Phosphorylation of SATB1, a global gene regulator, acts as a molecular switch regulating its transcriptional activity in vivo
Authors: Ranveer S Jayani
Amita Limaye
Dimple Notani
Chandan Kumar Sinha
Prabhat Kumar Purbey
Sanjeev Galande
P Pavan Kumar
Journal: Molecular Cell (2006)
Discipline: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY & GENETICS
Keywords: SATB1; gene expression; chromatin remodeling; enzymes; corepressors
Affiliations: National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India.

Abstract:  SATB1 regulates gene expression by acting as a "docking site" for several chromatin remodeling enzymes and also by recruiting corepressors (HDACs) or coactivators (HATs) directly to promoters. However, how these contrasting effectors act at the level of SATB1 is not clear. We show here that phosphorylation by PKC acts as a switch to determine whether SATB1 interacts with HDAC1 or PCAF. Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of SATB1 exerted opposing effects on MAR-linked reporter activity in vivo. SATB1 interacted with both CBP/p300 and PCAF HATs; however, these interactions resulted in the acetylation of the PDZ-like domain of SATB1 by PCAF but not by CBP/p300 and resulted in loss of its DNA binding activity. Using the T cell activation model, we provide mechanistic insights into how IL-2 transcription is reciprocally governed by the phosphorylation status of SATB1 and propose that a similar mechanism may dictate the ability of SATB1 to function as a global regulator. 

Retracted: No

PubPeer comments:
 Figure 2.  CLSM images of quercetin non-mucoadhesive nanoemulsion (QNE) and quercetin mucoadhesive nanoemulsion (QMNE). ![] Figure 1 from [Ahmed et al (2017)] .  CLSM images of non-mucoadhesive safranal nanoemulsion (SNE) (A) and safranal mucoadhesive nanoemulsion (SMNE) (B). ![] No other comment. , 
 Figure 1.  ... transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (D) images of quercetin mucoadhesive nanoemulsion. Surprising overlap (after rotation and rescaling) with Fig 1(E) of [Ahmad et al (2014)] ,  TEM image of PNIPAM-DMC . ![file] , 
 Fig 1D also overlaps more than one might expect with *[below]* Fig 6 from [Ahmad et al (2017)] ,  Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of SNEDDS with a Qur of optimized Qur-SNEDDS. ![file] , 
 Retracted [11 January 2021] . ------------------------------ We, the Editors and Publishers of Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, have retracted the following article: Niyaz Ahmad, Rizwan Ahmad, Atta Abbas Naqvi, Md Aftab Alam, Mohammad Ashafaq, Rehan Abdur Rub Farhan Jalees Ahmad. (2018). Intranasal delivery of quercetin-loaded mucoadhesive nanoemulsion for treatment of cerebral ischaemia. Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology. 46:4, 717u2013729. DOI: 10.1080 21691401.2017.1337024 This article is retracted due to reuse of images from other articles by the same authors, representing results of different experiments. This includes Figure 2, which can also be found in: Ahmad et al. (2017). The effect of safranal loaded mucoadhesive nanoemulsion on oxidative stress markers in cerebral ischaemia. Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology. https: doi.org 10.1080 21691401.2016.1228659 In addition, concerns were raised regarding the integrity of other Figures in the article, including Figures 1 and 7. When asked for an explanation, the authors were unable to provide raw data that would support the integrity of their research. As the authors were unable to provide the original images, the Editors agreed the findings of the study are no longer valid and advised for the article to be retracted. The authors do not agree with the retraction. We have been informed in our decision-making by our policy on publishing ethics and integrity and the COPE guidelines on retractions. The retracted article will remain online to maintain the scholarly record, but it will be digitally watermarked on each page as u201cRetractedu201d. ,