RETRACTED ARTICLE: A comparative pulmonary pharmacokinetic study of budesonide using polymeric nanoparticles targeted to the lungs in treatment of asthma
Authors: Wasim Ahmad
Mohd Amir
Niyaz Ahmad
Khalid Ansari
Rizwan Ahmad
Abuzer Ali
Mortaja Zaki Almakhamel
Farhan Jalees Ahmad
Journal: Artificial Cells Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (2020)
Discipline: BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY
Keywords: BUD-NPs; Budesonide; Comparative Pulmokinetics; Inhalational Drug Delivery for Asthma; UHPLC-MS/MS.
Affiliations: Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Department of Respiratory Care, College of Applied Medical Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Department of Pharmacy, Mohammad Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Safaa, Dammam, Saudi Arabia, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia, Nanomedicine Lab, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, India

Abstract:  Budesonide (BUD) exhibits a very low bioavailability to lungs which makes it less favourable as an inhalational dosage form. Developed-Nanoparticles (NPs) [coated with chitosan (CS)] i.e. BUD-NPs are intended to enhance lungs-BUD bioavailability, aerosolization, lungs deposition as well as pharmacokinetic profile for BUD-NPs. BUD-NPs were developed through single-emulsification-solvent-evaporation technique. Characterisation of BUD-NPs was done for particle size, zeta potential, size distribution, encapsulation efficiency, and in vitro drug-release. A particle size (196.4 ± 10.05 nm) with smooth and spherical shape alongwith zeta potential (11.8 ± 0.91 mV) and drug-content (44.64 ± 2.91 µg/mg) was observed. Ultra-high-performance-liquid-chromatography-mass spectroscopy (UHPLC-MS/MS) study was successfully applied for comparative effects of BUD-NPs lungs bioavailability via major delivery routes, and their biological effects. The NPs i.e. BUD-NPs revealed more bioavailability and in vivo lung deposition in animal model as compared to oral (3.0-times-higher) and i.v. (2.0-times-higher). BUD 0.75 min and 431.61/323.16 m/z whereas Fluticasone (IS) 1.16 min and 501.42/313.31 m/z, elution time and transition respectively. The CS-approach was successfully designed and safely delivered BUD to the lungs without causing any risk. BUD-NPs did not cause any toxicity, it showed safety and have no obvious toxic-effects on the rat's lungs and does not produce any mortality followed by no abnormal findings in the treated-rats. 

Retracted: Yes

PubPeer comments:
 This article examined the agreement and divergence between global ratings of life-satisfaction and daily satisfaction ratings. This is an interesting and important topic, but the authors do not provide an accurate review of the prior literature.  Chronically accessible information refers to any type of information that is brought to mind repeatedly over time. Temporarily accessible information can take the form of oneu2019s present mood (Schwarz Clore, 1983), thoughts about your current romantic situation (Schwarz, Strack, Mai, 1991), or thoughts about the current state of the country (Deaton Stone, 2016). Chronically as well as temporarily accessible sources of information can have profound effects on subsequent judgments of global well-being reports.  This statement is misleading and fails to cite relevant literature. Neither mood effects, nor item-context effects on life-satisfaction judgments are robust. The study by Schwarz, Strack and Mai reported extremely large effects that failed to replicate and a meta-analysis shows much weaker effect sizes (Manylabs2, Schimmack Oishi, 2005). The mood effects also fail to replicate (Eid Diener, 2004, Yap et al., 2017). The biased literature review undermines the scientific credibility of this article. https: journals.sagepub.com doi full 10.1177 2515245918810225 https: psycnet.apa.org record 2005-13299-010 https: psycnet.apa.org record 2003-10111-001 https: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc articles PMC5899828 , 
 Regarding item context effects, suffice it to say that Schimmack Oishi s (2005) own results support the conclusion Schimmack questions here:  Chronically as well as temporarily accessible sources of information can have profound effects on subsequent judgments of global well-being reports.  Regarding mood effects, the Yap et al (2017) paper obtained mood effects in the studies that successfully induced a mood and did not obtain mood effects in studies that did not induce a mood (according to their manipulation checks). When an experiment fails to realize the independent variable, it is nondiagnostic for the theoretical prediction tested. I previously commented in more detail on the Yap et al paper and arguments like Schimmack s current comment at the link below. https: www.researchgate.net publication 318969888_Errors_of_reasoning_and_experimentation_A_Comment_on_Yap_Wortman_Anusic_Baker_Scherer_Donellan_Lucas_2016 ,