Office Action 1: Non-Final Rejection (2022-09-21)
Rejection types: 102 - Lack of Novelty, Double Patenting

CLAIMS:
IN THE CLAIMS: Set forth below in ascending order, with status identifiers, is a complete listing of all claims currently under examination. Changes to any amended claims are indicated by \[\[double brackets\]\], and or underlining. This listing also reflects any cancellation and or addition of claims.

1-96. (Cancelled) 295

97\. (New) A solution comprising a purified population of human norovirus Virus-Like Particles (VLPs), wherein the norovirus VLPs comprise at least genogroup II VLPs, wherein said solution contains no more than about 80% residual contaminating protein relative to said VLPs, and wherein the solution contains less than about 10% truncated VP1 subunit.
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OFFICE ACTION:
The present application is being examined under the pre-AIA  first to invent provisions.
DETAILED ACTION
Claim 97 is examined on the merits.
Information Disclosure Statement
The information disclosure statement (IDS) submitted on 3/24/2022 is in compliance with the provisions of 37 CFR 1.97.  Accordingly, the information disclosure statement is being considered by the examiner.
Double Patenting
The nonstatutory double patenting rejection is based on a judicially created doctrine grounded in public policy (a policy reflected in the statute) so as to prevent the unjustified or improper timewise extension of the “right to exclude” granted by a patent and to prevent possible harassment by multiple assignees. A nonstatutory double patenting rejection is appropriate where the conflicting claims are not identical, but at least one examined application claim is not patentably distinct from the reference claim(s) because the examined application claim is either anticipated by, or would have been obvious over, the reference claim(s). See, e.g., In re Berg, 140 F.3d 1428, 46 USPQ2d 1226 (Fed. Cir. 1998); In re Goodman, 11 F.3d 1046, 29 USPQ2d 2010 (Fed. Cir. 1993); In re Longi, 759 F.2d 887, 225 USPQ 645 (Fed. Cir. 1985); In re Van Ornum, 686 F.2d 937, 214 USPQ 761 (CCPA 1982); In re Vogel, 422 F.2d 438, 164 USPQ 619 (CCPA 1970); In re Thorington, 418 F.2d 528, 163 USPQ 644 (CCPA 1969).
A timely filed terminal disclaimer in compliance with 37 CFR 1.321(c) or 1.321(d) may be used to overcome an actual or provisional rejection based on nonstatutory double patenting provided the reference application or patent either is shown to be commonly owned with the examined application, or claims an invention made as a result of activities undertaken within the scope of a joint research agreement. See MPEP § 717.02 for applications subject to examination under the first inventor to file provisions of the AIA  as explained in MPEP § 2159. See MPEP § 2146 et seq. for applications not subject to examination under the first inventor to file provisions of the AIA . A terminal disclaimer must be signed in compliance with 37 CFR 1.321(b).
The USPTO Internet website contains terminal disclaimer forms which may be used. Please visit www.uspto.gov/patent/patents-forms. The filing date of the application in which the form is filed determines what form (e.g., PTO/SB/25, PTO/SB/26, PTO/AIA /25, or PTO/AIA /26) should be used. A web-based eTerminal Disclaimer may be filled out completely online using web-screens. An eTerminal Disclaimer that meets all requirements is auto-processed and approved immediately upon submission. For more information about eTerminal Disclaimers, refer to www.uspto.gov/patents/process/file/efs/guidance/eTD-info-I.jsp.
Claim 97 is rejected on the ground of nonstatutory double patenting as being unpatentable over claims 1 of U.S. Patent No. 10,167,320. Although the claims at issue are not identical, they are not patentably distinct from each other because the patent invention and the instant invention are both drawn to a purified norovirus VLP composition of genogroup II VLPs in which the composition contains no more than 80% of the residual contamining protein relative to the VLPs.  Also the solution contains less than about 10% truncated VP1 subunit.
Claim Rejections - 35 USC § 102
The following is a quotation of the appropriate paragraphs of pre-AIA  35 U.S.C. 102 that form the basis for the rejections under this section made in this Office action:
A person shall be entitled to a patent unless –
(b) the invention was patented or described in a printed publication in this or a foreign country or in public use or on sale in this country, more than one year prior to the date of application for patent in the United States.
Claim 97 is rejected under pre-AIA  35 U.S.C. 102b as being anticipated by Richardson et al. (US PGPub 2012/0156243).
A solution comprising a purified population of human norovirus Virus-Like
Particles (VLPs), wherein the norovirus VLPs comprise at least genogroup II VLPs, wherein said
solution contains no more than about 80% residual contaminating protein relative to said VLPs,
and wherein the solution contains less than about 10% truncated VP1 subunit.
The Prior Art:
Richardson et al. teach norovirus VLPs which possess full-length VP1 proteins or full-length VP1 and VP2 proteins. [see paragraph 39]  The norovirus VLPs can contain VP1 subunits from genogroup I or II virus strains. [see paragraph 40 and claims 1 and 6]  It is also taught that a combination of VLPs from genogroups I and II can be formulated. [see paragraph 40]  Richardson et al. further teach processing multivalent norovirus VLPs with VP1 and/or VP2 proteins and purifying these VLPs. [see paragraph 44]  Therefore, these norovirus VLPs of Richardson et al. contain full-length VP1 subunits and do not possess contaminating proteins and inherently meet the purity requirement of claim 1.  Based on these teachings, Richardson et al. anticipate the instant invention.
Claim 97 is rejected under pre-AIA  35 U.S.C. 102b as being anticipated by Almanza et al. (Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 2008, Vol. 46, No. 12, pages 3971-3979).
A solution comprising a purified population of human norovirus Virus-Like
Particles (VLPs), wherein the norovirus VLPs comprise at least genogroup II VLPs, wherein said
solution contains no more than about 80% residual contaminating protein relative to said VLPs,
and wherein the solution contains less than about 10% truncated VP1 subunit.
The Prior Art
Almanza et al. teach the generation of a purified composition of norovirus VLPs of Genogroup II, Genotype 11. [see abstract]  The VLPs were generated from full-length VP1 subunits, which are morphologically similar to “authentic NoV virions”. [see first full paragraph in right column on page 3974]  Almanza et al. obtained these VLPs following several rounds of selective centrifugation and buffer treatment. [see left column on pages 3973]   Therefore, the isolated norovirus VLPs of Almanza et al. contain full-length VP1 subunits and do not possess contaminating proteins.  Figure 1B provides a detailed analysis of VLP shape and size, which Almanza et al. state are morphologically similar to authentic NoV virions.  This is interpreted by the Examiner to exclude any truncated VP1 proteins.  Furthermore, Table 3 of Almanza et al. established that full-length VP1 protein was produced in view of the ELISA results (left hand column).
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Therefore, Almanza et al. anticipate the instant invention.
Conclusion
No claims are allowed.


NEXT OFFICE ACTION: The present application is being examined under the pre-AIA  first to invent provisions.
DETAILED ACTION
Claim 97-121 are examined on the merits.  Claims 98-121 are newly presented.
Applicants are informed that the rejections of the previous Office action not stated below have been withdrawn from consideration in view of the Applicant’s arguments and/or amendments.
Information Disclosure Statement
The information disclosure statement (IDS) submitted on 12/21/2022 is in compliance with the provisions of 37 CFR 1.97.  Accordingly, the information disclosure statement is being considered by the examiner.
Response to Arguments
Applicant's arguments filed 12/21/2022 have been fully considered but they are not persuasive. See responses below.
Terminal Disclaimer
The terminal disclaimer filed on 12/21/2022 disclaiming the terminal portion of any patent granted on this application which would extend beyond the expiration date of U.S. Patent 10,167,320 has been reviewed and is accepted.  The terminal disclaimer has been recorded.
Claim Rejections - 35 USC § 112
The following is a quotation of 35 U.S.C. 112(b):
(b)  CONCLUSION.—The specification shall conclude with one or more claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the subject matter which the inventor or a joint inventor regards as the invention.
The following is a quotation of 35 U.S.C. 112 (pre-AIA ), second paragraph:
The specification shall conclude with one or more claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the subject matter which the applicant regards as his invention.
(New Rejection Necessitated by Amendments) Claim 109-113 are rejected under 35 U.S.C. 112(b) or 35 U.S.C. 112 (pre-AIA ), second paragraph, as being indefinite for failing to particularly point out and distinctly claim the subject matter which the inventor or a joint inventor (or for applications subject to pre-AIA  35 U.S.C. 112, the applicant), regards as the invention.
Claim 109 states: “The solution of claim 104, wherein the lysate, supernatant, or filtrate comprises a live virus other than a human norovirus, and wherein the level of live virus in the solution is less than 10% of the level of the live virus in the lysate, supernatant, or filtrate.”
The limitation of “wherein the level of live virus in the solution is less than 10% of the level of the live virus in the lysate, supernatant, or filtrate” is unclear how the “level of live virus…is less than 10% of the level of the live virus”.  In other words, how can a live virus be less than 10% of itself?  This uncertainty applies to claim 110 for the same reason.
Claims 111-113 are also rejected because they depend from claim 109, but do not remedy this deficiency.
Claim 111 recites “a host cell virus”.  However, since all viruses require a host cell to replicate, aren’t all viruses “host cell viruses”. Or is claim 111 attempting to specify a specific host cell virus that can only replicate in a transgenic cell which expresses key replication proteins in trans.
Claim Rejections - 35 USC § 102
The following is a quotation of the appropriate paragraphs of pre-AIA  35 U.S.C. 102 that form the basis for the rejections under this section made in this Office action:
A person shall be entitled to a patent unless –
(b) the invention was patented or described in a printed publication in this or a foreign country or in public use or on sale in this country, more than one year prior to the date of application for patent in the United States.
(Prior Rejection Maintained and extended to new claims) Claims 97-109, 111-118, 120 and 121 are rejected under pre-AIA  35 U.S.C. 102b as being anticipated by Richardson et al. (US PGPub 2012/0156243).
A solution comprising a purified population of human norovirus Virus-Like
Particles (VLPs), wherein the norovirus VLPs comprise at least genogroup II VLPs, wherein said
solution contains no more than about 80% residual contaminating protein relative to said VLPs,
and wherein the solution contains less than about 10% truncated VP1 subunit.
The genogroup II VLPs are genogroup II, genotype 4 VLPs.
The solution contains less than about 5% or less than about 1% VLPs with a truncated VP1 subunit.
The solution contains no more than about 10% residual contaminating protein relative to VLP.
The VLPs are soluble and structurally intact.
The solution is suitable for use in a commercial process.
The solution is derived from a cell lysate, culture supernatant, or filtrate containing the VLPs.
The solution contains at least about 50%, at least about 65%, or at least about 75% of the VLPs as compared to the lysate, supernatant, or filtrate.
Wherein the ratio of the VLPs to residual contaminating protein is increased at least about ten-fold, at least about fifty-fold, or at least about ninety-fold as compared to the lysate, supernatant or filtrate.
Wherein the solution contains no more than about 35% residual contaminating nucleic acid relative to the lysate, supernatant, or filtrate.
Wherein the solution contains no more than about 5%, no more than about 2%, or no more than about 1% residual contaminating nucleic acid relative to the lysate, supernatant, or filtrate.
Wherein the lysate, supernatant, or filtrate comprises a live virus other than a human norovirus, and wherein the level of live virus in the solution is less than 10% of the level of the live virus in the lysate, supernatant, or filtrate.
Wherein the live virus is a host cell virus, a production virus, or a contaminating virus.
Wherein the live virus is a production virus that was used to generate the norovirus VLPs.
Wherein the virus is a rotavirus, a baculovirus, or a retrovirus.
A vaccine comprising the norovirus VLPs obtained from the solution and the vaccine comprises 5-200 ug of the norovirus VLPs, wherein the vaccine further comprises an adjuvant,
wherein the vaccine further comprises aluminum hydroxide or the vaccine further comprises a buffer. The vaccine is formulated for parenteral administration and the pH of the vaccine is from about 6.0 to about 7.0.
The Prior Art:
Richardson et al. teach norovirus VLPs which possess full-length VP1 proteins or full-length VP1 and VP2 proteins. [see paragraph 39]  The VLPs of Richardson can be made by disassembly and reassembly of VLPs to provide homogenous and pure VLPs. [see paragraph 45]  The norovirus VLPs can contain VP1 subunits from genogroup I or II virus strains. [see paragraph 40 and claims 1 and 6]  It is also taught that a combination of VLPs from genogroups I and II can be formulated, such as Genogroup II, genotype 4. [see paragraph 40 and claim 18]  Richardson et al. further teach processing multivalent norovirus VLPs with VP1 and/or VP2 proteins and purifying these VLPs. [see paragraph 44]  The antigens of the Norovirus that are produced are to be placed in a “substantially pure form”. [see paragraph 70]  These VLPs are to be purified at different points of VLP formation (before or after mixing of the produced VP1 and/or VP2 proteins). [see paragraph 44]  Richardson et al. further teach that the VLPs can be formulated at a dosage of 1ug to 100 ug [see paragraph 62] and that routes of administration such as intranasal or intramuscular are contemplated. [see paragraph 63]  For the formulation of the norovirus antigenic composition of VLPs, buffers and/or adjuvants can be used, such as the adjuvant aluminum hydroxide. [see paragraphs 51-55 and 63]  Since one intended application of this VLP composition is to be delivered in vivo as a vaccine, the pH of this composition would be rendered similar to that of the recipient and therefore at a pH of about 7.0.  Richardson et al. teach the use of baculovirus vectors to express the VLPs of human noroviruses and therefore, the suspension containing VLPs would possess the claimed “live virus” that can be a baculovirus that is used to generate VLPs, or also functioning as a production virus.  The use of this baculovirus to express capsid proteins which yield VLPs is beneficial since the VLPs spontaneously form upon the capsid protein expression. [see paragraphs 9, 34 and 39]
Therefore, these norovirus VLPs of Richardson et al. contain full-length VP1 subunits and do not possess contaminating proteins and inherently meet the purity requirement of claim 97.
Response to arguments:
Applicant presents the following arguments in traversal of the rejection:
Richardson does not teach obtaining a solution comprising norovirus genogroup 2 VLPs containing less than about 10% truncated VP1 subunits.  Applicants state they were the first to disclose the previously unknown existence of truncated norovirus genogroup II VP1 subunit.  This truncated VP1 assembles into VLPs and co-purifies with full-length VLP.  Applicant’s also first discovered that treating this norovirus VLP composition with a low pH at the bulk bioreactor stage of production, selective removal of the VLPs containing N-terminal truncated product was achieved.  Without the low pH treatment, the resulting solution of norovirus VLPs would possess about 23% truncated VP1 subunits.
In response to applicant's argument that the references fail to show certain features of applicant’s invention, it is noted that the features upon which applicant relies (i.e., treatment of norovirus VLPs bulk production with a low pH solution) are not recited in the rejected claim(s).  Although the claims are interpreted in light of the specification, limitations from the specification are not read into the claims.  See In re Van Geuns, 988 F.2d 1181, 26 USPQ2d 1057 (Fed. Cir. 1993).
In addition, Richardson et al. teach in paragraph [0039]:
“The VLPs of the present invention can be formed from either the full length Norovirus capsid protein such as VP1 and/or VP2 proteins or certain VP1 or VP2 derivatives using standard methods in the art. Alternatively, the capsid protein used to form the VLP is a truncated capsid protein. In some embodiments, for example, at least one of the VLPs comprises a truncated VP1 protein. In other embodiments, all the VLPs comprise truncated VP1 proteins. The truncation may be an N- or C-terminal truncation. Truncated capsid proteins are suitably functional capsid protein derivatives. Functional capsid protein derivatives are capable of raising an immune response (if necessary, when suitably adjuvanted) in the same way as the immune response is raised by a VLP consisting of the full length capsid protein.”
Richardson et al., which was published before applicant’s priority date, recognized that Norovirus VP1 proteins in the form of a N-terminal truncation can form VLPs.  At least in paragraph 39, Richardson et al. teach that VLPs that possess full-length and/or truncated VP1 proteins can be produced.  In addition, based on their specific teachings of purifying their VLP composition, they also teach producing a solution comprising only norovirus VLPs comprosing full-length VP1.  Therefore, the norovirus VP1 VLPs of Richardson et al. would be in a pure form that either comprises only full-length VP1, VP1 and VP2, or full-length and truncated VP1 and/or VP2 proteins.  The VLPs that comprise full-length VP1 would be devoid contaminating proteins and nucleic acids, which is required by claims 97-101 and 106-108.   Furthermore, since the structural requirements of the claimed invention (Norovirus genogroup II VLPs) have been taught by Richardson et al., these VLPs would be inherently soluble and structurally intact and suitable for commercial use.
Claim Rejections - 35 USC § 103
The following is a quotation of pre-AIA  35 U.S.C. 103(a) which forms the basis for all obviousness rejections set forth in this Office action:
(a) A patent may not be obtained though the invention is not identically disclosed or described as set forth in section 102, if the differences between the subject matter sought to be patented and the prior art are such that the subject matter as a whole would have been obvious at the time the invention was made to a person having ordinary skill in the art to which said subject matter pertains. Patentability shall not be negatived by the manner in which the invention was made.
(New Rejection Necessitated by Amendments) Claim 119 is rejected under pre-AIA  35 U.S.C. 103(a) as being unpatentable over Richardson et al. as applied to claims 97-109, 111-118 and 120-121 above, and further in view of Volkin et al. (US Patent 6,251,678).
The claimed invention also requires that the vaccine further comprises L-histidine or imidazole.
The teachings of Richardson et al. are discussed above.  However, they do not teach the addition of L-histidine or imidazole with their norovirus VLP vaccine.
Volkin et al. teach the use of buffers containing L-histidine or imidazole to improved storage stability of HPV VLPs + aluminum adjuvant as these buffers controlled pH better. The amounts of L-histidine or imidazole ranged from about 2mM to about 100mM, preferably 10mM. [see column 3, lines 16-24].
It would have been obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art to modify the compositions taught by Richardson et al. in order to incorporate L-histidine or imidazole with their norovirus VLP vaccine compositions.  One would have been motivated to do so, given the suggestion by Richardson et al. that the norovirus based compositions be stabilized by means known in the art (paragraph 46).  There would have been a reasonable expectation of success, given the knowledge that L-histidine and imidazole can be used to improve stability of VLPs of another virus, HPV, as taught by Volkin et al.  Thus the invention as a whole was clearly prima facie obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art at the time the invention was made.
Conclusion
No claims are allowed.
Applicant's amendment necessitated the new ground(s) of rejection presented in this Office action.  Accordingly, THIS ACTION IS MADE FINAL.  See MPEP § 706.07(a).  Applicant is reminded of the extension of time policy as set forth in 37 CFR 1.136(a).
A shortened statutory period for reply to this final action is set to expire THREE MONTHS from the mailing date of this action.  In the event a first reply is filed within TWO MONTHS of the mailing date of this final action and the advisory action is not mailed until after the end of the THREE-MONTH shortened statutory period, then the shortened statutory period will expire on the date the advisory action is mailed, and any extension fee pursuant to 37 CFR 1.136(a) will be calculated from the mailing date of the advisory action.  In no event, however, will the statutory period for reply expire later than SIX MONTHS from the date of this final action.

CITED REFERENCE SUMMARIES: Ref US10167320: Claims:
1. A solution comprising a purified population of human norovirus VLPs, wherein the norovirus VLPs comprise at least genogroup II VLPs, wherein said solution contains no more than about 80% residual contaminating protein relative to VLP, and wherein said solution is generated by a process comprising:
generating or obtaining a cell lysate, culture supernatant, or filtrate containing the norovirus VLPs, wherein said norovirus VLPs comprise at least a first subpopulation with full length VP1 subunit and a second subpopulation with truncated VP1 subunit of the norovirus VLPs;
adjusting the pH of the lysate, supernatant or filtrate to a pH of less than about 5 to generate a pH-adjusted solution;
removing the second subpopulation with truncated VP1 subunit of norovirus VLPs from the pH-adjusted solution using a filtration process to generate a filtered solution, wherein the filtered solution substantially retains the first subpopulation with full length VP1 subunit of norovirus VLPs;
and
wherein the solution comprises full length VP1 subunit of norovirus VLPs and is substantially free of norovirus VLPs with the truncated VP1 subunit, wherein the solution contains less than about 10% truncated VP1 subunit.
2. A vaccine comprising the norovirus VLPs prepared from the solution of claim 1.
3. The solution of claim 1, containing no more than about 35% residual contaminating nucleic acid relative to the lysate, supernatant or filtrate.
4. The solution of claim 1, wherein at least about 50% of the norovirus VLPs are recovered from the lysate, supernatant or filtrate.
5. The solution of claim 1, wherein the ratio of the norovirus VLPs to residual contaminating protein is increased at least about ten-fold as compared to the lysate, supernatant or filtrate.
6. The solution of claim 1, wherein the solution is suitable for use in a commercial process.
7. The solution of claim 1, wherein the process further comprises one or more of the following: centrifugation, precipitation, flocculation, settling, and filtration.
8. The solution of claim 6, wherein the commercial process has a processing volume of at least 20 liters.
9. The solution of claim 1, wherein the residual contaminating protein relative to VLP is measured by size exclusion chromatography and ELISA.
Ref US20120156243: Claims:
A composition comprising at least one Norovirus antigen and at least one adjuvant, wherein the adjuvant is a toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist, and wherein the composition is formulated as a liquid. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the adjuvant is a toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) agonist. 3. The composition of claim 2, wherein the TLR-4 agonist is lipid A, synthetic lipid A, a lipid A mimetic, or a lipid A analog. 4. The composition of claim 2, wherein the TLR-4 agonist is monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL). 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein said Norovirus antigen comprises peptides, proteins Norovirus virus-like particles (VLPs), denatured VLPs, capsid monomers, capsid multimers, aggregates, or mixtures thereof. 6. The composition of claim 5, wherein said Norovirus antigen is selected from the group consisting of Norovirus genogroup I and genogroup II viral strains. 7. The composition of claim 5, wherein said Norovirus antigen comprises Norovirus VLPs. 8. The composition of claim 7, wherein said Norovirus VLPs comprise a capsid protein. 9. The composition of claim 8, wherein said capsid protein is selected from the group consisting of VP1 and VP2. 10. The composition of claim 7, wherein the VLPs are monovalent VLPs. 11. The composition of claim 7, wherein the VLPs are multivalent VLPs. 12. The composition of claim 11, wherein the multivalent VLPs are selected from the group consisting of genogroup I and genogroup II Noroviruses. 13. The composition of claim 7, wherein the Norovirus VLPs are produced in a recombinant cellular expression system or a baculovirus-infected cellular expression system. 14. The composition of claim 13, wherein the cellular expression system is selected from the group consisting of yeast, bacterial, insect, and mammalian expression system. 15. The composition of claim 1, further comprising a second Norovirus antigen. 16. The composition of claim 15, wherein said first and second Norovirus antigens are monovalent VLPs from different genogroups. 17. The composition of claim 16, wherein said first Norovirus antigen is a monovalent VLP comprising at least one capsid protein from a genogroup I Norovirus and said second Norovirus antigen is a monovalent VLP comprising at least one capsid protein from a genogroup II Norovirus. 18. The composition of claim 17, wherein the genogroup II Norovirus is a GII.4 Norovirus. 19. A vaccine formulation comprising the composition of claim 1. 20. The formulation of claim 19, wherein the Norovirus antigen is present in a concentration of from about 0.01% (w/w) to about 80% (w/w). 21. The formulation of claim 19, wherein the dosage of the Norovirus antigen is present in an amount of from about 1 μg to about 100 mg per dose. 22. The formulation of claim 21, wherein the dosage of the Norovirus antigen is from about 1 μg to about 1 mg per dose. 23. The formulation of claim 21, wherein the dosage of the Norovirus antigen is from about 1 μg to about 500 μg per dose. 24. The formulation of claim 21, wherein the dosage of the Norovirus antigen is from about 1 μg to about 150 μg per dose. 25. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is formulated for parenteral administration. 26. The composition of claim 1, further comprising oil. 27. The composition of claim 1, further comprising an aluminum salt. 28. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is formulated for intranasal administration. 29. The composition of claim 28, wherein the formulation is in the form of a nasal spray or nasal drops. 30. The composition of claim 28, further comprising chitosan. 31. A composition comprising at least one Norovirus antigen and an aluminum salt, wherein the composition is formulated as a liquid. 32. A method of inducing an immune response to Norovirus in a mammal comprising administering to the mammal a composition comprising a Norovirus antigen and at least one adjuvant, wherein said adjuvant is not a bacterial exotoxin, and wherein the Norovirus antigen is from a genogroup I or genogroup II Norovirus.
A composition comprising at least one Norovirus antigen and at least one adjuvant, wherein the adjuvant is a toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist, and wherein the composition is formulated as a liquid.
The composition of claim 1, wherein the adjuvant is a toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) agonist.
The composition of claim 2, wherein the TLR-4 agonist is lipid A, synthetic lipid A, a lipid A mimetic, or a lipid A analog.
The composition of claim 2, wherein the TLR-4 agonist is monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL).
The composition of claim 1, wherein said Norovirus antigen comprises peptides, proteins Norovirus virus-like particles (VLPs), denatured VLPs, capsid monomers, capsid multimers, aggregates, or mixtures thereof.
The composition of claim 5, wherein said Norovirus antigen is selected from the group consisting of Norovirus genogroup I and genogroup II viral strains.
The composition of claim 5, wherein said Norovirus antigen comprises Norovirus VLPs.
The composition of claim 7, wherein said Norovirus VLPs comprise a capsid protein.
The composition of claim 8, wherein said capsid protein is selected from the group consisting of VP1 and VP2.
The composition of claim 7, wherein the VLPs are monovalent VLPs.
The composition of claim 7, wherein the VLPs are multivalent VLPs.
The composition of claim 11, wherein the multivalent VLPs are selected from the group consisting of genogroup I and genogroup II Noroviruses.
The composition of claim 7, wherein the Norovirus VLPs are produced in a recombinant cellular expression system or a baculovirus-infected cellular expression system.
The composition of claim 13, wherein the cellular expression system is selected from the group consisting of yeast, bacterial, insect, and mammalian expression system.
The composition of claim 1, further comprising a second Norovirus antigen.
The composition of claim 15, wherein said first and second Norovirus antigens are monovalent VLPs from different genogroups.
The composition of claim 16, wherein said first Norovirus antigen is a monovalent VLP comprising at least one capsid protein from a genogroup I Norovirus and said second Norovirus antigen is a monovalent VLP comprising at least one capsid protein from a genogroup II Norovirus.
The composition of claim 17, wherein the genogroup II Norovirus is a GII.4 Norovirus.
A vaccine formulation comprising the composition of claim 1.
The formulation of claim 19, wherein the Norovirus antigen is present in a concentration of from about 0.01% (w/w) to about 80% (w/w).
The formulation of claim 19, wherein the dosage of the Norovirus antigen is present in an amount of from about 1 μg to about 100 mg per dose.
The formulation of claim 21, wherein the dosage of the Norovirus antigen is from about 1 μg to about 1 mg per dose.
The formulation of claim 21, wherein the dosage of the Norovirus antigen is from about 1 μg to about 500 μg per dose.
The formulation of claim 21, wherein the dosage of the Norovirus antigen is from about 1 μg to about 150 μg per dose.
The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is formulated for parenteral administration.
The composition of claim 1, further comprising oil.
The composition of claim 1, further comprising an aluminum salt.
The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is formulated for intranasal administration.
The composition of claim 28, wherein the formulation is in the form of a nasal spray or nasal drops.
The composition of claim 28, further comprising chitosan.
A composition comprising at least one Norovirus antigen and an aluminum salt, wherein the composition is formulated as a liquid.
A method of inducing an immune response to Norovirus in a mammal comprising administering to the mammal a composition comprising a Norovirus antigen and at least one adjuvant, wherein said adjuvant is not a bacterial exotoxin, and wherein the Norovirus antigen is from a genogroup I or genogroup II Norovirus.