Office Action 2: Final Rejection (2024-11-20)
Rejection types: 112 - Written Description/Enablement

CLAIMS:
AMENDMENTS TO THE CLAIMS

This listing of claims will replace all prior versions, and listings, of claims in the application:

1\. (Presently Amended) A process, comprising:preparing a borehole extending from a surface into an underground magma reservoir;
providing a flow of a first fluid into the borehole, wherein providing the flow of the first fluid into the borehole causes a rock layer to be formed and maintained from magma around a portion of the borehole located within the magma reservoir;
lowering a casing into the borehole;
providing a second fluid into the casing, thereby causing the casing to sink into a volume of the first fluid within the borehole; and
after the casing is sunk to a desired level within the borehole, ceasing the flow of the first fluid into the borehole thereby causing the rock layer maintained around the portion of the borehole located within the magma reservoir to remelt such that magma contacts casing located within the magma reservoir.

2\. (Original) The process of Claim 1, wherein the casing comprises a cylindrical body with an open end and a closed end.

3\. (Original) The process of Claim 1, further comprising continuously providing the flow of the first fluid into the borehole at least until the casing is lowered to a target depth.

4\. (Original) The process of Claim 1, further comprising, prior to providing the second fluid into the casing, determining that the casing is moving in a downward direction at less than a threshold speed.

5\. (Original) The process of Claim 4, further comprising, prior to providing the second fluid into the casing, determining that a target depth of the casing has not been reached.

6\. (Original) The process of Claim 1, further comprising providing the second fluid into the casing at a predetermined flow rate.

7\. (Original) The process of Claim 1, further comprising providing a predetermined volume of the second fluid into the casing, the predetermined volume sufficient to cause lowering of the casing to a target depth within the borehole.

8\. (Original) The process of Claim 1, wherein the first fluid is a drilling or cooling fluid.

9\. (Original) The process of Claim 1, further comprising providing the flow of that first fluid into the borehole at a flow rate sufficient to maintain a volume of the first fluid at or above a ceiling of the magma reservoir.

10\. (Original) The process of Claim 9, further comprising, after determining that the casing reaches a target depth, stopping the flow of the first fluid into the borehole.

11\. (Original) The process of Claim 10, wherein stopping the flow of the first fluid into the borehole causes the rock layer formed by the first fluid to melt and magma within the magma reservoir to contact at least a portion of an outer surface of the casing within the borehole.

12\. (Original) The process of Claim 11, further comprising providing a flow of the second fluid or another fluid through the casing, thereby causing a new rock layer to form proximate the outer surface of the casing within the magma reservoir.

13\. (Presently Amended) A process, comprising:preparing a borehole extending downward from a surface into a magma reservoir;
providing a flow of a first fluid into the borehole to cause a rock layer to be formed and maintained from magma around a portion of the borehole located within the magma reservoir;
lowering a casing into the borehole;

providing a second fluid into the casing, thereby causing the casing to sink into a volume of the first fluid within the borehole and down to the portion of the borehole located within the magma reservoir; and.
after the casing is in the portion of the borehole located within the magma reservoir, ceasing the flow of the first fluid into the borehole thereby causing the rock layer maintained around the portion of the borehole located within the magma reservoir to remelt such that magma contacts casing located within the magma reservoir.

14\. (Original) The process of Claim 13, wherein the casing comprises a cylindrical body with an open end and a closed end.

15\. (Original) The process of Claim 13, further comprising continuously providing the flow of the first fluid into the borehole at least until the casing is lowered to a target depth.

16\. (Original) The process of Claim 13, further comprising, prior to providing the second fluid into the casing, determining that the casing is moving in a downward direction at less than a threshold speed.

17\. (Original) The process of Claim 16, further comprising, prior to providing the second fluid into the casing, determining that a target depth of the casing has not been reached.

18\. (Original) The process of Claim 13, further comprising providing the second fluid into the casing at a predetermined flow rate.

19\. (Original) The process of Claim 13, further comprising providing a predetermined volume of the second fluid into the casing, the predetermined volume sufficient to cause lowering of the casing to a target depth within the borehole.

20\. (Original) The process of Claim 13, wherein the first fluid is a drilling or cooling fluid.

OFFICE ACTION:
DETAILED ACTION
This communication is a final office action on the merits and in response to amendments filed on 8/26/2024. All currently pending claims have been considered below. The present application, filed on or after March 16, 2013, is being examined under the first inventor to file provisions of the AIA .
Response to Amendment
Applicant's amendments are sufficient to overcome the prior 112(b) rejections. However claims 10 & 11 are now rendered indefinite due to their limitations being redundantly recited in parent claim 1. Further, Applicant states that corrected drawings with an amended Fig. 2. The examiner is respectfully obliged to note that this corrected drawing does not appear to have made it into Applicant's communication.
Drawings
Figure 2 should be designated by a legend such as --Prior Art-- because only that which is old is illustrated. See MPEP § 608.02(g). The specification describes figure 2 as a conventional geothermal power generation system (¶ 19).
Corrected drawings in compliance with 37 CFR 1.121(d) are required in reply to the Office action to avoid abandonment of the application. The replacement sheet(s) should be labeled “Replacement Sheet” in the page header (as per 37 CFR 1.84(c)) so as not to obstruct any portion of the drawing figures. If the changes are not accepted by the examiner, the applicant will be notified and informed of any required corrective action in the next Office action. The objection to the drawings will not be held in abeyance.
Claim Rejections - 35 USC § 112
The following is a quotation of 35 U.S.C. 112(b):
(b)  CONCLUSION.—The specification shall conclude with one or more claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the subject matter which the inventor or a joint inventor regards as the invention.
Claims 10-12 are rejected under 35 U.S.C. 112(b) as being indefinite for failing to particularly point out and distinctly claim the subject matter which the inventor or a joint inventor, regards as the invention.
Claim 10 recites The process of claim 9, further comprising after determining that the casing reaches a target depth, stopping the flow of the first fluid into the borehole. However claim 1 has been amended to recite after the casing is sunk to a desired level within the borehole, ceasing the flow of the first fluid. These appear to be redundant recitations. It is unclear in light of the specification how or if the target depth and related method step in claim 10 differ from the desired level and related method step now in claim 1. Claims 11 & 12 depend from claim 10.
Similarly, claim 11 only recites features now found in parent claim 1. Claim 12 depends from claim 11.
Allowable Subject Matter
Claims 1-9 & 13-20 are allowed.
The following is an examiner’s statement of reasons for allowance: The independent claims have been amended to recite inter alia after the casing is sunk to a desired level within the borehole, ceasing the flow of the first fluid into the borehole thereby causing the rock layer maintained around the portion of the borehole within the magma reservoir to remelt such that magma contacts casing located within the magma reservoir.
The two closest prior art documents are the NPL Magma Energy Research Project, 1982, a copy of which was provided by Applicant in the IDS filed 7/31/2023 and US 11,913,679 (Lindberg), available as prior art under 102(a)(2).
In both cases, the prior art does not teach nor suggest the above limitations.
The NPL teaches an interruption (> a few minutes) of coolant flow down the drill string - commensurate with the first fluid in the present claims- while drilling results in hole loss at best and bit and drill string lost at worst. A redundant cooling system would be required for deep drilling (page 16 as-numbered in the NPL, right column, last paragraph). This clearly suggests that stopping cooling fluid flow is bad and the loss of the surrounding rock layer formed by the cooling fluid is undesirable.
Lindberg teaches geothermal systems and methods with an underground magma chamber (title) and teaches forming and maintaining a rock layer (The surface 438 may be hardened magma (e.g., rock with or without glassy material) that forms via heat transfer between the magma 412 and the pressurization fluid 442 - col 8:13-16, figs 4C & 4D) by cooling the magma with a cooling fluid (pressurization fluid 442 - ibid). However, similar to the NPL, Lindberg teaches that it is desirable to maintain this layer with the subsequent heat transfer fluid (fig 4D). At best, Lindberg teaches During subsequent use of the underground chamber 440 (see FIGS. 4D and 6), all or a portion of the surface 438 may be allowed to be heated and melt to increase thermal contact between fluid in the underground chamber 440 and the magma 412 (col 8:23-27), but the underground chamber 440 is still present (as quoted here) and therefore the magma is not taught as contacting the casing. Nor is this commensurate with the two fluid flow currently recited in the present claims.
Any comments considered necessary by applicant must be submitted no later than the payment of the issue fee and, to avoid processing delays, should preferably accompany the issue fee.  Such submissions should be clearly labeled “Comments on Statement of Reasons for Allowance.”
Conclusion
Applicant's amendment necessitated the new ground(s) of rejection presented in this Office action.  Accordingly, THIS ACTION IS MADE FINAL.  See MPEP § 706.07(a).  Applicant is reminded of the extension of time policy as set forth in 37 CFR 1.136(a).
A shortened statutory period for reply to this final action is set to expire THREE MONTHS from the mailing date of this action.  In the event a first reply is filed within TWO MONTHS of the mailing date of this final action and the advisory action is not mailed until after the end of the THREE-MONTH shortened statutory period, then the shortened statutory period will expire on the date the advisory action is mailed, and any extension fee pursuant to 37 CFR 1.136(a) will be calculated from the mailing date of the advisory action.  In no event, however, will the statutory period for reply expire later than SIX MONTHS from the date of this final action.

APPLICANT REBUTTAL: REMARKS I. DISPOSITION OF THE CLAIMS Claims 1-20, of which claims 1 and 13 are independent claims, were originally filed in the present application. In a prior response, claims 1 and 13 were amended. In the present response, claims 1, 3, 5, 7, and 12 are amended to prevent any potential indefiniteness or antecedent basis issues, and claims 10 and 11 are canceled. No claims are added or withdrawn in the present response, and no new matter is entered with the present amendments. Applicant respectfully requests entry of the present amendments, and reconsideration of the present application in view of the foregoing amendments and the following remarks. II. OBJECTIONS TO THE DRAWINGS The Office Action objects to FIG. 2 of the present application for not including a designation as "Prior Art". In response, a Replacement Sheet is submitted herewith setting forth an amended FIG. 2 having the designation as "Prior Art". No new matter is added. Accordingly, it is believed that this objection has been overcome, and therefore Applicant respectfully requests withdrawal of the objection. III. REJECTIONS UNDER 35 U.S.C. § 112 The Office Action rejects claims 10-12 under 35 U.S.C. §112(b) as being indefinite for reciting elements deemed redundant with the previous amendments made to independent claim 1, from which claims 10-12 depend. In response, Applicant has canceled claims 10 and 11, and amended claim 12 to depend directly from claim 1. No new matter is added. Accordingly, it is believed that this rejection has been overcome, and therefore Applicant respectfully requests withdrawal of the rejection. IV. ALLOWABLE SUBJECT MATTER The Office Action indicates that claims 1-9 and 13-20, as previously presented, are allowable. Applicant acknowledges this finding, and respectfully asserts that the amended to allowed claim 1 is only for term consistency with other claims in the application, and therefore still recites allowable subject matter. With the cancellation of claims 10-11 and the amendment to the dependency of claim 12, it is believed that all claims in the present application are allowable. V. NO WAIVER All of Applicant's arguments and amendments are without prejudice or disclaimer. Additionally, Applicant has merely discussed example distinctions from the cited references. Other distinctions may exist, and Applicant reserves the right to discuss these additional distinctions in a later Response or on Appeal, if appropriate. By not responding to any additional statements made by the Examiner, either in the present Office Action, any prior communication from the Office, or any future communication from the Office, Applicant does not acquiesce to any such additional statements, such as, for example, any statements relating to what is or is not disclosed or suggested in any reference, what would be obvious or not obvious to a person of ordinary skill in the art, or any statements made as reasons for allowance of any claim in the present application. CONCLUSION In light of the above amendments and remarks, Applicant respectfully requests reconsideration and withdrawal of the outstanding rejections. Applicant notes that the three-month deadline for filing a response expires on February 20, 2025; thus, this response is timely and no Extension of Time is believed to be required with the present filing. In addition, this response is being filed within the shortened two-month period under M.P.E.P. 706.07(f) for responding to a Final Office Action, which expires February 1, 2024. Further, this response is being filed with a request for reconsideration under the After Final Consideration Pilot 2.0 program. Thus, Applicant respectfully requests the examiner to grant the request for AFCP 2.0. If it is determined that an Extension of Time is required, such extension is hereby requested. Although no fees are believed to be due with the present response, if any fees are found to be due, the Commissioner is authorized to charge any such fees to Carstens, Allen & Gourley, LLP, Deposit Account No. 50-0392, referencing the Attorney Docket number specified herein. Respectfully submitted, By: /James H. Ortega/ James H. Ortega Registration No. 50,554 Attorney for Applicant Date: December 13, 2024 CARSTENS, ALLEN & GOURLEY, LLP 7500 Dallas Pkwy, Suite 300 Plano, Texas 75024 (972) 367-2001 Telephone (972) 367-2002 Facsimile

NEXT OFFICE ACTION: DETAILED ACTION
Notice of Pre-AIA  or AIA  Status
The present application, filed on or after March 16, 2013, is being examined under the first inventor to file provisions of the AIA .
Allowable Subject Matter
Applicant's AFCP request and amendments therein filed 12/13/2024 is sufficient to obviate the prior drawing objections and 112(b) rejections. A detailed Reasons for Allowance was given in the prior action, mailed 11/20/2024, respectfully not repeated again here.
Conclusion

CITED REFERENCE SUMMARIES: Ref US20230304705A1: Claims:
A cased wellbore for generating superheated steam, the cased wellbore comprising: a first end at a surface; a second end at an underground reservoir of magma; and a fluid pathway extending from an inlet at the first end to the second end and then from the second end to an outlet at the first end, wherein the fluid pathway is configured to receive saturated steam at the inlet and expel superheated steam from the outlet, and wherein the saturated steam is transformed into superheated steam in the fluid pathway at the second end of the cased wellbore.
a first end at a surface;
a second end at an underground reservoir of magma; and
a fluid pathway extending from an inlet at the first end to the second end and then from the second end to an outlet at the first end, wherein the fluid pathway is configured to receive saturated steam at the inlet and expel superheated steam from the outlet, and wherein the saturated steam is transformed into superheated steam in the fluid pathway at the second end of the cased wellbore.
The cased wellbore of claim 1 , further comprising: a well casing extending from the surface towards the underground reservoir of magma, wherein the fluid pathway is formed from a set of boiler casings extending through the well casing.
a well casing extending from the surface towards the underground reservoir of magma, wherein the fluid pathway is formed from a set of boiler casings extending through the well casing.
The cased wellbore of claim 2 , wherein the set of boiler casings includes a first boiler casing defining a first fluid conduit configured to convey the saturated steam from the first end of the cased wellbore to the second end of the cased wellbore, and wherein the set of boiler casings includes a second boiler casing defining a second fluid conduit configured to convey superheated steam from the second end of the cased wellbore to the first end of the cased wellbore.
The cased wellbore of claim 3 , wherein: the first boiler casing has a first cross-sectional area; the second boiler casing has a second cross-sectional area that is less than the first cross-sectional area; and the second boiler casing is housed substantially co-extensively within the first boiler casing to form an elongated annular volume of space between an inner surface of a sidewall of the first boiler casing and an outer surface of a sidewall of the second boiler casing.
the first boiler casing has a first cross-sectional area;
the second boiler casing has a second cross-sectional area that is less than the first cross-sectional area; and
the second boiler casing is housed substantially co-extensively within the first boiler casing to form an elongated annular volume of space between an inner surface of a sidewall of the first boiler casing and an outer surface of a sidewall of the second boiler casing.
The cased wellbore of claim 4 , wherein the first fluid conduit is the elongated annular volume of space, and wherein the second fluid conduit is an elongated volume of space defined by the sidewall of the second boiler casing.
The cased wellbore of claim 3 , wherein: the first boiler casing has a first cross-sectional area; the second boiler casing has a second cross-sectional area that is greater than the first cross-sectional area; and the first boiler casing is housed substantially co-extensively within the second boiler casing to form an elongated annular volume of space between an inner surface of a sidewall of the second boiler casing and an outer surface of a sidewall of the first boiler casing.
the second boiler casing has a second cross-sectional area that is greater than the first cross-sectional area; and
the first boiler casing is housed substantially co-extensively within the second boiler casing to form an elongated annular volume of space between an inner surface of a sidewall of the second boiler casing and an outer surface of a sidewall of the first boiler casing.
The cased wellbore of claim 6 , wherein the first fluid conduit is the elongated annular volume of space, and wherein the second fluid conduit is an elongated volume of space defined by the sidewall of the first boiler casing.
The cased wellbore of claim 1 , further comprising a wellhead that includes: a first connector configured to fluidically connect the inlet of the fluid pathway to a source of the saturated steam; and a second connector configured to fluidically connect the outlet of the fluid pathway to a system for generating power from superheated steam.
a first connector configured to fluidically connect the inlet of the fluid pathway to a source of the saturated steam; and
a second connector configured to fluidically connect the outlet of the fluid pathway to a system for generating power from superheated steam.
The cased wellbore of claim 8 , wherein the source of the saturated steam is an upstream wellbore extending from the surface to the underground reservoir of magma or another underground reservoir of magma.
The cased wellbore of claim 4 , wherein a sidewall of the inner boiler casing is not corrugated at an end closest to the second end of the cased wellbore.
The cased wellbore of claim 10 , wherein the sidewall of the inner boiler casing is non-corrugated at an end closest to the first end of the cased wellbore.
The cased wellbore of claim 4 , further comprising: an insulation layer around the outer boiler casing at the first end.
an insulation layer around the outer boiler casing at the first end.
A system for power generation using superheated steam, the system comprising: a cased wellbore extending between a surface and an underground reservoir of magma, wherein the cased wellbore includes: a first end at a surface, a second end at an underground reservoir of magma, and a fluid pathway extending from an inlet at the first end to the second end and then from the second end to an outlet at the first end, wherein the fluid pathway is configured to receive saturated steam at the inlet and expel superheated steam from the outlet, and wherein the saturated steam is transformed into superheated steam in the fluid pathway at the second end of the cased wellbore; and a set of turbines configured to generate electricity from the superheated steam provided from the cased wellbore.
a cased wellbore extending between a surface and an underground reservoir of magma, wherein the cased wellbore includes: a first end at a surface, a second end at an underground reservoir of magma, and a fluid pathway extending from an inlet at the first end to the second end and then from the second end to an outlet at the first end, wherein the fluid pathway is configured to receive saturated steam at the inlet and expel superheated steam from the outlet, and wherein the saturated steam is transformed into superheated steam in the fluid pathway at the second end of the cased wellbore; and
a first end at a surface,
a second end at an underground reservoir of magma, and
a fluid pathway extending from an inlet at the first end to the second end and then from the second end to an outlet at the first end, wherein the fluid pathway is configured to receive saturated steam at the inlet and expel superheated steam from the outlet, and wherein the saturated steam is transformed into superheated steam in the fluid pathway at the second end of the cased wellbore; and
a set of turbines configured to generate electricity from the superheated steam provided from the cased wellbore.
The system of claim 13 , wherein the inlet of the fluid pathway receives the saturated steam from an upstream wellbore that extends from the surface to the underground reservoir of magma or another underground reservoir of magma.
The system of claim 13 , wherein the cased wellbore further comprises: a well casing extending from the surface towards the underground reservoir of magma, wherein the fluid pathway is formed from a set of boiler casings extending through the well casing.
The system of claim 15 , wherein the set of boiler casings includes a first boiler casing defining a first fluid conduit configured to convey the saturated steam from the first end of the cased wellbore to the second end of the cased wellbore, and wherein the set of boiler casings includes a second boiler casing defining a second fluid conduit configured to convey superheated steam from the second end of the cased wellbore to the first end of the cased wellbore.
The system of claim 16 , wherein: the first boiler casing has a first cross-sectional area; the second boiler casing has a second cross-sectional area that is less than the first cross-sectional area; and the second boiler casing is housed substantially co-extensively within the first boiler casing to form an elongated annular volume of space between an inner surface of a sidewall of the first boiler casing and an outer surface of a sidewall of the second boiler casing.
The system of claim 17 , wherein the first fluid conduit the elongated annular volume of space, and wherein the second fluid conduit is an elongated volume of space defined by the sidewall of the second boiler casing.
The system of claim 16 , wherein: the first boiler casing has a first cross-sectional area; the second boiler casing has a second cross-sectional area that is greater than the first cross-sectional area; and the first boiler casing is housed substantially co-extensively within the second boiler casing to form an elongated annular volume of space between an inner surface of a sidewall of the second boiler casing and an outer surface of a sidewall of the first boiler casing.
The system of claim 19 , wherein the first fluid conduit is the elongated annular volume of space, and wherein the second fluid conduit is an elongated volume of space defined by the sidewall of the first boiler casing.
The system of claim 13 , further comprising a wellhead that includes: a first connector configured to fluidically connect the inlet of the fluid pathway to a source of the saturated steam; and a second connector configured to fluidically connect the outlet of the fluid pathway a system for generating power from superheated steam.
a second connector configured to fluidically connect the outlet of the fluid pathway a system for generating power from superheated steam.
A method for generating superheated steam, the method comprising: receiving saturated steam from a steam source; conveying the saturated steam into a cased wellbore that extends from a surface to an underground reservoir of magma to expose the saturated steam to heat from the underground reservoir of magma, wherein the heat from the underground reservoir of magma converts the saturated steam to the superheated steam; and conveying the superheated steam back towards the surface.
receiving saturated steam from a steam source;
conveying the saturated steam into a cased wellbore that extends from a surface to an underground reservoir of magma to expose the saturated steam to heat from the underground reservoir of magma, wherein the heat from the underground reservoir of magma converts the saturated steam to the superheated steam; and
conveying the superheated steam back towards the surface.
The method of claim 22 , wherein conveying the saturated steam into the wellbore further comprises conveying the saturated steam though an annular volume between an outer boiler casing and an inner boiler casing that is housed within the outer boiler casing, wherein the outer boiler casing is at least partially exposed to magma in the underground reservoir.
The method of claim 23 , wherein a portion of a sidewall of the inner boiler casing is not corrugated at an end closest to the underground reservoir of magma.
The method of claim 24 , wherein another portion of the sidewall of the inner boiler casing is non-corrugated at an end closest to the surface.
The method of claim 22 , wherein the steam source is an upstream wellbore extending from the surface to the underground reservoir of magma or another underground reservoir of magma.
The method of claim 22 , wherein the superheated steam is provided to a set of turbines for generating electricity.
Ref US11913679: Claims:
1. A geothermal system, comprising:
in an initial configuration during formation of an underground chamber in an underground reservoir of magma;
a borehole extending between a surface and the underground reservoir of magma;
a fluid conduit extending from the surface and at least partially into the underground reservoir of magma; and
a fluid pump configured to provide a flow of a pressurized fluid into the underground reservoir of magma, thereby displacing magma from the underground reservoir of magma and forming an underground chamber comprising a cavity formed in the underground reservoir of magma, wherein at least a portion of an internal surface of the underground chamber comprises hardened magma; and

in a final configuration during heat transfer operations between the surface and the underground reservoir of magma;
the borehole extending between the surface and the underground chamber,
the fluid pump configured to provide a flow of heat transfer fluid into the underground chamber; and
the fluid conduit configured to allow flow of heat transfer fluid between the underground chamber and the surface.
2. The geothermal system of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the internal surface of the underground chamber comprises magma.
3. The geothermal system of claim 2, wherein the heat transfer fluid is a molten salt.
4. The geothermal system of claim 1, wherein a pressure provided to the underground chamber in the final configuration maintains the cavity within the underground reservoir of magma.
5. The geothermal system of claim 1, further comprising, in the final configuration, a casing disposed within the borehole and extending from the surface and no farther than a ceiling of the underground reservoir of magma.
6. The geothermal system of claim 1, wherein the heat transfer fluid comprises one or more of: water, a brine solution, one or more refrigerants, and one or more thermal oils.
7. The geothermal system of claim 1, wherein the heat transfer fluid comprises one or more of a molten salt, an ionic liquid, and a nanofluid.
8. The geothermal system of claim 1, wherein the fluid conduit, in the final configuration, is further coupled to a thermal process subsystem, wherein the thermal process subsystem comprises one or more of turbines, reaction vessels, condensers, a water distillation system, a heat driven chilling apparatus, a residential heating system, an agriculture system, and an aquaculture system.
9. The geothermal system of claim 8, wherein at least a portion of the heat transfer fluid conveyed to the thermal process subsystem by the fluid conduit is returned to the underground chamber.
10. The geothermal system of claim 1, wherein the fluid conduit comprises an insulation layer.
11. The geothermal system of claim 1, wherein the fluid pump is configured to provide the flow of the heat transfer fluid at a pressure, flow rate, or both that maintains the cavity formed in the underground reservoir of magma.
12. A method of operating a geothermal system, the method comprising:
during formation of an underground chamber in an underground reservoir of magma:
forming a wellbore extending between a surface and an underground reservoir of magma; and
providing a flow of a pressurized fluid into the underground reservoir of magna, thereby displacing magma from the underground reservoir of magma and forming the underground chamber, the underground chamber comprising a cavity formed in the underground reservoir of magma, wherein at least a portion of an internal surface of the underground chamber comprises hardened magma; and

during, heat transfer operations between the surface and the underground reservoir of magma;
providing a heat transfer fluid down the wellbore and into the underground chamber;
receiving heated heat transfer fluid from the wellbore; and
providing the heated heat transfer fluid to a thermal process.
13. The method of claim 12, further comprising providing the heat transfer fluid to the wellbore at a pressure, flow rate, or both that maintains the cavity formed in the underground reservoir of magma.
14. The method of claim 12, wherein:
the heat transfer fluid provided down the wellbore comprises liquid water and the heated heat transfer fluid received from the wellbore comprises steam; and
providing the heated heat transfer fluid to the thermal process comprises:
providing at least a portion of the steam to at least one turbine; and
operating the at least one turbine with the steam to generate electricity.
15. A geothermal system, comprising:
in an initial configuration during formation of an underground chamber in an underground reservoir of magma,
a fluid pump configured to provide a flow of a pressurized fluid through a wellbore and into the underground reservoir of magma, thereby displacing magma from the underground reservoir of magma and forming the underground chamber, the underground chamber comprising a cavity formed in the underground reservoir of magma, wherein at least a portion of an internal surface of the underground chamber comprises hardened magma; and

in a final configuration during heat transfer operations between a surface and the underground reservoir of magma:
the fluid pump configured to provide a flow of heat transfer fluid through the wellbore and into the underground chamber; and
a fluid conduit extending from the surface toward the underground chamber, the fluid conduit configured to allow flow of heat transfer fluid heated in the underground chamber toward the surface.
16. The geothermal system of claim 15, wherein the fluid pump is configured to provide the flow of the heat transfer fluid at a pressure, flow rate, or both that maintains the cavity formed in the underground reservoir of magma.
17. The geothermal system of claim 15, wherein the fluid conduit comprises an insulation layer.
18. The geothermal system of claim 15, wherein the heat transfer fluid comprises one or more of: water, a brine solution, one or more refrigerants, one or more thermal oils, a molten salt, an ionic liquid, and a nanofluid.