Office Action 1: Non-Final Rejection (2025-03-20)
Rejection types: 112 - Written Description/Enablement

CLAIMS:
WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:
1\. A method for backfilling and reconstructing a carbon storage space in an abandoned main roadway and storing CO2, comprising following steps of: step 1, surveying a surrounding rock of the main roadway, and analyzing a lithology of the surrounding rock, a density of the surrounding rock and fractures and cavities inside the main roadway; step 2, reinforcing and supporting a damaged portion, which has unstable confining pressure bearing characteristics, of the surrounding rock by anchor bolts or anchor cables, so as to ensure a stable operation of the main roadway; step 3, customizing a support formwork according to a width and a height of a roadway section of the main roadway, wherein the support formwork is spaced apart a distance of 50 cm to 80 cm from a top, two sides and a floor of the main roadway; step 4, constructing a first backfilling wall at a first end of the main roadway, wherein a thickness of the first backfilling wall is of 50 cm to 60 cm to ensure that the first end of the roadway is completely sealed without air leakage; step 5, placing the support formwork made in step 3 inside the main roadway, splicing the support formwork according to a shape of the main roadway, attaching the support formwork closely to the first backfilling wall, and temporarily fixing the spliced support formwork by the anchor bolts and the anchor cables; step 6, injecting backfilling slurry into a gap between the support formwork and the main roadway through a backfilling pipeline to form a backfilling thickness of 50 cm to 80 cm around the main roadway; injecting supercritical carbon dioxide into the backfilling slurry between the support formwork and the main roadway, and enabling the supercritical carbon dioxide to fully react with the backfilling slurry for 3 h to 5 h to solidify the backfilling slurry to reach a support strength of 1 MPa to 2 MPa, and then stopping injecting the supercritical carbon dioxide; step 7, dismantling the support formwork and constructing a second backfilling wall at an interval of 30 m to 40 m from the first backfilling wall, after the backfilling slurry fully reacts with the supercritical carbon dioxide and solidifies; step 8, injecting the supercritical carbon dioxide into an enclosed space between the first backfilling wall and the second backfilling wall through a gas injection hole reserved on the second backfilling wall, and stopping injecting the supercritical carbon dioxide when an injection pressure of the supercritical carbon dioxide is from 1 MPa to 1.5 MPa and a CO2 concentration in the enclosed space between the first backfilling wall and second backfilling wall reaches 5,000 ppm and more, and then sealing the reserved gas injection hole reserved on the second backfilling wall; step 9, constructing the support formwork on a side which is opposite to the first backfilling wall, of the second backfilling wall, continuing to form an other enclosed space by constructing the support formwork, repeating step 5 to step 8, injecting the backfilling slurry and the supercritical carbon dioxide to the other enclosed space outside of the support formwork, and injecting the supercritical carbon dioxide into an enclosed space between the second backfilling wall and a third backfilling wall; and step 10, when the carbon storage space of the main roadway is backfilled and sealed to the second end of the main roadway, constructing a final backfilling wall at the second end of the roadway to enclose the roadway space, injecting the supercritical oxide dioxide into the carbon storage space, and sealing the carbon storage space.
2\. The method for backfilling and reconstructing a carbon storage space in an abandoned main roadway and storing CO2 according to claim 1, wherein surveying the surrounding rock of the main roadway in step 1 comprises: in response to determining a position of the abandoned main roadway, surveying bearing characteristics, damage depth and crack characteristics of the surrounding rock of the main roadway by utilizing a propagation law of artificially excited seismic waves in different elastic strata.
3\. The method for backfilling and reconstructing a carbon storage space in an abandoned main roadway and storing CO2 according to claim 1, wherein step 2 further comprises: identifying the damaged portion, which has unstable confining pressure bearing characteristics, of the surrounding rock, by comprehensively evaluation after the surrounding rock of the main roadway is surveyed in step 1 by using geophysical exploration technology.
4\. The method for backfilling and reconstructing a carbon storage space in an abandoned main roadway and storing CO2 according to claim 3, wherein the anchor bolts that reinforce and support the damaged portion of the surrounding rock in step 2 are resin rock bolts with Model MSGLW-500/22, and the resin rock bolts each have a specification of φ22 mm×2,400 mm, a designed anchoring force of greater than or equal to 190 kN/bolt and a row spacing of 600 mm×600 mm, and the anchor cables that reinforce and support the damaged portion of the surrounding rock in step 2 are anchor cables each having a specification of φ 22 mm×8,000 mm, a designed anchoring force of greater than or equal to 240 kN/bolt, and a row spacing of 1,500 mm×1,800 mm are respectively used.
5\. The method for backfilling and reconstructing a carbon storage space in an abandoned main roadway and storing CO2 according to claim 1, wherein step 3 further comprises: forging the support formwork in advance according to the width and the height of the roadway section of the main roadway, and forming the support formwork by splicing steel plates and connecting buckles; wherein the support formwork comprises an arched upper part and a square lower part; and a length of the support formwork in the main roadway is from 30 m to 40 m.
6\. The method for backfilling and reconstructing a carbon storage space in an abandoned main roadway and storing CO2 according to claim 1, wherein in step 6, the backfilling slurry is prepared from water, cement, caustic sludge, sand and admixture in proportion; a ratio of the caustic sludge to the sand is 5: 2 to 5: 4, the cement is added with a mass of 10%-20% of the mass of three solid raw materials which comprise the caustic sludge, the sand and the cement, and the admixture is a compound activator prepared from CaO and CaSO4 in a ratio of 1: 1 and has a mass of 1%-1.5% of a total mass of the three solid raw materials, and the backfilling slurry with a mass concentration of 74%-80% is prepared by adding water into the admixture, the caustic sludge, the sand and the cement.
7\. The method for backfilling and reconstructing a carbon storage space in an abandoned main roadway and storing CO2 according to claim 6, wherein the caustic sludge is waste residue with calcium salts of CaCO3, CaSO4 and CaCl2, wherein CaCO3 accounts for 40%-70% of a total mass of the caustic sludge, and the prepared backfilling slurry is alkaline, with a pH value of 9-11; the supercritical carbon dioxide fully reacts with CaCO3 after injection to absorb a large amount of carbon dioxide, so as to achieve the purpose of chemical storage for the carbon dioxide.
8\. The method for backfilling and reconstructing a carbon storage space in an abandoned main roadway and storing CO2 according to claim 1, further comprising: converting the supercritical carbon dioxide by a carbon dioxide collector and a carbon dioxide converter on an earth surface, and pumping to the main roadway through a connecting pipeline.

OFFICE ACTION:
DETAILED ACTION
Notice of Pre-AIA  or AIA  Status
The present application, filed on or after March 16, 2013, is being examined under the first inventor to file provisions of the AIA .
Claim Rejections - 35 USC § 112
The following is a quotation of 35 U.S.C. 112(b):
(b)  CONCLUSION.—The specification shall conclude with one or more claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the subject matter which the inventor or a joint inventor regards as the invention.
The following is a quotation of 35 U.S.C. 112 (pre-AIA ), second paragraph:
The specification shall conclude with one or more claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the subject matter which the applicant regards as his invention.
Claims 1-8 are rejected under 35 U.S.C. 112(b) or 35 U.S.C. 112 (pre-AIA ), second paragraph, as being indefinite for failing to particularly point out and distinctly claim the subject matter which the inventor or a joint inventor (or for applications subject to pre-AIA  35 U.S.C. 112, the applicant), regards as the invention.
With regard to claim 1, in step 1, it is unclear what “analyzing a lithology of the surrounding rock” is defining. It is unclear how the rock is analyzed and what parameter are analyzed as the limitation is vague. The metes and bounds of the claim cannot be ascertained.
With regard to claim 1, in step 2, it is unclear which portion is damaged (i.e. existing roadway; surrounding rock; etc.). The meres and bounds of the claim cannot be ascertained.
With regard to claim 1, in step 2, it is unclear how the unstable confining pressure bearing characteristics are determined no what defines unstable. The meres and bounds of the claim cannot be ascertained.
With regard to claim 2, it is unclear what applicant is intending to claim by “utilizing a propagation law of artificially excited seismic waves in different elastic strata”. The metes and bounds of the claim cannot be ascertained.
With regard to claim 3, it is unclear what applicant is intending to claim by “using geophysical exploration technology”. Such technology is not described within the specification and the metes and bounds of the claim cannot be ascertained.
With regard to claim 4, it is unclear what applicant is intending to claim by “Model MSGLW-500/22”. The metes and bounds of the claim cannot be ascertained.
Allowable Subject Matter
Claims 1-8 would be allowable if rewritten or amended to overcome the rejection(s) under 35 U.S.C. 112(b) or 35 U.S.C. 112 (pre-AIA ), 2nd paragraph, set forth in this Office action.
The following is a statement of reasons for the indication of allowable subject matter: the cited prior art, either alone or in any reasonable combination, fails to teach or suggest all the limitations of the independent claim(s).  Carbon storage underground is known such as that taught by Tian et al. (CN 113217100 A). Placing support formwork with anchor bolts and cables is known such as that taught by Mulvoy et al. (2020/0263542). Surveying surrounding rock is known such as that taught by Ernst (4,537,062). However, the cited prior art lacks the injecting supercritical carbon dioxide into the slurry in combination with the structural details of the formwork and slurry as required by the independent claim(s) and it would not have been obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art at the time the invention was filed to modify the prior art to achieve applicant’s invention without the benefit of hindsight and applicant’s own disclosure.
Conclusion

APPLICANT REBUTTAL: REMARKS/ARGUMENTS
After the foregoing Amendment, claims 1 and 4-8 are currently pending in this application. Claims 2-3 are canceled without prejudice. Claims 1 and 4 are amended.
Claim Re
j
ections -
35 U.S.C.
X
Claims 1-8 are rejected under 35 U.S.C. §112(b) or 35 U.S.C. §112 (pre-AIA), second paragraph, as being indefinite for specific issues regarding claims 1-4.
Claims 1 and 4 are amended to address the stated issues. Claims 2 and 3 are cancelled without prejudice thereby rendering the issues with respect to those claims as moot. Accordingly. withdrawal of the rejection is respectfully requested.
Allowable Sub
j
ect Matter
Applicant thanks the Examiner for indicating that claims 1-8 contain allowable subject matter. It is respectfully submitted that the foregoing amendments which address Section 112 issues place the pending claims in proper form for allowance.
Conclusion

NEXT OFFICE ACTION: DETAILED ACTION
The amendment filed 05/14/2025 has been entered.
Notice of Pre-AIA  or AIA  Status
The present application, filed on or after March 16, 2013, is being examined under the first inventor to file provisions of the AIA .
EXAMINER'S AMENDMENT
An examiner’s amendment to the record appears below. Should the changes and/or additions be unacceptable to applicant, an amendment may be filed as provided by 37 CFR 1.312. To ensure consideration of such an amendment, it MUST be submitted no later than the payment of the issue fee.
The application has been amended as follows to address pendency:
In claim 4, line 2, “claim 3” has been replaced with --claim 1--.
Allowable Subject Matter
Claims 1 and 4-8 are allowed.
The following is an examiner’s statement of reasons for allowance: see reasons for indication of allowable subject matter in the office action dated 03/20/2025.
Any comments considered necessary by applicant must be submitted no later than the payment of the issue fee and, to avoid processing delays, should preferably accompany the issue fee.  Such submissions should be clearly labeled “Comments on Statement of Reasons for Allowance.”
Conclusion

CITED REFERENCE SUMMARIES: Ref US11408283B2: Claims:
A formwork ( 1 ) for the production of concrete articles comprising: at least one supporting beam ( 10 ) with a development axis (X); at least one panel ( 20 ) which has an outer surface ( 23 a ) designed to be in contact with a concrete casting, said panel ( 20 ) being connected from an inner side ( 23 b ) to the beam and being curvable around a transverse direction (Y) relative to the development axis (X) of said beam; connection means ( 40 ), present in the area of at least one end of said beam, adapted to allow connection of the beam ( 10 ) to another structure; wherein said connection means ( 40 ) comprise: at least one slide ( 41 ) connected to the beam ( 10 ) so as to perform a translation or rotation movement, or both, said slide ( 41 ) carrying a first fastening means ( 44 a ), to connect the beam ( 10 ) to another adjacent beam, and a second fastening means ( 44 b ), to connect said beam ( 10 ) to a supporting structure; an adjustment mechanism ( 50 ) which acts on the slide ( 41 ) to move it continuously between a retracted position and an extended position, adjusting its position relative to the beam.
at least one supporting beam ( 10 ) with a development axis (X);
at least one panel ( 20 ) which has an outer surface ( 23 a ) designed to be in contact with a concrete casting, said panel ( 20 ) being connected from an inner side ( 23 b ) to the beam and being curvable around a transverse direction (Y) relative to the development axis (X) of said beam;
connection means ( 40 ), present in the area of at least one end of said beam, adapted to allow connection of the beam ( 10 ) to another structure;
wherein said connection means ( 40 ) comprise:
at least one slide ( 41 ) connected to the beam ( 10 ) so as to perform a translation or rotation movement, or both, said slide ( 41 ) carrying a first fastening means ( 44 a ), to connect the beam ( 10 ) to another adjacent beam, and a second fastening means ( 44 b ), to connect said beam ( 10 ) to a supporting structure;
an adjustment mechanism ( 50 ) which acts on the slide ( 41 ) to move it continuously between a retracted position and an extended position, adjusting its position relative to the beam.
The formwork ( 1 ) according to claim 1 , wherein said slide ( 41 ) is slidingly connected to the beam ( 10 ) and is movable in a direction substantially parallel to the development direction (X) of the beam.
The formwork ( 1 ) according to claim 2 , wherein said adjustment mechanism ( 50 ) comprises a threaded bar ( 51 ) connected to the slide ( 41 ) and to the beam ( 10 ) and rotatingly mounted around an axis (Xb) substantially parallel to the development axis (X), said threaded bar ( 51 ) cooperating with at least one threaded insert ( 52 a , 52 b ), integral with the slide ( 41 ) or with the beam ( 10 ), so that the rotation of said threaded bar ( 51 ) causes movement of the slide ( 41 ).
The formwork ( 1 ) according to claim 2 , wherein at least in the area of one end of the beam ( 10 ) a housing ( 11 ) is obtained inside which said slide ( 41 ) can run.
The formwork ( 1 ) according to claim 2 , wherein said slide ( 41 ) comprises constraint means ( 47 , 48 a ) adapted to cooperate with an abutment ( 14 , 19 ) of the beam.
The formwork ( 1 ) according to claim 1 , wherein said adjustment mechanism ( 50 ) comprises a threaded bar ( 51 ) connected to the slide ( 41 ) and to the beam ( 10 ) and rotatingly mounted around an axis (Xb) substantially parallel to the development axis (X), said threaded bar ( 51 ) cooperating with at least one threaded insert ( 52 a , 52 b ), integral with the slide ( 41 ) or with the beam ( 10 ), so that the rotation of said threaded bar ( 51 ) causes movement of the slide ( 41 ).
The formwork ( 1 ) according to claim 6 , wherein said slide ( 41 ) comprises a pair of facing plates ( 42 a , 42 b ) parallel to each other and rigidly coupled.
The formwork ( 1 ) according to claim 7 , wherein said threaded insert ( 52 a ) is arranged between said plates ( 42 a , 4 ab ).
The formwork ( 1 ) according to claim 6 , wherein at least in the area of one end of the beam ( 10 ) a housing ( 11 ) is obtained inside which said slide ( 41 ) can run.
The formwork ( 1 ) according to claim 6 , wherein said slide ( 41 ) comprises constraint means ( 47 , 48 a ) adapted to cooperate with an abutment ( 14 , 19 ) of the beam.
The formwork ( 1 ) according to claim 1 , wherein at least in the area of one end of the beam ( 10 ) a housing ( 11 ) is obtained inside which said slide ( 41 ) can run.
The formwork ( 1 ) according to claim 11 , wherein the beam ( 10 ) comprises two section bars ( 10 a , 10 b ) arranged side by side and substantially parallel to each other between which the said housing ( 11 ) is comprised.
The formwork ( 1 ) according to claim 12 , wherein said slide ( 41 ) comprises constraint means ( 47 , 48 a ) adapted to cooperate with an abutment ( 14 , 19 ) of the beam.
The formwork ( 1 ) according to claim 11 , wherein said slide ( 41 ) comprises constraint means ( 47 , 48 a ) adapted to cooperate with an abutment ( 14 , 19 ) of the beam.
The formwork ( 1 ) according to claim 1 , wherein said slide ( 41 ) comprises constraint means ( 47 , 48 a ) adapted to cooperate with an abutment ( 14 , 19 ) of the beam.
The formwork ( 1 ) according to claim 15 , wherein said constraint means comprise brackets ( 47 ) which extend laterally from the slide ( 41 ), adapted to cooperate resting on a lower surface ( 14 ) of the beam.
The formwork ( 1 ) according to claim 15 , wherein said slide ( 41 ) comprises a pair of facing plates ( 42 a , 42 b ) parallel to each other and rigidly coupled; and wherein said constraint means comprise a transverse element ( 48 ), interposed between the two plates ( 42 a , 42 b ), adapted to slide on an abutment ( 19 ) integral with the beam ( 10 ) and obtained in a housing of the adjustment mechanism ( 50 ).
wherein said constraint means comprise a transverse element ( 48 ), interposed between the two plates ( 42 a , 42 b ), adapted to slide on an abutment ( 19 ) integral with the beam ( 10 ) and obtained in a housing of the adjustment mechanism ( 50 ).
The formwork ( 1 ) according to claim 1 , wherein the first and second fastening means on the slide ( 41 ) comprise holes ( 44 a , 44 b ) adapted to house pins or bolts.
The formwork ( 1 ) according to claim 1 , further comprising stroke end means ( 45 ) adapted to limit the movement of the slide ( 41 ) between the retracted position and the extended position.
The formwork ( 1 ) according to claim 19 , wherein said stroke end means comprise at least one slot ( 45 ) obtained in the slide ( 41 ), which slidingly houses a respective pin ( 46 ) integral with the beam ( 10 ), the major axis of said slot ( 45 ) being arranged substantially parallel to the development axis (X) of the beam ( 10 ).
Ref US20200263542A1: Claims:
An underground support system comprising: an underground reinforcement system comprising: a flexible wire mesh comprising a matrix of longitudinally and transversely extending metal wires; wherein the matrix of longitudinally and transversely extending metal wires comprises at least one three-dimensional sheet, said sheet having at least one raised corrugation, positioned along the length of an underground space; and wherein the raised corrugation acts as a template depth girder for application of concrete or cement material at a defined depth such that the underground reinforcement system is at least partially encapsulated with the concrete or cement material.
an underground reinforcement system comprising:
a flexible wire mesh comprising a matrix of longitudinally and transversely extending metal wires;
wherein the matrix of longitudinally and transversely extending metal wires comprises at least one three-dimensional sheet, said sheet having at least one raised corrugation, positioned along the length of an underground space; and
wherein the raised corrugation acts as a template depth girder for application of concrete or cement material at a defined depth such that the underground reinforcement system is at least partially encapsulated with the concrete or cement material.
The underground support system of claim 1 wherein the flexible wire mesh comprises a plurality of three-dimensional sheets connected in an overlapping configuration.
The underground support system of claim 1 wherein the flexible wire mesh is configured from a plurality of metal wires that are either welded or woven together.
The underground support system of claim 1 wherein the flexible wire mesh permits positioning or bending of said sheets along the length and geometry of the underground space.
The underground support system of claim 1 wherein the flexible wire mesh comprises at least two said raised corrugations per sheet.
The underground support system of claim 1 wherein the underground reinforcement system further comprises at least one rebar interconnecting with the flexible wire mesh.
The underground support system of claim 2 further comprising one or more stabilizing members connected to said flexible wire mesh, or one or more stabilizing members connected to overlapping sheets of said flexible wire mesh.
The underground support system of claim 7 wherein the stabilizing members connected to said flexible wire mesh comprise bolts or hooks, and the stabilizing members connected to overlapping sheets of flexible wire mesh comprise tie rods.
The underground support system of claim 1 comprising an intersection of at least two said underground reinforcement systems.
An underground support system comprising: a first underground reinforcement system; wherein the first underground reinforcement system is at least partially encapsulated with concrete or a cement material; a second underground reinforcement system; wherein the second underground reinforcement system is at least partially encapsulated with concrete or a cement material; and a moisture barrier system; wherein the moisture barrier system is positioned between the first underground reinforcement system and the second underground reinforcement system; wherein the first underground reinforcement system comprises: a flexible wire mesh comprising a matrix of longitudinally and transversely extending metal wires; wherein the matrix of longitudinally and transversely extending metal wires of said first underground reinforcement system comprises at least one three-dimensional sheet, said sheet having at least one raised corrugation, positioned along the length of an underground space; wherein the raised corrugation acts as a template depth girder for application of said concrete or cement material at a defined depth such that the first underground reinforcement system is at least partially encapsulated with the concrete or cement material; and wherein the second underground reinforcement system comprises: a plurality of structural supports positioned at spaced intervals along the length of an underground space; wherein the structural supports comprise lattice girders.
a first underground reinforcement system; wherein the first underground reinforcement system is at least partially encapsulated with concrete or a cement material;
a second underground reinforcement system; wherein the second underground reinforcement system is at least partially encapsulated with concrete or a cement material; and
a moisture barrier system; wherein the moisture barrier system is positioned between the first underground reinforcement system and the second underground reinforcement system;
wherein the first underground reinforcement system comprises:
wherein the matrix of longitudinally and transversely extending metal wires of said first underground reinforcement system comprises at least one three-dimensional sheet, said sheet having at least one raised corrugation, positioned along the length of an underground space;
wherein the raised corrugation acts as a template depth girder for application of said concrete or cement material at a defined depth such that the first underground reinforcement system is at least partially encapsulated with the concrete or cement material; and
wherein the second underground reinforcement system comprises: a plurality of structural supports positioned at spaced intervals along the length of an underground space; wherein the structural supports comprise lattice girders.
The underground support system of claim 10 wherein the moisture barrier system is at least one barrier selected from the group consisting of: a plastic material, sealant, and foam.
An underground support system comprising: a first underground reinforcement system; wherein the first underground reinforcement system is at least partially encapsulated with concrete or a cement material; a second underground reinforcement system; wherein the second underground reinforcement system is at least partially encapsulated with concrete or a cement material; and a moisture barrier system; wherein the moisture barrier system is positioned between the first underground reinforcement system, and the second underground reinforcement system; wherein at least one of the first underground reinforcement system and the second underground reinforcement system comprises: a flexible wire mesh comprising a matrix of longitudinally and transversely extending metal wires; wherein the matrix of longitudinally and transversely extending metal wires comprises at least one three-dimensional sheet, each sheet having at least one raised corrugation, positioned along the length of an underground space; and wherein the raised corrugation acts as a template depth girder for application of said concrete or cement material at a defined depth.
a moisture barrier system; wherein the moisture barrier system is positioned between the first underground reinforcement system, and the second underground reinforcement system;
wherein at least one of the first underground reinforcement system and the second underground reinforcement system comprises:
wherein the matrix of longitudinally and transversely extending metal wires comprises at least one three-dimensional sheet, each sheet having at least one raised corrugation, positioned along the length of an underground space; and
wherein the raised corrugation acts as a template depth girder for application of said concrete or cement material at a defined depth.
An underground support system comprising: a first underground reinforcement system; wherein the first underground reinforcement system is at least partially encapsulated with concrete or a cement material; a second underground reinforcement system; wherein the second underground reinforcement system is at least partially encapsulated with concrete or a cement material; and a moisture barrier system; wherein the moisture barrier system is positioned between the first underground reinforcement system, and the second underground reinforcement system; wherein the first underground reinforcement system and the second underground reinforcement system comprise: a flexible wire mesh comprising a matrix of longitudinally and transversely extending metal wires; wherein the matrix of longitudinally and transversely extending metal wires comprises at least one three-dimensional sheet, said sheet having at least one raised corrugation, positioned along the length of an underground space; and wherein the raised corrugation acts as a template depth girder for application of concrete or cement material at a defined depth such that the underground reinforcement system is at least partially encapsulated with the concrete or cement material.
wherein the first underground reinforcement system and the second underground reinforcement system comprise:
A method of supporting an underground space, said method comprising: positioning an underground support system against an underground substrate; and maintaining the underground support system in contact with the underground substrate; wherein the underground support system comprises: an underground reinforcement system comprising: a flexible wire mesh comprising a matrix of longitudinally and transversely extending metal wires; wherein the matrix of longitudinally and transversely extending metal wires comprises at least one three-dimensional sheet, said sheet having at least one raised corrugation, positioned along the length of an underground space; wherein the raised corrugation acts as a template depth girder for application of concrete or cement material at a defined depth such that the underground reinforcement system is at least partially encapsulated with the concrete or cement material.
positioning an underground support system against an underground substrate; and
maintaining the underground support system in contact with the underground substrate;
wherein the underground support system comprises:
wherein the matrix of longitudinally and transversely extending metal wires comprises at least one three-dimensional sheet, said sheet having at least one raised corrugation, positioned along the length of an underground space;
The method of claim 14 wherein the underground support system further comprises at least one stabilizing member connected to said flexible wire mesh, or at least one stabilizing member connected to overlapping three-dimensional sheets of flexible wire mesh.
The method of claim 15 wherein the stabilizing member connected to said flexible wire mesh comprise bolts or hooks, and the stabilizing member connected to overlapping sheets of flexible wire mesh comprise tie rods.
The method of claim 14 wherein the underground support system is installed in an underground excavation that is vertically or horizontally oriented.
The method of claim 14 wherein the underground reinforcement system is prefabricated and installed on site.
The method of claim 14 wherein the underground support system comprises an intersection of two or more underground reinforcement systems.
A method of supporting an underground space, said method comprising: positioning an underground support system against an underground substrate; and maintaining the underground support system in contact with the underground substrate; wherein the underground support system comprises: a first underground reinforcement system; wherein the first underground reinforcement system is at least partially encapsulated with concrete or a cement material; a second underground reinforcement system; wherein the second underground reinforcement system is at least partially encapsulated with concrete or a cement material; and a moisture barrier system; wherein the moisture barrier system is positioned between the first underground reinforcement system, and the second underground reinforcement system; wherein the first underground reinforcement system comprises: a flexible wire mesh comprising a matrix of longitudinally and transversely extending metal wires; wherein the matrix of longitudinally and transversely extending metal wires comprises at least one three-dimensional sheet, said sheet having at least one raised corrugation, positioned along the length of an underground space; wherein the raised corrugation acts as a template depth girder for application of concrete or cement material at a defined depth such that the underground reinforcement system is at least partially encapsulated with the concrete or cement material; wherein the second underground reinforcement system comprises: a plurality of structural supports positioned at spaced intervals along the length of the underground; wherein the structural supports comprise lattice girders.
wherein the raised corrugation acts as a template depth girder for application of concrete or cement material at a defined depth such that the underground reinforcement system is at least partially encapsulated with the concrete or cement material;
wherein the second underground reinforcement system comprises:
a plurality of structural supports p
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