miR-93 functions as an oncomiR for the downregulation of PDCD4 in gastric carcinoma
Authors: Zheng Fu
Zhicong Liao
Yujing Zhang
Xi Chen
Hongwei Liang
Feng Wang
Wen Guo
Hao Zhu
Xin Yan
Wenxian Guan
Weijie Zhang
Danping Chu
Journal: Scientific Reports (2016)
Discipline: Multidisciplinary
Keywords: Programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4); tumor suppressor gene; gastric cancer; miR-93; apoptosis
Affiliations: State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China., Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School of Nanjing University and Nanjing Multi-center Biobank, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China., Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School of Nanjing University and Nanjing Multi-center Biobank, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China., Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School of Nanjing University and Nanjing Multi-center Biobank, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China., Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School of Nanjing University and Nanjing Multi-center Biobank, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China., Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Municipal Hospital for Governmental Organizations, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210018, China.

Abstract:  Programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4), as a tumor suppressor gene, is frequently reduced in a variety of tumors, including gastric cancer. Previous findings have indicated that PDCD4 participates in tumorigenesis through the regulation of apoptosis, but the molecular basis of this process has not been fully elucidated, and no studies have shown the upstream regulation of this gene in gastric cancer. In this study, we used bioinformatics analysis to search for miRNAs that could potentially target PDCD4 and identified miR-93 as a candidate. Moreover, we observed the inverse correlation between miR-93 and PDCD4 protein levels, but not mRNA levels, in human gastric cancer tissues. We further experimentally validated PDCD4 as the direct target of miR-93 by evaluating PDCD4 expression in gastric cancer cells after the overexpression or knockdown of miR-93. Additionally, the biological consequences of targeting PDCD4 through miR-93 were examined using cell apoptosis assays in vitro. We demonstrated that the repression of PDCD4 through miR-93 suppressed the apoptosis of gastric cancer cells. Finally, we revealed that miR-93 promoted the development of gastric tumor growth in xenograft mice by negatively regulating PDCD4. Taken together, the findings of the present study indicated the oncogenic role of miR-93 in gastric cancer tumorigenesis through targeting PDCD4, particularly in apoptosis. 

Retracted: No

PubPeer comments:
 Figure 6G appears to have two images which overlap. *** ![file] , 
 Dear Actinopolyspora Biskrensis, Thank you very much for raising this concern. We will contact the first author and re-examine the raw data and laboratory records. According to the survey results, we will contact the journal to explain what has happened and feed back to your website. Thank you very much for pointing this issue for us! Regards Dr. Xi Chen , 
 Dear Actinopolyspora Biskrensis Thank you very much for pointing out the error! I have carefully checked the raw data of the related figure. This error was made due to editing and assembly of the raw data of HE staining. In order to do the statistics and comprehensive analysis of the HE staining of tumor tissue, we need to use the microscope to take pictures from one field to another for one section. During this process, we mistakenly marked a picture as u201ch-1u201d (rescue group), which was in fact belong to the control group and should be marked as u201cc-11u201d. In this way, we mistakenly chose the picture with a u201ch-1u201d mark as a representative picture for rescue group during the preparation of the manuscript. In fact, the corrected representative picture for rescue group should be the picture marked as u201ch-2u201d. As shown in the following clarification, I have checked the raw data and figured out what has happened. I apologize to our readers for any confusion this unintentional error might have caused. I will take this as a serious warning and do my works more carefully in the future research process. My email address is lianghongwei0418@163.com. I sincerely welcome you to communicate with me about the data. Additionally, we will contact the editorial office of Scientific Reports for correction and the corrected data will be published soon. Sincerely, Hongwei Liang **The correct figure ** ![file] **The detailed clarification** The relevant data of this article is stored in the folder named u201cPDCD4u201d. ![file] The original data of this article is stored in a folder named u201craw datau201d. ![file] The original data of animal experiments in this article is stored in the folder named  u52a8u7269u5b9eu9a8c .  u52a8u7269u5b9eu9a8c means to animal experiments. ![file] The original data of HE staining in this article is stored in the folder named u201cHEu201d. u201ccu201d means to control group, which refers to Control lentivirus (from u201cc-1u201d to u201cc-10u201d). u201chu201d means to rescue group (u201chuifuu201d in Chinese (u56deu590d)), which refers to u201cmiR-93 lentivirus + PDCD4 plasmidu201d (from u201ch-1u201d to u201ch-11u201d). u201cmu201d refers to miR-93 lentivirus (from u201cm-1u201d to u201cm-11u201d). u201cpu201d refers to PDCD4 plasmid (from u201cp-1u201d to u201cp-10u201d). ![file] Since we don t have the equipment to scan the slides of HE staining, we took pictures of the slices from multiple fields to comprehensively evaluate the growth of the tumors. When selecting the field of vision, it would inevitably lead to some overlapping of some fields. In our study, we took 10 to 11 pictures for each group. When taking and saving photos, we mistakenly marked a picture as u201ch-1u201d, which was in fact belong to the control group and should be marked as u201cc-11u201d. In this way, we mistakenly chose the picture with a u201ch-1u201d mark as a representative picture for rescue group. In fact, the corrected representative pictures for rescue group should be the picture marked as u201ch-2u201d. ![file] , 
 #1 Dear Actinopolyspora Biskrensis Thank you very much for pointing out the error! I have carefully checked the raw data of the related figure. This error was made due to editing and assembly of the raw data of HE staining. In order to do the statistics and comprehensive analysis of the HE staining of tumor tissue, we need to use the microscope to take pictures from one field to another for one section. During this process, we mistakenly marked a picture as u201ch-1u201d (rescue group), which was in fact belong to the control group and should be marked as u201cc-11u201d. In this way, we mistakenly chose the picture with a u201ch-1u201d mark as a representative picture for rescue group during the preparation of the manuscript. In fact, the corrected representative picture for rescue group should be the picture marked as u201ch-2u201d. As shown in the following clarification, I have checked the raw data and figured out what has happened. I apologize to our readers for any confusion this unintentional error might have caused. I will take this as a serious warning and do my works more carefully in the future research process. My email address is lianghongwei0418@163.com. I sincerely welcome you to communicate with me about the data. Additionally, we will contact the editorial office of Scientific Reports for correction and the corrected data will be published soon. Sincerely, Hongwei Liang The correct figure ![file] The detailed clarification The relevant data of this article is stored in the folder named u201cPDCD4u201d. ![file] The original data of this article is stored in a folder named u201craw datau201d. ![file] The original data of animal experiments in this article is stored in the folder named  u52a8u7269u5b9eu9a8c .  u52a8u7269u5b9eu9a8c means to animal experiments. ![file] The original data of HE staining in this article is stored in the folder named u201cHEu201d. u201ccu201d means to control group, which refers to Control lentivirus (from u201cc-1u201d to u201cc-10u201d). u201chu201d means to rescue group (u201chuifuu201d in Chinese (u56deu590d)), which refers to u201cmiR-93 lentivirus + PDCD4 plasmidu201d (from u201ch-1u201d to u201ch-11u201d). u201cmu201d refers to miR-93 lentivirus (from u201cm-1u201d to u201cm-11u201d). u201cpu201d refers to PDCD4 plasmid (from u201cp-1u201d to u201cp-10u201d). ![file] Since we don t have the equipment to scan the slides of HE staining, we took pictures of the slices from multiple fields to comprehensively evaluate the growth of the tumors. When selecting the field of vision, it would inevitably lead to some overlapping of some fields. In our study, we took 10 to 11 pictures for each group. When taking and saving photos, we mistakenly marked a picture as u201ch-1u201d, which was in fact belong to the control group and should be marked as u201cc-11u201d. In this way, we mistakenly chose the picture with the u201ch-1u201d mark as a representative picture for rescue group. In fact, the corrected representative pictures for rescue group should be the picture marked as u201ch-2u201d. ![file] , 
 Published: 14 September 2021 The original version of this Article contains errors in Figure 6G. The image showing miR-93 lentivirus + PDCD4 plasmid at HE 200u00d7 is a partial duplication of the image showing control lentivirus at HE 200u00d7 . The correct Figure 6 and accompanying legend appear below. ![file] ,