Carbon ion radiation inhibits glioma and endothelial cell migration induced by secreted VEGF
Authors: Rong Zhou
Luwei Zhang
Hong Zhang
Aihong Mao
Yuting Du
Yang Liu
Lu Gan
Chao Sun
Yuanyuan Liu
Journal: PLoS ONE (2014)
Discipline: Multidisciplinary
Keywords: carbon ion radiation; X-ray radiation; tumor microenvironment; migration; glioma cells
Affiliations: Department of Radiation Medicine, Institute of Modern physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China., Department of Radiation Medicine, Institute of Modern physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China., Lanzhou University, Hospital of Stomatology, Lanzhou, China.

Abstract:  This study evaluated the effects of carbon ion and X-ray radiation and the tumor microenvironment on the migration of glioma and endothelial cells, a key process in tumorigenesis and angiogenesis during cancer progression. C6 glioma and human microvascular endothelial cells were treated with conditioned medium from cultures of glioma cells irradiated at a range of doses and the migration of both cell types, tube formation by endothelial cells, as well as the expression and secretion of migration-related proteins were evaluated. Exposure to X-ray radiation-conditioned medium induced dose-dependent increases in cell migration and tube formation, which were accompanied by an upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 expression. However, glioma cells treated with conditioned medium of cells irradiated at a carbon ion dose of 4.0 Gy showed a marked decrease in migratory potential and VEGF secretion relative to non-irradiated cells. The application of recombinant VEGF165 stimulated migration in glioma and endothelial cells, which was associated with increased FAK phosphorylation at Tyr861, suggesting that the suppression of cell migration by carbon ion radiation could be via VEGF-activated FAK signaling. Taken together, these findings indicate that carbon ion may be superior to X-ray radiation for inhibiting tumorigenesis and angiogenesis through modulation of VEGF level in the glioma microenvironment. 

Retracted: No

PubPeer comments:
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 August 2015 correction found here: https: journals.plos.org plosone article?id=10.1371 journal.pone.0135508 From the text of the correction:  Concerns were raised by a reader about Fig 1A and 2A of this paper, where multiple panels appear to have been derived from the same microscopic image. PLOS Staff Editors contacted the authors for a response to these concerns and to request the original images for these figures. The authors acknowledged that some of the panels were derived from the same image, which they suggested was caused by errors when cropping and cutting the original images. The authors have declared that the figure errors have no effect on the results and conclusions of the study. They have provided the journal office with the original and corrected images for Figs 1 and 2. The original images and corrected figures have been reviewed by a Section Editor, who is satisfied with the authors response to the concerns. Please view the corrected images for Figs 1 and 2 below. The original images are included in S1 File. I was Peer 1 and I reported this concern in June 2014. The duplication in Figure 1A marked above was also used in our paper describing inappropriate image duplications, i.e. Bik et al. mBio (2016), doi: 10.1128 mBio.00809-16 - https: mbio.asm.org content 7 3 e00809-16 ,