Retracted : Knockdown of long noncoding RNA HOTAIR inhibits cell growth of human lymphoma cells by upregulation of miR‐148b
Authors: Xiaoyan Tian
Xianxian Zhao
Journal: Journal of Cellular Biochemistry (2019)
Discipline: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY & GENETICS
Keywords: BMI1; HOTAIR; cell growth; lymphoma; microRNA-148b.
Affiliations: Department of Blood Transfusion, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China.

Abstract:  Lymphoma is a common cause of cancer worldwide with an increasing incidence in recent years. A large number of studies have shown that HOX transcript antisense intergenic RNA (HOTAIR) exerts as an oncogene in various neoplasms. However, the function of HOTAIR in lymphoma still remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the function of HOTAIR in lymphoma and its underlying mechanisms. The expressions of HOTAIR, miR-148b, and BMI1 in lymphoma samples and cells (AHH-1, Raji, and U937) were quantified by quantitative reverse polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Cell viability was measured by trypan blue assay. The efficiency of transfection was verified by qRT-PCR or Western blot analysis. Apoptotic cells and cell cycle progression were both detected by flow cytometry assay. Furthermore, Western blot analysis was performed to assess the expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway-related core factors. We found that HOTAIR knockdown reduced cell viability but increased apoptotic cells and inhibited cell cycle progression in Raji and U937 cells. miR-148b expression was upregulated by HOTAIR inhibition. Meanwhile, miR-148b inhibitor abolished the modulation of HOTAIR silence on cell growth, as evidenced by increased cell viability, reduced apoptotic cells, and decreased the rate of G1 phase cells. Furthermore, miR-148b negatively regulated the expression of BMI1 by targeting its 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR), and BMI1 overexpression blocked the effect of miR-148b mimic on cell growth. In addition, BMI1 promoted the activation of MAPK and ERK in Raji and U937 cells. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that HOTAIR knockdown inhibited the cell growth and promoted apoptosis of lymphoma cells via upregulation of miR-148b and miR-148b further regulated the expression of BMI1 via MAPK and ERK signaling pathways. 

Retracted: Yes

PubPeer comments:
 In Figure 2E and F, parts of two flow cytometry dot plots look very similar (Raji control vs U937 control and Raji sh-HOTAIR vs U937 sh-HOTAIR). Furthermore, the Western immunblots in this article seem to have the same background. Due to the poor quality (low resolution) it is difficult to conclude in some cases. I have included some examples which seem suspicious (Figure 5 and 7). ![file] ![file] , 
 #1 The identical measurements for many cells is especially clear in quadrant Q2 of the top left and top middle panels. ![file] Here superimposing  Control (reversed) upon sh-NC, as is the custom of my people. ![file] , 
 The sh-HOTAIR panels from figs 6E and 6F have impressively many cells in common for separate experiments on completely different cell-lines (Raji and U937). ![file] Superimposition image: ![file] Are we sure that these aren t little squadrons of Tie Fighters attacking the Death Star? , 
 #1 Fig 7, higher resolution, with increased contrast. ![file] ![file] , 
 This paper belongs to a set of over 400 papers (as per February 2020) that share very similar Western blots with tadpole-like shaped bands, the same background pattern, and striking similarities in title structures, paper layout, bar graph design, and - in a subset - flow cytometry panels. Despite these similarities, these papers are authored by researchers from different departments and institutes, with almost no overlap in authors. The list of these papers is available here: https: docs.google.com spreadsheets d 1KXqTAyl4j-jVorFPMD2XRpr76LcIKJ0CVyIvRj0exYQ edit?usp=sharing A more detailed description of this set of papers, suspected to all be generated by a common source, a paper mill , can be found here: * https: forbetterscience.com 2020 01 24 the-full-service-paper-mill-and-its-chinese-customers (January 2020) * https: scienceintegritydigest.com 2020 02 21 the-tadpole-paper-mill (February 2020) The same paper mill has been described in these papers: * Jana Christopher - Systematic fabrication of scientific images revealed - FEBS Letters (2018) - https: febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com doi full 10.1002 1873-3468.13201 * Jennifer A Byrne and Jana Christopher - Digital magic, or the dark arts of the 21st centuryu2014how can journals and peer reviewers detect manuscripts and publications from paper mills? - FEBS Letters (2020) - https: febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com doi full 10.1002 1873-3468.13747 , 
 Retracted [9 June 2021] . -------------------------------------------------- The above article, published online on 08 March 2019 in Wiley Online Library , has been retracted by agreement between the the journal s Editor in Chief, Prof. Dr. Christian Behl, and Wiley Periodicals LLC. The retraction has been agreed following an investigation based on allegations raised by a third party. Several flaws and inconsistencies between results presented and experimental methods described were found, the editors consider the conclusions of this article to be invalid. The authors collaborated in the investigation initially, but were not available for a final confirmation of the retraction. ,