Autophagy promotes metastasis and glycolysis by upregulating MCT1 expression and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway activation in hepatocellular carcinoma cells
Authors: Yan Li
Lei Dong
Xiangdong Hua
Jingang Liu
Qing Fan
Hangyu Li
Yingbo Ma
Liang Yang
Zhihong Zong
Xiaodong Zhang
Dongming Su
Journal: Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research (2018)
Discipline: CLINICAL MEDICINE
Keywords: Autophagy; Glycolysis; MCT1; Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
Affiliations: Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China., Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Laboratory (TAML), Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China., Departments of Laparoscopic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116001, China., Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, 100013, China., Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, 110042, China., Center of Cellular therapy, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210011, China., Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China. .

Abstract:  Background: Autophagy is a dynamic physiological process that can generate energy and nutrients for cell survival during stress. Autophagy can regulate the migration and invasive ability in cancer cells. However, the connection between autophagy and metabolism is unclear. Monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) plays an important role in lactic acid transport and H+ clearance in cancer cells, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling can increase cancer cell glycolysis. We investigated whether autophagy promotes glycolysis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, accompanied by MCT1 upregulation. Methods: Autophagic activity was evaluated using western blotting, immunoblotting, and transmission electron microscopy. The underlying mechanisms of autophagy activation on HCC cell glycolysis were studied via western blotting, and Transwell, lactate, and glucose assays. MCT1 expression was detected using quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (real-time PCR), western blotting, and immunostaining of HCC tissues and the paired adjacent tissues. Results: Autophagy promoted HCC cell glycolysis accompanied by MCT1 upregulation. Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway activation mediated the effect of autophagy on HCC cell glycolysis. β-Catenin downregulation inhibited the autophagy-induced glycolysis in HCC cells, and reduced MCT1 expression in the HCC cells. MCT1 was highly expressed in HCC tissues, and high MCT1 expression correlated positively with the expression of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3). Conclusion: Activation of autophagy can promote metastasis and glycolysis in HCC cells, and autophagy induces MCT1 expression by activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Our study describes the connection between autophagy and glucose metabolism in HCC cells and may provide a potential therapeutic target for HCC treatment. 

Retracted: No

PubPeer comments:
 Fig 1(d).  transmission electron microscopy showed autophagosomes in the starved HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells cultured with control, EBSS or EBSS + 3MA for 6 h . There may have been an error in the selection of images. Could the authors check? ![file] , 
 **Figure 2a appears to have overlapping images.** ![file] ,