Induction of cytokine mRNA expression in U937 cells by Salmonella typhimurium porins is regulated by different phosphorylation pathways
Authors: Emilia Galdiero
Annalisa Tortora
Nicola Damiano
Anna Longanella
Marilena Galdiero
Mariateresa Vitiello
Journal: Medical Microbiology and Immunology (2005)
Discipline: IMMUNOLOGY
Keywords: Lipopolysaccharide; Porins; Septic shock; MEK/ERK signal pathway; U937 cell line
Affiliations: Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, via De Crecchio, Napoli, Italy. 

Abstract:  Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and porins of Gram-negative outer membranes are the main pathogenic factors implicated in the clinical syndrome of septic shock. The biological activity of porins and LPS are similar, but they occur by different mechanisms. It seems that porins act through different intracellular pathways with respect to LPS. In this study we analyzed the role of several inhibitors of the MEK/ERK signal pathway on the induction of proinflammatory and immunological cytokines in U937 cell line stimulated by Salmonella typhimurium porins and compared it to the cytokine induction after LPS stimulation. We investigated the effects of p38 MAP kinase inhibitor SB-203580, MEK/ERK kinase inhibitor PD-098059 and Raf-1 inhibitor forskolin, and demonstrated that they modulate cytokine mRNA expression in a different manner as a consequence of the use of porins or LPS as stimuli. TNF-alpha and IL-1beta mRNA expression is decreased by PD-098059 after stimulation with LPS but not with porins in differentiated U937 cells. IL-10 mRNA expression is inhibited by SB-203580 and PD-098059 after stimulation with porins in U937 cells. IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA expression is not changed by PD-098059 or SB-203580, after stimulation either with porins or LPS. Furthermore, mRNA expression of the studied cytokines, except for GM-CSF, is not changed using forskolin. 

Retracted: No

PubPeer comments:
 Figure 2A. * Boxes of the same color highlight bands or areas that look remarkably similar. Contrast enhanced to bring out details. I did not mark all (some background stutter in the bottom panel), but enough to have some concerns. ![file] , 
 Here is an ImageTwin analysis of Figure 2A. ![file] Figures 3 -7 all appear to have very similar issues as Figure 2 above. Marker lanes, PCR bands, and backgrounds all appear to be variations of the ones marked above. , 
 Figure 1 in this paper looks remarkably similar to Figure 1 in Vitiello M et al., Cytokine (2008), doi: 10.1016 j.cyto.2007.11.021 , from the same group. See: https: pubpeer.com publications 1EB6BE6DC91E81C414E128642A2FA9 It also looks very similar to Galdiero M et al. Microbiology (2001), DOI: 10.1099 00221287-147-10-2697 ![file] , 
 This paper is part of a set of at least 14 papers with shared authors (always including one with the last name Galdiero), spanning 1995-2008, that all appear to show the same gels. The porin gels appear to all represent the same sample (Salmonella typhimurium porins), but the LPS gels represent Salmonella, Pasteurella multocida, or Pasteurella haemolytica). Sometimes fewer or more lanes are visible, and in each paper the data are represented as novel. Here are the papers: * Mariateresa Vitiello et al., Immunology and Cell Biology (1995), DOI: 10.1038 icb.1995.70 - https: pubpeer.com publications 17EC2E40E190E2FCC6F181A2293361 * M. Galdiero et al., Immunology (1995), PMID: 8567029 - https: pubpeer.com publications DECE082D02578F84676293D3A3D307 * L. Sommese et al., J Med Microbiology (1996), DOI: 10.1099 00222615-45-1-40 - https: pubpeer.com publications 7DF0A919C0BB60C8DD14EA1AA8DF34 * M Galdiero et al., Immunology (1998), DOI: 10.1046 j.1365-2567.1998.00492.x - https: pubpeer.com publications BE8182500B61343C93C4D083288F5A * Giuseppe Iovane et al., Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology (1998), DOI: 10.1016 S0165-2427(98)00183-4 - https: pubpeer.com publications 6B20332BB1333F6A9128F81ADE8047 * M. Galdiero et al., Clin Exp Immunol (1999), DOI: 10.1046 j.1365-2249.1999.00904.x - https: pubpeer.com publications 7489649618C468805E4E8A2DA683BB * Antonella Marcatili et al., Research in Microbiology (2000), DOI: 10.1016 S0923-2508(00)00142-X - https: pubpeer.com publications AE562BC01FEC2640B955C330A0B013 * M. Galdiero et al., Microbiology (2001), DOI: 10.1099 00221287-147-10-2697 - https: pubpeer.com publications 511A96912036B49FECC6CEB6F1CBF2 * Massimiliano Galdiero et al., Infection and Immunity (2002), DOI: 10.1128 iai.70.2.558-568.2002 - https: pubpeer.com publications A8765584CC85E943BCA5CB79901DAC * M. Galdiero et al., Journal of Infection (2003), DOI: 10.1053 jinf.2002.1068 - https: pubpeer.com publications FED37BABEA925C28B2CF7BF86CE5B8 * M. Galdiero et al., Clin Microbiol Infect (2003), DOI: 10.1046 j.1469-0691.2003.00728.x - https: pubpeer.com publications FC98EF7F5F87C7AE81F88F12D9C8F4 * M. Vitiello et al., Cytokine (2004), DOI: 10.1016 j.cyto.2004.03.010 - https: pubpeer.com publications 47A3D51AB3A1C226D75197C36D5753 * M. Galdiero et al., Med Microbiol Immunol (2005), DOI: 10.1007 s00430-003-0209-7 - https: pubpeer.com publications 850E4A39A93C3F04AC922264AFC923 * M. Vitiello et al., Cytokine (2008), DOI: 10.1016 j.cyto.2007.11.021 - https: pubpeer.com publications 1EB6BE6DC91E81C414E128642A2FA9 Here is a compilation of most of these gels, as made by Edentulina Martensi, for which I thank this PubPeer user. ![file] ![file] ![file] , 
 Adding some more papers to the ones found by Dr. Bik and me. Dr. Bik:  This paper is part of a set of at least 14 papers with shared authors (always including one with the last name Galdiero), spanning 1995-2008, that all appear to show the same gels. The porin gels appear to all represent the same sample (Salmonella typhimurium porins), but the LPS gels represent Salmonella, Pasteurella multocida, or Pasteurella haemolytica). Sometimes fewer or more lanes are visible, and in each paper the data are represented as novel. Here is a compilation of most of these gels, as made by Edentulina Martensi, for which I thank this PubPeer user. Here are the papers: - Mariateresa Vitiello et al., Immunology and Cell Biology (1995), DOI: 10.1038 icb.1995.70 - https: pubpeer.com publications 17EC2E40E190E2FCC6F181A2293361 - M. Galdiero et al., Immunology (1995), PMID: 8567029 - https: pubpeer.com publications DECE082D02578F84676293D3A3D307 - L. Sommese et al., J Med Microbiology (1996), DOI: 10.1099 00222615-45-1-40 - https: pubpeer.com publications 7DF0A919C0BB60C8DD14EA1AA8DF34 - M Galdiero et al., Immunology (1998), DOI: 10.1046 j.1365-2567.1998.00492.x - https: pubpeer.com publications BE8182500B61343C93C4D083288F5A - Giuseppe Iovane et al., Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology (1998), DOI: 10.1016 S0165-2427(98)00183-4 https: pubpeer.com publications 6B20332BB1333F6A9128F81ADE8047 - M. Galdiero et al., Clin Exp Immunol (1999), DOI: 10.1046 j.1365-2249.1999.00904.x - https: pubpeer.com publications 7489649618C468805E4E8A2DA683BB - Antonella Marcatili et al., Research in Microbiology (2000), DOI: 10.1016 S0923-2508(00)00142-X - https: pubpeer.com publications AE562BC01FEC2640B955C330A0B013 - M. Galdiero et al., Microbiology (2001), DOI: 10.1099 00221287-147-10-2697 - https: pubpeer.com publications 511A96912036B49FECC6CEB6F1CBF2 - Massimiliano Galdiero et al., Infection and Immunity (2002), DOI: 10.1128 iai.70.2.558-568.2002 - https: pubpeer.com publications A8765584CC85E943BCA5CB79901DAC - M. Galdiero et al., Journal of Infection (2003), DOI: 10.1053 jinf.2002.1068 - https: pubpeer.com publications FED37BABEA925C28B2CF7BF86CE5B8 - M. Galdiero et al., Clin Microbiol Infect (2003), DOI: 10.1046 j.1469-0691.2003.00728.x - https: pubpeer.com publications FC98EF7F5F87C7AE81F88F12D9C8F4 - M. Vitiello et al., Cytokine (2004), DOI: 10.1016 j.cyto.2004.03.010 - https: pubpeer.com publications 47A3D51AB3A1C226D75197C36D5753 - M. Galdiero et al., Med Microbiol Immunol (2005), DOI: 10.1007 s00430-003-0209-7 - https: pubpeer.com publications 850E4A39A93C3F04AC922264AFC923 - M. Vitiello et al., Cytokine (2008), DOI: 10.1016 j.cyto.2007.11.021 - https: pubpeer.com publications 1EB6BE6DC91E81C414E128642A2FA9 ![file] ![file] ![file]  Here my edit: - M. Galdiero et al., Immunobiology (2000) DOI: 10.1016 S0171-2985(00)80030-3 https: pubpeer.com publications DBF917296422998A5EC5E6A50170A9 - G. Iovane et al., FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology (1998) DOI: 10.1111 j.1574-695x.1998.tb01108.x https: pubpeer.com publications 6A9702D24AB5F8283FCB210414880C - Marilena Galdiero et al., INFECTION AND IMMUNITY (2004), DOI: 10.1128 IAI.72.2.1204u20131209.2004 https: pubpeer.com publications 81F27E6CD12B2FCE200A53F1EDE8A9 In particular, in the lattest, of the rows in Figure 1 has a lot of similarities in common with another one in another paper , but there is one big difference (green arrow). Here compared: ![file] ,