Protective effect of madecassoside against cognitive impairment induced by D-galactose in mice
Authors: Shimei Tan
Yuanchun Tian
Xing Lin
Shujuan Lv
Shijun Zhang
Ling Wei
Shuang Liang
Yongxin Chen
Quanfang Huang
Renbin Huang
Zhongpeng Lu
Chunhong Liang
Journal: Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior (2014)
Discipline: NEUROSCIENCE & BEHAVIOR
Keywords: ERK/p38 MAPK; Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides; Madecassoside; Memory impairment; NF-Œ∫B
Affiliations: Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China., The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530023, China., The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530023, China; Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU - Langone Medical Center, USA., The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530023, China. Electronic address: .

Abstract:  This study was designed to investigate the protective effect of madecassoside from Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides against cognitive impairment induced by D-galactose (D-gal) in mice. The result revealed that treatment with madecassoside significantly reversed D-gal-induced learning and memory impairments, as measured by the Morris water-maze test. Studies on the potential mechanisms of this action showed that madecassoside significantly reduced oxidative stress and suppress inflammatory responses via blocking NF-Œ∫B and ERK/p38 MAPK pathways. Moreover, madecassoside markedly attenuated the content and deposition of Œ≤-amyloid peptide by inducing a decrease in the expression of amyloid protein precursor, Œ≤-site amyloid cleaving enzyme-1 and cathepsin B and an increase in the levels of neprilysin and insulin-degrading enzyme. Madecassoside significantly increased the expression of synapse plasticity-related proteins in the hippocampus, such as postsynaptic density 95, long-term potentiation, N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptors, Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, NMDA receptor subunit 1, protein kinase C, protein kinase A, cAMP-response element binding protein, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. In addition, madecassoside significantly increased the levels of acetylcholine but decreased cholinesterase activity. In conclusion, the protective effect of madecassoside against d-gal-induced cognitive impairment was mainly due to its ability to reduce oxidative damage, improve synaptic plasticity and restore cholinergic function. These findings suggest that madecassoside can be considered as a potential agent for preventing cognitive impairment. 

Retracted: No

PubPeer comments:
  Fig. 7. Effects of madecassoside on the expressions of synapse plasticity-related proteins in the hippocampus. The bands are from a representative blot. Lane-1: normal control group; lane-2: madecassoside control group; lane-3: D-gal-treated control group; lane-4, -5 and -6: 5, 10 and 20 mg kg madecassoside-treated groups.  PKC-gamma and BDNF bands are unexpectedly similar. Lanes 1, 2 and 3, 4 of the Actin loading band exhibit mirror symmetry. , 
 Fig 7 again, with color boxes around various bands...  ...for comparison with Fig 7 from [Wei et al (2015)] , after variously flipping or rotating them, and compressing them vertically.  Effects of pratensein on the expressions of synapse plasticity-related proteins in the hippocampus. The bands are a representative of the blot. I: sham control group; II: pratensein control group; III: Au03b21u201342-treated model control group; IV: 0.05 mg kg huperzine A-treated group; Vu2013VI: 10 and 20 mg kg pratensein-treated groups .  Neither band labels nor lane labels are the same. , 
 #1 Fig 7 again, here at right. At left: Fig 6A from [Lin et al (2013)] ,  The effects of AHS on the expressions of synapse plasticity-related proteins in hippocampus. (A) The bands are a representative of the blot. Lane 1, SAMR1 control group; lane 2, SAMP8 control group; lane 3, 0.02 mg kg huperzine A-treated group; lane 4u20136, 20, 40 and 80 mg kg AHS-treated groups.  The loading controls have four lanes in common (after a 180-def flip). Other blobs are also the same (after horizontal or vertical flips) but rescaled and in different orders. , 
 Fig 4A.  Effects of madecassoside on NF-u03baB activation in hippocampi. NF-u03baB p65 protein level (A) in hippocampi was determined by Western blot . Contrast-enhanced version below. Lanes 5 and 6 of the NF-u03baB band appear to be mirror images.  Fig 4E, with contrast-enhanced version below. The background is surprisingly similar between Lanes 1 and 2.  --------------------------------------------------------------------- Here, all the substantive WB bands from Fig 4, with contrast-enhanced versions at right. Another mirror symmetry marked between lanes 1 and 2 of 4C (p-p65), while lanes 1 2 of A and 3 4 of D are surprisingly similar. However, in this figure I ve emphasised the vertical discontinuities around the central two lanes of many bands.  , 
 Corrected [January 2021] . -------------------------------- The authors regret that the wrong Fig. 4, Fig. 6, Fig. 7 were published. The correct figures are provided in this corrigendum. The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.    , 
 #5 I agree with the authors that it was unfortunate that the original Figures 4, 6 and 7 were published. I feel, though, that the Corrigendum note could be longer. It appears that the authors had prepared one Figs 4 6 7 set which is genuine and features in the correction; and a second set with the appearance of collages or stamp collections, overlapping with images used in previous papers; and they used the second set by mistake. I would welcome a fuller explanation of how that second set came to exist. It would also be useful to learn more of the journal editors reasoning, when they decided to accept the replacement. They are not alone in this approach to regrettable illustrations. I compiled the following list of regret, from a range of journals but involving an overlapping roster of authors: -------------------------------------------------------  The authors regret that the wrong Figures 7 and 8 were published . [Hepatoprotective effects of total saponins isolated from Taraphochlamys affinis against carbon tetrachloride induced liver injury in rats] . QuanFang Huang, ShiJun Zhang, Li Zheng, Min He, RenBin Huang, Xing Lin, *Food and chemical toxicology* (2012). -------------------------------------------  The authors regret the incorrect publication of Figs. 3B, 3D, 4, 5B and 5C in the original article . [Antiviral activity of methyl helicterate isolated from Helicteres angustifolia (Sterculiaceae) against hepatitis B virus] . Quanfang Huang , Renbin Huang , Ling Wei , Yongxing Chen , Shujuan Lv , Chunhong Liang , Xuerong Zhang , Fujiang Yin , Hongtao Li , Lang Zhuo , Xing Lin, *Antiviral Research* (2013). ----------------------------------------------  The authors regret that the wrong Fig. 4, Fig. 6, Fig. 7 were published. [Protective effect of madecassoside against cognitive impairment induced by D-galactose in mice] . Xing Lin , Shijun Zhang , Renbin Huang , Ling Wei , Shimei Tan , Chunhong Liang , Shujuan Lv , Yongxin Chen , Shuang Liang , Yuanchun Tian , Zhongpeng Lu , Quanfang Huang, *Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior* (2014). --------------------------------------------------  The authors regret for the incorrect publication of Fig. 2, Fig. 5A in the original article. [Protective effect of tormentic acid from Potentilla chinensis against lipopolysaccharide D-galactosamine induced fulminant hepatic failure in mice] . Xing Lin , Shijun Zhang , Renbin Huang , Shimei Tan , Shuang Liang , Xiaoyan Wu , Lang Zhuo , Quanfang Huang, *International Immunopharmacology* (2014). ------------------------------------------------------  The authors regret that the wrong Figs. 3, 6B, 8 and 9 were published. [Didymin induces apoptosis through mitochondrial dysfunction and up-regulation of RKIP in human hepatoma cells] . Jinbin Wei , Quanfang Huang , Facheng Bai , Jun Lin , Jinlan Nie , Shengjuan Lu , Chunyuang Lu , Renbin Huang , Zhongpeng Lu , Xing Lin, *Chemico-Biological Interactions* (2017). -----------------------------------------------  The authors regret the incorrect publication of Figs. 3A, 4, 7, 8B and 11 in the original article . [Methyl helicterilate ameliorates alcohol-induced hepatic fibrosis by modulating TGF-u03b21 Smads pathway and mitochondria-dependent pathway] . Shujuan Wen , Yuanyuan Wei , Xiaolin Zhang , Facheng Bai , Shimei Tan , Jinlan Nie , Jinbin Wei, Xing Lin, *International Immunopharmacology* (2019). ,