Office Action 1: Non-Final Rejection (2024-12-16)
Rejection types: 103 - Obviousness, 112 - Written Description/Enablement

CLAIMS:
Patent claims

1\. A power flow control module (30) for use in an electrical network (12) and for adjusting the voltage and/or the current in at least one line (20) of the network (12),comprising at least two module connections (60, 62) for connection to the line (20) of the network (12), multiple switching elements (64), an energy storage unit (68) and two energySVG {EMBED HERE} 0.1030.067connections (70) for cormection to an energy source (92),
wherein the first module connection (60) and the second module connection (62) are designed to electrically connect the power flow control module (30) in series with the line (20);
two of the switching elements (64) are connected in series and are connected in parallel with the energy storage unit (68),
the power flow control module (30) is interconnected such that it is at the potential of the line (20) of the network (12) and is galvanically isolated from a ground potential or another line of the network (12),
the switching elements (64) are designed to increase or reduce the amplitude of the voltage in the line (20) in order to adjust the voltage, to shift the phase of the voltage or to control the current flow in the line (20) accordingly.
2\. The power flow control module as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the absolute value of the voltage provided by the power flow control module (30) for changing the amplitude of the line (20) is at most one third of the network rated peak voltage,SVG {EMBED HERE} 0.0770.033preferably at most one fifth, very preferably at most one tenth, more preferably at most one fifteenth, particularly preferably at most one twentieth.

3\. The power flow control module as claimed in claim 1 or 2, characterized in that that the absolute value of the voltage provided by the power flow control module (30) for changing the amplitude of the line (20) is at most 100 volts, preferably at most 50 volts, very preferably at most 25 volts, more preferably at most 20 volts, particularly preferably at most 15 volts.

4\. The power flow control module as claimed in one of the preceding claims,
characterized in that the switching elements (64) are interconnected in the form of two half- bridges and are preferably designed as transistors (66) or power transistors, particularly

preferably as low-voltage transistors or as extra-low-voltage transistors, very preferably as low- voltage trench transistors.

5\. The power flow control module as claimed in one of the preceding claims,
characterized in that at least one of the switching elements (64) comprises at least one field- effect transistor, preferably made of silicon, silicon carbide, gallium nitride or gallium nitride on a silicon substrate.

6\. The power flow control module as claimed in one of the preceding claims,
characterized in that the power flow control module (30) is able to shift the phase between the two module connections (60, 62) that are connected to the line (20), preferably both in the negative direction and in the positive direction.

7\. The power flow control module as claimed in one of the preceding claims,
characterized in that the power flow control module (30) is operated in a voltage-controlled manner or is used as a current-controlled voltage source.

8\. The power flow control module as claimed in one of the preceding claims,
characterized in that the switching elements (64) are clocked, preferably by way of a pulse width modulation (PWM).

9\. The power flow control module as claimed in one of the preceding claims,
characterized in that the switching elements (64) are clocked at a switching rate of at least 20 kHz, preferably at least 100 kHz, particularly preferably at least 250 kHz.

10\. The power flow control module as claimed in the preceding claim, characterized in that the energy source (92), which is connected to the energy connections (70), is a battery (90) that is preferably connected to the energy connections (70) by way of an interposed DC-DC converter (54).

11\. The power flow control module as claimed in one of the preceding claims,
characterized in that the power flow control module (30) comprises at least one galvanically isolating power supply unit (40) that is connected to the energy connections (70).

12\. The power flow control module as claimed in the preceding claim, characterized in that the power supply unit (40) comprises a DC-DC converter (54) and is fed from the electrical network (12), preferably is connected to the line (20), wherein the DC-DC converter (54) preferably comprises an LLC circuit.

13\. The power flow control module as claimed in claim 11 or 12, characterized in that the power supply unit (40) comprises a rectifier circuit (50), preferably a unidirectional rectifier, and preferably has a power factor correction circuit.

14\. The power flow control module as claimed in claim 11 or 12, characterized in that the power supply unit (40) is at least one bidirectional active front end (51).

15\. The power flow control module as claimed in one of the preceding claims,
characterized in that the power flow control module (30) comprises a heating element (58), preferably a heating resistor.

16\. The power flow control module as claimed in one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the power flow control module (30) comprises a high-frequency transformer (80), the frequency of which is at least 400 Hz, preferably at least 1 kHz,verypreferably at least 10 kI-lz,more preferably at least 100 kHz, more preferably at least 300 kHz, particularly preferably at least 600 kHz.

17\. The power flow control module as claimed in one of the preceding claims,
characterized in that the power flow control module (30) comprises an intermediate circuit, wherein the voltage of the intermediate circuit is at most 100 volts DC, preferably at most 60 volts DC, more preferably at most 30 volts DC, particularly preferably at most 15 volts DC.

18\. A power flow control system for controlling the load distribution in an electrical network (12) or in a network segment (10) of an electrical network (12) having at least one line (20), comprising a power flow control module (30) as claimed in one of the preceding claims and an energy source (92) for supplying energy to the power flow control module (30) in order to change or adjust the amplitude of the voltage in the line (20).

19\. A network segment (10) of an electrical network (12) having a line (20) that is connected to a network transformer and to which multiple consumers and/or infeed sources are connected, and having a power flow control module (30), preferably as claimed in one of the preceding claims, which comprises two module connections (60, 62) that are connected to the line (20) of the network (12), multiple switching elements (64), an energy storage unit (68) and two energy connections (70) for connection to an energy source (92),
wherein the first module connection (60) and the second module connection (62) are connected to the line (20) such that the power flow control module (30) is connected electrically in series with the line (20);
two of the switching elements (64) are connected in series and are connected in parallel with the energystorage unit (68):
the power flow control module (30) is interconnected such that it is at the potential of the line (20) of the electrical network (12) and is galvanically isolated from a ground potential or another line of the network (12);
the switching elements (64) are designed to increase or reduce the amplitude of the voltage in the line (20) in order to adjust the voltage, to shift the phase of the voltage or to control the current flow in the line (20) accordingly.

OFFICE ACTION:
DETAILED ACTION
Notice of Pre-AIA  or AIA  Status
The present application, filed on or after March 16, 2013, is being examined under the first inventor to file provisions of the AIA .
Specification
The disclosure is objected to because of the following informalities: Paragraph 0027, line 1 there is an extra “disclosure”.  Paragraph 0046, line 7 delete the second “the”.  Paragraph 0052 recites “12spect”, it appears that it should read “aspect”.  Paragraph 0064, line 7 recites “16onection”.  Appropriate correction is required.
Claim Objections
Claims 1, 9 are objected to because of the following informalities: The last lines of claims 1 and 9 recite “accordingly”; however, “accordingly” should be deleted from the claims.  Appropriate correction is required.
Claim Rejections - 35 USC § 112
The following is a quotation of 35 U.S.C. 112(b):
(b)  CONCLUSION.—The specification shall conclude with one or more claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the subject matter which the inventor or a joint inventor regards as the invention.
The following is a quotation of 35 U.S.C. 112 (pre-AIA ), second paragraph:
The specification shall conclude with one or more claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the subject matter which the applicant regards as his invention.
Claims 9, 10 are rejected under 35 U.S.C. 112(b) or 35 U.S.C. 112 (pre-AIA ), second paragraph, as being indefinite for failing to particularly point out and distinctly claim the subject matter which the inventor or a joint inventor (or for applications subject to pre-AIA  35 U.S.C. 112, the applicant), regards as the invention.  Claims 9 and 10 recites “preferably” and “particular preferably”; which renders the claims indefinite as it is not clear if the limitations that follow the terms are required in the claim.
Claim 1 is also rejected under 35 U.S.C. 112(b) or 35 U.S.C. 112 (pre-AIA ), second paragraph for indirectly including the above noted deficiencies.
Claim Rejections - 35 USC § 103
The following is a quotation of 35 U.S.C. 103 which forms the basis for all obviousness rejections set forth in this Office action:
A patent for a claimed invention may not be obtained, notwithstanding that the claimed invention is not identically disclosed as set forth in section 102, if the differences between the claimed invention and the prior art are such that the claimed invention as a whole would have been obvious before the effective filing date of the claimed invention to a person having ordinary skill in the art to which the claimed invention pertains. Patentability shall not be negated by the manner in which the invention was made.
Claim(s) 1-9, 11, 13, 16-19 is/are rejected under 35 U.S.C. 103 as being unpatentable over Mueller et al. (US 2022/0271536) in view of LEE (US 2018/0083447).
With respect to claims 1, 18, Mueller discloses a power flow control module for an electrical network and for adjusting a voltage or a current in at least one line of the electrical network (figures 1-3 disclose full bride switching modules V1-Vn are connected in a line of the electrical network to control the voltage and current, paragraph 0017), the power flow control module comprising: at least two module connections configured to connect to a line of the electrical network (connections of the switching module for connecting the X1 and X2 of the electrical line), a plurality of switching elements (switching elements H), an energy storage (capacitor CM),  wherein: a first module connection and a second module connection, of the at least two module connections, are designed to electrically connect the power flow control module in series with the line (figure 1 discloses that the modules are connected in series with the line), two of the switching elements are connected in series and are connected in parallel with the energy storage (figure 2 discloses two switches H in series and in parallel with capacitor CM), the power flow control module is interconnected such that it is at a potential of the line of the electrical network and is galvanically isolated from a ground potential or another line of the electrical network (figures 1 and 2 disclose that the modules are at a potential of the line and are isolated from ground), the switching elements are designed to increase or reduce an amplitude of the voltage in the line in order to adjust the voltage, to shift a phase of the voltage, or to control a current flow in the line accordingly (paragraphs 0017, 0019 discloses shifting a phase and to control current and voltage flow in the line).
Mueller; however, does not expressly disclose two energy connections configured to connect to an energy source.
LEE disclose a power compensator module 73, figure 4 comprising switching elements 76 that are in series and in parallel with a capacitor 77.  The compensator comprises two energy connections n2 for connection to a power source 80, paragraph 0074.
It would have been obvious to a person having ordinary skill in the art before the effective filing date of the claim invention, to have modify Mueller and include the energy connections to connect to an energy source as disclosed by LEE, for the purpose of storing or releasing power to the compensator circuit, for example (paragraph 0060).
With respect to claims 2, 3, 17, Mueller in view of LEE disclose the power flow control module as claimed in claim 1, wherein an absolute value of the voltage provided by the power flow control module for changing the amplitude of the line is at most one third of the network rated peak voltage, wherein that an absolute value of the voltage provided by the power flow control module for changing the amplitude of the line is at most 100 volts.  Mueller discloses in Paragraph 0015 that voltages of any phase angle are generated, thus It would have been obvious to a person having ordinary skill in the art before the effective filing date of the claim invention, to have modify Mueller and LEE and change the amplitude and voltages of the line to be one third/100V of the rated peak voltage, since it has been held that discovering an optimum value of a result effective variable involves only routine skill in the art.  In re Boesch, 617 F.2d 272, 205 USPQ 215 (CCPA 1980).
With respect to claims 4, 5 Mueller in view of LEE disclose the power flow control module as claimed in claim 1, wherein the switching elements are interconnected in a form of two half-bridges and are designed as low-voltage trench transistors.  Figure 2 discloses two half-bridges transistors that are semiconductors switches/field effect transistors that can suitably be switched off, paragraph 0015.
With respect to claim 6, Mueller in view of LEE disclose the power flow control module as claimed in claim 1, wherein the power flow control module is configured to shift a phase between the two module connections that are connected to the line both in the negative direction and in the positive direction.  Paragraphs 0010, 0019 discloses that the compensator modules provide a phase shift/offset.
With respect to claim 7, Mueller in view of LEE disclose the power flow control module as claimed in claim 1, wherein the power flow control module is configured to be operated in a voltage-controlled manner or is configured to be used as a current-controlled voltage source.  Mueller in Paragraph 0017 discloses that compensator module controls current and voltage flow in the line.
With respect to claim 8, Mueller in view of LEE disclose the power flow control module as claimed in claim 1, wherein the switching elements are clocked.  Paragraph 0015 of Mueller discloses clocking the switches.
With respect to claim 9, Mueller in view of LEE disclose the power flow control module as claimed in claim 1, wherein the switching elements are clocked at a switching rate of at least 20 kHz, preferably at least 100 kHz, particularly preferably at least 250 KHz.  Mueller and LEE; however, do not disclose that switching elements are clocked at a switching rate of 20 kHz, 100 kHz, 250 kHz.
Mueller discloses suitable control or clocking of the switching elements, thus It would have been obvious to a person having ordinary skill in the art before the effective filing date of the claim invention, to have modify Mueller and LEE and control the switches at a desired switching rate, since it has been held that discovering an optimum value of a result effective variable involves only routine skill in the art.  In re Boesch, 617 F.2d 272, 205 USPQ 215 (CCPA 1980).
With respect to claim 11, Mueller in view of LEE disclose the power flow control module as claimed in claim 1, wherein the power flow control module comprises at least one galvanically isolating power supply that is connected to the energy connections.  Figure 3 discloses a galvanically isolated power storage system 80.
With respect to claim 13, Mueller in view of LEE disclose the power flow control module as claimed in claim 11, wherein the power supply comprises a rectifier circuit.  Paragraph 0104 discloses a converter circuit to convert AC to DC.
With respect to claim 16, Mueller in view of LEE disclose the power flow control module as claimed in claim 1, wherein the power flow control module comprises: a high-frequency transformer, the frequency of which is at least 400 Hz.  Mueller discloses in figure 3 a transformer, thus it would have been obvious to have made the transformer a high frequency transformer that is able to operate at a frequency of 400 Hz, for example.
With respect to claim 19, Mueller discloses a network segment of an electrical network comprising: a line that is connected to a network transformer and to which multiple consumers or infeed sources are connected (figure 3 discloses a line and a transformer couple to infeed sources); and a power flow control module, which comprises two module connections that are connected to the line of the electrical network (figures 1-3 disclose full bride switching modules V1-Vn are connected in a line of the electrical network to control the voltage and current, paragraph 0017), a plurality of switching elements (H), an energy storage (CM), wherein: a first module connection and a second module connection, of the two module connections, are connected to the line such that the power flow control module is connected electrically in series with the line (figure 1 discloses that the modules are connected in series with the line); two of the switching elements are connected in series and are connected in parallel with the energy storage (figure 2 discloses two switches H in series and in parallel with capacitor CM); the power flow control module is interconnected such that it is at a potential of the line of the electrical network and is galvanically isolated from a ground potential or another line of the electrical network (figures 1 and 2 disclose that the modules are at a potential of the line and are isolated from ground); the switching elements are designed to increase or reduce an amplitude of the voltage in the line in order to adjust the voltage, to shift the phase of the voltage, or to control the current flow in the line accordingly (paragraphs 0017, 0019 discloses shifting a phase and to control current and voltage flow in the line).
Mueller; however, does not expressly disclose  two energy connections configured to connect to an energy source.
LEE disclose a power compensator module 73, figure 4 comprising switching elements 76 that are in series and in parallel with a capacitor 77.  The compensator comprises two energy connections n2 for connection to a power source 80, paragraph 0074.
It would have been obvious to a person having ordinary skill in the art before the effective filing date of the claim invention, to have modify Mueller and include the energy connections to connect to an energy source as disclosed by LEE, for the purpose of storing or releasing power to the compensator circuit, for example (paragraph 0060).
Claim(s) 10, 12, 14 is/are rejected under 35 U.S.C. 103 as being unpatentable over Mueller et al. (US 2022/0271536) in view of LEE (US 2018/0083447) in further view of Gyugyi et al. (US 5,808,452).
With respect to claims 10, 12, 14, Mueller in view of LEE disclose the power flow control module as claimed in one of the claims, wherein the energy source, which is connected to the energy connections.  Figure 3, paragraph 0104 discloses that the power storage controller 81 performs conversion functions and is connected to power storage apparatus 83.  Mueller and Lee; however, do not expressly disclose that a battery that is preferably connected to the energy connections by way of an interposed DC-DC converter, wherein the power supply comprises a DC-DC converter and is fed from the electrical network, wherein the power supply is at least one bidirectional active front end.
Gyugyi discloses a power flow controller connected to an AC electrical network 11, with a DC-DC converter system 3 connected to capacitors 25, 27 and inverters to the electrical network 11, figure 1.
It would have been obvious to a person having ordinary skill in the art before the effective filing date of the claim invention, to have modify Mueller and LEE and include the DC-DC converter connected to the DC sources and to the electrical network, and use a bidirectional active front end, for purposes of controlling a charge to the DC sources and control the power flow of the system, for example.
Claim(s) 15 is/are rejected under 35 U.S.C. 103 as being unpatentable over Mueller et al. (US 2022/0271536) in view of LEE (US 2018/0083447) in further view of EBRAHIMZADEHVESHAREH et al. (US 2022/0321041).
With respect to claims 15, Mueller in view of LEE disclose The power flow control module as claimed in claim 1; except for, wherein the power flow control module comprises a heating element.
EBRAHIMZADEHVESHAREH discloses a power converter system with a heating element/resistor 207 connected to a controllable switch, forming a power dissipation device.
It would have been obvious to a person having ordinary skill in the art before the effective filing date of the claim invention, to have modify Mueller and LEE and include the power dissipation device, for the purpose of dissipating extra unwanted power in the system for example.
Conclusion


NEXT OFFICE ACTION: DETAILED ACTION
Notice of Pre-AIA  or AIA  Status
The present application, filed on or after March 16, 2013, is being examined under the first inventor to file provisions of the AIA .
Reasons for Allowance
The following is an examiner’s statement of reasons for allowance.
Claim 1 is allowable over the prior art of record, because the prior art of record does not disclose  a power flow control system for an electrical network and for adjusting a voltage or a current in a line of the electrical network, the power flow control system comprising: a power flow control module, the power flow control module comprising: at least two module connections configured to connect to the line of the electrical network; a plurality of switching elements; an energy storage; and two energy connections; a galvanically isolating power supply that is connected to the energy connections, wherein: a first module connection and a second module connection, of the at least two module connections, are designed to electrically connect the power flow control module in series with the line, two of the switching elements are connected in series and are connected in parallel with the energy storage, the power flow control module is interconnected such that it is at a potential of the line of the electrical network and is galvanically isolated from a ground potential or another line of the electrical network, the switching elements are designed to increase or reduce an amplitude of the voltage in the line in order to adjust the voltage, to shift a phase of the voltage, or to control a current flow in the line, and the galvanically isolating power supply comprises a DC-DC converter, which comprises a high-frequency transformer.
Claim 19 is allowable over the prior art of record, because the prior art of record does not disclose a network segment of an electrical network comprising: a line that is connected to a network transformer and to which multiple consumers or infeed sources are connected; and a power flow control module, which comprises: two module connections that are connected to the line of the electrical network, a plurality of switching elements, an energy storage, and two energy connections; and a galvanically isolating power supply that is connected to the energy connections, wherein: a first module connection and a second module connection, of the two module connections, are connected to the line such that the power flow control module is connected electrically in series with the line; two of the switching elements are connected in series and are connected in parallel with the energy storage; the power flow control module is interconnected such that it is at a potential of the line of the electrical network and is galvanically isolated from a ground potential or another line of the electrical network; the switching elements are designed to increase or reduce an amplitude of the voltage in the line in order to adjust the voltage, to shift the phase of the voltage, or to control the current flow in the line and the galvanically isolating power supply comprises a DC-DC converter, which comprises a high-frequency transformer.
Any comments considered necessary by applicant must be submitted no later than the payment of the issue fee and, to avoid processing delays, should preferably accompany the issue fee.  Such submissions should be clearly labeled “Comments on Statement of Reasons for Allowance.”
Conclusion

CITED REFERENCE SUMMARIES: Ref US20220271536A1: [content unavailable]
Ref US20180083447A1: Claims:
A power compensation apparatus for compensating for power of a power system to be allowed to transmit from at least one or more power sources to a load, the power compensation apparatus comprising: a first system connected to the power system to compensate for active power and reactive power of the power system; a second system connected to the first system to store power necessary for compensating for active power and reactive power; and a third system connected to the second system to generate power to be stored in the second system, wherein the first system includes: a converter connected to the power system to convert power; a capacitor connected to the converter and charged with active power of the power system or the power of the second system; and a first controller configured to control the converter and the capacitor.
a first system connected to the power system to compensate for active power and reactive power of the power system;
a second system connected to the first system to store power necessary for compensating for active power and reactive power; and
a third system connected to the second system to generate power to be stored in the second system,
wherein the first system includes:
a converter connected to the power system to convert power;
a capacitor connected to the converter and charged with active power of the power system or the power of the second system; and
a first controller configured to control the converter and the capacitor.
The power compensation apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the first system further includes: a first switch element between the converter and the capacitor; a second switch element between the capacitor and the second system; and a third switch element between the converter and the second system.
a first switch element between the converter and the capacitor;
a second switch element between the capacitor and the second system; and
a third switch element between the converter and the second system.
The power compensation apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the second system includes: a power storage apparatus configured to store active power of the power system or the power generated by the third system; and a second controller configured to perform data communication with the first system and to control the power storage apparatus.
a power storage apparatus configured to store active power of the power system or the power generated by the third system; and
a second controller configured to perform data communication with the first system and to control the power storage apparatus.
The power compensation apparatus according to claim 3 , wherein the third system includes a renewable energy source configured to generate power to be transmitted to the second system.
The power compensation apparatus according to claim 4 , wherein the first controller: determines whether reactive power is compensated for based on a voltage of the power system, and controls the converter to supply reactive power to the power system or to absorb reactive power from the power system.
determines whether reactive power is compensated for based on a voltage of the power system, and
controls the converter to supply reactive power to the power system or to absorb reactive power from the power system.
The power compensation apparatus according to claim 4 , wherein the first controller checks a charge amount of the capacitor and charges the capacitor with power stored in the power storage apparatus if the charge amount of the capacitor is insufficient.
The power compensation apparatus according to claim 4 , wherein the first controller: determines whether active power and reactive power are compensated for based on a frequency of the power system, and controls the converter to supply active power and reactive power to the power system or to absorb active power and reactive power from the power system.
determines whether active power and reactive power are compensated for based on a frequency of the power system, and
controls the converter to supply active power and reactive power to the power system or to absorb active power and reactive power from the power system.
The power compensation apparatus according to claim 7 , wherein the first controller controls the converter to supply power stored in the capacitor as active power to the power system when active power is supplied.
The power compensation apparatus according to claim 8 , wherein the first controller controls the second system to supply power stored in the power storage apparatus as active power to the power system, if the charge amount of the capacitor is insufficient.
The power compensation apparatus according to claim 9 , wherein the second controller controls the third system to receive power generated by the renewable energy source and to store the received power in the power storage apparatus, if the amount of power stored in the power storage apparatus is insufficient.
The power compensation apparatus according to claim 7 , wherein the first controller controls the converter to charge the capacitor with active power of the power system, when active power is absorbed.
The power compensation apparatus according to claim 11 , wherein the first controller controls the second system to store active power of the power system in the power storage apparatus, if the capacitor is fully charged.
The power compensation apparatus according to claim 12 , wherein the second controller controls the third system such that the third system does not transmit power, if the third system transmits power.
The power compensation apparatus according to claim 12 , wherein the first controller performs control to stop absorption of active power of the power system if the frequency of the power system is within a stable range.
A power compensation apparatus for compensating for power of a power system to be allowed to transmit from at least one or more power sources to a load, the power compensation apparatus comprising: a first system connected to the power system to compensate for active power and reactive power of the power system and to store power necessary for compensating for active power and reactive power; and a second system connected to the first system to generate power to be stored in the first system, wherein the first system includes: a converter connected to the power system to convert power; a power storage apparatus connected to the converter to store active power of the power system or the power generated by the second system; and a controller configured to control the converter and the power storage apparatus.
a first system connected to the power system to compensate for active power and reactive power of the power system and to store power necessary for compensating for active power and reactive power; and
a second system connected to the first system to generate power to be stored in the first system,
a power storage apparatus connected to the converter to store active power of the power system or the power generated by the second system; and
a controller configured to control the converter and the power storage apparatus.
A method of controlling a power compensation apparatus including a first system including a converter and a capacitor, a second system including a power storage apparatus and a third system including at least one or more renewable energy sources, in order to compensate for power of a power system to be allowed to transmit from at least one or more power sources to a load, the method comprising: measuring, by the first system, a voltage and frequency of the power system; determining, by the first system, one of a reactive power supply mode, a reactive power absorption mode, an active power supply mode and an active power absorption mode based on the voltage and frequency; compensating for, by the first system, power according to the determined mode; and storing, by the second system, power generated by the at least one or more renewable energy sources in the power storage apparatus.
measuring, by the first system, a voltage and frequency of the power system;
determining, by the first system, one of a reactive power supply mode, a reactive power absorption mode, an active power supply mode and an active power absorption mode based on the voltage and frequency;
compensating for, by the first system, power according to the determined mode; and
storing, by the second system, power generated by the at least one or more renewable energy sources in the power storage apparatus.
The method according to claim 16 , further comprising controlling, by the first system, the second system to receive the power from the power storage apparatus and to charge the received power on the capacitor of the first system if the capacitor of the first system is not charged upon initial operation of the first system.
The method according to claim 16 , further comprising controlling, by the first system, the converter of the first system to supply active power to the power system or to absorb reactive power of the power system in the reactive power supply mode or the reactive power absorption mode.
The method according to claim 16 , further comprising: supplying, by the first system, the power stored in the capacitor of the first system to the power system as active power in the active power supply mode; and controlling, by the first system, the second system to supply the power stored in the power storage apparatus to the power system as active power if a charge amount of the capacitor of the first system is insufficient.
supplying, by the first system, the power stored in the capacitor of the first system to the power system as active power in the active power supply mode; and
controlling, by the first system, the second system to supply the power stored in the power storage apparatus to the power system as active power if a charge amount of the capacitor of the first system is insufficient.
The method according to claim 19 , further comprising controlling, by the second system, the third system to receive power generated by the renewable energy sources and to store the received power in the power storage apparatus if the amount of power stored in the power storage apparatus of the second system is insufficient.
The method according to claim 16 , further comprising: charging, by the first system, the capacitor of the first system with the active power of the power system in the active power absorption mode; and controlling, by the first system, the second system to store the active power of the power system in the power storage apparatus if the capacitor of the first system is fully charged.
charging, by the first system, the capacitor of the first system with the active power of the power system in the active power absorption mode; and
controlling, by the first system, the second system to store the active power of the power system in the power storage apparatus if the capacitor of the first system is fully charged.
The method according to claim 21 , further comprising the second system controlling, by the second system, the third system to stop transmission of power from the third system if the third system transmits power.
Ref US5808452A: Claims:
A power flow controller for an ac transmission line, said controller comprising: a first inverter having ac terminals connected in shunt with the transmission line and having dc terminals; a second inverter having ac terminals connected to inject an alternating voltage in series with said transmission line and having dc terminals; dc-to-dc converter means connecting said dc terminals of said first inverter to said dc terminals of said second inverter; and control means for controlling operation of said first inverter, operation of said second inverter to control phase angle of said alternating voltage injected into said transmission line relative to phase of voltage on said transmission line, and controlling said dc-to-dc converter to regulate amplitude of said alternating voltage injected by said second inverter into said transmission line.
a first inverter having ac terminals connected in shunt with the transmission line and having dc terminals;
a second inverter having ac terminals connected to inject an alternating voltage in series with said transmission line and having dc terminals;
dc-to-dc converter means connecting said dc terminals of said first inverter to said dc terminals of said second inverter; and
control means for controlling operation of said first inverter, operation of said second inverter to control phase angle of said alternating voltage injected into said transmission line relative to phase of voltage on said transmission line, and controlling said dc-to-dc converter to regulate amplitude of said alternating voltage injected by said second inverter into said transmission line.
The power flow controller of claim 1 wherein said dc-to-dc converter means comprises a first capacitor connected across said dc terminals of said first inverter, a second capacitor connected across said dc terminals of said second inverter, and a dc chopper connected between said dc terminals of said first and second inverters, said control means comprising means operating said dc chopper to exchange charge between said first and second capacitors to regulate voltage on said second capacitor and therefore across said dc terminals of said second inverter.
The power flow controller of claim 2 wherein said dc chopper includes first electronic switch means and second electronic switch means connected in series with a common polarity across said first capacitor, and said second capacitor is connected across one of said first and second electronic switch means.
The power flow controller of claim 3 wherein said first and second electronic switch means each comprise at least one electronic switch and at least one anti-parallel diode connected across said at least one electronic switch.
The power flow controller of claim 4 wherein said dc-to-dc converter means includes an impedance connected in series with said second capacitor across said one of said first switch means and said second switch means.
The power flow controller of claim 5 wherein said impedance comprises an inductor.
Ref US20220321041A1: Claims:
A method for controlling a power generating unit, the power generating unit comprises a power source, a machine side converter, a line side converter, a DC link electrically connected to an output of the machine side converter and an input of the grid side converter, the method comprising: obtaining a current magnitude of the current supplied by the line side converter to a power grid based on a grid current; determining a virtual impedance value based on a current difference between the current magnitude and an overcurrent threshold value, where the virtual impedance value comprises a virtual resistance value and optionally a virtual reactance value; determining a virtual voltage over the virtual impedance value (Zvir) based on the virtual impedance value and the grid current; determining a virtual grid power based on the virtual resistance value and the grid current, or based on a voltage magnitude reference and the grid current (Igrid), or transformations thereof; determining a virtual synchronous machine rotational speed and/or a synchronous machine angle, where the derivative of the synchronous machine rotational speed is indicative of a deviation between a power reference for a desired power output of the power generating unit and the virtual grid power combined with a damping power; providing the voltage magnitude reference for a desired reactive power to be generated by the line side converter; and determining a voltage reference for controlling the line side converter to generate the desired reactive power based on the virtual synchronous machine rotational speed or angle, the virtual voltage and the voltage magnitude reference.
obtaining a current magnitude of the current supplied by the line side converter to a power grid based on a grid current;
determining a virtual impedance value based on a current difference between the current magnitude and an overcurrent threshold value, where the virtual impedance value comprises a virtual resistance value and optionally a virtual reactance value;
determining a virtual voltage over the virtual impedance value (Zvir) based on the virtual impedance value and the grid current;
determining a virtual grid power based on the virtual resistance value and the grid current, or based on a voltage magnitude reference and the grid current (Igrid), or transformations thereof;
determining a virtual synchronous machine rotational speed and/or a synchronous machine angle, where the derivative of the synchronous machine rotational speed is indicative of a deviation between a power reference for a desired power output of the power generating unit and the virtual grid power combined with a damping power;
providing the voltage magnitude reference for a desired reactive power to be generated by the line side converter; and
determining a voltage reference for controlling the line side converter to generate the desired reactive power based on the virtual synchronous machine rotational speed or angle, the virtual voltage and the voltage magnitude reference.
The method of claim 1 , wherein the virtual resistance value is determined based on a control algorithm, where the control algorithm comprises a proportional part which determines a value which is proportional with the current difference and/or an integral part which determines a value which is proportional with a time integral of the current difference.
The method of claim 2 , wherein the integral part comprises an integral gain Ki which is determined dependent on the current difference, such as the sign of the current difference.
The method of claim 1 , wherein the method comprises limiting the virtual resistance value according to minimum and maximum limits.
The method of claim 1 , wherein the virtual reactance value of the virtual impedance value is determined dependent on a predetermined factor defining a ratio between the virtual reactance value and the virtual resistance value.
The method of claim 1 , wherein the current magnitude is determined as the maximum current magnitude of the current magnitudes of the current phases of the grid current, or as the magnitude of the current vector of the grid current or a transformation thereof.
The method of claim 1 , where the virtual synchronous machine rotational speed is determined based on a combination of a feedback of a damping power, the power reference, the virtual grid power and an inertial integration model, where the synchronous machine angle is determined based on an integration of the synchronous machine rotational speed, and where the damping power is determined based on the virtual synchronous machine rotational speed.
The method of claim 1 , comprising: obtaining a network voltage at a connection point of the output of the power generating unit; determining a rotational speed of the grid based on the network voltage; and determining the damping power based on the virtual synchronous machine rotational speed and the rotational speed of the grid.
obtaining a network voltage at a connection point of the output of the power generating unit;
determining a rotational speed of the grid based on the network voltage; and
determining the damping power based on the virtual synchronous machine rotational speed and the rotational speed of the grid.
The method of claim 1 , comprising determining a modified voltage reference by combining the voltage magnitude reference, or a transformation thereof, with the a virtual voltage, and determining the voltage reference based on the modified voltage reference.
determining a modified voltage reference by combining the voltage magnitude reference, or a 
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