Construction and immunogenicity of DNA vaccines encoding fusion protein of porcine IFN- λ 1 and GP5 gene of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
Authors: Eric Tarr
Susan Nittrouer
Journal: BioMed Research International (2013)
Discipline: BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY
Keywords: children; adults; speech signals; harmonicity; coherence masking protection
Affiliations: College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Wei-gang, Nanjing 210095, China ; Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210014, China ; Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases, Diagnostics, and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210014, China ; National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-Products, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210014, China., Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210014, China ; Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases, Diagnostics, and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210014, China ; National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-Products, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210014, China ; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China., College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Wei-gang, Nanjing 210095, China., State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Division of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.

Abstract:  In three experiments, we tested the hypothesis that children are more obliged than adults to fuse components of speech signals and asked whether the principle of harmonicity could explain the effect or whether it is, instead, due to children's implementing speech-based mechanisms. Coherence masking protection (CMP) was used, which involves labeling a phonetically relevant formant (the target) presented in noise, either alone or in combination with a stable spectral band (the cosignal) that provides no additional information about phonetic identity and is well outside the critical band of the target. Adults and children (8 and 5 years old) heard stimuli that were either synthetic speech or hybrids consisting of sine wave targets and synthetic cosignals. The target and cosignal either shared a common harmonic structure or did not. An adaptive procedure located listeners' thresholds for accurate labeling. Lower thresholds when the cosignal is present indicate CMP. Younger children demonstrated CMP effects that were both larger in magnitude and less susceptible to disruptions in harmonicity than those observed for adults. The conclusion was that children are obliged to integrate spectral components of speech signals, a perceptual strategy based on their recognition of when all components come from the same generator. 

Retracted: Yes

PubPeer comments:
 Figure 1. * Panels a) and b) appear to look very similar, except for the presence absence of a 2692 band. This high-MW band is also  smiling while the 575 bp band is  frowning . Such different shapes are very unusual for bands running in the same lane. Could the authors please explain what happened here? ![file] , 
 #1 Thank you very much for pointing out the mistakes of Figure 2 in our published work. Firstly, we apologized that we could not find out the original picture of Figure 2a as it were seven years passed and the experiment had already been finished. We have made a new figure of the PCR amplification as follows (Fig 2a and Fig 2a-original picture) . Secondly, the original picture of Figure 2b is as follows (Fig 3). Other problem is about the different shapes in the same lane, I think it may be related to the machine and electrophoresis, and we find that the phenomenon of different shapes in the same lane was usual in our lab, and we provided other pictures to illustrate the question. As shown in the Fig 4, the marker in the right lane, the first band was u201csmilingu201d and the fourth band was u201cfrowningu201d in the same lane. We will contact the journal editorial office as soon as possible to correct the Figure2a. Thank you again for helping us find and correct the mistake. ![file] ![file] ![file] ![file] , 
 Retraction, 26 March 2022, found here: https: www.hindawi.com journals bmri 2022 9802362  BioMed Research International has retracted the article titled u201cConstruction and Immunogenicity of DNA Vaccines Encoding Fusion Protein of Porcine IFN-u03bb 1 and GP5 Gene of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virusu201d [1]. As raised on PubPeer [2], the article was found to contain discrepancies in Figures 2(a) and 2(b). Specifically, panels (a) and (b) in Figure 2 appear to be very similar, except for the presence absence of the band in lane 1 at 2692u2009bp. There are also inconsistencies with the expected orientation of the bands. The authors responded to explain that different shapes in the same lane may be due to the machine and electrophoresis, however, it was determined that this was not a satisfactory response, and the article is therefore being retracted with the agreement of the Editorial Board. The authors agree to the retraction and the notice. I thank the journal and editors for this decision. ,