Artemisinin Improved Neuronal Functions in Alzheimer's Disease Animal Model 3xtg Mice and Neuronal Cells via Stimulating the ERK/CREB Signaling Pathway
Authors: Xia Zhao
Shuai Li
Uma Gaur
Wenhua Zheng
Journal: Aging and Disease (2020)
Discipline: CLINICAL MEDICINE
Keywords: 3×Tg mice; Alzheimer's disease; Artemisinin; SH-SY5Ycells; amyloid beta
Affiliations: Center of Reproduction, Development & Aging and Institute of Translation Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China.

Abstract:  The most common form of dementia is Alzheimer's disease which is characterized by memory loss and cognitive disorders. The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease is not known at present but toxicity of amyloid-beta is one of the central hypotheses. Amyloid-beta can stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cause oxidative stress, damage mitochondrial, cause inflammatory reactions and activate apoptosis related factors which lead to the neuronal death. In this study, we found that artemisinin, a first line antimalarial drug used in clinic for decades, improved the cognitive functions in Alzheimer's disease animal model 3xTg mice. Further study showed that artemisinin reduced the deposition of amyloid-beta and tau protein, reduced the release of inflammation factors and apoptosis factors, and thereby reduced the neuronal cell death. Western blot assay showed that artemisinin stimulated the activation of ERK/CREB signaling pathway. Consistent with these results, artemisinin concentration-dependently promoted the survival of SH-SY5Y cell against toxicity of amyloid-beta protein 1-42 induced ROS accumulation, caspase activation and apoptosis. Artemisinin also stimulated the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and CREB in SH-SY5Y cells in time and concentration-dependent manner. Inhibition of ERK/CREB pathway attenuated the protective effect of artemisinin. These data put together suggested that artemisinin has the potential to protect neuronal cells in vitro as well as in vivo animal model 3xTg mice via, at least in part, the activation of the ERK/CREB pathway. Our findings also strongly support the potential of artemisinin as a new multi-target drug that can be used for preventing and treating the Alzheimer's disease. 

Retracted: No

PubPeer comments:
 The article was not reviewed properly. How can this be published? WT mice were declared as 1 (100%) in diagramms Fig. 2 D and E vs 3xTG mice having 5x Abeta as compared to WT. This is NOT possible: WT mice have no hAbeta, mABeta is at least 3logs lower as compared to transgenes (depends on the model). Same problem applies for Tau phosporylation measurements ... WT (100% ?) vs 3xTg All histological pictures have very poor quality ... zoom in in regions but highly varying staining intensity. How was this quantitated? , 
 We see problems in interpreting the results of the determination of Abeta and Tau in the 3xTg model treated with Artemisiminin. Abeta is presented as fold change versus wild-type mice..... these mice have no Abeta deposition, perhaps some little amounts of soluble mouse Abeta, but no plaques or detectable stainable deposits by nature. You need at least a APP transgene to generate Abeta deposits. How can you interpret the data, knowing that fold-change versus ZERO is mathematically not defined (division by zero)? 3xTg WT = undefined (Using background values do not qualify to be noted as WT basis values.) ,