Relationship between Clinic and Ambulatory Blood-Pressure Measurements and Mortality
Authors: José R Banegas
Manuel Gorostidi
Ernest Vinyoles
Juan J de la Cruz
Fernando Rodríguez-Artalejo
Alejandro de la Sierra
Julián Segura
Bryan Williams
Luis M Ruilope
Gema Ruiz-Hurtado
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2018)
Discipline: CLINICAL MEDICINE
Keywords: ambulatory blood pressure; clinic blood pressure; mortality; hypertension; white-coat hypertension
Affiliations: From the Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid/Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) of Epidemiology and Public Health (J.R.B., L.M.R., J.J.C., F.R.-A.), the Hypertension Unit, Department of Nephrology, and Cardiorenal Translational Research Laboratory, Institute of Research, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre and CIBER of Cardiovascular Disease (L.M.R., G.R.-H., J.S.), the School of Doctoral Studies and Research, Universidad Europea de Madrid (L.M.R.), and Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies Food Institute, Campus de Excelencia Internacional de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (F.R.-A.), Madrid, the Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Mutua Terrassa (A.S.), and La Mina Primary Care Center (E.V.), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, and the Nephrology Service, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Red de Investigación Renal, Oviedo (M.G.) - all in Spain; and University College London (UCL) Institute of Cardiovascular Science and the National Institute for Health Research UCL Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London (B.W.).

Abstract:  Background: Evidence for the influence of ambulatory blood pressure on prognosis derives mainly from population-based studies and a few relatively small clinical investigations. This study examined the associations of blood pressure measured in the clinic (clinic blood pressure) and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in a large cohort of patients in primary care. Methods: We analyzed data from a registry-based, multicenter, national cohort that included 63,910 adults recruited from 2004 through 2014 in Spain. Clinic and 24-hour ambulatory blood-pressure data were examined in the following categories: sustained hypertension (elevated clinic and elevated 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure), "white-coat" hypertension (elevated clinic and normal 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure), masked hypertension (normal clinic and elevated 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure), and normotension (normal clinic and normal 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure). Analyses were conducted with Cox regression models, adjusted for clinic and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressures and for confounders. Results: During a median follow-up of 4.7 years, 3808 patients died from any cause, and 1295 of these patients died from cardiovascular causes. In a model that included both 24-hour and clinic measurements, 24-hour systolic pressure was more strongly associated with all-cause mortality (hazard ratio, 1.58 per 1-SD increase in pressure; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.56 to 1.60, after adjustment for clinic blood pressure) than the clinic systolic pressure (hazard ratio, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.04, after adjustment for 24-hour blood pressure). Corresponding hazard ratios per 1-SD increase in pressure were 1.55 (95% CI, 1.53 to 1.57, after adjustment for clinic and daytime blood pressures) for nighttime ambulatory systolic pressure and 1.54 (95% CI, 1.52 to 1.56, after adjustment for clinic and nighttime blood pressures) for daytime ambulatory systolic pressure. These relationships were consistent across subgroups of age, sex, and status with respect to obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and antihypertensive treatment. Masked hypertension was more strongly associated with all-cause mortality (hazard ratio, 2.83; 95% CI, 2.12 to 3.79) than sustained hypertension (hazard ratio, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.41 to 2.31) or white-coat hypertension (hazard ratio, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.38 to 2.32). Results for cardiovascular mortality were similar to those for all-cause mortality. Conclusions: Ambulatory blood-pressure measurements were a stronger predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality than clinic blood-pressure measurements. White-coat hypertension was not benign, and masked hypertension was associated with a greater risk of death than sustained hypertension. (Funded by the Spanish Society of Hypertension and others.). 

Retracted: Yes

PubPeer comments:
 Important paper. However, I am curious about the methods used to calculate c-statistic. Also, I am quite surprised about the big increase in the c-statistic for mortality prediction after adding ambulatory blood pressure (from 0.79 to 0.94)--I ve never seen anything like that. , 
 2020 retraction. https: www.nejm.org doi full 10.1056 NEJMc2001445?query=recirc_curatedRelated_article Because we have identified inaccuracies in the analytic database and data analyses underlying u201cRelationship between Clinic and Ambulatory Blood-Pressure Measurements and Mortality,u201d which was published in the April 19, 2018, issue of the Journal,1 we wish to retract the article. Josu00e9 R. Banegas, M.D. Luis M. Ruilope, M.D. Universidad Autu00f3noma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain Alejandro de la Sierra, M.D. Ernest Vinyoles, M.D. University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Manuel Gorostidi, M.D. Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain Juan J. de la Cruz, M.Sc. Universidad Autu00f3noma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain Gema Ruiz-Hurtado, Ph.D. Juliu00e1n Segura, M.D. Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain Fernando Rodru00edguez-Artalejo, M.D. Universidad Autu00f3noma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain Bryan Williams, M.D. University College London, London, United Kingdom ,