Regulation of Inflammatory Reaction in Health and Disease
Authors: Dana Flavin
Maria Grazia Roccia
Linda Cota
Massimo Fioranelli
Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences (2021)
Discipline: CHEMISTRY
Keywords: low dose medicine; low grade chronic inflammation; psycho-neuro-endocrine-immunology; systems medicine (SM).
Affiliations: Department of Human Sciences, Guglielmo Marconi University, 00193 Rome, Italy., Instituto Terapie Sistemiche Integrate, 00181 Rome, Italy.

Abstract:  Inflammation is a key mechanism for the clearance of infective agents and other inflammatory triggers and is pivotal for the repairing processes of the affected tissues. Inflammation is a multistep process driven by a great number of mediators which regulate specific aspects of the inflammatory response, in agreement with a well-defined chronobiological program. A great number of inflammation-related diseases show a deeply altered immune chronobiology (e.g., COVID-19-related cytokines storm). This aspect highlights the need for a deeper understanding of the inflammatory phenomenon. It is fundamental to study inflammation as a multilevel phenomenon. Of particular interest is the low-grade chronic inflammation, which is an etiological factor of many chronic diseases. Nowadays, the therapeutic approach to low grade chronic inflammation is one of the great challenges of traditional pharmacology. Currently, no drugs specifically designed for the treatment of chronic inflammatory forms are available. Today, bioregulatory systems medicine (BrSM) and low dose medicine (LDM), two pharmacological paradigms grounded in systems medicine, potentially represent new tools for the treatment of inflammation-related diseases. Scientific research has assessed the effectiveness and safety of both these therapeutic approaches, in particular for the management of chronic inflammatory conditions and chronic immunological dysregulations. 

Retracted: No

PubPeer comments:
  the MDs to overcome the reductionist perspective, which represented the guiding paradigm of medicine in the last century by addressing the clinical approach to the patient and the development of new drugs. According to the reductionist viewpoint, a complex system such as the human organism is divided into multiple parts, considered in isolation or as individual parts of a whole in which, from time to time, a particular relevance and importance is attributed to a single part higher than the others. This was the case in the interpretation of physio-pathology and in the investigation of the etiopathogenetic pathways of most diseases, as well as in the research and development of drugs, which rarely deviate from the one-drug-one cell-one target guideline (a drug-a cell-a target) and which have almost always been designed to act on a single target without considering its multiple connections and interrelationships, coming to idealize them as a sort of magic bullet. **Today, two pharmacological paradigms, grounded in SM, named (i) bioregulatory systems medicine (BrSMu2014based on the use of low dosages of natural principles mainly of vegetal, mineral, chemical and animal origin combined in multicomponent multitarget drugs) and (ii) low dose medicine (LDMu2014based on the use of low dosages of biological molecules such as cytokines, neuropeptides, hormones, and growth factors) have provided the MDs new tools for the treatment of inflammation-based diseases. ** This paper quite literally proposes homeopathy as a treatment for all inflammatory conditions known to humankind , 
 #1  This paper quite literally proposes homeopathy as a treatment for all inflammatory conditions known to humankind True, when the authors refer to  dilute biological and mineral extracts , they mean  water . But to be fair, they have replaced the  succussion of classical homeopathy (striking the vial sharply with a bible to potentiate the magic after each stage of dilution) with  Sequential Kinetic Activation , which sounds less like medieval superstition and far more scientifical. E.g.  BrSM multicomponent multitarget drugs and SKA (Sequential Kinetic Activation) activated low-dose cytokines . ,