possible use of the death penalty toward any individual who committed a murder amid a carjacking or killed a juror. Wilson said the law was the result of four years worth of attempts on his part to toughen the laws against carjacking: \"This bill sends an unmistakable message to gang bangers: If you take someone's life while committing a cowardly carjacking, you can expect to pay for your crime with your own life.\"\n", "Wilson also supported resuming the death penalty in California, after a 25-year moratorium, and he signed the death warrant for the execution of child-murderer Robert Alton Harris. Harris was executed in 1992. A total of five people were executed during his administration (the first two in the gas chamber, the latter three by lethal injection).\n", "Section::::Energy deregulation.\n", "Wilson supported deregulation of the energy industry in California during his administration due to heavy lobbying efforts by Enron. Nevertheless, during the California energy crisis caused by companies such as Enron, Wilson authored an article titled \"What California Must Do\" that blamed Gray Davis for not building enough power plants. Wilson defended his record of power plant construction and claimed that between 1985 and 1998, 23 plants were certified and 18 were built in California.\n", "Section::::Presidential campaign (1996).\n", "Despite a campaign promise to the people of California not to do so, Wilson also unsuccessfully ran for the Republican nomination for President in the 1996 election, making formal announcements on both coasts. Wilson announced first in New York City, at Battery Park, with the Statue of Liberty as a backdrop. He completed a cross-country tour.\n", "The Wilson campaign had problems from the start. After deciding to run, he almost immediately had throat surgery that kept him from announcing – or even talking – for months. His campaign lasted a month and a day and left him with a million dollars in campaign debt. This debt was paid off in full in a matter of weeks.\n", "A September 6, 1995, UC Irvine poll showed equal support for Wilson and incumbent President Bill Clinton among Orange County voters. The same poll indicated Wilson as trailing Bob Dole by a 20-point margin. Dole would become the Republican nominee in the general election. Later that month, a \"Los Angeles Times\" poll found 23% of Californians believed Wilson should seek the presidency, including 30% of state voters identifying as Republican.\n", "On September 29, 1995, Wilson told supporters in Sacramento that he was dropping out of the Republican primary, citing he lacked the \"necessary campaign funds to take this message to the people who need to hear it.\" He became the first candidate to exit the Republican primary.\n", "Section::::Post-political careers and commemoration.\n", "After leaving office, Wilson spent two years as a managing director of Pacific Capital Group, a merchant bank based in Los Angeles. He has served as a director of the Irvine Company, TelePacific Communications, Inc., National Information Consortium Inc., an advisor to Crossflo Systems, and IDT Entertainment. He has been a member of the Board of Advisors of Thomas Weisel Partners, a San Francisco merchant bank. He also served as chairman of the Japan Task Force of the Pacific Council on International Policy, which produced an analysis of Japanese economic and national security prospects over the next decade entitled \"Can Japan Come Back?\"\n", "Wilson is currently a distinguished visiting fellow at the Hoover Institution, a conservative think tank located on the campus of Stanford University, the Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation, the Richard Nixon Foundation, the Donald Bren Foundation, is the founding director of the California Mentor Foundation and is the Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the National World War II Museum. Wilson sits on two prestigious Federal advisory committees, the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board and the Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee. He currently works as a consultant at the Los Angeles office of Bingham McCutchen LLP, a large, national law firm.\n", "In 2003, Wilson was co-chair of the campaign of Arnold Schwarzenegger to replace Gray Davis as governor of California.\n", "On September 27, 2007, Wilson endorsed Rudolph Giuliani for U.S. President, but Giuliani later dropped out of the primary. On February 4, 2008, Wilson endorsed John McCain as a candidate for U.S. President.\n", "In 2007, a statue of Wilson joined Ernest Hahn and Alonzo Horton on the San Diego Walk of Fame. At the unveiling, Wilson quipped, \"Isn't this a great country that anyone can make a perfect horse's ass of himself at any time?\" He also said, \"View this statue, as I will, as a surrogate recipient of the tribute that's deserved by all of you who shared the dream, who made it come true and gave all the proud neighborhoods of San Diego the vibrant heart they needed.\" Two hundred sponsors donated $200,000 to build the statue. Leftist Hispanic and LGBT groups protested the unveiling.\n", "On May 23, 2009, Wilson gave the commencement speech and received an honorary degree from the San Diego State University of Professional Studies and Fine Arts.\n", "In 2009, Wilson chaired the unsuccessful campaign of Meg Whitman for Governor.\n", "On January 26, 2010, Wilson wrote an opinion piece in the \"Sacramento Bee\" accusing the federal government of failure to reimburse California adequately for mandates and other costs such as those resulting from illegal immigration.\n", "On April 30, 2016, Wilson endorsed U.S. Senator Ted Cruz for the Republican nomination in the 2016 presidential election.\n", "On April 22, 2019, Wilson commemorated the 25th anniversary of President's Nixon's passing at the Richard Nixon Presidential Library. 25 years before, Wilson was one of four dignitaries who gave the eulogy, along with Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, President Bill Clinton, and Senator Bob Dole.\n", "Section::::Honors and awards.\n", "During and after Wilson's career, he was awarded numerous awards and honors:\n", "BULLET::::- The Woodrow Wilson Awards for Distinguished Public Service\n", "BULLET::::- The Patriots Award by the Congressional Medal of Honor Society\n", "BULLET::::- An honorary degree from the San Diego State College of Professional Studies and Fine Arts\n", "BULLET::::- The Distinguished Alumnus Award from Boalt Hall, UC Berkeley\n", "BULLET::::- The Bernard E. Witkin Amicus Curiae Award given by the Judicial Council of California\n", "BULLET::::- Wilson was also honored by the San Francisco Giants by having him open their 1998 home schedule by throwing out the ceremonial first pitch in honor of his final full year in office.\n", "BULLET::::- Governor Pete Wilson Liberty Flagstaff was raised at the National WWII Museum in New Orleans in June of 2017. The spire that bears Wilson's name serves as an enduring symbol of the unique American spirit—unity, resolve, and devotion to the principles of freedom.\n", "BULLET::::- Wilson was honored by the Secretary of Defense with the Office of the Secretary of Defense Medal for Exceptional Public Service in November 2018, including his service on the Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee.\n", "BULLET::::- Wilson was honored by Prager University with the PragerU Visionary Award in May, 2019. To honor Governor Wilson and his wife Gayle Wilson, the University created The Pete & Gayle Wilson Fund at PragerU.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "Section::::External links.:Campaign literature and videos.\n", "BULLET::::- Reaffirming Liberty: Wilson for President Campaign Brochure\n", "BULLET::::- Pete Wilson, Candidate for Governor, 1994 Platform Papers, Speeches and Endorsements\n", "Section::::External links.:Miscellaneous.\n", "BULLET::::- Pete Wilson Biography and Inaugural addresses\n", "BULLET::::- Hoover Institution Biography\n", "BULLET::::- Cal Voter: Gov. Wilson's Record on Crime\n", "BULLET::::- Undated speech by Pete Wilson on Affirmative Action titled \"The Minority-Majority Society\"\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Peter Barton \"Pete\" Wilson" ] }, "description": "36th Governor of California", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q714909", "wikidata_label": "Pete Wilson", "wikipedia_title": "Pete Wilson" }

{ "end": [ 80, 120, 173, 246, 258, 282, 70, 98, 136, 187, 297, 354, 385, 448, 461, 480, 519, 553, 608, 656, 120, 183, 96, 123, 191, 235, 354, 434, 632, 722, 780, 74, 105, 115, 248, 263, 275, 324, 382, 290, 378, 40, 46, 58, 222, 318, 585, 94, 331, 437, 478, 524, 149, 81, 449, 132, 28, 46, 134, 183, 354, 531, 562, 205, 271, 59, 306, 401, 561, 41, 106, 122 ], "href": [ "Republican%20Party%20%28United%20States%29", "List%20of%20Governors%20of%20California", "Attorney%20General%20of%20California", "Governor%20%28United%20States%29", "Armenian%20Americans", "U.S.%20state", "Menands%2C%20New%20York", "Armenians", "Ottoman%20Empire", "Armenian%20Genocide", "Gaziantep", "Erzurum", "Montgomery%20Ward", "Bachelor%20of%20Arts", "Sociology", "Siena%20College", "Juris%20Doctor", "St.%20John%27s%20University%20%28New%20York%20City%29", "United%20States%20Army", "Judge%20Advocate%20General%27s%20Corps", "Gloria%20Deukmejian", "Armenia", "Long%20Beach%2C%20California", "Malcolm%20Lucas", "California%20State%20Assembly", "California%20State%20Senate", "Majority%20leader", "Attorney%20General%20of%20California", "cannabis", "Jerry%20Brown", "Capital%20punishment%20in%20California", "Governor%20of%20California", "Lieutenant%20governor", "Mike%20Curb", "Joe%20Shell", "Bakersfield%2C%20California", "California", "Richard%20M.%20Nixon", "The%20New%20York%20Times", "Supreme%20Court%20of%20California", "Rose%20Bird", "Los%20Angeles", "Mayor%20of%20Los%20Angeles", "Tom%20Bradley%20%28American%20politician%29", "opinion%20poll", "exit%20poll", "Bradley%20effect", "Jerry%20Brown", "California%20State%20Legislature", "Thomas%20W.%20Hayes", "California%20State%20Treasurer", "Jesse%20M.%20Unruh", "Conservatism", "recession", "Economic%20surplus", "capital%20punishment", "Vice%20President%20of%20the%20United%20States", "George%20H.%20W.%20Bush", "1988%20United%20States%20presidential%20election", "South%20Korea", "Leo%20T.%20McCarthy", "Pete%20Wilson", "Dianne%20Feinstein", "Solar%20Energy%20Generating%20Systems", "BrightSource%20Energy", "Sidley%20%26amp%3B%20Austin", "UCLA", "Body%20donation", "California%20State%20University%2C%20Long%20Beach", "Long%20Beach%2C%20California", "Jerry%20Brown", "Twitter" ], "paragraph_id": [ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 10, 10, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 14, 15, 15, 17, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 20, 20, 22, 22, 22, 22, 24, 24, 24 ], "start": [ 64, 93, 143, 238, 250, 272, 53, 89, 122, 170, 288, 347, 370, 444, 452, 467, 507, 532, 599, 626, 105, 176, 86, 107, 177, 222, 339, 404, 624, 711, 767, 52, 86, 106, 239, 252, 265, 308, 364, 263, 369, 29, 41, 47, 210, 309, 571, 83, 303, 422, 452, 513, 137, 72, 442, 114, 14, 29, 113, 172, 339, 520, 546, 174, 240, 44, 302, 382, 522, 31, 95, 115 ], "text": [ "Republican Party", "35th Governor of California", "Attorney General of California", "governor", "Armenian", "U.S. state", "Menands, New York", "Armenians", "Ottoman Empire", "Armenian Genocide", "Gaziantep", "Erzurum", "Montgomery Ward", "B.A.", "Sociology", "Siena College", "Juris Doctor", "St. John's University", "U.S. Army", "Judge Advocate General's Corps", "Gloria Saatjian", "Armenia", "Long Beach", "Malcolm M. Lucas", "State Assembly", "state senator", "Majority Leader", "Attorney General of California", "cannabis", "Jerry Brown", "death penalty", "Governor of California", "Lieutenant Governor", "Mike Curb", "Joe Shell", "Bakersfield", "California", "Richard M. Nixon", "The New York Times", "Supreme Court of California", "Rose Bird", "Los Angeles", "Mayor", "Tom Bradley", "opinion poll", "exit poll", "Bradley effect", "Jerry Brown", "California State Legislature", "Thomas W. Hayes", "California State Treasurer", "Jesse Unruh", "conservative", "recession", "surplus", "capital punishment", "Vice President", "George H. W. Bush", "presidential election", "South Korea", "Leo T. McCarthy", "Pete Wilson", "Dianne Feinstein", "Solar Energy Generating Systems", "Luz International Limited (Luz)", "Sidley & Austin", "UCLA", "donated for science", "California State University, Long Beach", "Long Beach", "Jerry Brown", "Twitter" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "George Deukmejian\n", "Courken George Deukmejian Jr. (;\n", "June 6, 1928 – May 8, 2018) was an American politician from the Republican Party who was the 35th Governor of California from 1983 to 1991 and Attorney General of California from 1979 to 1983. Deukmejian was the first and so far the only governor of Armenian descent of a U.S. state.\n", "Section::::Early years.\n", "Deukmejian was born Courken George Deukmejian Jr. in Menands, New York. His parents were Armenians who emigrated from the Ottoman Empire in the early 1900s to escape the Armenian Genocide. His father, George Deukmejian, who lost his sister during the Genocide, was a rug merchant born in Gaziantep. Deukmejian's mother, Alice Gairden, was born in Erzurum and worked for Montgomery Ward and later for New York State. Deukmejian graduated with a B.A. in Sociology from Siena College in 1949. He then earned a Juris Doctor (J.D.) from St. John's University in 1952. From 1953 to 1955, he served in the U.S. Army, assigned to the Judge Advocate General's Corps.\n", "Deukmejian moved to California in 1955 where his sister, Anna Ashjian, introduced him to his future wife Gloria Saatjian, a bank teller whose parents were also immigrants from Armenia. They married on February 16, 1957 and had three children: two daughters, born in 1964 and 1969; and one son, born in 1966.\n", "Section::::Political beginnings.\n", "Deukmejian entered politics in California after a short period of private practice in Long Beach alongside Malcolm M. Lucas. In 1962, was elected to represent Long Beach in the State Assembly. In 1966, he was elected as a state senator, serving from 1967 to 1979. He was a high-profile advocate for capital punishment. By 1969, he was the Majority Leader of the California State Senate. He first ran for Attorney General of California in 1970, finishing fourth in the Republican primary. He won the election for Attorney General in 1978 and served from 1979 to 1983. During this time, he led a high-profile campaign against cannabis in northern California. Additionally, he led a veto override against Governor Jerry Brown who had vetoed legislation to authorize the death penalty.\n", "Section::::Governorship.\n", "Deukmejian was elected in 1982 to his first term as Governor of California, defeating Lieutenant Governor Mike Curb, a recording company owner, in the Republican primary. One of his early primary backers was former gubernatorial candidate Joe Shell of Bakersfield, California, a conservative who had opposed Richard M. Nixon in the 1962 primary. Upon his victory, The New York Times published, \"The image that comes across of Mr. Deukmejian - a devoted family man, an Episcopal churchman, an ice cream lover - led one reporter to write, \"California may have accidentally elected Iowa's Governor.\"\"\n", "In the general election, Deukmejian ran as a conservative supporter of public safety and balanced budgets. In addition, he was strongly critical of outgoing Governor Jerry Brown and promised to run a very different administration. He also strongly criticized the Supreme Court of California, which was dominated by Brown appointees, notably controversial Chief Justice Rose Bird.\n", "Deukmejian narrowly defeated Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley in the general election. Deukmejian won the election by about 100,000 votes, about 1.2 percent of the 7.5 million votes cast. The victory came despite opinion polls leading up to the election that consistently showed Bradley with a lead, and despite exit polling conducted after voting closed that led some news organizations on the night of the election to make early projections of a Bradley victory. The discrepancy between the polling numbers and the election's ultimate results would come to be termed the \"Bradley effect\", which refers to a hypothesized tendency of white voters to tell interviewers or pollsters that they are undecided or likely to vote for a black candidate, but then actually vote for his opponent.\n", "Altogether Deukmejian's governorship was a departure from that of his predecessor, Jerry Brown. He vowed not to raise taxes, later saying that he was \"business friendly\". In addition, he presented himself as a law and order candidate, proposing new efforts to fight crime. He faced a Democrat-dominated California State Legislature during his two terms as governor. He was the sole Republican statewide officeholder until Thomas W. Hayes was appointed California State Treasurer, following the death of Treasurer Jesse Unruh.\n", "In 1983, Deukmejian abolished the Caltrans Office of Bicycle Facilities and reduced state spending for bicycle projects from $5 million to the statutory minimum of $360,000 per year. In 1984, he vetoed A.B. 1, the first bill to ban discrimination against gays and lesbians, which passed the Legislature.\n", "In 1986, Bradley sought a rematch and Deukmejian defeated him by a 61% to 37% percent margin. He was generally regarded as a moderate-to-conservative Republican.\n", "The Deukmejian administration entered office during a national economic recession. He first halted the hiring of new state employees and banned out of state travel for those in government. He rejected the legislature's demands for tax hikes, and pared $1.1 billion from its budget by selectively vetoing spending items. One year later, further cuts, along with a nationwide economic rebound that benefited the state, created a billion dollar surplus for 1985. His 1985 budget slightly increased spending in highway construction, but cut heavily into the education, health, Welfare and environmental budgets. For this he was roundly criticized, and the cuts probably led to his low polling numbers at the end of his tenure as governor.\n", "Three years later, Deukmejian faced his own billion dollar deficit. He supported a raise in the state minimum wage in 1989.\n", "Deukmejian largely made his career by being tough on crime. When he was in the legislature, he wrote California's capital punishment law. As a candidate for reelection, in 1986 he opposed the retention election of three Brown-appointed justices of the Supreme Court of California due to their consistent opposition to the death penalty in any and all circumstances. One of them (the best known) was Rose Bird, the first female Chief Justice of the Court (and the first one to be voted off). Deukmejian proceeded to elevate his friend and law partner, Malcolm M. Lucas, from Associate Justice to Chief Justice, and appointed three new associate justices. Under Deukmejian, the California prison population nearly tripled — as of December 31, 1982, the total prison population stood at 34,640 inmates. He increased spending for the building of new prisons.\n", "In 1988, then-Vice President George H. W. Bush considered Governor Deukmejian as a possible running mate for the presidential election that year. During a trade mission to South Korea in August, Deukmejian sent a letter saying he could not be considered for nomination, refusing to leave the governorship to Democratic Lieutenant Governor Leo T. McCarthy. Deukmejian did not seek reelection to a third term as governor in the 1990 gubernatorial elections. The Republicans instead nominated sitting United States Senator Pete Wilson, who defeated Dianne Feinstein in the general election. He was the last governor not affected by the two-term limit that was passed by voters in 1990.\n", "On October 1, 1989, Governor Deukmejian signed legislation authorizing the purchasing of health insurance by uninsured Californians suffering from serious illnesses, such as AIDS, cancer, diabetes, and heart disease, through tobacco tax revenues.\n", "In 1991, in his last days in office, he vetoed the property tax exemption bill that applied to companies building solar in California. This exemption was focused towards the Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS) plants then being built by Luz International Limited (Luz). The veto led to the bankruptcy of Luz.\n", "Section::::Post-governorship.\n", "Deukmejian was a partner in the law firm of Sidley & Austin from 1991 until 2000 when he retired. He reentered public life by serving on special committees, including one to reform the California penal system, and a charter-reform committee in his hometown of Long Beach. He oversaw a revamping of the UCLA Willed Body Program after a scandal involving the sale of human body parts donated for science. In 2013, a courthouse in Long Beach was named in his honor. Deukmejian received an honorary doctor of laws degree from California State University, Long Beach, in 2008, because of his support for education, state law, and Long Beach.\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "Deukmejian died at his home in Long Beach on May 8, 2018 at the age of 89. California Governor Jerry Brown said on Twitter: \"George Deukmejian was a popular governor and made friends across the political aisle. Anne and I join all Californians in expressing our deepest condolences to his family and friends\".\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q461709", "wikidata_label": "George Deukmejian", "wikipedia_title": "George Deukmejian" }

{ "end": [ 27, 45, 86, 96, 133, 140, 151, 189, 215, 46, 159, 63, 92, 167, 221, 240, 341, 356, 51, 62, 79, 109, 27, 45, 55, 24, 81, 115, 136, 158, 54, 75, 88, 99, 139, 76, 131, 63, 91, 55, 38, 84, 110, 126, 76, 65, 135, 61, 158, 173, 78, 127, 172, 40, 106, 136, 147, 170, 221, 261, 333, 383, 482, 79, 143, 253 ], "href": [ "Gonzales%2C%20Texas", "married%20and%20maiden%20names", "medical%20records", "librarian", "English%20people", "Irish%20people", "Dutch%20people", "Dallas", "Mesquite%2C%20Texas", "North%20Mesquite%20High%20School", "Daniel%20Boone", "French%20Riviera", "Saint%20Tropez", "Paris", "Grace%20Jones", "Jessica%20Lange", "Roxy%20Music", "Siren%20%28Roxy%20Music%20album%29", "Francesco%20Clemente", "Ed%20Ruscha", "Lucian%20Freud", "Andy%20Warhol", "Urban%20Cowboy", "Tim%20Burton", "Batman%20%281989%20film%29", "West%20End%20theatre", "Bus%20Stop%20%28play%29", "Marilyn%20Monroe", "Bus%20Stop%20%281956%20film%29", "Lyric%20Theatre%2C%20London", "Roger%20Waters", "The%20Wall%20Concert%20in%20Berlin", "The%20Wall", "Berlin", "Bovril", "Cluedo%20%28UK%20game%20show%29", "The%20Detectives%20%281993%20TV%20series%29", "Broadway%20theatre", "The%20Graduate%23Stage%20adaptation", "Being%20Mick", "West%20End%20theatre", "London", "Cole%20Porter", "High%20Society%20%28musical%29", "Popetown", "Hotel%20Babylon", "French%20and%20Saunders", "David%20Soul", "A.%20R.%20Gurney", "Love%20Letters%20%28play%29", "Strictly%20Come%20Dancing%20%28series%2010%29", "Strictly%20Come%20Dancing", "Anton%20du%20Beke", "Mick%20Jagger", "void%20marriage", "Bali", "Indonesia", "putative%20marriage", "void%20ab%20initio", "High%20Court%20of%20England%20and%20Wales", "Elizabeth%20Jagger", "Georgia%20May%20Jagger", "Downe%20House%2C%20Richmond%20Hill", "Rupert%20Murdoch", "2015%20Rugby%20World%20Cup", "The%20Times" ], "paragraph_id": [ 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 6, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 12, 12, 12, 12, 14, 15, 15, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 17, 17, 17, 17, 17, 18, 18, 19, 19, 20, 23, 23, 23, 23, 24, 25, 25, 26, 26, 26, 27, 27, 27, 33, 33, 33, 33, 33, 33, 33, 33, 33, 33, 34, 34, 34 ], "start": [ 12, 42, 71, 87, 126, 135, 146, 183, 200, 20, 147, 49, 80, 162, 210, 227, 331, 351, 33, 53, 67, 98, 15, 35, 49, 16, 73, 101, 123, 145, 42, 56, 80, 93, 133, 70, 117, 55, 79, 45, 30, 78, 99, 114, 68, 52, 116, 51, 146, 161, 66, 106, 159, 29, 63, 132, 138, 153, 207, 230, 315, 372, 456, 65, 128, 244 ], "text": [ "Gonzales, Texas", "née", "medical records", "librarian", "English", "Irish", "Dutch", "Dallas", "Mesquite, Texas", "North Mesquite High School", "Daniel Boone", "French Riviera", "Saint Tropez", "Paris", "Grace Jones", "Jessica Lange", "Roxy Music", "Siren", "Francesco Clemente", "Ed Ruscha", "Lucian Freud", "Andy Warhol", "Urban Cowboy", "Tim Burton", "Batman", "West End", "Bus Stop", "Marilyn Monroe", "film adaption", "Lyric Theatre", "Roger Waters", "massive performance", "The Wall", "Berlin", "Bovril", "Cluedo", "The Detectives", "Broadway", "The Graduate", "Being Mick", "West End", "London", "Cole Porter", "High Society", "Popetown", "Hotel Babylon", "French and Saunders", "David Soul", "A. R. Gurney", "Love Letters", "tenth series", "Strictly Come Dancing", "Anton du Beke", "Mick Jagger", "unofficial, private, marriage-like ceremony", "Bali", "Indonesia", "putative marriage", "void ab initio", "High Court of England and Wales", "Elizabeth Scarlett", "Georgia May", "Downe House, Richmond Hill", "Rupert Murdoch", "Rugby World Cup", "The Times" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Jerry Hall\n", "Jerry Faye Hall (born July 2, 1956) is an American model and actress.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Was born in Gonzales, Texas, to Marjorie (née Sheffield; 1924–2013), a medical records librarian, and John P. Hall. She is of English, Irish, and Dutch descent. She was raised in the Dallas suburb of Mesquite, Texas.\n", "Hall graduated from North Mesquite High School early at 16. While in high school, she also took classes at Eastfield College in archery, tennis, and gymnastics. Hall has been fluent in French since she was 16.\n", "Hall has a twin sister, Terry, whose jobs have included working in a photography and print making shop, real estate investing and real estate broker. Hall has three older sisters, including Rosy Hall, one of the first Dallas Cowboys cheerleaders.\n", "In the TV series \"Who Do You Think You Are?\", Hall discovered that she was descended from Humphrey Best, an associate of American patriot and icon Daniel Boone.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Section::::Career.:Modeling.\n", "Jerry Hall and her twin sister Terry were in the French Riviera sunbathing on a Saint Tropez beach when fashion agent Claude Haddad discovered them. She moved to Paris where she shared an apartment with singer Grace Jones, and Jessica Lange. Her modelling career began when she appeared, in the guise of a mermaid, on the cover of Roxy Music's album \"Siren\" (1975).\n", "By 1977, Hall had been on 40 magazine covers including Italian \"Vogue\" and \"Cosmopolitan\". She was earning modelling fees in excess of $1,000 per day. Her long blonde hair and height of six feet quickly made her one of the most visible and photographed models of the day.\n", "In 2016, Hall won the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Fashion Group International Dallas.\n", "Hall was also a muse for artists Francesco Clemente, Ed Ruscha and Lucian Freud. Hall modeled for Andy Warhol many times.\n", "Section::::Career.:Acting.\n", "Hall acted in \"Urban Cowboy\", released in 1980.\n", "In 1989, Hall appeared in director Tim Burton's \"Batman\" (1989).\n", "Her 1990 London West End stage début was playing Cherie in a revival of \"Bus Stop\" (a role played by Marilyn Monroe in the film adaption) at the Lyric Theatre in Shaftesbury Avenue.\n", "In 1990, she joined many other guests for Roger Waters' massive performance of \"The Wall\" in Berlin. She featured in commercials for Bovril.\n", "Hall played the role of Miss Scarlett in the British television show \"Cluedo\" (1993), and in (1993) the (TV series) \"The Detectives\".\n", "In the early 2000s, she appeared as Mrs. Robinson in a Broadway production of \"The Graduate\" which included a nude scene on stage.\n", "Hall appeared as herself in the documentary \"Being Mick\" (2001).\n", "Hall appeared in Brighton in the play \"Picasso's Women\" in 2002.\n", "Hall now holds the World Record for making the most theatrical appearances in a single night. She performed in front of 9,124 theatregoers in London.\n", "In 2005, Hall appeared on the West End stage playing Mother Lord in the first London production of Cole Porter's \"High Society\"\n", "Hall provided the voice for Sister Penelope in the British cartoon \"Popetown\".\n", "In 2007, Hall guest-starred on the British TV show \"Hotel Babylon\". She has also appeared in the BBC comedy series \"French and Saunders\". Her autobiography, \"Jerry Hall: My Life in Pictures\", was published in 2010.\n", "In June 2012, Hall made a one-week appearance with David Soul at the Gaiety Theatre, Dublin, in a reprise of the Pulitzer Prize nominated play by A. R. Gurney, \"Love Letters\".\n", "On September 10, 2012, Hall was announced as a contestant for the tenth series of the British dance show \"Strictly Come Dancing\". Her professional partner was Anton du Beke. She was the second celebrity to be eliminated from the competition.\n", "Section::::Career.:Other ventures.\n", "In 2000, Hall was a judge for the Whitbread Prize. She argued for Seamus Heaney's translation of Beowulf.\n", "In 2010, Hall sold her art collection through Sotheby's.\n", "In 2014, Hall performed at Glastonbury. She wrote music and lyrics to original country and western music.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Hall started dating musician Mick Jagger in 1977. They held an unofficial, private, marriage-like ceremony on November 21, 1990, in Bali, Indonesia. The putative marriage was later declared invalid (\"i.e.,\" void ab initio) by the High Court of England and Wales in London in 1999. They have four children together: Elizabeth Scarlett (born 1984), James Leroy (born 1985), Georgia May (born 1992), and Gabriel Luke (born 1997). The couple lived together at Downe House, Richmond Hill, in Greater London, which Jagger purchased in the early 1990s. They split up in 1999. Hall cited Jagger's infidelity as the cause of the break-up.\n", "In 2015, Hall was reported to have begun dating business magnate Rupert Murdoch. The couple were seen in public together at the Rugby World Cup final on November 1, 2015. Hall and Murdoch announced their engagement with a listing in Murdoch's \"The Times\" newspaper on January 11, 2016. The couple married on March 4, 2016, and were seen together on the final show of \"American Idol\" on April 7, 2016.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American actress", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q239476", "wikidata_label": "Jerry Hall", "wikipedia_title": "Jerry Hall" }

{ "end": [ 70, 102, 125, 153, 166, 192, 213, 67, 394, 426, 497, 578, 614, 804, 865, 44, 219, 324, 689, 697, 708, 259, 311, 321, 359, 367, 608, 636, 679, 813, 913, 992, 1011, 34, 56, 77, 130, 141, 37, 54, 87, 94, 184, 219, 226, 238, 283, 347, 415, 461, 481, 525, 573, 638, 715, 857, 173, 226, 249, 281, 320, 374, 421, 64, 90 ], "href": [ "SS", "Nazi%20era", "war%20criminal", "mass%20murder", "genocide", "occupied%20Poland", "The%20Holocaust%20in%20Poland", "Leipzig", "Freikorps", "Thuringia", "Erfurt", "ethnonationalistic", "Coburg", "Deutsche%20Bank", "Gie%C3%9Fen", "Sturmabteilung", "Leipzig%20University", "Naumburg", "Magdeburg", "Erfurt", "Torgau", "Germany", "postmaster", "Erfurt", "Sicherheitsdienst", "SS", "Arnsberg", "Dortmund", "M%C3%BCnster", "Reinhard%20Heydrich", "Gestapo", "Gestapo", "Schutzstaffel", "Invasion%20of%20Poland", "Schutzstaffel", "Obersturmbannf%C3%BChrer", "Reich%20Main%20Security%20Office", "Dresden", "Krak%C3%B3w", "Poland", "Sicherheitspolizei", "Sicherheitsdienst", "Einsatzgruppen", "Warsaw", "Radom", "Lublin", "massacre", "History%20of%20the%20Jews%20in%20Poland", "massacre%20of%20Lw%C3%B3w%20professors", "Operation%20Barbarossa", "Soviet%20Union", "Wannsee%20Conference", "Rudolf%20Lange", "the%20Holocaust", "Netherlands", "Hanns%20Albin%20Rauter", "Allies%20of%20World%20War%20II", "Enschede%2C%20Netherlands", "United%20Kingdom", "Burgsteinfurt", "war%20crime", "hanging", "Albert%20Pierrepoint", "http%3A//www.holocaustresearchproject.org/nazioccupation/schongarth.html", "German%20Wikipedia" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 16, 17 ], "start": [ 68, 94, 113, 142, 158, 177, 200, 60, 385, 417, 491, 560, 608, 791, 859, 30, 198, 316, 680, 691, 702, 252, 301, 315, 357, 365, 600, 628, 672, 796, 894, 985, 1009, 11, 54, 58, 126, 134, 31, 48, 83, 92, 170, 213, 221, 232, 275, 336, 388, 441, 469, 507, 561, 625, 704, 839, 167, 205, 242, 268, 311, 367, 403, 12, 74 ], "text": [ "SS", "Nazi era", "war criminal", "mass murder", "genocide", "occupied Poland", "the Holocaust", "Leipzig", "Freikorps", "Thuringia", "Erfurt", "ethnonationalistic", "Coburg", "Deutsche bank", "Gießen", "Sturmabteilung", "University of Leipzig", "Naumburg", "Magdeburg", "Erfurt", "Torgau", "Germany", "postmaster", "Erfurt", "SD", "SS", "Arnsberg", "Dortmund", "Münster", "Reinhard Heydrich", "Secret State Police", "Gestapo", "SS", "German attack on Poland", "SS", "Obersturmbannfuhrer", "RSHA", "Dresden", "Kraków", "Poland", "SiPo", "SD", "Einsatzgruppen", "Warsaw", "Radom", "Lublin", "massacre", "Polish Jews", "massacre of Lwów professors", "Operation Barbarossa", "Soviet Union", "Wannsee Conference", "Rudolf Lange", "the Holocaust", "Netherlands", "Hanns Albin Rauter", "Allied", "Enschede, Netherlands", "British", "Burgsteinfurt", "war crime", "hanging", "Albert Pierrepoint", "Holocaust Research Project: Karl Eberhard Schöngarth", "German Wikipedia" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Karl Eberhard Schöngarth\n", "Karl Eberhard Schöngarth (22 April 1903 – 16 May 1946) was a German SS functionary during the Nazi era. He was a war criminal who perpetrated mass murder and genocide in German occupied Poland during the Holocaust.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Karl Georg Eberhard Schongarth was born on 22 April 1903 in Leipzig, Germany. His father was a master brewer. Eberhard began high school at the age of 11, but soon dropped out to work at a garden center to support the war effort. On 7 March 1918 Eberhard was awarded a “Young Mens Iron Medal”. After the war, he went back to high school to complete his education, but instead joined a Freikorps paramilitary group in Thuringia. This eventually lead to Eberhard joining a local Nazi group in Erfurt on November 1923, as he felt the organization agreed with his ethnonationalistic tendencies. Eberhard fled to Coburg to try and escape from his crime of treason, but eventually came back to Erfurt and was given amnesty. In 1924 Eberhard finished his high school education and got a job at the Deutsche bank while also joining the Army Infantry Regiment 1/15 in Gießen.\n", "Eberhard later joined the SA (Sturmabteilung) as member number 43,870 while claiming expulsion from the army. By 1924, Eberhard involvement with the Nazi party has decreased, and he enrolled at the University of Leipzig, majoring in economics and law. He completed his first bar exam in 1928 and landed a job in the Naumburg Superior Courts. He then went on to acquire his doctorate in law from the Institute for Labor and Law, on 28 June 1929 at just the age of 26, and was the Cum Laude. His thesis was on the subject of 'the refusal of notices of termination of employment contracts. He then decided to take his second bar exam on December 1933 and became a court official for Magdeburg, Erfurt and Torgau.\n", "Section::::Family life.\n", "Eberhard married Dorothea Gross, with whom he had 2 sons.\n", "Section::::Beginning of Nazi participation.\n", "After becoming a court official, Eberhard began involving himself more heavily in the Nazi party. On 1 February 1933 he joined the SS (member No°. 67,174 and Nazi N°. 2,848,857). Because party membership was now crucial for getting a government job in Germany, his involvement allowed him to become a postmaster in Erfurt. In 1933 he became a member of the SD, the SS's own intelligence service. He eventually left his postmaster position on November 1, 1935, and joined the Gestapo. During his time working with the Gestapo, he worked in the main press office, the political-church council, and the Arnsberg district office in Dortmund, he also served as police chief in Münster and was named a government counselor. Though unknown why he found employment at the political church, a letter from Reinhard Heydrich to the Reich Ministry of the Interior recommended Eberhard become a part of the Secret State Police due to his broad and insightful law background. He was placed with the Gestapo, and after, the SS. He also rose in ranks in the SS, becoming a first lieutenant, captain, major and lieutenant colonel in 1939, and from colonel to brigadier general in 1940.\n", "Section::::War crimes.\n", "During the German attack on Poland he was promoted to SS \"Obersturmbannfuhrer\". He later served as a Senior Inspector for the RSHA in Dresden.\n", "In January 1941 he was sent to Kraków, occupied Poland, as senior commander of the SiPo and SD (). During the time Schöngarth was stationed in Kraków, he formed several \"Einsatzgruppen\" (Special Action Groups) in Warsaw, Radom, and Lublin, with the intention of perpetrating massacres. He was responsible for the murder of up to 10,000 Polish Jews between July and September 1941 and the massacre of Lwów professors behind the frontlines of Operation Barbarossa in the Soviet Union. Schöngarth attended the Wannsee Conference on 20 January 1942, along with Dr. Rudolf Lange (\"Einsatzgruppen\" A), who had also participated in the Holocaust. From early July 1944 until the end of war he was the BdS in the Netherlands. He is also reported to have killed 263 persons (including one German soldier) in reprisal for the ambushing of SS General Hanns Albin Rauter March 6, 1945.\n", "In 2019, a mass grave containing the remains of more than 1,000 Jews was discovered during renovation work on houses in Brest. An Einsatzgruppe led by Schöngarth murdered more than 5,000 Jews in the area between 10 and 12 July 1941. \n", "Section::::Trial and execution.\n", "Schöngarth was captured by the allies at the end of the war in Europe. After an investigation into his background, he was charged with the crime of murdering a downed Allied pilot (on 21 November 1944) at Enschede, Netherlands and tried by a British military court in Burgsteinfurt. He was found guilty of this war crime on 11 February 1946 and sentenced to death by hanging. Schöngarth was executed by Albert Pierrepoint on 16 May 1946 at .\n", "Section::::Notes and references.\n", "BULLET::::- Holocaust Research Project: Karl Eberhard Schöngarth\n", "BULLET::::- This article may be expanded with text translated from in the German Wikipedia.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "German general, War criminal", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q61000", "wikidata_label": "Karl Eberhard Schöngarth", "wikipedia_title": "Karl Eberhard Schöngarth" }

{ "end": [ 72, 79, 89, 102, 117, 133, 146, 273, 284, 295, 312, 334, 353, 120, 206, 268, 291, 493, 499, 509, 552, 164, 784, 797, 811, 831, 142, 472, 494, 160, 46, 409, 46, 178, 211, 291, 512, 110, 90, 25, 36, 54, 104, 46, 165 ], "href": [ "Bulgarians", "France", "historian", "philosopher", "Structuralism", "literary%20critic", "sociologist", "anthropology", "sociology", "semiotics", "literary%20theory", "history%20of%20ideas", "culture%20theory", "University%20of%20Sofia", "doctorat%20de%20troisi%C3%A8me%20cycle", "doctorat%20%C3%A8s%20lettres", "G%C3%A9rard%20Genette", "Harvard", "Yale%20University", "Columbia%20University", "University%20of%20California%2C%20Berkeley", "Mikhail%20Bakhtin", "Spanish%20colonization%20of%20the%20Americas", "Nazism", "Stalinist", "concentration%20camps", "Fantastic", "Jacques%20Cazotte", "The%20Devil%20in%20Love%20%28novel%29", "Jean-Jacques%20Rousseau", "Facing%20the%20Extreme", "Primo%20Levi", "CNRS%20Bronze%20Medal", "Acad%C3%A9mie%20fran%C3%A7aise", "Prince%20of%20Asturias%20Awards", "Ordre%20des%20Arts%20et%20des%20Lettres", "International%20Society%20for%20the%20Study%20of%20Narrative", "Nancy%20Huston", "Wlad%20Godzich", "Genre%20studies", "The%20Possibility%20of%20Hope", "http%3A//philosophybites.com/2010/01/tzvetan-todorov-on-the-enlightenment-today.html", "Philosophy%20Bites", "http%3A//www.newstatesman.com/books/2010/01/enlightenment-values-rights", "https%3A//web.archive.org/web/20100701014627/http%3A//www.barcelonametropolis.cat/en/page.asp%3Fid%3D21%26amp%3Bui%3D359" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 9, 10, 10, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 13, 19, 41, 42, 44, 44, 45, 46 ], "start": [ 63, 73, 80, 91, 104, 118, 135, 261, 275, 286, 297, 314, 339, 101, 179, 249, 277, 486, 495, 501, 518, 149, 760, 793, 802, 812, 133, 457, 476, 139, 28, 399, 29, 160, 187, 262, 464, 98, 78, 12, 13, 12, 88, 12, 12 ], "text": [ "Bulgarian", "French", "historian", "philosopher", "structuralist", "literary critic", "sociologist", "anthropology", "sociology", "semiotics", "literary theory", "intellectual history", "culture theory", "University of Sofia", "doctorat de troisième cycle", "doctorat ès lettres", "Gérard Genette", "Harvard", "Yale", "Columbia", "University of California, Berkeley", "Mikhail Bakhtin", "conquest of The Americas", "Nazi", "Stalinist", "concentration camps", "Fantastic", "Jacques Cazotte", "Le Diable amoureux", "Jean-Jacques Rousseau", "Facing the Extreme", "Primo Levi", "CNRS Bronze Medal", "Académie française", "Prince of Asturias Award", "Ordre des Arts et des Lettres", "International Society for the Study of Narrative", "Nancy Huston", "Wlad Godzich", "Genre studies", "The Possibility of Hope", "Tzvetan Todorov on the Enlightenment Today", "Philosophy Bites", "The Tzvetan Todorov Book Interview", "Interview with Tzvetan Todorov: \"It is surprising to see so many walls erected in the midst of globalisation\", Barcelona Metropolis, num. 78, Spring 2010" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Tzvetan Todorov\n", "Tzvetan Todorov (; ; ; March 1, 1939 – February 7, 2017) was a Bulgarian-French historian, philosopher, structuralist literary critic, sociologist and essayist and geologist. He was the author of many books and essays, which have had a significant influence in anthropology, sociology, semiotics, literary theory, intellectual history and culture theory.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Tzvetan Todorov was born on March 1, 1939, in Sofia, Bulgaria. He earned an M.A. in philology at the University of Sofia in 1963. He enrolled at the University of Paris to do his doctorat de troisième cycle (equivalent to the Ph.D.) in 1966 and his doctorat ès lettres in 1970.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Todorov was appointed to his post as a director of research at the French Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique in 1968. In 1970, he helped to found the journal \"Poétique\", of which he remained one of the managing editors until 1979. With structuralist literary critic Gérard Genette, he edited the \"Collection Poétique\", the series of books on literary theory published by Éditions de Seuil, until 1987. He was a visiting professor at several universities in the US, including Harvard, Yale, Columbia and the University of California, Berkeley.\n", "Todorov published a total of 39 books, including \"The Poetics of Prose\" (1971), \"Introduction to Poetics\" (1981), \"The Conquest of America\" (1982), \"Mikhail Bakhtin: The Dialogical Principle\" (1984), \"Facing the Extreme: Moral Life in the Concentration Camps\" (1991), \"On Human Diversity\" (1993), \"A French Tragedy: Scenes of Civil War, Summer 1944\" (1994), \"Voices from the Gulag: Life and Death in Communist Bulgaria\" (1999), \"Hope and Memory\" (2000), \"Imperfect Garden: The Legacy of Humanism\" (2002), \"In Defence of the Enlightenment\" (2009), \"Memory as a Remedy for Evil\" (2010), \"The Totalitarian Experience\" (2011), \"The Inner Enemies of Democracy\" (2014) and \"Insoumis\" (2015). Todorov's historical interests have focused on such crucial issues as the conquest of The Americas and the Nazi and Stalinist concentration camps.\n", "Todorov's greatest contribution to literary theory was his definition, in \"Introduction à la littérature fantastique\" (1970), of the Fantastic, the fantastic uncanny, and the fantastic marvelous. Todorov defines the fantastic as being any event that happens in our world that seems to be supernatural. Upon the occurrence of the event, we must decide if the event was an illusion or whether it is real and has actually taken place. Todorov uses Alvaro from Jacques Cazotte's \"Le Diable amoureux\" as an example of a fantastic event. Alvaro must decide whether the woman he is in love with is truly a woman or if she is the devil.\n", "Upon choosing whether the event was real or imaginary, Todorov says that we enter into the genres of uncanny and marvelous. In the fantastic uncanny, the event that occurs is actually an illusion of some sort. The \"laws of reality\" remain intact and also provide a rational explanation for the fantastic event. Todorov gives examples of dreams, drugs, illusions of the senses, madness, etc. as things that could explain a fantastic/supernatural event. In the fantastic marvelous, the supernatural event that occurs has actually taken place and therefore the \"laws of reality\" have to be changed to explain the event. Only if the implied reader cannot opt for one or the other possibility is the text purely fantastic.\n", "Aside from his work in literary theory, Todorov has also published studies of philosophy. He wrote \"Frail Happiness\" about the writings of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. He focuses on Rousseau's ideas of attaining human happiness and how we can live in 'modern' times.\n", "In one of his major works, \"Facing the Extreme\", Todorov asks whether it is true the Nazi concentration camps and the Soviet gulags revealed that in extreme situations \"all traces of moral life evaporate as men become beasts locked in a merciless struggle for survival\" (31–46). That opinion is commonplace of popularized accounts of the camps, and also appears in accounts of survivors themselves. Primo Levi, quoted in Todorov, writes that camp life is a \"continuous war of everyone against everyone.\" To survive, all dignity and conscience had to be sacrificed and everyone is alone. Reports from gulag survivors are similar. However, in his reading of actual survivor testimonies, Todorov says the picture is not that bleak, that there are many examples of inmates helping each other and showing compassion in human relationships despite the inhumane conditions and terror. Survivors point out that survival always depended on the help of others. He concludes that life in the camps and gulag did not follow the law of the jungle and that the counter-examples are numerous, even in Levi's work.\n", "Todorov's honors include the CNRS Bronze Medal, the Charles Lévêque Prize of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques and the first Maugean Prize of the Académie française and the Prince of Asturias Award for Social Sciences; he also is an Officer of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres. He also received the Prince of Asturias Award for Social Sciences. In 2015, he was awarded the [Wayne C. Booth] Award for lifetime achievement in narrative studies by the International Society for the Study of Narrative.\n", "Section::::Personal life and death.\n", "Todorov was married twice. His first wife was the scholar Martine van Woerkens and his second was Nancy Huston, with whom he had two children, until 2014. He died on February 7, 2017, at the age of 77. He is survived by a son, Boris, from the first marriage, and a daughter, Léa, and a son, Sacha, from the second.\n", "Section::::Bibliography.\n", "BULLET::::- Books\n", "BULLET::::- \"Introduction à la littérature fantastique\" (1970), translated by Richard Howard as \"The Fantastic: A Structural Approach to a Literary Genre\" in 1973\n", "BULLET::::- \"Theories of the Symbol\" (1982), translated by Catherine Porter.\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (1984), translated from the French by Richard Howard.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mikhail Bakhtin: the dialogical principle\" (1984), translated by Wlad Godzich.\n", "BULLET::::- \"On human diversity: nationalism, racism, and exoticism in French thought\" (1993), translated by Catherine Porter.\n", "BULLET::::- \"French tragedy: scenes of civil war, summer 1944\" (1996), translated by Mary Byrd Kelly; translation edited and annotated by Richard J. Golsan.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Voices from the Gulag: Life and Death in Communist Bulgaria\" (1999), Tzvetan Todorov (ed.); translated by Robert Zaretsky.\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Passion for Democracy: Benjamin Constant \" (1999), translated by Alice Seberry.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Facing the extreme: moral life in the concentration camps\" (2000), translated by Arthur Denner and Abigail Pollack.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fragility of goodness: why Bulgaria's Jews survived the Holocaust\" (2001), a collection of texts with commentary by Tzvetan Todorov.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Life in common: an essay in general anthropology\" (2001), translated by Katherine Golsan and Lucy Golsan; with a new afterword by the author.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Frail Happiness: An Essay on Rousseau\" (2001), translated by John T. Scott and Robert D. Zaretsky\n", "BULLET::::- \"Imperfect garden: the legacy of humanism\" (2002), translated by Carol Cosman.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hope and memory: lessons from the twentieth century\" (2003), translated by David Bellos.\n", "BULLET::::- \"New world disorder: reflections of a European\" (2005), preface by Stanley Hoffmann; translated by Andrew Brown.\n", "BULLET::::- Torture and the War on Terror (2009), translated by Gila Walker.\n", "BULLET::::- \"In Defence of the Enlightenment\" (2009), translated by Gila Walker.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The fear of barbarians: beyond the clash of civilizations\" (2010), translated by Andrew Brown\n", "BULLET::::- \"Memory as a Remedy for Evil\" (2010), translated by Gila Walker\n", "BULLET::::- \"Muros caídos, muros erigidos\" (2011), translated by Zoraida de Torres Burgos\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Totalitarian Experience\", translated by Teresa Lavender Fagan. Kolkata, India: Seagull Books, 2011.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Inner Enemies of Democracy\", translated by Andrew Brown. Cambridge, UK and Malden, MA: Polity Press, 2014.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Insoumis: essai\". Paris: Robert Laffont: Versilio, 2015.\n", "BULLET::::- Articles\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Genre studies\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Possibility of Hope\"\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Tzvetan Todorov on the Enlightenment Today, a nineteen-minute interview on \"Philosophy Bites\"\n", "BULLET::::- The Tzvetan Todorov Book Interview\n", "BULLET::::- Interview with Tzvetan Todorov: \"It is surprising to see so many walls erected in the midst of globalisation\", Barcelona Metropolis, num. 78, Spring 2010\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Bulgarian historian, philosopher, structuralist literary critic, sociologist and essayist", "enwikiquote_title": "Tzvetan Todorov", "wikidata_id": "Q313852", "wikidata_label": "Tzvetan Todorov", "wikipedia_title": "Tzvetan Todorov" }

{ "end": [ 69, 80, 100, 182, 205, 57, 113, 20, 31, 51, 27, 52, 31 ], "href": [ "ancient%20Greek%20novel", "Hellenistic%20romance", "Daphnis%20and%20Chloe", "Lesbos", "Lesbos", "Roman%20slavery", "cognomen", "Chariton", "Xenophon%20of%20Ephesus", "Ephesian%20Tale", "Achilles%20Tatius", "Leucippe%20and%20Clitophon", "Heliodorus%20of%20Emesa" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 6, 7, 7, 8, 8, 9 ], "start": [ 50, 73, 83, 176, 199, 49, 105, 12, 12, 38, 12, 30, 12 ], "text": [ "ancient Greek novel", "romance", "Daphnis and Chloe", "Lesbos", "Lesbos", "freedman", "cognomen", "Chariton", "Xenophon of Ephesus", "Ephesian Tale", "Achilles Tatius", "Leucippe and Clitophon", "Heliodorus of Emesa" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Longus\n", "Longus, sometimes Longos (), was the author of an ancient Greek novel or romance, \"Daphnis and Chloe\". Nothing is known of his life; it is assumed that he lived on the isle of Lesbos (setting for \"Daphnis and Chloe\") during the 2nd century AD .\n", "It has been suggested that the name Longus is merely a misinterpretation of the last word of \"Daphnis and Chloe\"'s title \"Λεσβιακῶν ἐρωτικῶν λόγοι\" (\"story of a Lesbian romance\", \"Lesbian\" for \"from Lesbos island\") in the Florentine manuscript; EE Seiler observes that the best manuscript begins and ends with \"λόγου\" (not \"λόγγου\") \"ποιμενικῶν\". \n", "If his name was really Longus, he was possibly a freedman of some Roman family which bore that name as a cognomen.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "Other ancient Greek novelists:\n", "BULLET::::- Chariton - The Loves of Chaereas and Callirhoe\n", "BULLET::::- Xenophon of Ephesus - The Ephesian Tale\n", "BULLET::::- Achilles Tatius - Leucippe and Clitophon\n", "BULLET::::- Heliodorus of Emesa - The Aethiopica\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Ancient Greek writer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q314949", "wikidata_label": "Longus", "wikipedia_title": "Longus" }

{ "end": [ 398, 559, 570, 135, 158, 568, 22, 63, 359, 455, 679, 43, 843, 907, 585, 55, 218, 766, 196, 281, 49 ], "href": [ "Greek%20language", "School%20of%20Applied%20Artillery", "Ch%C3%A2lons-en-Champagne", "Johann%20Schweigh%C3%A4user", "Athenaeus", "battle%20of%20Wagram", "Vienna", "desertion", "Florence", "Longus", "Tuscany", "House%20of%20Bourbon", "monarchy", "Louis-Philippe%20of%20France", "Jean-Baptiste%20Nicolas%20Armand%20Carrel", "Xenophon", "Herodotus", "Eug%C3%A8ne%20Bizeau", "Charles%20Augustin%20Sainte-Beuve", "Francisque%20Sarcey", "http%3A//www.paullouiscourier.fr/" ], "paragraph_id": [ 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 8, 8, 8, 9, 10, 14 ], "start": [ 393, 540, 563, 115, 149, 562, 16, 54, 351, 449, 672, 36, 835, 893, 572, 47, 209, 753, 184, 264, 12 ], "text": [ "Greek", "school of artillery", "Châlons", "Johann Schweighäuser", "Athenaeus", "Wagram", "Vienna", "desertion", "Florence", "Longus", "Tuscany", "Bourbon", "monarchy", "Louis Philippe", "Armand Carrel", "Xenophon", "Herodotus", "Eugène Bizeau", "Sainte-Beuve", "Francisque Sarcey", "Website devoted to Paul-Louis Courier" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Paul Louis Courier\n", "Paul Louis Courier (; 4 January 177210 April 1825), French Hellenist and political writer, was born in Paris.\n", "Section::::Life.\n", "Brought up on his father's estate of Méré in Touraine, he conceived a bitter aversion for the nobility, which seemed to strengthen with time. He would never take the name \"de Méré\", to which he was entitled, lest he should be thought a nobleman. At the age of fifteen he was sent to Paris to complete his education; his father's teaching had already inspired him with a passionate devotion to Greek literature, and although he showed considerable mathematical ability, he continued to devote all his leisure to the classics. He entered the school of artillery at Châlons, however, and immediately on receiving his appointment as sub-lieutenant in September 1793 he joined the army of the Rhine. He served in various campaigns of the Revolutionary wars, especially in those of Italy in 1798-99 and 1806-7, and in the German campaign of 1809. He became \"chef d'escadron\" in 1803.\n", "He made his first appearance as an author in 1802, when he contributed to the Magasin encyclopédique a critique on Johann Schweighäuser's edition of Athenaeus. In the following year appeared his \"Eloge d'Hélène\", a free imitation rather than a translation from Isocrates, which he had sketched in 1798. Courier had given up his commission in the autumn of 1808, but the general enthusiasm in Paris over the preparations for the new campaign affected him, and he attached himself to the staff of a general of artillery. But he was horror-struck by the carnage at Wagram (1809), refusing from that time to believe that there was any art in war.\n", "He hastily quit Vienna, escaping the formal charge of desertion because his new appointment had not been confirmed. The savage independence of his nature rendered subordination intolerable to him; he had been three times disgraced for absenting himself without leave, and his superiors resented his satirical humour. After leaving the army he went to Florence, and was fortunate enough to discover in the Laurentian Library a complete manuscript of Longus's \"Daphnis and Chloe\", an edition of which he published in 1810. In consequence of a misadventure—blotting the manuscript—he was involved in a quarrel with the librarian, and was compelled by the government to leave Tuscany. He retired to his estate at Véretz (Indre-et-Loire), but frequently visited Paris, and divided his attention between literature and his farm.\n", "After the second restoration of the Bourbons the career of Courier as political pamphleteer began. He had before this time waged war against local wrongs in his own district, and had been the adviser and helpful friend of his neighbours. He now made himself by his letters and pamphlets one of the most dreaded opponents of the government of the Restoration. The first of these was his \"Petition aux deux chambres\" (1816), exposing the sufferings of the peasantry under the royalist reaction. In 1817 he was a candidate for a vacant seat in the Institute; and failing, he took his revenge by publishing a bitter \"Lettre à Messieurs de l'Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres\" (1819). This was followed (1819–1820) by a series of political letters of extraordinary power published in \"Le Censeur Européen\". He advocated a liberal monarchy, at the head of which he doubtless wished to see Louis Philippe.\n", "The proposal, in 1821, to purchase the estate of Chambord for the duke of Bordeaux called forth from Courier the Simple \"Discours de Paul Louis, vigneron de la Chavonnière\", one of his best pieces. For this he was tried and condemned to suffer a short imprisonment and to pay a fine. Before he went to prison he published a \"compte rendu\" of his trial, which had a still larger circulation than the \"Discours\" itself. In 1823 appeared the \"Livret de Paul Louis\", the \"Gazette de village\", followed in 1824 by his famous \"Pamphlet des pamphlets\", called by his biographer, Armand Carrel, his swan-song.\n", "Courier published in 1807 his translation from Xenophon, \"Du commandement de la cavalerie et de l'equitation\", and had a share in editing the \"Collections des romans grecs\". He also projected a translation of Herodotus, and published a specimen, in which he attempted to imitate archaic French; but he did not live to carry out this plan. On April 10, 1825, on a Sunday afternoon, Courier was found shot in a wood near his house. The murderers, who were servants of his own, remained undiscovered for five years. There were many stories in the village of Veretz that they had been fired for their sexual liaisons with his wife, who left him for Paris shortly afterwards. He is buried in Veretz cemetery, close to his son and the grave of the later poet Eugène Bizeau. The anarchist poet's grandmother was mentioned in Courier's own work. There were, however, rumours of a political murder by the authorities which remained current for many years.\n", "The writings of Courier, dealing with the facts and events of his own time, are valuable sources of information as to the condition of France before, during, and after the Revolution. Sainte-Beuve finds in Courier's own words, \"peu de matière et beaucoup d'art\", the secret and device of his talent, which gives his writings a value independent of the somewhat ephemeral subject-matter.\n", "A \"Collection complète des pamphlets politiques et opuscules litteraires de P. L. Courier\" appeared in 1826. See editions of his Œuvres (1848), with an admirable biography by Armand Carrel, which is reproduced in a later edition, with a supplementary criticism by Francisque Sarcey (1876–1877); also three notices by Sainte-Beuve in the \"Causeries du lundi\" and the \"Nouveaux Lundis\".\n", "In the centre of Veretz there is a stele, raised in honour of Courier 50 years after his murder, and the opening was observed by many eminent writers of the time.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "Section::::References.:External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Website devoted to Paul-Louis Courier.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "French Hellenist and political writer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1393399", "wikidata_label": "Paul Louis Courier", "wikipedia_title": "Paul Louis Courier" }

{ "end": [ 77, 205, 439, 493, 724, 909, 25, 42, 55, 66, 88, 135, 162, 343, 395, 479, 608, 633, 778, 817, 246, 261, 340, 427, 452, 474, 521, 598, 625, 639, 699, 734, 791, 106, 126, 145, 224, 310, 373, 52, 47, 69, 126, 29, 36, 33, 34, 37, 29, 24, 17, 31, 61 ], "href": [ "motor%20racing", "24%20Hours%20of%20Le%20Mans", "Grand%20Prix%20motor%20racing", "French%20Grand%20Prix", "1950%20Monaco%20Grand%20Prix", "Circuit%20de%20Cadours", "Mouzon%2C%20Ardennes", "Ardennes", "d%C3%A9partement%20in%20France", "France", "Sedan%2C%20France", "Roger%20Sommer", "Wright%20Brothers", "Chrysler%20Imperial", "24%20Hours%20of%20Le%20Mans", "Luigi%20Chinetti", "Alfa%20Romeo%20in%20motorsport", "Tazio%20Nuvolari", "Long%20Island%2C%20New%20York", "Vanderbilt%20Cup", "Mercedes-Benz", "Auto%20Union", "Bugatti", "French%20Grand%20Prix", "Jean-Pierre%20Wimille", "Spa%2024%20Hours", "Francesco%20Severi", "Circuit%20of%20Miramas", "Grand%20Prix%20de%20Tunisie", "La%20Turbie", "Alfa%20Romeo%20308", "World%20War%20II", "French%20Resistance", "Ren%C3%A9%20Le%20B%C3%A8gue", "Saint-Cloud", "Turin", "Enzo%20Ferrari", "Ferrari", "Talbot-Lago", "Aix%20les%20Bains%20Circuit%20du%20Lac", "Haute-Garonne", "Circuit%20de%20Cadours", "Cooper%20Car%20Company", "French%20Grand%20Prix", "Grand%20Prix%20de%20Marseilles", "Grand%20Prix%20de%20Tunisie", "Grand%20Prix%20de%20L%27U.M.F.", "Gran%20Premio%20del%20Valentino", "Madrid%20Grand%20Prix", "Spa%2024%20Hours", "Turin", "24%20Hours%20of%20Le%20Mans", "http%3A//www.grandprix.com/gpe/drv-somray.html" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 7, 7, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19 ], "start": [ 65, 186, 416, 476, 702, 891, 19, 34, 44, 60, 83, 123, 147, 326, 376, 465, 598, 619, 757, 803, 233, 251, 333, 410, 433, 462, 505, 591, 604, 630, 685, 722, 774, 89, 115, 140, 212, 303, 362, 24, 34, 62, 120, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12 ], "text": [ "motor racing", "24 Hours of Le Mans", "Grand Prix motor racing", "French Grand Prix", "1950 Monaco Grand Prix", "Circuit de Cadours", "Mouzon", "Ardennes", "département", "France", "Sedan", "Roger Sommer", "Wright Brothers", "Chrysler Imperial", "24 Hours of Le Mans", "Luigi Chinetti", "Alfa Romeo", "Tazio Nuvolari", "Long Island, New York", "Vanderbilt Cup", "Mercedes-Benz", "Auto Union", "Bugatti", "French Grand Prix", "Jean-Pierre Wimille", "Spa 24 Hours", "Francesco Severi", "Miramas", "Grand Prix de Tunisie", "La Turbie", "Alfa Romeo 308", "World War II", "French Resistance", "René Le Bègue Cup", "Saint-Cloud", "Turin", "Enzo Ferrari", "Ferrari", "Talbot-Lago", "Aix les Bains Circuit du Lac", "Haute-Garonne", "Cadours", "Cooper", "French Grand Prix", "Grand Prix de Marseilles", "Grand Prix de Tunisie", "Grand Prix de L'U.M.F.", "Gran Premio del Valentino", "Madrid Grand Prix", "Spa 24 Hours", "Turin", "24 Hours of Le Mans", "Raymond Sommer profile at Grand Prix encyclopedia" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Raymond Sommer\n", "Raymond Sommer (31 August 1906 – 10 September 1950) was a French motor racing driver. He raced both before and after WWII with some success, particularly in endurance racing. He won the 24 Hours of Le Mans endurance race in both and , and although he did not reach the finishing line in any subsequent appearance at the Le Mans, he did lead each event until 1938. Sommer was also competitive at the highest level in Grand Prix motor racing, but did not win a race. He won the French Grand Prix in 1936, but the event that year was run as a sports car race. After racing resumed in the late 1940s, Sommer again won a number of sports car and minor Grand Prix events, and finished in fourth place in the 1950 Monaco Grand Prix, the second round of the newly-instituted Formula One World Drivers' Championship. He was killed toward the end of 1950, when his car overturned during a race at the Circuit de Cadours.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Sommer was born in Mouzon, in the Ardennes \"département\" of France, into a wealthy Sedan carpet-making family. His father, Roger Sommer, broke the Wright Brothers' record for the longest flight in 1909. It was not until 1931 that Raymond started to display daredevil tendencies of his own, entering motor races in a privateer Chrysler Imperial. The following year, he won the 24 Hours of Le Mans race, despite having to drive over 20 hours solo after his teammate, Luigi Chinetti, retired ill. During the 1930s, Sommer was to dominate the French endurance classic, winning again in 1933 driving an Alfa Romeo alongside Tazio Nuvolari. He also led every race until 1938, only to suffer a mechanical failure, once when 12 laps in the lead. Sommer traveled to Long Island, New York, to compete in the 1936 Vanderbilt Cup where he finished fourth behind the winner, Nuvolari.\n", "However, his tendency to run in his own privately entered Alfa Romeos did him no favours on the Grand Prix scene, and although a regular top-10 finisher in \"Grands Épreuves\" he never won a race. At the time, the German manufacturers Mercedes-Benz and Auto Union were the dominant force in Grand Prix racing, together with the French Bugatti team. Sommer turned to sports cars once more, and in 1936 he won the French Grand Prix with Jean-Pierre Wimille, and the Spa 24 Hours endurance race with co-driver Francesco Severi. More wins came his way including at the \"Marseilles Three Hours\" at Miramas, the Grand Prix de Tunisie and La Turbie hill climb competition in 1938 and 1939 with Alfa Romeo 308 until the outbreak of World War II, where he played an active part in the French Resistance movement.\n", "Following the war, Sommer quickly returned to winning ways, claiming victory in the 1946 René Le Bègue Cup race at Saint-Cloud. At the 1947 Turin Grand Prix in Valentino Park he won the first ever Grand Prix for Enzo Ferrari as an independent constructor. The following season, Sommer switched from the Ferrari team, again for a privately owned car, this time a Talbot-Lago. In 1950, the Formula One World Championship began and Sommer drove in two Grand Prix races for Ferrari and three in a privately entered Talbot-Lago, retiring in all but one.\n", "In July 1950 he won the Aix les Bains Circuit du Lac Grand Prix with a Ferrari 166.\n", "In September 1950, he entered the Haute-Garonne Grand Prix in Cadours, France, where the steering failed on his 1100 cc Cooper and the car overturned at a corner. Sommer, wearing his traditional canvas helmet, was instantly killed.\n", "Section::::Major career wins.\n", "BULLET::::- French Grand Prix 1936\n", "BULLET::::- Grand Prix de Marseilles 1932, 1937, 1946\n", "BULLET::::- Grand Prix de Tunisie 1937\n", "BULLET::::- Grand Prix de L'U.M.F. 1935\n", "BULLET::::- Gran Premio del Valentino 1947\n", "BULLET::::- Madrid Grand Prix 1949\n", "BULLET::::- Spa 24 Hours 1936\n", "BULLET::::- Turin Grand Prix 1947\n", "BULLET::::- 24 Hours of Le Mans 1932, 1933\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Raymond Sommer profile at Grand Prix encyclopedia\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "racecar driver", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q171878", "wikidata_label": "Raymond Sommer", "wikipedia_title": "Raymond Sommer" }

{ "end": [ 14, 75, 101, 161, 175, 30, 138, 202, 267, 82, 200, 295, 412, 604, 50, 189, 206, 281, 294, 544, 573, 64, 308, 359, 140, 168, 70, 102, 200, 118, 21, 711, 447, 57, 88, 99, 248, 16, 100, 143, 247, 266, 89, 227, 62 ], "href": [ "Fellow%20of%20the%20Royal%20Society", "chemist", "industrialist", "Lunar%20Society", "Birmingham", "Stirlingshire", "Royal%20High%20School%20%28Edinburgh%29", "University%20of%20Edinburgh", "Erasmus%20Darwin", "61st%20Regiment%20of%20Foot", "West%20Indies", "treatise", "Marquis%20of%20Granby", "Polybius", "West%20Bromwich", "Amblecote", "Stourbridge", "vitriol", "Bewdley", "Royal%20Society", "George%20Fordyce", "Pierre%20Macquer", "Matthew%20Boulton", "James%20Watt", "Soho%20Manufactory", "Handsworth%2C%20West%20Midlands", "zinc", "forge", "Muntz%20metal", "Tipton", "Joseph%20Priestley", "Phlogiston%20theory", "Augustin%20Gottfried%20Ludwig%20Lentin", "Tividale", "Dudley", "Tipton", "Stebbing%20Shaw", "Humphry%20Davy", "Charlemont%20and%20Grove%20Vale", "Susanna%20Keir", "Geneva", "Abberley", "Thomas%20Day", "Priestley%20Riots", "Lunar%20Society%20Moonstones" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 10, 11, 11, 12, 13, 13, 13, 13, 14, 16, 16, 16, 16, 18, 18, 22 ], "start": [ 11, 68, 88, 148, 165, 17, 121, 179, 253, 69, 189, 287, 395, 596, 37, 180, 195, 274, 287, 531, 559, 57, 293, 349, 115, 158, 66, 97, 189, 112, 5, 701, 415, 49, 82, 93, 235, 4, 90, 129, 241, 258, 79, 203, 38 ], "text": [ "FRS", "chemist", "industrialist", "Lunar Society", "Birmingham", "Stirlingshire", "Royal High School", "University of Edinburgh", "Erasmus Darwin", "61st Regiment", "West Indies", "treatise", "Marquis of Granby", "Polybius", "West Bromwich", "Amblecote", "Stourbridge", "vitriol", "Bewdley", "Royal Society", "George Fordyce", "Macquer", "Matthew Boulton", "James Watt", "engineering works at Soho", "Handsworth", "zinc", "forge", "Muntz metal", "Tipton", "Joseph Priestley", "phlogiston", "Augustin Gottfried Ludwig Lentin", "Tividale", "Dudley", "Tipton", "Stebbing Shaw", "Humphry Davy", "Charlemont", "Susanna Harvey", "Geneva", "Abberley", "Thomas Day", "public dinner on 14 July", "Lunar Society Moonstones" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "James Keir\n", "James Keir FRS (20 September 1735 – 11 October 1820) was a Scottish chemist, geologist, industrialist, and inventor, and an important member of the Lunar Society of Birmingham.\n", "Section::::Life and work.\n", "Keir was born in Stirlingshire, Scotland, in 1735 as the eighteenth child of John and Magdaline Keir. James attended the Royal High School, Edinburgh, and studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh where he met and formed a lasting friendship with Erasmus Darwin.\n", "At the age of 22, Keir joined the army and was commissioned into the 61st Regiment (now the Gloucestershire Regiment). During the seven years' war he was stationed with his regiment in the West Indies. He became lieutenant on, 31 March 1759, captain-lieutenant on 16 May 1766, and captain on 23 June of the same year.\n", "In the spring of 1768 he resigned his commission, being disappointed at not meeting with more sympathy in his studies from his brother-officers. He found, however, one congenial friend in Alexander Blair, afterwards a captain in the 69th regiment of foot. While in the army Keir wrote a treatise on the art of war, which was accidentally burnt at his publishers, and a pamphlet addressed to the Marquis of Granby in favour of the sale of commissions. At this same period he used to rise at four o'clock in the morning to read the classics and military writers, and he translated many chapters of Polybius.\n", "Keir ultimately settled at Hill Top, West Bromwich, Staffordshire, and devoted himself to chemistry and geology. In 1772, with others, Keir leased a long-established glassworks at Amblecote near Stourbridge, which he managed. Partners included Samuel Skey (who manufactured vitriol near Bewdley) and John Taylor (a leading Birmingham manufacturer). While there, Keir continued his chemical experiments, particularly into the properties of alkalis. A paper by him \"On the Crystallisations observed on Glass\" was communicated to the Royal Society by his friend George Fordyce and printed in the Society's \"Philosophical Transactions\" in 1776.\n", "Early in the same year Keir completed his translation of Macquer's \"Dictionnaire de Chymie\", with additions and notes, published at London in two quarto volumes. In 1777 he issued a \"Treatise on the Different kinds of Elastic Fluids or Gases\" (new edition, 1779). Keir had become friends with Matthew Boulton, and in the autumn of 1768 he first met James Watt at Boulton's house.\n", "In 1778 Keir gave up his glass business to undertake, in the absence of Boulton and Watt, the sole charge of their engineering works at Soho, Birmingham near Handsworth. He declined, however, the offer of a partnership on account of the financial risk, and limited his connection with the firm to the letter-copying machine department.\n", "In 1779 he invented and took out a patent for an alloy of copper, zinc, and iron, which could be forged hot or cold. It has been said to be almost identical with what later became known as Muntz metal.\n", "In 1780 Keir, in conjunction with Alexander Blair (then retired from the army), established a chemical works at Tipton, near Dudley, for the manufacture of alkali from the sulfates of potash and soda, to which he afterwards added a soap manufactory. The method of extraction proceeded on a discovery of Keir's. A nearby road was called Soap Factory Road, though it is now called Factory Road.\n", "When Joseph Priestley came to Birmingham in 1780, he found an able assistant in Keir, who had discovered the distinction between carbon dioxide gas and atmospheric air. Keir worked closely with Priestley to investigate the properties of gases. On 3 May 1787 Keir communicated to the Royal Society some \"Experiments on the Congelation of the Vitriolic Acid\", and on 1 May 1788 \"Remarks on the Principle of Acidity, Decomposition of Water, and Phlogiston\". Another paper, on \"Fossil Alkali\", appeared in 1788 in the \"Transactions of the Society of Arts\". Keir published the first part of his \"Dictionary of Chemistry\" in 1789. He discontinued it upon becoming convinced of the weakness of his theory of phlogiston.\n", "On 20 May 1790, Keir communicated to the Royal Society \"Experiments and Observations on the Dissolution of Metals in Acids, and their Precipitations, with an Account of a new compound Acid Menstruum, useful in some technical operations of parting metals\". This paper contains suggestions which may have contributed to the discovery of the electro-plate process. It was translated into German later the same year by Augustin Gottfried Ludwig Lentin as \" Versuche und Beobachtungen über die Auflösung der Metalle in Säuren ... \"\n", "About 1794, Keir and Blair purchased land in the Tividale area, on the borders of Dudley and Tipton, on which they established the Tividale colliery. Keir studied the mineralogy of Staffordshire, and in 1798 wrote an article on it for Stebbing Shaw's \"History of Staffordshire\". He also gave Shaw information on Staffordshire manufacturing.\n", "Sir Humphry Davy, while visiting Gregory Watt at Birmingham in 1800, was introduced to Keir. In February 1811 Keir forwarded to the Geological Society \"An Account of the Strata in sinking a Pit in Tividale Colliery\", accompanied by a number of specimens.\n", "On 19 December 1807, while Keir was staying with Blair at Hilton Park, his house at West Bromwich was burnt, though most of his books and papers were saved. For a time he lived at a small farmhouse in the neighbourhood.\n", "Keir died at West Bromwich on 11 October 1820, and was buried there at All Saints Church, Charlemont. By his marriage in 1770 to Susanna Harvey (1747–1802) he had an only child, Amelia (1780–1857), who in 1801 married John Lewis Moilliet of Geneva and later Abberley, afterwards merchant and banker of Birmingham.\n", "Section::::Selected non-scientific writings.\n", "In 1791 Keir wrote, at the special desire of the widow, a memoir of his friend Thomas Day, author of \"Sandford and Merton\". During the same year Keir's avowal of sympathy with the French revolution at a public dinner on 14 July exposed him to much virulent abuse. He defended himself and Priestley in various pamphlets, such as the \"Extinguisher Maker\", \"T. Sobersides\", and \"High Church Politics\". In 1793 Keir published a pamphlet entitled 'The Martial Character of Nations,' arguing that the French were not likely to become so pacific as to make national defence less necessary. Ten years later he wrote \"Reflections on the Invasion of Great Britain by the French Armies; on the Mode of Defence; and on the useful application of the National Levies\" (1803).\n", "Keir, who frequently amused himself by writing poetry, suggested to Darwin many improvements (afterwards adopted) for the second part of the \"Botanic Garden\". The most valuable portion of his correspondence was destroyed by the fire at his daughter's residence, Abberley Hall, Worcestershire, on 25 December 1845. A selection from what was saved, with a sketch of his life, was printed for private circulation in 1859.\n", "Section::::Honours and memorials.\n", "BULLET::::- Keir was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London on 8 December 1785.\n", "BULLET::::- Keir is remembered by the Lunar Society Moonstones in Birmingham.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Attribution\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Scottish chemist, geologist, industrialist and inventor", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1147463", "wikidata_label": "James Keir", "wikipedia_title": "James Keir" }

{ "end": [ 59, 64, 79, 70, 83, 118, 149, 163, 273, 305, 314, 334, 374, 414, 497, 555, 611, 67, 146, 368, 455, 471, 517, 528, 541, 555, 569, 580, 597, 19, 84, 165, 194, 229, 296, 314, 339, 357, 406, 59, 90, 109, 164, 190, 227, 30, 21, 41, 89 ], "href": [ "Slovenes", "poet", "translator", "Aurisina", "Trieste", "Austro-Hungarian", "Gorizia%20and%20Gradisca", "Italy", "Gorizia", "Vienna", "Graz", "World%20War%20I", "Austro-Hungarian%20Army", "Battles%20of%20the%20Isonzo", "Prague", "Ljubljana", "Kingdom%20of%20Serbs%2C%20Croats%20and%20Slovenes", "anti-Fascist", "Fascist%20Italy%20%281922%E2%80%931943%29", "left%20liberal", "Ljubljanski%20zvon", "Sodobnost", "Josip%20Vidmar", "Ju%C5%A1%20Kozak", "Ferdo%20Kozak", "Fran%20Albreht", "Stanko%20Leben", "Lojze%20Ude", "Anton%20Vodnik", "World%20War%20II", "Liberation%20Front%20of%20the%20Slovene%20Nation", "Rab%20concentration%20camp", "Italian%20armistice", "Slovene%20Partisans", "Yugoslavia", "Belgrade", "Matej%20Bor", "Anton%20Ingoli%C4%8D", "%C5%BDale", "Slovene%20Modern", "Oton%20%C5%BDupan%C4%8Di%C4%8D", "Dragotin%20Kette", "Gabriele%20D%27Annunzio", "Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne%20Bj%C3%B8rnson", "vitalist", "Slovene%20literature", "Janko%20Kos", "https%3A//web.archive.org/web/20050529053053/http%3A//users.volja.net/agruden/igo_z.htm", "Slovene%20language" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 7, 9, 11, 11 ], "start": [ 52, 60, 69, 62, 76, 102, 119, 158, 266, 299, 310, 323, 353, 393, 491, 546, 574, 55, 139, 356, 439, 462, 505, 519, 530, 543, 557, 571, 585, 7, 46, 143, 177, 210, 288, 306, 330, 344, 402, 45, 77, 95, 145, 169, 219, 12, 12, 12, 73 ], "text": [ "Slovene", "poet", "translator", "Aurisina", "Trieste", "Austro-Hungarian", "County of Gorizia and Gradisca", "Italy", "Gorizia", "Vienna", "Graz", "World War I", "Austro-Hungarian Army", "Battles of the Isonzo", "Prague", "Ljubljana", "Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes", "anti-Fascist", "Italian", "left liberal", "Ljubljanski zvon", "Sodobnost", "Josip Vidmar", "Juš Kozak", "Ferdo Kozak", "Fran Albreht", "Stanko Leben", "Lojze Ude", "Anton Vodnik", "World War II", "Liberation Front of the Slovene Nation", "Rab concentration camp", "Italian armistice", "Partisan resistance", "Yugoslav", "Belgrade", "Matej Bor", "Anton Ingolič", "Žale", "Slovene Modern", "Oton Župančič", "Dragotin Kette", "Gabriele D'Annunzio", "Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson", "vitalist", "Slovene literature", "Janko Kos", "Slovenski pesnik - IGO GRUDEN", "Slovene language" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Igo Gruden\n", "Igo Gruden (18 April 1893 – 29 November 1948) was a Slovene poet and translator.\n", "He was born as Ignacij Gruden in the small fishing village of Aurisina near Trieste, then part of the Austro-Hungarian County of Gorizia and Gradisca (now in Italy) as first of ten children of Franc Gruden and Justina Košuta. He attended high schools in Trieste and Gorizia, and then studied law in Vienna and Graz. During World War I, he served in the Austro-Hungarian Army and fought in the Battles of the Isonzo, where he was seriously injured. After the war, he continued his studies in Prague, graduating in 1921. The same year, he moved to Ljubljana, then part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, where he practiced law.\n", "In the 1920s and 1930s, he was active in spreading the anti-Fascist sentiment among Slovene intellectuals. In 1922, he was arrested by the Italian authorities while visiting his native village, which was then under Italian jurisdiction. He was released after the intervention of the Yugoslav authorities. In Ljubljana, Gruden soon became part of the local left liberal intellectual circles. He collaborated with renowned journals such as \"Ljubljanski zvon\" and \"Sodobnost\", and frequented authors such as Josip Vidmar, Juš Kozak, Ferdo Kozak, Fran Albreht, Stanko Leben, Lojze Ude and Anton Vodnik.\n", "During World War II, he collaborated with the Liberation Front of the Slovene Nation, and was interned by the Italian occupation forces to the Rab concentration camp. After the Italian armistice, he joined the Partisan resistance. After the war, he worked at the Slovenian section of the Yugoslav Radio in Belgrade, together with Matej Bor and Anton Ingolič. He died in Ljubljana and was buried in the Žale cemetery.\n", "Gruden's poetry was influenced mostly by the Slovene Modern (), particularly Oton Župančič and Dragotin Kette. He was also heavily influenced by Gabriele D'Annunzio and Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson. Initially, he followed the vitalist trend, but later moved to more reflexive poetry. During World War II, he published many poems describing the daily life in concentration camps.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Slovene literature\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Janko Kos, \"Slovenska književnost\" (Ljubljana: Cankarjeva založba, 1982), 102–103.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Slovenski pesnik - IGO GRUDEN at users.volja.net (page is in Slovene language)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Slovene poet, translator", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q2685144", "wikidata_label": "Igo Gruden", "wikipedia_title": "Igo Gruden" }

{ "end": [ 148, 220, 35, 52, 79, 168, 203, 226, 250, 376, 392, 402, 443, 41, 257, 311, 83, 106, 170, 75, 123, 256, 268, 280, 292, 305, 36, 195, 57, 138, 107 ], "href": [ "College%20of%20William%20and%20Mary", "Thomas%20Jefferson", "Carmyllie", "Angus%2C%20Scotland", "Presbyterianism", "Robert%20Small%20%28minister%29", "High%20School%20of%20Dundee", "Marischal%20College", "Aberdeen", "College%20of%20William%20and%20Mary", "Williamsburg%2C%20Virginia", "Virginia", "British%20colonization%20of%20the%20Americas", "Thomas%20Jefferson", "George%20Wythe", "Francis%20Fauquier", "Matthew%20Boulton", "Benjamin%20Franklin", "Lunar%20Society", "Birmingham", "John_Ash_%28physician%29", "Erasmus%20Darwin", "Thomas%20Day", "James%20Keir", "James%20Watt", "Anna%20Seward", "Theatre%20Royal%2C%20Birmingham", "Birmingham%20General%20Hospital", "malaria", "St%20Philip%27s%20Cathedral%2C%20Birmingham", "College%20of%20William%20%26amp%3B%20Mary" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 9, 9, 10 ], "start": [ 121, 204, 26, 37, 67, 153, 182, 209, 228, 349, 380, 394, 416, 25, 245, 295, 68, 89, 157, 65, 115, 242, 258, 270, 282, 294, 23, 168, 50, 114, 82 ], "text": [ "College of William and Mary", "Thomas Jefferson", "Carmyllie", "Angus, Scotland", "Presbyterian", "Dr Robert Small", "Dundee Grammar School", "Marischal College", "University of Aberdeen", "College of William and Mary", "Williamsburg", "Virginia", "Britain’s American colonies", "Thomas Jefferson", "George Wythe", "Francis Fauquier", "Matthew Boulton", "Benjamin Franklin", "Lunar Society", "Birmingham", "John Ash", "Erasmus Darwin", "Thomas Day", "James Keir", "James Watt", "Anna Seward", "Theatre Royal", "Birmingham General Hospital", "malaria", "St. Philip's church yard", "College of William & Mary" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "William Small\n", "William Small (13 October 1734 – 25 February 1775) was a Scottish physician and a professor of natural philosophy at the College of William and Mary in Virginia, where he became an influential mentor for Thomas Jefferson.\n", "William Small was born in Carmyllie, Angus, Scotland, the son of a Presbyterian minister, James Small and his wife Lillias Scott, and younger brother to Dr Robert Small. He attended Dundee Grammar School, and Marischal College, University of Aberdeen where he received an MA in 1755. In 1758, he was appointed Professor of Natural Philosophy at the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, then one of Britain’s American colonies.\n", "Small is known for being Thomas Jefferson's professor at William and Mary, and for having an influence on the young Jefferson. Small introduced him to members of Virginia society who were to have an important role in Jefferson's life, including George Wythe a leading jurist in the colonies and Francis Fauquier, the Governor of Virginia.\n", "Recalling his years as a student, Thomas Jefferson described Small as:\n", "a man profound in most of the useful branches of science, with a happy talent of communication, correct and gentlemanly manners, and a large and liberal mind... from his conversation I got my first views of the expansion of science and of the system of things in which we are placed.\n", "In 1764 Small returned to Britain, with a letter of introduction to Matthew Boulton from Benjamin Franklin. Through this connection Small was elected to the Lunar Society, a prestigious club of scientists and industrialists.\n", "In 1765 he received his MD and established a medical practice in Birmingham, and shared a house with the physician John Ash who was the chief campaigner for the Birmingham infirmary. Small was Boulton's physician and became a close friend of Erasmus Darwin, Thomas Day, James Keir, James Watt, Anna Seward and others connected with the Lunar Society. He was one of the best-liked members of the society and an active contributor to their debates.\n", "He helped to bring the Theatre Royal to Birmingham in 1774 and together with Ash was involved in planning and building a hospital that was not completed until 1779, as Birmingham General Hospital.\n", "Small died in Birmingham on 25 February 1775 from malaria contracted during his stay in Virginia. He is buried in St. Philip's church yard, Birmingham.\n", "The William Small Physical Laboratory, which houses the Physics department at the College of William & Mary, is named in his honour.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Walcot, Patrick A Sketch of the Life of Dr William Small and his relationship with Matthew Boulton and James Watt. 2016\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Ganter, Herbert L. \"William Small, Jefferson's Beloved Teacher\" William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Ser., Vol. 4, No. 4 (Oct., 1947), pp. 505–511\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Scottish physician and a professor of natural philosophy at the College of William and Mary in Virginia", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q983736", "wikidata_label": "William Small", "wikipedia_title": "William Small" }

{ "end": [ 120, 150, 168, 197, 230, 256, 300, 321, 354, 72, 102, 128, 203, 26, 75, 109, 159, 103, 123, 148, 239, 339, 106, 226, 280, 310, 352, 90, 118, 157, 215, 85, 111, 119, 136, 154, 63, 126, 181, 192, 68, 185, 208, 246, 273, 41, 94, 124, 231, 288, 338, 442, 23, 71, 131, 32, 202, 224, 84, 97, 100, 121, 126, 148, 25, 38 ], "href": [ "The%20Godfather%20Part%20III", "Single%20White%20Female", "Singles%20%281992%20film%29", "Point%20of%20No%20Return%20%281993%20film%29", "It%20Could%20Happen%20to%20You%20%281994%20film%29", "Jackie%20Brown", "Peter%20Fonda", "Jane%20Fonda", "Henry%20Fonda", "Golden%20Globe%20Award%20for%20Best%20Supporting%20Actress%20%E2%80%93%20Motion%20Picture", "Mandy%20Rice-Davies", "Scandal%20%281989%20film%29", "Balto%20%28film%29", "Emmy%20Award", "In%20the%20Gloaming%20%28film%29", "Golden%20Globe%20Award", "No%20Ordinary%20Baby", "Henry%20Fonda", "Peter%20Fonda", "Jane%20Fonda", "Margaret%20Sullavan", "Noah%20Dietrich", "Thomas%20McGuane", "Coldwater%20Canyon", "Paradise%20Valley%20%28Montana%29", "Livingston%2C%20Montana", "Westlake%20School%20for%20Girls", "Harvey%20%28play%29", "method%20acting", "Lee%20Strasberg%20Theatre%20Institute", "Tisch%20School%20of%20the%20Arts", "Easy%20Rider", "hippie", "commune%20%28intentional%20community%29", "Peter%20Fonda", "Dennis%20Hopper", "Partners%20%281982%20film%29", "Scandal%20%281989%20film%29", "You%20Can%27t%20Hurry%20Love%20%28film%29", "Shag%20%28film%29", "The%20Godfather%20Part%20III", "Barbet%20Schroeder", "Single%20White%20Female", "Cameron%20Crowe", "Singles%20%281992%20film%29", "Point%20of%20No%20Return%20%281993%20film%29", "Nikita%20%28film%29", "The%20New%20Yorker", "Quentin%20Tarantino", "Jackie%20Brown", "Lake%20Placid%20%28film%29", "Ally%20McBeal", "Jet%20Li", "Kiss%20of%20the%20Dragon", "Snow%20Queen%20%282002%20film%29", "Eric%20Stoltz", "Oingo%20Boingo", "Danny%20Elfman", "Golden%20Globe%20Award%20for%20Best%20Supporting%20Actress%20-%20Motion%20Picture", "Scandal%20%281989%20film%29", "Primetime%20Emmy%20Award%20for%20Outstanding%20Supporting%20Actress%20-%20Miniseries%20or%20a%20Movie", "In%20the%20Gloaming%20%28film%29", "Golden%20Globe%20Award%20for%20Best%20Performance%20by%20an%20Actress%20In%20A%20Mini-series%20or%20Motion%20Picture%20Made%20for%20Television", "No%20Ordinary%20Baby", "http%3A//www.tvguide.com/celebrities/bridget-fonda/142829", "http%3A//www.emmys.com/celebrities/bridget-fonda" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 9, 9, 9, 9, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 11, 11, 11, 11, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 14, 14, 14, 16, 17, 17, 19, 19, 20, 20, 21, 21, 23, 24 ], "start": [ 98, 131, 161, 179, 208, 244, 289, 311, 343, 26, 85, 121, 198, 16, 60, 91, 143, 92, 112, 138, 222, 326, 92, 210, 265, 291, 327, 84, 105, 126, 191, 75, 105, 112, 125, 141, 55, 119, 161, 188, 46, 169, 189, 233, 266, 23, 88, 110, 214, 276, 327, 431, 17, 53, 121, 21, 190, 212, 18, 90, 18, 106, 18, 132, 12, 12 ], "text": [ "The Godfather Part III", "Single White Female", "Singles", "Point of No Return", "It Could Happen to You", "Jackie Brown", "Peter Fonda", "Jane Fonda", "Henry Fonda", "Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress", "Mandy Rice-Davies", "Scandal", "Balto", "Emmy Award", "In the Gloaming", "Golden Globe Award", "No Ordinary Baby", "Henry Fonda", "Peter Fonda", "Jane Fonda", "Margaret Sullavan", "Noah Dietrich", "Thomas McGuane", "Coldwater Canyon", "Paradise Valley", "Livingston, Montana", "Westlake School for Girls", "Harvey", "method acting", "Lee Strasberg Theatre Institute", "Tisch School of the Arts", "Easy Rider", "hippie", "commune", "Peter Fonda", "Dennis Hopper", "Partners", "Scandal", "You Can't Hurry Love", "Shag", "The Godfather Part III", "Barbet Schroeder", "Single White Female", "Cameron Crowe", "Singles", "Point of No Return", "Nikita", "The New Yorker", "Quentin Tarantino", "Jackie Brown", "Lake Placid", "Ally McBeal", "Jet Li", "Kiss of the Dragon", "Snow Queen", "Eric Stoltz", "Oingo Boingo", "Danny Elfman", "Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture", "Scandal", "Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie", "In the Gloaming", "Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actress In A Mini-series or Motion Picture Made for Television", "No Ordinary Baby", "Bridget Fonda", "Bridget Fonda at Emmys.com" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Bridget Fonda\n", "Bridget Jane Fonda (born January 27, 1964) is an American actress. She is known for her roles in \"The Godfather Part III\" (1990), \"Single White Female\" (1992), \"Singles\" (1992), \"Point of No Return\" (1993), \"It Could Happen to You\" (1994) and \"Jackie Brown\" (1997). She is the daughter of Peter Fonda, niece of Jane Fonda and granddaughter of Henry Fonda.\n", "Fonda was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress for playing Mandy Rice-Davies in the 1989 film \"Scandal\" and provided the voice for Jenna in the 1995 animated feature film \"Balto\".\n", "She received an Emmy Award nomination for the 1997 TV film \"In the Gloaming\", and a second Golden Globe Award nomination for the 2001 TV film \"No Ordinary Baby\".\n", "Fonda retired from acting in 2002.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Fonda was born in Los Angeles, California, to a family of actors, including her grandfather Henry Fonda, father Peter Fonda, and her aunt Jane Fonda. Her mother, Susan Jane Brewer, is an artist. She is named after actress Margaret Sullavan's daughter Bridget Hayward. Her maternal grandmother, Mary Sweet, married businessman Noah Dietrich.\n", "Bridget's parents divorced and Peter married Portia Rebecca Crockett (former wife of author Thomas McGuane). Peter and Portia raised Bridget, her brother Justin, and older stepbrother Thomas McGuane Jr. in the Coldwater Canyon section of Los Angeles, as well as in Paradise Valley, south of Livingston, Montana. Fonda attended Westlake School for Girls in Los Angeles.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Fonda became involved with the theatre when she was cast in a school production of \"Harvey\". She studied method acting at the Lee Strasberg Theatre Institute as part of New York University's Tisch School of the Arts acting program and graduated from NYU in 1986.\n", "Earlier, she had made her film debut at the age of five in the 1969 movie \"Easy Rider\" as a child in the hippie commune that Peter Fonda and Dennis Hopper visit on their trek across the United States.\n", "Her second (non-speaking) part was in the 1982 comedy \"Partners\". In 1988, she got her first substantial film role in \"Scandal\". That same year she appeared in \"You Can't Hurry Love\" and \"Shag\".\n", "Her breakthrough role was as a journalist in \"The Godfather Part III\". After gaining additional work experience in a few theater productions she was cast in the lead in Barbet Schroeder's \"Single White Female\", followed by a role in Cameron Crowe's ensemble comedy \"Singles\" (both 1992).\n", "She starred in 1993's \"Point of No Return\", an American remake of the 1990 French film \"Nikita\". A review in \"The New Yorker\" cited her \"provocative, taunting assertiveness\". In 1997, she was on the same flight as Quentin Tarantino when he offered her the part of Melanie in \"Jackie Brown\", which she undertook. She starred in Lake Placid\" (1999). She was also reportedly offered the lead, eponymous role in the television series \"Ally McBeal\" but turned it down to concentrate on her film career.\n", "She starred with Jet Li in the action thriller film \"Kiss of the Dragon\" in 2001, played the title role in the TV movie \"Snow Queen\" in 2002 and has not appeared in films since then.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "In 1986, Bridget met Eric Stoltz and, in 1990, they began dating. The relationship ended after eight years.\n", "On February 27, 2003, she suffered a serious car crash in Los Angeles that caused a fracture in her vertebra. In March of the same year, she became engaged to soundtrack composer and former Oingo Boingo frontman Danny Elfman, and they married in November. They have a son named Oliver.\n", "Section::::Award nominations.\n", "BULLET::::- 1990: Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture for \"Scandal\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1997: Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie for \"In the Gloaming\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2002: Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actress In A Mini-series or Motion Picture Made for Television for \"No Ordinary Baby\" (also known as \"After Amy\")\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Bridget Fonda at TVGuide.com\n", "BULLET::::- Bridget Fonda at Emmys.com\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Bridget Jane Fonda" ] }, "description": "actress", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q913872", "wikidata_label": "Bridget Fonda", "wikipedia_title": "Bridget Fonda" }

{ "end": [ 176, 234, 299, 62, 122, 212, 254, 288, 306, 369, 411, 44, 86, 116, 163, 190, 215, 82, 153, 293, 312, 100, 239, 111 ], "href": [ "Conservative%20Party%20%28UK%29", "Under-Secretary%20of%20State%20for%20War", "Lieutenant%20Governor%20of%20the%20Isle%20of%20Man", "Duke%20of%20Beaufort", "Richard%20Somerset%2C%202nd%20Baron%20Raglan", "Henry%20Lygon%2C%204th%20Earl%20Beauchamp", "George%20V%20of%20Hanover", "Page%20of%20Honour", "Queen%20Victoria", "Eton%20College", "Royal%20Military%20College%2C%20Sandhurst", "Grenadier%20Guards", "Second%20Anglo-Afghan%20War", "Captain%20%28British%20Army%20and%20Royal%20Marines%29", "Under-Secretary%20of%20State%20for%20War", "Unionist%20Government%201895%E2%80%931905", "Robert%20Gascoyne-Cecil%2C%203rd%20Marquess%20of%20Salisbury", "Lieutenant%20Governor%20of%20the%20Isle%20of%20Man", "Castletown%2C%20Isle%20of%20Man", "UGLE", "Isle%20of%20Man", "Walter%20Ponsonby%2C%207th%20Earl%20of%20Bessborough", "Soldiers%27%20and%20Sailors%27%20Families%27%20Association", "Fitzroy%20Somerset%2C%204th%20Baron%20Raglan" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 8, 8, 9 ], "start": [ 164, 202, 261, 46, 88, 181, 235, 274, 292, 365, 378, 28, 63, 109, 131, 171, 201, 44, 143, 283, 301, 60, 195, 104 ], "text": [ "Conservative", "Under-Secretary of State for War", "Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man", "Duke of Beaufort", "Richard Somerset, 2nd Baron Raglan", "Henry Lygon, 4th Earl Beauchamp", "George V of Hanover", "Page of Honour", "Queen Victoria", "Eton", "Royal Military College, Sandhurst", "Grenadier Guards", "Second Anglo-Afghan War", "captain", "Under-Secretary of State for War", "Unionist Government", "Lord Salisbury", "Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man", "Castletown", "Freemasons", "Isle of Man", "Walter Ponsonby, 7th Earl of Bessborough", "Soldiers' and Sailors' Families' Association", "Fitzroy" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "George Somerset, 3rd Baron Raglan\n", "George FitzRoy Henry Somerset, 3rd Baron Raglan, (18 September 1857 – 24 October 1921), styled The Honourable George Somerset until 1884, was a British soldier and Conservative politician. He served as Under-Secretary of State for War from 1900 to 1902 and was Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man from 1902 to 1919.\n", "Section::::Background and education.\n", "A member of the Somerset family headed by the Duke of Beaufort, Somerset was the son of Richard Somerset, 2nd Baron Raglan, by his first wife Lady Georgina Lygon, third daughter of Henry Lygon, 4th Earl Beauchamp. He was a godchild of George V of Hanover, Somerset became a Page of Honour to Queen Victoria in 1868, which he remained until 1874. He was educated at Eton and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst.\n", "Section::::Military and political career.\n", "In 1870 Somerset joined the Grenadier Guards. He fought in the Second Anglo-Afghan War, reaching the rank of captain. He served as Under-Secretary of State for War in the Unionist Government headed by Lord Salisbury from 1900 to 1902.\n", "In September 1902 Lord Raglan was appointed Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man. He arrived on the island on 18 October and was sworn in at Castletown on 21 October. He served as such until 1919. During his term as Lieutenant Governor he became the Provincial Grand Master of the Freemasons in the Isle of Man from 1912 to 1919 and had a Lodge named in his honour.\n", "Section::::Family.\n", "Lord Raglan married Lady Ethel Jemima Ponsonby, daughter of Walter Ponsonby, 7th Earl of Bessborough, on 28 February 1883. Lady Raglan was a one-time President of the Monmouthshire branch of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Families' Association, and died in 1940.\n", "They had six children. He died on 24 October 1921, aged 64, and was succeeded in the barony by his son, Fitzroy.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "British baron", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q5544693", "wikidata_label": "George Somerset, 3rd Baron Raglan", "wikipedia_title": "George Somerset, 3rd Baron Raglan" }

{ "end": [ 89, 94, 123, 145, 213, 303, 30, 98, 118, 207, 473, 486, 712, 742, 808, 850, 63, 126, 151, 240, 463, 706, 755, 51, 96, 153, 164, 206, 247, 266, 336, 426, 454, 81, 170, 516, 531, 569, 45, 207, 53, 65, 83, 237, 163, 311, 564, 54, 160, 185, 27, 43, 102, 134, 377, 197, 227, 182, 195, 215, 47, 137, 387, 535, 608, 630, 650, 675, 723, 791, 801, 469, 302, 79, 92, 161, 250, 292, 53, 145, 195, 231, 396, 455, 496, 260, 341, 361, 50, 69, 189, 36, 94, 161, 30, 358, 98, 119, 206, 26, 84, 167, 180, 78, 201, 236, 325, 340, 26, 35, 258, 71, 56, 162, 86, 118, 123, 271, 332, 343, 356, 50, 175, 256, 289, 306, 312, 331, 343, 358, 373, 387, 411, 62, 84, 455, 69, 109, 136, 86, 120, 158, 187, 220, 266, 77, 117, 148, 318, 335, 61, 156, 84, 52, 35, 66, 85, 110, 127, 144, 172, 200, 224, 262, 308, 60, 90, 120, 149, 177, 93, 161, 78, 129, 125, 68, 66, 104, 140, 95, 134, 30, 63, 38, 54, 35, 46, 38, 28, 41, 15, 42, 20, 33, 47, 40, 258, 340, 63 ], "href": [ "game%20show", "Master%20of%20Ceremonies", "CBS", "The%20Price%20Is%20Right%20%28U.S.%20game%20show%29", "game%20show", "Truth%20or%20Consequences", "Darrington%2C%20Washington", "United%20States%20Navy", "World%20War%20II", "California", "Miss%20Universe", "Miss%20USA", "animal%20rights", "animal-rights%20movement", "United%20Activists%20for%20Animal%20Rights", "Sea%20Shepherd%20Conservation%20Society", "Darrington%2C%20Washington", "Rosebud%20Indian%20Reservation", "Mission%2C%20South%20Dakota", "Sioux", "Sioux", "Springfield%2C%20Missouri", "Central%20High%20School%20%28Springfield%2C%20Missouri%29", "Drury%20University", "athletic%20scholarship", "Sigma%20Nu", "Fraternities%20and%20sororities", "World%20War%20II", "United%20States%20Navy", "fighter%20pilot", "Squadron%20%28aviation%29", "summa%20cum%20laude", "economics", "KTTS-FM", "Lake%20Worth%2C%20Florida", "KNX%20%28AM%29", "Los%20Angeles", "Ralph%20Edwards", "Truth%20or%20Consequences", "This%20Is%20Your%20Life", "Minneapolis", "The%20Family%20Game%20%28game%20show%29", "Chuck%20Barris", "The%20Newlywed%20Game", "Let%27s%20Make%20A%20Deal", "The%20Joker%27s%20Wild", "YouTube", "That%27s%20My%20Line", "Real%20People", "That%27s%20Incredible%21", "Mark%20Goodson", "Bill%20Todman", "The%20Price%20Is%20Right%20%28U.S.%20game%20show%29", "Dennis%20James", "The%20Joker%27s%20Wild", "Bill%20Cullen", "The%20Price%20Is%20Right%20%281956%20US%20version%29", "Monty%20Hall", "Alex%20Trebek", "Richard%20Dawson", "executive%20producer", "Frank%20Wayne", "The%20Price%20Is%20Right%20%241%2C000%2C000%20Spectacular", "Today%20%28NBC%20program%29", "Guiding%20Light", "As%20the%20World%20Turns", "General%20Hospital", "Days%20of%20Our%20Lives", "North%20American%20Eastern%20Time%20Zone", "American%20Broadcasting%20Company", "The%20View%20%28U.S.%20TV%20series%29", "Drew%20Carey", "Dian%20Parkinson", "herniated%20disc", "sciatica", "Visual%20perception", "neurologist", "stroke", "Washington%2C%20D.C.", "Captive%20elephants", "elephant", "circus", "George%20Washington%20University%20Hospital", "carotid%20artery", "carotid%20endarterectomy", "prostate", "George%20Washington%20University%20Hospital", "Washington%2C%20D.C.", "skin%20cancer", "Los%20Angeles", "Cedars-Sinai%20Medical%20Center", "Dian%20Parkinson", "sexual%20harassment", "The%20Price%20Is%20Right%20%28U.S.%20game%20show%29", "Holly%20Hallstrom", "legal%20settlement", "Janice%20Pennington", "Kathleen%20Bradley", "Paul%20Alter", "vegetarian", "animal%20rights", "A%26amp%3BE%20Network", "Biography%20%28TV%20series%29", "The%20Price%20Is%20Right%20%28U.S.%20game%20show%29", "Neutering", "Drew%20Carey", "Jack%20Barry%20%28television%29", "Bert%20Convy", "Miss%20USA", "Miss%20Universe", "Betty%20White", "Columbia%20University%20School%20of%20Law", "United%20Activists%20for%20Animal%20Rights", "American%20Humane%20Association", "Eastern%20Band%20of%20Cherokee%20Indians", "Qualla%20Boundary", "bear", "PETA", "United%20States%20House%20of%20Representatives", "Bill%20Young", "Florida", "Sea%20Shepherd%20Conservation%20Society", "Southern%20Ocean", "MY%20Bob%20Barker", "Christian%20Serratos", "Stephanie%20Pratt", "Moby", "Kate%20del%20Castillo", "Sasha%20Grey", "Renee%20Olstead", "Fivel%20Stewart", "Diane%20Warren", "Allisyn%20Ashley%20Arm", "Adam%20Sandler", "Happy%20Gilmore", "Comedy%20Central", "Mel%20Harris", "NBC", "Something%20So%20Right%20%28TV%20series%29", "Futurama", "The%20Lesser%20of%20Two%20Evils", "Family%20Guy", "Screwed%20the%20Pooch", "The%20Fat%20Guy%20Strangler", "Tales%20of%20a%20Third%20Grade%20Nothing", "Tattletales", "Match%20Game", "Richard%20Dawson", "The%20Young%20and%20the%20Restless", "Family%20Feud", "Rose%20Parade", "Truth%20or%20Consequences", "Pillsbury%20Bake-Off", "The%20Tonight%20Show", "Bonanza", "Dinah%21", "Larry%20King%20Live", "The%20Arsenio%20Hall%20Show", "Crook%20%26amp%3B%20Chase", "Donny%20%26amp%3B%20Marie%20%281998%20TV%20series%29", "The%20Rosie%20O%27Donnell%20Show", "The%20Ellen%20DeGeneres%20Show", "The%20Wayne%20Brady%20Show", "Late%20Show%20with%20David%20Letterman", "The%20Late%20Late%20Show%20with%20Craig%20Ferguson", "The%20Nanny", "The%20Bold%20and%20the%20Beautiful", "Yes%2C%20Dear", "How%20I%20Met%20Your%20Mother", "Rich%20Fields", "public%20service%20announcement", "digital%20television%20in%20the%20United%20States", "WWE%20Raw", "Rosemont%2C%20Illinois", "Mike%20Huckabee", "State%20Farm%20Insurance", "David%20Jolly", "Republican%20Party%20%28United%20States%29", "Florida%27s%2013th%20congressional%20district%20special%20election%2C%202014", "Nickelodeon", "SpongeBob%20SquarePants", "Emmy%20Award", "Daytime%20Emmy%20Award%20for%20Outstanding%20Game%20Show%20Host", "Daytime%20Emmy%20Award%20for%20Outstanding%20Game%20Show", "CBS%20Television%20City", "Television%20Hall%20of%20Fame", "Hollywood%20Walk%20of%20Fame", "Hall%20of%20Famous%20Missourians", "Time%20%28magazine%29", "NAB%20Broadcasting%20Hall%20of%20Fame", "Game%20Show%20Network", "2009%20Game%20Show%20Awards", "WWE", "Slammy%20Award", "WWE%20Raw", "autobiography", "pneumonia", "The%20Showcase", "http%3A//www.emmys.tv/awards/halloffame/barker.php" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 11, 14, 15, 17, 17, 17, 19, 19, 19, 21, 21, 21, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 24, 24, 25, 25, 25, 26, 26, 26, 27, 27, 27, 27, 27, 27, 27, 27, 28, 34, 36, 36, 36, 36, 36, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 38, 38, 38, 39, 40, 40, 43, 43, 43, 44, 44, 45, 45, 45, 48, 48, 48, 48, 49, 49, 49, 49, 49, 50, 50, 51, 52, 53, 53, 54, 54, 54, 54, 54, 54, 54, 55, 55, 55, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 58, 58, 58, 59, 59, 59, 60, 60, 60, 60, 60, 60, 61, 61, 61, 61, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 67, 67, 67, 67, 67, 67, 67, 67, 67, 68, 68, 68, 68, 68, 69, 69, 70, 70, 71, 72, 73, 73, 73, 74, 74, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82, 83, 85, 86, 87, 87, 88, 88, 88, 90, 91, 91, 93 ], "start": [ 80, 90, 120, 127, 204, 282, 8, 80, 106, 197, 460, 478, 699, 720, 774, 817, 41, 100, 130, 235, 458, 685, 736, 35, 85, 145, 154, 194, 229, 253, 319, 411, 445, 74, 151, 508, 520, 556, 24, 190, 42, 50, 71, 220, 146, 295, 557, 40, 149, 167, 15, 32, 84, 122, 361, 186, 211, 172, 184, 201, 29, 126, 346, 530, 595, 612, 634, 658, 716, 786, 793, 459, 288, 65, 84, 155, 239, 286, 37, 92, 187, 225, 359, 441, 474, 252, 304, 345, 39, 58, 162, 22, 77, 143, 15, 348, 81, 103, 196, 16, 71, 164, 171, 60, 183, 226, 315, 330, 18, 27, 247, 38, 22, 135, 54, 105, 119, 267, 313, 333, 349, 17, 161, 241, 271, 291, 308, 314, 333, 345, 360, 375, 393, 50, 71, 439, 59, 106, 118, 78, 97, 148, 170, 199, 236, 66, 107, 134, 292, 324, 50, 135, 66, 36, 28, 60, 70, 89, 114, 131, 148, 176, 204, 232, 270, 51, 64, 111, 128, 166, 66, 122, 71, 111, 112, 48, 55, 88, 124, 84, 113, 20, 37, 17, 35, 12, 24, 12, 13, 12, 12, 16, 17, 21, 44, 27, 249, 331, 12 ], "text": [ "game show", "host", "CBS", "The Price Is Right", "game show", "Truth or Consequences", "Darrington, Washington", "United States Navy", "World War II", "California", "Miss Universe", "Miss USA", "animal rights", "animal-rights activism", "United Activists for Animal Rights", "Sea Shepherd Conservation Society", "Darrington, Washington", "Rosebud Indian Reservation", "Mission, South Dakota", "Sioux", "Sioux", "Springfield, Missouri", "Central High School", "Drury University", "scholarship", "Sigma Nu", "fraternity", "World War II", "United States Navy", "fighter pilot", "seagoing squadron", "summa cum laude", "economics", "KTTS-FM", "Lake Worth, Florida", "KNX (AM)", "Los Angeles", "Ralph Edwards", "Truth or Consequences", "This Is Your Life", "Minneapolis", "The Family Game", "Chuck Barris", "The Newlywed Game", "Let's Make A Deal", "The Joker's Wild", "YouTube", "That's My Line", "Real People", "That's Incredible!", "Mark Goodson", "Bill Todman", "The Price Is Right", "Dennis James", "The Joker's Wild", "Bill Cullen", "1956–65 original", "Monty Hall", "Alex Trebek", "Richard Dawson", "executive producer", "Frank Wayne", "The Price Is Right $1,000,000 Spectacular", "Today", "Guiding Light", "As the World Turns", "General Hospital", "Days of Our Lives", "Eastern", "ABC's", "The View", "Drew Carey", "Dian Parkinson", "herniated disc", "sciatica", "vision", "neurologist", "stroke", "Washington, D.C.", "HR 2929: the Captive Elephant Accident Prevention Act", "elephant", "circus", "George Washington University Hospital", "carotid artery", "carotid endarterectomy", "prostate", "George Washington University Hospital", "Washington, D.C.", "skin cancer", "Los Angeles", "Cedars-Sinai Medical Center", "Dian Parkinson", "sexual harassment", "The Price Is Right", "Holly Hallstrom", "settlement", "Janice Pennington", "Kathleen Bradley", "Paul Alter", "vegetarian", "animal rights", "A&E", "Biography", "The Price Is Right", "spayed or neutered", "Drew Carey", "Jack Barry", "Bert Convy", "Miss USA", "Universe", "Betty White", "Columbia University School of Law", "United Activists for Animal Rights", "American Humane Association", "Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians", "reservation's", "bear", "PETA", "U.S. Representative", "Bill Young", "Florida", "Sea Shepherd Conservation Society", "Southern Ocean", "MY \"Bob Barker\"", "Christian Serratos", "Stephanie Pratt", "Moby", "Kate del Castillo", "Sasha Grey", "Renee Olstead", "Fivel Stewart", "Diane Warren", "Allisyn Ashley Arm", "Adam Sandler", "Happy Gilmore", "Comedy Central's", "Mel Harris", "NBC", "Something So Right", "Futurama", "The Lesser of Two Evils", "Family Guy", "Screwed the Pooch", "The Fat Guy Strangler", "Tales of a Third Grade Nothing", "Tattletales", "Match Game", "Richard Dawson", "The Young and the Restless", "Family Feud", "Rose Parade", "Truth or Consequences", "Pillsbury Bake-Off", "The Tonight Show", "Bonanza", "Dinah!", "Larry King Live", "The Arsenio Hall Show", "Crook & Chase", "Donny & Marie", "The Rosie O'Donnell Show", "The Ellen DeGeneres Show", "The Wayne Brady Show", "Late Show with David Letterman", "The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson", "The Nanny", "The Bold and the Beautiful", "Yes, Dear", "How I Met Your Mother", "Rich Fields", "public service announcement", "digital television in the United States", "WWE Raw", "Rosemont, Illinois", "Mike Huckabee", "State Farm Insurance", "David Jolly", "Republican Party", "special election", "Nickelodeon", "SpongeBob SquarePants", "Emmy Award", "Outstanding Game Show Host", "Outstanding Game Show", "CBS Television City", "Television Hall of Fame", "Hollywood Walk of Fame", "Hall of Famous Missourians", "Time Magazine's", "NAB Broadcasting Hall of Fame", "GSN", "Lifetime Achievement Award", "WWE", "Slammy Award", "Raw", "autobiography", "pneumonia", "Showcases", "Bob Barker at Academy of Television Arts & Sciences" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Bob Barker\n", "Robert William Barker (born December 12, 1923) is a retired American television game show host. He is known for hosting CBS's \"The Price Is Right\" from 1972 to 2007, making it the longest-running daytime game show in North American television history. He is also known for hosting \"Truth or Consequences\" from 1956 to 1974.\n", "Born in Darrington, Washington, to modest circumstances, Barker enlisted in the United States Navy during World War II. He worked part-time in radio while he attended college. In 1950, he moved to California in order to pursue a career in broadcasting. He was given his own radio show, \"The Bob Barker Show\", which ran for six years. Barker began his game show career in 1956, hosting \"Truth or Consequences\". From there, he hosted various game shows, and the Miss Universe and Miss USA pageants from 1967 to 1987, giving him the distinction of being the longest-serving host of these pageants. He began hosting \"The Price Is Right\" in 1972. When his wife Dorothy Jo died, he became an advocate for animal rights and of animal-rights activism, supporting groups such as the United Activists for Animal Rights and the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society. In 2007, he retired from hosting \"The Price Is Right\" after celebrating his 50-year career on television.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Barker was born on December 12, 1923, in Darrington, Washington, and spent most of his youth on the Rosebud Indian Reservation in Mission, South Dakota. The U.S. Indian Census Rolls, 1885–1940, list Barker as an official member of the Sioux tribe. His mother, Matilda (\"Tillie\") Valandra ( Matilda Kent Tarleton), was a school teacher; his father, Byron John Barker, was the foreman on the electrical high line through the state of Washington. Barker is 1/8 Sioux. While in Washington, his father fell from a tower and sustained an injury which resulted in his death in 1930. Barker has a half-brother, Kent Valandra, from Matilda's subsequent remarriage. In 1931, the family moved to Springfield, Missouri, where Barker graduated from Central High School in 1941.\n", "Barker attended Drury College (now Drury University) in Springfield, on a basketball scholarship. He was a member of the Epsilon Beta Chapter of Sigma Nu fraternity at Drury. On the outbreak of World War II, Barker served in the United States Navy as a fighter pilot. However, the war ended before he was assigned to a seagoing squadron. After the war, he returned to Drury to finish his education, graduating \"summa cum laude\" with a degree in economics.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Section::::Career.:Broadcasting career.\n", "While attending college in Drury, Barker worked his first \"media job\", at KTTS-FM Radio, in Springfield. He and his wife left Springfield and moved to Lake Worth, Florida, and he was news editor and announcer at nearby WWPG 1340 AM in Palm Beach (now WPBR in Lantana). In 1950, Barker moved to California in order to pursue a career in broadcasting. He was given his own radio show, \"The Bob Barker Show\", which ran for the next six years from Burbank. He was hosting an audience-participation radio show on KNX (AM) in Los Angeles when game show producer Ralph Edwards happened to be listening and liked Barker's voice and style.\n", "Section::::Career.:Game show career.\n", "Section::::Career.:Game show career.:\"Truth or Consequences\" (1956–1974).\n", "Barker started hosting \"Truth or Consequences\" on December 31, 1956, and continued with the program until 1974. The idea was to mix the original quiz element of game shows with wacky stunts. On the show, people had to answer a trivia question correctly (usually an off-the-wall question that no one would be able to answer correctly) before \"Beulah the Buzzer\" was sounded. If the contestant did not complete the \"Truth\" portion, there was a \"Consequences\", usually a zany and embarrassing stunt. If the contestant answered the question, invariably, the question had a second part. In addition, during Barker's run as host, \"Barker's Box\" was played. Barker's Box was a box with four drawers in it. If a contestant was able to pick all three drawers with money inside before picking the empty drawer, they won a bonus prize.\n", "It was on \"Truth or Consequences\" that the salute became his trademark sign-off; he ended each episode with \"Bob Barker saying goodbye, and hoping all your consequences are happy ones!\"\n", "Section::::Career.:Game show career.:\"End of the Rainbow\" (1957–1958).\n", "On December 4, 1957, Barker began hosting a new Ralph Edwards creation, the short-lived \"End of the Rainbow\" for NBC. On this show (similar to Barker's \"Truth or Consequences\" and Edwards' \"This Is Your Life\"), he and co-host Art Baker went out to various places in America and surprised the less-fortunate who helped others when they could barely help themselves.\n", "For example, the first episode featured a Minneapolis grocer who, in return for his community service, was given a complete makeover to his store plus new furniture and appliances for his home. In addition, his landlord (who was in on the surprise) announced that the current month's rent was free and that the grocer's rent would never increase.\n", "Section::::Career.:Game show career.:\"The Family Game\" (1967).\n", "In 1967, Barker hosted the short-lived game show \"The Family Game\" for Chuck Barris, where he asked children contestants questions about their families' lives, and the parents had to guess how they answered, similar to \"The Newlywed Game\".\n", "Section::::Career.:Game show career.:\"Simon Says\" (1971).\n", "In 1971, Barker was tapped to host a pilot for NBC entitled \"Simon Says\", which required him to interact with a giant computer called \"Simon\" in \"Let's Make A Deal\"-style \"trades\". The pilot was produced by Wesley J. Cox of DUNDAS Productions, and its theme was \"The Savers\" (the theme used on \"The Joker's Wild\", which has led some to believe that Cox or DUNDAS was an alias for Jack Barry or Dan Enright, since \"Joker\" used the theme in its original 1968 pilot). There is at least one (somewhat low-quality) clip of the pilot on the video sharing website YouTube.\n", "Section::::Career.:Game show career.:\"That's My Line\" (1980–1981).\n", "In 1980, Barker hosted a series called \"That's My Line\" for Goodson-Todman. The series was not a game show, but rather a program along the lines of \"Real People\" and \"That's Incredible!\" The show's second season in 1981 focused more on unusual stunts, and was cancelled in September.\n", "Section::::Career.:Game show career.:\"The Price Is Right\" (1972–2007).\n", "In early 1972, Mark Goodson and Bill Todman began shopping a modernized revival of \"The Price Is Right\" to stations, with Dennis James as host. CBS expressed interest in the series, on one condition: instead of James, Barker would be installed as host. After some initial resistance, Barker instead offered to host another upcoming CBS game show, Jack Barry's \"The Joker's Wild\" (which had difficulty finding a host and was scheduled to debut the same day as \"Price\") to allow James to host \"Price\", but CBS rejected this proposal. The eventual compromise that was struck led to Barker hosting the daytime \"Price\" on CBS, James hosting the weekly nighttime \"Price\" in syndication, and Jack Barry himself (first on a trial basis, then eventually permanently) hosting \"Joker\".\n", "On September 4, 1972, Barker began hosting the CBS revival of \"The Price Is Right\". In the 35 years of the CBS version, Barker became far more associated with the series than first host Bill Cullen was with the 1956–65 original. When James' contract for the nighttime \"Price\" expired without being renewed in 1977, Barker assumed hosting duties for three nighttime seasons as well, with the nighttime series eventually ending in 1980.\n", "On October 15, 1987, Barker did what other MCs almost never did: renounced hair dye and began wearing his hair gray, which was its natural color by that time. Fellow hosts Monty Hall, Alex Trebek, and Richard Dawson did the same in the late 1980s.\n", "Barker took over the role of executive producer for the show in 1988, following the death of the original executive producer, Frank Wayne. In this capacity, Barker created several pricing games, instituted a prohibition on foreign cars and animal-based products (see \"Animal rights\" below), and launched a prime-time series of specials known as \"The Price Is Right $1,000,000 Spectacular\".\n", "In September 2006, \"The Price Is Right\" marked its 35th consecutive year on the air. It is the longest-running game show of all time in North America, and at the time was the last surviving show in the daytime game show genre, having survived (at the time) twelve years after its last competitor had been canceled. (CBS later revived daytime game shows in 2009.) Overall, in daytime programming (excluding Saturday and Sunday), \"The Price Is Right\" is ranked sixth among the longest-continuing daytime television programs (NBC's \"Today\" ranks the longest, followed by four daytime soap operas: \"Guiding Light\", \"As the World Turns\", \"General Hospital\", and \"Days of Our Lives\"). It has won its time slot (11:00 a.m. Eastern) for the past 25 years with its closest competitor (currently ABC's \"The View\") normally getting about half of \"TPIR's\" ratings.\n", "On October 31, 2006, Barker made his announcement that he would retire from \"The Price Is Right\" in June 2007. He taped his final episode on June 6, 2007, with the show airing twice on June 15. The first airing was in the show's normal daytime slot and the second airing was in primetime as the lead-in to the \"Daytime Emmy Awards\". Repeat episodes from Barker's final season continued to air until October 12, 2007. On July 23 it was announced that comedian Drew Carey would take Barker's place as the new host for the show beginning on October 15, 2007.\n", "During Barker's tenure as host, three pricing games were introduced that used his name: Barker's Bargain Bar, Barker's Marker$ and Trader Bob. Of the three, the latter two are not actively played on the show – Trader Bob was retired from the show in 1985, Barker's Marker$ was renamed Make Your Mark following Barker's retirement, and subsequently retired, and Barker's Bargain Bar has been retooled as the Bargain Game after a four-year hiatus between 2008 and 2012.\n", "After his retirement, Barker made three return appearances to \"The Price is Right\". He first appeared on the episode that aired on April 16, 2009 to promote his new autobiography, \"Priceless Memories\". He appeared in the Showcase round at the end of the show.\n", "Barker made another guest appearance on the show to celebrate his 90th birthday celebration, which aired on December 12, 2013. He announced a contestant for the first time ever on the show, along with one showcase.\n", "Barker also made a surprise appearance on April 1, 2015 for an April Fools' Day switch where he took Drew's place at the show's intro. He hosted the first one bid and pricing game of that day before handing the hosting duties back to Drew. He also appeared during the showcase of that episode.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Barker married his high school sweetheart, Dorothy Jo Gideon, on January 12, 1945. They remained married for 36 years until her death, on October 19, 1981, from lung cancer. They had no children, and Barker has not remarried. However, he was involved in a relationship with \"Price\" model Dian Parkinson from 1989 to 1991, which ended in legal action.\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Health.\n", "Barker has had some minor health problems. Around 1982, he had a herniated disc and sciatica. Greater health problems began in 1991 after he complained of vision problems while exercising. After a visit to his doctor, he was sent to see a neurologist, who told Barker he had had a mild stroke. He recovered and went back to work.\n", "On September 16, 1999, Barker was in Washington, D.C., to testify before Congress regarding HR 2929: the Captive Elephant Accident Prevention Act, the proposed legislation that would ban elephants from traveling shows (i.e., circuses). While preparing for the presentation, Barker experienced what he called \"clumsiness\" in his right hand. He was admitted to George Washington University Hospital and diagnosed with a partially blocked left carotid artery. Barker underwent carotid endarterectomy to remove the blockage. The procedure went well enough that he was able to return to work within the month.\n", "Three years later, Barker had two additional health crises after taping the 30th-season finale of \"The Price is Right\". While lying in the sun on May 30, 2002, he experienced a stroke and was hospitalized; six weeks later, on July 11, Barker underwent prostate surgery. Both hospitalizations occurred at George Washington University Hospital in Washington, D.C. Both surgeries were successful.\n", "Barker has had several mild bouts with skin cancer, a result of his frequent tanning. He consults a dermatologist regularly to make sure any cancers are caught and removed before they spread; they do not currently pose a threat to his life. During a televised interview, Barker told viewers, \"I urge anyone who has spent some time in the sun, whether you're doing it now or not, go to a dermatologist once a year.\"\n", "On October 20, 2015, two police officers passing Barker's Los Angeles-area home saw him trip and fall on a sidewalk. They called an ambulance that brought him to Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, where he received stitches for an injured forehead and was released; he also hurt his left knee.\n", "Barker slipped and hit his head at home on June 19, 2017. His maid drove him to the emergency room, where he was checked and released. His representative said it was not as serious as his earlier fall. In October and November 2018, he was rushed to the hospital for severe back pain.\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Lawsuits.\n", "In 1994, former model Dian Parkinson filed a lawsuit against Barker alleging sexual harassment following a three-year affair while working on \"The Price Is Right\". Parkinson, who alleged that she was extorted by threats of firing, later dropped her lawsuit, claiming the stress from the ordeal was damaging her health.\n", "In 1995, model Holly Hallstrom left \"The Price Is Right\" and later filed suit against Barker for wrongful termination and malicious persecution claiming Barker had launched a media attack against her, allegedly stating that she was disruptive to the working atmosphere of the show. Barker dropped his case, but Hallstrom did not, finally ending in settlement in 2005.\n", "Following their testimonies in Barker's failed lawsuit against Hallstrom, models Janice Pennington and Kathleen Bradley were fired, and later received out-of-court financial settlements. Director Paul Alter was removed from the show in 2000. Production assistants Sherrill Paris and Sharon Friem, who were also dismissed at the same time, each sued Barker for wrongful termination, as well as sexual harassment and sex discrimination. Both women ultimately received financial settlements.\n", "In October 2007, Deborah Curling, a CBS employee assigned to \"The Price Is Right\", filed a lawsuit against CBS, Bob Barker and \"The Price Is Right\" producers, claiming that she was forced to quit her job after testifying against Barker in a wrongful-termination lawsuit brought by a previous show producer. Curling claimed that she was demoted to an \"intolerable work environment\" backstage which caused her to leave the job. Curling, who is black, also alleged that the show's producers, including Barker, created a hostile work environment in which black employees and contestants were discriminated against. A few months later, Barker was removed from the lawsuit, and in September 2009, the lawsuit was dismissed. Curling's attorney stated that he planned to appeal the dismissal of the lawsuit. In January 2012, the California Court of Appeals affirmed the dismissal.\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Animal rights.\n", "Barker became a vegetarian in 1979. That same year, he began promoting animal rights. He was named national spokesman for \"Be Kind to Animals Week\" in May 1985. On A&E's \"Biography\" program, he credited his wife, Dorothy Jo, with causing him to become more aware of animal rights and to become a vegetarian, because she had done so. Bob remarked that Dorothy Jo was way ahead of her time in recognizing the rights of animals and that shortly after her death in October 1981 he took up animal rights in order to keep doing something that she had done.\n", "Barker began ending some episodes (later every episode) of \"The Price Is Right\" with the phrase: \"This is Bob Barker reminding you to help control the pet population — have your pets spayed or neutered.\" After Barker retired, Drew Carey continued his signature sign-off advocating neutering. Fellow game-show hosts Jack Barry and Bert Convy eventually followed Barker's lead in promoting animal rights on the air.\n", "Barker hosted the Miss USA/Universe Pageants from 1967 to 1987. In 1987, he requested the removal of fur prizes and stepped down as host when those in charge of the pageant refused.\n", "Barker's DJ&T Foundation, founded in 1994 and named after his late wife and mother, has contributed millions of dollars for animal neutering programs and to fund animal rescue and park facilities all over the United States. He worked closely with Betty White as an advocate for animal rights. However, in 2009, reports indicated that Barker threatened to not attend the 2009 Game Show Awards, where he was to receive a lifetime achievement award, because White would be attending. The reason for the conflict, according to the report, was over the proper treatment of an elephant at the Los Angeles Zoo. White instead did not attend and pre-recorded her comments that she was scheduled to make about Mark Goodson.\n", "In 2004, Barker donated $1 million to Columbia University School of Law to support the study of animal rights. The gift has funded an adjunct professorship in animal rights law at Columbia and helped fund a student clinic in environmental law.\n", "Barker also supported United Activists for Animal Rights, and together with the group, publicly accused several media projects and the American Humane Association of animal mistreatment or the condoning of animal mistreatment, a tactic which resulted in a major lawsuit against him and the group, accusing him of spurious allegations.\n", "In June 2009, Barker wrote Chief Michell Hicks of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians asking that their reservation's bear exhibit be closed. On July 28, 2009, he visited the reservation and saw one of the three zoos, calling the bears' living situation \"inhumane\". PETA set up the visit after Barker heard from U.S. Representative Bill Young, (R) Florida, whose wife had been \"appalled\" by what she saw. Annette Tarnowski, the tribe's attorney general, said a federal inspector had found nothing wrong in May 2009 at two of the zoos, and that the tribe had dealt with the few violations at the third. Hicks made no promises and threatened to ban PETA if they made more trouble.\n", "In January 2010, Sea Shepherd Conservation Society announced that it had secretly purchased and outfitted a ship to interdict Japanese whaling operations in the Southern Ocean using $5,000,000 provided by Barker. The ship was then named the MY \"Bob Barker\", and its existence was first revealed when it helped discover the location of the Japanese whaling fleet. In 2010, Barker began funding the cost of a helicopter, named the Nancy Burnet (after the president of United Activists for Animal Rights); the helicopter accompanies the society's fleet.\n", "In March 2010, PETA announced that it received a $2.5 million donation from Barker to help establish a new office called the Bob Barker Building in Los Angeles. PETA officially opened the Bob Barker Building on Sunset Boulevard in 2012. The Grand Opening was attended by Christian Serratos, Stephanie Pratt, Moby, Kate del Castillo, Sasha Grey, Renee Olstead, Fivel Stewart, Diane Warren, and Allisyn Ashley Arm.\n", "Section::::Film and other TV appearances.\n", "BULLET::::- In 1996, Barker played himself in the Adam Sandler comedy \"Happy Gilmore\". In one scene, Barker beats up Gilmore after an altercation arising from their teaming up in a Pro-Am Golf Tournament. In 2007, during a CBS prime-time special commemorating Barker's career, the fight scene from \"Happy Gilmore\" was shown, after which, Sandler made a surprise appearance on stage to read a poem paying tribute to Barker. In 2015, during Comedy Central's \"Night of Too Many Stars\" benefit show for autism, Barker and Sandler reunited for a video featuring the two of them in follow-up fight at the hospital, which ends with both of them dying and going to heaven.\n", "BULLET::::- In the late 1990s, Barker played the father of Mel Harris' character on a few episodes of the NBC sitcom \"Something So Right\".\n", "BULLET::::- He appeared in two animated television series as himself: in the \"Futurama\" episode \"The Lesser of Two Evils\" in 2000, followed by the \"Family Guy\" episodes \"Screwed the Pooch\" in 2001, \"The Fat Guy Strangler\" in 2005, and \"Tales of a Third Grade Nothing\" in 2008.\n", "BULLET::::- Barker was a semi-regular panelist on the game shows \"Tattletales\" (with wife Dorothy Jo) and \"Match Game\". Barker sat in Richard Dawson's former place during the first week of Dawson's permanent absence from \"Match Game\". Barker also played on \"The Price Is Right\" team against \"The Young and the Restless\" on \"Family Feud\" in 1991 and 1993.\n", "BULLET::::- Barker co-hosted CBS' coverage of the Rose Parade from Pasadena, California for several years during the 1970s and 1980s.\n", "BULLET::::- He created and hosted \"The Bob Barker Fun and Games Show\", which was a combination of stunt participation in the style of \"Truth or Consequences\" and pricing games such as \"The Price Is Right\" in which he traveled throughout the United States and Canada in various arenas and venues. Events took place from 1978 to 1986.\n", "BULLET::::- In the 1970s, he was the host of the annual/biennial \"Pillsbury Bake-Off\" (the bake-off occurred every two years starting in 1976). In 1978, he was the first host to have a male category champ.\n", "BULLET::::- He was a guest host on \"The Tonight Show\" in 1966, when he was a regular on NBC hosting \"Truth or Consequences\".\n", "BULLET::::- He appeared on \"Bonanza\", playing a character named Mort in the 1960 episode \"Denver McKee\".\n", "BULLET::::- He has appeared on various talk shows such as: \"Dinah!\", \"Larry King Live\", \"The Arsenio Hall Show\", \"Crook & Chase\", \"Donny & Marie\", \"The Rosie O'Donnell Show\", \"The Ellen DeGeneres Show\", \"The Wayne Brady Show\", the \"Late Show with David Letterman\", and \"The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson\".\n", "BULLET::::- Barker also made cameo appearances on \"The Nanny\", \"The Bold and the Beautiful\" in 2002 and 2014, \"Yes, Dear\", and \"How I Met Your Mother\" with announcer Rich Fields in 2007.\n", "BULLET::::- About one year after retirement, Barker appeared in a public service announcement promoting the transition to digital television in the United States. The advertisement was produced under the first proposed date of February 16, 2009 for the transition.\n", "BULLET::::- On September 7, 2009, Barker was a special guest host for \"WWE Raw\" (called \"The Price is Raw\") in Rosemont, Illinois.\n", "BULLET::::- Barker agreed to be a rotating guest co-host on \"The Huckabee Show\", a daily TV talk show hosted by Mike Huckabee. Barker first appeared on the show July 29, 2010.\n", "BULLET::::- Barker appeared in a commercial for State Farm Insurance's \"Magic Jingle\" campaign, where he made \"a new car!\" appear for a woman whose previous car was totaled by a giant concrete cylinder.\n", "BULLET::::- Barker filmed a TV advertisement endorsing David Jolly, a candidate for the Republican Party nomination for the special election in his Congressional district.\n", "BULLET::::- Barker voiced the character Bob Barnacle, a snail business owner on the Nickelodeon animated series \"SpongeBob SquarePants\".\n", "Section::::Awards and honors.\n", "BULLET::::- 19-time Emmy Award winner\n", "BULLET::::- 14 individual awards for Outstanding Game Show Host\n", "BULLET::::- five Outstanding Game Show awards as host/executive producer of \"The Price is Right\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1999 Lifetime Achievement Award for Daytime Television\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bob Barker Studio\" at CBS Television City named in his honor.\n", "BULLET::::- Television Hall of Fame (class of 2004).\n", "BULLET::::- Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame\n", "BULLET::::- Hall of Famous Missourians (class of 2007)\n", "BULLET::::- Portion of Bower Street in Springfield, MO renamed \"Bob Barker Way\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Time Magazine's\" Greatest Game Show Host of All-Time\n", "BULLET::::- NAB Broadcasting Hall of Fame (class of 2008).\n", "BULLET::::- GSN Lifetime Achievement Award\n", "BULLET::::- 2009 WWE Slammy Award for Best \"Raw\" Guest Host.\n", "Section::::Autobiography.\n", "Bob Barker has written his autobiography, assisted by former \"L.A. Times\" book review editor Digby Diehl, titled \"Priceless Memories\". It was published on April 6, 2009, and features stories from his early life as well as stories and experiences in the 50 years of his television career.\n", "It was also then reported that Barker would appear on \"The Price Is Right\" to promote his book. His initial appearance was scheduled for the March 2, 2009, taping. However, the taping was postponed until March 25, due to host Drew Carey's bout with pneumonia. The episode aired on April 16, during which Barker appeared during the Showcases to promote the book. Carey stated in an interview that the show stopped taping for over an hour as the crowd continued to give Barker a standing ovation, and to allow the audience to ask questions about what Barker was doing during his retirement.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Bob Barker at Academy of Television Arts & Sciences\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Robert William \"Bob\" Barker" ] }, "description": "American game show host", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q381178", "wikidata_label": "Bob Barker", "wikipedia_title": "Bob Barker" }

{ "end": [ 93, 118, 236, 62, 178, 209, 258, 53, 76, 169, 186, 42, 64, 96, 288, 48, 82, 112, 35, 71, 98, 119, 162, 29, 178, 27, 163, 206, 132, 218, 241, 281, 256, 50 ], "href": [ "missionary", "Kingdom%20of%20Hawaii", "Kamehameha%20III", "Paris%2C%20New%20York", "Thomas%20Hastings%20%28colonist%29", "East%20Anglia", "Massachusetts%20Bay%20Colony", "Fairfield%20Academy", "Fairfield%2C%20New%20York", "Clinton%2C%20Oneida%20County%2C%20New%20York", "American%20Board%20of%20Commissioners%20for%20Foreign%20Missions", "Honolulu%2C%20Hawaii", "Oahu", "Kamehameha%20III", "Legislature%20of%20the%20Kingdom%20of%20Hawaii", "Punahou%20School", "Kualoa%20Ranch", "Oahu", "Honolulu", "Oahu%20Cemetery", "Oahu%20Cemetery", "Samuel%20Gardner%20Wilder", "Leominster%2C%20Massachusetts", "Charles%20Hastings%20Judd", "Guano", "Albert%20Francis%20Judd", "Lawrence%20M.%20Judd", "Territory%20of%20Hawaii", "Henry%20Alpheus%20Peirce%20Carter", "Committee%20of%20Safety%20%28Hawaii%29", "George%20R.%20Carter", "Territory%20of%20Hawaii", "Bishop%20Museum", "http%3A//www.thomas-hastings.org" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 6, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 11, 12, 12, 15, 16, 16, 18, 18, 20, 20, 20, 22, 22, 22, 22, 24, 29 ], "start": [ 83, 101, 222, 32, 163, 198, 234, 38, 57, 137, 134, 34, 60, 82, 264, 34, 70, 108, 27, 58, 85, 98, 137, 13, 173, 13, 147, 187, 105, 199, 228, 262, 243, 12 ], "text": [ "missionary", "Kingdom of Hawaii", "Kamehameha III", "Paris, Oneida County, New York", "Thomas Hastings", "East Anglia", "Massachusetts Bay Colony", "medical college", "Fairfield, New York", "Clinton, Oneida County, New York", "American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions", "Honolulu", "Oahu", "Kamehameha III", "House of Representatives", "Punahou School", "Kualoa Ranch", "Oahu", "Honolulu", "Oahu Cemetery", "Oahu Cemetery", "Samuel Gardner Wilder", "Leominster, Massachusetts", "Charles Hastings", "Guano", "Albert Francis", "Lawrence M. Judd", "Territory of Hawaii", "Henry Alpheus Peirce Carter", "Committee of Safety", "George Robert", "Territory of Hawaii", "Bishop Museum", "Descendants of Thomas Hastings website" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Gerrit P. Judd\n", "Gerrit Parmele Judd (April 23, 1803 – July 12, 1873) was an American physician and missionary to the Kingdom of Hawaii who later renounced his American citizenship and became a trusted advisor and cabinet minister to King Kamehameha III.\n", "Section::::Life.\n", "Judd was born April 23, 1803 in Paris, Oneida County, New York, the son of Elnathan Judd and his wife Betsey Hastings. On his mother's side, he was descended from Thomas Hastings, who came from the East Anglian area of England to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1634.\n", "He was educated as a physician at the medical college in Fairfield, New York. He married Laura Fish (1804–1872) on September 20, 1827 in Clinton, Oneida County, New York.\n", "The couple sailed to Hawaii (then known as the 'Sandwich Islands') that same year, on the ship \"Parthian\", the third company from the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions.\n", "He was assigned to the mission at Honolulu on the island of Oahu, as a missionary physician, and continued in that employment fifteen years.\n", "Section::::Work.\n", "In 1842 he resigned from the mission and became an advisor and translator to King Kamehameha III.\n", "He also became involved in the civil concerns of the islands, and was the King’s Minister of Foreign Affairs from November 1843 to March 1845, Minister of Interior from March 1845 to February 1846, Minister of Finance from April 1846 to September 1853, and in the House of Representatives from 1858 to 1859. He was commissioned in 1849 as Minister Plenipotentiary to England, France and the United States.\n", "He was one of the founders of the Punahou School for children of the missionaries in 1841. He founded Hawaii's first medical school in 1870, and was the author of one of the first medical texts written in Hawaiian, \"Anatomia : he palapala ia e hoike ai i ke ano o ko ke kanaka kino\", in 1838.\n", "In 1850 Judd purchased from King Kamehameha the land which became the Kualoa Ranch on the Windward Coast of Oahu. His descendants still own and operate the ranch today.\n", "Judd died July 12, 1873 in Honolulu and was buried in the Oahu Cemetery.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "They had nine children:\n", "BULLET::::1. Gerrit Parmele II born March 8, 1829, died November 13, 1839, buried in Oahu Cemetery.\n", "BULLET::::2. Elizabeth Kinau born July 5, 1831 died August 9, 1918. Married September 29, 1857 to Samuel Gardner Wilder (1831–1888) from Leominster, Massachusetts, six children.\n", "BULLET::::3. Helen Seymour born August 27, 1833 and died April 2, 1911.\n", "BULLET::::4. Charles Hastings born September 8, 1835 (twin) died April 18, 1890. Married November 1, 1859 to Emily Catherine Cutts (1840–1921), four children. Worked in the Guano and farming businesses, and held several posts in the Kingdom.\n", "BULLET::::5. Laura Fish born September 8, 1835 (twin) died November 22, 1888 at San Francisco, California. Married February 22, 1861 to Joshua Gill Dickson (1830–1880), four children.\n", "BULLET::::6. Albert Francis born January 7, 1838 died May 20, 1900. Married April 4, 1872 to Agnes Hall Boyd (1844–1934) nine children. Last child Lawrence M. Judd became Governor of the Territory of Hawaii in 1929–1934.\n", "BULLET::::7. Alan Wilkes born April 20, 1840 and died March 26, 1875.\n", "BULLET::::8. Sybil Augusta born March 16, 1843 and died September 10, 1906. Married February 27, 1862 to Henry Alpheus Peirce Carter (1837–1891), seven children. Son Charles Lunt was a member of the Committee of Safety, and son George Robert was Governor of the Territory of Hawaii (1903–1907).\n", "BULLET::::9. Juliet Isabelle born March 28, 1846 and died June 27, 1857.\n", "Judd's life was the basis of the novel \"The White King\". A biography, \"Dr. Judd, Hawaii’s Friend\" which was written by his great-grandson Gerrit P. Judd IV (1915–1971) and published in 1960. His papers were kept under restricted access at the Bishop Museum until his great-grandson Albert Francis Judd III died in 2006.\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Buckminster, Lydia N.H., The Hastings Memorial, A Genealogical Account of the Descendants of Thomas Hastings of Watertown, Mass. from 1634 to 1864, Boston: Samuel G. Drake Publisher (an undated NEHGS photoduplicate of the 1866 edition).\n", "BULLET::::- Judd IV, Gerrit P., Dr. Judd, Hawaii's friend, A biography of Gerrit Parmele Judd (1803–1873), Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1960.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Descendants of Thomas Hastings website\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American physician and missionary to the Kingdom of Hawaii", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q5552582", "wikidata_label": "Gerrit P. Judd", "wikipedia_title": "Gerrit P. Judd" }

{ "end": [ 92, 80, 159, 46, 277, 78, 96, 512, 746, 139, 182, 283, 312, 346, 101, 377, 93, 640, 681, 58, 117, 182, 147, 221, 240, 250, 351, 431, 525, 116, 92, 149, 208, 260, 319, 399, 418, 437, 547, 589, 250, 54, 110, 192, 275, 309, 72, 85, 129, 172, 189, 243, 271, 346, 370, 560, 639, 699, 839, 872, 66, 152, 183, 202, 398, 441, 477, 31, 71, 164, 186, 318, 325, 333, 343, 121, 159, 195, 204, 250, 304, 403, 96, 225, 311, 366, 393, 146, 203, 273, 137, 363, 63, 28, 68, 35, 50, 95, 44, 37, 66, 85, 55, 74 ], "href": [ "modern%20dance", "Punahou%20School", "Isadora%20Duncan", "Miss%20Hall%27s%20School", "Sarah%20Lawrence%20College", "Joseph%20Campbell", "Martha%20Graham", "Bennington%20College", "Martha%20Graham%20Dance%20Company", "Every%20Soul%20is%20a%20Circus", "Punch%20and%20the%20Judy", "Emily%20Dickinson", "Margaret%20Lloyd", "The%20Christian%20Science%20Monitor", "Louis%20Horst", "Bennington%20College", "The%20Transformations%20of%20Medusa", "Medusa", "Athena", "John%20Cage", "Merce%20Cunningham", "Arts%20Club%20of%20Chicago", "John%20Cage", "Hamadryad", "Debussy", "Syrinx%20%28Debussy%29", "Lou%20Harrison", "http%3A//www.askart.com/artist/Carlus_Dyer/105171/Carlus_Dyer.aspx", "https%3A//www.nytimes.com/2014/10/27/arts/dance/doris-hering-dance-critic-and-champion-dies-at-94.html", "John%20Martin%20%28dance%20critic%29", "Edwin%20Denby%20%28poet%29", "Portrait%20of%20a%20Lady", "John%20Cage", "Dawn%20Song", "Alan%20Hovhaness", "William%20Blake", "The%20Tyger", "Ezra%20Laderman", "http%3A//www.askart.com/artist/Carlus_Dyer/105171/Carlus_Dyer.aspx", "Duke%20Ellington", "John%20Martin%20%28dance%20critic%29", "Ezra%20Laderman", "Duet%20for%20Flute%20and%20Dancer", "Syrinx%20%28Debussy%29", "Harlequinade", "Donald%20McKayle", "Jean-Paul%20Sartre", "The%20Flies", "Vassar%20College", "Jean%20Giraudoux", "The%20Enchanted%20%28play%29", "William%20Saroyan", "Alan%20Hovhaness", "Otherman%20or%20The%20Beginning%20of%20a%20New%20Nation", "Bard%20College", "E.%20E.%20Cummings", "Teiji%20Ito", "Circle%20in%20the%20Square%20Theatre", "Jimmy%20Giuffre", "Brooklyn%20Academy%20of%20Music", "Ingram%20Merrill%20Foundation", "The%20Coach%20with%20the%20Six%20Insides", "James%20Joyce", "Finnegans%20Wake", "Henry%20Morton%20Robinson", "A%20Skeleton%20Key%20to%20Finnegans%20Wake", "Teiji%20Ito", "The%20Coach%20with%20the%20Six%20Insides", "Village%20South%20Theatre", "Obie%20Award", "Vernon%20Rice%20Award", "Spoleto", "Paris", "Dublin", "Tokyo", "Hamlet", "Lincoln%20Center", "Federico%20Garc%C3%ADa%20Lorca", "Yerma", "New%20York%20Shakespeare%20Festival", "Two%20Gentlemen%20of%20Verona%20%28musical%29", "Drama%20Desk%20Award", "Columbia%20University", "University%20of%20Colorado%20at%20Boulder", "Bard%20College", "New%20York%20University", "Tisch%20School%20of%20the%20Arts", "National%20Endowment%20for%20the%20Arts", "Hunter%20College", "Anna%20Kisselgoff", "Greenwich%20Village", "Joseph%20Campbell%20Foundation", "Drama%20Desk%20Award%20for%20Outstanding%20Choreography", "Obie%20Award", "National%20dance%20association", "http%3A//www.sacreddanceguild.org", "Tony%20Award%20for%20Best%20Choreography", "http%3A//www.nypl.org/research/manuscripts/dance/DANerdma.xml", "https%3A//web.archive.org/web/20080406141000/http%3A//findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1083/is_5_74/ai_61933408/print", "http%3A//the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2003/Dec/10/il/il01a.html", "https%3A//query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html%3Fres%3D9B06E7DF173BF93BA35751C1A963948260%26amp%3Bsec%3D%26amp%3Bpagewanted%3Dprint", "New%20York%20Times", "https%3A//query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html%3Fres%3D9D05EFD71238F93BA15751C1A967948260%26amp%3Bsec%3D%26amp%3Bpagewanted%3Dprint", "New%20York%20Times" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 5, 5, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 8, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 12, 12, 13, 13, 13, 14, 14, 14, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 17, 18, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 21, 22, 22, 22, 22, 22, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 25, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 27, 27, 27, 27, 27, 27, 27, 29, 29, 29, 29, 29, 30, 30, 30, 32, 32, 39, 40, 42, 43, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 50, 51, 51 ], "start": [ 80, 66, 145, 28, 255, 63, 83, 494, 719, 117, 164, 268, 298, 317, 90, 359, 64, 634, 675, 49, 101, 162, 138, 212, 233, 244, 339, 420, 513, 105, 81, 131, 199, 251, 305, 386, 409, 424, 536, 575, 239, 41, 85, 186, 263, 295, 56, 76, 102, 158, 176, 228, 257, 305, 358, 546, 630, 671, 826, 847, 41, 122, 172, 188, 377, 409, 468, 1, 50, 160, 169, 311, 320, 327, 338, 115, 135, 174, 199, 221, 281, 387, 77, 203, 299, 363, 369, 143, 187, 258, 120, 337, 18, 18, 42, 17, 18, 12, 13, 13, 13, 71, 13, 60 ], "text": [ "modern dance", "Punahou School", "Isadora Duncan", "Miss Hall's School", "Sarah Lawrence College", "Joseph Campbell", "Martha Graham", "Bennington College", "Martha Graham Dance Company", "Every Soul is a Circus", "Punch and the Judy", "Emily Dickinson", "Margaret Lloyd", "The Christian Science Monitor", "Louis Horst", "Bennington College", "The Transformations of Medusa", "Medusa", "Athena", "John Cage", "Merce Cunningham", "Arts Club of Chicago", "John Cage", "Hamadryad", "Debussy", "Syrinx", "Lou Harrison", "Carlus Dyer", "Doris Hering", "John Martin", "Edwin Denby", "Portrait of a Lady", "John Cage", "Dawn Song", "Alan Hovhaness", "William Blake", "The Tyger", "Ezra Laderman", "Carlus Dyer", "Duke Ellington", "John Martin", "Ezra Laderman", "Duet for Flute and Dancer", "Syrinx", "Harlequinade", "Donald McKayle", "Jean-Paul Sartre", "The Flies", "Vassar Experimental Theatre", "Jean Giraudoux", "The Enchanted", "William Saroyan", "Alan Hovhaness", "Otherman or The Beginning of a New Nation", "Bard College", "E. E. Cummings", "Teiji Ito", "Circle in the Square Theatre", "Jimmy Giuffre", "Brooklyn Academy of Music", "Ingram Merrill Foundation", "The Coach with the Six Insides", "James Joyce", "Finnegans Wake", "Henry Morton Robinson", "A Skeleton Key to Finnegans Wake", "Teiji Ito", "The Coach with the Six Insides", "Village South Theatre", "Obie", "Vernon Rice Award", "Spoleto", "Paris", "Dublin", "Tokyo", "Hamlet", "Lincoln Center Repertory", "Federico García Lorca", "Yerma", "New York Shakespeare Festival", "Two Gentlemen of Verona", "Drama Desk Award", "Columbia University", "University of Colorado", "Bard College", "NYU", "Tisch School of the Arts", "NEA", "Hunter Playhouse", "Anna Kisselgoff", "Greenwich Village", "Joseph Campbell Foundation", "Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Choreography", "Obie Award", "National Dance Association", "Sacred Dance Guild", "Tony Award for Best Choreography", "Jean Erdman Papers, 1925-2001 - The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts", "Modern Innovator Erdman Honored", "The Grande Dame of Dance", "Dance: A Survey of Jean Erdman Choreography Since '42", "New York Times", "Dance: Jean Erdman's Works at the Open Eye", "New York Times" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Jean Erdman\n", "Jean Erdman (born February 20, 1916) is an American dancer and choreographer of modern dance as well as an avant-garde theater director.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Early years and background.\n", "Erdman's father, John Piney Erdman, a doctor of divinity and missionary from New England, settled in Honolulu as a minister at the non-denominational Protestant Church of the Crossroads where he preached, in both English and Japanese, to a multi-ethnic congregation. Her mother, Marion Dillingham Erdman, was a member of one of the founding industrialist families of Hawaii.\n", "Erdman's earliest dance experience was the hula. She attended the Punahou School in Honolulu where she learned, as a form of physical education, Isadora Duncan interpretive dance. Reflecting on her early dance training Erdman said these two influences taught her that dancing is an \"expression of something meaningful to the dancer, not a mere series of lively steps.\"\n", "From Hawaii, Erdman went to Miss Hall's School for Girls in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, from which she graduated in 1934. She was troubled by the attitude towards dancing that caused her to be disciplined for teaching the hula to her classmates. Later, at Sarah Lawrence College, which she attended from 1934 to 1937, she was able to explore more freely her multiple interests in theater, dance, and aesthetic philosophy.\n", "At Sarah Lawrence she encountered her two greatest influences: Joseph Campbell and Martha Graham. Campbell, a professor of comparative literature who later became an authority on mythology, was her tutorial advisor. This began a dialogue about the process of individual psycho-spiritual transformation and the nature of art that was to continue throughout their lives. Erdman was also interested in the modern dance technique she learned in Martha Graham's classes at Sarah Lawrence and at the Bennington College Summer School of Dance that she attended during the summers of 1935–44.\n", "In 1937 Erdman joined her parents and younger sister on a trip around the world during which she saw the traditional dance and theater of many countries including Bali, Java and India. Speaking of her experiences on this trip and of her later study of world dance cultures inspired by it Erdman said, \"by studying and analyzing the traditional dance styles of the world, I discovered that the particular dance of each culture is the perfect expression of that culture's world view and is achieved by deliberate choices drawn from the unlimited possibilities of movement\". Shortly after Erdman returned to New York, she married Campbell on May 5, 1938, and following a brief honeymoon began rehearsal as a member of the Martha Graham Dance Company.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Career.\n", "Erdman distinguished herself as a principal dancer in Graham's company in solo roles such as the Ideal Spectator in \"Every Soul is a Circus\", the Speaking Fate in \"Punch and the Judy\" and the One Who Speaks in \"Letter to the World\", Graham's ode to the American poet, Emily Dickinson. Dance critic Margaret Lloyd of \"The Christian Science Monitor\" praised the \"felicitous humor\" Erdman brought to her role as the Speaking Fate and called her \"irreplaceable\" in the 1941 revival of Letter to the World.\n", "Working with Graham, Erdman had re-shaped the role, originally played by actress Margaret Meredith, from that of a static seated figure to a moving, integrated element in the groundbreaking dance-theater work. In \"The Complete Guide to Modern Dance\", historian Don McDonagh writes of the \"profound effect\" that these speaking roles had on Erdman. He attributes her many explorations of the dynamic between word and movement to these early experiences.\n", "As all female Graham dancers of the period Erdman was required to study choreography with Louis Horst, Graham's musical director. Horst presented lecture-demonstrations on his principles in pre-classic dance forms, and his students demonstrated his ideas through their own compositions. Her first solo, \"The Transformations of Medusa\", which premiered at the Bennington College's Summer Festival of the Arts in 1942, began as an assignment for his class. The final version, with a commissioned score by Horst, remained in her repertory through the 1990s. Erdman's performance of this dance was the subject of Maya Deren's unfinished 1949 film, \"Medusa\".\n", "Originally an exploration of primitive style or archaic style, \"The Transformations of Medusa\" developed from a short study of the two-dimensional form into a complete dance of three sections. Erdman described the yearlong evolution of the piece as the process through which she came to understand that every posture contains \"a whole state of being or attitude toward life.\" The dance evolved as she attuned herself to the physical sensations of the stylized positions and followed where they led her. It was Campbell, informed by his deep well of mythological imagery, who identified the dance character in the first short study as Medusa, the beautiful Greek priestess of Athena who became the hideous snake-headed gorgon. Erdman developed the second and third sections following the development of the mythological archetype. \n", "In 1943, at the urging of Campbell and composer, John Cage, Erdman and fellow Graham Company member, Merce Cunningham, presented a joint concert sponsored by the Arts Club of Chicago. Cunningham's solos included \"Totem Ancestor\", \"In the Name of the Holocaust\", and \"Shimmera\", all with scores by Cage. \n", "The two collaborative duets were, \"Credo in US\", a dramatic dance with a text by Cunningham and a commissioned score by Cage, and \"Ad Lib\" with a commissioned score by Gregory Tucker. According to Erdman, \"Ad Lib\" \"was considered rather shocking because it incorporated improvisations. At that time it was not considered acceptable to perform improvs in public. That was for the privacy of your studio.\"\n", "Erdman's other important works of the 1940s were \"Daughters of the Lonesome Isle\" (1945) and \"Ophelia\" (1946) with commissioned scores by John Cage on prepared and standard piano respectively, \"Passage\" (1946), \"Hamadryad\" (1948) to Debussy's \"Syrinx\", \"The Perilous Chapel\" (1949), and \"Solstice\" (1950), both with commissioned scores by Lou Harrison. Of \"The Perilous Chapel\" which featured a moving sculptural set by Carlus Dyer and was selected as one of the Best New Works of the Season by \"Dance Magazine\", Doris Hering wrote, \"When the dance was over one realized that by means of purely physical and visual elements, Miss Erdman had succeeded in giving a moving picture of the experience of an artist through phases of isolation and realization.\"\n", "Other dance critics of the time noted her unique approach to dance making. \"New York Times\" dance critic John Martin remarked, \"that Erdman's movement is perhaps as near to being non-associative as movement can be, yet it is freely creative. The method of composition, though naturally without story content, avoids any connotation of being merely decorative, much as non-objective painting avoids it, and manages to be just as strongly evocative.\" \n", "Reporting on a group concert at the 92nd St YM/YWHA in which Erdman participated Edwin Denby wrote in the \"New York Herald Tribune\", \"Miss Erdman's (approach) is a more original and refreshing one to encounter. There was a lightness in the rhythm, a quality of generosity and spaciousness in the movement that struck me as a dance should, as a poetic presence.\" Walter Terry also writing for the \"Tribune\" commented, \"(Her dance) attracts through rare beauty of pattern, through gently shaded dynamics and through that intangible essence we call quality. It does not appeal directly to the intellect nor to the emotions, but rather it seems to carry its message on its own short-wave system to the senses themselves.\"\n", "From 1950-54, she toured the US annually with her company. From 1954-55 she toured India and Japan as a solo artist, the first dancer to do so since World War II. The report she filed with U.S. State Department helped initiate cultural exchange programs with India and many countries in the Far East. \n", "From 1955-60, she toured extensively as a solo artist throughout the U.S. Notable works from her repertory of that period include \"Portrait of a Lady\" created to jazz recordings that were layered by John Cage into his eight-track commissioned score, \"Dawn Song\", a lyrical solo with commissioned score by Alan Hovhaness, \"Fearful Symmetry\" (1956; an allegory in six visions inspired by William Blake's poem, \"The Tyger\") to Ezra Laderman's \"Sonata for Violoncello\", in which Erdman emerged from and interacted with a metal sculpture by Carlus Dyer, and \"Four Portraits\" from Duke Ellington's \"Shakespeare Album\" (1958), a suite of comic portrayals of Shakespearean heroines.\n", "In 1960, Erdman reorganized and renamed her dance company to reflect her explorations of the inter-relationship of movement, music, visual arts and spoken text. As noted above this interest began much earlier for Erdman. As early as 1946, John Martin noted, \"She is keenly alert to modern experiments in the other arts music, poetry, visual design and employs them freely.\" \n", "Her musical collaborations with composer Ezra Laderman which had begun in 1956 with \"Duet for Flute and Dancer\", inspired by Erdman's interpretation of Debussy's solo flute composition \"Syrinx\" in her 1948 solo \"Hamadryad\" and culminating in the 1957 group work \"Harlequinade\", featuring dancer Donald McKayle, were the subject of a feature story in \"Time\" magazine in April 1957. \n", "In the theater Erdman had choreographed a production of Jean-Paul Sartre's \"The Flies\" (1947) for the Vassar Experimental Theatre, the Broadway production of Jean Giraudoux's \"The Enchanted\" (1950) and collaborating with writer William Saroyan and composer Alan Hovhaness, she directed and choreographed \"Otherman or The Beginning of a New Nation\" (1954) at Bard College. The newly named Jean Erdman Theater of Dance toured the U.S. and gave concerts in New York City. Among the notable works of this period are \"Twenty Poems\" (1960), a cycle of E. E. Cummings's poems for eight dancers and one actor with a commissioned score by Teiji Ito, performed in the round at the Circle in the Square Theatre in Greenwich Village and \"The Castle\", an exploration of improvised and structured movement with jazz clarinetist-saxophonist Jimmy Giuffre at the Brooklyn Academy of Music (1970).\n", "In 1962 with the aid of a grant from the Ingram Merrill Foundation, Erdman began what was to become her best-known work, \"The Coach with the Six Insides\", an adaptation of James Joyce's, \"Finnegans Wake\". The title is a line from the text found in episode 11.3.359. She became acquainted with the novel during the four and a half year period that her husband collaborated with Henry Morton Robinson to write \"A Skeleton Key to Finnegans Wake\" (1944). \n", "While Joyce's story is told from the perspective of the male barkeeper Humphrey Chimpden Earwicker, Erdman's work a combination of dance, mime, and Joycean stream of consciousness language focuses on the female psyche, as seen through the many incarnations of the main female character Anna Livia Plurabelle. She danced all the aspects of Anna Livia from young woman, to old crone, to the rain itself that becomes the River Liffey flowing through the heart of Dublin. Teiji Ito was the musical director and composed the musical score on a vast array of instruments from around the world including among others, Japanese bass drums, Tibetan cymbals, a violin and an accordion.\n", "\"The Coach with the Six Insides\" premiered at the Village South Theatre in Greenwich Village on November 26, 1962. It ran for 114 performances and received the Obie and Vernon Rice Awards for Outstanding Achievement in theater. Following the first New York season it began a world tour including engagements in Spoleto, Paris, Dublin and Tokyo. Three other North American tours as well as another New York season in 1967 followed. In 1964 the work was featured on the CBS's \"Camera Three\" series and in 1966 WNET Channel 13 produced an interview with both Erdman and Campbell, \"A Viewer's Guide to the Coach with the Six Insides\". Many dance historians continue to regard \"The Coach with the Six Insides\" as \"the most successful—and celebrated—attempt to unite dance and words.\"\n", "Other theater productions Erdman choreographed during this period include the Helen Hayes Repertory production of \"Hamlet\" (1964), the Lincoln Center Repertory production of Federico García Lorca's \"Yerma\" (1962) and the New York Shakespeare Festival production of the rock-opera \"Two Gentlemen of Verona\" (1971-72), which ran on Broadway for two years and for which Erdman received the Drama Desk Award and a Tony nomination.\n", "Erdman was an active teacher throughout her career. In 1948 she opened her own studio where she taught a style-neutral, concept-based technique she developed by combining her study of world dance with anatomical principles. She described it as, \"a basic dance training that would, in its most elementary form give the novice an essential experience of the art form, and in more complex variations create a professional dance artist with a completely articulate instrument capable of responding in movement to any choreographic impulse.\" \n", "From 1949-51 she directed the modern dance department at Teachers College of Columbia University. In the summers from 1949 to 1955 she was the artist in residence and head of the dance department at the University of Colorado in Boulder. From 1954–57 she was the chairman of the dance department at Bard College. She was founding director of the dance program at NYU's Tisch School of the Arts and taught there from 1966-71.\n", "In the 1980s, Erdman began reviving her early dance repertory and presenting it annually at The Open Eye. These performances culminated in the NEA-funded Jean Erdman Retrospective at the Hunter Playhouse in 1985, New York City. \"New York Times\" dance critic Anna Kisselgoff wrote, \"anyone wishing to know something about where modern dance is today can find the roots in this retrospective.\" From 1987–93, Erdman served as artistic director of an NEA funded project to create a three volume video archive of these early dance works, \"Dance and Myth: The World of Jean Erdman\".\n", "Section::::Biography.:Personal life.\n", "Erdman and Campbell had no children. For most of their forty-nine years of marriage they shared a two-room apartment in Greenwich Village in New York City. In the 1980s they also purchased an apartment in Honolulu and divided their time between the two cities. Campbell died in 1987. In 1990, Erdman became the founding president of the Joseph Campbell Foundation and continues as its president emerita. Since 1995 Erdman has lived exclusively in Hawaii.\n", "Section::::Filmography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Invocation: Maya Deren\" (1987)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Hero's Journey: The World of Joseph Campbell\" (1987)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dance and Myth - The World of Jean Erdman\" (1990)\n", "Section::::Awards and nominations.\n", "BULLET::::- Awards\n", "BULLET::::- 1972: Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Choreography - \"The Two Gentlemen of Verona\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1963: Obie Award - Special Citation - \"The Coach with the Six Insides\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1963: Vernon Rice Award for Outstanding Achievement in Theatre - \"The Coach with the Six Insides\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1993: Heritage Award from the National Dance Association for contributions to dance education\n", "BULLET::::- 1995 Sacred Dance Guild Honorary Lifetime Member awarded at Kalani Honua, Big Island Hawaii\n", "Nominations\n", "BULLET::::- 1972: Tony Award for Best Choreography - \"The Two Gentlemen of Verona\"\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Jean Erdman Papers, 1925-2001 - The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts\n", "BULLET::::- \"Modern Innovator Erdman Honored\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Grande Dame of Dance\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dance: A Survey of Jean Erdman Choreography Since '42\" - \"New York Times\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dance: Jean Erdman's Works at the Open Eye\" - \"New York Times\"\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American dancer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3171930", "wikidata_label": "Jean Erdman", "wikipedia_title": "Jean Erdman" }

{ "end": [ 31, 88, 168, 86, 308, 411, 42, 71, 40, 71, 82, 93, 104, 132, 261, 596, 17, 27, 126, 259, 360, 69, 173, 347, 65, 107, 116, 136, 265, 72, 72, 82, 26, 121, 153, 300, 322, 329, 26 ], "href": [ "Saint-Maur-des-Foss%C3%A9s", "caricaturist", "Lyc%C3%A9e%20Charlemagne", "Le%20Diable%20au%20corps%20%28novel%29", "World%20War%20I", "autobiography", "Le%20bal%20du%20Comte%20d%27Orgel", "adultery", "Modernist", "Pablo%20Picasso", "Max%20Jacob", "Jean%20Hugo", "Juan%20Gris", "Jean%20Cocteau", "Ernest%20Hemingway", "homosexuality", "Christina%20Stead", "William%20J.%20Blake", "Aldous%20Huxley", "Fran%C3%A7ois%20Mauriac", "cynicism%20%28contemporary%29", "tuberculosis", "The%20Paris%20Review", "Francis%20Poulenc", "Nina%20Hamnett", "Le%20Boeuf%20sur%20le%20Toit%20%28cabaret%29", "Pablo%20Picasso", "Constantin%20Br%C3%A2ncu%C8%99i", "Coco%20Chanel", "Michael%20Benedikt%20%28poet%29", "Kay%20Boyle", "Malcolm%20Cowley", "Claude%20Autant-Lara", "G%C3%A9rard%20Philipe", "World%20War%20II", "Marco%20Bellocchio", "Il%20diavolo%20in%20corpo", "1986%20in%20film", "Benjamin%20Ivry" ], "paragraph_id": [ 3, 3, 3, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 12, 12, 12, 13, 14, 14, 14, 14, 19, 20, 21, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 28 ], "start": [ 21, 76, 151, 68, 297, 395, 19, 63, 31, 58, 73, 84, 95, 120, 245, 587, 9, 22, 113, 243, 352, 57, 157, 332, 53, 87, 109, 128, 254, 56, 63, 68, 8, 107, 141, 284, 303, 325, 12 ], "text": [ "Saint-Maur", "caricaturist", "Lycée Charlemagne", "Le Diable au corps", "World War I", "autobiographical", "Le bal du Comte d'Orgel", "adultery", "Modernist", "Pablo Picasso", "Max Jacob", "Jean Hugo", "Juan Gris", "Jean Cocteau", "Ernest Hemingway", "sexuality", "Steadman", "Blake", "Aldous Huxley", "François Mauriac", "cynicism", "tuberculosis", "The Paris Review", "Francis Poulenc", "Nina Hamnett", "Le Boeuf sur le Toit", "Picasso", "Brâncuși", "Coco Chanel", "Michael Benedikt", "Kay Boyle", "Malcolm Cowley", "Claude Autant-Lara", "Gérard Philipe", "World War II", "Marco Bellocchio", "Il diavolo in corpo", "1986", "Ivry, Benjamin" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Raymond Radiguet\n", "Raymond Radiguet (18 June 1903 – 12 December 1923) was a French novelist and poet whose two novels were noted for their explicit themes, and unique style and tone.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Radiguet was born in Saint-Maur, Val-de-Marne, close to Paris, the son of a caricaturist. In 1917, he moved to the city. Soon he would drop out of the Lycée Charlemagne, where he studied, in order to pursue his interests in journalism and literature.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "In early 1923, Radiguet published his first and most famous novel, \"Le Diable au corps\" (\"The Devil in the Flesh\"). The story of a young married woman who has an affair with a 16-year-old boy while her husband is away fighting at the front provoked scandal in a country that had just been through World War I. Though Radiguet denied it, it was established later that the story was in large part autobiographical.\n", "His second novel, \"Le bal du Comte d'Orgel\", also dealing with adultery, was only published posthumously in 1924. In addition to his two novels, Radiguet's works include a few poetry volumes and a play.\n", "Section::::Career.:Associations.\n", "He associated himself with the Modernist set, befriending Pablo Picasso, Max Jacob, Jean Hugo, Juan Gris and especially Jean Cocteau, who became his mentor. Radiguet also had several well-documented relationships with women. An anecdote told by Ernest Hemingway has an enraged Cocteau charging Radiguet (known in the Parisian literary circles as \"\"Monsieur Bébé\"\" – Mister Baby) with decadence for his tryst with a model: \"\"Bébé est vicieuse. Il aime les femmes.\"\" (\"Baby is depraved. He likes women.\" [Note the use of the feminine adjective.]) Radiguet, Hemingway implies, employed his sexuality to advance his career, being a writer \"who knew how to make his career not only with his pen but with his pencil.\"\n", "Section::::Career.:Literary reactions.\n", "In 1945, Steadman and Blake write that admirers of his first novel \"include the most discriminating of critics.\" Aldous Huxley is quoted as declaring that Radiguet had attained the literary control that others required a long career to reach. François Mauriac said that \"Le Diable au corps\" is \"unretouched and seems shocking, but nothing so resembles cynicism as clairvoyance. No adolescent before Radiguet has delivered to us the secret of that age: we have all falsified it.\"\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "On 12 December 1923, Radiguet died at age 20 in Paris of tuberculosis, which he contracted after a trip he took with Cocteau. Cocteau, in an interview with \"The Paris Review\" stated that Radiguet had told him three days before his death that, \"In three days, I am going to be shot by the soldiers of God.\" In reaction to this death Francis Poulenc wrote, \"For two days I was unable to do anything, I was so stunned\".\n", "In her 1932 memoir, \"Laughing Torso\", British artist Nina Hamnett describes Radiguet's funeral: \n", "\"The church was crowded with people. In the pew in front of us was the negro band from Le Boeuf sur le Toit. Picasso was there, Brâncuși and so many celebrated people that I cannot remember their names. Radiguet's death was a terrible shock to everyone. Coco Chanel, the celebrated dressmaker, arranged the funeral. It was most wonderfully done. Cocteau was too ill to come.\" ... \"Cocteau was terribly upset and could not see anyone for weeks afterwards. I wrote to him in February and asked him if I could come and see him. He wrote me a charming letter:\n", "25 fevrier 1924brCHERE NINAbrJe suis toujours malade et sans courage.brTelephonez un matin\".brDe coeur,brJEAN COCTEAU\n", "Section::::Bibliography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Les Joues en feu\" (1920) – poetry, translated by Alan Stone as \"Cheeks on Fire: Collected Poems\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Devoirs de vacances\" (1921) – poetry (English translation \"Holiday Homework\")\n", "BULLET::::- \"Les Pelican\" (1921) – drama, translated by Michael Benedikt and George Wellworth as \"The Pelicans\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Le Diable au corps\" (1923) – novel, translated by Kay Boyle as \"The Devil in the Flesh\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Le Bal du comte d'Orgel\" (1924) – novel, translated by Malcolm Cowley as \"The Count's Ball\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Oeuvres completes\" (1952) – translated as Complete Works\n", "BULLET::::- \"Regle du jeu\" (1957) – translated as \"Game Rule\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Vers Libres & Jeux Innocents, Le Livre a Venir \" (1988) – translated as \"About Free & Games Innocents, The Book is Coming\"\n", "Section::::Film adaptations.\n", "In 1947 Claude Autant-Lara released his film \"Le diable au corps\", based on Radiguet's novel, and starring Gérard Philipe. Coming just after World War II, the movie caused controversy in its turn. Among the other cinematic versions of Radiguet's story, the heavily adapted version by Marco Bellocchio, \"Il diavolo in corpo\" (1986), was notable as being among the first mainstream films to show unsimulated sex.\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Ivry, Benjamin (1996). \"Francis Poulenc\". Phaidon Press Limited.\n", "BULLET::::- Steadman, Christina and Blake, William: \"Modern Women in Love\", Garden City Publishing Co., New York, 1947 (first ed. Dryden Press, New York City, 1945) p. 3\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "French writer", "enwikiquote_title": "Raymond Radiguet", "wikidata_id": "Q333615", "wikidata_label": "Raymond Radiguet", "wikipedia_title": "Raymond Radiguet" }

{ "end": [ 86, 104, 236, 274, 389, 429, 491, 610, 747, 779, 828, 102, 111, 160, 188, 347, 370, 38, 48, 335, 364, 389, 400, 528, 620, 721, 89, 259, 335, 1016, 606, 105, 196, 361, 27, 118, 214, 275, 291, 541, 652, 703, 118, 139, 203, 47, 105, 171, 220, 447, 118, 133, 139, 374, 506, 230, 447, 517, 86, 110, 193, 271, 87, 142, 238, 296, 31, 61, 185, 267, 346, 365, 25, 191, 132, 154, 525, 631, 642, 658, 115, 224, 335, 353, 422, 37, 353, 18, 47, 86, 96, 105, 496, 119, 70, 49, 36, 54, 92, 50, 63 ], "href": [ "Canadians", "social%20democracy", "Methodist%20Church%2C%20Canada", "Social%20Gospel%20movement", "Manitoba", "Winnipeg", "Winnipeg%20general%20strike", "Federated%20Labour%20Party%20of%20British%20Columbia", "Cooperative%20Commonwealth%20Federation", "Socialist%20party", "New%20Democratic%20Party", "Toronto", "Ontario", "James%20Woodsworth", "Methodism", "William%20Lyon%20Mackenzie", "1837%20Rebellions", "Brandon%2C%20Manitoba", "Manitoba", "Victoria%20College%20%28U%20of%20T%29", "University%20of%20Toronto", "Oxford%20University", "England", "Second%20Boer%20War", "imperialism", "Winnipeg", "social%20gospel", "dogma", "salvation", "social%20welfare", "eugenic", "Canadian%20Welfare%20League", "prairie%20provinces", "British%20Labour%20Party", "World%20War%20I", "conscription", "military", "pacifism", "morality", "Gibson%27s%20Landing%2C%20British%20Columbia", "Christianity", "Jesus", "stevedore", "trade%20union", "Labour%20candidates%20and%20parties%20in%20Canada", "Western%20Canada", "Winnipeg%20General%20Strike", "Strike%20action", "Royal%20Canadian%20Mounted%20Police", "Labour%20Party%20of%20Canada", "Vancouver", "sedition", "libel", "labor%20movement", "social%20activism", "Labour%20Party%20%28Canada%29", "unemployment%20insurance", "House%20of%20Commons%20of%20Canada", "Single%20Transferable%20Vote", "Student%20Christian%20Movement%20of%20Canada", "Stanley%20Knowles", "New%20Democratic%20Party", "Communist%20Party%20of%20Canada", "parliamentary%20procedure", "Progressive%20Party%20of%20Canada", "Ginger%20Group", "Liberal%20Party%20of%20Canada", "1925%20Canadian%20federal%20election", "old%20age%20pension", "social%20security", "League%20of%20Nations", "Geneva", "Great%20Depression", "Co-operative%20Commonwealth%20Federation", "Saskatchewan", "1935%20Canadian%20federal%20election", "William%20Lyon%20Mackenzie%20King", "United%20Kingdom", "Australia", "New%20Zealand", "World%20War%20II", "1940%20Canadian%20federal%20election", "Vancouver", "British%20Columbia", "Strait%20of%20Georgia", "Grace%20MacInnis", "New%20Democratic%20Party%20of%20Canada", "Woodsworth%20College", "University%20of%20Toronto", "J.%20S.%20Woodsworth%20Secondary%20School", "Ottawa", "Ontario", "Douglas-Coldwell%20Foundation", "https%3A//web.archive.org/web/20100628222946/http%3A//www.ccsonline.ca/About/woodsworth.htm", "Greatest%20Canadian", "http%3A//www.dcf.ca/en/js_woodsworth.htm", "https%3A//web.archive.org/web/20051130222632/http%3A//www.saskndp.com/history/woodsworth.html", "https%3A//web.archive.org/web/20040611202504/http%3A//www.wdw.utoronto.ca/shared/history/tour1photo.html", "http%3A//www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/hist/pensions/cpp-m1915_e.shtml", "http%3A//www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/transactions/3/woodsworth_js.shtml", "http%3A//ontarioplaques.com/Plaque_Toronto56.html" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 8, 9, 9, 9, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 12, 12, 12, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 14, 15, 15, 15, 15, 16, 16, 16, 17, 19, 19, 19, 20, 20, 20, 20, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 23, 23, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 25, 26, 26, 26, 26, 27, 29, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 31, 32, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40 ], "start": [ 78, 87, 220, 252, 381, 410, 467, 568, 712, 764, 808, 95, 104, 144, 179, 325, 355, 31, 40, 319, 343, 372, 393, 513, 609, 713, 76, 254, 326, 1002, 599, 82, 179, 341, 16, 106, 206, 267, 284, 507, 643, 688, 109, 134, 161, 33, 82, 165, 191, 423, 109, 124, 134, 359, 491, 206, 425, 501, 62, 74, 178, 251, 62, 119, 211, 284, 9, 48, 170, 252, 329, 359, 9, 155, 120, 141, 498, 624, 633, 647, 103, 211, 326, 337, 405, 23, 333, 0, 26, 53, 90, 98, 469, 91, 53, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12 ], "text": [ "Canadian", "social democratic", "Methodist Church", "Social Gospel movement", "Manitoba", "Winnipeg, Manitoba,", "Winnipeg General Strike,", "Federated Labour Party of British Columbia", "Cooperative Commonwealth Federation", "Socialist party", "New Democratic Party", "Toronto", "Ontario", "James Woodsworth", "Methodist", "William Lyon Mackenzie", "1837 Rebellions", "Brandon", "Manitoba", "Victoria College", "University of Toronto", "Oxford University", "England", "Second Boer War", "imperialism", "Winnipeg", "social gospel", "dogma", "salvation", "social welfare", "eugenic", "Canadian Welfare League", "prairie provinces", "British Labour Party", "World War I", "conscription", "military", "pacifist", "morally", "Gibson's Landing, British Columbia", "Christian", "Prince of Peace", "stevedore", "union", "Federated Labour Party of British Columbia", "Western Canada", "Winnipeg General Strike", "strike", "Royal Canadian Mounted Police", "Independent Labour Party", "Vancouver", "seditious", "libel", "labour movement", "social activism", "Independent Labour Party", "unemployment insurance", "House of Commons", "Single Transferable Vote", "Student Christian Movement of Canada", "Stanley Knowles", "New Democratic Party", "Communist Party of Canada", "parliamentary procedure", "Progressive Party of Canada", "Ginger Group", "Canadian Liberal Party", "1925 election", "old age pension", "social security", "League of Nations", "Geneva", "Great Depression", "Co-operative Commonwealth Federation", "Saskatchewan", "1935 election", "William Lyon Mackenzie King", "Britain", "Australia", "New Zealand", "World War II", "26 March 1940", "Vancouver", "British Columbia", "Strait of Georgia", "Grace MacInnis", "New Democratic Party", "Woodsworth College", "University of Toronto", "J. S. Woodsworth Secondary School", "Ottawa", "Ontario", "Douglas-Coldwell Foundation", "Centre for Christian Studies", "Greatest Canadian", "Douglas-Coldwell Foundation biography", "Saskatchewan NDP History", "University of Toronto J.S. Woodsworth Tour", "Civilization.ca (now historymuseun.ca) - The History of Canada's Public Pensions", "Grace MacInnis' personal recollections", "Ontario Plaques - James Shaver Woodsworth 1874-1942" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "J. S. Woodsworth\n", "James Shaver Woodsworth (July 29, 1874 – March 21, 1942) was a pioneer in the Canadian social democratic movement. Following more than two decades ministering to the poor and the working class, J. S. Woodsworth left the Methodist Church to sponsor the Social Gospel movement as he felt the Church was much more concerned with profit than it was with helping the underprivileged of Manitoba. He was arrested in Winnipeg, Manitoba, for supporting the protesters at the Winnipeg General Strike, but never charged. Woodsworth was elected as a Member of Parliament for the Federated Labour Party of British Columbia in 1921. Woodsworth's greatest triumph in life was in 1933, when he founded and became leader of the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation, Canada's first Socialist party, which evolved into today's New Democratic Party.\n", "Section::::Childhood.\n", "The oldest of six children, James Shaver Woodsworth was born in Etobicoke Applewood Farm, near Toronto, Ontario, to Esther Josephine Shaver and James Woodsworth. His father was a Methodist minister, and his strong faith was a powerful factor in shaping his later life. His grandfather, Harold Richard Woodsworth, had opposed William Lyon Mackenzie in the 1837 Rebellions.\n", "Section::::Early ministry.\n", "The Woodsworth family moved to Brandon, Manitoba, in 1882, where his father became a Superintendent of Methodist Missions in western Canada. Following in his father's footsteps, J. S. Woodsworth was ordained as a Methodist minister in 1896 and spent two years as a circuit preacher in Manitoba before going to study at Victoria College in the University of Toronto and at Oxford University in England. While studying at Oxford University in 1899, he became interested in social welfare work. During his stay, the Second Boer War broke out, and Woodsworth was immersed in discussions about the moral values of imperialism. In 1902, following his return to Canada, he took a position as minister at Grace Church in Winnipeg, and in 1903, married Lucy Staples.\n", "In this role, he worked with the poor immigrants in Winnipeg and preached a social gospel that called for the Kingdom of God \"here and now\". It was not long, however, before Woodsworth became restless as a minister. He had difficulty accepting Methodist dogma, and questioned the wisdom of the Church's emphasis on individual salvation without considering the social context in which an individual lived. In a statement of explanation presented to the Manitoba Methodist Church Conference in 1907, he cited concerns with matters such as baptism, tests for those entering the Church, and fasting as a religious exercise. He tendered his resignation, but it was refused and he was offered the opportunity to assume the Superintendency of All People's Mission in Winnipeg's North End. For six years he worked with the poor and immigrant families, and during this time, he wrote and campaigned for compulsory education, juvenile courts, the construction of playgrounds, and other initiatives in support of social welfare.\n", "Section::::Early social activism.\n", "As a Mission worker, Woodsworth had the opportunity to see first hand the appalling circumstances in which many of his fellow citizens lived, and began writing the first of several books decrying the failure to provide workers with a living wage and arguing for the need to create a more egalitarian and compassionate state. In 1909, his \"Strangers Within Our Gates\" was published, followed in 1911 by \"My Neighbour\". In Strangers Within Our Gates, Woodsworth elaborated on concerns related to immigration, and expressed sympathy for the difficulties new immigrants to Canada faced but also offered eugenic interpretations of human abilities and worth based on race. The organization of the book reflects Woodsworth's \"hierarchy\" with early chapters focusing on \"Great Britain\", \"the United States\", \"Scandinavians,\" \"Germans,\" and later chapters focusing on the \"Italians,\" \"Levantine races,\" and \"Orientals,\" ending with a chapter titled \"the Negro and the Indian\" (see table of contents).\n", "Woodsworth left All People's in 1913 to accept an appointment as Secretary of the Canadian Welfare League. During this time he travelled extensively throughout the three Canadian prairie provinces, investigating social conditions, and writing and presenting lectures on his findings. By 1914, he had become a socialist and an admirer of the British Labour Party.\n", "In 1916, during World War I, he was asked to support the National Services Registration, better known as \"conscription\". As church ministers were being asked to preach about the duty of men to serve in the military, Woodsworth decided to publish his objections. As a pacifist, he was morally opposed to the Church being used as a vehicle of recruitment, and was fired from his position with the Bureau of Social Research, where he was working at the time. In 1917, he received his final pastoral posting to Gibson's Landing, British Columbia. Woodsworth resigned from the Church in 1918 because of its support of the war. \"I thought that as a Christian minister, I was a messenger of the Prince of Peace\", he is quoted as saying. His resignation was accepted.\n", "Section::::Political involvement.\n", "Woodsworth and his family remained in British Columbia, where, despite his slight stature, he took work as a stevedore. He joined the union, helped organize the Federated Labour Party of British Columbia, and wrote for a labour newspaper.\n", "In 1919, he set out on a tour of Western Canada, arriving in Winnipeg just as the Winnipeg General Strike was underway. He immediately began presenting addresses at strike meetings. When the Royal Canadian Mounted Police charged into a crowd of strikers demonstrating in the centre of Winnipeg, killing one person and injuring 30, Woodsworth led the campaign of protest, and soon became involved in organising the Manitoba Independent Labour Party (ILP).\n", "Woodsworth briefly returned to British Columbia in 1920 to campaign as a Federated Labour Party candidate in Vancouver. He received 7444 votes, but was not elected to the provincial legislature.\n", "He became editor of the \"Western Labour News\". A week after the editor of the strike bulletin was arrested and charged with seditious libel, Woodsworth found himself in the same position, but was released on bail after five days' imprisonment, and the charges were never filed. These events were instrumental in establishing Woodsworth's credentials with the labour movement and in propelling him to a twenty-year tenure in public office. They also affirmed his beliefs in the importance of social activism.\n", "In December 1921, Woodsworth ran for election to the House of Commons in the riding of [electoral district (Canada)|riding]] of Winnipeg Centre (later renamed Winnipeg North Centre) under the banner of the Independent Labour Party on a platform modelled on that of the British Labour Party, with the slogan \"Human Needs before Property Rights.\" He was elected and served until his death. The first bill he proposed concerned unemployment insurance and, even though he was informed by the Clerk of the House of Commons that bills involving federal spending had to be presented by the government, he nonetheless continued to press his case for better labour legislation. \n", "He also pursued constitutional reform such as bringing in the Single Transferable Vote system for federal elections. Fourteen years later, the government set up a committee to discuss constitutional reforms (but the First past the post electoral system was not replaced). \n", "Woodsworth was an unflagging advocate for the worker, the farmer, and the immigrant.\n", "In 1929, Woodsworth was a keynote speaker at the annual conference of the Student Christian Movement of Canada, a fledgling social justice movement founded in 1921, and inspired Stanley Knowles, then 21, who later became ordained and helped found the New Democratic Party.\n", "Rejecting violent revolution and any association with the new Communist Party of Canada, Woodsworth became a master of parliamentary procedure and used the House of Commons as a public platform. He sat with the Progressive Party of Canada and was a leader of its radical faction, the Ginger Group.\n", "When the Canadian Liberal Party nearly lost the 1925 election, Woodsworth was able to bargain his vote in the House for a promise from the Liberal government to enact an old age pension plan. Introduced in 1927, the plan is the cornerstone of Canada's social security system. In 1932, Woodsworth toured Europe as a member of the League of Nations Assembly in Geneva.\n", "Section::::Formation of the CCF.\n", "When the Great Depression struck, Woodsworth and the ILP joined with various other labour and socialist groups in 1932 to found a new socialist party, the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), with Woodsworth as its first leader. Woodsworth said: \"I am convinced that we may develop in Canada a distinctive type of Socialism. I refuse to follow slavishly the British model or the American model or the Russian model. We in Canada will solve our problems along our own lines.\"\n", "In 1933, the CCF became the official opposition in British Columbia and, in 1934, the party achieved the same result in Saskatchewan. In the 1935 election, seven CCF Members of Parliament were elected to the House of Commons and the party captured 8.9 percent of the popular vote. The CCF, however, was never able to seriously challenge Canada's party system, which was then dominated by the Liberals and Conservatives. In particular, the enormous prestige of the long-time Liberal Prime Minister, William Lyon Mackenzie King, prevented the CCF from displacing the Liberals as the main party of the left, as had happened in Britain, Australia and New Zealand.\n", "In 1939, the majority of CCF members refused to support Woodsworth's opposition to Canada's entry into World War II. During the debate on the declaration of war, Mackenzie King said: \"There are few men in this Parliament for whom I have greater respect than the leader of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation. I admire him in my heart, because time and again he has had the courage to say what lays on his conscience, regardless of what the world might think of him. A man of that calibre is an ornament to any Parliament.\"\n", "Nevertheless, Woodsworth was almost alone in his opposition to the war, he was the only Member of Parliament to vote against the bill, and his days as a party leader were over. He was re-elected to the House in 26 March 1940, but suffered a stroke in the fall and, over the next 18 months, his health deteriorated. He died in Vancouver, British Columbia in early 1942, and his ashes were scattered in the Strait of Georgia.\n", "Woodsworth's daughter, Grace MacInnis, followed in his footsteps as a CCF politician.\n", "Section::::Woodsworth's legacy.\n", "Woodsworth strongly influenced Canadian social policy, and many of the social concepts he pioneered are represented in contemporary programs such as social assistance, pensions, and medicare, which are deemed to be fundamentally important in Canadian society today. While the party for which he was central founder, today called the New Democratic Party, has largely abandoned Woodsworth's vision of a socialist Canada, Woodsworth's memory is still held in great respect within the party as well as across Canada.\n", "Woodsworth College of the University of Toronto, and J. S. Woodsworth Secondary School in Ottawa, Ontario (closed in 2005) are named after him. There is also a housing co-operative in downtown Toronto named after him. There is also a J.S. Woodsworth Senior Public School in Scarborough, Toronto. In Winnipeg a chrome coloured sixteen-story Manitoba provincial office building built in 1973 is named after him. The Ontario Woodsworth Memorial Foundation merged with the Douglas-Coldwell Foundation in 1987.\n", "The Woodsworth home at 60 Maryland Street in Winnipeg, Manitoba is now the location of the Centre for Christian Studies. CCS purchased Woodsworth House from the Woodsworth Historical Society in 1998, with a commitment to keep the Woodsworth name and to continue to display photographs of Woodsworth and reminders of his commitment to the social gospel and social justice.\n", "In 2004, a CBC contest rated Woodsworth as the 100th Greatest Canadian of all time.\n", "In October 2010, the town of Gibsons, British Columbia announced that it would be naming a street in a new subdivision after Woodsworth. Woodsworth lived in Gibsons for a short time, beginning in 1917.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Douglas-Coldwell Foundation biography\n", "BULLET::::- Saskatchewan NDP History\n", "BULLET::::- University of Toronto J.S. Woodsworth Tour\n", "BULLET::::- Civilization.ca (now historymuseun.ca) - The History of Canada's Public Pensions\n", "BULLET::::- Grace MacInnis' personal recollections\n", "BULLET::::- Ontario Plaques - James Shaver Woodsworth 1874-1942\n", "BULLET::::- \"Woodsworth, James Shaver\" in \"The Canadian Encyclopedia\"\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "James Shaver Woodsworth", "JS Woodsworth" ] }, "description": "1st Leader of the Canadian Co-operative Commonwealth Federation", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q2983067", "wikidata_label": "J. S. Woodsworth", "wikipedia_title": "J. S. Woodsworth" }

{ "end": [ 180, 301, 435, 476, 507, 21, 51, 72, 194, 354, 400, 471, 39, 56, 85, 175, 331, 133, 267, 287, 456, 498, 316, 326, 180, 135, 292, 410, 429, 512, 152, 227, 574, 649, 118, 179, 474, 517, 572, 851, 227, 369, 422, 147, 180, 17, 252, 302, 18, 335, 564, 73, 170, 263, 27, 193, 210, 241, 401, 432, 25, 124, 152, 224, 174, 79, 167, 442, 103, 345, 381, 410, 480, 532, 532, 556, 572, 885, 916, 1129, 1218, 65, 284, 275, 206, 270, 292, 39, 187, 231, 244, 52, 82, 98, 132, 225, 142, 141, 290, 321, 342, 597, 147, 81, 28, 60, 107 ], "href": [ "Wisconsin", "constitutional%20law", "U.%20S.%20Supreme%20Court", "states%27%20rights", "corporations", "Democratic%20Party%20%28United%20States%29", "Republican%20Party%20%28United%20States%29", "Civil%20War%20%28United%20States%29", "Ulysses%20S.%20Grant", "Samuel%20J.%20Tilden", "presidential%20election%20of%201876", "Daniel%20Webster", "Moretown%2C%20Vermont", "Mad%20River%20%28Vermont%29", "Green%20Mountains", "Pilgrims", "War%20of%201812", "Cicero", "Paul%20Dillingham", "Waterbury%20%28village%29%2C%20Vermont", "United%20States%20Military%20Academy", "John%20Mattocks", "Rufus%20Choate", "Boston", "Beloit%2C%20Wisconsin", "Sir%20Matthew%20Hale", "Rock%20County%2C%20Wisconsin", "Thomas%20Jefferson", "Andrew%20Jackson", "Whig%20Party%20%28United%20States%29", "Pre-emption%20right", "Congress%20of%20the%20United%20States", "United%20States%20Supreme%20Court", "Abraham%20Lincoln", "William%20A.%20Barstow", "Coles%20Bashford", "Wisconsin%20Supreme%20Court", "jurisdiction", "Executive%20branch%20of%20the%20United%20States", "Arthur%20MacArthur%2C%20Sr.", "Milwaukee", "Edward%20George%20Ryan", "Sherman%20Booth", "habeas%20corpus", "Reconstruction%20Acts", "Ex%20parte%20Garland", "ex%20post%20facto", "bill%20of%20attainder", "Ex%20parte%20McCardle", "habeas%20corpus", "right%20of%20conquest", "Edwin%20Stanton", "Jeremiah%20S.%20Black", "Radical%20Republicans", "Slaughterhouse%20cases", "New%20Orleans", "carpetbagger", "Louisiana", "equal%20protection", "Fourteenth%20Amendment%20to%20the%20United%20States%20Constitution", "Bradwell%20vs.%20Illinois", "Chicago", "Myra%20Bradwell", "Illinois%20Supreme%20Court", "Ulysses%20S.%20Grant", "Jeffersonian%20democracy", "President%20Andrew%20Johnson", "Lucius%20Fairchild", "James%20R.%20Doolittle", "Alexander%20Randall", "Elisha%20W.%20Keyes", "Wisconsin%20State%20Journal", "Horace%20Rublee", "Switzerland", "Liberal%20Republican%20Party%20%28United%20States%29", "Charles%20Sumner", "Carl%20Schurz", "France", "Franco-Prussian%20War", "42nd%20United%20States%20Congress", "43rd%20United%20States%20Congress", "Louisiana", "William%20P.%20Kellogg", "New%20York%20Tribune", "Cr%C3%A9dit%20Mobilier%20of%20America%20scandal", "Janesville%2C%20Wisconsin", "Ripon%2C%20Wisconsin", "Milwaukee%20Sentinel", "Alexander%20M.%20Thomson", "Angus%20Cameron%20%28American%20politician%29", "La%20Crosse%2C%20Wisconsin", "Whiskey%20Ring", "William%20W.%20Belknap", "Trader%20post%20scandal", "Samuel%20J.%20Tilden", "Rutherford%20B.%20Hayes", "Timothy%20Howe", "Rutherford%20B.%20Hayes", "Fitz-John%20Porter", "John%20Pope%20%28military%20officer%29", "Manassas", "James%20G.%20Blaine", "Bright%27s%20disease", "List%20of%20United%20States%20Congress%20members%20who%20died%20in%20office%20%281790%E2%80%931899%29", "Frank%20A.%20Flower", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3DaIwCAAAAMAAJ%26amp%3Bpg%3DPA1", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3DFUgYAAAAYAAJ%26amp%3Bpg%3DPA1" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 10, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 14, 14, 14, 14, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 17, 17, 18, 21, 24, 25, 25, 25, 26, 26, 26, 27, 27, 27, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 29, 29, 29, 29, 30, 32, 32, 32, 33, 33, 33, 33, 33, 33, 34, 34, 34, 34, 34, 34, 34, 35, 35, 37, 38, 38, 38, 39, 39, 40, 40, 42, 43, 43, 44, 44, 46, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 49, 53, 55, 55, 56 ], "start": [ 171, 283, 416, 462, 495, 13, 41, 63, 178, 338, 371, 464, 22, 47, 71, 167, 320, 127, 252, 278, 426, 485, 304, 320, 174, 119, 281, 394, 415, 502, 142, 219, 547, 634, 100, 165, 455, 505, 556, 835, 218, 355, 409, 134, 161, 1, 239, 285, 1, 322, 547, 60, 153, 244, 7, 182, 201, 232, 385, 412, 4, 117, 139, 202, 158, 58, 143, 426, 85, 328, 366, 387, 467, 521, 514, 542, 561, 879, 897, 1116, 1203, 56, 266, 259, 191, 260, 287, 21, 167, 218, 235, 40, 64, 91, 116, 206, 130, 122, 274, 312, 334, 582, 131, 12, 12, 30, 13 ], "text": [ "Wisconsin", "constitutional law", "U. S. Supreme Court", "states' rights", "corporations", "Democrat", "Republican", "Civil War", "Ulysses S. Grant", "Samuel J. Tilden", "presidential election of 1876", "Webster", "Moretown, Vermont", "Mad River", "Green Mountain", "Pilgrims", "War of 1812", "Cicero", "Paul Dillingham", "Waterbury", "United States Military Academy", "John Mattocks", "Rufus Choate", "Boston", "Beloit", "Sir Matthew Hale", "Rock County", "Thomas Jefferson", "Andrew Jackson", "Whig Party", "pre-empted", "Congress", "United States Supreme Court", "Abraham Lincoln", "William A. Barstow", "Coles Bashford", "state supreme court", "jurisdiction", "executive branch", "Arthur MacArthur", "Milwaukee", "Edward G. Ryan", "Sherman Booth", "habeas corpus", "Reconstruction acts", "Ex parte Garland", "ex post facto", "bill of attainder", "Ex parte McCardle", "habeas corpus", "right of conquest", "Edwin Stanton", "Jeremiah S. Black", "Radical Republicans", "Slaughterhouse cases", "New Orleans", "carpetbag", "Louisiana", "equal protection", "Fourteenth Amendment", "Bradwell vs. Illinois", "Chicago", "Myra Bradwell", "Illinois Supreme Court", "Ulysses S. Grant", "Jeffersonian Democrat", "President Andrew Johnson", "Lucius Fairchild", "James R. Doolittle", "Alexander Randall", "Elisha W. Keyes", "Wisconsin State Journal", "Horace Rublee", "Switzerland", "Liberal Republican", "Charles Sumner", "Carl Schurz", "France", "Franco-Prussian War", "42nd Congress", "43rd Congresses", "Louisiana", "William P. Kellogg", "New York Tribune", "Credit Mobilier", "Janesville", "Ripon", "Milwaukee Sentinel", "Alexander M. Thomson", "Angus Cameron", "La Crosse", "Whiskey Ring", "William W. Belknap", "charges", "Samuel J. Tilden", "Rutherford B. Hayes", "Timothy Howe", "Rutherford B. Hayes", "Fitz-John Porter", "John Pope", "Manassas", "James G. Blaine", "Bright's disease", "List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)", "Flower, Frank A.", "Life of Matthew Hale Carpenter", "Memorial Addresses on the Life and Character of Matthew H. Carpenter, A Senator from Wisconsin" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Matthew H. Carpenter\n", "Matthew Hale Carpenter (born Decatur Merritt Hammond Carpenter; December 22, 1824 – February 24, 1881) was an American attorney and U.S. Senator representing the state of Wisconsin. He served in the Senate from 1869 to 1875 and again from 1879 to 1881. Recognized as an authority on constitutional law, he made some of the most important legal arguments of 19th-century America. Carpenter presented cases before the U. S. Supreme Court involving such matters as states' rights and regulation of corporations.\n", "Originally a Democrat, he evolved into a Republican during the Civil War, and helped perpetuate the party's political machinery in Wisconsin. His sustained support for President Ulysses S. Grant's administration despite allegations of corruption lost him the backing of reformers, and his legal arguments in favor of Democratic candidate Samuel J. Tilden in the disputed presidential election of 1876 outraged many Republicans. A gifted orator, he was dubbed \"the Webster of the West.\"\n", "Section::::Background and education.\n", "Carpenter was born in Moretown, Vermont in the Mad River Valley of the Green Mountain range. His pioneering forebears were English, and came to America soon after the Pilgrims. His grandfather Cephas Carpenter (1770–1860) helped establish Moretown, owned a store, served as a colonel in the militia and took part in the War of 1812. Cephas Carpenter served in local office including justice of the peace, and though not a member of the bar, possessed wisdom and eloquence that led to a career as an advocate in the local courts.\n", "His son Ira Carpenter (1798–1862) was chiefly a farmer, but he also gained prominence through positions such as justice of the peace, postmaster and state legislator.\n", "Grandson Merritt displayed intelligence and oratorical talents at an early age, impressing people with his abilities to recite Cicero and \"exhort\" at religious revivals. He also displayed an aversion to physical work. \n", "After an explosive argument with a schoolmaster, the 13-year-old Carpenter was expelled from school. He was dissatisfied with the limits of Moretown, and left home to live and study law under the tutelage of family friend (and future Vermont governor) Paul Dillingham in nearby Waterbury. For four years Carpenter attended the local grade school while absorbing Dillingham's law library. Having received an appointment to the United States Military Academy through Vermont Congressman John Mattocks, Carpenter continued his studies, but he disliked military life and resigned in August 1845, citing poor health.\n", "He returned to live in Dillingham's home and managed his law office while Dillingham was then a congressman in Washington, D.C. Upon Carpenter's admission to the Vermont bar in November 1847 Dillingham offered to make him his law partner, but Carpenter declined so he could further his law studies under Rufus Choate of Boston. Choate was also impressed with Carpenter, and after a few months he too offered him a partnership, but Carpenter sought to make a name and career for himself in the West.\n", "Section::::Wisconsin attorney.\n", "After reading that the territory of Wisconsin had passed its constitution and was soon to become a state, Carpenter chose to migrate west and begin his career as a lawyer in Beloit on the endorsement of that spot by the New England Emigrating Society's Dr. Horace C. White. Arriving in June 1848, Carpenter quickly established a reputation as a successful and affordable attorney, attracting much acclaim from the local community.\n", "His practice was interrupted by a painful inflammation of his eyes which rendered him blind. After traveling to New York to seek treatment, his sight gradually recovered after a year as he convalesced in the Waterbury home of his mentor Dillingham. Before returning to Wisconsin he became engaged to Dillingham's daughter Catherine, and they married five years later.\n", "In 1850 Carpenter returned to resume his law practice in Beloit using a new name, Matthew (Matt) Hale Carpenter, after Sir Matthew Hale, the noted English jurist of the 17th century. Despite an earlier warning from Choate to steer clear of politics, Carpenter successfully ran for Rock County district attorney, serving from 1850 to 1852 and 1854 to 1856. He was a Democrat in the tradition of Thomas Jefferson and Andrew Jackson, but he disdained the party's pro-slavery platform while also rejecting Whig Party notions of opposing slavery based on \"higher law\"—the idea that individual belief of right and wrong permitted an individual to violate objectionable statutes and ordinances. After appearing to lose a close election for another term as Rock County district attorney in 1854, Carpenter successfully argued that courts could look beyond election board certifications and re-examine voter returns, resulting in the election being overturned.\n", "Section::::\"Gardner v. Tisdale\".\n", "In 1855 Carpenter discovered that many Beloit residents did not hold legal title to their land because it was sold to them by someone who had pre-empted the land but had not received official title from the government (Congress had previously outlawed the pre-emption of non-agricultural land). Carpenter put forth the theory that the original pre-emptor was still technically the owner of the property. After several complicated transactions, some of which included Paul Dillingham selling new titles to the landowners, and appeals as far as the United States Supreme Court, which included participation by Dillingham, Rufus Choate, Abraham Lincoln and other prominent attorneys, Carpenter's legal theory was rejected in a similar case, so the Wisconsin case was withdrawn.\n", "Section::::Barstow-Bashford election dispute.\n", "Wisconsin's gubernatorial election of 1855 was thrown into doubt when incumbent Democratic governor William A. Barstow was ruled the 157-vote victor over Republican Coles Bashford by a board of canvassers friendly to Barstow. Discrepancies were discovered in the election returns and political tensions rose as both parties claimed the office and swore in their candidates. Hired by Barstow, Carpenter stalled by repeatedly postponing the case before the state supreme court. He claimed that they held no jurisdiction because elections were matters of the executive branch, which had ruled Barstow the winner. Nevertheless, the court did claim jurisdiction and the ability to examine election tallies (as Carpenter had previously argued for his own election for district attorney). Barstow then resigned, elevating Lieutenant Governor Arthur MacArthur to the governorship. After the court ruled that Bashford was the rightful governor, MacArthur gave up the office. Barstow subsequently refused to pay Carpenter his fee.\n", "Despite his defeat Carpenter had demonstrated his legal prowess to the state. With his list of clients growing and his popularity waning in Beloit in the wake of the \"Gardner v. Tisdale\" case, he moved his practice to Milwaukee in 1858. He was also coaxed there by Democratic party boss Josiah Noonan, who arranged a law partnership between Carpenter and Edward G. Ryan, another highly regarded attorney and a force in the state Democratic Party. Despite their excellent credentials, they proved to be temperamentally incompatible, and ended their partnership the next year.\n", "By the time Carpenter moved to Milwaukee he had become adept in the area of railroad litigation and sued many railroads on behalf of investors left holding bonds made worthless by fraudulent manipulation. His debut before the U.S. Supreme Court resulted in his winning a judgment against the La Crosse and Milwaukee Railroad Company. He was also successful as part of a team of lawyers defending abolitionist Sherman Booth from a charge of rape.\n", "Section::::Loyal Democrat during the Civil War.\n", "Carpenter supported Democrat Stephen Douglas in the 1860 presidential election, viewing Republican Abraham Lincoln as an honest but incompetent sectional candidate. Yet, he warned those in his party that he saw secession as treason, and he would be \"the first man to raise a musket\" in defense of the Constitution. Following the Confederates' attack on Fort Sumter in 1861, Carpenter did not enlist but became a rousing speaker in support of the Union cause.\n", "While he saw that many federal actions would be unconstitutional in peacetime, he reasoned that arbitrary arrests and suspensions of \"habeas corpus\" were acts of self-preservation during wartime and thereby permitted. He also became an early advocate for emancipation, but only as a war measure rather than an act of humanity. Excluded from meetings of the Democratic leadership, Carpenter joined other like-minded party members of the \"Loyal Democracy\" in considering a third party in Wisconsin, but nothing came of it.\n", "Personal letters he had written saying Lincoln was \"idiotic\" found their way into newspapers, but Carpenter supported him for re-election in 1864 by making numerous pro-Union and pro-Lincoln speeches.\n", "Section::::Defining the Reconstruction Acts.\n", "Carpenter was the key attorney in a series of landmark cases before the U.S. Supreme Court which helped define states' rights by determining the legality of the Reconstruction acts passed by Congress.\n", "\"Ex parte Garland\" dealt with the disbarment from federal courts of Southern lawyers who refused to take an oath swearing they had not taken up arms or assisted the Confederacy. Carpenter argued that the act passed on January 24, 1865 was ex post facto (the war had since ended) and a bill of attainder (it punished without a trial). In December 1865 the court upheld his argument with the majority opinion employing phrases from Carpenter's brief.\n", "\"Ex parte McCardle\" concerned the legal authority of the occupying Union Army. Confederate Colonel William L. McCardle, the editor of the \"Vicksburg Times\", was charged with defying military authority by inciting rebellion, libeling federal officials, and intimidating voters. After the circuit court denied him a writ of habeas corpus, McCardle appealed to the Supreme Court. Carpenter argued that the court lacked jurisdiction over a president's official acts, as in a similar case of his, \"Georgia vs. Grant\". Rather than claiming the Union's \"right of conquest,\" Carpenter said the Southern states had surrendered their constitutional protections when they had seceded, essentially reverting to territories.\n", "After he concluded his eloquent arguments, Secretary of War Edwin Stanton hugged him, declaring \"Carpenter, you have saved us!\" Even McCardle's attorney Jeremiah S. Black lauded him as \"the first Constitutional lawyer in the country.\" However, Radical Republicans in Congress feared that the reconstruction acts would be ruled unconstitutional, so they quickly pushed through a law repealing the Habeas Corpus Act of 1867, barring jurisdiction in pending cases and preventing a clear decision from being rendered by the court.\n", "In the Slaughterhouse cases Carpenter represented the Crescent City Livestock Landing and Slaughterhouse Company, which had been granted a monopoly on all slaughterhouse business in New Orleans by the carpetbag state legislature of Louisiana in 1869. Butchers and cattle dealers thrown out of work by the law obtained an injunction from a district court, claiming they had been denied equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment and deprived of property under the due process clause. Making a plea for states' rights, Carpenter contended that the amendment had been intended solely to elevate African Americans and had no bearing on economic statutes passed by a state. He also warned of too many powers being centralized in the federal government. The court concurred in Carpenter's narrowing of the scope of the Fourteenth Amendment.\n", "In \"Bradwell vs. Illinois\", Carpenter sought to broaden the amendment's protections in the case of the editor of the Chicago \"Legal News\", Myra Bradwell, who had been denied admission to the bar of the Illinois Supreme Court because she was a woman. Representing Bradwell, Carpenter argued that no class of people could be excluded from practicing the legal profession. The federal court disagreed, questioning the propriety of ruling on a state's qualifications for admission to the bar.\n", "These cases brought Carpenter handsome fees, national acclaim, and much derision from the losing factions. He'd also won the support of Stanton and President Ulysses S. Grant, who both urged him to run as a Republican for the U.S. Senate.\n", "Section::::Republican senator.\n", "Following the Civil War Carpenter's transformation from a Jeffersonian Democrat into a Republican was complete. Despite reports that he backed President Andrew Johnson's policies, he made speeches supporting the Radical congress. He called for the enfranchisement of African-American men and invited members of the Loyal Democracy to join the Republicans, as he himself did in the summer of 1867 with his support for Governor Lucius Fairchild's re-election.\n", "With high-profile backing Carpenter ran successfully for the senate seat occupied by James R. Doolittle, a \"Johnsonized\" Republican who had fallen out of favor with his party. With his victory he solidified his status with the \"Madison Regency,\" a Republican group that included former governor and Johnson's Postmaster General Alexander Randall, Madison postmaster Elisha W. Keyes and \"Wisconsin State Journal\" editor and Republican state central committee chairman Horace Rublee. After Rublee was appointed minister to Switzerland by President Grant, Keyes became party chairman and closely coordinated with Carpenter to distribute federal patronage jobs to political allies.\n", "Once in the Senate, Carpenter moderated his views to the degree that he became one of the spokesmen of the emerging Stalwart Republicans. He opposed any \"fundamental conditions\" placed on states wishing to be readmitted to the Union, and favored blanket amnesty for former Confederates. Carpenter was known as one of the staunchest supporters of the corrupt Grant administration. In the Senate he presented an unabashed defense of political patronage, mocking the idea of civil service reform. He also feuded with Liberal Republican senators Charles Sumner and Carl Schurz over many issues. He delivered a sarcastic denunciation of Sumner's wide-reaching civil rights amendment to the Confederate amnesty bill. As the chair of an investigating committee he also debunked Sumner and Schurz's claim that the War Department had broken its neutrality when it sold outmoded rifles to France during the Franco-Prussian War. Despite such skirmishes Carpenter was a respected figure in the senate, being elected president pro tempore by his colleagues in 1871. He also served as chairman of the Committee on Enrolled Bills (42nd Congress) and the Committee to Audit and Control the Contingent Expense (42nd and 43rd Congresses).\n", "As part of another committee inquiry, Carpenter went to Louisiana to investigate election claims in order to determine the rightful governor of the contested state. His report was highly critical of both factions, but he urged the recognition of Republican governor William P. Kellogg. Years later Carpenter's impartiality was called into question when personal letters revealed a close relationship between the two, including a \"desperately short\" Carpenter asking Kellogg for a $1,000 loan.\n", "Section::::Drawing fire from press and party.\n", "As Carpenter's influence grew within the Grant administration, so did the condemnations from the press. One of his Senate investigations resulted in two journalists being jailed for not divulging the source of a leaked treaty. Opposition newspapers like the \"New York Tribune\" responded by not only criticizing Carpenter's methods, but by also condemning his moral character by bringing his private life into question. Later in his term editors accused Carpenter of trying to effectively \"gag\" newspapers by advancing a bill that would allow judicial process to be served upon the agents (i.e. interviewers) of persons involved in civil suits.\n", "In 1873 Carpenter angered many in his own party by taking positions that ran counter to the stalwart doctrine. In a spirit of reform he boldly owned up to administration excesses such as the Credit Mobilier and the \"Salary Grab,\" defending them in a speech in Janesville. In a speech at Ripon he denounced the railroads, insisting they were public highways paid for with government land grants. He also stated his belief that the government has a right as well as a duty to regulate corporations.\n", "Wishing to make the \"Milwaukee Sentinel\" into a more reliable organ for the state Republican party, Carpenter and other backers bought the paper and forced out editor Alexander M. Thomson, who had been instrumental in getting Carpenter elected senator. Thomson was now deemed too critical of the party machine. His ousting made him a lifelong enemy of Carpenter. The \"Sentinel\" soon was seen as Carpenter's personal mouthpiece.\n", "Despite the incessant criticism, Carpenter was seen as being easily re-elected in 1875. Nevertheless, a surprise bolt by disgruntled Republicans combined with votes by calculating Democrats resulted in the election of Angus Cameron, a La Crosse Republican.\n", "Section::::Out of office and under scrutiny.\n", "In 1875 Carpenter was implicated in the Whiskey Ring scandal that funneled federal liquor tax revenues to some states' Republican parties. Although he was close to key participants in the Milwaukee ring, no evidence emerged to prove his involvement.\n", "During this time he was also defending Grant's Secretary of War William W. Belknap against charges that he had accepted money in exchange for the appointment of a post trader. Despite Belknap's immediate resignation outraged House Democrats proceeded with his impeachment. Carpenter portrayed Belknap as the hapless victim of a social-climbing wife, but his legal victory relied on his assertion that jurisdiction over Belknap ended with his resignation.\n", "Following the disputed presidential election of 1876, Carpenter was hired by supporters of the Democratic candidate Samuel J. Tilden to examine Louisiana's vote counts and argue for victory over Republican Rutherford B. Hayes. Carpenter's first-hand accounts of the corrupt Republican state administration gave the Democrats some reason for hope, but ultimately the partisan make-up of the special electoral commission (7 Republicans, 6 Democrats) and its refusal to look behind the certified counts made many of their rulings a forgone conclusive win for Hayes.\n", "Section::::Return to the senate.\n", "Despite ongoing press criticism and declining health, in 1878 Carpenter launched a bid for the senate seat occupied by Republican Timothy Howe. With the help of a strong lobby, he won over enough votes in the legislature to prevail over state party boss (and former friend) Elisha W. Keyes.\n", "Carpenter's second term as senator lacked the political drama of his Reconstruction years. He spoke in favor of President Rutherford B. Hayes's maintenance of federal troops at southern polling places. He also vigorously opposed the Democrats' proposed pardoning of General Fitz-John Porter for ignoring General John Pope's orders at Manassas in 1863, arguing that the power of pardon resides solely with the president. Carpenter remained a loyal supporter of President Grant in his quest for a third term, igniting bitter debates between Carpenter and White House aspirant Senator James G. Blaine of Maine.\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "While Carpenter's evident declining health was attributed to his indulgent lifestyle, he also suffered from the lung congestion of Bright's disease. After a cycle of relapses and recoveries he died on February 24, 1881 at his Washington, D.C. home surrounded by friends and family. He was buried at Forest Home Cemetery in Milwaukee.\n", "Section::::Family.\n", "In 1855 Carpenter married Caroline Dillingham, the daughter of Paul Dillingham. They were the parents of four children. Daughters Ada and Annie were born and died in 1860. The other two lived to adulthood—a daughter named Lilian (1857–1942) and a son named Paul Dillingham Carpenter (1867–1932). Paul D. Carpenter was an attorney in Milwaukee and also served as judge of the county court.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Flower, Frank A. \"Life of Matthew Hale Carpenter\". Madison, Wis.: David Atwood & Co., 1883.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Memorial Addresses on the Life and Character of Matthew H. Carpenter, A Senator from Wisconsin\". Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1882.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q961204", "wikidata_label": "Matthew H. Carpenter", "wikipedia_title": "Matthew H. Carpenter" }

{ "end": [ 124, 162, 177, 213, 349, 371, 154, 266, 302, 330, 356, 370, 396, 412, 467, 483, 528, 612, 664, 19, 52, 159, 216, 236, 326, 397, 493, 115, 155, 167, 59, 137, 198, 135, 432, 229, 271, 83, 254, 270, 350, 377, 424, 145, 205, 236, 292, 115, 640, 666, 157, 52, 104, 122, 340, 493, 77, 123, 183, 254, 274, 600, 712, 739, 757, 817, 881, 904, 933, 976, 998, 58, 83, 83, 146, 203, 220, 1340, 1370, 68, 101, 847, 54, 82, 83, 105, 217, 225, 54, 334, 361, 388, 84, 330, 346, 510, 308, 652, 144, 547, 86, 206, 231, 255, 98, 154, 66, 78, 327, 39, 117, 226, 56, 117, 101, 101, 63, 26, 52, 79, 61, 80 ], "href": [ "Democratic%20Party%20%28United%20States%29", "United%20States%20Senate", "Wisconsin", "Government%20waste", "Lockheed%20C-5%20Galaxy", "General%20Dynamics%20F-16%20Fighting%20Falcon", "Lake%20Forest%2C%20Illinois", "William%20S.%20Hart", "The%20Hill%20School", "Pottstown%2C%20Pennsylvania", "Yale%20University", "bachelor%20of%20arts", "Harvard%20Business%20School", "master%20of%20business%20administration", "Harvard%20Kennedy%20School", "master%20of%20public%20administration", "Chi%20Psi", "J.P.%20Morgan%20%26amp%3B%20Co.", "Columbia%20University", "World%20War%20II", "United%20States%20Army", "Military%20Intelligence%20Corps%20%28United%20States%20Army%29", "Counterintelligence%20Corps", "Chicago", "Subversion%23United%20States", "First%20lieutenant%23U.S.%20Army%2C%20U.S.%20Marine%20Corps%20and%20U.S.%20Air%20Force", "Northwestern%20University", "Wisconsin", "The%20Capital%20Times", "Madison%2C%20Wisconsin", "Wisconsin%20State%20Assembly", "Waterloo%2C%20Wisconsin", "Governor%20of%20Wisconsin", "Joseph%20McCarthy", "Campaign%20finance%20reform%20in%20the%20United%20States", "Margaret%20Chase%20Smith", "Chuck%20Grassley", "United%20States%20Senate%20Committee%20on%20Banking%2C%20Housing%2C%20and%20Urban%20Affairs", "New%20York%20City", "bankruptcy", "United%20States%20Senate%20Banking%20Subcommittee%20on%20Financial%20Institutions%20and%20Consumer%20Protection", "United%20States%20Senate%20Banking%20Subcommittee%20on%20Housing%2C%20Transportation%2C%20and%20Community%20Development", "United%20States%20Senate%20Banking%20Subcommittee%20on%20National%20Security%20and%20International%20Trade%20and%20Finance", "United%20States%20Senate%20Committee%20on%20Appropriations", "United%20States%20Senate%20Appropriations%20Subcommittee%20on%20Defense", "United%20States%20Senate%20Appropriations%20Subcommittee%20on%20Transportation%2C%20Housing%20and%20Urban%20Development%2C%20and%20Related%20Agencies", "United%20States%20Senate%20Appropriations%20Subcommittee%20on%20Labor%2C%20Health%20and%20Human%20Services%2C%20Education%2C%20and%20Related%20Agencies", "United%20States%20Capitol", "Robert%20McNamara", "United%20States%20Secretary%20of%20Defense", "Convention%20on%20the%20Prevention%20and%20Punishment%20of%20the%20Crime%20of%20Genocide", "Vietnam%20War", "Lyndon%20Johnson", "Richard%20Nixon", "pork%20barrel", "price%20supports", "supersonic%20transport", "space%20exploration", "NASA", "CBS", "60%20Minutes", "Richard%20Bryan", "Space%20advocacy", "science%20fiction%20fandom", "Arthur%20C.%20Clarke", "Death%20and%20the%20Senator", "The%20Return%20of%20William%20Proxmire", "Larry%20Niven", "Fallen%20Angels%20%28science%20fiction%20novel%29", "Jerry%20Pournelle", "Michael%20F.%20Flynn", "Elliot%20Richardson", "Robert%20Bork", "Griffin%20B.%20Bell", "United%20States%20Attorney%20General", "Daniel%20Patrick%20Moynihan", "Jacob%20Javits", "John%20Tower", "Jake%20Garn", "G.%20William%20Miller", "Chair%20of%20the%20Federal%20Reserve", "Edward%20W.%20Brooke", "United%20States%20Navy", "United%20States%20Air%20Force", "United%20States%20Secretary%20of%20the%20Treasury", "W.%20Michael%20Blumenthal", "Mayor%20of%20New%20York", "Ed%20Koch", "Golden%20Fleece%20Award", "United%20States%20Department%20of%20Defense", "Bureau%20of%20Land%20Management", "National%20Park%20Service", "National%20Science%20Foundation", "National%20Institute%20of%20Mental%20Health", "Peru", "Federal%20Aviation%20Administration", "Stewart%20Brand", "SETI", "Cochliomyia", "United%20States%20Department%20of%20Agriculture", "defamation", "Speech%20or%20Debate%20Clause", "U.S.%20Constitution", "U.S.%20Supreme%20Court", "William%20Rockefeller", "John%20D.%20Rockefeller", "jogging", "push-up", "Library%20of%20Congress", "Alzheimer%27s%20disease", "Sykesville%2C%20Maryland", "Lake%20Forest%2C%20Illinois", "Regnery%20Publishing", "Praeger%20Publishing", "Simon%20%26amp%3B%20Schuster", "American%20Enterprise%20Institute%20for%20Public%20Policy%20Research", "Houghton%20Mifflin%20Company", "Advocacy%20group", "Agricultural%20policy%20of%20the%20United%20States", "http%3A//www.wisconsinhistory.org/Content.aspx%3FdsNav%3DN%3A1168", "http%3A//www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2005/12/17/as_senator_a_tenacious_proxmire_had_a_good_run/", "The%20Boston%20Globe" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 8, 8, 8, 10, 11, 13, 13, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 16, 16, 16, 16, 18, 19, 19, 20, 22, 22, 22, 22, 22, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 26, 26, 27, 27, 28, 28, 29, 29, 30, 30, 30, 31, 31, 32, 32, 32, 32, 37, 37, 37, 37, 38, 38, 38, 38, 39, 39, 40, 40, 41, 41, 41, 41, 43, 43, 45, 45, 45, 46, 46, 46, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 56, 57, 59, 60, 60 ], "start": [ 108, 141, 168, 185, 346, 367, 133, 251, 287, 307, 341, 366, 373, 406, 419, 477, 521, 595, 645, 7, 34, 138, 197, 229, 307, 381, 470, 106, 138, 160, 35, 129, 177, 120, 409, 209, 257, 36, 241, 260, 328, 352, 383, 121, 198, 207, 238, 94, 625, 646, 89, 41, 90, 109, 329, 479, 57, 106, 179, 251, 264, 587, 697, 717, 741, 796, 851, 893, 920, 961, 982, 41, 72, 68, 116, 180, 208, 1330, 1361, 51, 73, 831, 36, 59, 44, 84, 212, 218, 35, 299, 336, 367, 57, 295, 342, 479, 295, 648, 131, 508, 76, 183, 214, 237, 79, 135, 59, 71, 308, 20, 97, 205, 42, 99, 85, 45, 39, 12, 12, 12, 12, 64 ], "text": [ "Democratic Party", "United States Senator", "Wisconsin", "wasteful government spending", "C-5", "F-16", "Lake Forest, Illinois", "William S. Hart", "The Hill School", "Pottstown, Pennsylvania", "Yale University", "B.A.", "Harvard Business School", "M.B.A.", "Harvard Graduate School of Public Administration", "M.P.A.", "Chi Psi", "J.P. Morgan & Co.", "Columbia University", "World War II", "United States Army", "Military Intelligence", "counterintelligence", "Chicago", "subversive activity", "first lieutenant", "Northwestern University", "Wisconsin", "The Capital Times", "Madison", "Wisconsin State Assembly", "Waterloo", "Governor of Wisconsin", "Joseph McCarthy", "campaign finance reform", "Margaret Chase Smith", "Chuck Grassley", "Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs", "New York City", "bankruptcy", "Financial Institutions", "Housing and Urban Affairs", "International Finance and Monetary Policy", "Appropriations Committee", "Defense", "Housing and Urban Development", "Labor, Health and Human Services, and Related Agencies", "United States Capitol", "Robert McNamara", "Secretary of Defense", "Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide", "Vietnam War", "Lyndon Johnson", "Richard Nixon", "pork barrel", "price supports", "supersonic transport", "space exploration", "NASA", "CBS", "60 Minutes", "Richard Bryan", "space advocates", "science fiction fandom", "Arthur C. Clarke", "Death and the Senator", "The Return of William Proxmire", "Larry Niven", "Fallen Angels", "Jerry Pournelle", "Michael F. Flynn", "Elliot Richardson", "Robert Bork", "Griffin B. Bell", "United States Attorney General", "Daniel Patrick Moynihan", "Jacob Javits", "John Tower", "Jake Garn", "G. William Miller", "Chair of the Federal Reserve", "Edward W. Brooke", "United States Navy", "United States Air Force", "United States Secretary of the Treasury", "W. Michael Blumenthal", "Mayor", "Ed Koch", "Golden Fleece Award", "United States Department of Defense", "Bureau of Land Management", "National Park Service", "National Science Foundation", "National Institute of Mental Health", "Peru", "Federal Aviation Administration", "Stewart Brand", "SETI", "screwworm fly", "United States Department of Agriculture", "defamation", "Speech or Debate Clause", "U.S. Constitution", "U.S. Supreme Court", "William Rockefeller", "John D. Rockefeller", "jogging", "push-up", "Library of Congress", "Alzheimer's disease", "Sykesville, Maryland", "Lake Forest, Illinois", "H. Regnery Co.", "Praeger Publishing", "Simon & Schuster", "American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research", "Houghton Mifflin Company", "Advocacy group", "Agricultural policy of the United States", "Senator William Proxmire Collections | Wisconsin Historical Society", "\"As senator, a tenacious Proxmire had a good run\"", "The Boston Globe" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "William Proxmire\n", "Edward William Proxmire (November 11, 1915 – December 15, 2005) was an American politician. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as a United States Senator from Wisconsin from 1957 to 1989, the longest term served by a Wisconsin senator.\n", "Proxmire was a member of the Senate Banking Committee, The Senate Appropriations Committee, and the Joint Economic Committee. In each of those committees he was an aggressive critic of wasteful government spending. While serving on the Joint Economic Committee, he exposed numerous instances of wasteful spending on military programs such as the C-5 aircraft and the F-16 fighter, and other government programs such as the supersonic aircraft.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "The son of Dr. Theodore Stanley Proxmire, a Chicago-area surgeon, and Adele (Flanigan) Proxmire, Edward William Proxmire was born in Lake Forest, Illinois on November 11, 1915. (He later used \"William\" rather than \"Edward\" out of admiration for actor William S. Hart.) He graduated from The Hill School (in Pottstown, Pennsylvania) in 1933, Yale University in 1938 (B.A.), Harvard Business School in 1940 (M.B.A.), and Harvard Graduate School of Public Administration in 1948 (M.P.A.). While at Yale, Proxmire joined the Chi Psi fraternity. During 1940 and 1941, Proxmire was a student clerk at J.P. Morgan & Co., and studied public speaking at Columbia University.\n", "During World War II he joined the United States Army as a private, and advanced to master sergeant. He later received a commission in the Military Intelligence branch. Most of his service involved counterintelligence work in the Chicago area, where members of his unit investigated individuals suspected of subversive activity. He served from 1941 to 1946, and was discharged as a first lieutenant. While in the Army, Proxmire also continued to study public speaking at Northwestern University. After discharge, he was an executive trainee at J. P. Morgan before returning to Harvard.\n", "After getting his second master's degree while working as a teaching fellow at Harvard, Proxmire moved to Wisconsin to be a reporter for \"The Capital Times\" in Madison and to advance his political career in a favorable state. \"They fired me after I'd been there seven months, for labor activities and impertinence,\" he once said. When he ran successfully for the state legislature in 1950, Proxmire was working as the business manager of the \"Union Labor News\", a publication of the Madison Federation of Labor.\n", "Section::::Wisconsin State Assembly.\n", "Proxmire served as a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1951 to 1953. He was employed as president of Artcraft Press of Waterloo, and was an unsuccessful candidate for Governor of Wisconsin in 1952, 1954 and 1956.\n", "Section::::United States Senator.\n", "In August 1957, Proxmire won the special election to fill the remainder of the U.S. Senate term vacated by the death of Joseph McCarthy, on May 2, 1957. After assuming his seat, Proxmire did not pay the customary tribute to his predecessor, stating instead that McCarthy was a \"disgrace to Wisconsin, to the Senate, and to America\".\n", "Proxmire was reelected in 1958, 1964, 1970, 1976 and 1982 by wide margins, including 71 percent of the vote in 1970, 73 percent in 1976 and 65 percent in 1982. In each of his last two campaigns, Proxmire refused contributions and spent less than $200 out of his own pocket — to cover the expenses related to filing re-election paperwork and mailing back unsolicited contributions. He was an early advocate of campaign finance reform. Throughout his Senate career, Proxmire also refused to accept reimbursements for travel expenses related to his official duties.\n", "Section::::United States Senator.:Consecutive roll call votes.\n", "Proxmire holds the U.S. Senate record for consecutive roll call votes cast: 10,252 between April 20, 1966 and October 18, 1988. In doing so, he surpassed the previous record of 2,941 which was held by Senator Margaret Chase Smith of Maine. In January 2016, Chuck Grassley broke Proxmire's record for longest amount of time between missed votes, but during his time without missing a roll call, Grassley had cast about 3,000 fewer votes than Proxmire.\n", "Section::::United States Senator.:Committee memberships.\n", "Proxmire served as the Chair of the Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs from 1975 to 1981 and again from 1987 to 1989. During his first tenure in this position, Proxmire was instrumental in devising the financial plan that saved New York City from bankruptcy in 1976–77. Proxmire's subcommittee memberships included Financial Institutions, Housing and Urban Affairs, and International Finance and Monetary Policy.\n", "In addition to his work on the Banking committee, Proxmire rose through seniority to become a high-ranking member of the Appropriations Committee, and was active on several subcommittees, including Defense, Housing and Urban Development, Labor, Health and Human Services, and Related Agencies, and Postal Service and Related Agencies.\n", "Section::::United States Senator.:Issue positions and legislation.\n", "In October 1961, Proxmire issued a statement opposing a planned $22 million renovation of the United States Capitol, arguing that a \"large part of the space created by the extension\" would be used \"to house private hideaway offices\" for 23 senators. Proxmire continued to oppose the renovation, and the debate continued until the project was completed in the early 1970s.\n", "In March 1964, Proxmire charged that political concerns, not national defense needs were keeping too many naval shipyards open, resulting in a waste of federal funds: \"On the basis of every statistical study, both by the Navy and independent groups. private shipyards can build, repair or modernize five ships for the same number of dollars needed to turn out four ships in navy shipyards.\" Proxmire unsuccessfully favored proposals that awarded contracts to the lowest bidder in order to save money and close unneeded facilities, and pointed out that \"the advantages of this free enterprise approach\" had been recognized by Robert McNamara, the Secretary of Defense and a former corporate chief executive officer.\n", "From 1967 until 1986, Proxmire gave daily speeches noting the necessity of ratifying The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. After giving this speech every day that the Senate was in session for 20 years, a total of 3,211 times, on February 11, 1986 the U.S. Senate ratified the convention by a vote of 83–11.\n", "In March 1969, Proxmire introduced legislation that if enacted would have regulated both the credit life and disability insurance industries, stating that Americans were being overcharged 220 million a year by the agencies.\n", "He was an early, outspoken critic of the Vietnam War who frequently criticized Presidents Lyndon Johnson and Richard Nixon for their conduct of the war and foreign policy decisions. He used his seat on the Senate Armed Services Committee to spotlight wasteful military spending and was instrumental in stopping frequent military pork barrel projects. Despite his support of budgetary restraint in other areas, he regularly sided with dairy interests and was a proponent of dairy price supports.\n", "Proxmire was head of the campaign to cancel the American supersonic transport and particularly opposed to space exploration, ultimately eliminating spending on said research from NASA's budget. In response to a segment about space colonies run by the CBS program \"60 Minutes\", Proxmire stated that; \"it's the best argument yet for chopping NASA's funding to the bone ... I say not a penny for this nutty fantasy\". Proxmire introduced an amendment into the 1982 NASA budget that effectively terminated NASA's nascent SETI efforts before a similar amendment to the 1994 budget, by Senator Richard Bryan, terminated NASA's SETI efforts for good. With these positions Proxmire drew the enmity of many space advocates and science fiction fandom. Arthur C. Clarke attacked Proxmire in his short story \"Death and the Senator\" (1960). Later, the short story \"The Return of William Proxmire\" (1989) by Larry Niven and the novel \"Fallen Angels\" (1991), written by Niven, Jerry Pournelle, and Michael F. Flynn, were directed against the senator.\n", "In May 1971, Proxmire charged the Food and Drug Administration with violating federal law through authorizing residues of a cancer‐inducing hormone to come into contact with consumers, asserting the move was in violation of the Delaney amendment and called for an immediate ban on DES.\n", "In September 1971, Proxmire asserted the safety margin of the C‐5A cargo plane was threatened in spite of doubling costs and charged the US Air Force with not disclosing information on the costs to Congress.\n", "In November 1973, after Attorney General Elliot Richardson resigned and Robert Bork took over as Acting Attorney General, Proxmire wrote in a letter that Bork was serving illegally as Acting Attorney General since thirty days had passed with him being in office and not having a confirmation by the Senate, saying that any actions taken by Bork in the period following the thirty days passing could be met by challenge and called on President Nixon to rectify the situation. Assistant Attorney General Robert G. Dixon Jr. disputed Proxmire's claim, saying that similar occurrences of Acting Attorneys General that went over 30 days without Senate confirmations had happened six times prior.\n", "In January 1977, Proxmire was one of five Democrats to vote against Griffin B. Bell, President Carter's nominee for United States Attorney General.\n", "In January 1978, President Carter wrote Proxmire on the responsibilities of New York City denizens in his plan to have the city avoid bankruptcy. In April, after New York Senators Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Jacob Javits introduced a Carter administration bill that would provide New York City with 2 billion in loan guarantees, Javits stated he did not believe Proxmire would try killing the measure by bottling it up in committee.\n", "In May, Proxmire announced his willingness to hold hearings on continued federal aid to New York City prior to municipal labor unions having their contracts negotiated and the Senate Banking Committee would wait as long as possible to secure information on the labor settlement's impact. Proxmire stated that they were not aware of when the labor contracts would reach a settlement and the potentially years long process could prevent the Senate Banking Committee from being able to take any action. June 1978 had four days of scheduled hearings by the Senate Banking Committee on continued federal aid to New York City. After the June 6 hearing, Proxmire stated he had maintained an open mind in spite of leaning toward opposition, a shift from his prior position of unwavering disagreement with continued aid and that he was not against favorable vote on the legislation by the Banking Committee that would authorize the remainder of the Senate to consider the subject, admitting that the committee was split in the opinions of its members. In days following, Proxmire told reporters that the labor bill's continued filibuster made the chances of the Senate acting on the legislation by the end of the month unlikely given that unanimous consent was required to end the filibuster. Later that month, along with Texas Republican John Tower and Utah Republican Jake Garn, Proxmire was one of three senators who voted against reporting out the bill authorizing 1.5 billion of long‐term loan guarantees for New York City, Proxmire adding that he believed the measure would pass through the Senate in a similar manner to the panel vote.\n", "In February 1978, after President Carter nominated G. William Miller for Chair of the Federal Reserve, Proxmire was noted to be a reliable source of contention, though the latter predicted from the start of his confirmation process that Miller would meet little opposition. At the end of the month, eleven members of the Senate Banking Committee pressed for a confirmation of Miller as Federal Reserve Chair, a motion Proxmire rejected while scheduling the vote for another day and admitting the nomination would be easily confirmed by the panel and full chamber. On March 2, Proxmire cast the sole dissenting vote against the Miller nomination, calling him unqualified for the office as he was without experience in economic or monetary affairs while admitting Miller's business success. Proxmire was joined by ranking Republican Edward W. Brooke in indicating the Carter administration had influenced members of the panel to hasten the confirmation process.\n", "In February 1978, Proxmire said the United States Navy and United States Air Force had spent \"at least $42,000 in the last year transporting 3,500 local community leaders to 31 military bases to lobby for military programs\" and labeled these trips an example of local citizens being lobbied for military programs. Proxmire added that these trips had included the Air Force favoring production of the B‐1 bomber and gave an estimate cost of 42,000 as the Air Force had turned down specifying the price.\n", "In February 1979, Proxmire sent a letter to United States Secretary of the Treasury W. Michael Blumenthal calling on the Treasury Department to withhold federal loan guarantees from New York City until incumbent Mayor Ed Koch agreed to larger cuts in the budget for the following year, charging the budgetary assumptions of the city as being too reliant on federal aid increases.\n", "In March, Proxmire sent a letter to Federal Reserve Chair Miller regarding his reservations on the establishment of a free trade zone to allow international banking activity in New York City and advocated for the proposal first being submitted to Congress as opposed to unilateral regulatory action.\n", "Proxmire was the only senator to vote against the August 1979 nomination of G. William Miller as United States Treasury Secretary, saying his vote against Miller was based on the latter's \"unwillingness to open a full‐scale investigation of allegations that Textron, the company he once headed, paid bribes to numerous foreign officials while Mr. Miller was in charge\". Proxmire acknowledged a lack of evidence to show that Miller was personally involved in bribes.\n", "In October 1979, Proxmire wrote head of the General Accounting Office Elmer B. Staats to request the GAO investigate claims that the Department of Housing and Urban Development authorized the P.I. Properties to steal funds from the federal government and low income tenants. The same day, Proxmire delivered a speech on the Senate floor condemning the failure of the Housing and Urban Development Department to act on recommendation from staff members to terminate funding for the P.I. Properties' 285-unit project at 14th and Clifton Streets in Washington, DC.\n", "Section::::United States Senator.:Golden Fleece Award.\n", "Proxmire was noted for issuing his Golden Fleece Award, which was presented monthly between 1975 and 1988, in order to focus media attention on projects Proxmire viewed as self-serving and wasteful of taxpayer dollars. Winners of the Golden Fleece Award included governmental organizations like the United States Department of Defense, Bureau of Land Management, and National Park Service.\n", "The first Golden Fleece Award was awarded in 1975 to the National Science Foundation, for funding an $84,000 study on why people fall in love. Other Golden Fleece awards over the years were awarded to the Justice Department for conducting a study on why prisoners wanted to get out of jail, the National Institute of Mental Health to study a Peruvian brothel (\"The researchers said they made repeated visits in the interests of accuracy,\" reported \"The New York Times\"), and the Federal Aviation Administration, for studying \"the physical measurements of 432 airline stewardesses, paying special attention to the 'length of the buttocks.'\"\n", "Proxmire's critics claimed that some of his Golden Fleece awards went to basic science projects that led to important breakthroughs. In some circles his name has become a verb, meaning to unfairly obstruct scientific research for political gain, as in \"the project has been proxmired\". In 1987, Stewart Brand accused Proxmire of recklessly attacking legitimate research for the crass purpose of furthering his own political career, with gross indifference as to whether his assertions were true or false as well as the long-term effects on American science and technology policy. Proxmire later apologized for several cancelled projects, including SETI.\n", "It is widely, though incorrectly, believed that Proxmire gave the award to Edward F. Knipling for his study of the sex life of the screwworm fly, the results of which were used to create sterile screwworms that were released into the wild and eliminated this major cattle parasite from North and Central America, which reduced the cost of beef and dairy products across the globe. In fact, there is no evidence for this claim in the Proxmire papers held by the Wisconsin Historical Society. In addition, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)-funded research on the sex life of the screwworm fly took place in the 1930s through 1950s, long before the Golden Fleece era of the 1970s and 80s, when Proxmire largely targeted contemporary research.\n", "One winner of the Golden Fleece Award, Ronald Hutchinson, sued Proxmire for defamation in 1976. Proxmire claimed that his statements about Hutchinson's research were protected by the Speech or Debate Clause of the U.S. Constitution. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that that clause does not immunize members of Congress from liability for defamatory statements made outside of formal congressional proceedings (\"Hutchinson v. Proxmire\", ). The case was eventually settled out of court.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "In 1946, Proxmire married Elsie Stillman Rockefeller, a great-granddaughter of William Rockefeller, brother and partner of oil magnate John D. Rockefeller. They had two children, a son, Theodore, and a daughter, Elsie Stillman (Proxmire) Zwerner. Elsie Proxmire received an uncontested divorce in 1955.\n", "In 1956, Proxmire married Ellen Imogene Hodges Sawall, who brought two children of her own to the marriage. Together, the couple had two sons, one of whom died in infancy.\n", "Known for his devotion to personal fitness, which included jogging and push-ups, Proxmire earned the moniker \"Push Up\". In 1973, he published a book about staying in shape, entitled \"You Can Do It: Senator Proxmire's Exercise, Diet and Relaxation Plan\". After leaving Congress, Proxmire had an office in the Library of Congress.\n", "After a battle with Alzheimer's disease, Proxmire died on December 15, 2005 in a nursing home in Sykesville, Maryland, where he had lived for more than four years. He was buried at Lake Forest Cemetery in Lake Forest, Illinois.\n", "Section::::Bibliography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Can Small Business Survive?\" H. Regnery Co., 1964;\n", "BULLET::::- (with Paul H. Douglas) \"Report from Wasteland; America's Military-Industrial Complex\". Praeger Publishing, 1970\n", "BULLET::::- \"Uncle Sam – The Last of the Bigtime Spenders\". Simon & Schuster, 1972;\n", "BULLET::::- \"You Can Do It!: Senator Proxmire's Exercise, Diet and Relaxation Plan\". Simon & Schuster, 1973;\n", "BULLET::::- \"Can Congress Control Spending?\" American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, Washington DC, 1973;\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Fleecing of America\". Houghton Mifflin Company, 1980;\n", "BULLET::::- \"Your Joy Ride to Health\". Proxmire Publishing Co. 1994;\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Advocacy group\n", "BULLET::::- Agricultural policy of the United States\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Senator William Proxmire Collections | Wisconsin Historical Society\n", "BULLET::::- \"As senator, a tenacious Proxmire had a good run\", \"The Boston Globe\"\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1894476", "wikidata_label": "William Proxmire", "wikipedia_title": "William Proxmire" }

{ "end": [ 87, 209, 266, 305, 407, 481, 551, 585, 616, 675, 708, 737, 803, 841, 904, 48, 39, 104, 494, 510, 540, 66, 127, 246, 310, 333, 355, 420, 449, 489, 503, 532, 598, 669, 724, 736, 768, 29, 58, 77, 90, 111, 148, 218, 246, 278, 306, 328, 359, 379, 408, 428, 489, 532, 566, 589, 602, 630, 653, 681, 33, 49, 70, 100, 197, 326, 80, 89, 98, 119, 126, 153, 189, 202, 44, 81, 102, 27, 29 ], "href": [ "All%20My%20Children", "Child%20actor", "Claudia%20Salinger", "Party%20of%20Five", "The%20Wild%20Thornberrys", "Meg%20Griffin", "Family%20Guy", "Zatanna", "DC%20Comics", "Lost%20in%20Space%20%28film%29", "Not%20Another%20Teen%20Movie", "Daddy%20Day%20Care", "Mean%20Girls", "Dirty%20Deeds%20%282005%20film%29", "Black%20Christmas%20%282006%20film%29", "Hallmark%20Channel", "Purvis%2C%20Mississippi", "Cajun", "Cosette", "Broadway%20theatre", "Les%20Mis%C3%A9rables%20%28musical%29", "Broadway%20theatre", "Party%20of%20Five", "Lost%20in%20Space%20%28film%29", "Eliza%20Thornberry", "animated%20series", "The%20Wild%20Thornberrys", "The%20Wild%20Thornberrys%20Movie", "Rugrats%20Go%20Wild", "supporting%20role", "parody", "Not%20Another%20Teen%20Movie", "title%20character", "Meg%20Griffin", "animated%20sitcom", "Family%20Guy", "Mila%20Kunis", "title%20role", "Brooke%20Ellison%23The%20Brooke%20Ellison%20Story", "Film%20producer", "Film%20director", "Christopher%20Reeve", "quadriplegic", "Harvard%20University", "Mean%20Girls", "television%20film", "Hello%20Sister%2C%20Goodbye%20Life", "ABC%20Family", "Black%20Christmas%20%282006%20film%29", "Black%20Christmas%20%281974%20film%29", "episode", "Ghost%20Whisperer", "Jennifer%20Love%20Hewitt", "Princess%20Elise", "Sonic%20the%20Hedgehog%20%282006%20video%20game%29", "PlayStation%203", "Xbox%20360", "Gwen%20Stacy", "animated%20series", "The%20Spectacular%20Spider-Man%20%28TV%20series%29", "Lindsay%20Lohan", "Rachel%20McAdams", "Amanda%20Seyfried", "MTV%20Movie%20Awards%202005", "The%20Hollywood%20Reporter", "nominated", "Saturday%20Night%20Magazine%20%28U.S.%29", "Maxim%20%28magazine%29", "Stuff%20%28magazine%29", "Disney%20Adventures", "Eliza%20%28magazine%29", "Entertainment%20Weekly", "Vanity%20Fair%20%28magazine%29", "Seventeen%20%28American%20magazine%29", "recurring%20role", "Baby%20Daddy", "Christian%20Mingle", "Les%20Mis%C3%A9rables%20%28musical%29", "The%20Broadway%20Kids" ], "paragraph_id": [ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 11, 11, 14, 16, 17 ], "start": [ 72, 196, 250, 292, 387, 470, 541, 571, 607, 662, 686, 723, 793, 830, 889, 32, 20, 99, 487, 502, 526, 58, 114, 233, 294, 318, 335, 394, 434, 474, 497, 510, 583, 658, 709, 726, 758, 19, 34, 69, 82, 94, 136, 200, 236, 263, 280, 318, 348, 364, 401, 413, 469, 518, 548, 576, 594, 620, 638, 655, 20, 35, 55, 85, 175, 317, 66, 84, 93, 102, 121, 133, 178, 193, 30, 71, 86, 13, 12 ], "text": [ "All My Children", "child actress", "Claudia Salinger", "Party of Five", "The Wild Thornberrys", "Meg Griffin", "Family Guy", "Zatanna Zatara", "DC Comics", "Lost in Space", "Not Another Teen Movie", "Daddy Day Care", "Mean Girls", "Dirty Deeds", "Black Christmas", "Hallmark Channel", "Purvis, Mississippi", "Cajun", "Cosette", "Broadway", "Les Misérables", "Broadway", "Party of Five", "Lost in Space", "Eliza Thornberry", "animated series", "The Wild Thornberrys", "The Wild Thornberrys Movie", "Rugrats Go Wild", "supporting role", "parody", "Not Another Teen Movie", "title character", "Meg Griffin", "animated sitcom", "Family Guy", "Mila Kunis", "title role", "The Brooke Ellison Story", "produced", "directed", "Christopher Reeve", "quadriplegic", "Harvard University", "Mean Girls", "television film", "Hello Sister, Goodbye Life", "ABC Family", "2006 remake", "Black Christmas", "episode", "Ghost Whisperer", "Jennifer Love Hewitt", "Princess Elise", "Sonic the Hedgehog", "PlayStation 3", "Xbox 360", "Gwen Stacy", "animated series", "The Spectacular Spider-Man", "Lindsay Lohan", "Rachel McAdams", "Amanda Seyfried", "MTV Movie Award", "The Hollywood Reporter", "nominated", "Saturday Night", "Maxim", "Stuff", "Disney Adventures", "Eliza", "Entertainment Weekly", "Vanity Fair", "Seventeen", "recurring role", "Baby Daddy", "Christian Mingle", "Les Misérables", "The Broadway Kids" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Lacey Chabert\n", "Lacey Nicole Chabert (; born September 30, 1982) is an American actress, voice actress, and singer. \n", "Chabert landed one of her first roles playing Erica Kane's daughter on \"All My Children\". She was the third actress to play Bianca Montgomery from 1992 until 1993. She then gained prominence as a child actress on television for her first big role as Claudia Salinger in the television drama \"Party of Five\" (1994–2000). She provided the voice of Eliza Thornberry in the animated series \"The Wild Thornberrys\" (1998–2004) and two feature films. She was also the voice of Meg Griffin during the first production season of the animated sitcom \"Family Guy\", and superheroine Zatanna Zatara in various pieces of DC Comics-related media. In film, she has appeared in \"Lost in Space\" (1998), \"Not Another Teen Movie\" (2001), and \"Daddy Day Care\" (2003), and had leading roles as Gretchen Wieners in \"Mean Girls\" (2004), Meg Cummings in \"Dirty Deeds\" (2005), and Dana Mathis in the horror remake \"Black Christmas\" (2006).\n", "Chabert has also appeared in 17 Hallmark Channel movies, saying \"I love working for Hallmark. They've been so good to me. I have friends there now. I'm proud of their movies and the message of their movies.\"\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Chabert was born in Purvis, Mississippi, to Julie (née Johnson) and Tony Chabert. Her father is of Cajun, Italian, and English descent; he worked as a maintenance operations representative for an oil company. Her mother has English, Scottish, and remote Italian ancestry. Chabert has a younger brother named T.J., and two older sisters, Chrissy and Wendy. She was \"World's Baby Petite\" in the \"World's Our Little Miss Scholarship Competition\" in 1985. In 1992 and 1993, she played young Cosette in the Broadway production of \"Les Misérables\".\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Chabert played the role of Cosette in \"Les Misérables\" on Broadway before taking the role of Claudia Salinger in \"Party of Five\". Chabert made her big screen debut in the late 1990s, starring as Penny Robinson in the space thriller \"Lost in Space\" (1998). Since then, she has been the voice of Eliza Thornberry in the animated series \"The Wild Thornberrys\", and has voiced Eliza in two films, \"The Wild Thornberrys Movie\" (2002) and \"Rugrats Go Wild\" (2003). She then had a supporting role in the parody film \"Not Another Teen Movie\" as Amanda Becker. She provided the voice for the title character's daughter Aleu in \"\" (2002) and she provided the voice of Meg Griffin for the first production season of the animated sitcom \"Family Guy\" (1999), after which Mila Kunis took over the role.\n", "Chabert played the title role in \"The Brooke Ellison Story\", a movie produced and directed by Christopher Reeve, based upon a real-life quadriplegic woman who overcame many obstacles to graduate from Harvard University. She starred in \"Mean Girls\" (2004) and the television film \"Hello Sister, Goodbye Life\" (2006) on ABC Family. She appeared in a 2006 remake of \"Black Christmas\". She appeared in an episode of \"Ghost Whisperer\" opposite former \"Party of Five\" costar Jennifer Love Hewitt. She performed the voice of Princess Elise from the game \"Sonic the Hedgehog\" for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. She also voiced Gwen Stacy in the animated series \"The Spectacular Spider-Man\".\n", "Chabert, along with Lindsay Lohan, Rachel McAdams, and Amanda Seyfried, won the 2005 MTV Movie Award for Best On-Screen Team for \"Mean Girls\". She won both the 1997 and 1998 \"The Hollywood Reporter\" Annual YoungStar Award for Best Performance by a Young Actress in a Drama TV Series for \"Party of Five\", and had been nominated three other times for work from 1999 to 2000. The YoungStar awards honor the best film, TV, and music performances made exclusively by six- to 18-year-olds.\n", "Chabert has been featured in several blogs and magazines such as \"Saturday Night\", \"Maxim\", \"Stuff\", \"Disney Adventures, Eliza\" and \"Entertainment Weekly.\" She also modeled for \"Vanity Fair\", \"Seventeen\" and \"Celebrity Sleuth.\"\n", "From 2013–2014, Chabert had a recurring role on the ABC Family sitcom \"Baby Daddy\" as Dr. Amy Shaw. After working in various TV movies during this time, she opened 2018 with an original Hallmark movie that premiered as part of the Valentine's Day Countdown.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Chabert married her longtime boyfriend, David Nehdar, on December 22, 2013, in Los Angeles. Chabert gave birth to a daughter in September 2016 whom they named Julia.\n", "Chabert has spoken publicly about her faith and said she related to her character in \"Christian Mingle\".\n", "Section::::Other media.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Les Misérables\" (1992–1993) Broadway Production ... young Cosette\n", "BULLET::::- The Broadway Kids (1995) Audio CD (voice) ... \"The Broadway Kids Sing Broadway\"\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Lacey Nicole Chabert" ] }, "description": "American actress and voice actress", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q232910", "wikidata_label": "Lacey Chabert", "wikipedia_title": "Lacey Chabert" }

{ "end": [ 132, 163, 183, 196, 202, 266, 291, 376, 400, 421, 439, 466, 38, 176, 301, 494, 644, 672, 682, 723, 825, 60, 117, 278, 391, 60, 151, 157, 172, 202, 217, 239, 258, 285, 345, 453, 112, 122, 184, 218, 36, 66, 113, 51, 84, 134, 172, 233, 283, 321, 347, 65, 87, 108, 29, 54, 79, 34, 89, 89 ], "href": [ "Party%20of%20Five", "Jack%20Shephard", "supernatural", "Dramatic%20programming", "Lost%20%28TV%20series%29", "Golden%20Globe%20Award", "Primetime%20Emmy%20Award", "We%20Are%20Marshall", "Vantage%20Point%20%28film%29", "Alex%20Cross%20%28film%29", "Emperor%20%28film%29", "Bone%20Tomahawk", "Abington%20Township%2C%20Montgomery%20County%2C%20Pennsylvania", "George%20Meade", "Italians", "Crowheart%2C%20Wyoming", "Texas%20Longhorn", "barley", "Coors%20Brewing%20Company", "Deerfield%20Academy", "Columbia%20University", "Wings%20%281990%20TV%20series%29", "drama", "CBS", "My%20Boyfriend%27s%20Back%20%281993%20film%29", "Charlie%20Salinger", "teen", "drama", "Party%20of%20Five", "Scott%20Wolf", "Neve%20Campbell", "Jennifer%20Love%20Hewitt", "Lacey%20Chabert", "People%20Magazine", "50%20Most%20Beautiful%20People%20in%20the%20World", "Haunted%20%28TV%20series%29", "Dr.%20Jack%20Shephard", "Lost%20%28TV%20series%29", "James%20%26quot%3BSawyer%26quot%3B%20Ford", "J.%20J.%20Abrams", "Golden%20Globe", "Satellite%20Award", "Screen%20Actors%20Guild%20Award", "Saturday%20Night%20Live", "Tenacious%20D", "Matthew%20McConaughey", "We%20Are%20Marshall", "Smokin%27%20Aces", "Vantage%20Point%20%28film%29", "Racer%20X%20%28Speed%20Racer%20character%29", "Speed%20Racer%20%28film%29", "In%20a%20Forest%2C%20Dark%20and%20Deep", "Olivia%20Williams", "West%20End%20theatre", "Alex%20Cross%20%28film%29", "World%20War%20Z%20%28film%29", "Brad%20Pitt", "Extinction%20%282015%20film%29", "Miguel%20%C3%81ngel%20Vivas", "Lost%20%28TV%20series%29" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 11, 11, 11, 12, 13, 13, 14, 14, 16 ], "start": [ 119, 150, 171, 184, 198, 248, 271, 361, 387, 411, 432, 453, 16, 164, 294, 476, 629, 666, 677, 706, 806, 55, 112, 275, 372, 44, 147, 152, 159, 192, 204, 219, 245, 270, 308, 446, 95, 118, 165, 206, 24, 51, 88, 32, 73, 115, 157, 221, 270, 314, 336, 39, 72, 100, 19, 43, 70, 24, 71, 85 ], "text": [ "Party of Five", "Jack Shephard", "supernatural", "drama series", "Lost", "Golden Globe Award", "Primetime Emmy Award", "We Are Marshall", "Vantage Point", "Alex Cross", "Emperor", "Bone Tomahawk", "Abington, Pennsylvania", "George Meade", "Italian", "Crowheart, Wyoming", "longhorn cattle", "barley", "Coors", "Deerfield Academy", "Columbia University", "Wings", "drama", "CBS", "My Boyfriend's Back", "Charlie Salinger", "teen", "drama", "Party of Five", "Scott Wolf", "Neve Campbell", "Jennifer Love Hewitt", "Lacey Chabert", "People Magazine", "50 Most Beautiful People in the World", "Haunted", "Dr. Jack Shephard", "Lost", "James \"Sawyer\" Ford", "J. J. Abrams", "Golden Globe", "Satellite Award", "Screen Actors Guild Award", "Saturday Night Live", "Tenacious D", "Matthew McConaughey", "We Are Marshall", "Smokin' Aces", "Vantage Point", "Racer X", "Speed Racer", "In a Forest, Dark and Deep", "Olivia Williams", "West End", "Alex Cross", "World War Z", "Brad Pitt", "Extinction", "Miguel Ángel Vivas", "Lost" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Matthew Fox\n", "Matthew Chandler Fox (born July 14, 1966) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles as Charlie Salinger on \"Party of Five\" (1994–2000) and Jack Shephard on the supernatural drama series \"Lost\" (2004–2010), the latter of which earned him Golden Globe Award and Primetime Emmy Award nominations. Fox has also performed in ten feature films, including \"We Are Marshall\" (2006), \"Vantage Point\" (2008), \"Alex Cross\" (2012), \"Emperor\" (2012) and \"Bone Tomahawk\" (2015).\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Fox was born in Abington, Pennsylvania, the son of Loretta B. (née Eagono) and Francis G. Fox. One of his paternal great-great-great-grandfathers was Union General George Meade. His father was from a \"very blue-blood\" Pennsylvania family of mostly English descent, while his mother was of half Italian and half British and Irish ancestry. When Fox was a year old, he moved to Wyoming with his parents and siblings, Francis, Jr. (b. 1961) and Bayard (b. 1969). They settled in Crowheart, Wyoming, on the Wind River Indian Reservation. His mother was a teacher, and his father, who had been a consultant for an oil company, raised longhorn cattle and horses, and grew barley for Coors beer. Matthew attended Deerfield Academy for one year as a post-graduate and graduated with the class of 1984. He attended Columbia University, graduating with a B.A. in economics in 1989.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "At the age of 25, Fox made his debut on an episode of \"Wings\". That same year, he also starred on a short-lived dramatic series, \"Freshman Dorm\". Still not a familiar face on the small screen, he continued to be cast in supporting roles, including the role of Charlie in the CBS Schoolbreak Special series, \"If I Die Before I Wake\" before he made his big screen debut in \"My Boyfriend's Back\" (1993).\n", "In 1994, Fox was cast in a starring role as Charlie Salinger, the eldest of five siblings who lose both parents in a car accident on the 1994-2000 teen drama \"Party of Five\", co-starring with Scott Wolf, Neve Campbell, Jennifer Love Hewitt, and Lacey Chabert. In 1996, \"People Magazine\" named Fox one of the 50 Most Beautiful People in the World. After \"Party of Five\" was cancelled following its sixth season, Fox starred in another TV series, \"Haunted\", in 2002.\n", "From September 2004 until May 2010, Fox played the role of the dedicated yet troubled surgeon, Dr. Jack Shephard, on \"Lost\". He initially auditioned for the role of James \"Sawyer\" Ford. However, co-creator J. J. Abrams thought he would be better for the role of Jack, a role originally slated to be for the pilot episode only. \n", "Fox was nominated for a Golden Globe, won the 2005 Satellite Award, and shared the 2006 Screen Actors Guild Award for \"Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series\", for his role in \"Lost\".\n", "On December 2, 2006, he hosted \"Saturday Night Live\" with musical guests Tenacious D. In 2006, Fox co-starred with Matthew McConaughey in the sports drama, \"We Are Marshall\". He also played a bit part in the action film \"Smokin' Aces\" and starred in the 2008 thriller, \"Vantage Point\". In May 2008, Fox starred as Racer X in the movie \"Speed Racer\".\n", "Fox has repeatedly stated that he is \"done with television\" after \"Lost\".\n", "In 2011, he starred in the stage play \"In a Forest, Dark and Deep\" with Olivia Williams in London's West End.\n", "Fox co-starred in \"Alex Cross\" (2012), as the villain, Michael \"The Butcher\" Sullivan/\"Picasso\". Fox developed an extremely muscular physique for the role and shed most of his body fat.\n", "He appeared very briefly in the 2013 film \"World War Z\" which starred Brad Pitt.\n", "He starred in the film \"Extinction\" released in July 2015, directed by Miguel Ángel Vivas, in adaptation of the Juan de Dios Garduño's bestseller book \"Y pese a todo.\"\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Fox is a keen photographer. A bonus disc released with The Complete First Series of \"Lost\" includes features \"The Art of Matthew Fox\", showing pictures he took of the cast and crew while on set.\n", "On August 28, 2011, Fox was accused of assaulting a female bus driver in Cleveland, Ohio. Prosecutors decided not to charge Fox. In May 2012, the bus driver withdrew a civil suit, after her lawyer withdrew and revealed that she \"intentionally failed and refused to provide full and timely cooperation and information.\"\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American actor", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q185554", "wikidata_label": "Matthew Fox", "wikipedia_title": "Matthew Fox" }

{ "end": [ 82, 127, 144, 167, 37, 48, 78, 103, 138, 188, 280, 325, 398, 80, 137, 196, 283, 591, 987, 1697, 1781, 118, 172, 228, 55, 38, 43, 79, 38, 38, 103, 70, 60, 26 ], "href": [ "publish", "World%20War%20II", "Nazi%20Germany", "The%20Times", "Caius%20College", "Cambridge", "research%20fellow", "Churchill%20College%2C%20Cambridge", "University%20of%20Cambridge", "Queens%27%20College%2C%20Cambridge", "King%27s%20College%20London", "modern%20history", "University%20of%20Exeter", "Timothy%20Mason", "Past%20%26amp%3B%20Present%20%28journal%29", "Second%20World%20War", "Adolf%20Hitler", "Poland", "Four%20Year%20Plan", "Adam%20Tooze", "The%20Wages%20of%20Destruction", "A.%20J.%20P.%20Taylor", "New%20York%20Review%20of%20Books", "Times%20Literary%20Supplement", "Royal%20Historical%20Society", "society", "Samuel%20Eliot%20Morison%20Prize", "Society%20for%20Military%20History", "Wolfson%20History%20Prize", "Hessell-Tiltman%20Prize", "Sheilagh%20Ogilvie", "http%3A//www.quns.cam.ac.uk/page-249", "http%3A//huss.exeter.ac.uk/history/staff/overy/biog.php", "https%3A//scholar.google.com/scholar%3Fnum%3D100%26amp%3Bhl%3Den%26amp%3Blr%3D%26amp%3Bq%3Dauthor%253ARJ%2Bauthor%253AOvery%26amp%3BbtnG%3DSearch" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 7, 8, 10, 10, 11, 12, 35, 45, 46, 47 ], "start": [ 75, 115, 132, 158, 24, 39, 63, 86, 129, 173, 259, 311, 378, 67, 123, 180, 271, 585, 973, 1687, 1757, 103, 148, 203, 31, 31, 17, 51, 17, 17, 87, 12, 12, 12 ], "text": [ "publish", "World War II", "Nazi Germany", "The Times", "Caius College", "Cambridge", "research fellow", "Churchill College", "Cambridge", "Queens' College", "King's College London", "modern history", "University of Exeter", "Timothy Mason", "Past & Present", "Second World War", "Adolf Hitler", "Poland", "Four Year Plan", "Adam Tooze", "The Wages of Destruction", "A. J. P. Taylor", "New York Review of Books", "Times Literary Supplement", "Royal Historical Society", "society", "Samuel Eliot Morison Prize", "Society for Military History", "Wolfson History Prize", "Hessell-Tiltman Prize", "Sheilagh Ogilvie", "Official register of fellows of Queens' College, Cambridge", "Biography of Richard Overy, University of Exeter", "Google Scholar" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Richard Overy\n", "Richard James Overy (born 23 December 1947) is a British historian who has published extensively on the history of World War II and Nazi Germany. In 2007 as \"The Times\" editor of \"Complete History of the World\", he chose the 50 key dates of world history.\n", "Section::::Life and career.\n", "After being educated at Caius College, Cambridge and awarded a research fellowship at Churchill College, Overy taught history at Cambridge from 1972 to 1979, as a fellow of Queens' College and from 1976 as a university assistant lecturer. In 1980 he moved to King's College London, where he became professor of modern history in 1994. He was appointed to a professorship at the University of Exeter in 2004.\n", "In the late 1980s, Overy was involved in a historical dispute with Timothy Mason that mostly played out over the pages of \"Past & Present\" over the reasons for the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939. Mason had contended that a \"flight into war\" had been imposed on Adolf Hitler by a structural economic crisis, which confronted Hitler with the choice of making difficult economic decisions or aggression. Overy argued against Mason's thesis, maintaining that though Germany was faced with economic problems in 1939, the extent of these problems cannot explain aggression against Poland, and that the reasons for the outbreak of war were due to the choices made by the Nazi leadership. For Overy, the problem with Mason's thesis was that it rested on assumptions in a way not shown by records, information was passed on to Hitler about the \"Reich\"'s economic problems. Overy argued that there was a difference between economic pressures induced by the problems of the Four Year Plan and economic motives to seize raw materials, industry and foreign reserves of neighbouring states as a way of accelerating the Four Year Plan. Overy asserted that the repressive capacity of the German state as a way of dealing with domestic unhappiness was somewhat downplayed by Mason. Finally, Overy argued that there is considerable evidence that the German state felt they could master the economic problems of rearmament; as one civil servant put it in January 1940 \"we have already mastered so many difficulties in the past, that here too, if one or other raw material became extremely scarce, ways and means will always yet be found to get out of a fix\". Recently, another British historian, Adam Tooze, has argued for a similar position as Mason's in his book \"The Wages of Destruction\".\n", "His work on World War II has been praised as \"highly effective (in) the ruthless dispelling of myths\" (A. J. P. Taylor), \"original and important\" (\"New York Review of Books\") and \"at the cutting edge\" (\"Times Literary Supplement\".)\n", "Section::::Awards and honours.\n", "BULLET::::- 1977 Fellow of the Royal Historical Society\n", "BULLET::::- 2000 Fellow of the society\n", "BULLET::::- 2003 Fellow of King's College\n", "BULLET::::- 2001 Samuel Eliot Morison Prize of the Society for Military History\n", "BULLET::::- 2004 Wolfson History Prize, \"The Dictators: Hitler's Germany; Stalin's Russia\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2005 Hessell-Tiltman Prize, \"The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia\"\n", "Section::::In media.\n", "BULLET::::- Overy was featured in the 2006 BBC docudrama \"\".\n", "BULLET::::- KGNU's Claudia Cragg – interview with Overy on 'Countdown To War' for Remembrance Day (Veteran's Day) 2010.\n", "Section::::Publications.\n", "BULLET::::- \"William Morris, Viscount Nuffield\" (1976), .\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Air War: 1939–1945\" (1980), .\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Nazi Economic Recovery, 1932–1938\" (1982), .\n", "BULLET::::- \"Goering: The \"Iron Man\"\" (1984), .\n", "BULLET::::- \"All Our Working Lives\" (with Peter Pagnamenta, 1984), .\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Origins of The Second World War\" edited by Patrick Finney, Edward Arnold: London, Hodder Education Publishers (1997), .\n", "BULLET::::- Co-written with Timothy Mason: \"Debate: Germany, 'Domestic Crisis' and War in 1939\" pp. 200–240 in \"Past and Present\", Number 122, February 1989, reprinted as \"Debate: Germany, 'Domestic Crisis' and the War in 1939\" in \"The Origins of The Second World War\" (1997).\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Road To War\" (with Andrew Wheatcroft, 1989), .\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Inter-War Crisis, 1919–1939\" (1994), .\n", "BULLET::::- \"War and Economy in the Third Reich\" (1994), .\n", "BULLET::::- \"Why the Allies Won\" (1995), .\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Penguin Historical Atlas of the Third Reich\" (1996), .\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Times Atlas of the Twentieth Century\" (ed., 1996), .\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bomber Command, 1939–45\" (1997), .\n", "BULLET::::- \"Russia's War: Blood upon the Snow\" (1997), .\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Times History of the 20th Century\" (1999), .\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Battle\" (2000), (republished as \"The Battle of Britain: The Myth and the Reality\").\n", "BULLET::::- \"Interrogations: The Nazi Elite in Allied Hands, 1945\" (2001), (republished as \"Interrogations: Inside the Minds of the Nazi Elite\").\n", "BULLET::::- \"Germany: A New Social and Economic History. Vol. 3: Since 1800\" (ed. with Sheilagh Ogilvie, 2003), .\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Times Complete History of the World\" (6th ed., 2004), .\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia\" (2004), .\n", "BULLET::::- \"Collins Atlas of Twentieth Century History\" (2005), .\n", "BULLET::::- \"Imperial War Museum's Second World War Experience Volume 1: Blitzkrieg\" (2008), .\n", "BULLET::::- \"Imperial War Museum's Second World War Experience Volume 2: Axis Ascendant\" (2008), .\n", "BULLET::::- \"1939: Countdown to War\" (2009), .\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Morbid Age: Britain Between the Wars\" (2009), .\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Bombing War: Europe 1939–1945\" (2013), (later published as \"The Bombers and the Bombed: Allied Air War Over Europe, 1940–1945\", ).\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Official register of fellows of Queens' College, Cambridge\n", "BULLET::::- Biography of Richard Overy, University of Exeter\n", "BULLET::::- Google Scholar List of publications by Overy\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "British historian", "enwikiquote_title": "Richard Overy", "wikidata_id": "Q1376016", "wikidata_label": "Richard Overy", "wikipedia_title": "Richard Overy" }

{ "end": [ 113, 163, 186, 38, 173, 219, 271, 317, 349, 417, 428, 454, 33, 223, 308, 450, 63, 83, 114, 201, 251, 267, 294, 322, 64, 89, 137, 41 ], "href": [ "Party%20of%20Five", "Everwood", "V%20%282009%20TV%20series%29", "Boston%2C%20Massachusetts", "Reform%20Judaism", "West%20Orange%2C%20New%20Jersey", "West%20Orange%20High%20School%20%28New%20Jersey%29", "The%20George%20Washington%20University", "Bachelor%20of%20Arts", "Alpha%20Epsilon%20Pi", "Fraternities%20and%20sororities", "Josh%20Wolf%20%28comedian%29", "Alyssa%20Milano", "New%20York%20City", "Santa%20Monica%2C%20California", "Park%20City%2C%20Utah", "Party%20of%20Five", "Everwood", "The%20Nine%20%28TV%20series%29", "The%20Night%20Shift%20%28TV%20series%29", "Action%20%28TV%20series%29", "Kids%20Inc.", "Broadway%20theatre", "Side%20Man", "The%20CW", "Nancy%20Drew%20%282019%20TV%20series%29", "Freddie%20Prinze%20Jr.", "http%3A//thewb.warnerbros.com/web/show_bio.jsp%3Fid%3DEW-SWolf" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 9 ], "start": [ 100, 155, 185, 17, 160, 196, 248, 285, 333, 401, 418, 445, 20, 210, 284, 435, 50, 75, 106, 186, 245, 258, 278, 314, 58, 79, 119, 12 ], "text": [ "Party of Five", "Everwood", "V", "Boston, Massachusetts", "Reform Jewish", "West Orange, New Jersey", "West Orange High School", "The George Washington University", "Bachelor of Arts", "Alpha Epsilon Pi", "Fraternity", "Josh Wolf", "Alyssa Milano", "New York City", "Santa Monica, California", "Park City, Utah", "Party of Five", "Everwood", "The Nine", "The Night Shift", "Action", "Kids Inc.", "Broadway theatre", "Side Man", "The CW", "Nancy Drew", "Freddie Prinze Jr.", "Scott Wolf cast bio on The WB" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Scott Wolf\n", "Scott Richard Wolf (born June 4, 1968) is an American actor. He is known for the television series \"Party of Five\" as Bailey Salinger, as Jake Hartman in \"Everwood\" and Chad Decker in \"V\".\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Wolf was born in Boston, Massachusetts. His mother, Susan (née Levy), is retired, and his father, Steven Wolf, is a health care executive. Wolf was raised in a Reform Jewish family. He grew up in West Orange, New Jersey, and graduated in 1986 from West Orange High School. He attended The George Washington University and received a Bachelor of Arts degree in finance. He also became a Brother of the Alpha Epsilon Pi Fraternity. His cousin is  Josh Wolf.\n", "Wolf was engaged to Alyssa Milano in 1993, but they separated after a year and a half. In 2002, he began dating Kelley Marie Limp, an alumna of MTV's \"\", after meeting her through mutual friend Joel Goldman in New York City. They married on May 29, 2004, before temporarily living in Santa Monica, California. They have three children, sons born in February 2009, and November 2012, and a daughter born 2014, and the family resides in Park City, Utah.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Wolf is known for his role as Bailey Salinger on \"Party of Five\". On both \"Everwood\" and the short-lived \"The Nine\", he portrayed a doctor, and he portrayed Dr. Scott Clemmens on NBC's \"The Night Shift\". He made guest appearances as himself on \"Action\" and \"Kids Inc.\" His sole Broadway theatre credit to date is \"Side Man\". He has also made a few brief appearances on \"\", as Rax, a Balmeran.\n", "In 2019, Wolf was cast in the lead role of Carson Drew in The CW drama series \"Nancy Drew\". He took over the role from Freddie Prinze Jr., who played the character in the pilot episode.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Scott Wolf cast bio on The WB\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Scott Richard Wolf" ] }, "description": "American actor", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q712009", "wikidata_label": "Scott Wolf", "wikipedia_title": "Scott Wolf" }

{ "end": [ 124, 138, 159, 211, 291, 28, 40, 64, 163, 267, 282, 514, 528, 671, 134, 43, 68, 42, 64, 215, 230, 307, 49, 83, 108, 83, 104, 237, 323 ], "href": [ "Party%20of%20Five", "7th%20Heaven%20%28TV%20series%29", "I%27ll%20Fly%20Away%20%28TV%20series%29", "Mallrats", "Gods%20and%20Generals%20%28film%29", "San%20Diego", "California", "married%20and%20maiden%20names", "DeSoto%2C%20Texas", "identical%20twin", "Jason%20London", "WB%20Television%20Network", "7th%20Heaven%20%28TV%20series%29", "The%20Man%20in%20the%20Moon", "I%27ll%20Fly%20Away%20%28TV%20series%29", "Kevin%20Smith", "Mallrats", "Fox%20Broadcasting%20Company", "Party%20of%20Five", "List%20of%207th%20Heaven%20Characters%23Chandler%20Hampton", "7th%20Heaven%20%28TV%20series%29", "lung%20cancer", "List%20of%20Celebrity%20Rehab%20with%20Dr.%20Drew%20episodes%23Season%204", "Celebrity%20Rehab%20with%20Dr.%20Drew", "VH1", "Celebrity%20Rehab%20with%20Dr.%20Drew", "Vh1", "Pasadena%2C%20California", "Dr.%20Drew%20Pinsky" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 5, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 12, 12, 12, 12 ], "start": [ 111, 128, 146, 203, 274, 19, 30, 61, 150, 253, 277, 512, 518, 652, 121, 32, 60, 39, 51, 199, 220, 296, 36, 54, 105, 54, 101, 217, 308 ], "text": [ "Party of Five", "7th Heaven", "I'll Fly Away", "Mallrats", "Gods and Generals", "San Diego", "California", "née", "DeSoto, Texas", "identical twin", "Jason", "WB", "7th Heaven", "The Man in the Moon", "I'll Fly Away", "Kevin Smith", "Mallrats", "Fox", "Party of Five", "Chandler Hampton", "7th Heaven", "lung cancer", "fourth season", "Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew", "VH1", "Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew", "Vh1", "Pasadena, California", "Dr. Drew Pinsky" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Jeremy London\n", "Jeremy Michael London (born November 7, 1972) is an American actor. He is best known for his regular roles on \"Party of Five\", \"7th Heaven\", and \"I'll Fly Away\", a starring role in the 1995 comedy film \"Mallrats\", as well as a notable supporting role in the Civil War epic \"Gods and Generals\". London made his directorial debut with the 2013 horror film \"The Devil's Dozen\", in which he also appeared.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "London was born in San Diego, California, the son of Debbie (née Osborn), a waitress, and Frank London, a sheet metal worker. He was raised mainly in DeSoto, Texas. After divorcing Jeremy's father, his mother moved the family 13 times in six years. His identical twin brother, Jason, is older by 27 minutes and is also an actor. Jeremy has worked mostly in television while Jason has opted for a career in feature films. The two have acted alongside each other only once – in the February 3, 2003 episode of the WB's \"7th Heaven\", entitled \"Smoking.\" They have also competed for the same role – Jeremy's first audition was for a part in the 1991 film \"The Man in the Moon\", which Jason won, leaving Jeremy the part of his brother's stunt double.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "London's first and second major television roles were playing Nathan on the critically acclaimed 1991–1993 drama series \"I'll Fly Away\". His brother Jason stepped in for Jeremy for the final episode of the show.\n", "In 1995 he played T.S. Quint in Kevin Smith's second film, \"Mallrats\".\n", "In 1995, he joined the cast of the hit Fox series \"Party of Five\", playing Griffin Holbrook for three seasons, after serving as a recurring guest star. He then went on to play a young minister named Chandler Hampton on \"7th Heaven\" from 2002 to 2004. His \"7th Heaven\" character had a father with lung cancer, much like Jeremy's real-life family members. He has since been in many TV serials, TV movies and feature films.\n", "London was a cast member during the fourth season of \"Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew\", which premiered on VH1 in December 2010.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "London and his wife Melissa Cunningham were married in September 2006. They divorced five years later. They have a son named Lyrik.\n", "London married Juliet Reeves on June 3, 2014 and they have one son named Wyatt who was born in June 2014.\n", "London was a cast member during the fourth season of \"Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew\", which aired on Vh1 from December 2010 to January 2011, and depicted his treatment for addiction at the Pasadena Recovery Center in Pasadena, California. The third episode of that season depicted discussions involving him, Dr. Drew Pinsky and London's wife, Melissa Cunningham, who was simultaneously being treated for addiction herself at a separate wing of the Center. His father, Frank, also appeared in Episode 7, which was filmed during Family Day, in which the patients discussed the effect of addiction on their family relationships.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Jeremy Michael London" ] }, "description": "American actor", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1189140", "wikidata_label": "Jeremy London", "wikipedia_title": "Jeremy London" }

{ "end": [ 119, 141, 38, 148, 233, 44, 150, 231, 240, 347, 423, 502, 773, 53, 87, 139, 163, 175, 289, 369, 435, 469, 508, 575, 611, 707, 521, 66, 144, 162, 214, 534, 584, 96, 117, 132, 202, 252, 370, 390, 50, 122, 139, 96, 64, 274, 287, 304, 73, 76, 174, 187, 228, 423, 515, 199, 264, 334, 518, 554, 128, 187, 259, 402, 533, 35, 107, 91, 150, 226, 135, 142, 198, 42, 76, 153, 170, 23, 42, 66, 33 ], "href": [ "List%20of%20Governors%20of%20Wisconsin", "Governor%20of%20Wisconsin", "Lebanon%2C%20Connecticut", "New%20England", "Kent%20County%2C%20England", "Morris%2C%20New%20York", "Louisville%2C%20New%20York", "Hamilton%20%28village%29%2C%20New%20York", "Cooperstown%2C%20New%20York", "Galena%2C%20Illinois", "land%20speculation", "Cassville%2C%20Wisconsin", "Wisconsin%20Territory", "Register%20of%20Deeds", "Grant%20County%2C%20Wisconsin", "Justice%20of%20the%20Peace", "List%20of%20Governors%20of%20Wisconsin%23Governors%20of%20Wisconsin%20Territory", "Henry%20Dodge", "Democratic%20Party%20%28United%20States%29", "Madison%2C%20Wisconsin", "Lancaster%2C%20Wisconsin", "State%20Bar%20of%20Wisconsin", "Charles%20Dunn", "Wisconsin%20Supreme%20Court", "district%20attorney", "J.%20Allen%20Barber", "Whig%20Party%20%28United%20States%29", "Constitution%20of%20Wisconsin", "Democratic%20Party%20%28United%20States%29", "political%20convention", "Governor%20of%20Wisconsin", "Hiram%20Barber", "Morgan%20L.%20Martin", "John%20Hubbard%20Tweedy", "independent%20%28politics%29", "Charles%20Durkee", "John%20E.%20Holmes", "Lieutenant%20Governor%20of%20Wisconsin", "Fox%20River%20%28Illinois%20River%20tributary%29", "Wisconsin%20River", "slavery%20in%20the%20United%20States", "Direct%20election", "United%20States%20Senate", "Charles%20Dunn", "Wisconsin%20Legislature", "Free%20Soil%20Party", "Warren%20Chase", "Samuel%20W.%20Beall", "Wisconsin%20Historical%20Society", "speculation", "List%20of%20Justices%20of%20the%20Wisconsin%20Supreme%20Court", "Orasmus%20Cole", "Wisconsin%20State%20Senate", "political%20convention", "University%20of%20Wisconsin", "foreclosure", "Denniston%20House", "United%20States%20dollar", "Gothic-revival", "Stonefield%20%28Wisconsin%29", "Platteville%2C%20Wisconsin", "Lieutenant%20Governor%20of%20Wisconsin", "Wisconsin%20State%20Senate", "Panic%20of%201873", "Ben%20Eastman", "William%20Robert%20Taylor", "Waupun%2C%20Wisconsin", "paralysis", "Episcopal%20Church%20in%20the%20United%20States", "Western%20United%20States", "St.%20Louis%2C%20Missouri", "John%20J.%20Dewey", "Saint%20Paul%2C%20Minnesota", "Democratic%20Party%20%28United%20States%29", "slavery%20in%20the%20United%20States", "United%20States%20Senator", "Direct%20election", "Nelson%20Dewey%20State%20Park", "Nelson%20Dewey%20Generating%20Station", "http%3A//www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp%3Faction%3Dview%26amp%3Bterm_id%3D2241%26amp%3B", "http%3A//www.wisconsinhistory.org/stonefield/dewey.asp" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 15, 15, 16, 16, 16, 17, 19, 19, 19, 19, 20, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 27, 27, 27, 28, 28, 29, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 35, 38, 38, 38, 38, 40, 42, 44, 45 ], "start": [ 114, 120, 18, 137, 213, 24, 130, 213, 219, 331, 407, 482, 754, 36, 75, 119, 143, 164, 273, 362, 415, 466, 496, 535, 594, 692, 517, 41, 128, 152, 193, 522, 568, 77, 106, 118, 188, 233, 367, 375, 43, 106, 126, 84, 43, 263, 275, 289, 45, 66, 161, 175, 206, 412, 492, 188, 249, 333, 504, 544, 106, 168, 247, 389, 522, 18, 101, 82, 141, 218, 116, 129, 177, 26, 69, 132, 158, 0, 11, 12, 12 ], "text": [ "first", "Governor of Wisconsin", "Lebanon, Connecticut", "New England", "Kent County, England", "Butternuts, New York", "Louisville, New York", "Hamilton, New York", "Cooperstown, New York", "Galena, Illinois", "land speculators", "Cassville, Wisconsin", "Wisconsin Territory", "Register of Deeds", "Grant County", "Justice of the Peace", "Territorial Governor", "Henry Dodge", "Democratic Party", "Madison", "Lancaster, Wisconsin", "bar", "Charles Dunn", "Supreme Court of the Wisconsin Territory", "district attorney", "J. Allen Barber", "Whig", "Constitution of Wisconsin", "Democratic Party", "convention", "Governor of Wisconsin", "Hiram Barber", "Morgan L. Martin", "John Hubbard Tweedy", "independent", "Charles Durkee", "John E. Holmes", "lieutenant governor", "Fox", "Wisconsin River", "slavery", "popular election", "U.S. Senators", "Charles Dunn", "Wisconsin Legislature", "Free Soiler", "Warren Chase", "Samuel W. Beall", "Wisconsin Historical Society", "speculated", "Chief Justice", "Orasmus Cole", "Wisconsin State Senate", "conventions", "University of Wisconsin", "foreclosure", "Denniston House", "$", "Gothic-revival", "Stonefield", "Platteville, Wisconsin", "Lieutenant Governor", "State Senate", "Panic of 1873", "Ben Eastman", "William R. Taylor", "Waupun", "paralyzed", "Episcopal", "the West", "St. Louis, Missouri", "John J. Dewey", "Saint Paul, Minnesota", "Democratic Party", "slavery", "United States Senator", "popular vote", "Nelson Dewey State Park", "Nelson Dewey Generating Station", "Governor Nelson Dewey, Dictionary of Wisconsin History", "Governor Nelson Dewey" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Nelson Dewey\n", "Nelson Webster Dewey (December 19, 1813July 21, 1889) was an American pioneer, lawyer, and politician. He was the first Governor of Wisconsin.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Dewey was born in Lebanon, Connecticut, on December 19, 1813, to Ebenezer and Lucy (née Webster) Dewey. His father's family had lived in New England since 1633, when their ancestor Thomas Due came to America from Kent County, England.\n", "Dewey's family moved to Butternuts, New York (now called Morris) the year following his birth and he attended school there and in Louisville, New York. At the age of 16, he began attending the Hamilton Academy in Hamilton, New York. He attended the academy for three years, and then returned to Butternut to teach.\n", "Ebenezer Dewey, Dewey's father, was a lawyer, and wished his son to join the same profession. Dewey began studying law in 1833, first with his father, then with the law firm Hanen & Davies, then with Samuel S. Bowne in Cooperstown, New York. He left Bowne in May 1836, and in June of that year arrived in the lead-mining region of Galena, Illinois, working as a clerk for Daniels, Dennison & Co., a firm of land speculators from New York. About a week after he arrived, he moved to Cassville, Wisconsin. He became a citizen of the territory in 1836. Daniels, Dennison & Co. had purchased the land on which Cassville was built, and their plan was to develop and promote the village in the hopes that it grow and eventually be chosen as the capital of the Wisconsin Territory or of a future state.\n", "Section::::Territorial politics.\n", "On March 4, 1837, Dewey was elected Register of Deeds for the newly formed Grant County; he was appointed the county's Justice of the Peace by Territorial Governor Henry Dodge the same year. He was, and continued to be for the rest of his political career, a member of the Democratic Party. When Daniels, Dennison & Co.'s business plans collapsed in 1838, after Madison was chosen to be the capital, Dewey moved to Lancaster, Wisconsin, where he was admitted to the bar in an examination held by Charles Dunn, the chief justice of the Supreme Court of the Wisconsin Territory; he was appointed district attorney of Grant County that same year. As a lawyer, he entered into a partnership with J. Allen Barber, which lasted from 1840 until May 1848. Together, they became well known in Wisconsin's lead-mining region, acquiring mines and investing in mining companies.\n", "In November 1838, Dewey was elected to the territorial assembly as representative from Grant County; he was reelected in 1840 and became that body's speaker for one session. He served as an assemblyman until 1842, when the voters of Grant County elected him to the territorial council; during the 1846 session, during which an upcoming convention which would produce a draft constitution for the State of Wisconsin was discussed, he served as the council's president. He failed to be re-elected in 1846, due to a new Whig majority in Grant County.\n", "Section::::Governor of Wisconsin.\n", "Section::::Governor of Wisconsin.:1848 election.\n", "With the pending ratification of the new Constitution of Wisconsin, and the upcoming election for the new state's officers, the Democratic Party held a convention to nominate its candidate for Governor of Wisconsin. During the writing and attempts at ratification of the state's constitution in 1847 and 1848, the state party had become divided into two major factions, one centered in the lead-mining regions, and another centered in the eastern portion of the state. Each faction favored its own candidate for governor: Hiram Barber from the lead-region faction and Morgan L. Martin from the eastern faction; after neither candidate could gather enough votes to secure the nomination, the two factions began searching for a compromise candidate. They decided on Nelson Dewey, who was not associated with either faction. The party also hoped that Dewey might attract voters from the now Whig-majority Grant County.\n", "The election was held on May 8, 1848, and Dewey defeated the Whig candidate, John Hubbard Tweedy, and the independent Charles Durkee becoming the first governor of the State of Wisconsin. John E. Holmes, also a Democrat, was elected lieutenant governor in the same election.\n", "Also in May, Dewey's law and business partnership with Barber came to an end; by the time of its dissolution, Dewey was known to be one of the leading men in Wisconsin.\n", "Section::::Governor of Wisconsin.:First term.\n", "Dewey's first term as governor began on June 7, 1848, and lasted until January 7, 1850. During his time as governor, Dewey oversaw the transition from the territorial to the new state government. He encouraged the development of the state's infrastructure, particularly the construction of new roads, railroads, canals, and harbors, as well as the improvement of the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers. During his administration, the State Board of Public Works was organized.\n", "Dewey was known for opposing the spread of slavery into new states and territories and for advocating the popular election of U.S. Senators.\n", "Near the end of his term, he married Catherine Dunn, (or Katherine) the daughter of Charles Dunn, the former chief justice of Wisconsin Territory.\n", "Section::::Governor of Wisconsin.:1849 election.\n", "During Dewey's first term as governor, the Wisconsin Legislature passed an act decreeing that the biennial elections for governor would begin in 1849; that year, in an election held in November, Dewey again defeated the Whig candidate, Alexander Collins, and the Free Soiler Warren Chase. Samuel W. Beall, also a Democrat, was elected lieutenant governor in the same election.\n", "Dewey was elected the first president of the Wisconsin Historical Society the same year.\n", "Section::::Governor of Wisconsin.:Second term.\n", "Dewey's second term began on January 7, 1850 and lasted until January 5, 1852.\n", "Dewey lost much popular support during his terms as governor, due both to his inability to overcome the factionalism within his own party and to his association with Wisconsin's lead-mining regions, which were losing power in Wisconsin politics. He chose not to run for a third term.\n", "Section::::Later life.\n", "After his time as governor, Dewey returned to Lancaster, where he speculated in real estate. He remained active in politics, however: in 1853, Dewey ran against Chief Justice Orasmus Cole for a seat in the Wisconsin State Senate for Wisconsin's Sixteenth District; he was elected by a majority of three votes, serving a two-year term. Throughout the remainder of his life, he was a delegate to most of the state conventions of the Democratic Party. From 1854 until 1865, he was regent of the University of Wisconsin. During his time in Lancaster, Dewey served at various times as the chairman of the town board of supervisor and a member of the school board.\n", "In 1854, Dewey and his wife Catherine began to plan to begin anew the development of Cassville, once the goal of Daniels, Dennison & Co. In 1855, he was able to purchase the village under foreclosure; he remodelled the village plot and repaired the Denniston House, a hotel which had been built by the now-defunct firm, at a cost of $15,000; his ultimate hope was that Cassville would be developed into a large city. He also acquired about of land northwest of Cassville, on which he built a three-story Gothic-revival mansion, which he named \"Stonefield\", at a cost of about $70,000; he expended another $30,000 on eleven miles (18 km) of stone fence. It was said that to have been the most modern house in Wisconsin at that time. At this time, Dewey employed around forty to fifty men as a means of returning money to Cassville; it is said that this was the origin of the prosperity of several of Cassville's residents.\n", "Dewey lived in Cassville for the rest of his life, except the time from 1858 until 1863, when he lived at Platteville, Wisconsin. In 1863, Dewey unsuccessfully ran for Lieutenant Governor; he also lost his 1869 and 1871 attempts at re-election to State Senate.\n", "Dewey's Cassville project was attracting few people, so he began investing in a railroad line to the village. On January 2, 1873, Dewey's mansion was destroyed in a fire, and he was forced to give up the property to pay his creditors. His property passed into the ownership of Walter C. Newberry of Chicago. Also this year, Dewey lost his entire investment in the railroad line during the Panic of 1873. At some time during this period, Dewey was involved in another financial setback involving the estate of the deceased Ben Eastman, a former Congressman, of which he was the executor. Dewey returned to his law practice.\n", "In 1874, Governor William R. Taylor appointed Dewey to the board of directors of the State Prison at Waupun; he served on the board until 1881.\n", "On February 22, 1889, Dewey suffered a stroke while at court in Lancaster. He was paralyzed and was brought home to Cassville the next day. He was not well prior to this, and was apparently aware of the possibility of becoming paralyzed. From the time of his paralysis, he was almost entirely confined to bed. He died in poverty at the Denniston House, which he had helped rebuild, a few minutes past midnight on the morning of July 21, 1889, after being unconscious for the previous forty-eight hours. He was seventy-five years old.\n", "Dewey was at one time considered a wealthy man, but by the time of his death, he had little money. Dewey was buried on July 23, 1889, in the Episcopal cemetery in Lancaster, next to the graves of his brother Orin and his son Charlie.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Dewey married Catherine Dunn in 1849 during his first term as governor. The couple had three children: a daughter Katie, whose married name was later Cole, a son, Nelson, Jr., who at the time of Dewey's death lived in the West, and another son, Charlie, who died in 1869, while still a child.\n", "In 1886, Dewey filed for a divorce from his wife, but the matter never came to trial. Catherine eventually moved to St. Louis, Missouri, where her daughter and son-in-law lived.\n", "Dewey had a brother named William Dewey, who survived him, and another brother, Orin, who died in 1840. He also a third brother, John J. Dewey, who was a physician who lived in Saint Paul, Minnesota and was a member of the Minnesota Territorial Legislature.\n", "Dewey was called a \"friend of the poor\" and known for his generosity.\n", "Section::::Political views.\n", "Dewey was a member of the Democratic Party. He opposed the spread of slavery into new states and territories and advocated electing United States Senators by popular vote. He was described as one of \"the old guard that never surrendered\".\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "Nelson Dewey State Park was created in 1935 using land from Dewey's former Stonefield estate.\n", "An 11 mile portion of Wisconsin state highway 81 from Cassville to the intersection of state highway 35 in Grant County was designated Nelson Dewey Memorial Highway by the Wisconsin Legislature.\n", "The former Nelson Dewey Generating Station was named after the governor.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Governor Nelson Dewey, Dictionary of Wisconsin History\n", "BULLET::::- Governor Nelson Dewey\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "(1813-1889) US politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q881961", "wikidata_label": "Nelson Dewey", "wikipedia_title": "Nelson Dewey" }

{ "end": [ 137, 175, 212, 235, 251, 291, 313, 412, 465, 472, 485, 498, 77, 97, 40, 104, 162, 244, 288, 309, 341, 98, 171, 230, 255, 80, 91, 128, 176, 186, 256, 284, 302, 541, 635, 667, 32, 98, 141, 157, 195, 246, 356, 394, 408, 474, 492, 520, 600, 36, 136, 193, 20, 44, 81, 95, 115, 134, 255, 298, 493, 693, 123, 131, 140, 153, 166, 295, 377, 36, 24, 66 ], "href": [ "ER%20%28TV%20series%29", "Party%20of%20Five", "Band%20of%20Brothers%20%28miniseries%29", "Technical%20Sergeant", "Donald%20Malarkey", "American%20Dad%21", "Steve%20Smith%20%28American%20Dad%21%29", "Critters%20%28film%20series%29", "Fox%20Broadcasting%20Company", "sci-fi", "comedy-drama", "The%20Orville", "soft%20rock", "Sunset%20Blvd%20%28song%29", "Lowell%2C%20Massachusetts", "Dracut%2C%20Massachusetts", "Dracut%20High%20School", "Camryn%20Grimes", "Cassie%20Newman", "Mariah%20Copeland", "The%20Young%20and%20the%20Restless", "Mickey%20Rooney", "It%20Came%20Upon%20the%20Midnight%20Clear%20%28film%29", "The%20Twilight%20Zone%20%281985%20series%29", "Little%20Boy%20Lost%20%28The%20Twilight%20Zone%29", "Bob%20Hope", "Bob%20Hope%20television%20appearances", "Somewhere%20Over%20The%20Rainbow", "Carl%20XVI%20Gustaf%20of%20Sweden", "Queen%20Silvia%20of%20Sweden", "Time%20%28Richard%20Carpenter%20album%29", "Richard%20Carpenter%20%28musician%29", "The%20Carpenters", "A%26amp%3BM%20Records", "Livin%27%20on%20the%20Run", "Drive%20%28Scott%20Grimes%20album%29", "Pinocchio", "Pinocchio%20and%20the%20Emperor%20of%20the%20Night", "Dwayne%20Hickman", "Connie%20Stevens", "Tricia%20Leigh%20Fisher", "Bring%20Me%20the%20Head%20of%20Dobie%20Gillis", "Bert%20Convy", "NBC", "Wings%20%28NBC%20TV%20series%29", "Who%27s%20the%20Boss", "Alyssa%20Milano", "Romantic%20interest%20%28theatre%29", "Party%20of%20Five", "ER%20%28TV%20series%29", "recurring%20character", "ER%20%28season%2012%29", "Motion%20picture%20credits", "dark%20comedy", "Ridley%20Scott", "Robin%20Hood%20%282010%20film%29", "Russell%20Crowe", "Cate%20Blanchett", "Family%20Guy", "Joe%20Swanson", "NCIS%20%28TV%20series%29", "Anthony%20DiNozzo", "Seth%20MacFarlane", "Fox%20Broadcasting%20Corporation", "sci-fi", "comedy-drama", "The%20Orville", "Adrianne%20Palicki", "Austin%2C%20Texas", "Livin%27%20on%20the%20Run", "Drive%20%28Scott%20Grimes%20album%29", "https%3A//web.archive.org/web/20120303150201/http%3A//ripitup.co.nz/contentitem/interview-robin-hood-s-merry-men/962" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 13, 13, 17, 18, 20 ], "start": [ 135, 162, 196, 217, 236, 278, 302, 404, 462, 466, 473, 487, 68, 86, 19, 98, 141, 231, 275, 294, 315, 85, 140, 217, 240, 72, 81, 102, 172, 181, 252, 267, 288, 530, 618, 662, 23, 60, 127, 143, 176, 213, 346, 391, 403, 460, 479, 507, 587, 34, 117, 184, 8, 33, 69, 85, 102, 120, 245, 287, 489, 678, 108, 128, 134, 141, 155, 279, 364, 19, 19, 12 ], "text": [ "ER", "Party of Five", "Band of Brothers", "Technical Sergeant", "Donald Malarkey", "American Dad!", "Steve Smith", "Critters", "Fox", "sci-fi", "comedy-drama", "The Orville", "soft rock", "Sunset Blvd", "Lowell, Massachusetts", "Dracut", "Dracut Public Schools", "Camryn Grimes", "Cassie Newman", "Mariah Copeland", "The Young and the Restless", "Mickey Rooney", "It Came Upon the Midnight Clear", "Twilight Zone", "Little Boy Lost", "Bob Hope", "TV special", "Somewhere Over The Rainbow", "King", "Queen", "Time", "Richard Carpenter", "The Carpenters", "A&M Records", "Livin' on the Run", "Drive", "Pinocchio", "Pinocchio and the Emperor of the Night", "Dwayne Hickman", "Connie Stevens", "Tricia Leigh Fisher", "Bring Me the Head of Dobie Gillis", "Bert Convy", "NBC", "Wings", "Who's the Boss", "Alyssa Milano", "love-interest", "Party of Five", "ER", "recurring character", "season 12", "film credits", "dark comedy", "Ridley Scott", "Robin Hood", "Russell Crowe", "Cate Blanchett", "Family Guy", "Joe Swanson", "NCIS", "Anthony DiNozzo", "Seth MacFarlane", "Fox", "sci-fi", "comedy-drama", "The Orville", "Adrianne Palicki", "Austin, Texas", "Livin' on the Run", "Drive", "INTERVIEW: Robin Hood's Merry Men | Rip It Up Magazine" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Scott Grimes\n", "Scott Christopher Grimes (born July 9, 1971) is an American actor and singer. Some of his most prominent roles include appearances in \"ER\" as Dr. Archie Morris, \"Party of Five\" as Will McCorkle, \"Band of Brothers\" as Technical Sergeant Donald Malarkey, and the animated sitcom \"American Dad!\", voicing Steve Smith. He is also well known by cult movie fans for his role as Bradley Brown in the first two \"Critters\" films. Since 2017, he has been a regular on the Fox sci-fi comedy-drama \"The Orville\".\n", "As a singer, Grimes is best known for co-writing and performing the soft rock single \"Sunset Blvd\", which spent several weeks on the \"Billboard\" charts.\n", "Section::::Early Life.\n", "Grimes was born in Lowell, Massachusetts, the son of Pam and Rick Grimes. He lived in neighboring Dracut for much of his youth, and attended Dracut Public Schools. His sister, Heather Grimes, is also an actress. He is the uncle of Camryn Grimes, who is known for her role as Cassie Newman (now Mariah Copeland) in \"The Young and the Restless\".\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Grimes started acting at an early age. In 1984, at the age of 13, he co-starred with Mickey Rooney in a made-for-TV holiday movie entitled \"It Came Upon the Midnight Clear\". In 1985, he appeared in an episode of the \"Twilight Zone\" called \"Little Boy Lost\".\n", "Grimes also began singing in childhood, and in March 1986 appeared on a Bob Hope TV special, singing \"Somewhere Over The Rainbow\". The special was taped in Sweden with the King and Queen in attendance. In 1987, he performed as a guest vocalist on the \"Time\" album by Richard Carpenter of The Carpenters, where Carpenter thanked the 15-year-old Grimes for his \"spirited\" performance, commenting in the liner notes, \"I believe young Scott to have quite a future in music.\" Grimes' first music album, \"Scott Grimes\", was released by A&M Records in 1989, and produced by Carpenter. In 2005, he released his second album, \"Livin' on the Run\", and in 2010 his third, \"Drive\".\n", "In 1987, Grimes voiced Pinocchio in the dark animated film \"Pinocchio and the Emperor of the Night\". In 1988, he appeared with Dwayne Hickman, Connie Stevens, and her daughter Tricia Leigh Fisher in the TV movie \"Bring Me the Head of Dobie Gillis\"; Grimes, Hickman, Stevens, and Fisher also appeared on the \"All-Star Super Password Special\" with Bert Convy. He had also guest starred on the NBC sitcom \"Wings\". He is also known for his 1987 recurring role on \"Who's the Boss\" as Alyssa Milano's character's love-interest, Chad McCann and his regular appearances in the 1994–2000 series \"Party of Five\" as Will McCorkle.\n", "Grimes starred on the NBC series \"ER\" playing Dr. Archie Morris from 2003 until the series' end in 2009. Initially a recurring character on ER, he later was upgraded to a main role in season 12. The character initially provided comic relief, but grew over the years, becoming central to several episodes and story lines in the series' final seasons.\n", "Grimes' film credits include the dark comedy \"Who's Your Monkey\" and Ridley Scott's \"Robin Hood\" with Russell Crowe and Cate Blanchett. On October 11, 2010, Grimes announced on his Twitter that he would voice a character on the animated series \"Family Guy\", , which would turn out to be Joe Swanson's previously thought-to-be-dead son, Kevin Swanson. On March 19, 2013, he was cast as Dave Flynn on the \"\" episode entitled \"Red\", the first episode of a two-part backdoor pilot to another \"NCIS\" spin-off which would have been named \"NCIS: Red\", but it was not picked up. Grimes had previously appeared in an \"NCIS\" episode entitled \"Baltimore\" in 2011 as Detective Danny Price, Anthony DiNozzo's former partner at the Baltimore P.D.\n", "Since September 10, 2017, he has played cocky helmsman Gordon Malloy, the best friend of Captain Ed Mercer (Seth MacFarlane) on Fox's sci-fi comedy-drama \"The Orville\", created by executive producer MacFarlane.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Grimes has a son and a daughter with his first wife, Dawn Bailey-Grimes, whom he married on May 5, 1997. In December 2011, he married Megan Moore. She filed for divorce in October 2017. At the San Diego Comic-Con in 2018, it was revealed that he was dating his \"Orville\" co-star Adrianne Palicki. The two announced their engagement in January 2019, and married in Austin, Texas on May 19, 2019. Two months later Palicki filed for divorce in on July 22, 2019.\n", "Section::::Discography.\n", "Section::::Discography.:Albums.\n", "BULLET::::- 1989: \"Scott Grimes\" (A&M)\n", "BULLET::::- 2005: \"Livin' on the Run\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2010: \"Drive\"\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- INTERVIEW: Robin Hood's Merry Men | Rip It Up Magazine\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Scott Richard Grimes" ] }, "description": "actor, voice actor, singer-songwriter", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q316231", "wikidata_label": "Scott Grimes", "wikipedia_title": "Scott Grimes" }

{ "end": [ 133, 374, 43, 82, 133, 172, 243, 462, 561, 657, 47, 134, 213, 288, 339, 398, 459, 106, 65, 92, 184, 78, 228, 258, 270, 278, 55, 41, 54, 54, 26, 47, 48, 32 ], "href": [ "The%20Economist", "Western%20world", "Latymer%20Upper%20School", "Magdalen%20College%2C%20Oxford", "British%20undergraduate%20degree%20classification", "Philosophy%2C%20Politics%2C%20and%20Economics", "Brussels", "Iraq%20War", "Silvio%20Berlusconi", "Gerald%20Loeb%20%20Award", "London%20Library", "Fleming%20Family%20%26amp%3B%20Partners", "Shujitsu%20University", "Blavatnik%20School%20of%20Government", "University%20of%20Tokyo", "Swiss%20Re", "Ofcom", "Order%20of%20the%20Rising%20Sun", "The%20Financial%20Times", "La%20Stampa", "Project%20Syndicate", "Girlfriend%20in%20a%20Coma%20%28film%29", "Annalisa%20Piras", "BBC%20Four", "Sky%20Italia", "La7", "https%3A//web.archive.org/web/20050428014303/http%3A//www.abc.net.au/sundayprofile/stories/s1210496.htm", "https%3A//www.forbes.com/infoimaging/2003/02/14/cx_ml_0214chat.html", "https%3A//web.archive.org/web/20050924133445/http%3A//www.davidrowan.com/2004/11/interview-bill-emmott-economist.html", "https%3A//web.archive.org/web/20050920053031/http%3A//www.iop.harvard.edu/events_forum_archive_2003.html", "http%3A//www.billemmott.com/", "http%3A//www.livemint.com/2007/04/07003858/Why-The-Economist-is-so-succes.html", "http%3A//blog.washingtonpost.com/postglobal/bill_emmott", "http%3A//girlfriendinacoma.eu/" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 7, 8, 8, 8, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 ], "start": [ 120, 357, 23, 58, 114, 137, 235, 454, 544, 619, 33, 109, 194, 258, 320, 390, 454, 55, 46, 83, 167, 58, 214, 250, 260, 275, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12 ], "text": [ "The Economist", "Western societies", "Latymer Upper School", "Magdalen College, Oxford", "first-class honours", "Philosophy, Politics, and Economics", "Brussels", "Iraq War", "Silvio Berlusconi", "Gerald Loeb Lifetime Achievement Award", "London Library", "Fleming Family & Partners", "Shujitsu University", "Blavatnik School of Government", "University of Tokyo", "Swiss Re", "Ofcom", "Order of the Rising Sun, Gold Rays with Neck Ribbon", "The Financial Times", "La Stampa", "Project Syndicate", "Girlfriend in a Coma", "Annalisa Piras", "BBC Four", "Sky Italia", "La7", "Interview with Emmott, ABC News (Australia)", "Interview with Emmott, Forbes", "Interview with Emmott, UK Evening Standard", "The Promise and Problems of American Power", "billemmott.com", "Why the Economist is so successful?", "Washington Post, PostGlobal Panelist", "girlfriendinacoma.eu" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Bill Emmott\n", "Bill Emmott (born 6 August 1956) is an English journalist, author, and consultant best known as the editor-in-chief of \"The Economist\" newspaper from 1993 to 2006. Emmott has written thirteen books and worked on two documentary feature films. He co-founded the Wake Up Foundation, an educational charity dedicated to raising awareness of the dangers facing Western societies. He is now chairman of the Trinity College Long Room Hub for Arts & Humanities in Dublin, and of the International Institute for Strategic Studies and Japan Society of the UK in London.\n", "Section::::Life and work.\n", "Emmott was educated at Latymer Upper School in London and Magdalen College, Oxford. He graduated from Oxford with first-class honours in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics. After graduation, he worked for \"The Economist\" newspaper in Brussels, Tokyo, and London, and became the fifteenth editor of the publication in March 1993. Emmott resigned thirteen years later on 20 February 2006. During his tenure, \"The Economist\" editorialised in favour of the Iraq War, of legalising gay marriage, of abolishing the British monarchy, and of opposing Silvio Berlusconi as prime minister of Italy. In 2009, Emmott received the Gerald Loeb Lifetime Achievement Award for execellence in business journalism.\n", "Emmott served as chairman of the London Library from 2009 to 2015. He worked as a group economic adviser for Fleming Family & Partners from 2011 to 2015. He is currently a visiting professor at Shujitsu University in Okayama, Japan, a visiting fellow at the Blavatnik School of Government in Oxford, and a member of the University of Tokyo President's Council. Emmott is also an adviser to Swiss Re and has served as the chairman of the content board at Ofcom. \n", "Emmott wrote the best-selling book \"The Sun Also Sets: The Limits to Japan's Economic Power\" (1989), as well as \"20:21 Vision: Twentieth-Century Lessons for the Twenty-First Century\" (2003), \"Japanophobia: The Myth of the Invincible Japanese\" (1993), and \"Rivals: How the Power Struggle Between China, India and Japan Will Shape our Next Decade\" (2008). \n", "His book about Italy, (Come on Italy: How to Restart after Berlusconi) was translated to Italian and published in 2010. Initially there was no English language version of this book. Emmott then updated, revised, and expanded the content for an English language version called \"Good Italy, Bad Italy\", which was published in 2012.\n", "In April 2016, the government of Japan awarded him the Order of the Rising Sun, Gold Rays with Neck Ribbon.\n", "Emmott writes columns on current affairs for \"The Financial Times\" in London, for \"La Stampa\" in Italy, for Nikkei Business and the Mainichi Shimbun in Japan, and for Project Syndicate worldwide. His latest book, \"The Fate of the West: The Battle to Save the World's Most Successful Political Idea\", was published in April 2017. His next book, \"Japan's Far More Female Future\" will be published by Nikkei in May 2019.\n", "Section::::Film work.\n", "Section::::Film work.:\"Girlfriend in a Coma\".\n", "Emmott co-wrote and narrated a documentary film entitled \"Girlfriend in a Coma\", which depicts Italy in a 20-year-long crisis. It was made in 2012 by Springshot Productions under the direction and co-authorship of Annalisa Piras. It was broadcast on BBC Four, Sky Italia and La7 TV channels early in 2013, and subsequently on other channels worldwide, as well as more than 46 independently organised public screenings in Italy and abroad. During the six months following its release, the film was watched by more than one and a half million viewers.\n", "Section::::Film work.:\"The Great European Disaster Movie\".\n", "Emmott and Piras again worked together on \"The Great European Disaster Movie\" which was aired in Britain, France, Germany and many other European countries in early 2015. The movie has been seen by 2,500,000 people in twelve countries and been translated into ten languages. In October 2015, Emmott and Piras made the film freely available for public screenings and debates about the future of the European Union. In May 2016, it was awarded the German CIVIS Media Prize in the category TV-Information.\n", "Section::::Wake Up Foundation.\n", "Emmott and Piras set up the Wake Up Foundation to use film, text, and data for public education about the decline of Western countries. The first projects of the foundation were the Wake Up Europe! initiative, \"The Great European Disaster Movie\", and a statistical indicator of the long-term health of western societies called 2050 Index. In May 2019, the foundation will hold its inaugural Wake Up Europe Film Festival for social impact documentaries in Turin.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Interview with Emmott, ABC News (Australia)\n", "BULLET::::- Interview with Emmott, Forbes\n", "BULLET::::- Interview with Emmott, UK Evening Standard\n", "BULLET::::- The Promise and Problems of American Power – A Conversation With Bill Emmott\n", "BULLET::::- billemmott.com\n", "BULLET::::- Why the Economist is so successful?\n", "BULLET::::- Washington Post, PostGlobal Panelist\n", "BULLET::::- girlfriendinacoma.eu\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "British journalist", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q615997", "wikidata_label": "Bill Emmott", "wikipedia_title": "Bill Emmott" }

{ "end": [ 218, 232, 53, 99, 24, 84, 155, 92, 107, 138, 40, 76, 292, 351, 34, 84, 94, 131, 147, 35, 140, 214, 261, 360, 77, 73, 122, 68, 85, 81, 303, 566, 751, 100, 161, 108, 177, 235, 88, 133, 478, 309, 329, 252, 60, 98, 182, 238, 275, 479, 511, 539, 110, 76, 92, 142, 187, 54, 90, 230, 82, 31, 33, 73, 35, 32, 53, 46, 32, 25, 30, 25, 27, 32, 35, 63, 25, 25, 198, 51, 63, 45, 42, 80, 90, 61, 55 ], "href": [ "urban%20planning", "sociology", "architecture", "conurbation", "Francophile", "Coll%C3%A8ge%20des%20%C3%89cossais%2C%20Montpellier", "Montpellier", "Ballater", "Aberdeenshire%20%28historic%29", "Perth%20Academy", "Royal%20College%20of%20Mines", "Thomas%20Henry%20Huxley", "John%20Burdon-Sanderson", "Edinburgh%20University", "John%20Wilson%20%28botanist%29", "Morgan%20Academy", "Dundee", "Robert%20Burns%20%28artist%29", "John%20Duncan%20%28painter%29", "J.%20Arthur%20Thomson", "University%20of%20Dundee", "University%20of%20Bombay", "Victor%20Branford", "Lewis%20Mumford", "Frank%20Charles%20Mears", "Herbert%20Spencer", "Frederic%20Le%20Play", "evolution", "Eastern%20philosophy", "gridiron%20plan", "Outlook%20Tower", "camera%20obscura", "Old%20Town%2C%20Edinburgh", "Jane%20Jacobs", "New%20Urbanism", "Edinburgh%20Zoo", "Poole%27s%20Synod%20Hall", "Indore", "John%20Sinclair%2C%201st%20Baron%20Pentland", "India", "SMS%20Emden%20%281908%29", "Freeman%20Freeman-Thomas%2C%201st%20Marquess%20of%20Willingdon", "Lord%20Carmichael", "Dharavi", "Frank%20Mears", "Palestine%20%28region%29", "Hebrew%20University%20of%20Jerusalem", "David%20Eder", "Zionist%20Organisation", "Geddes%20Plan%20%28Tel%20Aviv%29", "Tel%20Aviv%23Under%20the%20British%20Mandate", "Meir%20Dizengoff", "Lewis%20Mumford", "Raymond%20Unwin", "Frank%20Mears", "Radhakamal%20Mukerjee", "Cebri%C3%A0%20de%20Montoliu", "ecology", "nature%20conservation", "Green%20politics", "University%20of%20Dundee", "David%20Wolffsohn", "https%3A//archive.org/details/cu31924024756193", "City%20Development%2C%20A%20Report%20to%20the%20Carnegie%20Dunfermline%20Trust", "https%3A//archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.180972", "https%3A//archive.org/details/citiesinevolutio00gedduoft", "https%3A//archive.org/details/sirjagadisbose00geddrich", "https%3A//archive.org/details/lifeoutlinesofge001863mbp", "Scottish%20Renaissance", "Wilczek%20Land", "Lady%20Stair%E2%80%99s%20House", "Ramsay%20Garden", "James%20Cadenhead", "Old%20North%20%28Tel%20Aviv%29", "List%20of%20urban%20theorists", "https%3A//archive.org/details/PatrickGeddesIndia", "Philip%20Mairet", "Paddy%20Kitchen", "https%3A//web.archive.org/web/20060206194718/http%3A//www.patrickgeddes.co.uk/", "http%3A//www.gardenvisit.com/landscape/architecture/landscape-institute-uk.htm", "http%3A//www.dundee.ac.uk/geddesinstitute", "http%3A//www.patrickgeddestrust.co.uk/", "http%3A//www.alastairmcintosh.com/general/resources/2010-Geddes-Blackie.pdf", "http%3A//www.dundee.ac.uk/media/dundeewebsite/archives/documents/Patrick%2520Geddes%2520source%2520list%252020131121.docx.pdf%3A", "http%3A//www.nls.uk/learning-zone/politics-and-society/patrick-geddes", "http%3A//www.elsignificadodelavida.com", "http%3A//www.patrickgeddescentre.org.uk/" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 10, 10, 10, 10, 11, 13, 15, 15, 16, 20, 26, 31, 31, 31, 36, 36, 38, 40, 40, 42, 42, 42, 43, 43, 56, 59, 59, 59, 59, 59, 59, 59, 59, 61, 62, 62, 62, 62, 63, 63, 63, 64, 66, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 87, 88, 89, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108 ], "start": [ 204, 223, 41, 88, 13, 64, 144, 84, 94, 125, 18, 57, 274, 331, 20, 70, 88, 119, 136, 18, 115, 194, 246, 347, 58, 58, 106, 59, 67, 68, 290, 552, 731, 89, 149, 77, 159, 229, 75, 128, 473, 294, 314, 245, 49, 89, 152, 228, 255, 461, 503, 525, 97, 63, 81, 123, 169, 47, 71, 216, 62, 16, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 40, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12 ], "text": [ "urban planning", "sociology", "architecture", "conurbation", "Francophile", "Collège des Écossais", "Montpellier", "Ballater", "Aberdeenshire", "Perth Academy", "Royal College of Mines", "Thomas Henry Huxley", "Burdon-Sanderson's", "Edinburgh University", "Dr John Wilson", "Morgan Academy", "Dundee", "Robert Burns", "John Duncan", "J. Arthur Thomson", "University College Dundee", "University of Bombay", "Victor Branford", "Lewis Mumford", "Frank Charles Mears", "Herbert Spencer", "Frederic Le Play", "evolution", "Eastern philosophy", "gridiron plan", "Outlook Tower", "camera obscura", "Edinburgh's Old Town", "Jane Jacobs", "New Urbanism", "Zoological Gardens in Edinburgh", "Poole's Synod Hall", "Indore", "Lord Pentland", "India", "Emden", "Lord Willingdon", "Lord Carmichael", "Dharavi", "Frank Mears", "Palestine", "Hebrew University of Jerusalem", "David Eder", "Zionist Organisation", "Jaffa and Tel Aviv", "Tel Aviv", "Meir Dizengoff", "Lewis Mumford", "Raymond Unwin", "Frank Mears", "Radhakamal Mukerjee", "Cebrià de Montoliu", "ecology", "nature conservation", "Green politics", "University of Dundee", "David Wolffsohn", "The Evolution of Sex", "City Development, A Report to the Carnegie Dunfermline Trust", "The Masque of Learning", "Cities in Evolution", "The life and work of Sir Jagadis C. Bose", "Life: Outlines of General Biology", "Scottish Renaissance", "Geddes Island", "Lady Stair’s House", "Ramsay Garden", "James Cadenhead", "Old North (Tel Aviv)", "List of urban theorists", "Patrick Geddes in India", "Philip Mairet", "Paddy Kitchen", "The online Journal of Civics & Generalism, is an international collaborative project with extensive essays and graphic material inspired by the work of Patrick Geddes in a modern context", "Geddes as a pioneer landscape architect", "The Geddes Institute at Dundee University, Scotland", "Sir Patrick Geddes Memorial Trust", "Geddes' \"The Scots Renascense\"", "Records relating to Sir Patrick Geddes at Dundee University Archives", "National Library of Scotland Learning Zone, Patrick Geddes: By Living We Learn", "Escuela de Vida \"Vivendo discimus\", Ceuta (Spain)", "The Patrick Geddes Centre at Riddle's Court" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Patrick Geddes\n", "Sir Patrick Geddes (2 October 1854 – 17 April 1932) was a Scottish biologist, sociologist, geographer, philanthropist and pioneering town planner. He is known for his innovative thinking in the fields of urban planning and sociology.\n", "He introduced the concept of \"region\" to architecture and planning and coined the term \"conurbation\".\n", "An energetic Francophile, Geddes was the founder in 1924 of the Collège des Écossais (Scots College) an international teaching establishment in Montpellier, France and in the 1920s he bought the Château to set up a centre for urban studies.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "The son of Janet Stevenson and soldier Alexander Geddes, Patrick Geddes was born in Ballater, Aberdeenshire, and educated at Perth Academy.\n", "He studied at the Royal College of Mines in London under Thomas Henry Huxley between 1874 and 1877, never finishing any degree and he then spent the year 1877-1878 as a demonstrator in the Department of Physiology in University College London where he met Charles Darwin in Burdon-Sanderson's laboratory. He lectured in Zoology at Edinburgh University from 1880 to 1888.\n", "He married Anna Morton (1857–1917), who was the daughter of a wealthy merchant, in 1886 when he was 32 years old. They had three children: Norah, Alasdair and Arthur. During a visit to India in 1917 Anna fell ill with typhoid fever and died, not knowing that their son Alasdair had been killed in action in France.\n", "In 1890 he assisted Dr John Wilson in laying out a teaching garden at Morgan Academy in Dundee.\n", "In 1895 Geddes published an edition of \"The Evergreen\" magazine, with articles on nature, biology and poetics. Artists Robert Burns and John Duncan provided illustrations for the magazine.\n", "Geddes wrote with J. Arthur Thomson an early book on \"The Evolution of Sex\" (1889). He held the Chair of Botany at University College Dundee from 1888 to 1919, and the Chair of Sociology at the University of Bombay from 1919 to 1924. He inspired Victor Branford to form the Sociological Society in 1903 to promote his sociological views.\n", "While he thought of himself primarily as a sociologist, it was his commitment to close social observation and ability to turn these into practical solutions for city design and improvement that earned him a \"revered place amongst the founding fathers of the British town planning movement\". He was a major influence on the American urban theorist Lewis Mumford.\n", "He was knighted in 1932, shortly before his death at the Scots College in Montpellier, France on 17 April 1932.\n", "Geddes was the father-in-law of the architect and planner Frank Charles Mears.\n", "Section::::Early influences.\n", "Patrick Geddes was influenced by social theorists such as Herbert Spencer (1820–1903) and French theorist Frederic Le Play (1806–1882) and expanded upon earlier theoretical developments that led to the concept of regional planning.\n", "He adopted Spencer's theory that the concept of biological evolution could be applied to explain the evolution of society, and drew on Le Play's analysis of the key units of society as constituting \"Lieu, Travail, Famille\" (\"Place, Work, Family\"), but changing the last from \"family\" to \"folk\". In this theory, the family is viewed as the central \"biological unit of human society\" from which all else develops. According to Geddes, it is from \"stable, healthy homes\" providing the necessary conditions for mental and moral development that come beautiful and healthy children who are able \"to fully participate in life\".\n", "Geddes drew on Le Play's circular theory of geographical locations presenting environmental limitations and opportunities that in turn determine the nature of work. His central argument was that physical geography, market economics and anthropology were related, yielding a “single chord of social life [of] all three combined”. Thus the interdisciplinary subject of sociology was developed into the science of “man’s interaction with a natural environment: the basic technique was the regional survey, and the improvement of town planning the chief practical application of sociology\".\n", "Geddes' writing demonstrates the influence of these ideas on his theories of the city. He saw the city as a series of common interlocking patterns, \"an inseparably interwoven structure\", akin to a flower. He criticised the tendency of modern scientific thinking to specialisation. In his \"Report to the H.H. the Maharaja of Kapurthala\" in 1917 he wrote: \n", "\"Each of the various specialists remains too closely concentrated upon his single specialism, too little awake to those of the others. Each sees clearly and seizes firmly upon one petal of the six-lobed flower of life and tears it apart from the whole.\"\n", "These ideas can also be traced back to Geddes' abiding interest in Eastern philosophy which he believed more readily conceived of \"life as a whole\": \"as a result, civic beauty in India has existed at all levels, from humble homes and simple shrines to palaces magnificent and temples sublime.\" \n", "Against a backdrop of extraordinary development of new technologies, industrialisation and urbanism, Geddes witnessed the substantial social consequences of crime, illness and poverty that developed as a result of modernisation. From Geddes' perspective, the purpose of his theory and understanding of relationships among the units of society was to find an equilibrium among people and the environment to improve such conditions.\n", "Section::::Key ideas.\n", "Section::::Key ideas.:\"Conservative surgery\" versus the gridiron plan.\n", "Geddes championed a mode of planning that sought to consider \"primary human needs\" in every intervention, engaging in \"constructive and conservative surgery\" rather than the \"heroic, all of a piece schemes\" popular in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. He continued to use and advocate for this approach throughout his career.\n", "Very early on in his career Geddes demonstrated the practicality of his ideas and approach. In 1886 Geddes and his newly married wife purchased a row of slum tenements in James Court, Edinburgh, making it into a single dwelling. In and around this area Geddes commenced upon a project of \"conservative surgery\": \"weeding out the worst of the houses that surrounded them…widening the narrow closes into courtyards\" and thus improving sunlight and airflow. The best of the houses were kept and restored. Geddes believed that this approach was both more economical and more humane.\n", "In this way Geddes consciously worked against the tradition of the \"gridiron plan\", resurgent in colonial town design in the 19th century:\n", "“The heritage of the gridiron plans goes back at least to the Roman camps. The basis for the grid as an enduring and appealing urban form rests on five main characteristics: order and regulatory, orientation in space and to elements, simplicity and ease of navigation, speed of layout, and adaptability to circumstance.” \n", "However, he wished this policy of \"sweeping clearances\" to be recognised for what he believed it was: \"one of the most disastrous and pernicious blunders in the chequered history of sanitation\".\n", "Geddes criticised this tradition as much for its \"dreary conventionality\" as for its failure to address in the long term the very problems it purport to solve. According to Geddes' analysis, this approach was not only \"unsparing to the old homes and to the neighbourhood life of the area\" but also, in \"leaving fewer housing sites and these mostly narrower than before\" expelling a large population that would \"again as usual, be driven to create worse congestion in other quarters\".\n", "Section::::The \"observational technique\".\n", "Drawing on the scientific method, Geddes encouraged close observation as the way to discover and work with the relationships among place, work and folk. In 1892, to allow the general public an opportunity to observe these relationships, Geddes opened a “sociological laboratory” called the Outlook Tower that documented and visualized the regional landscape. In keeping with scientific process and using new technologies, Geddes developed an Index Museum to categorise his physical observations and maintained Encyclopedia Graphicato, which utilised a camera obscura to provide an opportunity for the general public to observe their own landscape to witness the relationships among units of society. The Outlook Tower was built in Edinburgh's Old Town and continues to be used as a museum.\n", "Section::::The \"observational technique\".:The \"civic survey\".\n", "Geddes advocated the civic survey as indispensable to urban planning: his motto was \"diagnosis before treatment\". Such a survey should include, at a minimum, the geology, the geography, the climate, the economic life, and the social institutions of the city and region. His early work surveying the city of Edinburgh became a model for later surveys.\n", "He was particularly critical of that form of planning which relied overmuch on design and effect, neglecting to consider \"the surrounding quarter and constructed without reference to local needs or potentialities\". Geddes encouraged instead exploration and consideration of the \"whole set of existing conditions\", studying the \"place as it stands, seeking out how it has grown to be what it is, and recognising alike its advantages, its difficulties and its defects\":\n", "\"This school strives to adapt itself to meet the wants and needs, the ideas and ideals of the place and persons concerned. It seeks to undo as little as possible, while planning to increase the well-being of the people at all levels, from the humblest to the highest.\"\n", "In this sense he can be viewed as prefiguring the work of seminal urban thinkers such as Jane Jacobs, and region-specific planning movements such as New Urbanism, encouraging the planner to consider the situation, inherent virtue and potential in a given site, rather than \"an abstract ideal that could be imposed by authority or force from the outside\".\n", "Section::::The \"observational technique\".:The regional plan.\n", "In 1909, Geddes assisted in the early planning of the southern aspect of the Zoological Gardens in Edinburgh. This work was formative in his development of a regional planning model called the \"Valley Section\".This model illustrated the complex interactions among biogeography, geomorphology and human systems and attempted to demonstrate how \"natural occupations\" such as hunting, mining, or fishing are supported by physical geographies that in turn determine patterns of human settlement. The point of this model was to make clear the complex and interrelated relationships between humans and their environment, and to encourage regional planning models that would be responsive to these conditions.\n", "Section::::Civic Pageant.\n", "Geddes developed a means for engaging with the populace of a city through a civic pageant.One such was the \"Masque of Learning\", a pageant he organised in the Poole's Synod Hall, Edinburgh in 1912. He also organised a pageant in Indore, India when he arrived in 1917.\n", "Section::::Work in India.\n", "Geddes' work in improving the slums of Edinburgh led to an invitation from Lord Pentland (then Governor of Madras) to travel to India to advise on emerging urban planning issues, in particular, how to mediate \"between the need for public improvement and respect for existing social standards\". For this, Geddes prepared an exhibition on \"City and Town Planning\". The materials for the first exhibit were sent to India on a ship that was sunk near Madras by the German ship Emden, however new materials were collected and an exhibit prepared for the Senate hall of Madras University by 1915.\n", "According to some reports, this was near the time of the meeting of the Indian National Congress and Pentland hoped the exhibit would demonstrate the benefits of British rule. Geddes lectured and worked with Indian surveyors and travelled to Bombay and Bengal where Pentland's political allies Lord Willingdon and Lord Carmichael were Governors. He held a position in Sociology and Civics at Bombay University from 1919 to 1925.\n", "Between 1915 and 1919 Geddes wrote a series of \"exhaustive town planning reports\" on at least eighteen Indian cities, a selection of which has been collected together in Jacqueline Tyrwhitt’s \"Patrick Geddes in India\" (1947).\n", "Through these reports, Geddes was concerned to create a \"working system in India\", righting the wrongs of the past by making interventions in and plans for the urban fabric that were both considerate of local context and tradition and awake to the need for development. According to Lewis Mumford, writing in introduction to Tyrwhitt’s collected reports:\n", "\"Few observers have shown more sympathy…with the religious and social practices of the Hindus than Geddes did; yet no one could have written more scathingly of Mahatma Gandhi’s attempt to conserve the past by reverting to the spinning wheel, at a moment when the fundamental poverty of the masses in India called for the most resourceful application of the machine both to agricultural and industrial life.\"\n", "His principles for town planning in Bombay demonstrate his views on the relationship between social processes and spatial form, and the intimate and causal connections between the social development of the individual and the cultural and physical environment. They included: (\"What town planning means under the Bombay Town Planning Act of 1915\")\n", "BULLET::::- Preservation of human life and energy, rather than superficial beautification.\n", "BULLET::::- Conformity to an orderly development plan carried out in stages.\n", "BULLET::::- Purchasing land suitable for building.\n", "BULLET::::- Promoting trade and commerce.\n", "BULLET::::- Preserving historic buildings and buildings of religious significance.\n", "BULLET::::- Developing a city worthy of civic pride, not an imitation of European cities.\n", "BULLET::::- Promoting the happiness, health and comfort of all residents, rather than focusing on roads and parks available only to the rich.\n", "BULLET::::- Control over future growth with adequate provision for future requirements.\n", "Geddes' exhortation to pay attention to the social and particular when attempting city renewal or resettlement remains relevant, particularly in light of the plans for slum resettlement and redevelopment ongoing in many Indian cities (see, e.g. Dharavi redevelopment program):\n", "\"Town Planning is not mere place-planning, nor even work planning. If it is to be successful it must be folk planning. This means that its task is not to coerce people into new places against their associations, wishes, and interest, as we find bad schemes trying to do. Instead its task is to find the right places for each sort of people; place where they will really flourish. To give people in fact the same care that we give when transplanting flowers, instead of harsh evictions and arbitrary instructions to 'move on', delivered in the manner of an officious policeman.\"\n", "Section::::Work in Palestine and origins of Israel.\n", "Geddes worked with his son-in-law, the architect Frank Mears, on a number of projects in Palestine. In 1919, he was engaged to prepare a scheme for the Hebrew University of Jerusalem at the instigation of the psychoanalyst, Dr. David Eder, who headed the Zionist Organisation's London Branch. He also submitted a report on \"Jerusalem Actual and Possible\" to the Military Governor of Jerusalem in November 1919. In 1925 he submitted a report on town planning in Jaffa and Tel Aviv to the Municipality of Tel Aviv, then led by Meir Dizengoff. The municipality adopted his proposals and Tel Aviv is the only city whose core is entirely laid out according to a plan by Geddes.\n", "Section::::Influence.\n", "Geddes' ideas had worldwide circulation: his most famous admirer was the American urban theorist Lewis Mumford who claimed that \"Geddes was a global thinker in practice, a whole generation or more before the Western democracies fought a global war\".\n", "Geddes also influenced several British urban planners (notably Raymond Unwin and Frank Mears), the Indian social scientist Radhakamal Mukerjee and the Catalan architect Cebrià de Montoliu (1873–1923) as well as many other 20th century thinkers.\n", "Geddes was keenly interested in the science of ecology, an advocate of nature conservation and strongly opposed to environmental pollution. Because of this, some historians have claimed he was a forerunner of modern Green politics.\n", "Researchers at the Geddes Institute for Urban Research at the University of Dundee continue to develop Geddesian approaches to questions of city and regional planning and questions of social and psychical well-being in the built environment. In late 2015 the University staged an exhibition of Geddes' work in the Lamb Gallery, drawn from the Archives of the Universities of Dundee, Strathclyde, and Edinburgh, to mark the centenary of the publication of \"Cities in Evolution\".\n", "Section::::Buildings.\n", "BULLET::::- The David Wolffsohn University and National Library, Hebrew University, Jerusalem. Design by Patrick Geddes, Frank Mears and Benjamin Chaikin, inaugurated on 15 April 1930.\n", "Section::::Published works.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Evolution of Sex\" (1889) with J.A. Thomson, W. Scott, London.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Evergreen: A Northern Seasonal\" (1895/96), Patrick Geddes and Colleagues, Lawnmarket, Edinburgh.\n", "BULLET::::- \"City Development, A Report to the Carnegie Dunfermline Trust\" (1904), Rutgers University Press.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Masque of Learning\" (1912)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cities in Evolution\" (1915) Williams & Norgate, London.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The life and work of Sir Jagadis C. Bose\" (1920) Longman, London.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Biology\" (1925) with J.A. Thomson, Williams & Norgate, London.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Life: Outlines of General Biology\" (1931) with J.A. Thomson, Harper & Brothers, London.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Scottish Renaissance\n", "BULLET::::- Geddes Island\n", "BULLET::::- Lady Stair’s House\n", "BULLET::::- Ramsay Garden\n", "BULLET::::- James Cadenhead, Scottish artist who worked with Geddes on his projects in Edinburgh's Old Town.\n", "BULLET::::- Old North (Tel Aviv)\n", "BULLET::::- List of urban theorists\n", "Section::::Bibliography.\n", "BULLET::::- Amelia Defries, \"The Interpreter Geddes: The Man and His Gospel\" (1927)\n", "BULLET::::- Philip Boardman, \"Patrick Geddes: Maker of the Future\" (1944)\n", "BULLET::::- Jacqueline Tyrwhitt (ed.), \"Patrick Geddes in India (1947) Lund Humphries: London\n", "BULLET::::- Philip Mairet, \"Pioneer of Sociology: The Life and Letters of Patrick Geddes\" (1957)\n", "BULLET::::- Paddy Kitchen, \"A Most Unsettling Person\" (1975)\n", "BULLET::::- Philip Boardman, \"The Worlds of Patrick Geddes: Biologist, Town Planner, Re-educator, Peace-warrior\" (1978)\n", "BULLET::::- Helen Meller, \"Patrick Geddes: Social Evolutionist and City Planner\" (1990)\n", "BULLET::::- Noah Hysler-Rubin, \"Patrick Geddes and Town Planning: A Critical View\" (2011), Routledge\n", "BULLET::::- Volker M. Welter and James Lawson (eds.), \"The City After Patrick Geddes\" (2000)\n", "BULLET::::- Volker M. Welter, \"Biopolis, Patrick Geddes and the City of Life\" (2002)\n", "BULLET::::- Catherine Weill-Rochant, \"L'Atlas de Tel-Aviv\" (2008)\n", "BULLET::::- 'Evaluer la pérennité urbaine : l’example du plan Geddes pour Tel-Aviv', \"Pérennité urbaine, ou la ville par-delà ses métamorphose\", C. Vallat, A. Le Blanc, Pascale Philifert (ed.) Volume I : Traces, Paris, L’Harmattan, 2009, p. 315-325.\n", "BULLET::::- and\n", "BULLET::::- Catherine Weill-Rochant, le travail de Patrick Geddes à Tel-Aviv, un plan d'ombres et de lumières, Editions universitaires européennes, 2010 (693 p., plans historiques, photos, figures)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- The online Journal of Civics & Generalism, is an international collaborative project with extensive essays and graphic material inspired by the work of Patrick Geddes in a modern context\n", "BULLET::::- Geddes as a pioneer landscape architect\n", "BULLET::::- The Geddes Institute at Dundee University, Scotland\n", "BULLET::::- Sir Patrick Geddes Memorial Trust\n", "BULLET::::- Geddes' \"The Scots Renascense\"\n", "BULLET::::- Records relating to Sir Patrick Geddes at Dundee University Archives\n", "BULLET::::- National Library of Scotland Learning Zone, Patrick Geddes: By Living We Learn\n", "BULLET::::- Escuela de Vida \"Vivendo discimus\", Ceuta (Spain)\n", "BULLET::::- The Patrick Geddes Centre at Riddle's Court\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Sir Patrick Geddes", "Patrick, Sir Geddes" ] }, "description": "British scientist and town planner", "enwikiquote_title": "Patrick Geddes", "wikidata_id": "Q381848", "wikidata_label": "Patrick Geddes", "wikipedia_title": "Patrick Geddes" }

{ "end": [ 55, 69, 98, 126, 143, 269, 16, 326, 387, 672, 67, 118, 303, 329, 479, 25, 84, 127, 248, 59, 117, 141, 270, 422, 433, 444, 548, 584, 666, 712, 49, 78, 101, 130, 183, 299, 489, 518, 16, 114, 92, 182, 201, 57, 126, 23, 114, 82, 42, 202, 19, 22, 33, 73, 321, 500, 145, 78, 90, 102, 250, 274, 312, 655, 52, 115, 113, 145, 195, 232, 255, 412, 440, 614, 175, 209, 295, 94, 105, 149, 254, 45, 105, 121, 199, 28, 31, 25, 19, 29, 19, 32, 69, 77, 61, 42, 55 ], "href": [ "India", "Business%20magnate", "United%20Kingdom", "chief%20executive%20officer", "ArcelorMittal", "Queens%20Park%20Rangers%20F.C.", "Forbes", "The%20World%27s%20Billionaires%202011", "The%20World%27s%20Billionaires%202015", "%27", "Goldman%20Sachs", "World%20Steel%20Association", "Kazakhstan", "World%20Economic%20Forum", "Cleveland%20Clinic", "The%20Sunday%20Times", "Financial%20Times", "Time%20%28magazine%29", "Time%20100", "Kolkata", "St.%20Xavier%27s%20College%2C%20Kolkata", "Bachelor%20of%20Commerce", "Ispat%20industries%20Ltd", "Sidoarjo%20Regency", "East%20Java", "Indonesia", "Nagpur", "Pune", "Mumbai", "Pramod%20Mittal", "bronze%20medal", "2000%20Summer%20Olympics", "silver%20medal", "2004%20Summer%20Olympics", "Mittal%20Champions%20Trust", "Abhinav%20Bindra", "ArcelorMittal%20Orbit", "2012%20Summer%20Olympics", "Comic%20Relief", "The%20Apprentice%20%28UK%20TV%20series%29", "Government%20of%20Rajasthan", "LNM%20Institute%20of%20Information%20Technology", "Jaipur", "Bharatiya%20Vidya%20Bhavan", "New%20Delhi", "SNDT%20Women%27s%20University", "Usha%20Mittal%20Institute%20of%20Technology", "Great%20Ormond%20Street%20Hospital", "Marek%20Dochnal", "Kazakhstan", "Plaid%20Cymru", "Member%20of%20Parliament", "Adam%20Price", "Tony%20Blair", "Labour%20Party%20%28UK%29", "Netherlands%20Antilles", "European%20Union", "Premier%20League", "Wigan%20Athletic%20F.C.", "Everton%20F.C.", "Queens%20Park%20Rangers%20F.C.", "Flavio%20Briatore", "Bernie%20Ecclestone", "Roman%20Abramovich", "Cork%20%28city%29", "Aditya%20Mittal", "Indonesia", "Sri%20Prakash%20Lohia", "Kensington%20Palace%20Gardens", "Formula%20One", "Bernie%20Ecclestone", "quarry", "Taj%20Mahal", "Lacto%20vegetarianism", "Amit%20Bhatia", "philanthropist", "Palace%20of%20Versailles", "Dr%20APJ%20Abdul%20Kalam%20Road", "New%20Delhi", "India", "India", "Sunday%20Times%20Rich%20List%202016", "net%20worth", "1%2C000%2C000%2C000", "Forbes", "Navalpreet%20Rangi", "ArcelorMittal%20Orbit", "ArcelorMittal", "https%3A//www.forbes.com/profile/lakshmi-mittal", "Forbes", "http%3A//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/5142202.stm", "BBC%20News", "http%3A//www.time.com/time/europe/magazine/article/0%2C13005%2C901060213-1156507%2C00.html", "Time%20%28magazine%29", "http%3A//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3830009.stm", "http%3A//www.ohiocitizen.org/campaigns/isg/isg.html", "https%3A//www.bloomberg.com/apps/news%3Fpid%3D20601100%26amp%3Bsid%3DazkhfjKQebj0" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 10, 10, 12, 12, 12, 13, 13, 14, 14, 16, 19, 22, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 25, 27, 27, 27, 27, 27, 27, 27, 30, 32, 33, 33, 33, 33, 33, 33, 33, 33, 34, 34, 34, 36, 36, 36, 37, 39, 39, 39, 39, 42, 44, 45, 47, 47, 48, 48, 49, 49, 50, 51, 52 ], "start": [ 49, 62, 84, 123, 130, 245, 10, 293, 363, 671, 54, 95, 293, 309, 463, 9, 69, 123, 240, 51, 97, 136, 252, 414, 424, 435, 542, 580, 660, 699, 43, 58, 95, 110, 161, 285, 470, 498, 4, 100, 69, 143, 195, 35, 117, 0, 79, 54, 29, 192, 8, 20, 23, 63, 309, 486, 131, 58, 85, 95, 217, 259, 295, 639, 48, 102, 104, 128, 170, 221, 238, 406, 431, 598, 164, 195, 275, 71, 96, 144, 249, 18, 96, 114, 193, 12, 12, 12, 12, 23, 12, 24, 12, 73, 12, 12, 12 ], "text": [ "Indian", "magnate", "United Kingdom", "CEO", "ArcelorMittal", "Queens Park Rangers F.C.", "Forbes", "sixth-richest person in the world", "82nd place in March 2015", "'", "Goldman Sachs", "World Steel Association", "Kazakhstan", "World Economic Forum", "Cleveland Clinic", "The Sunday Times", "Financial Times", "Time", "Time 100", "Calcutta", "St. Xavier's College", "B.Com", "Nippon Denro Ispat", "Sidoarjo", "East Java", "Indonesia", "Nagpur", "Pune", "Mumbai", "Pramod Mittal", "bronze", "2000 Summer Olympics", "silver", "2004 Summer Olympics", "Mittal Champions Trust", "Abhinav Bindra", "ArcelorMittal Orbit", "2012 Summer Olympics", "Comic Relief", "The Apprentice", "Government of Rajasthan", "LNM Institute of Information Technology", "Jaipur", "Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan", "New Delhi", "SNDT Women's University", "Usha Mittal Institute of Technology", "Great Ormond Street Hospital", "Marek Dochnal", "Kazakhstan", "Plaid Cymru", "MP", "Adam Price", "Tony Blair", "Labour Party", "Dutch Antilles", "European Union", "Barclays Premiership", "Wigan", "Everton", "Queens Park Rangers football club", "Flavio Briatore", "Bernie Ecclestone", "Roman Abramovich", "Cork", "Aditya Mittal", "Indonesia", "Sri Prakash Lohia", "Kensington Palace Gardens", "Formula One", "Bernie Ecclestone", "quarry", "Taj Mahal", "lacto-vegetarian", "Amit Bhatia", "philanthropist", "Palace of Versailles", "Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Road", "New Delhi", "India", "India", "Sunday Times Rich List 2016", "net worth", "billion", "Forbes", "Navalpreet Rangi", "ArcelorMittal Orbit", "ArcelorMittal", "Profile", "Forbes", "Profile", "BBC News", "Article on Mittal with background on Arcelor takeover bid", "Time", "BBC News Online - \"Glimpsing a Fairytale Wedding\"", "\"Mittal Steel Cleveland Works\"", "Article on Mittal Family purchase of Escada" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Lakshmi Mittal\n", "Lakshmi Niwas Mittal (; born 15 June 1950) is an Indian steel magnate, based in the United Kingdom. He is the chairman and CEO of ArcelorMittal, the world's largest steelmaking company. Mittal owns 38% of ArcelorMittal and holds an 11% stake in Queens Park Rangers F.C..\n", "In 2005, \"Forbes\" ranked Mittal as the third-richest person in the world, making him the first Indian citizen to be ranked in the top ten in the publication's annual list of the world's richest people. In 2007, Mittal was considered to be the richest Asian person in Europe. He was ranked the sixth-richest person in the world by \"Forbes\" in 2011, but dropped to 82nd place in March 2015. In spite of the drop, \"Forbes\" estimated that he still had a personal wealth of in October 2013. In 2017, Forbes ranked him as the 56th-richest person in the world with a net worth of US$20.4 billion. He is also the \"57th-most powerful person\" of the 72 individuals named in \"Forbes'\" \"Most Powerful People\" list for 2015. His daughter Vanisha Mittal's wedding was the second-most expensive in recorded history.\n", "Mittal has been a member of the board of directors of Goldman Sachs since 2008. He sits on the World Steel Association's executive committee, and is a member of the Global CEO Council of the Chinese People's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries, the Foreign Investment Council in Kazakhstan, the World Economic Forum's International Business Council, and the European Round Table of Industrialists.He is also a member of the board of trustees of the Cleveland Clinic.\n", "In 2005 \"The Sunday Times\" named him \"Business Person of 2006\", the \"Financial Times\" named him \"Person of the Year\", and \"Time\" magazine named him \"International Newsmaker of the Year 2006\". In 2007, \"Time\" magazine included him in their \"Time 100\" list.\n", "Section::::Early life and career.\n", "Mittal studied at Shri Daulatram Nopany Vidyalaya, Calcutta from 1957 to 1964. He graduated from St. Xavier's College, Calcutta, with a B.Com degree in the first class from the University of Calcutta. His father, Mohanlal Mittal, ran a steel business, Nippon Denro Ispat. In 1976, due to the curb of steel production by the Indian government, the 26-year-old Mittal opened his first steel factory PT Ispat Indo in Sidoarjo, East Java, Indonesia. Until the 1990s, the family's main assets in India were a cold-rolling mill for sheet steels in Nagpur and an alloy steels plant near Pune. Today, the family business, including a large integrated steel plant near Mumbai, is run by his younger brothers Pramod Mittal and Vinod Mittal, but Lakshmi has no connection with it.\n", "Section::::Social work.\n", "Section::::Social work.:Sports.\n", "After witnessing India win only one medal, bronze, in the 2000 Summer Olympics, and one medal, silver, at the 2004 Summer Olympics, Mittal decided to set up the Mittal Champions Trust with $9 million to support ten Indian athletes with world-beating potential. In 2008, Mittal awarded Abhinav Bindra with Rs. 1.5 Crore (Rs. 15 million), for getting India its first individual Olympic gold medal in shooting. ArcelorMittal also provided steel for the construction of the ArcelorMittal Orbit for the 2012 Summer Olympics.\n", "For Comic Relief he matched the money raised (~£1 million) on the celebrity special BBC programme, \"The Apprentice\".\n", "Section::::Social work.:Education.\n", "In 2003, the Lakshmi Niwas Mittal and Usha Mittal Foundation and the Government of Rajasthan partnered together to establish a university, the LNM Institute of Information Technology (LNMIIT) in Jaipur as an autonomous non-profit organisation.\n", "In 2009, the Foundation along with Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan founded the Usha Lakshmi Mittal Institute of Management in New Delhi.\n", "SNDT Women's University renamed the Institute of Technology for Women (ITW) as Usha Mittal Institute of Technology after a large donation from the Lakshmi Niwas Mittal Foundation.\n", "Section::::Social work.:Medical.\n", "In 2008 the Mittals made a donation of £15 million to Great Ormond Street Hospital in London, the largest private contribution the hospital had ever received. The donation was used to help fund their new facility, the Mittal Children's Medical Centre.\n", "Section::::Criticism and allegations.\n", "Section::::Criticism and allegations.:PHS.\n", "Mittal successfully employed Marek Dochnal's consultancy to influence Polish officials in the privatisation of PHS steel group, which was Poland's largest. Dochnal was later arrested for bribing Polish officials on behalf of Russian agents in a separate affair.\n", "In 2007, the Polish government said it wanted to renegotiate the 2004 sale to ArcelorMittal.\n", "Section::::Criticism and allegations.:Slave-labour allegations and questionable safety records.\n", "Employees of Mittal have accused him of allowing \"slave labour\" conditions after multiple fatalities in his mines. During December 2004, twenty-three miners died in explosions in his mines in Kazakhstan caused by faulty gas detectors.\n", "Section::::Criticism and allegations.:The Mittal Affair: \"Cash for Influence\".\n", "In 2002 Plaid Cymru MP Adam Price obtained a letter written by Tony Blair to the Romanian Government in support of Mittal's LNM steel company, which was in the process of bidding to buy Romania's state-owned steel industry. This revelation caused controversy, because Mittal had given £125,000 to the British Labour Party the previous year. Although Blair defended his letter as simply \"celebrating the success\" of a British company, he was criticised because LNM was registered in the Dutch Antilles and employed less than 1% of its workforce in the UK. LNM was a \"major global competitor of Britain's own struggling steel industry\".\n", "Blair's letter hinted that the privatisation of the firm and sale to Mittal might help smooth the way for Romania's entry into the European Union. It also had a passage, removed just prior to Blair's signing of it, describing Mittal as \"a friend\".\n", "Section::::Criticism and allegations.:Queens Park Rangers.\n", "Mittal had emerged as a leading contender to buy and sell Barclays Premiership clubs Wigan and Everton. However, on 20 December 2007 it was announced that the Mittal family had purchased a 20 per cent shareholding in Queens Park Rangers football club joining Flavio Briatore and Mittal's friend Bernie Ecclestone. As part of the investment Mittal's son-in-law, Amit Bhatia, took a place on the board of directors. The combined investment in the struggling club sparked suggestions that Mittal might be looking to join the growing ranks of wealthy individuals investing heavily in English football and emulating similar benefactors such as Roman Abramovich.\n", "On 19 February 2010, Briatore resigned as QPR chairman, and sold further shares in the club to Ecclestone, making Ecclestone the single largest shareholder.\n", "Section::::Criticism and allegations.:Environmental damage.\n", "Mittal purchased the Irish Steel plant based in Cork, Ireland, from the government for a nominal fee of £1 million. Three years later, in 2001, it was closed, leaving 400 people redundant. Subsequent environmental issues at the site have been a cause for criticism. The government tried to sue in the High Court to have him pay for the clean-up of Cork Harbour but failed. The clean up was expected to cost €70 million.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Mittal was born on 15 June 1950 in Sadulpur, Rajasthan. He is married to Usha Mittal. They have a son Aditya Mittal and a daughter Vanisha Mittal.\n", "Lakshmi Mittal has two brothers, Pramod Mittal and Vinod Mittal, and a sister, Seema Lohia, who married Indonesian businessman, Sri Prakash Lohia. His residence at 18-19 Kensington Palace Gardens—which was purchased from Formula One boss Bernie Ecclestone in 2004 for £67 million (US$128 million)—made it the world's most expensive house at the time. The house is decorated with marble taken from the same quarry that supplied the Taj Mahal. The extravagant show of wealth has been referred to as the \"Taj Mittal\". It has 12 bedrooms, an indoor pool, Turkish baths and parking for 20 cars. He is a lacto-vegetarian.\n", "Mittal bought No. 9A Palace Greens, Kensington Gardens, formerly the Philippines Embassy, for £70 million in 2008 for his daughter Vanisha Mittal who is married to Amit Bhatia, a businessman and philanthropist. Mittal threw a lavish \"vegetarian reception\" for Vanisha in the Palace of Versailles, France.\n", "Mittal owns three prime properties collectively worth £500 million on \"Billionaire's Row\" at Kensington Palace Gardens.\n", "In 2005, he also bought a colonial bungalow for $30 million at No. 22, Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Road, New Delhi, one of the most exclusive streets in India, occupied by embassies and billionaires, and rebuilt it as a house.\n", "In December 2013, Mittal's niece Shrishti Mittal got married in a three-day celebration that is said to have brought Barcelona to a standstill and cost up to £50 million. Some 200 butlers, cooks and secretaries were reportedly flown into Spain from India and Thailand while the 500 guests were made to sign confidentiality agreements.\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Personal wealth.\n", "According to the \"Sunday Times Rich List 2016\", Mittal and his family had an estimated personal net worth of 7.12 billion, a decrease of $2.08 billion on the previous year. Meanwhile, in 2016 \"Forbes\" magazine's annual billionaires list assessed estimated Mittal's wealth in 2016 at as the 135th-wealthiest billionaire with a net worth of 8.4 billion. Mittal's net worth peaked in 2008, assessed by \"The Sunday Times\" at £27.70 billion, and by \"Forbes\" at 45.0 billion, and rated as the fourth-wealthiest individual in the world.\n", "Section::::Books.\n", "BULLET::::- Tim Bouquet and Byron Ousey – \"Cold Steel\" (Little, Brown, 2008).\n", "BULLET::::- Navalpreet Rangi – \"Documentary Film\" (The Man With A Mission, 2010).\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- ArcelorMittal Orbit\n", "BULLET::::- ArcelorMittal\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Profile at Forbes\n", "BULLET::::- Profile at \"BBC News\"\n", "BULLET::::- Article on Mittal with background on Arcelor takeover bid - \"Time\"\n", "BULLET::::- BBC News Online - \"Glimpsing a Fairytale Wedding\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mittal Steel Cleveland Works\"\n", "BULLET::::- Article on Mittal Family purchase of Escada - Bloomberg\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Lakshmi Niwas Mittal" ] }, "description": "Indian steel magnate", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q191311", "wikidata_label": "Lakshmi Mittal", "wikipedia_title": "Lakshmi Mittal" }

{ "end": [ 81, 95, 123, 182, 39, 118, 331, 355, 460, 180, 410, 451, 183, 222, 291, 401, 620, 635, 368, 400, 556, 568, 747, 759, 771, 785, 798, 884, 896, 985, 993, 1004, 1143, 1196, 83, 146, 178, 446, 130, 281, 57, 132, 47, 54, 46, 55, 88, 102, 77, 116, 74, 91, 82, 100, 183, 51, 77, 52, 43, 33, 50, 135, 46, 43, 46, 56, 80, 124, 46, 41, 81, 41, 32 ], "href": [ "cartoonist", "entrepreneur", "anthropologist", "Ripley%27s%20Believe%20It%20or%20Not%21", "Beatrice%20Roberts", "travel%20literature", "polyglot", "Norbert%20Pearlroth", "New%20York%20Post", "Team%20handball", "William%20Randolph%20Hearst", "King%20Features%20Syndicate", "The%20Star-Spangled%20Banner", "Francis%20Scott%20Key", "To%20Anacreon%20in%20Heaven", "John%20Philip%20Sousa", "President%20of%20the%20United%20States", "Herbert%20Hoover", "Carlsbad%20Caverns", "The%20Grand%20Canyon", "Warner%20Bros.", "Vitaphone", "Ruth%20Etting", "Joe%20Penner", "Ted%20Husing", "Thelma%20White", "Ray%20Collins%20%28actor%29", "Odditorium", "Chicago", "San%20Diego", "Dallas", "Cleveland", "The%20New%20York%20Times", "Dartmouth%20College", "myocardial%20infarction", "Santa%20Rosa%2C%20California", "Oddfellows%20Lawn%20Cemetery", "Sequoia%20sempervirens", "Norbert%20Pearlroth", "Paul%20Frehm", "Ripley%20Entertainment", "Jim%20Pattison%20Group", "Santa%20Rosa%2C%20California", "baseball", "Life%20%28magazine%29", "San%20Francisco%20Call", "San%20Francisco%20Chronicle", "New%20York%20City", "New%20York%20Globe", "New%20York%20Giants%20%28NL%29", "1920%20Summer%20Olympics", "Antwerp", "linguistics", "Norbert%20Pearlroth", "New%20York%20Evening%20News", "William%20Randolph%20Hearst", "King%20Features%20Syndicate", "Vitaphone", "Far%20East", "Odditorium", "Chicago%2C%20Illinois", "Mamaroneck%20%28village%29%2C%20New%20York", "San%20Diego", "Dallas", "Cleveland", "Peanuts", "Charles%20Schulz", "Dartmouth%20College", "Manhattan", "Chinese%20junk", "West%20Palm%20Beach%2C%20Florida", "http%3A//www.ripleys.com/our-story/robert-ripley/", "http%3A//www.ripleyentertainment.com/" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 9, 9, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 15, 17, 19, 20, 22, 22, 23, 24, 24, 28, 28, 30, 30, 30, 33, 33, 35, 36, 37, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 41, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46, 50, 51 ], "start": [ 71, 83, 109, 155, 23, 104, 323, 338, 447, 172, 387, 428, 159, 205, 270, 384, 611, 621, 352, 384, 544, 559, 736, 749, 761, 773, 787, 874, 889, 976, 987, 995, 1125, 1179, 71, 136, 154, 439, 113, 271, 37, 114, 25, 46, 40, 33, 65, 89, 63, 101, 66, 84, 74, 83, 162, 28, 54, 43, 35, 23, 43, 115, 37, 37, 37, 49, 66, 107, 37, 29, 57, 12, 12 ], "text": [ "cartoonist", "entrepreneur", "anthropologist", "Ripley's Believe It or Not!", "Beatrice Roberts", "travel journal", "polyglot", "Norbert Pearlroth", "New York Post", "handball", "William Randolph Hearst", "King Features Syndicate", "The Star-Spangled Banner", "Francis Scott Key", "To Anacreon in Heaven", "John Philip Sousa", "President", "Herbert Hoover", "Carlsbad Caverns", "The Grand Canyon", "Warner Bros.", "Vitaphone", "Ruth Etting", "Joe Penner", "Ted Husing", "Thelma White", "Ray Collins", "Odditorium", "Chicago", "San Diego", "Dallas", "Cleveland", "The New York Times", "Dartmouth College", "heart attack", "Santa Rosa", "Oddfellows Lawn Cemetery", "redwood", "Norbert Pearlroth", "Paul Frehm", "Ripley Entertainment", "Jim Pattison Group", "Santa Rosa, California", "baseball", "\"Life\"", "San Francisco Bulletin", "San Francisco Chronicle", "New York City", "New York Globe", "New York Giants", "Olympics", "Antwerp", "linguist", "Norbert Pearlroth", "New York Evening News", "William Randolph Hearst", "King Features Syndicate", "Vitaphone", "Far East", "Odditorium", "Chicago", "Mamaroneck, New York", "San Diego", "Dallas", "Cleveland", "Peanuts", "Charles Schulz", "Dartmouth College", "Manhattan", "Chinese junk", "West Palm Beach, Florida", "Ripley's biography & timeline", "Ripley Entertainment" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Robert Ripley\n", "LeRoy Robert Ripley (December 25, 1890 – May 27, 1949) was an American cartoonist, entrepreneur, and amateur anthropologist who is known for creating the \"Ripley's Believe It or Not!\" newspaper panel series, radio show, and television show which feature odd facts from around the world.\n", "Subjects covered in Ripley's cartoons and text ranged from sports feats to little-known facts about unusual and exotic sites. But what ensured the concept's popularity may have been that he also included items submitted by readers, who supplied photographs of a wide variety of small-town American trivia ranging from unusually shaped vegetables to oddly marked domestic animals, all documented by photographs and then depicted by his drawings.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "In 1919 Ripley married Beatrice Roberts. He made his first trip around the world in 1922, delineating a travel journal in installments. This ushered in a new topic for his cartoons: unusual and exotic foreign locales and cultures. Because he took the veracity of his work quite seriously, in 1923 he hired a researcher and polyglot named Norbert Pearlroth as a full-time assistant. In 1926 Ripley's feature moved from the \"New York Globe\" to the \"New York Post\".\n", "Throughout the 1920s, Ripley continued to broaden the scope of his work and his popularity increased greatly. He published both a travel journal and a guide to the game of handball in 1925. In 1926, he became the New York State handball champion and also wrote a book on boxing. With a proven track record as a versatile writer and artist, he attracted the attention of publishing mogul William Randolph Hearst, who managed the King Features Syndicate. In 1929, Hearst was responsible for \"Believe It or Not!\" making its syndicated debut in seventeen papers worldwide. With the success of this series assured, Ripley capitalized on his fame by getting the first book collection of his newspaper panel series published.\n", "On November 3, 1929, he drew a panel in his syndicated cartoon saying \"Believe It or Not, America has no national anthem.\" Despite the widespread belief that \"The Star-Spangled Banner\", with its lyrics by Francis Scott Key set to the music of the English drinking song \"To Anacreon in Heaven\", was the United States national anthem, Congress had never officially made it so. In 1931, John Philip Sousa published his opinion in favor of giving the song official status, stating that \"it is the spirit of the music that inspires\" as much as it is Key's \"soul-stirring\" words. By a law signed on March 3, 1931, by President Herbert Hoover, \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" was adopted as the national anthem of the United States.\n", "In the 1930s Ripley expanded his presence into other forms of media. In 1930, he began a fourteen-year run on radio and a nineteen-year association with the show's producer, Doug Storer. Funding for Ripley's celebrated travels around the world were provided by the Hearst organization, and he recorded live radio shows underwater and from the sky, the Carlsbad Caverns, the bottom of The Grand Canyon, snake pits, and foreign countries. The next year he hosted the first of a series of two dozen \"Believe It or Not!\" theatrical short films for Warner Bros. & Vitaphone, and King Features published a second collected volume of \"Believe it or Not!\" panels. He also appeared in a Vitaphone musical short, \"Seasons Greetings\" (1931), with Ruth Etting, Joe Penner, Ted Husing, Thelma White, Ray Collins, and others. After a trip to Asia in 1932, he opened his first museum, the Odditorium, in Chicago in 1933. The concept was a success, and at one point there were Odditoriums in San Diego, Dallas, Cleveland, San Francisco, and New York City. By this point in his life, Ripley had been voted the most popular man in America by \"The New York Times\", received an honorary degree from Dartmouth College, and visited 201 foreign countries.\n", "During World War II, Ripley concentrated on charity pursuits rather than world travel, but after the war, he re-expanded his media efforts. In 1948, the year of the 20th anniversary of the \"Believe it or Not!\" cartoon series, the \"Believe it or Not!\" radio show drew to a close and was replaced with a \"Believe it or Not!\" television series. This was a rather bold move on Ripley's part because of the small number of Americans with access to television at this early time in the medium's development. He completed only thirteen episodes of the series before he became incapacitated by severe health problems. He reportedly passed out during the filming of his final show.\n", "His health worsened, and on May 27, 1949, at age 58, he succumbed to a heart attack in New York City. He was buried in his home town of Santa Rosa in the Oddfellows Lawn Cemetery, which is adjacent to the Santa Rosa Rural Cemetery.\n", "Section::::The comic strip.\n", "Ripley's cartoon series was estimated to have 80 million readers worldwide, and it was said that he received more mail than the President of the United States. He became a wealthy man, with homes in New York and Florida, but he always retained close ties to his home town of Santa Rosa, California, and he made a point of bringing attention to The Church of One Tree, a church built entirely from the wood of a single 300-ft (91.4-m)-tall redwood tree, which stands on the north side of Juilliard Park in downtown Santa Rosa.\n", "Ripley claimed to be able to \"prove every statement he made\" because he worked with professional fact researcher Norbert Pearlroth, who assembled \"Believe it or Not!\"'s array of odd facts and also verified the small-town claims submitted by readers. Pearlroth spent 52 years as the feature's researcher, finding and verifying unusual facts for Ripley and, after Ripley's death, for the King Features syndicate editors who took over management of the \"Believe it or Not!\" panel.\n", "Another employee who edited the newspaper cartoon series over the years was Lester Byck. Others who drew the series after Ripley's death include Don Wimmer; Joe Campbell (1946-1956); Art Slogg; Clem Gretter (1941-1949); Carl Dorese; Bob Clarke (1943-1944); Stan Randall; Paul Frehm (1938–1975), who became the panel's full-time artist in 1949; and his brother Walter Frehm (1948–1989).\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "Ripley's ideas and legacy live on in Ripley Entertainment, a company bearing his name and owned since 1985 by the Jim Pattison Group, Canada's largest privately held company. Ripley Entertainment airs national television shows, features publications of oddities, and has holdings in a variety of public attractions, including Ripley's Aquarium, Ripley's Believe it or Not! Museums, Ripley's Haunted Adventure, Ripley's Mini-Golf and Arcade, Ripley's Moving Theater, Ripley's Sightseeing Trains, Guinness World Records Attractions, and Louis Tussaud's wax Museums.\n", "Section::::Chronology.\n", "BULLET::::- 1890 Born in Santa Rosa, California\n", "BULLET::::- 1901 Receives his formal education\n", "BULLET::::- 1906 Becomes a semi-pro in school baseball\n", "BULLET::::- 1908 Sells first cartoon to \"Life\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1908 Quits baseball briefly to support mother\n", "BULLET::::- 1909 Moves from the \"San Francisco Bulletin\" to the \"San Francisco Chronicle\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1912 Creates his last drawing for the \"San Francisco Chronicle\" and moves to New York City that winter\n", "BULLET::::- 1913 On January 2, writes his first comic for the \"New York Globe\" and tries out for the New York Giants, but an injury ends his baseball hopes\n", "BULLET::::- 1914 Takes his first trip to Europe\n", "BULLET::::- 1918 On December 19, publishes \"Champs and Chumps\" in the \"New York Globe\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1919 Marries Beatrice Roberts\n", "BULLET::::- 1920 Takes his first solo trip to Europe to cover the Olympics, held in Antwerp, Belgium\n", "BULLET::::- 1922 On December 3, takes first trip around the world; writes in installments in his travel journal\n", "BULLET::::- 1923 On April 7, returns to the U.S. and hires researcher and linguist Norbert Pearlroth; the \"Globe\" ceases publication and the series moves to the \"New York Evening News\"; divorces Beatrice Roberts after being separated for some time.\n", "BULLET::::- 1925 Writes travel journal, handball guide\n", "BULLET::::- 1926 Becomes New York handball champion and writes book on boxing score\n", "BULLET::::- 1929 On July 9, William Randolph Hearst's King Features Syndicate features \"Believe It or Not!\" in hundreds of papers worldwide\n", "BULLET::::- 1930 Begins an eighteen-year run on radio and a nineteen-year association with show producer Doug Storer; Hearst funds Ripley's travels around the world, where Ripley records live radio shows from underwater, the sky, caves, snake pits and foreign countries\n", "BULLET::::- 1931 Releases movie shorts for Vitaphone, second book of \"Believe it or Not!\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1932 Takes trip to the Far East\n", "BULLET::::- 1933 First Odditorium opens in Chicago\n", "BULLET::::- 1934 Does the first radio show broadcast simultaneously around the world and purchases 28-room home in Mamaroneck, New York\n", "BULLET::::- 1935 Odditorium opens in San Diego\n", "BULLET::::- 1936 Odditorium opens in Dallas\n", "BULLET::::- 1937 Odditorium opens in Cleveland; \"Peanuts\" creator Charles Schulz's first published drawing appears in \"Believe it or Not!\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1939 Odditoriums open in San Francisco and New York City; Ripley receives honorary degree from Dartmouth College\n", "BULLET::::- 1940 Purchases a 13-room Manhattan apartment; receives two more honorary degrees; number of foreign countries visited through funding by Hearst reaches 201\n", "BULLET::::- 1945 Stops foreign travel to do World War II charity work\n", "BULLET::::- 1946 Purchases a Chinese junk, the \"Mon Lei\" (万里)\n", "BULLET::::- 1947 Purchases third home named Hi-Mount, at West Palm Beach, Florida\n", "BULLET::::- 1948 Radio program ends; the 30th anniversary of \"Believe it or Not!\" is celebrated at a New York costume party\n", "BULLET::::- 1949 Ripley dies of a heart attack on May 27 in New York City, shortly after thirteenth telecast of first television show and is buried in Santa Rosa; auction of his estate is held; estate is purchased by John Arthur.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Ripley's biography & timeline\n", "BULLET::::- Ripley Entertainment\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Robert LeRoy Ripley" ] }, "description": "American cartoonist", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q732327", "wikidata_label": "Robert Ripley", "wikipedia_title": "Robert Ripley" }

{ "end": [ 51, 228, 282, 58, 109, 193, 55, 82, 94, 110, 136, 145, 234, 409, 476, 512, 643, 652, 361, 83, 89, 162, 159, 189, 195, 231, 324, 38, 79, 299, 467, 486, 553, 571, 13, 86, 251, 328, 729, 120, 233, 262, 339, 43, 238, 468, 149, 243, 422, 65, 130, 152, 195, 277, 319, 336, 94, 213, 274, 451, 109, 151, 22, 33, 74, 328, 348, 374, 417, 79, 235, 183, 250, 360, 415, 477, 146, 410, 468, 683, 786, 865, 980, 1017, 1036, 72, 131, 236, 281, 289, 314, 320, 331, 140, 194, 509, 726, 1266, 1296, 163, 224, 291, 348, 44, 177, 350, 382, 415, 105, 186, 225, 74, 92, 101, 620, 642, 649, 657, 901, 922, 190, 85, 177, 205, 275, 543, 439, 510, 542, 153, 305, 331, 372, 240, 56, 96, 122, 160, 196, 223, 350, 379, 386, 395, 64, 95, 141, 209, 247, 280, 474, 554, 577, 77, 132, 360, 38, 156, 303, 323, 432, 488, 539, 603, 637, 667, 75, 45, 54, 38, 55, 34, 20, 37, 48, 57, 115, 156, 459, 481, 540, 111, 27, 32, 52, 75, 58, 29, 60, 72, 46, 92, 69, 110, 24, 45, 45, 46, 117, 62, 91, 94, 24, 17, 64 ], "href": [ "Ukrainians", "Ukrainian%20literature", "modern%20Ukrainian%20language", "Brotherhood%20of%20Sts%20Cyril%20and%20Methodius", "Imperial%20Academy%20of%20Arts", "Ukrainian%20language", "Moryntsi", "Kiev", "Kiev%20Governorate", "Russian%20Empire", "Zvenyhorodka%20Raion", "Ukraine", "Russian%20serfdom", "Vasily%20Engelhardt", "Cossack", "Zaporizhian%20Host", "Cherkasy", "Poltava", "Chumak", "precentor", "Dyak%20%28clerk%29", "Hryhoriy%20Skovoroda", "chumak", "Zvenyhorodka", "Uman", "Kropyvnytskyi", "corv%C3%A9e", "Dyak%20%28clerk%29", "Kiev", "Ukrainian%20literature", "deacon", "Lysianka", "Kiev%20Governorate", "Stebliv", "hireling", "Bohuslav", "Shpola", "Vilshana", "Patriotic%20War%20of%201812", "Vilnius", "Jan%20Rustem", "University%20of%20Vilnius", "November%20Uprising", "Saint%20Petersburg", "Vasiliy%20Shiriayev", "Summer%20Garden", "Heraclitus", "Bolshoi%20Theatre", "Imperial%20Academy%20of%20Arts", "Ivan%20Soshenko", "Yevhen%20Hrebinka", "Vasyl%20Hryhorovych", "Alexey%20Venetsianov", "Karl%20Briullov", "Russian%20Literature", "Vasily%20Zhukovsky", "Karl%20Briullov", "Imperial%20Society%20for%20the%20Encouragement%20of%20the%20Arts", "Imperial%20Academy%20of%20Arts", "The%20Beggar%20Boy%20Giving%20Bread%20to%20a%20Dog", "Kobzar%20%28book%29", "Ivan%20Franko", "Epic%20poetry", "Haydamaky%20%28poem%29", "Ukraine", "Yevhen%20Hrebinka", "Panteleimon%20Kulish", "Mykhaylo%20Maksymovych", "Repnin", "Russian%20Empire", "Picturesque%20Ukraine", "Nikolay%20Kostomarov", "Brotherhood%20of%20Saints%20Cyril%20and%20Methodius", "liberalization", "federation", "oppression", "Vissarion%20Belinsky", "tic", "Decembrist%20Uprising", "Alexey%20Fyodorovich%20Orlov", "Ukrainian%20language", "serfdom", "Ukraine", "Hetman%20of%20Zaporizhian%20Host", "Cossack%20Hetmanate", "Saint%20Petersburg", "Third%20Section%20of%20His%20Imperial%20Majesty%27s%20Own%20Chancellery", "Private%20%28rank%29", "Orenburg", "Orsk", "Ural%20Mountains", "Tsar%23Russia", "Nicholas%20I%20of%20Russia", "Bronis%C5%82aw%20Zaleski", "Karl%20Ernst%20von%20Baer", "Aral%20Sea", "Kazakhs", "Fort%20Shevchenko", "Syr%20Darya", "Nizhniy%20Novgorod", "Ukraine", "Pekariv", "blasphemy", "Smolensk%20Cemetery", "Ukraine", "Chernecha%20hora", "Taras%20Hill", "Kaniv", "Emancipation%20reform%20of%201861%20in%20Russia", "Legacy%20of%20Taras%20Shevchenko", "Ukrainian%20literature", "printmaking", "metal", "wood", "oil%20painting", "watercolor%20painting", "Sepia%20%28color%29", "India%20ink", "Sketch%20%28drawing%29", "Drawing", "Tereshchenko%20family", "Ukrainian%20literature", "Ukrainian%20language", "Ivan%20Kotlyarevsky", "modern%20Ukrainian%20language", "Romanticism", "etching%20%28art%29", "Academician", "Imperial%20Academy%20of%20Arts", "Ukrainian%20nationalism", "Class%20struggle", "Russian%20Empire", "serf", "Ukrainian%20diaspora", "Euromaidan", "Kaniv", "Kiev", "Kiev%20University", "Kiev%20Metro", "Tarasa%20Shevchenka%20%28Kyiv%20Metro%29", "Kharkiv", "Shevchenko%20Park%20%28Kharkiv%29", "Lviv", "Luhansk", "Soviet%20Union", "Ukrainization", "Romny", "Ukrainian%20state", "Moscow", "Petrograd", "bronze", "Kiev", "Andriyivskyy%20Descent", "Soviet%20collapse", "Lenin", "Sighetu%20Marmatiei", "USSR", "Ukrainian%20diaspora", "Taras%20Shevchenko%20Memorial", "Dupont%20Circle", "Soyuzivka", "Syracuse%2C%20New%20York", "Elmira%20Heights%2C%20New%20York", "East%20Village%2C%20Manhattan", "Connecticut%20Route%209", "New%20Britain%2C%20Connecticut", "Curitiba%2C%20Brazil", "Zagreb", "Croatia", "Legacy%20of%20Taras%20Shevchenko", "List%20of%20things%20named%20after%20Taras%20Shevchenko", "Taras%20Shevchenko%20Place", "Izbornyk", "Shevchenko%20National%20Prize", "Ukraine", "metrical%20book", "Russian%20language", "Russian%20Empire", "Hryhory%20Kvitka-Osnovyanenko", "http%3A//izbornyk.org.ua/shevchenko/lystydo01.htm", "http%3A//izbornyk.org.ua/shevchenko/lystydo01.htm%23r1842", "Oleksandr%20Konysky", "Osnova", "Kievan%20Past", "https%3A//www.youtube.com/watch%3Fv%3D1DpSL0d7Ork", "2009%20in%20film", "https%3A//www.youtube.com/watch%3Fv%3Dh9Z0nd_z3Qk", "http%3A//www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pages/S/H/ShevchenkoTaras.htm", "http%3A//www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/", "https%3A//www.loc.gov/rr/european/shevchenko.html", "http%3A//polyhymnion.org/lit/shevchenko", "http%3A//shevchenko.ukrlib.com.ua/%3Flang%3Den", "http%3A//knyga.in.ua/index.php/biblioteka/sh/shevchenko-taras", "http%3A//www.kingofmarble-shmatko.com/engver/w83z.html", "http%3A//www.infoukes.com/shevchenkomuseum/", "http%3A//www.infoukes.com/shevchenkomuseum/bio.htm", "https%3A//web.archive.org/web/20040603091412/http%3A//www.infoukes.com/shevchenkomuseum/poetry/", "http%3A//www.chass.utoronto.ca/%257Etarn/courses/429-sp.html", "https%3A//web.archive.org/web/20091217071734/http%3A//www.orpheusandlyra.com/Shevchenko.html", "http%3A//www.infoukes.com/shevchenkomuseum/", "http%3A//www.infoukes.com/shevchenkomuseum/", "http%3A//books.glagoslav.com/kobzar/preview.html", "http%3A//www.infoukes.com/shevchenkomuseum/mempark.htm", "http%3A//www.pbase.com/alangrant/image/54188382", "Palermo%2C%20Buenos%20Aires" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 7, 7, 7, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 12, 12, 12, 12, 13, 13, 13, 15, 15, 15, 17, 17, 17, 17, 17, 17, 17, 19, 19, 19, 19, 20, 20, 21, 21, 22, 22, 22, 22, 22, 23, 23, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 27, 27, 27, 27, 27, 27, 27, 27, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 29, 29, 29, 29, 32, 32, 32, 32, 32, 33, 33, 33, 35, 35, 35, 35, 35, 35, 35, 35, 35, 39, 64, 64, 64, 64, 64, 65, 65, 65, 66, 66, 66, 66, 67, 68, 72, 72, 72, 72, 72, 72, 72, 72, 72, 73, 73, 73, 73, 73, 73, 73, 73, 73, 74, 74, 74, 75, 75, 75, 75, 75, 75, 75, 75, 75, 75, 76, 77, 77, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 84, 86, 86, 86, 86, 86, 86, 88, 92, 94, 103, 103, 105, 106, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 121, 122, 122 ], "start": [ 42, 208, 257, 23, 85, 175, 47, 78, 83, 96, 118, 138, 230, 392, 469, 496, 635, 645, 355, 74, 85, 144, 153, 177, 191, 218, 318, 34, 75, 279, 461, 478, 537, 564, 5, 78, 245, 320, 708, 113, 223, 241, 322, 27, 221, 455, 139, 232, 398, 52, 115, 135, 177, 264, 307, 320, 81, 169, 250, 415, 103, 140, 13, 24, 67, 313, 330, 354, 411, 65, 216, 165, 209, 346, 405, 466, 128, 407, 449, 678, 768, 858, 973, 996, 1019, 56, 93, 229, 273, 285, 300, 316, 321, 123, 175, 501, 719, 1254, 1287, 147, 217, 284, 339, 27, 170, 336, 372, 410, 84, 144, 205, 68, 87, 97, 608, 632, 644, 651, 893, 914, 171, 65, 159, 188, 259, 532, 425, 499, 518, 132, 291, 317, 368, 222, 46, 91, 118, 145, 186, 206, 343, 364, 382, 388, 52, 82, 136, 194, 241, 271, 468, 550, 557, 57, 127, 343, 34, 138, 275, 310, 423, 470, 519, 591, 618, 656, 59, 39, 47, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 39, 44, 99, 142, 432, 465, 526, 94, 21, 21, 36, 71, 12, 12, 37, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 43 ], "text": [ "Ukrainian", "Ukrainian literature", "modern Ukrainian language", "Sts Cyril and Methodius Brotherhood", "Imperial Academy of Arts", "Ukrainian language", "Moryntsi", "Kiev", "Governorate", "Russian Empire", "Zvenyhorodka Raion", "Ukraine", "serf", "Vasily Engelhardt", "Cossack", "Zaporizhian Host", "Cherkasy", "Poltava", "Chumak", "precentor", "dyak", "Hryhoriy Skovoroda", "chumak", "Zvenyhorodka", "Uman", "Kropyvnytskyi", "corvée", "dyak", "Kiev", "Ukrainian literature", "deacon", "Lysianka", "Kiev Governorate", "Stebliv", "hireling", "Bohuslav", "Shpola", "Vilshana", "Patriotic War of 1812", "Vilnius", "Jan Rustem", "University of Vilnius", "November Uprising", "Saint Petersburg", "Vasiliy Shiriayev", "Summer Garden", "Heraclitus", "Big Theatre", "Imperial Academy of Arts", "Ivan Soshenko", "Yevhen Hrebinka", "Vasyl Hryhorovych", "Alexey Venetsianov", "Karl Briullov", "Russian poet", "Vasily Zhukovsky", "Karl Briullov", "Association for the Encouragement of Artists", "Imperial Academy of Arts", "The Beggar Boy Giving Bread to a Dog", "Kobzar", "Ivan Franko", "epic poem", "Haidamaky", "Ukraine", "Yevhen Hrebinka", "Panteleimon Kulish", "Mykhaylo Maksymovych", "Repnin", "Russian Empire", "Picturesque Ukraine", "Nikolay Kostomarov", "Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius", "liberalization", "federation", "suppression", "Vissarion Belinsky", "tic", "Decembrist Uprising", "Orlov", "Ukrainian language", "serfdom", "Ukraine", "Hetman Administration", "Cossack Hetmanate", "Saint Petersburg", "3rd Department of Imperial Chancellery", "private", "Orenburg", "Orsk", "Ural Mountains", "Tsar", "Nicholas I", "Bronisław Zaleski", "Karl Ernst von Baer", "Aral Sea", "Kazakhs", "Novopetrovsk", "Syr Darya", "Nizhniy Novgorod", "Ukraine", "Pekariv", "blasphemy", "Smolensk Cemetery", "Ukraine", "Chernecha hora", "Taras Hill", "Kaniv", "Emancipation of Serfs", "revered by Ukrainians throughout the world", "Ukrainian literature", "prints", "metal", "wood", "oil painting", "watercolor", "sepia", "inking", "sketches", "outlines", "Tereshchenko family", "Ukrainian literature", "Ukrainian language", "Ivan Kotlyarevsky", "modern Ukrainian", "Romanticism", "art of etching", "Academician", "Imperial Academy of Arts", "Ukrainian nationalism", "Class struggle", "Russian Empire", "serf", "Ukrainian diaspora", "Euromaidan", "Kaniv", "Kiev", "Kiev University", "Kiev Metro", "Tarasa Shevchenka", "Kharkiv", "Shevchenko Park", "Lviv", "Luhansk", "Soviet Union", "Ukrainization", "Romny", "Ukrainian state", "Moscow", "Petrograd", "bronze", "Kiev", "Andriyivskyy Descent", "1991 Soviet Collapse", "Lenin", "Sighetu Marmatiei", "USSR", "Ukrainian diaspora", "monument in Washington, D.C.", "Dupont Circle", "Soyuzivka", "Syracuse, New York", "Elmira Heights, N.Y.", "East Village", "Connecticut Route 9", "New Britain", "Curitiba, Brazil", "Zagreb", "Croatia", "Legacy of Taras Shevchenko", "List of things named after Taras Shevchenko", "Taras Shevchenko Place", "Izbornyk", "Shevchenko National Prize", "Ukrainian", "metrical book", "Russian language", "Russian Empire", "Hryhory Kvitka-Osnovyanenko", "October 23, 1840", "April 29, 1842", "Oleksandr Konysky", "Osnova", "Kyivan Past", "Answer to prayer", "2009", "\"Taras Shevchenko: Poet, Artist, Icon\" (Video)", "Shevchenko, Taras", "Encyclopedia of Ukraine", "Taras Shevchenko in the Library of Congress: A Bibliography ", "Shevchenko in English translations", "Interactive biography of Taras Shevchenko in various languages including English", "Poems by Taras Shevchenko for reading online in Ukrainian", "The Ukrainian poet Shevchenko T.G. (Ural marble 0,38x0,35x1,38) is Author, known sculptor Shmat'ko", "Infoukes.com", "Taras Shevchenko Museum of Canada", "Taras Shevchenko Museum of Canada", "Self portraits of Taras Shevchenko", "Shevchenko's paintings and Ukrainian art songs by Ukrainian composers on Shevchenko's poetry. Audio files", "Taras Shevchenko Museum & Memorial Park Foundation", "Video Tour: Taras Shevchenko Museum in Toronto (Музей Тараса Шевченка, Торонто)", "Website dedicated to the Kobzar of Taras Shevchenko in English, with illustrations", "Infoukes.com", "Pbase", "Palermo, Buenos Aires" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Taras Shevchenko\n", "Taras Hryhorovych Shevchenko ( – ) was an Ukrainian poet, writer, artist, public and political figure, as well as folklorist and ethnographer. His literary heritage is regarded to be the foundation of modern Ukrainian literature and, to a large extent, the modern Ukrainian language. Shevchenko is also known for many masterpieces as a painter and an illustrator.\n", "He was a member of the Sts Cyril and Methodius Brotherhood and an academician of the Imperial Academy of Arts. In 1847 Shevchenko was politically convicted for writing in the Ukrainian language, promoting the independence of Ukraine and ridiculing the members of the Russian Imperial House.\n", "Section::::Life.\n", "Section::::Life.:Childhood and youth.\n", "Taras Shevchenko was born on in the village of Moryntsi, Zvenyhorodka county, Kiev Governorate, Russian Empire (today Zvenyhorodka Raion, Ukraine). He was the third child after his sister Kateryna and brother Mykyta, in family of serf peasants Hryhoriy Ivanovych Shevchenko (1782? – 1825) and Kateryna Yakymivna Shevchenko (Boiko) (1782? – 6 August 1823), both of whom were owned by landlord Vasily Engelhardt. According to the family legends, Taras's forefathers were Cossacks who served in the Zaporizhian Host and had taken part in the Ukrainian uprisings of the 17th and 18th centuries. Those uprisings were brutally suppressed in Cherkasy, Poltava, Kiev, Bratslav, and Chernihiv disrupting normal social life for many years afterwards. Most of the local population were then enslaved and reduced to poverty.\n", "In 1816 Shevchenko family moved back to the village of Kyrylivka (today Shevchenkove) in Zvenyhorodka county, where Taras' father, Hryhoriy Ivanovych, had been born. Taras spent his childhood years in the village. On , Taras' sister Yaryna was born, and on – Maria. Once, young Taras went looking for \"the iron pillars that hold up the sky\" and got lost. Chumaks who met the boy took him with him to Kyrylivka. On Taras' brother Yosyp was born.\n", "In the fall of 1822 Taras started to take some grammar classes at a local precentor (dyak) Sovhyr. At that time Shevchenko became familiar with Hryhoriy Skovoroda's works. During 1822-1828 Shevchenko painted horses and soldiers.\n", "On his older sister and nanny Kateryna married Anton Krasytskyi, a serf \"from Zelena Dibrova\". On Taras' hard working mother died. A month later on his father married a widow Oksana Tereshchenko, a native of Moryntsi village, who already had three children of her own. She treated her step children and, particularly, little Taras, with great cruelty.\n", "On Taras's half-sister Maria from the second marriage of Hryhoriy Ivanovych was born. In 1824 Taras, along with his father, became a traveling merchant (chumak) and traveled to Zvenyhorodka, Uman, Yelizavetgrad (today Kropyvnytskyi). At the age of eleven Taras became an orphan when, on , his father died as a serf in corvée. Soon his stepmother along with her children returned to Moryntsi.\n", "Taras went to work for precentor (dyak) Bohorsky who had just arrived from Kiev in 1824. As an apprentice, Taras carried water, heated up a school, served the precentor, read psalms over the dead and continued to study. At that time Shevchenko became familiar with some works of Ukrainian literature. Soon, tired of Bohorsky's long term mistreatment, Shevchenko escaped in search of a painting master in the surrounding villages. For several days he worked for deacon Yefrem in Lysianka, later in other places around in southern part of Kiev Governorate (villages Stebliv and Tarasivka). In 1827 Shevchenko was herding community sheep near his village. He then met Oksana Kovalenko, a childhood friend, whom Shevchenko mentions in his works on multiple occasions. He dedicated the introduction of his poem \"Mariana, the Nun\" to her.\n", "As a hireling for the Kyrylivka priest Hryhoriy Koshytsia, Taras was visiting Bohuslav where he drove the priest's son to school, while also taking apples and plums to market. At the same time he was driving to markets in the towns of Burta and Shpola. In 1828 Shevchenko was hired as a serving boy to a lord's court in Vilshana for permission to study with a local artist. When Taras turned 14, Vasily Engelhardt died and the village of Kyrylivka and all its people became a property of his son, Pavlo Engelhardt. Shevchenko was turned into a court servant of his new master at the Vilshana estates. On Pavlo Engelgardt caught Shevchenko at night painting a portrait of Cossack Matvii Platov, a hero of the Patriotic War of 1812. He boxed the ears of the boy and ordered him being whipped in the stables with rods. During 1829–1833 Taras copied paintings of Suzdal masters.\n", "For almost two and a half years, from fall of 1828 to start of 1831, Shevchenko stayed with his master in Vilno (Vilnius). Details of the travel are not well known. Perhaps, there he attended lectures by painting professor Jan Rustem at the University of Vilnius. In the same city Shevchenko could also have witnessed the November Uprising of 1830. From those times Shevchenko's painting \"Bust of a Woman\" survived. It indicates almost professional handling of the pencil.\n", "After moving from Vilno to Saint Petersburg in 1831, Engelgardt took Shevchenko along with him. To benefit from the art works (since it was prestigious to have own \"chamber artist\"), Engelgardt sent Shevchenko to painter Vasiliy Shiriayev for four-year study. From that point and until 1838 Shevchenko lived in the Khrestovskyi building (today Zahorodnii prospekt, 8) where Shiriayev rented an apartment. In his free time at night, Shevchenko visited the Summer Garden where he portrayed statues. In Saint Petersburg he also started writing his poems.\n", "In 1833 Shevchenko painted a portrait of his master (National museum of Taras Shechenko).\n", "In his novel \"Artist\" Shevchenko described that during the pre-academical period he painted such works as \"Apollo Belvedere\", \"Fraklete\", \"Heraclitus\", \"Architectural barelief\", \"Mask of Fortune\". He participated in painting of the Big Theatre as artist apprentice. He created a composition \"Alexander of Macedon shows trust towards his doctor Philip\". The drawing was created for a contest of the Imperial Academy of Arts, announced in 1830.\n", "Section::::Life.:Out of Serfdom.\n", "In Saint Petersburg Shevchenko met Ukrainian artist Ivan Soshenko, who introduced him to other compatriots such as Yevhen Hrebinka and Vasyl Hryhorovych, and to Russian painter Alexey Venetsianov. Through these men Shevchenko also met famous painter and professor Karl Briullov, who donated his portrait of Russian poet Vasily Zhukovsky as a lottery prize. Its proceeds were used to buy Shevchenko's freedom on 5 May 1838.\n", "Section::::Life.:First successes.\n", "Shevchenko was accepted as a student into the Academy of Arts in the workshop of Karl Briullov in the same year. The following year he became a resident student at the \"Association for the Encouragement of Artists\". During annual examinations at the Imperial Academy of Arts, Shevchenko won the Silver Medal for landscape painting. In 1840 he again received the Silver Medal, this time for his first oil painting, \"The Beggar Boy Giving Bread to a Dog\".\n", "Shevchenko began writing poetry while still being a serf, and in 1840 his first collection of poetry, \"Kobzar\", was published. According to Ivan Franko, a renowned Ukrainian poet in the generation after Shevchenko, \"[\"Kobzar\"] was \"a new world of poetry. It burst forth like a spring of clear, cold water, and sparkled with a clarity, breadth and elegance of artistic expression not previously known in Ukrainian writing\".\n", "In 1841, the epic poem \"Haidamaky\" was released. In September 1841, Shevchenko was awarded his third Silver Medal for \"The Gypsy Fortune Teller\". Shevchenko also wrote plays. In 1842, he released a part of the tragedy \"Mykyta Haidai\" and in 1843 he completed the drama \"Nazar Stodolia\".\n", "While residing in Saint Petersburg, Shevchenko made three trips to Ukraine, in 1843, 1845, and 1846. The difficult conditions Ukrainians had made a profound impact on the poet-painter. Shevchenko visited his siblings, still enserfed, and other relatives. He met with prominent Ukrainian writers and intellectuals Yevhen Hrebinka, Panteleimon Kulish, and Mykhaylo Maksymovych, and was befriended by the princely Repnin family, especially Varvara.\n", "In 1844, distressed by the condition of Ukrainian regions in the Russian Empire, Shevchenko decided to capture some of his homeland's historical ruins and cultural monuments in an album of etchings, which he called \"Picturesque Ukraine\".\n", "Section::::Life.:Exile.\n", "On 22 March 1845, the Council of the Academy of Arts granted Shevchenko the title of a non-classed artist. He again travelled to Ukraine where he met with historian Nikolay Kostomarov and other members of the Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius, a clandestine society also known as \"Ukrainian-Slavic society\" and dedicated to the political liberalization of the Empire and its transformation into a federation-like polity of Slavic nations. Upon the society's suppression by the authorities, Shevchenko's wrote a poem \"Dream\", that was confiscated from the society's members and became one of the major issues of the scandal.\n", "Shevchenko was arrested along with other members of the society on 5 April 1847. Tsar Nicholas read Shevchenko's poem, \"Dream\". Vissarion Belinsky wrote in his memoirs that, Nicholas I, knowing Ukrainian very well, laughed and chuckled whilst reading the section about himself, but his mood quickly turned to bitter hatred when he read about his wife. Shevchenko had mocked her frumpy appearance and facial tics, which she had developed fearing the Decembrist Uprising and its plans to kill her family. After reading this section the Tsar indignantly stated \"I suppose he had reasons not to be on terms with me, but what has she done to deserve this?\" In the official report of Orlov Shevchenko was accused in using \"Little-Russian language\" (archaic Russian name for Ukrainian language) of outrageous content instead of being grateful to be redeemed out of serfdom. In the report Orlov claimed that Shevchenko was expressing a cry over alleged enslavement and disaster of Ukraine, glorified the Hetman Administration (Cossack Hetmanate) and Cossack liberties and \"with incredible audacity poured slander and bile on persons of Imperial House\".\n", "While under investigation, Shevchenko was imprisoned in Saint Petersburg in casemates of the 3rd Department of Imperial Chancellery on Panteleimonovskaya Street (today Pestelia str., 9). After being convicted, he was exiled as a private to the Russian military garrison in Orenburg at Orsk, near the Ural Mountains. Tsar Nicholas I, confirming his sentence, added to it, \"Under the strictest surveillance, without the right to write or paint.\"\n", "He was subsequently sent on a forced march from Saint Petersburg to Orenburg where, at the suggestion of fellow serviceman Bronisław Zaleski, General Perovsky assigned him to Karl Ernst von Baer, a Baltic-German naturalist. Von Baer was a rising star in the Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg and was becoming increasingly influential in the exploration of the new Russian territories, specializing in lakes and fisheries. He had been selected to undertake the first scientific expedition of the Aral Sea on the ship \"Konstantin\", under the command of Lieutenant Butakov. Although officially a common sailor, Shevchenko was tasked to sketch various landscapes around the coast of the Aral Sea, including the local Kazakhs nomads, and was effectively treated as an equal by the other members of the expedition. After 18-month voyage (1848–49) Shevchenko returned with his album of drawings and paintings to General Perovsky at Orenburg, who was impressed with his work and sent a positive report to Saint Petersburg hoping to obtain some amelioration in Shevchenko's punishment. However Perovsky was reprimanded and Shevchenko's punishment was increased to imprisonment. He was then sent to one of the worst penal settlements, the remote fortress of Novopetrovsk in the mouth of the Syr Darya, where he spent six terrible years of mental and physical torment.\n", "In 1857 Shevchenko finally returned from exile after receiving amnesty, though he was not permitted to return to St. Petersburg and was ordered to Nizhniy Novgorod. In May 1859, Shevchenko got permission to return to Ukraine. He intended to buy a plot of land close to the village of Pekariv. In July, he was again arrested on a charge of blasphemy, but then released and ordered to return to St. Petersburg.\n", "Section::::Life.:Death.\n", "Taras Shevchenko spent the last years of his life working on new poetry, paintings, and engravings, as well as editing his older works, however after difficult years in exile his illnesses took too much. Shevchenko died in Saint Petersburg on 10 March 1861, the day after his 47th birthday.\n", "He was first buried at the Smolensk Cemetery in Saint Petersburg. However, fulfilling Shevchenko's wish, expressed in his poem \"Testament\" (\"\"Zapovit\"\"), to be buried in Ukraine, his friends arranged the transfer of his remains by train to Moscow and then by horse-drawn wagon to his homeland. Shevchenko was re-buried on 8 May on the \"Chernecha hora\" (Monk's Hill; today Taras Hill) near the Dnipro River and Kaniv. A tall mound was erected over his grave, now a memorial part of the Kaniv Museum-Preserve.\n", "Dogged by terrible misfortune in love and life, the poet died seven days before the Emancipation of Serfs was announced. His works and life are revered by Ukrainians throughout the world and his impact on Ukrainian literature is immense.\n", "Section::::Artwork.\n", "835 works survived into modern times in original form and partly in prints engraved on metal and wood by Russian and other foreign engravers, while some works survived as copies done by painters while Shevchenko still lived. There is data on over 270 more works which were lost and have not been found yet. Painted and engraved works at the time of completion are dated 1830-1861 and are territorially related to Ukraine, Russia and Kazakhstan. The genres are - portraits, compositions on mythological, historical and household themes, architectural landscapes and scenery. The techniques used for that were oil painting on canvas, watercolor, sepia, inking, lead pencil, as well as etching on separate sheets of white, colored and tinted paper of different sizes and in five albums. A significant part of Shevchenko's artistic heritage consists of completed paintings, however there are also sketches, etudes and outlines which are no less valuable for understanding Shevchenko's methods and artistic path. Of all Shevchenko's paintings only a small part has any authorial signatures or inscriptions and even smaller part has dates.\n", "Section::::Example of poetry: \"Testament\" (\"Zapovit\").\n", "Shevchenko's \"Testament\", (\"Zapovit\", 1845), has been translated into more than 150 languages and set to music in the 1870s by H. Hladky. The poem enjoys a status second only to Ukraine's national anthem.\n", "Section::::Family.\n", "Shevchenko never married. He had six siblings and at least three step-siblings, of whom only Stepan Tereshchenko (1820?–unknown) is known. Some sources connect him to the Tereshchenko family of Ukrainian industrialists.\n", "BULLET::::1. Kateryna Hryhorivna Krasytska (Shevchenko) (1806–1850) married Anton Hryhorovych Krasytsky (1794–1848)\n", "BULLET::::1. Yakym Krasytsky\n", "BULLET::::2. Maksym Krasytsky (unknown–1910)\n", "BULLET::::3. Stepan Krasytsky\n", "BULLET::::4. Fedora Krasytska (1824?–unknown), known painter\n", "BULLET::::2. Mykyta Hryhorovych Shevchenko (1811–1870?)\n", "BULLET::::1. Iryna Kovtun (Shevchenko)\n", "BULLET::::2. Prokop Shevchenko\n", "BULLET::::3. Petro Shevchenko (1847–1944?)\n", "BULLET::::3. Maria Hryhorivna Shevchenko (1814?–unknown) (His twin sister)\n", "BULLET::::4. Yaryna Hryhorivna Boiko (Shevchenko) (1816–1865) married Fedir Kondratievych Boiko (1811–1850)\n", "BULLET::::1. Maryna Boiko\n", "BULLET::::2. Ustyna Boiko (1836–unknown)\n", "BULLET::::3. Illarion Boiko (1840–unknown)\n", "BULLET::::4. Lohvyn Boiko (1842–unknown)\n", "BULLET::::5. Ivan Boiko (1845–unknown)\n", "BULLET::::6. Lavrentiy Boiko (1847–unknown)\n", "BULLET::::5. Maria Hryhorivna Shevchenko (1819–1846)\n", "BULLET::::6. Yosyp Hryhorovych Shevchenko (1821–1878) married Matrona Hryhorivna Shevchenko (1820?–unknown), a distant relative\n", "BULLET::::1. Andriy Shevchenko\n", "BULLET::::2. Ivan Shevchenko\n", "BULLET::::3. Trokhym Shevchenko (20 September 1843–unknown)\n", "Section::::Heritage and legacy.\n", "Section::::Heritage and legacy.:Impact.\n", "Taras Shevchenko's writings formed the foundation for the modern Ukrainian literature to a degree that he is also considered the founder of the modern written Ukrainian language (although Ivan Kotlyarevsky pioneered the literary work in what was close to the modern Ukrainian in the end of the 18th century.) Shevchenko's poetry contributed greatly to the growth of Ukrainian national consciousness, and his influence on various facets of Ukrainian intellectual, literary, and national life is still felt to this day. Influenced by Romanticism, Shevchenko managed to find his own manner of poetic expression that encompassed themes and ideas germane to Ukraine and his personal vision of its past and future.\n", "In view of his literary importance, the impact of his artistic work is often missed, although his contemporaries valued his artistic work no less, or perhaps even more, than his literary work. A great number of his pictures, drawings and etchings preserved to this day testify to his unique artistic talent. He also experimented with photography and it is little known that Shevchenko may be considered to have pioneered the art of etching in the Russian Empire (in 1860 he was awarded the title of Academician in the Imperial Academy of Arts specifically for his achievements in etching.)\n", "His influence on Ukrainian culture has been so immense, that even during Soviet times, the official position was to downplay strong Ukrainian nationalism expressed in his poetry, suppressing any mention of it, and to put an emphasis on the social and anti-Tsarist aspects of his legacy, the Class struggle within the Russian Empire. Shevchenko, who himself was born a serf and suffered tremendously for his political views in opposition to the established order of the Empire, was presented in the Soviet times as an internationalist who stood up in general for the plight of the poor classes exploited by the reactionary political regime rather than the vocal proponent of the Ukrainian national idea.\n", "This view is significantly revised in modern independent Ukraine, where he is now viewed as almost an iconic figure with unmatched significance for the Ukrainian nation, a view that has been mostly shared all along by the Ukrainian diaspora that has always revered Shevchenko.\n", "He inspired some of the protestors during the Euromaidan.\n", "Section::::Heritage and legacy.:Impact.:Contribution to Russian literature.\n", "Some of Shevchenko's prose (a novel, diary, plays \"Nazar Stodolya\" and \"Nikita Gayday\", many letters), as well as some of his poems were written in Russian, thus, some researchers consider Shevchenko as a notable Russian writer.\n", "Section::::Monuments and memorials.\n", "There are many monuments to Shevchenko throughout Ukraine, most notably at his memorial in Kaniv and in the center of Kiev, just across from the Kiev University that bears his name. The Kiev Metro station, Tarasa Shevchenka, is also dedicated to Shevchenko. Among other notable monuments to the poet located throughout Ukraine are the ones in Kharkiv (in front of Shevchenko Park), Lviv, Luhansk and many others.\n", "The first statues of Shevchenko were erected in the Soviet Union as part of their Ukrainization-policy's. The first one was revealed in Romny on 27 October 1918 when the city was located in the Ukrainian state. The following were erected in Moscow (29 November 1918) and Petrograd (1 December 1918). The monuments in Moscow and Petrograd did not survive because they were made of inferior materials. The concrete statue in Romny also began to decay, but was remade in bronze and re-unveiled in 1982. The original Romny statue is currently located in Kiev's Andriyivskyy Descent.\n", "After Ukraine gained its independence in the wake of the 1991 Soviet Collapse, some Ukrainian cities replaced their statues of Lenin with statues of Taras Shevchenko and in some locations that lacked streets named to him, local authorities renamed the streets or squares to Shevchenko. There is also a bilingual Taras Sevchenko high school in Sighetu Marmatiei, Romania.\n", "Outside of Ukraine and the former USSR, monuments to Shevchenko have been put up in many countries, usually under the initiative of local Ukrainian diasporas. There are several memorial societies and monuments to him throughout Canada and the United States, most notably the monument in Washington, D.C., near Dupont Circle. The granite monument was carved by Vincent Illuzzi of Barre, Vermont. There is also a monument in Soyuzivka in New York State, Tipperary Hill in Syracuse, New York, a park is named after him in Elmira Heights, N.Y. and a street is named after him in New York City's East Village. A section of Connecticut Route 9 that goes through New Britain is also named after Shevchenko.\n", "There is a statue of Taras Shevchenko at Ukraine Square in Curitiba, Brazil.\n", "A monument to Shevchenko was put up in Zagreb, Croatia on May 21, 2015.\n", "There is also a statue of Taras Shevchenko in the central park near the St. Krikor Lusavorich Cathedral in Yerevan, Armenia.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Legacy of Taras Shevchenko\n", "BULLET::::- List of things named after Taras Shevchenko\n", "BULLET::::- Taras Shevchenko Place, a street in New York City\n", "BULLET::::- Izbornyk, contains collection of his works (free access)\n", "BULLET::::- Shevchenko National Prize, Ukrainian State literary and artistic award.\n", "Section::::Footnotes.\n", "a. At the time of birth of Taras Shevchenko metrical books in village Moryntsi were carried out in Russian language (official language of the Russian Empire) and he was recorded as Taras (\"\"). At that time serfs' patronymic names were not identified in documents (for example, see text of a \"free-to-go\" document from 22 April 1838: «»). During Shevchenko's lifetime in Ukrainian texts were used two variants: «» (see the letter of Hryhory Kvitka-Osnovyanenko from October 23, 1840: «») and «» (the letter of same author from April 29, 1842: «»). In Russian it is accepted to write «Тарас Григорьевич Шевченко», in Ukrainian — «Тарас Григорович Шевченко», in other languages - transliterating from the Ukrainian name, for example «\"Taras Hryhorovich Shevchenko\"\".\n", "b. Note #10 in metric book of Moryntsi for 1814 (preserved in the Shevchenko National Museum in Kiev): «»\n", "c. This episode is described in the Taras Shevchenko's novel \"Princess\". It is also retold by Oleksandr Konysky in his book \"Taras Shevchenko-Hrushivsky\" claiming that the first who told the story of \"iron pillars\" was .\n", "d. Metric book of village Moryntsi for 1823, note #16. Preserved at the Shevchenko National Museum in Kiev.\n", "e. see article on Oksana Antonivna Tereshchenko in the Shevchenko dictionary.\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Magazine Osnova, 1862.\n", "BULLET::::- Cherkasy Regional Archives.\n", "BULLET::::- Magazine Kyivan Past, 1882.\n", "BULLET::::- Magazine \"Odesa Herald\", 1892.\n", "BULLET::::- Central State Historic Archives of the Ukrainian SSR. Kyiv.\n", "BULLET::::- Shevchenko, T. Documents and materials. Kyiv: Derzhpolitvydav URSR, 1963.\n", "BULLET::::- Shevchenko, T. Complete collection of works in ten volumes. Kyiv: Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, 1951-1964.\n", "BULLET::::- Victor Pogadaev. Taras Shevchenko: Jubli ke-200. - in: Pentas, Jil. 9, Bil. 1 - Mac 2014. Kuala Lumpur: Istana Budaya, 45-49 (in Malay)\n", "BULLET::::- Shevchenko, T. Kobzar (The Complete English Edition with Illustrations). London: Glagoslav Publications, 2013. ,\n", "BULLET::::- Zinaida Tulub. The Exile (Biographical fiction about Taras Shevchenko). London: Glagoslav Publications, 2015.\n", "Section::::Tributes.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Відповідь на молитву / Answer to prayer\", short film by , 2009\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Taras Shevchenko: Poet, Artist, Icon\" (Video)\n", "BULLET::::- Shevchenko, Taras in the Encyclopedia of Ukraine\n", "BULLET::::- Taras Shevchenko in the Library of Congress: A Bibliography \n", "BULLET::::- Shevchenko in English translations\n", "BULLET::::- Interactive biography of Taras Shevchenko in various languages including English\n", "BULLET::::- Poems by Taras Shevchenko for reading online in Ukrainian\n", "BULLET::::- The Ukrainian poet Shevchenko T.G. (Ural marble 0,38x0,35x1,38) is Author, known sculptor Shmat'ko\n", "BULLET::::- Infoukes.com – Taras Shevchenko Museum of Canada\n", "BULLET::::- Taras Shevchenko Museum of Canada — Detailed biography\n", "BULLET::::- Taras Shevchenko Museum of Canada — English Translations of the Poetry of Taras Shevchenko\n", "BULLET::::- Self portraits of Taras Shevchenko\n", "BULLET::::- Shevchenko's paintings and Ukrainian art songs by Ukrainian composers on Shevchenko's poetry. Audio files.\n", "BULLET::::- Taras Shevchenko Museum & Memorial Park Foundation\n", "BULLET::::- Video Tour: Taras Shevchenko Museum in Toronto (Музей Тараса Шевченка, Торонто).\n", "BULLET::::- Website dedicated to the Kobzar of Taras Shevchenko in English, with illustrations\n", "Monuments\n", "BULLET::::- Infoukes.com — Shevchenko Monument In Oakville, ON, Canada\n", "BULLET::::- Pbase — Shevchenko Monument in Palermo, Buenos Aires, Argentina.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Taras Hryhorovych Shevchenko", "Taras. Shevchenko", "Taras Ševčenko", "Taras Grigor'yevich Shevchenko", "Grigor'yevich Shevchenko", "Taras Hryhorovyč Ševčenko", "T. Shevchenko", "Taras Grigorjevič Ševčenko", "Taras Grigor'evič Ševčenko", "Tarass Grigorjewitsch Schewtschenko", "T.Sh", "K.Darmohrai", "Kobzar Darmohrai", "Ruel", "Perebendya" ] }, "description": "Ukrainian poet and painter", "enwikiquote_title": "Taras Shevchenko", "wikidata_id": "Q134958", "wikidata_label": "Taras Shevchenko", "wikipedia_title": "Taras Shevchenko" }

{ "end": [ 49, 124, 60, 94, 164, 40, 67, 140, 168, 309, 366, 84, 90, 162, 195, 256, 73, 203, 234, 98 ], "href": [ "cellist", "Pyotr%20Ilyich%20Tchaikovsky", "Courland%20Governorate", "August%20Davidov", "Alexei%20Davidov", "mathematics", "Moscow%20State%20University", "Moritz%20Hauptmann", "Leipzig%20Conservatory", "St%20Petersburg%20Conservatory", "Aleksandr%20Verzhbilovich", "Stradivarius", "cello", "Davidov%20Stradivarius", "Jacqueline%20du%20Pr%C3%A9", "Yo-Yo%20Ma", "Viktor%20Burenin", "Anton%20Arensky", "Piano%20Trio%20No.%201%20%28Arensky%29", "Chopin" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 7, 7, 9 ], "start": [ 42, 100, 40, 80, 150, 29, 44, 124, 148, 283, 343, 72, 85, 142, 178, 248, 59, 190, 218, 92 ], "text": [ "cellist", "Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky", "Courland Governorate", "August Davydov", "Alexei Davidov", "mathematics", "Moscow State University", "Moritz Hauptmann", "Leipzig Conservatory", "St Petersburg Conservatory", "Aleksandr Verzhbilovich", "Stradivarius", "cello", "Davidov Stradivarius", "Jacqueline du Pré", "Yo-Yo Ma", "Viktor Burenin", "Anton Arensky", "first piano trio", "Chopin" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Karl Davydov\n", "Karl Yulievich Davydov (; ) was a Russian cellist of great renown during his time, and described by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky as the \"czar of cellists\". He was also a composer, mainly for the cello.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Davydov was the son of a physician from Courland Governorate. His elder brother August Davydov was a noted mathematician and educator, and his nephew Alexei Davidov also became cellist and composer and also a businessman.\n", "In his youth Davydov studied mathematics at Moscow State University, and then pursued a career as a composer, studying with Moritz Hauptmann at the Leipzig Conservatory. He became a full-time cellist in 1850 while continuing to compose in his spare time. He later became head of the St Petersburg Conservatory. He had many students, including Aleksandr Verzhbilovich.\n", "In 1870 Count Wilhorsky, a patron of the arts, presented Davydov with a Stradivarius cello constructed in 1712. This cello, now known as the \"Davidov Stradivarius\", was owned by Jacqueline du Pré until her death and is currently on loan to cellist Yo-Yo Ma.\n", "He intended to write an opera on the subject of \"Mazeppa\". Viktor Burenin wrote a libretto for this purpose in 1880, but when Davydov proved unable to find the time to compose, Burenin offered the libretto to Tchaikovsky.\n", "Although closely associated with Tchaikovsky, Karl Davydov was not related to the Davydov clan into which Tchaikovsky's sister Alexandra married. Davydov died in Moscow on 26 February 1889. Anton Arensky dedicated his first piano trio to Davydov's memory.\n", "Section::::Cello Transcriptions.\n", "Davydov (also appeared in different spellings: Davidoff / Davidov) transcribed and arranged Chopin's solo piano works for violoncello and piano accompaniment. Transcription albums of Walzer and Mazurkas published by Breitkopf & Härtel. Another transcription album is a selection of Nocturnes and others solo piano works published by Edition Peters.\n", "Section::::Works with Opus number.\n", "BULLET::::- Opus 5, Cello Concerto No. 1 in B minor (1859)\n", "BULLET::::- Opus 6, \"Souvenir de Zarizino\": 2 salon pieces (Nocturne – Mazurka) for cello and piano\n", "BULLET::::- Opus 7, Fantasie from a Russian folk song for cello and orchestra\n", "BULLET::::- Opus 11, Concert Allegro in A minor for cello and orchestra or cello and piano\n", "BULLET::::- Opus 14, Cello Concerto No. 2 in A minor (1863)(1860?)\n", "BULLET::::- Opus 16, 3 Salon pieces (\"Mondnacht\", \"Lied\", \"Märchen\") for cello and piano\n", "BULLET::::- Opus 17, \"Souvenirs d'Oranienbaum\" (Adian – Barcarolle)\n", "BULLET::::- Opus 18, Cello Concerto No. 3 in D major (1868)\n", "BULLET::::- Opus 20, 4 Pieces for Cello and Piano\n", "BULLET::::- Opus 23, \"Romance sans Paroles\" in G major\n", "BULLET::::- Opus 25, Ballade for cello and orchestra or piano in G major (1875)\n", "BULLET::::- Opus 30, 3 salon pieces\n", "BULLET::::- Opus 31, Cello Concerto No. 4 in E minor (1878)\n", "BULLET::::- Opus 35, String Sextet\n", "BULLET::::- \"Poltawa\", Opera after Pushkin (1876, unfinished)\n", "BULLET::::- Opus 40, Quintet for Piano and Strings in G minor (1884)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Russian composer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q708593", "wikidata_label": "Karl Davydov", "wikipedia_title": "Karl Davydov" }