<p>Development and Evaluation of in-situ Nasal Gel Formulations of Nanosized Transferosomal Sumatriptan: Design, Optimization, in vitro and in vivo Evaluation</p>
Authors: Omiya Ali Hasan
Nermin E Eleraky
Mahmoud M Omar
Amani M El Sisi
Journal: Drug Design Development and Therapy (2019)
Discipline: PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY
Keywords: SUT; nanotransferosomes; sumatriptan succinate; thermosensitive in-situ gel and intranasal drug delivery system.
Affiliations: Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Deraya University, El-Minia, Egypt., Department of Pharmaceutics, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt., Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Arab Republic of Egypt., Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.

Abstract:  Background: Sumatriptan succinate (SUT) is a potent drug used for relieving or ending migraine and cluster headaches. SUT bioavailability is low (15%) when it is taken orally owing to its gastric breakdown and bloodstream before reaching the target arteries. Aim: The aim of the study was to enhance SUT bioavailability through developing an intranasal transferosomal mucoadhesive gel. Methods: SUT-loaded nanotransferosomes were prepared by thin film hydration method and characterized for various parameters such as vesicle diameter, percent entrapment efficiency (%EE), in vitro release and ex vivo permeation studies. The in-situ gels were prepared using various ratios of poloxamer 407, poloxamer 188, and carrageenan and characterized for gelation temperature, mucoadhesive strength, and rheological properties. Results: The prepared transferosomes exhibited percent entrapment efficiencies (%EE) of 40.41¬±3.02 to 77.47¬±2.85%, mean diameters of 97.25 to 245.01 nm, sustained drug release over 6 hours, and acceptable ex vivo permeation findings. The optimum formulae were incorporated into poloxamer 407 and poloxamer 188-based thermosensitive in-situ gel using carrageenan as a mucoadhesive polymer. Pharmacokinetic evaluation showed that the prepared in-situ gel of SUT-loaded nano-transferosomes gave enhanced bioavailability, 4.09-fold, as compared to oral drug solution. Conclusion: Based on enhancing the bioavailability and sustaining the drug release, it can be concluded that the in-situ gel of SUT-loaded nano-transferosomes were developed as a promising non-invasive drug delivery system for treating migraine. 

Retracted: Yes

PubPeer comments:
 The claimed data information in section 2.a are unsupported unreferenced. Could the authors please provide the relevant supporting references for their claimed data information in section 2.a Figure 1 Table 1?     , 
 Could the authors clarify the reason for providing some of their references without the complete names of the involved authors in those reference papers? Where this idea of camouflaging is coming from?     How come these incomplete references list (without authors names) survived proofreading by the coauthors, editors, referees, copy editors, and typesetters? https: pubpeer.com search?q=Naresh+Devineni , 
 I believe the em-dash reflects the use of the [_Chicago Manual of Style_] :   See also these author s guidelines from the [_World Meteorological Organization Writing and Style Guide_] :  ,