Green synthesis palladium nanoparticles mediated by white tea () extract with antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiproliferative activities toward the human leukemia (MOLT-4) cell line
Authors: Heshu Sulaiman Rahman
Abdullah Rasedee
Mahnaz Mahdavi Shahri
Susan Azizi
Raha Abdul Rahim
Rosfarizan Mohamad
Journal: International journal of nanomedicine (2017)
Discipline: PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY
Keywords: cytotoxicity; green synthesis; leukemic cells; medical application; nanobiotechnology
Affiliations: Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia., Department of Chemistry, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran., College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani Nwe., College of Health Science, Komar University of Science and Technology (KUST), Chaq-Chaq Qularaise, Sulaimani City, Iraq., Faculty of Veterinary Medicine., Laboratory of Biopolymer and Derivatives, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

Abstract:  Among nanoparticles used for medical applications, palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) are among the least investigated. This study was undertaken to develop PdNPs by green synthesis using white tea (W.tea; Camellia sinensis) extract to produce the Pd@W.tea NPs. The Pd@W.tea NPs were characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy and X-ray diffractometry, and evaluated with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The Pd@W.tea NPs were spherical (size 6-18 nm) and contained phenols and flavonoids acquired from the W.tea extract. Pd@W.tea NPs has good 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), OH, and NO-scavenging properties as well as antibacterial effects toward Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli. MTT assay showed that Pd@W.tea NPs (IC50 =0.006 μM) were more antiproliferative toward the human leukemia (MOLT-4) cells than the W.tea extract (IC50 =0.894 μM), doxorubicin (IC50 =2.133 μM), or cisplatin (IC50 =0.013 μM), whereas they were relatively innocuous for normal human fibroblast (HDF-a) cells. The anticancer cell effects of Pd@W.tea NPs are mediated through the induction of apoptosis and G2/M cell-cycle arrest. 

Retracted: Yes

PubPeer comments:
 https: imgur.com a zZiwVhn , 
 #1 ![file] , 
 In addition to the repeated areas between 8A and 8B shown in #1 (with which I agree), there also appear to be repeated areas within Figures 8A and 8B. Shown with colored boxes. Note one area (circled in magenta) appears different. Reported to journal April 2021, and again today. *** ![file] , 
 retracted [15 March 2022] . -------------- The Editor and Publisher of *International Journal of Nanomedicine* wish to retract the published article. Concerns were raised regarding the alleged duplication and manipulation of images shown in Figure 8. The authors responded to our queries and could not provide the original data but agreed that no features within the images shown should appear duplicated. The authors wish to apologize for this error and agree with the decision to retract the article. Our decision-making was informed by our policy on publishing ethics and integrity and the COPE guidelines on retraction. The retracted article will remain online to maintain the scholarly record, but it will be digitally watermarked on each page as u201cRetractedu201d. ,