Chitosan-based mucosal adjuvants: Sunrise on the ocean
Authors: Jie Wu
Zhiguo Su
Guanghui Ma
Qingze Fan
Dongxia Hao
Yufei Xia
Journal: Vaccine (2015)
Discipline: IMMUNOLOGY
Keywords: Adjuvant; Chitosan; Clinical application; Marine drug; Mucosal immunity.
Affiliations: National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China., National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China., National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China. Electronic address: .

Abstract:  Mucosal vaccination, which is shown to elicit systemic and mucosal immune responses, serves as a non-invasive and convenient alternative to parenteral administration, with stronger capability in combatting diseases at the site of entry. The exploration of potent mucosal adjuvants is emerging as a significant area, based on the continued necessity to amplify the immune responses to a wide array of antigens that are poorly immunogenic at the mucosal sites. As one of the inspirations from the ocean, chitosan-based mucosal adjuvants have been developed with unique advantages, such as, ability of mucosal adhesion, distinct trait of opening the junctions to allow the paracellular transport of antigen, good tolerability and biocompatibility, which guaranteed the great potential in capitalizing on their application in human clinical trials. In this review, the state of art of chitosan and its derivatives as mucosal adjuvants, including thermo-sensitive chitosan system as mucosal adjuvant that were newly developed by author's group, was described, as well as the clinical application perspective. After a brief introduction of mucosal adjuvants, chitosan and its derivatives as robust immune potentiator were discussed in detail and depth, in regard to the metabolism, safety profile, mode of actions and preclinical and clinical applications, which may shed light on the massive clinical application of chitosan as mucosal adjuvant. 

Retracted: No

PubPeer comments:
  This **preformation** was conducted strictly under the guidance of the instructions with some modifications for the viability evaluation of the oral cancer cells after treated with the Populus euphratica extract (12). In brief, the oral cancer cells in the **logical growth phage** were collected and seeded into the 96 well plates at the **final destiny** of 10^4 cells per well. Could the authors explain these curious phrases? ------------------------------------------  Fresh leaves of Populus euphratica were collected from Xinjiang, Chinauff0886u00b006u2032E, 41u00b068u2032Nuff09, and Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences was cooperated with our lab for further analyses (14). The duplicate specimens were also saved in the herbarium of Kunming Institute of Botanyuff08KIBuff09at the condition of uff0d80u2103. Ezup Plant Genomic DNA Prep Kituff08Sangon Biotech, Shanghai, Chinauff09(13, 14). None of the authors of [14] - supposedly collaborators with the present authors - show any connection to Kunming Institute of Botany. For additional confusion, [14] is a retraction note. Could the authors check? - (14uff09 Zhou, J.; Liu, X.; Zhao, S.T.; Hu, J.J.; Zhang, J.W.; Wang, J.H.; Peng, X.P.; Qi, X.L.; Cheng, T.L.; Lu, M.Z. **Retraction Note** to: An assessment of transgenomics as a tool for gene discovery in *Populus euphratica Oliv*. Plant Mol. Biol. 98, 579uff082018). , 
 Presumably the authors acquired samples of an oral cancer cell line, but forgot to specify which one. Fig 1 shows results against these mystery cells for the *P. euphrates* extract, 5-Fu and a non-cytotoxic control, all added at increasing concentrations. No control is mentioned in the text. Could the authors provide details? ![file] , 
 #1 It seems that much of the research was conducted at Kunming Institute of Botany:  Then, the Illumina Hiseq 2500 platformuff08Illumina, San Diego, CAuff09of Kunming Institute of Botanyuff08Kunming, Chinauff09was used to sequence the whole genome of *Populus euphratica* with an average read length of 150 bp pair-end Is it possible that an author or authors were omitted?  The data that support the findings of this study are openly available in GenBank at https: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, reference number MT593375. The data were uploaded to GenBank by Zou H. of China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan. Is it possible that an author or authors were omitted? ,