[ {"source_document": "", "creation_year": 1822, "culture": " Spanish, North American Indian\n", "content": "Produced by David Starner, David Garcia and PG Distributed Proofreaders\n[Nota del transcriptor: Las irregularidades en acentuaci\u00f3n y ortograf\u00eda del\nespa\u00f1ol del libro original han sido retenidas en este texto digital]\n{Transcriber's note: The irregularities in accenting and orthography in the\nSpanish of the original have been retained in this etext.]\nSHEA'S LIBRARY OF AMERICAN LINGUISTICS.\nIV.\nGRAMMAR OF THE MUTSUN LANGUAGE,\nSPOKEN AT THE MISSION OF SAN JUAN BAUTISTA, ALTA CALIFORNIA.\nBY FATHER FELIPE ARROYO DE LA CUESTA,\nOF THE ORDER OF ST. FRANCIS.\nEXTRACTO\nDE LA\nGRAMATICA MUTSUN,\n\u00d3 DE LA LENGUA DE LOS NATURALES DE LA\nMISION DE SAN JUAN BAUTISTA,\nCOMPUESTA\nPOR EL REV. PADRE FRAY FELIPE ARROYO\nDE LA CUESTA,\nDEL ORDEN SERAFICO DE N.P. SAN FRANCISCO, MINISTRO\nDE DICHA MISION EN 1816.\nNUEVA-YORK.\nPREFACE\nThe accompanying volume is printed exactly from a manuscript of 76\npages, small quarto, belonging to the College of Santa Inez, by whose\npresident it was, at the suggestion of A.S. Taylor, Esq., forwarded to\nthe Smithsonian Institution.\nThe Mutsunes were the Indians among whom the mission of San Juan\nBautista was planted, June 24, 1799. Their village lay in the centre of\na valley, with abundance of rich land, and as late as 1831 numbered 1200\nsouls. The mission is about 40 miles northwest from Monterey, and they\nare thus the most northerly tribe, of whose language, to our knowledge,\nthe Spanish missionaries compiled a grammar. For purposes of comparison\nthis little work, accordingly, possesses great value, as the language\nwas one of considerable extent, covering, according to Mr. Taylor's\nestimate, a district one hundred and seventy miles long by eighty broad.\nThe late W.W. Turner, who examined the work, says in a brief notice\naddressed to the Historical Magazine (vol. 1, p. 206): \"The Mutsun\nlanguage is clearly the same with the _Rumsen_ or _Runsien_ (the\nAchastlian of De la Manon); one of the two spoken at the mission of San\nCarlos, and with that of the mission of La Soledad, further to the\nsouth. A considerable degree of resemblance appears also in the language\nof the _Olhones_ (or _Costanos_) on the Bay of San Francisco; and a\nfainter one further north in the San Rafael, and also in the _Olamentke_\nor _Bodegan_ language.\"\nOn the cover of the manuscript is the following note, of considerable\nimportance in instituting comparisons: \"Copia de la lengua Mutsun en\nestilo Catalan \u00e1 causa la escribi\u00f3 un Catalan. La Castellana usa de la\nfuerza de la pronunciacion de letras de otro modo en sa alfabeto. Ve el\noriginal intitulado Gramatica California.\" The Catalans pronounce _ch_\nhard and _j_ like the Germans.\nFather Felipe Arroyo de la Cuesta was then, it would seem, a Catalan. He\ncame to California, it is said, about 1810, and was for many years\nmissionary at San Juan Bautista. About 1830 he had, however, become very\ninfirm and broken in health, yet then new troubles came, and in the\npolitical changes, which struck a death blow to the missions, the aged\nmissionary was driven from one refuge to another, still apparently\ncontinuing his literary labor. He finally died at the mission of Santa\nInez in 1842.\nINTRODUCCION\nA LA\nGRAMATICA MUTSUN.\nAl Idioma de estos Indios, le faltan las letras siguientes: _b, d, k, f,\nr_, fuerte, _v_ consonante, y _x_.\nCAPITULO I.\nDe la Analogia, o partes de la Oracion.\nDe las Declinaciones del Nombre Substantivo.\nLas Declinaciones de los nombres substantivos son tantas como\nterminaciones tienen los mismos Nombres: unos acaban en _es_, como\n_eyes_; otros en _an_, como _\u00e1nan_; otros en _ec_, como _ir\u00e9c_; otros\nen _us_, como _rus_; otros en _a_, como _r\u00ed\u00f1a_; otros en _el_, como\n_m\u00f3gel_; otros en _ag_, como _rag_; otros en _o_, como _cor\u00f3_; otros\nen _ar_, como _s\u00e1car_; otros en _or_, como _por_; otros en _oi_, como\n_j\u00f3coi_; otros en _ur_, como _j\u00fappur_; otros en _os_, como _j\u00f3rcos_:\ny asi otros nombres con otras terminaciones irreducibles por ahora \u00e2\nnumero determinado. Mas porque tengan tantas, y tan diversas\nterminaciones, no por eso dexan de poderse declinar gramaticalmente\ntodos los nombres que llamamos Substantivos, aunque sin art\u00edculos, \u00f4\nsigno pronominal _el_, _la_, _lo_, \u00f4 _hic_, _h\u00e6c_, _hoc_, como se dice\nen latin: por esto en los substantivos no se pone, ni se dice, _eyes_,\nla barba, sino barba; _\u00e1nan_, la madre, sino madre; _irec_, piedra;\n_rus_, saliva; _ri\u00f1a_, rat\u00f3n: _m\u00f3gel_, cabeza; _rag_, piojo; _cor\u00f3_,\npies; _s\u00e1car_, liendre; _por_, pulga; _jocoi_, sarna; _juppur_, divieso;\ny _jorcos_, pescuezo: porque este idioma carece de nuestros art\u00edculos\ngramaticales; y de consiguiente de los generos masculino, femenino,\ny neutro.\nLa variaci\u00f3n de la voz que se hace por los casos con distinta\nterminacion se llama _Declinacion_, porque se aparta de la terminacion\ndel 1^o: v.g.; _musa_, _musae_, _musam_, &c., como se ense\u00f1a en la\nGramatica latina; \u00f4 bien en la Castellana, con los articulos v.g.:\n_el Se\u00f1or_, _del Se\u00f1or_, _para_, \u00f3 _al Se\u00f1or_, &c. Mas como esta\nlengua no tiene articulos ni cierto numero de declinaciones, esto es,\nterminaciones fixas que por donde va un nombre substantivo vaya otro\nigual, es preciso discurrir como se forman, y que casos tiene esta\nlengua sin poner 1^a. _Declinacion_, 2^a, 3^a, &c, sino solamente\nestablecer el Nominativo, Genitivo, Dativo, Acusativo, Vocativo,\ny Ablativo, de singular y plural, de todos los nombres substantivos\nde esta lengua Mutsun y es de este modo:\nSINGULAR.\n Nom. v.g. _Appa_, El Padre natural.\n Dat. _Appahuas_, Para el Padre, &c.\n Acus. _Appase_, (Mas adelante se explicara).\n Abla. _Appatsu_, \u00f2 _Appame_, _\u00f2 Appatca_.\nPLURAL.\n Gen. _Appagma_, De los Padres.\n Dat. _Appagmahuas_, Para los Padres, &c. (Tambien\n Acu. _Apagamase_.\n Voc. _Appagma_.\n Abla. _Appagmatsu_, \u00f3 _Appagmane_, \u00f3 _Appamatca_.\nOtro exemplo.\nSINGULAR.\n D. _Ananhuas_, Para la Madre, &c. (que se notara).\n Acus. _Ananne_.\n Abla. _Anantsu_, \u00f2 _Ananme_, \u00f2 _Anantac_.\n D. _Ananmancuas_.\n Acus. _Ananmase_.\n Voc. _Ananmac_.\n Abla. _Ananmactsu_, \u00f2 _Ananmacne_, \u00f2 _Ananmatca_.\nSegun estos exemplos vemos que se pueden declinar los nombres\nsubstantivos de este Idioma por los casos que tiene nuestro Castellano,\ny el Latin. Mas hemos de advertir que toda declinacion se ha de\nconsiderar en quanto \u00e0 la terminacion, \u00f2 voz, y en quanto al modo\nde significar la cosa, y asi aunque el Nom\u00ba, Gen\u00ba, y Voc\u00ba, suenan\nmaterialmente lo mismo, se apartan entre si en quanto al modo de la\nrecta y formal significaci\u00f3n de la cosa; y por esto se ha de atender al\nsentido de la Oracion, y entonces se conoce si es Nom^o, Gen^o, &c., segun\nla parte que rija dichos casos. Segun los exemplos puestos arriba se\npueden declinar todos los nombres substantivos, sean de cosas animadas \u00f2\ninanimadas, con esta diferencia, que los declinables de cosas animadas,\nen todos los casos, siempre se forman como arriba dixe; el Nom^o es como\nsuena la voz en singular, v.g.: \u00bfComo se dice Muger? pregunto \u00e0 un\nIndio.--_Mucurma_, responde. Pues esta voz, _Mucurma_ es Nom^o y raiz\npara todos los casos; y asi diremos en singular:\n Nom^o _Mucurma_. PLURAL: _Mucurmacma_.\n Dat^o _Mucurmahuas_. { Nota: No todos los nombres\n Acus^o _Mucurmase_.\n Voc^o _Mucurma_.\n Ablat^o _Mucurmatsu_, \u00f2 _Mucurmame_, \u00f2 _Mucurmatca_.\nNominativo, Genitivo, y Vocativo suenan de un mismo modo, esto es,\ntienen una misma terminacion; el Dativo tiene _huas_; el Acusativo _se_,\ny algunos _e_, y otros _ne_; y el Ablativo tiene _tsu, me_, y _ca_, \u00f2\n_tac_, segun finalizen las palabras: el Ablativo tambien acaba en _sum_,\nen _um_, y en _ium_, como se vera en los exemplos, y se advertira en\nquantas ocasiones se hable en Ablativo con preposicion pospuesta,\n\u00f2 posposicion, la que siempre acompa\u00f1a \u00e0 los casos Dativo, Acusativo,\ny Ablativo de que se infiere que este Idioma es pospositivo, y no\nprepositivo. La posposicion _huas, gua_ \u00f2 _cuas_, de los Dativos\nsignifica _\u00e0 el_, \u00f2 _lo_, y tambien _para el, para la, para lo_. La\nposposicion _se_ \u00f2 _e_, de los Acusativos equivale _\u00e0 los, \u00e0 las_, de\nnuestro Castellano. El _tsu_ de Ablativo significa _con_: el _me_ unas\nveces _en_, y otras veces, _en casa_, \u00f2 _con_: el _tac_, y el _tca_ es\nlo mismo que _en_: el _ium_, el _sum_, y el _um_, significan _con_\ny _de_, segun los verbos que rijan la oracion. Exemplo de todo esto,\ny servir\u00e0 tambien para entender nuestra preposicion pospuesta, \u00f2 las\nposposiciones de esta lengua.\n Nom^o _Mucurma guate_, Muger viene, \u00f2 la Muger viene.\n Gen^o { _Attenane utsel?_ De quien es esta arracada.\n { _Mucurmane utsel_, De la Muger es esta arracada.\n Dat^o { _Attehuas?_ Para quien, \u00f2 \u00e0 quien?\n { _Murcurmahuas_, Para la Muger, \u00f2 a la Muger.\n Acus^o _Can jag\u00fci Murcumase_, Yo cierro la Muger.\n Voc^o _Ayi, Mucurma_, Ven, Muger.\n Abl^o { _Otso Mucurmatsu_, Vete con la Muger.\n { _Otso Mucurmame_, Vete \u00e0 casa de la Muger.\n { _Otso Mucurmatca_, Vete \u00e0 donde esta la Muger.\n { _Uttui irectac_, Ponlo en la piedra.\n { _Uttui piretca_, Ponlo en el suelo.\nEl _tsu_, el _me_, el _tca_, el _tac_ son preposiciones \u00f3 posposiciones\nde Ablativo. Falta el _sum_, el _um_, y el _ium_: _irecsum_, _tapurum_,\n_jaium_, que es decir, _con la piedra_, _con el palo_, _con la boca_, con\ntodas las posposiciones del Ablativo como se expresa antecedentemente.\nEl _cuas_, \u00f3 el _huas_, del Dativo se hallan en los nombres adjetivos,\nque nacen, y se resuelven de los substantivos: como v.g. decimos,\n_la casa del Rey_: resuelto; _la casa Real_: asi dice este Idioma:\n_Tapur ruca_; De palo casa: resuelto; _Tapurhuas ruca_; empalizada casa,\n\u00f3 Maderal casa; esto es casa formada de palos. De esto se dira en el\nSintaxis de esta lengua. El _se_, del Acusativo sirve en los Verbos\npara preguntar; de que alli hablare tambien.\nAp\u00e9ndice, y corolario de quanto contiene este Cap. 1^o.\nA pesar de ser tantas las terminaciones de los nombres substantivos de\nesta lengua, podemos reducir sus Declinaciones \u00e0 una solamente que se\nllama Monoptota, esto es, que tiene todos los casos; semejados unos a\notros, \u00f2 podemos asignarle la Declinaci\u00f3n Triptota, que es la que varia\ntan solamente tres casos: como _Templum_, _Templi_, _Templo_; y en este\nIdioma el Dat. Acus. y Ablat. v.g. _Appahuas_, _Appase_, _Appatsu_, y\nasi el de todos los nombres substantivos, acaben en _a, e, i, o, u_;\n\u00f2 en _eg, is, ar, og, er, as, ig_, &c., sean del numero singular \u00f2 del\nPlural, juntamente con las preposiciones pospuestas siempre. Mas sino\nse ponen estas posposiciones daremos \u00e0 este Idioma sola la Declinaci\u00f3n\nMonoptota. La silaba, \u00f2 dicci\u00f3n _huas_, \u00f2 _cuas_, siempre se pospone \u00e0\nlos Dativos, el _se_, y, _e_, \u00e0 los Acusativos; y el _tsu_, el _me, tca,\ntac, ium, um_, y _sum_, \u00e0 los Ablativos, con las significaciones que se\ndixo anteriormente.\nCAPITULO II.\nDe las Declinaciones de los Adjetivos.\nSi por las terminaciones y finales de los Adjetivos, hemos de poner\nlas Declinaciones de los mismos Adjetivos, diremos lo mismo que diximos\n\u00e0 cerca de las de los Substantivos porque son tantas casi como son\ndichos Adjetivos: unos acaban en _e_, como _miste_; otros en _is_, como\n_g\u00fcara_; otros en _a\u00f1_, como _jatsapa\u00f1_; &c. otros en _ia_, como\n_Misia_; otros en _in_, como _amtiasmin_, &c. Mas acaben como acabaren\nsiempre tienen los mismos casos que los Substantivos con quienes\nconciertan sin variar de terminacion v.g. _miste tsares_; buen\nhombre, Nomin^o; _Miste tsares_, Genitivo; _miste tsareshuas_, Dat^o;\n_Miste tsarese_, Acus^o; _Miste tsarestsu_, Ablat^o; y asi las demas\nterminaciones del Ablat^o singular y plural. Aqu\u00ed se ve como sin variar\nde terminacion el nombre adjetivo _Miste_, concertado con el Substantivo\n_Tsares_, sigue la declinacion monoptota. Mas si se declinan los\nAdjetivos sin los Substantivos, en este caso siguen la Declinacion\ntriptota; como v.g. _Tocolosmin_; el galicoso, \u00f2 galicosa: el \u00f2 la que\npadece de galico.\nSINGULAR.\n Nom. _Tocol\u00f3smin_, El galicoso.\n Gen. _Tocol\u00f3smin_, Del galicoso.\n Dat. _Tocol\u00f3sminhuas_, Para el galicoso, &c.\n Acus. _Tocol\u00f3smine, Toc\u00f3lo_.\n Voc. _Tocol\u00f3smin_.\n Ablat. _Tocol\u00f3smintsu_, \u00f2 _Tocolosminme_, \u00f2 _Tocolosmintac_.\nPLURAL.\n Nom. _Tocol\u00f3mac_, Los galicosos.\n Gen. _Tocol\u00f3mac_, De los galicosos.\n Dat. _Tolomacuas_.\n Acus. _Tocolomacse_.\n Voc. _Tocol\u00f3mac_.\n Ablat. _Tocolomactsu_, \u00f2 _Tocolomacme_, \u00f2 _Tocolomactac_.\nY a este tenor todos los Adjetivos pueden declinarse sin los Substantivos\nde quienes se rigen, y con quienes conciertan quando estan juntos; mas\nentonces no tienen mas que la primera terminacion, como se vio en el\nexemplo antecedente.\nApendice y Corolario de este 2^o Capitulo.\nTienen los Adjetivos la misma Declinacion que los Substantivos, si se\ndeclinan solos; mas se diferencian de los Substantivos quando con ellos\nse juntan para declinarse, porque no mudan de terminacion, sino que\nguarden la misma en todos los casos.\nCAPITULO III.\nDe los Pronombres primitivos.\nNotese que todo Pronombre carece de Vocativo, menos _Tu, meus, noster_\ny _nostras_.\nSINGULAR.\n Voc. caret.\n Ablat. _Cannistsu_, \u00f2 _Cannistose_, Conmigo.\nPLURAL.\n Acus. _Macsene_.\n Ablat. _Macsetsu_, \u00f2 _Macseme_.\nSINGULAR.\n Acus. _Mese_.\n Ablat. _Mentsu_, \u00f2 _Mesme_.\nPLURAL.\n Dat. _Macanhuas_.\n Acus. _Macanis_.\n Ablat. _Macamtsu_, \u00f2 _Macamme_.\nPronombres Adjetivos.\n _Neppe_; Este.\n _Nuppi_; ese, \u00f2 aquel.\n _Nenisia_; Este mismo.\n _Nunisia_; ese mismo, \u00f2 aquel mismo.\nEstos se declinan lo mismo que los demas Pronombres y los Derivativos\nson lo mismo que los Primitivos en la voz, y en la signification; pero\npor el contexto y regimen de la oracion se conoce quando es Primitivo,\ncomo _Yo_, v.g., y quando es Derivativo, como _mio_, v.g. Ellos dicen\n_Can, Can; Macse, Macse; Macam, Macam;_ Yo, Mio; Nosotros, Nuestro;\nVosotros, Vuestro. _Huac_, el: _Aisa_, ellos: _Nepean_, estos: _Nupean_,\nAquellos. Estos quatro Pronombres equivalen al _suyo_ de nuestra\nCastilla; y se declinan como los que arriba dexo declinados. En los\nAblativos no tienen el _tac, tca_; pero tienen el _sum_ todos estos\nPronombres, de que volven a tratar en otro lugar.\nPronombres Relativos, Interrogativos, \u00ea Indefinitos.\nSINGULAR.\nPLURAL.\n _Attequin_ \u00f2 _Attequinta?_ Quienes?\nNo tiene este Relativo otra terminacion ni de consiguiente mas casos,\ncomo veremos quando se hable de las oraciones de Relativo.\n _Aipire_, Alguno, \u00f2 Algunos.\n _Atsehase_, lo mismo, Alguno.\n _Ecueatte_, Ninguno. _ecue attequinta_, Ningunos.\n _Atsehasse_, Qualquiera.\n _Hemetcha_, Uno. _Aisa utsgina_, Los dos.\n _Ecuene_ \u00f2 _ecuena_, Nada, nadie, ninguno.\n _Hemetshasi_, Cada uno.\n _Chorea_, \u00f4 _Choressia_, \u00f4 _Huacsia_. Solo, el Solo.\n _Irugmin_, Todo, \u00f4 Todos.\n _Irugsun_, Todos sin quedar ninguno.\n _Imiu_, Todos juntos.--_A\u00f1i_, \u00f4 _Aini_, Otro y otros.\nMas expliquemos todas estas cosas particularmente para la mayor facilidad\nde las demas partes de la oracion, y para observar ciertas cosas que son\nprecisas tener presentes.\nPronombre Relativo Interrogante.\nSINGULAR.\n Dat. _\u00bfAttehuasta_, \u00f4 _Attehuastane?_ \u00bfPara quien?\n Abla. _\u00bfAttetsu_, \u00f4 _Alteme?_ Con quien?\nPLURAL.\n Nom. _Atteguin_, \u00f4 _Attequinta?_ Quienes?\ny los demas casos como tenemos dicho en el singular.\nRelativo de Identidad.\nNuman: este relativo sirve para el Singular y Plural, y para\ntodos los casos sin variar de terminacion concertando de un mismo modo\ncon qualquier de las personas: v.g. Los que, las que, de los que, para\nlos que, para las que, \u00e2 los que, \u00e2 las que: el que, la que, lo que, del\nque, de la que, de lo que, para lo que, para la que, \u00e2 lo que, \u00e2 la que,\ncon lo que, con la que, con los que, con las que. _Numan_, y no mas, con\nesta palabra se compone toda oracion de qualquier coso, de qualquier\npersona, y de qualquier numero, siendo rigurosisima la inflexion, \u00f4\ndeclinacion de este relativo _Numan_ monoptota.\n _\u00bfIntsis?_ Que?--_Ista?_ \u00bfQue? \u00f4 Que cosa?\n _Intsise?_ \u00bfQue es lo que?\n _Intso_ Esa cosa quien sabe como es?\n _Intsistac?_ \u00bfEn donde? \u00f4 en que cosa?\n _Intsispe?_ Quien sabe que cosa?\nEsto mejor se notara en el sintaxis, porque \u00e0 cada paso saltan estas\nexpresiones.\nEcue-atte. No-quien, Ninguno, \u00f4 nadie, sigue enteramente su\nsimple que es _Atte_; y se compone de la particula negativa _ecue_, no.\nEste otro que sigue, y es _atsehase_, qualquiera, regularmente solo\ntiene la terminacion _atsehastsu_ del Ablativo; en los demas es como el\n_numan_.\nNombres Numerales.\n_Hemetscha, uno_; nombre numeral adjetivo, cardinal, y primitivo, tiene\nla misma declinacion que todo nombre substantivo en todos los casos: se\nsupone del numero singular porque el singular \u00f4 uno irregular, no tiene\nplural. El modo cardinal de contar es: _Hemetscha_, uno: _Utsgin_, dos:\n_Capjan_, tres: _Utsit_, quatro: _Parue_, cinco: _Naquichi_, seis:\n_Tsaquichi_, siete; _Taittimin_, ocho: _Pacqui_, nueve: _Tancsagte_,\ndiez: y de esto numero no pasan estos Indios. Para decir onze, v.g.:\n_Tancsagte hemetscha hac ichos_; Diez uno el sobra, \u00f4 sale; que es\ndecir: Diez y sobra uno, _Onze_; y asi hasta 20. con el _ichos_\nvolviendo \u00e0 contar hasta dos diezes, que es _Utsgin tanats: capjan\ntanats_, tres diezes, &c., hastar llegar \u00e2 diez diezes, y no pasan de\neste numero. _Tanzsagte tanats_; un ciento, \u00f2 diez diezes. De estos\nnombres numerales cardinales se forman sus respectivos adverbios\ncardinales primitivos, a\u00f1adiendo \u00e2 dichos numerales un _na_; y asi se\ndice: _Hemetschanna; Utsgina; Capjanna, \u00f4 Capjenna; Utsitna; Paruena;\nNaquichina; Tsaquichina; Taittiminna; Pacquina; Tanzsana_; Una vez; dos\nveces, &cc., hasta diez veces. Quando se hable de los diez, entonces\ntocaremos esta materia otra vez; y digamos que los numerales ordinales\nderivados, son: _Inniquas \u00f4 Innihaus; Juttuyuhuas, \u00f4 Hemetschahuas_.\nEstas tres voces suenan diversamente, y significan el primer Ordinal\nde distinto modo. _Innihuas_ es lo mismo que decir, _en el principio,\no primero_. _Juttuyuhuas_ es adelante primero; y el otro es a riguroso\nordinal numeral, primero. _Utsginnuhuas_, segundo: _Capjannuhas_,\ntercero: _Utsithuas_, quarto: _Paruessuhas_, quinto: _Naquichinuhas_,\nsexto: _Tsaquichinuhas_, septimo: _Taittiminnuhas_, octavo:\n_Pacquihuas_, nono: _Tanzsagtehuas_, decimo.\nPara multiplicar estos ordinales, y los adverbios cardinales, y lo mismo\nlos distributivos numerales, se a\u00f1ade el _ichos_ de los primitivos\nnumerales cardinales. Numerales distributivos: _emchesi_, cada uno,\n\u00f2 de uno en uno: _Utgisi_; De dos en dos: _Capjasi_; De tres en\ntres: _Utsitsi_; De quatro en quatro: _Parnesi_; De cinco en cinco:\n_Naquichisi_; De seis en seis: _Tsaquichisi_; De siete en siete:\n_Taittiminsi_; De ocho en ocho: _Pacquisi_; De nueve en nueve:\n_Tanzshasi_; De diez en diez. No tengo mas que advertir sobre estos\nnumerales, cardinales, ordinales, y distributivos. Si se ofreciere\nalguna dificultad sobre los que en latin acaban en _arius_, en _plex_,\nen _plus_, y de los patronimicos volvere \u00e2 decir algo en otra parte.\nANOMALOS.\n_Chorea, Choresia, Huacsia, Egilleste_, que significan 'solo' todos de\npor si, y tienen otra significacion particular. _Chorea_, \u00f4 _Choresia_,\nsignifican cada uno 'solo,' y tambien 'desnudo;' y no tiene plural,\nni mas casos. _Huacsia_, el solo, \u00f2 ella sola: su plural _Aisasia_;\ny tampoco tiene mas casos. _Egilleste_ es lo mismo que unico, \u00f4 solo;\ny tambien carece de plural, y hace al genero masculino, \u00f2 femenino.\n_Irugmin_; todos, \u00f2 todo, en terminacion neutra; tambien es irregular:\nLo mismo es _Imiu_, que significa Todos juntos; \u00e2 quienes se les agrega\n_Irugsun_ que dice: Todos sin quedar uno. Estos tres adjetivos relativos\nson anomalos, \u00ea irregulares, porque son como indeclinables, y mudan,\n\u00f4 les faltan algunos casos.\n_A\u00f1i_; otro. Este relativo tampoco tiene plural, \u00f2 por mejor decir, hace\n\u00e2 singular y plural. _Anpi, Anpitna?_ \u00bfQual? _Anpitnane?_ De Qual? es lo\nmismo que el antecedente; tambien es irregular, pues no le he observado\ntenga mas casos que los dichos.\n_Ai_; cada uno, \u00f2 todos. Es indeclinable, y asi se dice: _Ai tsugis_;\ncada dia, \u00f2 Todos los d\u00edas. _Ai char_; cada luna, \u00f4 Todas las lunas, &c.\nApendice y Corolario de este Cap. 3^o.\nEsta materia de Pronombres primitivos, y derivativos que vienen \u00e2 ser\nuna misma cosa en la voz material de este idioma, se hace preciso\nconsiderarla para la perfecta inteligencia de las expresiones, de este\nmismo idioma, atendiendo al sentido de la expresion, y no \u00e2 la corteza\nde las palabras; v.g.: _Attena men?_ \u00bfQuien (suple _eres_) tu? Responde\nel Indio: _Can_; Yo. Aqui es claro que _Can_ es pronombre primitivo,\ny no derivativo. _\u00bfAttenane lahuan?_ De quien (suple _es este_) arco?\nResponde el indio _Can_; Mio. Aqui el pronombre _Can_ es derivativo\nposesivo _mio_, y no _yo_, porque esto no seria hablar, \u00f2 seria hablar\npara no poderse entender. Lo mismo digo de los demas Pronombres....\nExplicados el Nombre y Pronombre, se sigue tratar del Verbo. Despues\ndire del Participio, Preposicion (aunque ya he tocado alguna cosa sobre\nesto), Adverbio, Interjecion, y Conjuncion. Pero entiendase lo explicado\ndel Nombre propio, comun, denominativo, diminutivo, verbal, y patronimico,\ny del adjetivo positivo, posesivo; y no del comparativo, porque de este\ndire en otra parte; y lo mismo del superlativo, y verbal.\nCAPITULO IV.\nDel Verbo, sus Tiempos, y sus Modos.\nSupuesto que el Verbo tiene Modos, y Tiempos, y no casos, se hace\npreciso hablar de los Tiempos, y su formacion, antes que del mismo\nVerbo; pues sabido, y tenido el conocimiento de los Tiempos que tiene\nel Idioma, se entendera facilmente el Verbo, y sus Modos, \u00e0 pesar de\nque hallo un no se que, que no me es facil encontrar reglas, analogia,\nni proporcion para comparar los Tiempos, y Modos de esta lengua con\nlos de las dos que conozco, que son la Nativa, y Latina.\nSolo hay tres Tiempos en la Naturaleza, dice nuestra Gramatica\nCastellana; y estos se verifican muy bien en esta de los Mutsunes:\nPresente, Preterito, y Futuro; el Presente se conoce en cosa que se\nesta haciendo, el Preterito en la cosa ya pasada, y el Futuro consiste\nen la cosa que esta por venir; que no se hace ni se ha hecho, pero se\nhara. Los Tiempos intermedios, y ulteriores de este idioma se miden por\nla distancia del mismo tiempo, y segun distan del presente, tienen\ndistintas particulas, \u00f2 mejor preposiciones pospuestas, \u00f2 antepuestas,\ny algunas terminaciones distintas del mismo Presente. Todo esto se ve\nclaro con este ejemplo.\nDar v.g. que en lengua dice: Ar\u00e1.\nTIEMPO PRESENTE.\n Aquel da, _Nunissia ar\u00e1_ \u00f2 _Ar\u00e1_ &c.\nPLURAL.\n Nosotros damos, _Macse Ar\u00e1_.\n Vosotros dais, _Macam Ar\u00e1_.\n Aquellos dan, _Nupcan Ar\u00e1_.\nEste es tiempo presente y modo indicativo. Pero se ha de notar que este\ny todos los demas Verbos tienen Singular y Plural distintos concertados\nsiempre con las personas (se supone de Plural) pero tambien con las del\nsingular; y en esto se distingue de las conjugaciones nuestras, y esta\nparticularidad es propia de este idioma. En el exemplo puesto se\nadvierte el singular y plural del presente de indicativo concertado con\nlas personas sin distinta terminacion del Verbo _Ar\u00e1_, \u00e2 quien hace ser\nprimera, segunda, o tercera persona de ambos numeros la persona que le\nanticipa, \u00f2 pospone que tambien est\u00e1 muy bien, y pienso que con mas\nelegancia y propriedad del sintaxis Mutsun. Ahora bien: vamos \u00e2 ver el\nverbo singular y verbo plural sin salir de dicho exemplo. Verbo singular:\n_Ara_, Dar. Verbo colectivo, \u00f2 Verbo plural: _Arsa_, Dar tambien, pero\nDar \u00e0 muchos, \u00f2 Dar mucho. Conjuguemosle para ver la verdad, y rareza\nque acabo de decir.\nTIEMPO PRESENTE DE INDICATIVO.\n Yo doy \u00e0 muchos, \u00f2 mucho, _Can arsa_, \u00f2 _Arsa ca_.\n Tu das \u00e0 muchos, \u00f2 mucho, _Men arsa_, \u00f2 _Arsa men_.\n Aquel da, &c. _Nunissia arsa_, \u00f2 _Arsa Nunissia_.\nYo, Tu, Aquel son personas, y numero singular, y el verbo es plural;\nporque aquellas hablan de uno, y el verbo de muchos; por lo que dije\nque hay verbo singular y verbo plural, propios solo de este lenguage,\ny acaso de otros no conocidos por mi; y aqui se ve concertado el verbo\nplural con personas del numero singular. Sigamos ahora los Tiempos del\nVerbo.\nYa se ha dicho el presente de indicativo, y su conocimiento. El tiempo\nde Preterito en este idioma tiene estos adverbios figurados, y sin\nfigura: _Itzs; Ar; cus; hocs;_ y las terminaciones siguientes: los\nacabados en _a, as_, y _an_: los que concluyen en _e, es_, y _en_;\nlos en _i, is_, y _in_; los en _o, os_, y _on_; y los en _u, us_,\ny _un_; y todos acaben como quiera tienen un _cun_, que hace el verbo\nser preterito; es decir, que tienen los verbos de esta lengua siete\npreteritos \u00e0 lo menos. Digo \u00e0 lo menos porque hay un _munn\u00e1_, que hace\n\u00e2 preterito y futuro; y contandole, son ocho preteritos. Vuelvo a\nrepetirlos antes de conjugarlos.\nPRETERITOS FIGURADOS.\n _Itzs, ar, cus, hocs_; y tres terminaciones de dichos a saber:\n _is, in_ + _cun_; y con el _munn\u00e1_ son ocho.\nPRETERITOS SIN FIGURA DE QUE DESPUES HABLARE.\n_Itzshia, aru, cus, hocse, munn\u00e1s_. _Itzs, Itzshia_ significa poco ha,\n\u00f2 ahorita. _Ar_, y _Aru_ es lo mismo que pocas horas hace, \u00f4 antes.\n_Cus_ hace algun tiempo, como de un mes arriba. _Hocse_, hace mucho\ntiempo. _Munn\u00e1s_ hace muchisimos a\u00f1os. Las terminaciones dichas de _as_,\n_an_, &c., sirven mejor para preguntar que para responder del tiempo\npasado. Todo esto iremos explicando en lugares respectivos; y hablemos\nde los preteritos insinuados antecedentemente.\nPRIMER PRETERITO CON EL ADVERBIO AR.\n Yo daba, estaba, y andaba dando, _Can ar ar\u00e1n_.\n Aquel daba, &c., _Nunissia ar ar\u00e1n_.\n Nosotros datamos, &c., _Macse ar aran_.\n Vosotros dabais, &c., _Macam ar aran_.\n Aquellos daban, &c., _Nupcan ar aran_.\nSEGUNDO PRETERITO CON EL ADVERBIO ITZS.\n Tu dabas, \u00f2 diste, _Men itzs aran_.\n Aquel daba, \u00f2 dio, _Nunissia itzs aran_.\nEl Plural es lo mismo, guardando el orden del Singular, a\u00f1adiendo\nlas personas dichas en los tiempos ya explicados, y esta misma regla\nseguiremos en los demas tiempos, verbos, y conjugaciones que no tengan\nexcepcion.\nTERCER PRETERITO CON EL ADVERBIO CUS.\n Aquel dio, _Nunissia cus ar\u00e1s_.\nQUARTO PRETERITO CON EL ADVERBIO HOCS.\n Yo di (hace mucho tiempo), _Can hocs ar\u00e1s_.\n Tu diste, &c., _Men hocs ar\u00e1s_.\n Aquel dio, &c., _Nunissia hocs ar\u00e1s_.\nQUINTO PRETERITO CON EL ADVERBIO MUNNA.\n Yo di (ha muchisimo tiempo), _Can hocs munn\u00e1 ar\u00e1s_.\n Tu diste, &c., _Men hocs munn\u00e1 ar\u00e1s_.\n Aquel dio, &c., _Nunissia hocs munn\u00e1 ar\u00e1s_.\nSiguen los otros tres Preteritos acabados en _as, an_, y _cun_.\nSEXTO PRETERITO CON LA TERMINACION AN.\n Aquel dio, _Nunissia ar\u00e1n_.\nSEPTIMO PRETERITO CON LA TERMINACION AS.\n Yo di (hace algun tiempo), _Can ar\u00e1s_.\n Aquel dio, &c., _Nunissia ar\u00e1s_.\nOCTAVO PRETERITO CON LA TERMINACION CUN.\n Aquel dio, _Nunissia arascun_.\nOTRO PRETERITO QUE SERA EL NONO CON LA TERMINACION GTE.\n Aquel dio, _Nunissia aragte_.\nPlural como en todos los Preteritos; las personas de plural y el verbo\ncomo se dice en el singular. Se acabo el Preterito con sus nueve\nterminaciones Veamos ahora el tiempo Futuro, su conocimiento, su modo,\n\u00f2 conjugacion.\nEl tiempo Futuro, repito, se conoce en cosa que esta por venir: mas\ncomo lo que est\u00e1 por venir puede ser, y suceder luego, tarde, y mas\ntarde, por esto este idioma tiene quatro modos de se\u00f1alarle, que son\n_et_ \u00f4 _iete; iti;_ y _munna_ (que dije del Preterito); y _pin_, \u00f4\n_pi\u00f1i_.\nPRIMER FUTURO CON EL ADVERBIO ET.\n Aquel dara, _Nunissia et_ (\u00f4 _iete_) _ar\u00e1_.\nPlural lo mismo que dijimos; se ponen las personas de plural, y el\nverbo como en el singular.\nSEGUNDO FUTURO CON EL ADVERBIO ITI.\n Yo dare (despues de muchos dias,) _Con iti ar\u00e1_.\n Aquel dara, &c., _Nunissia iti ar\u00e1_.\nTERCER FUTURO CON EL ADVERBIO MUNNA.\n Yo dare (pasado muchisisimo tiempo), _Can munn\u00e1 ar\u00e1_.\n Aquel dara, &c., _Nunissia munn\u00e1 ar\u00e1_.\nQUARTO FUTURO, CON EL ADVERBIO PIN, O PINI.\n Aquel habra dado, _Nunissia pi\u00f1 ar\u00e1_.\nEsto Adverbio _pi\u00f1i_ significa _acaso_, \u00f4 por ventura; y hace \u00e2 todos\nlos tiempos presente, preterito, y futuro.\nSe sigue tratar del Imperativo, advirtiendo que este Idioma solo tiene\nimperativo presente, y no futuro, y es imperativo de 2^a persona de\nsingular y plural: mas quando el imperativo se dirige \u00e2 1^a persona se\nforma de un modo; quando se dirige a 3^a persona de otro modo; y quando\n\u00e2 2^a persona de otro modo; que es cosa particular. Expliqu\u00e9monos con\nel mismo verbo.\nIMPERATIVO PRESENTE DE PRIMERA PERSONA.\n Dadme, _Aratityuts_, \u00f4 _Aratyuts_.\nIMPERATIVO DE 3^A PERSONA.\nIMPERATIVO DE 2^A PERSONA.\n Da tu; \u00f4 ven, da tu, _Araya_.\n Dad vosotros; \u00f4 venid, dad, _Arayayuts_.\nOTRO IMPERATIVO DE 2^A PERSONA.\n Date \u00e0 ti mismo, _Arapui_.\n Daos \u00e2 vosotros mismos, _Arapuyuts_.\nEl imperativo de 2^a persona, \u00f4 dirigido \u00e2 2^a persona en este verbo\nDar, _Ar\u00e1_ es medio irregular; mas no en otros verbos, como por exemplo:\nVen, coge para ti, o Toma para ti; (_ayi_) _oioya_; que es lo mismo que\ndecir: Ven a tomar, \u00f4 toma para ti: _Ayi, oioya_. Quando se dirige \u00e2\nprimera persona lo regular es formarle con el _nit_, en singular, _y\nmityuts_ en plural. Coge, \u00f4 recoge tu para ti; _oiomit_. Recoged para\nmi: _oiomityuts_. Nada mas hay que advertir sobre el Imperativo quando\ncon el se manda venir, y pedir. Mas quando con el Imperativo se despacha\n\u00e0 hacer qualquier cosa, se forma de esta suerte: Al verbo presente\nindicativo, \u00f3 infinitivo, se a\u00f1ade un _is_; v.g.: _Arais_; vete \u00e0 dar;\n_Magiis_; vete \u00e2 cerrar: \u00f4 en mejor romanze: Anda tu, da; Anda tu,\ncierra: y asi en todos los verbos, \u00e8 imperativos, quando con ellos se\nmanda ir, \u00f3 se despacha. Es quanto he observado en el particular, y otras\ncosos que no todo se puede decir de una vez.\nSiguese el presente de Subjuntivo, \u00fb Optativo; y es el Tiempo en que he\ngastado mas tiempo que en todo lo demas de este indio lenguage, sin\npoder comprehender, si tiene esta lengua semejante tiempo presente de\nSubjuntivo riguroso, teniendo Ojala, \u00fb Ojala que, \u00f4 Con tal que, Quando,\nAunque, u otras particulas \u00f4 romanzes castellanos, que llevan la oracion\n\u00e0 subjuntivo; mas sin dichas particulas no tiene semejante tiempo, v.g.:\nYo de, Tu des, Aquel d\u00e9; no se pueden decir estas oraciones asi como\nsuenan en tiempo presente de Subjuntivo en nuestra lengua; sino que se\nhan de hacer, \u00f4 por presente de indicativo, \u00f4 por futuro imperfecto.\nA mas de esto, no entiendo, porque _D\u00e9 aquel_ en imperativo es futuro,\ny _Aquel d\u00e9_ sea presente, como dicen, de subjuntivo. Si hay alguna\nparticula que le lleve \u00e2 subjuntivo, lo sera en realidad; pero si no la\nhay, tan futuro es _Aquel d\u00e9_, como _D\u00e9 aquel_ (S.Y.).\nEl modo subjuntivo por si solo no tiene ni hace perfecto sentido; pues\nsi lo hiciera no seria subjuntivo, \u00e2 quien siempre se le junta algun\nverbo antecedente, \u00f3 alguna particula de donde pende su entera y completa\nsignificacion. Considerado de este modo, el Presente de Subjuntivo, es\npropio de esta lengua tambien; pero inclinandose \u00e1 tiempo futuro. Esta\noracion v.g.: Esta bien que yo d\u00e9 cuchillos \u00e2 los hombres; _Tappan cat\nara tsarese tsipese_. Otra; Quando tu des; _Cochop met ara_; y asi en los\ndemas romanzes con qualquiera verbo que es medio futuro. _Cat_, _met_,\nes lo mismo que _men_, _iete_, _can iete_, que son adverbios de futuro.\nMas que no me creas; _Yela men cat at ec massia_. Aqui tenemos el mismo\nsubjuntivo con quatro figuras que dire en el sintaxis.\nPRESENTE DE SUBJUNTIVO.\n Aquel de, _Nunissiat ar\u00e1_.\n Nosotros demos, _Macset ar\u00e1_.\n Vosotros deis, _Mucam et ar\u00e1_.\n Aquellos den, _Nupcan et ar\u00e1_.\nSe entiende todo segun dejo explicado arriba; y se sigue el Preterito\nde Subjuntivo. Pero antes que lo conjuguemos, es preciso advertir el\nriguroso Subjuntivo de esta lengua, si me puedo explicar asi. Dicen\nestos Neofitos: No quieras; _Men unisi_, \u00f3 _Men unispu_. No cojas;\n_Men \u00f3yo_. No llores; _Men guarca_. No gui\u00f1es; _Men cuyurpu_. No comas;\n_Men ama_. No rias; _Men mai_, &c.: que todos son Subjuntivos sin\nexpresar el adverbio _ecue_, que quiere decir _no_. Mas si se ha de\nexpresar, no se puede usar del _ecue_, \u00f3 _no_; sino que se ha de\nanteponer otro adverbio que significa no; y es _epsie_, que siempre\nlleva la oracion \u00e2 Subjuntivo, \u00f3 \u00e2 Futuro. _Epsie men unisi: Epsie\nmen \u00f3yo: Epsie men guarca: Epsie men Cuyurpu_, &c.: No quieras; No\ncojas; No llores; no gui\u00f1es, &c. Esto mas pertenece al Sintaxis; pero\npara tener esto comprendido, y hablar del Presente del Subjuntivo, he\nsignificado mi modo de entender el riguroso y raro subjuntivo de este\nidioma.\nPRETERITO DE SUBJUNTIVO.\nEste Tiempo de esta lengua tiene tres terminaciones bien conocidas;\ny son: _tuene; imateun_, y _teun_, y un _cochop_ que unas veces quiere\ndecir _si_, otras _quando_, y otras _siempre_; y con estas terminaciones\nse forma el Preterito de Subjuntivo.\n_Exemplo_.\n Yo diera, o diese, _Imatcun ca ar\u00e1_; \u00f4 _Cochop tuene ca ar\u00e1_.\n Yo daria, _Aratcun ca_.\n Tu dieres, \u00f2 dieses, _Imatcun men ar\u00e1_; \u00f4 _Cochop tuene men ar\u00e1_.\n Tu darias, _Iratcun men_.\n Aquel diera, \u00f2 diese, _Imatcun nunissia ar\u00e1_; \u00f2 _cochop_. &c.\n Aquel daria, _Aratcun nunissia_.\nEl Plural de este Preterito se hace como dije en los demas tiempos,\nque quedan declarados. Estas condiciones, adverbios, \u00f4 particulas que\nanteceden, \u00f4 se posponen, y siempre acompa\u00f1an al modo, y tiempo de\nsubjuntivo, hacer ser al tiempo ya preterito imperfecto, con sus\nromances de nuestra castilla, y su valor; ya preterito perfecto;\nya plusquam perfecto; y ya futuro de subjuntivo. Y con esto queda\nexplicado el tiempo, su conocimiento el modo, y conjugacion del verbo\nDar, \u00f4 _Ar\u00e1_: el que repetire todo, para que se quite la confusion que\npuede causar tanta advertencia que ha sido preciso hacer; y luego dire\notras particularidades que hay sobre todo verbo en este idioma, y sobre\nesta materia.\nVoz activa. Indicativo.\nTIEMPO PRESENTE.\n Ara: _Dar_.\n Nosotros damos, _Macse Ar\u00e1_, &c.\n Vosotros dais, _Macam Ar\u00e1_, &c.\n Aquellos dan, _Nupcan Ar\u00e1_.\nPRETERITO 1^o CON EL ADVERBIO ITZS.\n Yo di (poquito hace), _Can itzs ar\u00e1n_.\n Aquel dio, &c., _Nunissia itzs ar\u00e1n_.\n Nosotros dimos, &c., _Macse itzs ar\u00e1n_.\n Vosotros disteis, &c., _Macam itzs ar\u00e1n_.\n Aquellos dieron, &c., _Nupcan itzs ar\u00e1n_.\nPRETERITO 2^o CON EL ADVERBIO AR.\n Yo daba (hace rato), _Can ar ar\u00e1n_.\n Aquel daba, &c., _Nunissia ar ar\u00e1n_.\n Nosotros dabamos, &c., _Macse ar ar\u00e1n_.\n Vosotros dabais, &c., _Macam ar ar\u00e1n_.\n Aquellos daban, &c., _Nupcun ar ar\u00e1n_.\nPRETERITO 3^o CON EL ADVERBIO CUS.\n Yo di (hace mucho tiempo), _Can cus ar\u00e1s_.\n Aquel dio, &c., _Nunissia cus ar\u00e1s_.\n Plural, como diximos.\nPRETERITO 4^o CON EL ADVERBIO HOCS.\n Yo di (hace muchisimo tiempo), _Can hocs ar\u00e1s_.\n Aquel dio, &c., _Nunissia hocs ar\u00e1s_.\nPRETERITO 5^o CON EL ADVERBIO MUNNA.\n Yo di (desde tiempo inmemorial), _Can munna ar\u00e1s_.\n Aquel dio, &c., _Nunissia munna ar\u00e1s_.\nPRETERITO 6^o CON LA TERMINACION AN.\n Yo di (sin determinar tiempo), _Can ar\u00e1n_.\n Aquel dio, &c., _Nunissia ar\u00e1n_.\nPRETERITO 7^o CON LA TERMINACION AS.\n Yo di (quien sabe quando), _Can ar\u00e1s_.\n Aquel dio, &c., _Nunissia ar\u00e1s_.\nPRETERITO 8^o CON LA TERMINACION CUN.\n Yo di (hace algun tiempo) _Can araicun_.\n Aquel, dio, &c., _Nunissia araicun_.\nPRETERITO 9^o CON LA TERMINACION GTE.\n Aquel dio, &c., _Nunissia aragte_.\nFUTURO 1^o CON EL ADVERBIO ET \u00d4 IETE.\n Yo dare (luego \u00f4 despues), _Can et_ (\u00f4 _iete_) _ar\u00e1_.\n Aquel dara, &c., _Nunissia et_ (\u00f4 _iete) _ar\u00e1_.\nFUTURO 2^o CON EL ADVERBIO ITI.\n Yo dare (despues de muchos d\u00edas), _Can iti ar\u00e1_.\n Aquel dara, &c., _Nunissia iti ar\u00e1_.\nFUTURO 3^o CON EL ADVERBIO MUNNA.\n Yo dare (pasados muchos a\u00f1os), _Can m\u00fanna ar\u00e1_.\n Aquel dara, &c., _Nunissia m\u00fanna ar\u00e1_.\nFUTURO 4^o \u00d3 PERFECTO, CON EL ADVERBIO PI\u00d1.\n Yo habre dado (acaso), _Can pi\u00f1 ar\u00e1n_.\n Tu habras dado, &c., _Men pi\u00f1 ar\u00e1n_.\n Aquel habra dado, &c., _Nunissia pi\u00f1 ar\u00e1n_.\nIMPERATIVO PRESENTE DE 1^A PERSONA.\nIMPERATIVO DE 2^A PERSONA.\n Date, \u00f2 Da para ti, _Araia_. } Es irregular\n Daos, \u00f2 Dad para vosotros, _Araiayuts_. } este imperativo.\nIMPERATIVO REGULAR CON UNION DE 2^A PERSONA.\n Coge para ti; \u00f4: Ven coge para ti.\n Coged para vosotros; \u00f4: Venid, coged &c.\nIMPERATIVO DE 3^A PERSONA.\nOTRO IMPERATIVO DE 2^A PERSONA.\n Date; \u00f4 entregate, _Arapui_.\n Daos, \u00f4 entregaos, _Arapuiyuts_.\nOTRO IMPERATIVO DE 2^A Y 3^A PERSONA.\n (Anda) Dale \u00f4 Dadles, _Arais_ (_Otsso_) } sin expresarse\n (Andad) Dadles, _Arais_ (_otssoyuts_.)} se entiende.\nRepito, que no tiene Imperativo futuro este idioma; y si se quiere\nformar ocurrase al futuro que ya est\u00e1 conjugado: y nada mas digo,\nsino que me remito \u00e0 lo que poco ha dixe del modo Subjuntivo.\nPRESENTE DE SUBJUNTIVO.\n Yo de (en cierto tiempo,\n \u00f4 con cierta circunstancia, _Cat ar\u00e1_.\nPRETERITO DE SUBJUNTIVO.\n Yo diera, \u00f2 diese, _Imatcun can ar\u00e1_;\n Tu dieras, \u00f2 dieses, _Imatcun men ar\u00e1_;\n Aquel diera, \u00f2 diese, _Imatcun nunissia ar\u00e1_;\n Aquel daria, _Aratcun nunissia_.\nSegun el contexto de la Oracion estos dichos modos de Subjuntivo\nhacen \u00e0 nuestros tiempos de castellano Preterito perfecto, imperfecto,\ny plusquam perfecto, y Futuro de Subjuntivo, aplicandolos debidamente\ncomo ya dixe en su lugar. De este Verbo _Ar\u00e1_, \u00f4 _Dar_ sale un numero\ncrecido de verbos; y lo mismo sucede con casi todos los verbos; de que\nresulta un numero grande de inflexiones como deribadas del principal,\n[-u] original. Salen de Ar\u00e1:\n _Arsa_, Dar mucho \u00f2 \u00e0 muchos. Por esto le llamo verbo plural.\n _Ar\u00e1mu_, Darse, \u00f4 entregarse uno \u00e2 otro, los dos.\n _Ars\u00e1pu_, Darse unos \u00e2 otros.\n _Ar\u00e1pu_, Darse uno \u00e2 si mismo, \u00f4 entregarse.\n _Ar\u00e1csi_, Dar bien perfectamente.\n _Ar\u00e1si_, Mandar dar.\n _Ar\u00e1miste_, Suplicar dar.\n _Ar\u00e1su_, Ir \u00e2 dar.\n _Ar\u00e1na_, Ir \u00e2 dar------_Arastapse_, Se dio tiempo ha.\n _Arai\u00f1i_, Venir \u00e0 dar------_Arastap_, Se dio tiempo ha.\n _Ar\u00e1u_, Quando se da: \u00f4 el tiempo de dar.\n _Aragne_, Se da------_Arargnis_, Se dio poco ha.\n _Aragnit_, No sea que le d\u00e9.\nEsta voz _Ar\u00e1_ tiene tr\u00e8s significados. Es verbo, y significa _Dar_.\nEs conjuncion, y significa _Y_. Es adverbio, y significa _despues_,\n\u00f4 _luego_. Tambien es palabra de mofa, que la usan los muchacos.\nOTRO EXEMPLO.\nOmitidas las conjugaciones de este verbo, v.g.: _Oio_, Coger; saquemos\ntodos sus deribados, como arriba del verbo _Ar\u00e1_.\n Oio: coger. Verbo particular, \u00f2 singular.\n Oiso: coger mucho, \u00f4 muchos. Verbo plural.\n _Oiso_, Coger mucho, \u00f4 muchos.\n _Oimu_, Cogerse uno \u00e0 otro; los dos.\n _Oisopu_, Cogerse muchos \u00e2 muchos.\n _Oipu_, Cogerse \u00e2 si mismo.\n _Oiocsi_, Coger bien perfectamente.\n _Oiosi_, Mandar coger.\n _Oiomiste_, Suplicar coger.\n _Oiou_, \u00f4 _oiohu_, Quando se coja, \u00f2 en tiempo de coger.\n _Oi\u00f1i_, Venir \u00e0 coger.\n _Oiogne_, Le coge.\n _Oioinicane_, Quando le coge.\n _Oioguit_, No sea que le coja.\n _Oiostapse_, La cogio, \u00f2 cogieron, \u00f3 fue cogida.\n _Oiostap_, La cogio, \u00f4 (lo mismo).\n _Oiognis_, Fu\u00e9 cogida, \u00f4 la cogieron, &c.\nEsta voz _Oi\u00f3_ se toma tambien por hacer; v.g.: _Ista ca oiona?_\nQue voy \u00e1 hacer? _\u00bfIstam tina oio?_ Que haces tu?\nSiete verbos nacen del primitivo; y algunos le siguen en la conjugacion,\ny otros no. Unos son verbos plurales; y otros tienen los dos numeros\nsingular y plural. Veamoslo en los exemplos dichos.\n _Ara;_ Dar. Verbo primitivo, y regular conjugable por los\n tiempos dichos.\n _Arsa;_ Dar a muchos, \u00f2 mucho. Verbo plural que se conjuga\n en numero singular y plural.\n _Aramu_. Tiene solo plural. Irregular.\n _Arsapu_. Regular.\n _Arapu_. Es lo mismo en la conjugacion, que el primitivo.\n _Aracsi_. Tambien sigue \u00e2 su original.\n _Arasi_. Se conjuga lo mismo que el primitivo.\n _Aramiste_. Tiene la misma conjugacion que su primitivo.\nLo mismo se verifica en el otro exemplo, y en la mayor parte de verbos.\nMas para no confundirse, solo dixe del dicho exemplo.\n _Oio;_ Coger. Verbo primitivo y regular, que se conjuga por\n todos los dichos tiempos.\n _Oiso_. Verbo plural, que se conjuga por tiempos, y numeros\n singular y plural.\n _Oimu;_ Solo tiene plural. Irregular.\n \u00fb _Oromu_.\n _Oisopu_. Regular.\n _Oipu_. Es lo mismo en todo que el primitivo.\n _Oiocsi_. Tambien sigue \u00e2 su original.\n _Oiosi_. Se conjuga lo mismo que el primitivo.\n _Oiomiste_. Tiene la misma conjugacion que su primitivo.\nVoy \u00e0 repetir todos los verbos plurales, y regulares deribados, y un\nirregular, que salen de un verbo solamente.\n Arsa.\n 2. Ar\u00e1pu.\n Ars\u00e1pu.\n 3. Ar\u00e1si.\n Ars\u00e1si.\n 4. Ar\u00e1csi.\n Ars\u00e1csi.\n 5. Ar\u00e1miste.\n Ars\u00e1miste.\n 6. Arai\u00f1i.\n Arsai\u00f1i.\n 7. Ar\u00e1na.\n Ars\u00e1na.\n 8. Ars\u00e1a.\n Ars\u00e1su.\n 9. Ar\u00e1hu.\n Ars\u00e1hu.\n 10. Arainicane.\n Arsainicane.\n 11. Ar\u00e1gne.\n Arsagne.\n 12. Araguit.\n Arsaguit.\n 13. Ar\u00e1stap.\n Ars\u00e1stap.\n 14. Arastapse.\n Arsastapse.\n 15. Ar\u00e1guis.\n Ars\u00e1guis.\n 16. Ar\u00e1mu.\n Arsamu.\nTenemos aqui 32 palabras, que las 31 de sola una; y conjugadas las que\nson verbos regulares, plurales, y el irregular, saldr\u00eda un numero muy\nconsiderable que llenaria algunas paginas de pliego entero: por lo que\nlas omito; pues aunque no seria superflua, seria \u00e2 lo menos enfadosisima\ntanta conjugacion de un solo verbo. Nota tambien: que todos los que\nestan numerados, son verbos _singulares_, y los no numerados son\n_plurales_; y seis solos son conjugables por todos los tiempos dichos;\ny uno solo es irregular, porque solo tiene numero plural, y porque\nsiempre se conjuga por _nos_, _vos_, _illae_, vel _illi_, 1^a 2^a y 3^a\npersona.\nHasta aqui solo he hablado de los tiempos, de la conjugacion, y de los\nmodos de los verbos de este idioma. Mas ahora es preciso reunir todo lo\ndicho en pocas palabras, para la mas facil comprehension. Los tiempos\nque esta lengua admite se determinan, \u00f4 por los adverbios que anteceden,\n\u00f2 se posponen al verbo; \u00f2 por la terminacion del mismo verbo, haciendole\npresente, preterito, \u00f4 futuro; de lo que nada queda que advertir, y\nentendidos bien los tiempos queda explicada la conjugacion per ellos.\nTambien he tratado del Infinitivo de presente, que es como suena el\nverbo en qualquiera de las personas del presente de Indicativo; mas es\npreciso hablar del Infinitivo preterito y futuro; del Gerundio, del\nParticipio tambien de presente, preterito y futuro.\n Infinitivo de presente, _Ara_: Dar.\n Infinitivo de pret\u00e9rito, _Arapis_: Haber dado.\n Infinitivo de futuro, _Et ar\u00e1_: Haber dado.\n Gerundio, _Cochop aragne, \u00f4 aragne_: dando.\n Participio de presente, Dante.\n Participio de pret\u00e9rito, Dado.\n Participio de futuro, Habiendo de dar.\nQueda explicado el tiempo, el modo, y la conjugaci\u00f3n del verbo; y con\neste exemplo se forman \u00e2 su semejanza casi todos los de este idioma\nMutsun. Mas advi\u00e9rtase que como el infinitivo de qualquier tiempo, y el\nparticipio de qualquier tiempo, nunca est\u00e1n por si solos en la oraci\u00f3n,\ncon completo sentido, sino que este pende \u00f2 de un verbo determinante, \u00f2\nde alguna persona, \u00f4 de alguna preposici\u00f3n, &c., todo infinitivo y\nparticipio se forman en esta lengua, como si se resolvieran en el\ncontexto de la oraci\u00f3n. De esto hablare en el sintaxis.\nCAPITULO V.\nDel verbo que significa la existencia, acci\u00f3n, \u00f2 pasi\u00f3n de las\npersonas, \u00f2 cosas.\nYa habl\u00e9 del verbo en quanto \u00e0 sus terminaciones, modos, tiempos,\nnumeros y personas; dexando asentado que hay verbo particular \u00f4 singular\ny verbo plural. Ahora solo he de tratar del verbo, y su significaci\u00f3n\ncomo dixe arriba, y de su divisi\u00f3n. Es tan grande la divisi\u00f3n de los\nverbos que si de todos hubiese de tratar, seria preciso detenerme mas de\nlo que pide este Capitulo, y una Gram\u00e1tica de Lengua (dig\u00e1mosla)\ninculta, y sin haber conocido hasta ahora, car\u00e1cter, regla, ni precepto\nalguno, sino como la naturaleza la ha inventado. Asi dir\u00e9 solo de el\nverbo substantivo, Activo, Neutro, y Reciproco, dexando para el sintaxis\nlos verbos meditativos, deponentes, frequentativos, diminutivos,\ndefectivos, impersonales, pasivos, de natura de lengua, y dem\u00e1s que\ntrahen los Autores latinos; que si de estos hablo, sera aqui como de\npaso.\nSecci\u00f3n 1^o. Del Verbo Substantivo. Este verbo es el que explica,\nense\u00f1a, y significa la existencia de las personas, \u00f2 cosas: como _Ser_,\n_Estar_, _Haber_. Este idioma carece del verbo substantivo y auxiliar en\nla signifacion de _ser_ rigurosamente y parece ser este un defecto\ngrande, porque no se pueden explicar las cosas que con el explicamos en\nlos quince sentidos que le usamos, y de que nos valemos, quando\nconviene. Mas como todo lenguage ha sido inventado para descubrir los\nsentimientos del alma: \"Ad sensus animi exprimendos oratio reperta\"; el\nlenguage de estos Indios ha inventado ciertas palabras que suplen este\nverbo tan esencial \u00e0 nuestro idioma, y no asi al suyo; y por eso, dix\u00e9,\nparece ser defecto grande de esta lengua carecer del verbo _ser_, y no\nlo es en realidad de verdad, porque tienen estos Indios palabras, \u00f4\nvoces con que manifiestan de distinto modo que nosotros, todos sus\nconceptos, y sentimientos. Qualquiera que adquiera y posea al\nconocimiento verdadero del sintaxis de otro idioma, en nada, \u00f4 casi\nnada, semejante al nuestro, y al latino, ha de conocer, y confesar esta\nverdad, si concede primero que _ad sensus animi exprimendos oratio\nreperta est._ CALEP. v. _ex primo_.\nEn esta oraci\u00f3n por exemplo: \u00bfY eso que es? _Ene pina_ (dice el indio)\n_intsis iha?_ En esta oraci\u00f3n, no hay tal verbo _es_; pues vertida\nmaterialmente dice asi: _\u00bfEne_, Pero, mas, \u00f4 y _pina_ eso, _intsis_ que,\n_iha_ tambien? que junto dice: _\u00bfY eso que tambien?_ Sin embargo, asi\nexpresa el Indio su concepto, como se expresa en castellano con el verbo\n_es_. En este idioma pues no hay, ni es necesario el verbo substantivo\n_ser_; pero si el _estar_ muy distinto del nuestro.\nSecci\u00f3n 2^o. Si Estar se toma por _ser_, tambien carece de este\nverbo este idioma; pero si se toma por existir, \u00f4 estar actualmente, \u00f4\nhallarse en algun lugar, repito, que le tiene, pero muy distinto de\nnuestro castellano, porque nosotros usamos sin distincion del _estar_,\nsea de cosas animadas, sea de inanimadas. Asi decimos: est\u00e1 el hombre;\nest\u00e1 el dinero; est\u00e1 Dios; est\u00e1 el palo, &c. Mas este idioma usa de dos\nverbos que significan _estar_: uno significa las cosas animadas,\nespirituales; y otro las inanimadas. _Tsahora_ sirve para las primeras,\ny _Rote_ para las segundas; y asi dicen estos naturales.\n Yo estoy, \u00f4 existo, \u00f3 me hallo, _Can tsahora_.\n Tu estas, \u00f3 existes, \u00f4 te hallas, _Men tsahora_.\n Aquel est\u00e1, \u00f4 existe, \u00f3 se halla, _Nunissia tsahora_.\nAsi respectivamente en todos los tiempos que diximos del verbo Dar:\n_Ara_. Mas quando se habla de cosas inanimadas usan de _Rote_; v.g.: La\npiedra est\u00e1, existe, hay, \u00f4 se halla; _Irec rote._ Otro exemplo: Alli\nhay, \u00f3 est\u00e1, \u00f3 existe, \u00f4 se halla, el cuchillo; _N\u00fa rote tsipe_. Y asi\nde todos los entes inanimados. Quando el verbo ser es preterito\nperfecto, como v.g.: Yo fui, Tu fuiste; Aquel fu\u00e9, &c., este tiempo se\ndice muy bien: _Can rotes; men rotes; nunissia rotes_: pero no se puede\nusar de ser, \u00f4 haber sido _rotes_ en otro tiempo. Tiene otra voz que\nsignifica _estar_, haber, \u00f4 existir, que es _Nua_; y asi se dice: Alli\nhay, existe, o est\u00e1 un hombre; _Nua emetscha tsares._ Alli hay, existe,\n\u00f2 est\u00e1 un palo; _Nua emetscha tapur:_ pero se comete la figura elipsis,\ncuyo uso es muy frequente en este idioma; de lo que dixe largamente en\nsu lugar.\nSecci\u00f3n 3^o. Tampoco tiene este idioma el verbo auxiliar y substantivo\n_Haber:_ mas tomado por _Tener_ \u00f3 _Poseer_, si le tiene; pero no es como\naqu\u00ed se indaga, sino en el sentido riguroso de tener; y no como verbo\nauxiliar, que se une \u00e1 todos los tiempos de activa para conjugar los\nverbos. Mas ya dixe lo que sentia \u00e0 cerca de este verbo auxiliar en el\nprimer p\u00e1rrafo de este 5^o Capitulo: y digamos del verbo Activo.\nSecci\u00f3n 4^o. Verbo Activo. El verbo Activo es el que pide \u00f2 rige\nacusativo de persona que padece, \u00f4 aquel cuya accion, y significacion \u00e0\notra cosa que es su termino, con preposicion, \u00f2 sin ella; v.g.: Quiero \u00e0\nDios: Aborezco el vicio: Acuso \u00e0 Juan, &c.; que todo el que ha estudiado\nGramatica Castellana, \u00f4 latina, sabe. A esta clase de verbos se reducen\nla mayor parte de los que usa este idioma; y todos se conjugan como el\nverbo Dar: _Ar\u00e1_; \u00f2 por mejor decir, una sola regla sirve para conjugar\ntodos los verbos, sean de la clase que fueren; y esta es la que di\nquando trate de los tiempos, y modos del verbo de este idioma, que no\nadmite las irregularidades que se notan en los de nuestra castilla; pues\nsabido el infinitivo de presente, sea su terminacion como quiera,\nsiempre tienen los mismos adverbios que terminan los tiempos, y las\nmismas terminaciones que tengo explicadas en el referido lugar, y se\nconjugan todos como llevo expuesto.\nSecci\u00f3n 5^o. Voz pasiva de los verbos. Como queda asentado que\neste idioma no tiene el verbo substantivo _Ser_, con el que nosotros\nformamos en castilla las pasivas de los verbos, se da por supuesto que\nlos verbos de este idioma no tienen pasiva semejante \u00e2 la nuestra, ni \u00e2\nla latina, que es la que tiene verdaderas voces pasivas en casi todos\nlos tiempos, quando el verbo las admite. Hago este supuesto, porque como\nes preciso proporcionar y asimilar nuestro idioma, con este para formar\nidea de el, sin este recurso no nos entenderiamos. No tiene mas voces\npasivas que las siguientes; v.g.: en el verbo dicho _Ar\u00e1_, Aragne,\nAragne, nuc, me\n Aragnis\n Arastapse\n Arastap.\nEstas se pueden llamar voces pasivas, porque se distinguen de las\nactivas en quanto \u00e2 su terminacion; y porque con ellas se forman unas\noraciones segundas de pasiva. Se da; Le dan; Te dan; Nos dan; Os dan;\nLes dan; Me dan: se dice; _Aragne_, a\u00f1adiendo la persona, \u00f4 cosa. Quiero\ndecir; que quando en la oracion castellana vienen estos romances: _me,\nte, se, nos, vos, los_, se forman segundas de pasiva; lo mismo es en\nesta lengua; me dan, te dan, le dan, se da, nos dan, os dan, les dan, se\ndan; se dice: _Aragneca, Aragneme_, &c. Este _Aragne_ es tiempo\npresente, y no tiene mas terminacion, y hace \u00e2 todas las personas de\nsingular y plural. Esta otra voz pasiva: _Aragnis_ es de tiempo pasado,\ny es lo mismo que la antecedente. Me dieron, Te dieron, Le dieron, Nos\ndieron, Os dieron, Les dieron (esto es, entregaron); decimos:\n_Aragnisca, Aragnisme_, &c.: y lo mismo son _Arastap_, y _Arastapse_. Me\nentregaron, \u00f4 dieron, Te entregaron, \u00f2 dieron, &c.: romanceadas de otra\nsuerte en castilla estas oraciones; v.g.: Yo fui entregado; Tu fuiste\nentregado; Aquel fue entregado; Nosotros fuimos entregados, &c.: se\ndice: _Arastapca; Arastapme_; &c. Es quanto puedo decir sobre la voz\npasiva que he encontrado en todos los verbos que usan estos indios. Usan\ntambien de otra especie de pasiva, \u00f4 tienen otras expresiones en las\nimpersonales, que en nuestra Gramatica latina se hacen en pasiva, aunque\nlas terminaciones son en activa, y podemos llamarlas pasivas; v.g.:\nDicese, \u00f4 se dice, que te dan; Dicese, que te han de dar; Dicese, que te\ndieron; \u00f2 Dicen, que te entregan; Dicen, te han de entregar; Dicen, que\nte entregaron. En estas, y semejantes impersonales, usan los Indios de\nesta lengua: _Aragne nuc me; Arastap nuc me_. El _nuc_ es lo mismo que\n_dicen_; y lo demas como queda dicho.\nSecci\u00f3n 6^o. De los verbos impersonales.\n Amanece: Anochece, _Acquen: Muren_.\n Yela: Escarcha, _Huacna; Isili_.\n Llueve: Llovizna, _Amani: Pisillanme_.\n Truena: Relampaguea, _Tsura: Huilpe_.\n Nieva: Graniza, _Yopco: idem_.\nEn todos estos entienden los Indios el tiempo; \u00f2 Dios es el que hace\nestas cosas, despu\u00e9s que se les ha explicado. Pero todos estos verbos se\npueden conjugar por todos los tiempos, presente, preterito, y futuro, y\nadmiten en este idioma todas las expresiones que nosotros solemos usar\nquando hablamos de estas cosas. Tampoco tiene verbos compuestos este\nidioma; pero si verbos, palabras, \u00f2 voces, que abundan, \u00f4 que sobran\npara significar la cosa; \u00f4 por mejor decir, usan de ciertos imperativos,\nde ciertos modos, que no se positivamente como se han de llamar estas\nexpresiones raras, y son las siguientes que tengo muy presentes.\n _Yu: Yuyuts_, Anda: Acaba, &c., y en plural segun\n _Ayun: Ayuints_, Trahe: Trahed.\n _Ya: Yaints_, Toma: Tomad. Coge: Coged.\n _Ai juri: Ay\u00ed: Ayiyuts_, Ven: venid.\n _Otso: Otsoyuts_, Vetu, \u00f4 vete: Id, \u00f4 idos,\n _Pire: Pireyuts_, Sientate; Sentaos.\n _Yehela: Yelamini: Yelaminiyuts_, Aguarda, \u00f4 espera: Aguardad, \u00f4\n _Quechig\u00fcesi: Quechiguesiyuts_ Haced, &c., ligero, ligeros;\n _Camai: Camaiyuts_, Mira: Mirad.\n _Quemexei: Quemexeyuts_, Mira: Mirad.\nSi uno pregunta por estas voces verbales \u00e2 un Indio; v.g.: que hay por\nAndar, le dice: _Guate_, \u00f4 _Gine_; y esto no tiene conexion con el _Yu_.\nLo mismo si preguntamos por Aguardar, v.g.: dice: _Tusun: Suti: Tugisi:\nutrasi_: y esto en nada se parece \u00e1 _Yehela_; y lo mismo \u00e1 cerca de\ntodas las expresiones \u00f4 verbos dichos, y las que siguen.\n _Ittie_, Vamonos.\n _Ochico_, No quiero.\n _Huimacsi_, Lo siento, Me compadezco.\n _Catshi_, Silencio, \u00f4 callense.\n _Gire_, Mira, Reflexiona.\n _\u00bfMotsos?_ \u00bfYa esta? \u00bfEs asi?\n _Que_, Oye: Mira: Atiende.\n _Yu nan_, Vamos \u00e1 ver: \u00e1 ver.\n _Itque_, Ap\u00e1rtate: dexame.\n _Ayuguspu_, Qu\u00edtate, \u00f4 ap\u00e1rtate.\n _Mini_, Oye: escucha.\n _Eshierse_, No dicen, &c.\n _Eshierase_, No han dicho.\n _N\u00fa attia_, Si (seg\u00fan lo que se hable.)\nTodas estas expresiones, y otras que se ver\u00e1n en lo restante de este\ntrabajito, causan una confusi\u00f3n mas que mediana, porque no tienen\nproporci\u00f3n, \u00f4 tienen muy poca con nuestros modos de hablar.\nCAPITULO VI.\nDel Participio.\nParticipio es el que tiene casos, y significa tiempo, y participa del\nnombre y del verbo. Mas examinada bien la nat\u00fara del Participio, veo que\nen esta lengua rigurosamente, ni el de presente, ni el de pret\u00e9rito, ni\nel de futuro; ni encuentro que se use en expresi\u00f3n alguna. Esta oraci\u00f3n,\nv.g.: el que ama \u00e1 Dios, es bueno: _Amans Deum, bonus est_; resuelto el\nParticipio: _Ille qui amat Deum, bonus est_. Para hacer esta oracion por\nparticipio en lengua de estos Indios, no hay voces: es preciso resolver\nel Participio, y decir: _Numan muisin Dios, miste_. Lo mismo digo de los\nParticipios de pret\u00e9rito, y futuro; se han de resolver, si se quiere\npersuadir, \u00f4 disuadir alguno cosa, usando, \u00f4 hablando con Participio.\n_Tatagte_; barrido: _Topogte_; acabado:_Sicsaste_; manchado: _Cauyiste_;\nsecado: _Pasquiste_; harto, \u00f4 hartado, &c., aunque en castilla suenan, y\nson todos estos Participios de Pret\u00e9rito; en lengua materialmente dichas\npalabras dicen: _Se barri\u00f3; se acab\u00f3; se manch\u00f3; se seco; se harto_: y\nno son estos Participios, sino verbos y tiempos de preterito; y de\nconsiguente como carece del verbo substantivo _Ser, Tener, Haber_, y\notros auxiliares, no conoce este idioma Participio activos, ni pasivos:\nmas quanto nosotros podemos decir con los Participios, sin ellos lo\ndicen, y pueden decir los de esta lengua de un modo expresivo \u00e8\ninteligible que no tiene semejanza al nuestro, ni le es necesario; pues\nasi como la lengua es distinta, tiene distinto modo para expresarse, sin\nque por esto pueda calificarse de defectuosa, como dixe quando hable del\nverbo substantivo _Ser_.\nCAPITULO VII.\nDel Adverbio.\nEl Adverbio, para modificar su significacion, es el que se junta al\nverbo, y \u00e0 otras partes de la oracion; v.g.: al adjetivo, y participio,\ny alguna vez al substantivo. En esta lengua no solo se junta al verbo,\ny al adjetivo, sino \u00e2 los pronombres, pero siempre abreviado, \u00f2 con\nfigura, como vimos en las conjugaciones del verbo, \u00e2 quien se le\nanteponen y posponen con mucha elegancia. Hay varias clases de\nadverbios, y los ir\u00e9mos tratando separadamente en sus lugares;\ny comienzo por los adverbios de tiempo por haber muchos de esta clase,\naunque no dexa de haber muchos de cada una de las 23 que nos ense\u00f1aron\nen la gramatica latina, y este idioma no puede contar tantas, como\nver\u00e9mos luego.\nAdverbios de Tiempo.\n Hoy, _Naha_. \u00f3: este dia _Neppe tsugis_\n Ahora, _Naha_--Hace muchisimo tiempo, _Hocse munna_\n Al principio, _Innihuig_--Alguna vez, _Aipire_\n De ma\u00f1ana, _Arua_--Pronto, _Quechig\u00fcesi_\n A la tarde, _Huniacse_--Tarde, _Itti_\n Nunca, _Ecue et_--Otra vez, _Oisigo_\n Hasta ahora, _Tapua_--Entonces, _Piuagnai_\n Nunca jamas, _Ecue imi_--Siempre jamas, _Imi ietattia_\n Jamas, _Ecue \u00eat_--Un ratito, _Ipsiun_\n Ahora mismo, _Chien_--Antes, _Aru_\nSe ponen aqu\u00ed las cosas siguientes, no porque sean adverbios, sino por\nser tocantes al tiempo.\n Al ponerse el sol, _Pilpilte_.\n Al anochecer, _Sosoronin_.\n Se ha hecho tarde, _Huicaste_.\n Ya es tarde,\n Al medio dia, _Attigte ismos_.\n A media noche, _Orpehuas ershe_.\n Poco falta amanecer, _Yeteste acquenin_.\n Tiempo de calor, _Tsalagui_; \u00f4 _Tsirisguai_.\n Tiempo de frio, _Turisguai, Asirim pire_.\n Tiempo de agua, _Amaniguai_.\n Tiempo de primavera, _Tiusa pire. Itsnonin pire_.\n Tiempo de sazonar los frutas, _Icunin, Putginin, Putgi_.\nADVERBIOS DE LUGAR.\n Cerca, _Emegtie_. Cerquita, _Amatica_.\n Lexos, _Caria. Juagistac_. Mas lexos, _Cariam pire_.\n Donde. Adonde, _Ani_. De donde, _Anitum_.\n Dentro, _Ramai_. Fuera, _Cari_. De enmedio, _Orpei_.\n Arriba, _Tapere_. Abaxo, _Minimui_.\n Delante, _Juttui_. Detras, _Esentac_.\n Encima, _Taperestun_. Debaxo, _Minimuitun_.\n Aqui detras, _Pi_. Alli detras, _Ti_.\n A la derecha, _Aimatca_. A la izquierda, _Aguistac_.\n Al oriente, _Jacumui_. Al poniente, _Humui_.\n Al medio dia, _Cacun_. Al Norte, _Acas_.\n Donde (uno esta) aqui, _Nia_.\n Cuesta, \u00f4 agua arriba, _Rini_.\nAdvierto, que para decir, _desde_, \u00f4 _de_, \u00f4 _hasta_, se a\u00f1ade un _tun_\nal fin del adverbio; v.g.:\n De alli, _Nutun_.\n De alla, _Usiuntun_.\n De aculla, _Nujunatun_. Y asi de los demas adverbios de lugar.\nADVERBIOS DE SIMILITUD.\nADVERBIOS DE QUANTIDAD, \u00d4 CANTIDAD.\n Much\u00edsimo, _Tompe_. Bastante, _Nuia, Nua_.\nADVERBIOS DE QUALIDAD, Y DE MODO.\n Bien, _Miste. Utin. Tappan. Umsie. Apsie_.\n Mal, _Equitseste_. Asi, _Cua. Cuagne_.\n Quedo, _Chequen_. Reci\u00f2, _Gitsepu_.\n Despacio, _Elecsi_. Buenamente, _Umsie_.\n Alto, _Tap\u00e9re_. Baxo, _Minimuitis_.\nADVERBIOS AFIRMATIVOS.\n Si, _Gehe. He. Siocue. Siocueta_.\n Cierto, _Amane_. Es cierto, _Panane_.\n Ciertamente, _Amane_. Verdaderamente, _Asaha, Eres_.\nADVERBIOS NEGATIVOS.\n No, _Ecue. Episie_. No es asi, _Ecue at isu_.\nADVERBIOS------\nADVERBIOS DEMOSTRATIVOS.\nADVERBIOS CONGREGATIVOS.\n Todos \u00e0 una juntos, _Imentac_.\n Igualmente, _Orotse_. Desordenadamente, _Rensiecsi_.\n Continuamente, _Chira_. Seguido, _Otsoan_.\n Vocativo, _Turi_.\n La mitad, _Tsamantac_. Sonrisa, _Tchumin_.\nParecera extraordinario algun adverbio; mas dexo otros, porque tienen un\nmodo de adverbiar estos Naturales, que en su lengua son adverbios, y en\nla nuestra no. Digo que son adverbios, porque no son otra parte de la\noracion en su sintaxis: Tambien digo que este idioma no tiene adverbios\ncomparativos, y muy pocos de similitud, y con los de esta clase se\nsuplen los comparativos; y en esto sigue a la Hebrea, la que vale de la\npreposici\u00f3n _prae_ que los latinos vierten en _ab_ en los comparativos.\nTampoco tiene genitivo dicha Hebrea, y en esta lo he puesto, no porque\nse distingue de la terminacion del nominativo, sino porque en el\nsintaxis en cosas que piden rigurosamente genitivo, usan de aquella voz\nque se parece al genitivo; y muches veces en la latina lo mismo suena,\n(como dixe en otro lugar) el nominativo, el acusativo, el vocativo,\ny sin embargo por el sintaxis conocemos que caso es.\nCAPITULO VIII.\nDE LA PREPOSICION Y POSPOSICION.\nSi la Preposicion en nuestra gramatica es la que se antepone \u00e2 las demas\npartes de la oracion para guiarlas al verdadero sentido de relacion,\n\u00f2 respeto que tienen entre si las cosas que significan; la Posposicion\nen esta lengua es la que se pospone \u00e2 las demas partes de la oracion,\ny hace los mismos oficios respecto del sentido de las cosas. Las\nPosposiciones de esta lengua se reducen \u00e1 las siguientes.\n _Huas_, Para; \u00f4 \u00e1; \u00f4 al; el, ella, ellos, &c. Dativo.\n _Se_, A el; ella; ellos, &c. Acusativo.\n _E_, A el; \u00e2 ella; \u00e2 ellos; &c. Acusativo.\n _Ne_, A el; &c. Acusativo.\n _Tsa_, Con el; ella; &c. Ablativo.\n _Me_, Con; en casa de, &c. Ablativo.\nTodas las doce Posposiciones, encuentro en el sintaxis; y el significado\nes como dexo expuesto en las columnas. Las demas preposiciones que usa\nnuestra lengua, se suplen en esta con los adverbios de esta misma\nlengua, la que carece de estas preposiciones _contra, entre, hacia,\nhasta_; mas el _sin_ nuestro lo suple con esta voz _atsi_, y esta\npalabra siempre se antepone, y nunca se puede posponer; por lo que no la\nasente entre las Posposiciones, y tambien significa _no_. Todas estas\nPosposiciones tienen la significacion dicha en compa\u00f1ia de las palabras\nque les anteceden; mas por si solas, y fuera de compa\u00f1ia nada dicen, ni\nnunca se encuentran sin el orden que tengo explicado. Otras advertencias\nmerece este tratado, las que si ahora se omiten es porque constan de las\nfrases dichas (en el Arroyuelo); y porque una cosa es pura Posposicion,\ny otra cosa es Particula. En nuestro Arte Castellano con la explicacion\nde las preposiciones se confunde esto. _Esta carta es para Juan, y esta\ncarta es para ganar_, v.g.; no es lo mismo el _para_ en una que en\notra, aunque suena lo mismo; y esto mas pertenece al sintaxis que no al\npresente asunto.\nCAPITULO IX.\nDE LA CONJUNCION.\nConjuncion es la traba, y ata las partes de la oracion entre si mismas.\nHay varias clases de conjuncion. Solo hablare de algunas conjunciones,\ny son las que siguen.\n _Ara_, Y; luego. _Imatcun_, Si; con tal que.\n _Hi_, Y; tambien. _Yehela_, Aunque.\nLas comunes son: _Aia; Hi; Hia; En\u00e9; Ara_, con el significado que arriba\ndixe. Las tres primeras siempre se posponen, y traban las palabras, los\nverbos, y las oraciones; y asi podemos llamarlas copulativas. Y no se\nque haya otras. Es una confusion grande este tratadito; y asi ire\nponiendo en castilla primero, y luego en idioma.\n Por eso: Por lo tanto, _Nisiasum_. Porque no? _Enem at inca_.\n De qualquiera manera, _Ucsi_.\n Sino, _Cochop ecue_. Asi como, _Cati cata_.\n Porque? _Incagtet: Intsista: Intsisum: Inca_.\nCAPITULO X.\nDE LA INTERJECCION.\n \u00a1_Atseitac!_ Es lo mismo que quando admirados decimo; oh!\n \u00a1_Ha: Nu_, Estas dos es lo mismo que: Ya oygo: entiendo: si.\n \u00a1_Iscane!_ Pobre de mi.\n \u00a1_An\u00e1!_ Madre! que se expresa en los dolores.\n \u00a1_Que!_ Oye: escucha: atiende.\n \u00a1_Minini!_ Idem; pero es quando hay familiaridad entre los que se\nQueda pues explicado el tratado de las ocho partes de la oracion que\nadvierto hay en este idioma; que son: Nombre, Pronombre, Verbo,\n_Participio_, Adverbio, Preposicion, digo Posposicion, Conjuncion,\n\u00ea Interjeccion. Y podemos excluir no solo el Articulo, sino el\n_Participio_; y asi diremos: que son siete las partes de la oracion\nen esta lengua Mutsun.\nCAPITULO XI.\nDe las Figuras del Metaplasmo.\nUna de las cosas mas dificiles al principio de aprender esta lengua\nme fue la de entender las figuras que usa, ya de diccion, y ya de\nconstruccion, de que dire luego.\nMetastesis. Es quando se invierten algunas letras que tiene la\npalabra, \u00f4 voz; y esta es propia de los ni\u00f1os; que aun casi no pueden\npronunciar; y las Madres \u00f4 Padres les hablan con las letras que tiene la\nvoz trastornadas, y fuera del modo con que deben estar; v.g.: _Onlemu_,\nen lugar _Onelmu_, que quiere decir: _Hacer rayas en el suelo_. Otro\nexemplo: _Coor_, en lugar de _Cor\u00f3_ que quiere decir _Pie_. Y asi de las\ndemas palabras de esta figura.\nSinalefa. Es quando una voz acaba en vocal, y la que se sigue es\ntambien vocal, y se calla la vocal de la primera voz; v.g.: _Tsotco aisa\netse_. Todas estas tres voces acaban en vocal, y \u00e2 la de enmedio se le\nquita la _a_, y se dice con elegancia _Tsotco ais etse_; que significa:\nSeguido, \u00f4 en orden, ellos duermen.\nSincope. Es quando se quita del medio de la voz alguna letra \u00f4\nsilaba; v.g.: _Maam_, en lugar de _Macam_.\nApocope. Es quando se le quita alguna letra al fin de la voz;\nv.g.: _Ar_, en lugar, de _Aru_, que quiere decir _antes: me_, en lugar\nde _men_; Tu, &c.\nApheresis. Es quando se quita alguna letra al principio de la\nvoz; v.g.: _et_ en lugar de _iet_.\nAntithesis. Es quando se pone en la voz una letra por otro; v.g.:\n_hic _en lugar de _hac_ se muda la _a_ en _i_. Es muy corriente esta\nfigura como tambien las demas: pero, esta tiene esta particularidad, que\nsi la voz, \u00f4 verbo acaba en _u_, hace _huc_; si en _i, hic_; si en _o,\nhoc_; y todos deben ser _hac_, \u00f4 _haca_, mudada la primera _a_ en _e, i,\nTiene esta idioma Figuras mezcladas de Antithesis, y Apocope; v.g.:\n_Quipi hic_, en lugar de _Quipi haca_; se halla mudada la _a_ en _i_,\ny quitada la ultima _a_. Tambien de Apheresis, y Apocope: _Canmes et\njatsa_; en lugar de _Can mes icte jatsa_, quitada la primera _i_, y la\nultima _e_, en el primer exemplo; y confirmada esta verdad en el\nsegundo.\nEntendidas las partes de la oraci\u00f3n, se comprende quando este idioma en\nsus voces comete una figura, \u00f4 dos, en una palabra, y aun tres figuras\nen una sola voz. No pongo mas exemplos, porque seria extenderme, y lo\ndicho es suficiente para comprender el uso que hace la natur\u00e2, y no el\narte, \u00f4 los dos juntos del modo figurado.\nDe la Figura Elipis.\nEsta figura se comete quando se omiten en la oracion algunas palabras,\nque siendo necesarias para completar el sentido gramatical, no hacen\nfalta para la inteligencia ni para el sentido de la expresion. Usa este\nidioma de esta figura muchas veces; por exemplo: _\u00bfAnit men?_ \u00bfDonde vas\ntu? y en lengua no se dice _elepu_, vas; sino que se omite. _Macque,\ntacca_: Ai voy, hermano mayor; y en lengua se omite _tina accu_, \u00f4\n_elepu_, que dice: _ai entro_, \u00f4 _voy. Men unisi_: No quieras; y en\nlengua no se expresa el _no, epsie_; pero se entiende por esta figura.\nCAPITULO XII.\nDel Sintaxis de este Idioma.\nSintaxis es lo mismo que construccion, fabricacion, \u00f4 composicion de las\npartes de la oracion entre si: \u00f4 Sintaxis es el orden y dependencia que\ndeben tener entre si las palabras para formar la oracion. Esta\nconstruccion es propia y figurada, \u00f4 natural, y figurada. De lo dicho\nhasta aqui se infiere, que este idioma usa en su sintaxis de los dos\nmodos natural, y figurado; y respecto de nuestro idioma este es un puro\nHiperbaton, porque se invierte el orden gramatical que naturalmente\nguardan nuestras palabras en la oracion.\nLo primero que pide nuestro sintaxis natural, es que el nombre\nsubstantivo se anteponga al adjetivo; y este regularmente es al\ncontrario: el nombre adjetivo precede al substantivo, v.g.: _Misia\nimiu_; otro: _Tolon me munus_; otro: _Tsutsunagte gin_; otro: _Capnen\nnana pire_; otro: _Aium jurecuas ruc_; &c., que despues veremos. _Misia;\nTolon; tsutsunagte; capnen; jurecuas_; todos son adjetivos; y los\nanteponen estos Naturales \u00e2 los nombres substantivos _imiu, m\u00fanus, gin,\npire_, y _ruc_. Pide nuestro Sintaxis natural que no haya falta ni sobra\nde palabras en la oracion; y en este sintaxis respecto del nuestro\nregularmente hay falta de palabras. En los exemplos dichos: _Misia imiu:\nBonito todo_; en nuestro idioma diremos natural y propiamente: _Todo es\nbonito_. En el otro exemplo: _Tolon me m\u00fanus: Mucho tu porqueria_, \u00f4\n_ro\u00f1a_; nosotros decimos: _Tu tienes mucha porqueria_, \u00f4 _ro\u00f1a_, &c.\nAqui advertira el lector la inversion de la construccion, y la falta de\npalabras en este idioma respecto del nuestro; y aquel no pudiera\nentenderse sino nos valiesemos del Hiperbaton, y Elipis que tiene el\nnuestro. Trastornado este principio fundamental, es preciso que se\ntrastornen tambien las reglas de nuestro sintaxis: esto es, la\nconcordancia, el r\u00e9gimen, y la construccion, de las que voy \u00e0 tratar en\nlos Parrafos siguientes.\nSecci\u00f3n 1.\nLas concordancias son tr\u00e8s: de nominativo, y Verbo; de Substantivo y\nAdjetivo; de relativo, y antecedente. La primera concierta en numero\ny en persona. Mas aqui es preciso repetir lo que diximos del verbo\ncolectivo, \u00f4 verbo singular, y verbo plural; este dixe que es lo mismo\nque nuestros colectivos, porque hablan de muchedumbre. Ahora bien, tiene\neste idioma esta concordancia de nominativo y verbo, y precisamente\nconcierta en numero y en persona, aunque el verbo sea plural o\ncolectivo; v.g.: _Jupama ichon_, y tambien _Jupama itson_: Otro; _Can\nole_, y tambien _can olse_. En estos dos exemplos hay quatro concordias\nde nominativo y verbo, aunque si se ha de suponer, que como el verbo en\nqualquier tiempo nunca tiene diversa terminacion dentro del mismo\ntiempo, siempre ha de haber concordia, sea la persona que quisiere: mas\nen los verbos plurales, \u00f2 colectivos, si la coleccion, pluralidad \u00f2\nmuchedumbre, es incompatible con la persona; esto es, si la persona no\nadmite la pluralidad, y se junta con dichos verbos es mala la concordia\ny no estara bien dicha la oracion; v.g.: _Can semson_: Yo morimos, o yo\nmuero mucho; porque una vez se muere uno, y no muchas: y _yo morimos_ ni\nen Castilla es buena concordia, y esto se ha de tener presente, si se\nquiere (como se debe) hablar con pureza, naturalidad y finura.\nSecci\u00f3n 2.\nTiene tambien este idioma la concordia de Substantivo, y Adjetivo; y\nesta solo concierta en numero y en caso, y no en genero, porque no le\ntiene; v.g.: _Maccu misimin_; esposo bueno: y seria mala concordia\ndecir: _Maccu misiminac_; porque _maccu_ es singular, y _misimimac_ es\nplural, \u00f4 habla de muchos. Lo mismo en esta: _Muquiuquinis hatcamac_,\nvieja prietas; ni en castilla esta bien: mas si _Muquiuquinis\nhatcasmin_, vieja prieta: porque el substantivo y adjetivo son\nsingulares, y est\u00e1n en nominativo. Dixe que no tiene este idioma genero;\ny asi lo mismo es para estos Naturales decir en Castilla _Marido_, \u00f2\n_esposo bueno_, que _buena; vieja prieto_, que _vieja prieta_; y tambien\ncarece de nuestros articulos, como dixe en el 1. Cap. de este librito.\nSecci\u00f3n 3.\n_Que, qual, quien, cuyo_, son los pronombres relativos; y de estos\nrelativos es de lo que al presente tratamos para la otra concordia que\nresta explicar. Todos tienen plural menos _que_, de cuya voz usamos en\nambos numeros. Todos los relativos dichos se dicen en lengua, \u00f2 se\nnombran asi: _Numan, Anpi, Atte, Attenane_, como ya dixe hablando de los\npronombres. _Numan_, \u00f4 _que_, no tiene mas terminacion y serve lo mismo\nque nuestro _que_, para quando es necesario usar de el. Mas como este\nidioma, como poco ha dixe, no tiene ni generos, ni articulos, que son\nlos que forman aqui la concordia, hemos de decir que no tiene esta\nconcordia \u00f4 por mejor decir, siempre que convenga, debemos usar de el,\ncomo usamas del _que_ en nuestras oraciones castellanas.\nNo quiero omitir aqui sobre esta palabra _que_ lo que debiera haber\ndicho, quando se trat\u00f3 de la conjuncion. Quando el _que_ es conjuncion,\n\u00f4 particula (como deciamos en la gramatica latina) siempre es tacita en\nla oracion, v.g.: Deseo que seas bueno: _Ihuipsen, ca, men miste_.\nQuando el _que_ es relativo neutro interrogativo, dice este idioma\n_Intsis_, \u00f4 _Ista_; y dexo exemplos de esto. Quando el _que_ es como\ninterjeccion, que nosotros decimos _que_, \u00f2 _he_, en esta lengua, se\ndice, _Ha_! para preguntar; y quando es relativo siempre se dice el que\n_numan_.\nCAPITULO XIII.\nDel Regimen que tienen las partes de la oracion que admite este\nIdioma.\n1. El nombre substantivo rige \u00e0 otro nombre substantivo en genitivo sin\nla preposicion _de_, ni otra alguna mas siempre el genitivo se antepone\nal substantivo que le rige, v.g.: _Purchu rucca: Patrecma esgen_: &c.\n_Purchu_, y _Patrecma_ son genitivos de _rucca_, y _esgen_; que quiere\ndecir: De purchu casa, \u00f4 la casa de Purchu: De Padres fresada, \u00f4 La\nfresada de los Padres. Ya diximos en las Declinaciones, que el\nnominativo, el genitivo, y vocativo no tienen distinta terminacion; pero\npor el contexto de la oracion en el sintaxis se conoce quando es un\ncaso, \u00fb otro, asi como nosotros conocemos en la oracion latina por su\ncontexto quando es un caso, y no otro, aunque no tengan distinta\nterminacion.\n2. El nombre substantivo rige al verbo, porque como aquel es el mobil de\nla accion, \u00f4 pasion, el verbo es el que expresa estas obras; y asi este\nha de concertar con aquel, v.g.: _Purchu_, si no hay verbo, nada se\ndice, sino nombrar \u00e2 un hombre que se llama Purchu: pero si se a\u00f1ade\n_guarca_, ya decimos la accion de Purchu; esto es: _Purchu llora_, que\nes concordia rigurosa de nominativo, y verbo.\n3. El verbo rige al nombre substantivo, \u00f2 pronombre, quando todos son\nterminos de la accion, ya signifique persona, \u00f4 ya cosa; y asi se dice:\n_Can muisin Diosse_: Yo quiero Dios \u00e2; esto es: Yo amo a Dios. _Can esso\nequets se_: Yo aborezco pecado al; esto es: Yo aborezco al pecado. Ya he\ndicho en el principio, y muchas veces, y ahora lo repito por ser este su\nlugar propio, que nuestras preposiciones son posposiciones en este\nidioma, y en estos dos exemplos son el _se. Dios se, equets se_. Paraque\nse entienda el sintaxis de esta lengua traduzco materialmente, y luego\nexpreso en parafrasis la oracion perfecta en castellano, como se ve\narriba. Es de notar que muchos verbos ellos solos explican y embeben\ndentro de si los terminos de su significacion, y en este caso no rigen\nnombre substantivo alguno v.g.: _Muraste men sitnun_: Crecio ya tu hijo,\n\u00f4 hija. Otro: _Semoste Abatonio_: Se murio, \u00f2 murio Antonio Abad; y\notros exemplos de esta clase de verbos, que llaman neutros, \u00f2 mejor\nintransitivos; esto es que pasan su termino \u00f4 significacion \u00e1 * * * *\ncosa, ni persona. Dixe tambien hablando del verbo, que en este idioma\ntodos los verbos se pueden reducir \u00e2 activos y pasivos, y no \u00e0 tanta\nconfusion de verbos como (no se si bien) se nos ense\u00f1a en la gramatica\nlatina. Vease la nota 6^a y 7^a del Arte de Nebrija, De institutione\ngrammaticae, Lib. 3; y tambien puede verse nuestro Arte de gram\u00e1tica\ncastellana Cap. 7, par. 1, n. 88.\n_Se, e, ne, huy, tsa, me, tca, tac, um, ium, sum, tun_, y no se si\nalguna otra posposition son todas las que acompa\u00f1an al nombre\nsubstantivo, \u00f4 pronombre, regido del verbo. Exemplos de todos. 1^o.\n_Oquegte ca mucurma_SE: Despedi, \u00f4 despache yo mugeres \u00e2 las; esto es:\nDespedi \u00e2 las mugeres. 2^o. \u00bf_Attena ayona soton_E? Quien va \u00e2 traer\nlumbre la; esto es: \u00bfQuien va \u00e2 traer la lumbre? 3^o. _Cua met aisan_E:\nAsi tu despues \u00e2 ellos _les_; esto es: Asi les diras, \u00f4: Asi diras \u00e0\nellos. 4^o. _Neppe appa_HUAS: Esto Padre, _\u00e2, \u00f4 para_; Esto es para el\nPadre. 5^o. _Chien hac guate Tausest_SA: Ahora el viene Hermano menor\n_con_; esto es: Ahora viene el con su Hermanito. 6^o. _Otso Appa_ME: Ve\nPadre _con_; esto es: Vete con tu Padre. Este _me_ significa en casa,\ncomo dije en otro lugar. 7^o. _Ripuin ca isu_TCA: Espine yo mano _en_;\nesto es: Me espine en la mano. 8^o. _Ag\u00fbis_TAC, _cannis tion_: Zurda, o\nizquierda _con_ \u00e2 mi tiro: esto es: Me tiro con la izquierda. 9^o.\n_Tapur_UM _cames et jatsa_: Palo _con_ yo \u00e2 ti despues pegare; esto es:\nTe he de pegar con un palo. 10^o. _Sialquinin usec jai_IUM: Se rajo\nchiflo, \u00f4 pito boca _con_; esto es: Se rajo el pito con la boca. 11^o.\n_Nottos cannis haca isa_SUM: Pego a mi el manos _con_; esto es: Me\nsacudio con las manos, \u00f4 con la mano. 12^o. _Najan_TUN _can tsetcan_:\nAlli de yo vengo; esto es: vengo de alli. Quedan pues explicadas todas\nlas posposiciones de este idioma con los exemplos que estan dichos y\nse\u00f1alados con una raya asi--; y en muchos exemplos no solo hay la\nposposicion sino tambien muchas figuras, de las que dixe en el Cap. 11.\nde esta tarea.\n4. El verbo rige \u00e0 otro verbo; y en este caso el primero es\ndeterminante, y el segundo determinado: y asi se dice: _Ihuten ca ama_:\nQuiero yo comer. Mas si el verbo determinado regido del determinante\npide alguna conjuncion para llevar la oracion al modo indicativo, \u00f4\nsubjuntivo, esta siempre se ha de expresar con tal que no sea la\nconjuncion _que_. v.g.: _Huasaca tihon, ausic, quet, humun_: El auron\nnace para volar; \u00f4 materialmente: Auron nace, para que el despues vuele.\nOtro: _Can semon, usi can ihusen_: Yo muero, porque yo quiero. Otro:\n_Miste nuc me_: Bueno, dicen, tu; \u00f4 mejor: Dicen que estas bueno. No\ntiene esta conjuncion _que_ este idioma, como dixe en otra parte.\n5. El adverbio es absolutamente necesario para acompa\u00f1ar al verbo\nconjugado; \u00f4 mejor, el adverbio es preciso para la formacion de los\ntiempos en este idioma; por manera que sin adverbio todo verbo sera\ninfinitivo, y presente; y el adverbio, como dije en su lugar, determina\nal verbo \u00e2 que sea pret\u00e9rito, y futuro. Para el imperativo, y modo\ninfinitivo no es necesario ni tampoco para el tiempo presente de\nindicativo, pero modifica, siempre la significacion del verbo.\n6. Las posposiciones rigen al dativo, acusativo, y ablativo, como hemos\ndicho en los doze exemplos de este Cap. n. 3. Tambien rigen al adverbio\nalgunas veces, y nunca al verbo, porque las posposiciones que acompa\u00f1an\ny rigen \u00e2 nuestros verbos, llamo yo conjunciones las mas, y no\npreposiciones aunque son en realidad. Esta preposicion _a_, que en\nlengua no se como llamar, tiene un uso muy grande, \u00f4 extenso en este\nidioma; y viene \u00e0 hacer los mismos oficios que el gerundio substantivo\nde acusativo, \u00f4 supino; v.g.: A llevar del primer modo _ferendum_; del\nsegundo: _latum_; \u00f4 futuro de infinitivo de activa. Asi como \u00e2 el supino\nen um latino acompa\u00f1an las verbos de movimiento _ir_ y _venir_; asi\ntambien quando se usa en nuestra castilla esta preposicion _a_, y se\nquiere traducir en lengua, le acompa\u00f1an dichos verbos de movimiento los\nque regularmente no expresan en la oracion, en la lengua v.g.: _Oiyni ca\ncurcase_: Vengo a coger pinole. _Oyona ca curcase_: Voy \u00e2 traer pinole.\n_Etsesu ca_. Voy a dormir. De lo dicho consta que quando la oracion\nlleva este romance _a_ \u00f4 esta preposicion castellana _a_, en idioma\nMutsun, tiene tres terminaciones _im, na_ y _su_, que se a\u00f1aden al verbo\nen infinitivo, \u00f4 tiempo presente. El _im_ es para el verbo _venir_, y el\n_na_, y _su_, son para el verbo _ir_, los quales verbos de movimiento\nrara vez, o nunca, se expresan en la expresion de esta lengua; pero\nsiempre se han de suponer, y nunca se pueden trocar, porque no es lo\nmismo _venir_, que _ir_.\nMe ha sido dificultosisimo perciber que diferiencia hay entre el _na_, y\nel _su_; y despues he venido \u00e2 observar, que el _su_ es quando se va\npara no volver en algunos dias, \u00f4 se va muy lexos; y el _na_ quando uno\nvuelve luego, \u00f4 se va cerca: y quando ni se va lexos, ni cerca, y se\nanda pocos pasos, \u00f4 ninguno, y la oracion lleva el romance _\u00e2_, se hace\npor infinitivo, \u00f4 presente de indicativo, v.g.: _Chala ca_: Voy a hacer\naguas menores. _Ama ca_: Voy a comer. Mas si se fuera \u00e2 mear lexos, para\nvolver tarde, o no volver, diria _Chala su_; \u00f4 _Chalasisu ca_; y le\nmismo en el otro exemplo: _Amasu ca_; mas si se fuese cerca, y para\nvolver luego, se dira: _Chalana_, \u00f4: _Chalasina ca_; y lo mismo; _Amana\nca_. Las demas preposiciones castellanos, como que no son posposiciones\ndel idioma, merecen otro Capitulo particular para que no queden sin\nentenderse debidamente.\n7. Las conjunciones que tengo advertido en este idioma, y de que dixe en\nel Cap. 9, son _ene, ar\u00e1, hia, in, iuta, aia, imatcun, yela_, y las\ndemas que puse alli, y todas quantas, despues se observen, solas tr\u00e8s se\nposponen siempre al verbo, nombre, pronombre, adverbio, que unen, \u00f4\nenlazan y rigen; y las demas se anteponen siempre, v.g.: _Ene me cannis\nintsis queletse_? \u00bfY tu a mi porque me miras con ojos airados? esto es;\nY porque me miras con ce\u00f1o. _Ara intsissun me ittocpo_? \u00bfY que cosa con\ntu te limpias el fiador? esto es: \u00bfY tu con que te limpias el trasero?\n_Irugmin aisa chitte rini, mucurma, tsareshia_: Todos ellos bailan,\nmuchachos, mugeres, hombres, y; esto es: Bailan todos ellos, muchachos,\nmugeres, y hombres. _Isque canhi meg\u00e9_: Dexa, \u00f2 quita, yo y miro; esto\nes: Dexame, miro yo tambien. _Attese me ihusen uti iutamen menen, iuta\nmen ette_? A quien tu quieres mas, \u00f4 \u00e2 tu Abuela, \u00f4 \u00e0 tu Abuelo?\n_Teretis men aia_: Te has cortado el pelo tu tambien. _Imatcun ca nisu,\nmonsemetcun camis_. Si yo lo supiera te avisaria. Y asi todos los demas\nexemplos de quantas conjunciones haya en esta lengua, en la que se\nenlazan las palabras que no dicen disonancia, y que son conformes \u00e2 la\nnaturaleza de los juicios y racionalidad del hombre.\nSe me paso advertir que el Gerundio rige al nombre, aunque rara vez\nse usa en este idioma, que los forma de esta manera: _Richaspismac,\nAmasmac, Monsermac_: Jugando, Comiendo, Avisando. Tambien significan\ny tienen estos romances: _de jugar, de comer, de avisar_, y lo mismo de\nquantos gerundios se quiera usar, a\u00f1adiendo al tiempo pasado un _mac_.\nQuando se usa del primer modo se resuelven con un _cochop, o pi\u00f1i_, que\nsignifica _quando estaba jugando, comiendo, avisando_: mas usado del\nsegundo modo no se puede resolver.\nTambien advierto otra cosa rarisima, que estas tres voces arriba dichas\nsignifican _jugadores, comedores, y avisadores_; y se conoce ser asi por\nel contexto de las oraciones. _Incagtet, inca, inisista, intsisum, usi,\nincagte_? son conjunciones de interrogativo, y todas significan,\n_porque? \u00bfIncagtet_? tambien significa \u00bf_Como_? mas con el _usi_ se\nresponde, y con _nisiasum_ se confirma, v.g.: \u00bf_Isagte hic guarca_?\n\u00bfPorque llora el? _Usi Patre has sisas_: Porque el Padre le amenas\u00f3.\n_Nisiasum huc guarca; usi Patre has sisas_: Por eso, el llora, porque el\nPadre le amenas\u00f3.\nTambien tiene este idioma tres modos lo menos para preguntar, y son los\nsiguientes: _Tage cames_; Pregunto yo \u00e2 ti. Este es un modo, y rara vez\nse usa el _Tage_ para uno decir, pregunto, \u00f2 dime. El 2^o es _Moths_.\nEste es el mas corriente modo de preguntar. El otro es, a\u00f1adiendo \u00e2 la\nprimera palabra un _se_, \u00f4 _s_, pospuesto, \u00ea indagando la cosa, como con\nadmiracion, y duda. Exemplo: _Tage cames \u00bfanta Dios_? Te pregunto \u00bfdonde\nDios? (suple est\u00e1). \u00bf_Moths Dioste pire_? Te pregunto, \u00f4 dime; \u00bfhay\nDios? _Diostes pire_? \u00bfQue hay Dios? \u00f4 Dime, \u00f4 te pregunto: \u00bfhay Dios?\nEn otros exemplos: _Mots men corone_? (Para decir responde, se dice en\nlengua _raguanpui, \u00f4 uni_). Ahora: \u00bf_Mots men corone_? Dime, \u00f4 te\npregunto, \u00bf_tu pie este_? esto es: Dime, este es tu pie? Del otro modo:\n\u00bf_Nes mencoro_; \u00f4 \u00bf_Mense cor\u00f3 ne_? \u00bf Que este es tu pie? \u00f4: Dime \u00bftu\npie este? Ya dixe, que esta lengua no tiene el verbo substantivo _Ser_,\npero le supone quando le es preciso para la expresion.\nEl _se, \u00f4 s_, pospuesta \u00e2 la primera palabra, es lo mismo que nuestro\n_que_, quando preguntamos: \u00bfQue yo querr\u00e9? \u00bfQue yo he de querer? \u00bf_Yetes\nca uni? \u00bfUn\u00eds ca yete?_ \u00f4 _\u00bfCanse yet uni? \u00bfMoths cat uni? \u00bfMoths can\nyet uni? \u00bfMoths can uni yete_? De todos estos modos forma esta lengua\nuna misma oracion, la que es facilisima de entenderse, si ya se ha\ncomprendido lo dicho hasta aqui, especialmente en la formacion de los\ntiempos, y en otras partes. Concluyo quanto se comprehende en estos\nsiete puntos del Regimen.\nEl nominativo, y el vocativo de ninguna parte de la oracion se rigen,\nporque son el movil de la expresion. _Matshu ai juri_: Esta voz, \u00f4\npalabra _Matshu_ es vocativo, y significa muchas cosas; esto es: es la\nexpresion de mas familiaridad que hay entre esta gente; y asi tiene\ndistintos respetos. Si el esposo dice \u00e2 su muger _Matshu_, es lo mismo\nque decir Esposa. Si le dice un Padre \u00e2 su hijo _Matshu_, es lo mismo\nque decir, \u00f4 llamarle Hijo. Si es de un compa\u00f1ero \u00e0 otro _Matshu_, es lo\nmismo que nombrarle Compa\u00f1ero; y asi de los demas respetos: por lo que\nninguno que no tenga intima familiaridad con otro, puede usar de ella\nsin incurrir en la nota de impolitico, \u00f2 que no entiende lo que dice.\nY supuesto he tocado esto, dire lo que he advertido sobre su politica,\nque es casi ninguna en orden al tratamiento. _Que_ es otra voz con que\nllaman \u00e2 otro con quien no tienen familiaridad, v.g.: quando uno no oye,\ny le llaman por medio de la voz _Que_, que equivale \u00e2 _oyga vd._: en\nnuestra castilla, y entre ellos \u00e2 _Oye tu_; pues este es el tratamiento\nde ni\u00f1os \u00e2 viejos, de hijos \u00e2 Padres, y de estos \u00e2 ellos. _Minini_ es\notra palabra con que llaman los ancianos a sus deudos, \u00f2 extra\u00f1os,\nquando son parvulos estos, \u00f2 no han llegado al uso de razon.\nEl nombre substantivo \u00f2 pronombre rige \u00e2 otro, pero anteponiendose el\nregido al regente, sin articulo, ni particula alguna en lo que se\ndiferencia de nuestro idioma. Tambien rige el nombre substantivo al\nverbo, y este al nombre, segun el caso que pida aquel, y siempre con\nposposicion pues de no haberla no tendria casos el nombre substantivo, \u00f4\nadjetivo de esta lengua. La preposicion, \u00f4 posposicion se acompa\u00f1a con\nlos substantivos, adjetivos, y algunas veces con los adverbios, y quando\nconviene con los pronombres, y nunca con el verbo. Las conjunciones\nenlazan nombres, y verbos, nombres con nombres, y verbos con verbos, y\ntambien adverbios con adverbios, y gerundios con gerundios; unas veces\nantepuestas, y otras pospuestas, no teniendo estas lugar de anteponerse\nnunca en este idioma. Los adverbios acompa\u00f1an \u00e2 los tiempos, y modos del\nverbo, y al mismo verbo, y \u00e2 los nombres adjetivos, modificandolos\nsiempre segun la diversidad de su significacion en el contexto de la\nexpresi\u00f3n.\nCAPITULO XIV, Y ULTIMO.\nDe la Construccion del Mutsun.\nDixe en el Cap. 12, que respecto de nuestro idioma es este un puro\nhiperbaton, esto es, una inversion, \u00f3 perturbacion del orden de las\npalabras nuestras, porque estas tienen un sintaxis, cuyas reglas son muy\ndiversas de las de este, como consta de los dos Capitulos antecedentes.\nEn orden a la construccion de las partes de la oracion de este idioma no\nhay que recurrir \u00e2 Autores clasicos, ni \u00e2 personas cultas, que son los\nprincipios de la nuestra: lo que hemos de hacer aqui es observar como\nhablan los de mayor capacidad, y los viejos; pues estos, y aquellos se\nexplican con propiedad, elegancia, y pureza; y esto es lo que he\npracticado para poder comprender esta lengua en la forma que voy\nexplicandola. Regularmente siempre empieza este idioma \u00e2 expresarse por\naquella parte de la oracion, que es el intento principal \u00f4 objeto que se\npropone manifestar, construyendo, y formando las clausulas, y tomando\naquellas voces, que desde luego son propias y expresivas para descubrir\nlos sentimientos del alma, segun en ella existen.\nTambien he observado, que las mas expresiones se pueden formar de dos\nmodos, pero siempre como acabo de decir, v.g.: _Cati al irugmin_; que\nsignifica: Asi son todos, \u00f4 Asi es todo. Este adverbio _Cati, Asi_, es\nlo que se intenta manifestar primeramente; y despues dice _al_, que\nsignifica _no mas_ (que equivale \u00e0 nuestro _son_ si dice algo este\nidioma); luego a\u00f1ade el _irugmin_, que no es lo primero que ocurre\nexpresar. Mas si se oye de este modo: _Irugmin at cati_, que tambien es\nel mismo pensamiento; el _irugmin_ que es todos, \u00f4 todo, es lo que\nprimeramente se quiere descubrir; luego se pone el _at_, son, y despues\nse usa del _cati_ asi, que es lo ultimo que se persuade declarar. Otro\nexemplo: \u00bf_Pinasset cus camnes c\u00e1nna_? \u00bf Que eso te habia de negar? \u00f4\nmaterialmente: \u00bfEso que habia de yo \u00e0 ti negar? De el otro modo: \u00bf_Moths\ntugne cames pinasse c\u00e1nna_? Dime, te negar\u00eda yo eso? \u00f4 materialmente:\n\u00bfDime, yo \u00e2 ti eso que negaria? Aqui se ve del primer modo: \u00bfQue eso te\nhabia de negar? y del 2^o modo: \u00bfDime, te negaria yo eso? Lo primero que\nintenta expresar el que asi habla es, \u00bf_que eso_, haciendo relaci\u00f3n \u00e2 lo\nque _es eso_; despues expresa lo demas para que forme sentido; pero no\nes lo que inmediatamente le ocurrio, y luego concluye acabando el\npensamiento \u00f4 expresion con lo que le es necesario para manifestarle. Lo\nque he dicho con los dos exemplos, se supone ser lo mismo con quantas\nexpresiones largas, \u00f4 breves, hay en este idioma, el que repito, forma\nsus expresiones de dos modos, guardando la regla del sintaxis que la\nnaturaleza le ha dado, y como acabo de explicar.\nNo obstante lo dicho hasta aqui, siempre las reglas del sintaxis de este\nidioma se observan, y no tienen aquella inversion que tiene el sintaxis\ncastellano por medio de tantas figuras.", "source_dataset": "gutenberg", "source_dataset_detailed": "gutenberg - Extracto de la gramatica mutsun\n"}, {"created_timestamp": "01-02-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7586", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan Van der Kemp, 2 January 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Van der Kemp, Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan\nDear Sir\nMontizillo. 2d. January. 1822.\nI have transmitted to Mr. Quincy, extracts from two of your letters, relative to the name and family of Keimper. \u2014\nI rejoice in all your joys and wish you many returns of your happy anniversary.\u2014\nI agree with you in the merit of Govr. Clinton.\u2014\nIn all elective governments there is a perpetual conflict for power between two great parties, among the people. I have been astonished and confounded for seven and forty years, with the constant struggle between the southern and northern States of our beloved Country, for ascendancy. New-York has always decided the balance into whichever scale she chose to cast her weights, and I suppose the parties now expect that she will decide the next election of President. And as Mr Clinton is some what suspected of impartiality, and perhaps rather leaning towards the northern States, every engine has been set in motion and will continue to be exerted to gain Mr Clinton. \u201cChacun cherche a tirer le couverture a son cote.\u201d\nThe great object at present, though almost four years ahead, is the election of President of the United States.\u2014All I have to say is that whoever is chosen, he will be but a President with a crown of thorns upon his head. Were it not for the prospect of the next election of President, I should think Mr Clinton would be the almost unanimous choice of the people of New-York, for their Govenour, but electioneering and parliamenteering are like the broth of the witches in Macbeth, composed of every queer ingredient.\u2014\nThe new year commences pleasantly but who can tell what is to happen before its end? It seems we are ten millions of people at present, acting on a vast theatre where men and women display all their enegies, and I have lived to see the United States possess ten Ships of the line, a number of Frigates, and many Sloops of War, and if Great Britain should turn maniac and make war upon us again, our little Navy will make employment enough for a hundred of her Ships of the line.\u2014\nMr James Perkins has done himself great honour by presenting a noble house to the Boston Ath\u00e6neum, which you may well suppose has made our friend Shaw very happy, and perhaps a little proud.\nI have a great respect for Judge Smith, and was greatly disappointed and mortified that he did not make me a second visit. There was once a prospect of a family connexion between his and mine, but such good fortune seldom falls to the lot of / your affectionate friend & humble servant\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-03-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7587", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Francis Henderson, 3 January 1822\nFrom: Henderson, Francis\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tNewport,\u2014Rhode Island: 3d. January, 1822.\n\t\t\t\tAs I am a stranger to you, the subject matter of this letter must be my excuse for using the freedom of addressing you.In 1795 I married the orphan daughter and only child of the late Lieut. Colo. John Laurens of South Carolina, by whom I have one child living,\u2014a Son,\u2014now of age and with me, having finished his Education at the University of Edinburgh.Being engaged, since my Son\u2019s arrival from Europe, in bringing to a close the pecuniary Concerns of Myself and Family; and among other things, the balance of our claim on the United States, arising from Resolutions of Congress, passed on the 1st. of March 1785, in favor of Colo. Laurens\u2019s orphan child;\u2014We are in the belief,\u2014concurred in by judicious friends,\u2014when the Accounting Officers of the Treasury adjusted in September 1790, the accounts growing out of these Resolutions, they did not state Colo. Laurens\u2019s Ministerial Account, conformable to the tenor of the last Resolve, touching his Pay as Special Minister to France. I herewith enclose a certified copy of the Memorial of the Honble. Henry Laurens, on behalf of his Grand-daughter, to Congress in 1784, with the Report of their Committee thereon in February 1785; marked A;\u2014and in the printed Journals of the Old Congress, will be found, under date of the 1st March 1785, the unanimous resolutions of that Body; of which also enclosed is a copy; marked B; all of which I request you will be good enough to peruse.The construction of Myself, family and friends, of the above mentioned Resolve, is,\u2014that Colo. Laurens\u2019s Heirs and Representatives are entitled to be placed on the same footing with the Minister\u2019s Plenipotentiary of the United States at Foreign Courts, at the time he was Special Minister to France. By a Document furnished me at the Treasury Department of the United States, endorsed\u2014\u201cStatement of Salaries and Expences of Foreign Ministers &ca.,\u201d Yourself, Doctor Franklin, Henry Laurens & others, received their Salary and Expences; but in Colo. Laurens\u2019s Ministerial Account, credit has, hitherto only been given by the accounting officers for his Salary and nothing allowed for his Expences. This Statement, as you will observe by the date of the Register\u2019s letter to the Comptroller, was furnished in June 1790, previous to the adjustment of Colo. Laurens\u2019s accounts the latter end of September 1790.I am aware, that it would be well to state an account of Colo. Laurens\u2019s Expences, for the purpose of obtaining adequate relief. To do this minutely is impossible, as Colo. Laurens, then young and full of patriotism, disregarding emoluments,\u2014kept no accounts,\u2014received but a small part of his dues, and lived at the expence of his Father;\u2014who deducted Four thousand pounds Sterling out of the portion of his Estate he willed to his Grand-daughter, to reimburse the advances he made her Father in his lifetime, all of which, as his accounts shew, were received by his Son during the period of the Revolutionary War, and part on his Embassy to France, taken up, on his journey to Paris, from Veuve Babut Labouchere & Co. of Nantes. Since my alliance with his daughter, I have also paid nearly \u00a31500\u2014more of his debts left unsatisfied at the time of his death.The testimony I presently have in my power to adduce, is\u20141st. An authenticated extract of Henry Laurens\u2019s Will, wherein he deducts \u00a34000\u2014out of his Grand-daughter\u2019s portion; of which, also, is a Copy marked C\u20142dly. A Certificate of Colo. Laurens\u2019s Secretary of Legation, Major William Jackson of Philadelphia;\u2014of which enclosed is a Copy marked D\u2014Lastly\u2014The before mentioned Treasury document, of which herewith is a copy marked E; shewing that the Ministers of the United States in Europe, at the time Colo. Laurens was a Special Minister, received as Pay the same amount of Salary allowed Him and their Expences besides; in consequence of which we claim to be placed on the same footing, agreeable to the terms of the Last Resolve, on the 1st. of March 1785.From the above Documents Colo. Laurens\u2019s Ministerial expences, although they cannot be detailed, may be equitably ascertained: But to strengthen our just claim; as you, Venerable Sir, were a cotemporary Minister with Colo. Laurens in Europe, and knowing to the important services he, at all hazards, then rendered his Country, as well as before and afterwards;\u2014you will confer a favor on Myself and family, which shall be highly valued, by your sending me, with your answer to this letter returning the documents now enclosed, a Certificate expressing your sentiments of our Rights under that Resolve, with such other information as you may deem useful and proper; as well as affording us your countenance and Support, as one of the few surviving Fathers of the Country, in obtaining our dues; so as to compensate in some measure for the \u00a34000\u2014retained by Henry Laurens, and for the \u00a31500\u2014and upwards paid by Myself;\u2014all expended by Colo. Laurens in support of his Stations as an Officer and Minister of the United States. I have the honor to be with very great respect and consideration, / Sir, / Your Obedient Humble Servant\n\t\t\t\t\tFras: Henderson\n\t\t\t\t\tAs I shall shortly leave this for the Southward; your early answer will be esteemed an additional favor.P.S\u2014In settling with the Executors of Henry Laurens the affairs of my Family, the Certificate, of which a copy is also enclosed, marked F\u2014, was received from the now President Mr. Monroe, and I also received from the late Vice President Gerry and several others, who voted the Resolutions in March 1785, Certificates of a similar tendency, to facilitate a settlement with the Exors, touching the Monies paid by the United States under these Resolutions to Henry Laurens for the use of his Grand-daughter.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-04-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7588", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Peter Thatcher Vose, 4 January 1822\nFrom: Vose, Peter Thatcher\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMost venerated Sir,\n\t\t\t\t\tLancaster Jany 4th. 1822\n\t\t\t\tIf you could have rejoiced on the morning of the 25th. ulto. in the momentary but happy interview, in which I had the honour and satisfaction to participate with you. How much more Sir, had I reason to rejoice or be over joyed to See & behold \u2018The Sage of Quincy\u2019 or Montezillo Sitting under his own \u2018vine & fig tree\u2019! happy in the bosom of his family. so affable so affectionate so cordial.\u2014And so attentive & prompt as to give me this further proof of his esteem & regard, for myself & my Ancestry as that now before me. \u2018dated on that blessed Anniversary\u2019!\u2014Permit me to indulge the pleasing Idea, that I hail it as the emblem or harbinger on this Auspicious Morn of a brighter day! But how shall I express my gratitude for these distinguished proofs of your approbation & civilities to my self & the Author of the Work.\u2014(I then had the honour to present You.) as in this testimony or memento now before me and which shall be preserved. So esential So esentially beneficial to my Children to aid them in the Study of Biography & History after they shall have laid its foundation in Geography.\u2014And if I may be permitted to give publicity to such parts as are applicable to the Author & will aid in the desemmination of \u2018His usefull labours\u2019 in the Geographical department of Science for the benifit of the rising generation.And will you accept a further tribute or attempt to venerate your Name for \u2018my single self\u2019.\u2014If at the close of your administration you left the helm of State \u2018with a Goverment in the full tide of successfull experiment with an overflowing Treasury & at peace with all the World\u2019 How sadly has the scene been reversed? If the Ark or Political Bark of our safety has been buffeted & lost, on the Tempestuous Sea of liberty? while the fortune (if not the lives) of many of the Crew have been lost, or shatterd & torn, in the gale. while the Real Patriot & Friend to his Country has sighed & groaned and while the billows & the waves were dashing their force even to your seat at Montezillo. Mr. Wallason or Mr. Atlass they recoiled harmless at the feet of its Chieftants.\u2014And have but served to convince a deluded Multitude who would only be taught in the school of adversity or dear bought experiment of the Greatness & Wisdom of your administration sanctioned by Washington! The correctness of which have & shall continue to come up as an acceptable memorial to the People. And your memory, will be blessed as often as Columbia, & Her Pilgrim Sons shall pay their annual devotion to yonder Rock (of Ages) as they pass & repass in review, & stop to view This venerable spot. Oh happy lot.\u2014Imortalized by you.I Pray you accept / once more the unfeigned esteem / & veneration of your most / devoted Sevt.\u2014\n\t\t\t\t\tPeter Thatcher Vose", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-11-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7590", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Francis Henderson, 11 January 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Henderson, Francis\nSir,\nQuincy Jany. 11th: 1822\nI have recd. your letter from Newport of the 3d. of this month Unable to examine it myself on account of the failure of my eye sight I have had the letter with the documents read to me, and I wish it were in my power to be of any service to you in supporting your claim. To the great merit of Colo. Laurens the father, as a member and President of Congress, and as a Negotiator of the Treaty of Peace I can and do most cheerfully and cordially attest. Of Colo. Laurens\u2019s son I can say nothing of my own knowledge having never had the pleasure of any acquaintance with him. When he was special minister to France I was in Holland and know nothing of his negotiations there but by report; by all that I have ever heard his conduct there was mark\u2019d by great spirit, independence activity, diligence, and success, and I have no hesitation expressing my opinion that both the father and the son, are fully entitled to as ample an allowance for necessary expenses and contingencies as any of our foreign ministers have ever received\u2014It should be remembered that in those times no allowance was made for an outfit\u2014It would be improper in me to give any opinion of the construction of resolutions of congress when the present Congress are much more capable than I am in discerning their meaning. I am Sir with the best wishes for the success of your claim, and with great regard your obt. sert.\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-18-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7592", "content": "Title: To John Adams from David Sewall, 18 January 1822\nFrom: Sewall, David\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir\n\t\t\t\t\tYork Janry. 18th. 1822\n\t\t\t\tYour favour of Decemr. 31st. ultimo I have once & again perused with pleasure.\u2014I did not know, until your letter mentioned it that Joseph Adams, formerly the Minister of Newington, was your Uncle\u2014I once heard him preach at York, at a Ministers meeting, from the Words \u201cHow is the Gold become dim, and the most fine Gold changed\u201d I then thought He handled the Subject very well, but Whether With, or Without Notes\u2014I never knew.\u2014Afterwards, in passing from Portsmo, Westward to Greenland, I met him, with several attendance going on to Portsmo. to Preach a Lecture, being then 90. Years of his age His advanced years made the circumstance Noticeable\u2014And He was then on Horseback\u2014You seem to Suppose that Govr. Bracketts\u2019 Amiable Wife was a Daughter of that Madam Whipple, Who sometimes treated her Guests cavalerely.\u2014I have always understood, that Dr. Bracketts Wife Whose maiden Name was Whipple was a Niece of that Madam Whipple\u2014and who was afterwards the Widow of Parson Lowell, and that she had no Children by either of her Husbands.\u2014I have lately seen Mr. Websters Discourse on the dual Centureal Anniversary of the landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth, And believe it will be read with great pleasure with by Antiquarians of every denomination, but especially by their descendants of the Pilgrims. As I can yet use my Pen with facility you will excuse my the frequent Scribling of your only Surviving Classmate\n\t\t\t\t\tDavid Sewall\n\t\t\t\t\tWe of Maine, have a Wonderfull facility of making Governours We shall soon be able to Supply the Union.\u2014Should they stand in Need of such as We can manufacture.\u2014I have seen with pleasure a motion in the Senate of U.S. to limit by an amendment of the Constitun. the No. of Representatives in the House.\u2014I have always Supposed 150. Was full large enough, for any deliberating assembly. And that the Royal Instruction to the Govr. of Massa. against the division of Towns, Was a usefull one to prevent the gret increase of Members in the House of Representatives.\u2014And For the larger, Ceteris paribus, the distn from which a Selection, is made, the greater the probability of procuring Persons of Integrity and Information for the Station. Some other proposed Amendments strike me disagreably. Some of our political Tinkers (to use a very uncourtly expression) could they succeed in their attemps would in a great Measure destroy that important Instrument. But For the immoderate increase of the Representative Body, would greatly diminish their usefulness. And I could Wish that instead of 40. m. to a Member as it is said, is proposed, 45\u2014or even 50.m may finally be Adopted", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-26-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7593", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Samuel L. Knapp, 26 January 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Knapp, Samuel L.\nSir\u2014\nMontezillo Janry 26th 1822\nI have too long neglected to acknowledge my thanks for yor volum of Biography\u2014I am well pleased with the general spirit of this work, and the style is agreeable\u2014I am glad to see so many circumstances preserved of the history and Characters of several Men illustrious in their time\u2014but you have omitted many Names once important at our bar and in our Courts of Justice\u2014for example John Avering once Attorny Genal for the province and a Competitor for the favor of the public in the management of causes, with Read, Griesley, Trowbridge Bollan, Paul Dudley and Shirley\u2014You have omitted the two Auchmutys, father and son, and Shirley himself\u2014who struggled several years at the Bar of the County of Suffolk, and lived with his family in this town of Quincy in the house, now with the sign of the golden Ball opposite the Meeting House\u2014Here he buried two of his Children in the Epicopal Church yard and here he lived untill his wife returned from England with his commission as Governor of this Province\u2014You have omitted Bollan who married Shirleys daughter and who afterwards was agent for this province\u2014You have omitted Samuel Quincy, Josiah Quincy Jun\u2014nay you have omitted Judge Paine and Chief Justice Dana\u2014The latter, as a Statesman, a member of Congress, and a foreign Minister, and especially as chief justice was an able and faithful Servant to his Country\u2014As a lawyer he was equal to any Man of his Age\u2014in no degree inferior to his successor in office\u2014Chief Justice Parsons\u2014You have omitted Dexter and Pynchon of Salem & Chipman of Marble Head Worthington of Springfield Hawly of Northampton Putman of Do\u2014I hope you will pursue your re White of Taunton, Daniel Leonard of Norton and William Brown of Salem, & Wyer and Bradbury of Falmouth and Farnham of Newbury Port Lincoln of Worcester and Simeon & Caleb Strong of Hampshire\u2014\nI hope you will continue your researches into the history of these Characters, and describe them as well as you have those already printed\u2014I thank you Sir for the present of the Volume, and am your obliged friend / and humble Servant\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-16-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7597", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Jedidiah Morse, 16 February 1822\nFrom: Morse, Jedidiah\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington City Feb. 16. 1822\n\t\t\t\tI have the honor, in fulfilment of my official duty, to transmit to you a copy of the Constitution of a Society, just established, which recognizes the general policy in regard to the Indian tribes in our country, pursued during your administration. From this consideration, I am permitted, sir, to indulge a confident hope, that this Constitution, & the Office under it to which you are appointed by the Society, will meet your approbation & acceptance.With high consideration & / respect, I have the honor to be, / Sir, your most obdt / servt\n\t\t\t\t\tJedh Morse Cor. Secy.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-26-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7599", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Richard Rush, 26 February 1822\nFrom: Rush, Richard\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear & venerable Sir.\n\t\t\t\t\tLondon February 26. 1822.\n\t\t\t\tI must insist upon it, notwithstanding the authority of your veto, that the subject is truly a noble one for the painter. A great patriarch, one of the chief founders of his country\u2019s liberties, the steady advocate of her rights at the courts of foreign potentates as well as in all departments at home, is permitted by a kind Providence to live as it were into posterity, beholding the vast increase of her fame, her happiness, her power; and is seen, tottering if you will under the weight of his sacred years, (so much the more affecting and sublime the spectacle) to go forth from his hallowed domicil to meet a band of young men, the children of the Republick, rearing up for its defenders, into whose ears and hearts he pours his parental advice, the rich fruits of his experience and wisdom; his pious and patriotick exhortations; his excitements to virtue and to true glory, and this no subject for a painter? I shall have a poorer opinion of Boston painters than I have of Boston genius in all other lines, if the subject is not seized hold of. I will answer for it, that the historian, and the poet too, will give it a touch in good time, and why should the painter be released from his part? I care not what point of time is selected; that may safely be left to the taste of the artist. He will have a choice. Sir Joshua Reynolds I know tells us, that the painter has but one sentence to utter, but one moment to exhibit, and such has ever been the law of historical painting. It will be no hard task to keep to it in immortalizing upon canvass this incident of the sage of Quincy receiving the cadets and giving them his blessing. So much for answer, in part, to your valued favor of November the 28th. which reached me in January. Now, as to what Europe is going to do, I feel much less confident. The opinion of this court has been all along, and it still continues I think to predominate, that matters will be made up between Turkey and Russia. This is the policy which the British ambassador at Constantinople has been striving his utmost to bring about. It is not that England dislikes war, or is afraid of it; no, for in my opinion, and notwithstanding her immense debt, she will be as ready as ever to fight whenever she chooses, and will begin her next war whenever, and with whomsoever, it may be, with a larger navy, a larger army, and larger means of annoyance of all kinds, whether men or money, than ever she began any former war. But, for the present, she is content with her already enormous power in all parts of the globe, and wishes, like the gambler with his pockets full, to keep things as they are, having thrown sixes at Waterloo. She wishes to keep Turkey as she is, and the Greeks as they are, the latter being essentially maritime, and she would by no manner of means have Russia any nearer the Mediterranean than she is, that sea being the undoubted property of England. We shall soon see how it will all end.I pray you dear and venerable sir to recall me to the most friendly recollection of your son, Mr T. Adams, and remain craving leave to repeat your flattering conclusion, I remain, with hereditary / devotion and / attachment, yours \n\t\t\t\t\tRichard Rush.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-02-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7600", "content": "Title: From John Adams to James Hyman Causten, Sr., 2 March 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Causten, James Hyman, Sr.\nSir.\nMontezillo March 2d 1822\nI have received your polite letter of the 20th. of February. It would be a pleasure to me to impart any information to you, relative to the spoilations committed by France on the Commerce of the United States, between the years 1793, & 1801, If I had any, but I have none, but what is common to all my fellow Citizens. The Convention and the able, and voluminous Correspondence between Messrs. Elsworth Davie and Murray on one part, and the French Plenipotentiarys on the other; were all transmitted to the Senate in obedience to the Constitution, and all there papers, and the proceedings upon them must appear on the journals in that of the Senate of that period, or among their files and Archives.\nI am sorry I have it not in my power to give you better information, and that I have not been able to answer your letter sooner but I cannot write my self\u2014\nI am Sir with much respect, your obedient humble / Servent\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-02-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7601", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Jedidiah Morse, 2 March 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Morse, Jedidiah\nDear Sir.\nQuincy March 2d 1822\nI have received the honour of your respectful Letter of the 16th. February, With the Constitution of a Society which has relation to the Aboriginal Natives of the Country. I wish every thing to be done for the happiness of the Indians, which that Constitution proposes; but I have great doubts of the propriety of a voluntary Association, for such purposes The President, Senate, and House of Representatives, assisted by the subordinate labours of the Heads of Department; The President, Senate, & Heads House of Representatives, are the Constituted Authorities for conducting all our Foreign relations, And their power and means are fully adequate to the service. If the government wants, or desires the assistance of such a Society, they have a right to incorporate one; And I think the Government ought to have the appointment of the Officers of it. I have ambition enough to be gratified with seeing my Name in such a list of illustrious Characters; But as I cannot approve the Institution, I must decline the honour.\nI am Sir with much respect and Esteem, notwithstanding all the differences of Opinion between us.\u2014your sincere friend / and most humble Servant\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-03-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7602", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Mathew Carey, 3 March 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Carey, Mathew\nDear Sir\nMontezillo 3 March\nI thank you for your appeal to common sense & common honesty which I really think is a valuabl and important service to the nation. You have marshaled stubborn facts against plausible theories with triumphant success. It is however no easy task to reconcile a vigorous commerce with profitable manufacturers. This can be done only by a tariff which can be formed only by a minute knowledge of the details of both. You have clearly shown that the present tariff wants revision and reformation in many articles\u2014which I hope Congress will be willing and able to effect. It is the duty and the interest of merchants & manufacturers to furnish the legislature with all the information necessary, which I presume they will not fail to do. You contrast between France & Holland furnishes an irrefragable argument in their your favour\u2014I am Sir your thankful friend & very humble Sert.\nJ.A", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-05-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7604", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Joseph Delaplaine, 5 March 1822\nFrom: Delaplaine, Joseph\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear sir,\n\t\t\t\t\tPhilad. 5 March 1822\n\t\t\t\tA few weeks ago I had the honour of informing you that I have a fine portrait by King, of your distinguished son, the Honourable John Quincy Adams, in my National Gallery of portraits.\u2014I took the liberty at the same time, to request the favour of you to forward to Charles Shaw Esqr. of Boston, a package which I then enclosed to your special care.\u2014A letter which I had the honour of receiving from you some years ago, mentions, if I recollect, that it would give you pleasure to see a portrait of the Honorable John Jay which I now take great pleasure to send to you.\u2014I think the same letter mentions the portrait of some other character\u2014I\u2019ll seek for it, & the moment I find it shall in like manner send the portrait which it mentions.\u2014I take the liberty of enclosing a letter for Mr C. Shaw, & remain, / D: sir, / with very high consideration & regard, / your most obedt. & faithful servant,\n\t\t\t\t\tJoseph Delaplaine\n\t\t\t\t\tP.S. I shall feel honoured by receiving an acknowledgment of this.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-12-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7606", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Joseph Delaplaine, 12 March 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Delaplaine, Joseph\nSir\nMontezillo March 12th. 1822\nI thank you kindly for the Portrate of Mr Jay, which I very much admire, it is a great likeness it is stamped with wisdom sagacity, and benevolence as they have been, stamped upon his Countenance and Conduct, all his Life time.\u2014I have delivered your formal letter to Mr Charles Shaw, to Mr William Smith Shaw the superintendent of the Boston Atheneaum and I shall deliver that inclosed with Mr Jays picture to the same person supposing you have only mistaken his Christian name\u2014As I am unable to write, and almost blind and destitute of assistance, tis utterly impossible for me to afford you any information, that would be worth your receiving\nI am Sir with due regard, your most obedient humble Servant \nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-12-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7607", "content": "Title: To John Adams from James Leander Cathcart, 12 March 1822\nFrom: Cathcart, James Leander\nTo: Adams, John\n Venerable & highly respected Sir\n Washington City March 12th: 1822.\n Pardon the liberty I take, after so great a lapse of time, to obtrude myself on your retirement, but having had the honor to be usher\u2019d into public life by your patronage & that of the immortal Washington, & having received my first Commission from you in 1797 I think that it will not be unpleasing to you that I have not dishonor\u2019d the preference that was given to me, in a time when we were not the nation that we are at present, & in a situation of great national importance & personal responsibility\u2014You may remember that during eleven years captivity in Algiers, that I arrived at the first Office that a Christian is eligible to in that Regency, & was first Clerk or Secretary of the Marine Department when Hassan Bashaw the Dey of Algiers with whom our first Treaty was concluded, was Intendant general of the Marine Department, that when he became Dey I was chosen Cheif Christian Secretary to the Dey & regency, whose duty it was to carry on the Correspondence between that Regency, & all the Christian powers, and laid the basis of our first treaty with that Regency in such a manner, that our Agent Mr: Donaldson who arrived at Algiers on the 3rd: of Septr: 1795 & understood no language but his own, was enabled to sign the Treaty on the 5th: of the said month, although the day held sacred by Mussulmen (Friday) intervened, & that I reduced the price asked for peace & the redemption of our Captives from 2,247,000 Dollars to 702,500 Dollars, that I procured a Truce with Tunis for eight months, and ultimately left Algiers with despatches for our minister at Lisbon, and the President of the United States, in a Polaccre purchased by myself, and man\u2019d with Moors, which saved the peace of the Nation, and the liberty and property of our fellow Citizens\u2014these facts are substantiated by the Auditors report contain\u2019d in the accompanying Pamphlet Pages 8 & 9, substantiated by documents on file in the Department of State. During your administration I was employed as one of the Commissioners to effect an alteration in our Treaty with Tunis, which was effected to your satisfaction, and was ratified by the Senate, and as Consul to Tripoli, being authorized to ratify the promise that had been given to that Regency when our peace took place, to furnish them with a Cruiser of fourteen guns completely equip\u2019d, and a cargo of maritime and military stores, I took the responsibility upon myself to make that Regency a payment in cash, and obtained the amount 18,000 dollars, which was not one fourth of what they were worth, for bills without premium, for which I received a receipt in full of all demands for our peace presents, seal\u2019d with the great seal of the Regency, which met your approbation and applause. Little more than two years afterward that faithless Barbarian declared war against the United States in hopes of plunder, but I had used such precaution that not one of our vessels were captured, and his Admiral, and Vice Admiral, were blockaded in the bay of Gibralter and all his expectations were disappointed, this met the applause of government, and was unprecedented in the annals of Barbary, they never before had declared war against any nation, without capturing some of their vessels, and enslaving their subjects\u2014In 1802 I was appointed by your Successor Consul genl: at Algiers\u2014but was employed in our Squadron and negotiating with the government of Naples to procure Gun and Mortar boats, in which I succeeded, and Comodore Preble received them at Messina; I remained in the Mediterranian until 1805, when I returned home, & after purchasing presents for Tunis & dispatching Siddi Suleiman Mella Menna the Tunisian Ambassador from Boston to Tunis, I was appointed Consul at Madeira, where I remain\u2019d nine years, during non intercourse, embargo & War, & return\u2019d home in 1815, & was immediately appointed Consul at Cadiz where I remain\u2019d more than two years, which exhausted all my means & compleated my ruin, for the emoluments of Office, or those derived from Commerce, were not sufficient to defray the expences of Clerk hire, much less to maintain a large family in so respectable a station, where the Consuls of every other nation received sufficient salarys to defray their expences\u2014Since my return I have been employed for a short time in Louisiana, & Alabama, as principal Agent under the Act of Congress of the 1st: of March 1817, and that in all those employments I have given satisfaction to every successive administration of the government of the United States since it commenced, is evinced by the accompanying documents, nevertheless I have been left for more than three years without employment & I am now in the 56th: year of my age with a family of ten children to maintain, without a cent & entirely unprovided for, without a solitary instance of any part of my conduct being disapproved\u2014The accompanying letters from Messrs: Jefferson and Madison is expressive of their approbation of my conduct, and of their opinion, that I merit to be continued in public service, a similar expression of your sentiments relative to me is respectfully requested, I have ever considered you as the father of my destinies, I enter\u2019d into public service twenty five years ago, by your appointment, and I am persuaded that you will not abandon me in my old age, for my conduct has not reflected any dishonor on the confidence you were pleased to honor me with, when I was young, and less experienced than I am at present\u2014it will be of infinite service to me, and my posterity, and will elevate me in my own opinion, and should I be so unfortunate as not to succeed in procuring a situation during the Presidency of Mr: Monroe, it will nevertheless have great weight with his Successors, which I presume, and most sincerely hope will be your amiable and enlightened Son, and this hope I cherish, not so much from the expectation that my situation will be meliorated by his election to the Cheif Magistracy of the United States, as from the most solemn conviction, that his talents are superior, and that his opportunities to acquire knowledge have been greater, than any other Candidate for that high office, which as yet have been mention\u2019d, however respectable they may be\u2014Your compliance with my request will meet a reward grateful to a noble mind, it will in all probability be the means of releiving this numerous family from want, which will inspire sentiments the most enviable and in the decline of life will engender reflections which none but the good and generous, know how to appreciate, and will insure the gratitude, and the most fervent prayers of this family to the Omnipotent disposer of all human events to prolong your life, & for your temporal & eternal happiness. With the highest and most distinct respect, and the most cordial esteem, I have the honor to subscribe myself / Venerable & highly respected Sir / Your much Obliged & most Obnt: Servt:\n James Leander Cathcart\n P.S: While my Sons were copying the inclosed papers the Presidents Message to the House of Representatives appear\u2019d in the papers, recommending the recognition of the Independence of the South American Republics, & stating the propriety (should Congress coincide with him in opinion) of making the necessary appropriations for carrying that measure into effect\u2014As an Agent, or Agents will necessarily be sent to those States, I intend to make early application to be appointed to one of them I have already formed the Treaty with Algiers, & the last Treaty with Tripoli, I understand the French, Spanish, Portuguese, & Italian languages, Mrs: Cathcart & daughters understand them likewise, & from my long standing I presume I am as eligible to one of those situations, as any person that will present himself, but I am poor, & want the current interest of the day to secure success, I therefore most respectfully request you to mention me to your much respected Son, the Secretary of State in such manner as you may think my former services merit, which will insure the success of my application, & will have more weight, than all the rest of the recommendations which I have procured put together.With the highest Respect I have the honor to remain / Venerable Sir / Your most Obd: & devoted ServantJames Leander Cathcart", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-13-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7608", "content": "Title: To John Adams from William Taylor Barry, 13 March 1822\nFrom: Barry, William Taylor\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\tWe take the liberty of addressing you on one of the most important interests of society, the cause of Education. The Legislature of Kentucky, at their last session, made liberal appropriations of money for the benefit of Schools, Academies, Colleges and the University. We were appointed a Committee to collect information and to arrange a plan for carrying into effect, in the best manner possible, the benevolent purposes of the state. We are aware of the difficulty of the task, of the extent of our responsibility, and of the value of the aids which we may derive from the experience of our elder sisters in the Union. We wish to avoid, if possible, the evils attending upon a bad beginning, and to secure to ourselves and to our children, the advantages of a good system from the commencement of our labors. Believing you to be friendly to an object intimately connected with the prosperity and happiness of our common country, and willing to contribute whatever may be in your power to its accomplishment, we beg leave to trouble you with this circular, and to call your attention to the questions subjoined. Any information or suggestions which you may give in aid of our plan, will be gratefully received and faithfully employed. We shall be much obliged to you for as early an attention to our communication as your convenience will permit. Letters can be directed to our Chairman, at Lexington.With great regard, we are, sir, yours,\n\t\t\t\t\tW. T. BARRY, Chairman.D. R. MURRAY,JOHN POPE,D. WHITE,J. R. WITHERSPOON,W. P. ROPER.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-18-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7609", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Jay, 18 March 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jay, John\nDear Sir\nMontizillo 18 March 1822\nI have received with more pleasure than I can express and with something too much like envy which I detest, your well-known correct exact hand writing of the 11 of this month and with equal gratitude your noble present of the journal of Debates &ca the N.Y State convention. Although this respectable volume is printed in a so small a type that it will be impossible for me ever to read it I will endeavor to find a friend who will read it to me. Mean time from the names of the speakers, I presume it contains a rich mass of valuable political information. I am almost discouraged on the subject of constitutions. All nations & people will ever have among them the rich & as well as the poor and the pride & avarice of the former and the jealousy and malignity of the latter are will forever be equally hostile to equal laws, and without the unanimous concurrence of both, such laws can never be established. A perfect constitution of government is so delicate an instrument that I fear no nation will ever have an ear so sufficiently delicate exquisite to keep it always in tune. You and I have nothing to fear for ourselves, for no politics can hurt us but we can not wholly divest ourselves of anxiety for our fellow men our country and for posterity. My sanguine temperament has always endeavored to contemplate objects on the bright side. Our prospects at present are magnificent beyond all example and beyond all comprehension\u2014but this globe and as far as we can see this Universe, is a theatre of vicissitudes. If we peep into futurity as Archbishop Laud peeped into the bread & wine we may possibly discern objects of terror and make us start back with horror as he did. I can not be particular at present but I will hint at however hint at a tremendous power rising in South America. Who has calculated or contemplated the possible or probable consequences of our necessary connexions & relations with that country\u2014I answer your affectionate friend\nJ. A", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-25-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7611", "content": "Title: From John Adams to James Leander Cathcart, 25 March 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Cathcart, James Leander\nSir\nQuincy March 25th 1822\nI have received your letter, and the documents with it. Unable from the failure of my sight to read them, I have had them read to me. All I can say is, that your appointment as Consul was made upon mature deliberation, and careful examination of your conduct and correspondence, and your other writings; and nothing has ever come to my knowledge, exciteing any repentance or regret for that appointment; I therefore cheerfully concur with Mr Jefferson and Mr Madison, in their testimony\u2019s to your capacity, integrity, Fidelity, Activity, diligence, and discretion in the discharge of the duties of your office, as far as your conduct came to my knowledge, which were equally satisfactory to the Secretary of State at that time. I cannot from memory enter into any of their details\u2014\nheartily wishing you success in all your equitable and honorable claims upon the public / I have the honor to be your most obedient / humble Servant \nJ Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-25-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7612", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Richard Peters, 25 March 1822\nFrom: Peters, Richard\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir\n\t\t\t\t\tBelmont March 25th. 1822.\n\t\t\t\tYour kind letter of the 12th. roused all my Sympathies & recollections of the pleasures & pains of \u201colden times\u201d. Little do the present generation know of our anxieties, labours, & vicissitudes. What was then feeling, has now become history; & that distorted in many instances, & almost fabulous in others. The actors in the scenes which originated & ensured the present prosperity of this wonderful, et \u201csua si bona norint\u201d, singularly happy country, have chiefly left the stage. A new race has succeeded, who enjoy the present with different views from those who experienced the ordeal of the past & now distant era, in which we acted. In the various walks in which we travelled, we faithfully performed our several duties, whether eminent or humble. Our consciousness of our thus being the founders of the political, as well as all other enjoyments our fellow citizens now possess, is an ample if it were even our only reward: We who have lived beyond the common age of man, participate, tho\u2019 with an enfeebled appetite, in the fruits of our changes & toils; but not with the less sincere gratitude to the sovereign & beneficent ruler of the destinies of nations, who has crowned them with a success which all of us ardently wished, but few of us expected to see. What would look to a modern seeker after personal objects, as a vain boast, I say to you who know it to be true. Selfishness & sordid pursuits, were not known, among the true & faithful labourers in the early vineyard. We planted for posterity; & the few survivors of our departed coadjutors, enjoy the solid satisfaction of viewing the exuberance of the vintage. We took the motto, which time has proved appropriate, \u201csic vos non vobis\u201d. In many a gloomy hour, we solaced ourselves with anticipations of the blessings we were about to secure for our successors; & well to this object sacrifices were so common, that they ceased to be singular. I wish we had transmitted down this inestimable propensity, so that the entail could not be broken. Self denials, & personal sacrifices to the general weal, are not now so frequently demanded; but a store of them should always be treasured up; to be brought forward when, like old & valuable coins, exigences require their circulation.We, who turn our minds back to the comparatively small population with which we began our bold enterprise of resisting the most haughty & dominant nation of the European world; are the most sensibly stricken by the present exhibition of the numbers of our people. The locality of a great proportion of them, is equally surprising. It was never in our contemplation that the old states would be governed by a new creation; which to me often appears like a magical delusion. The old idea was that \u201cKnowledge is Power\u201d; but we find that numbers are substituted in its place. We of the seaboard must be satisfied with having had our day; which, however, is not yet spent. I think we are reinvigorating; & may, by changing our pursuits, become as prosperous as we ought to be. The fallacious prosperity thro\u2019 which we have passed, was a painted vapour; which dazzled whilst it deluded & destroyed.I am gratified by your Approbation of Mr Biddle\u2019s agricultural address. Had it not been in a superior style, compared with most others on the same subject, I should not have sent it to you. Our old friends Mr Jefferson & Mr Madison, to whom I communicate mementos of early attachment, join in encomiums on Mr B\u2019s performance. The selection of our annual orator has been commonly left to myself. I had some difficulty in prevailing over Mr Biddle\u2019s unnecessary diffidence; but I have been fortunate in my choice. I have been long satisfied of the great merit of many members of your Massachusetts agricultural Society; who most zealously & usefully expend their money & their time, in propagating the knowledge of Agriculture\u2014the first among the Arts of peace. None have more merit; & I am happy in perceiving their well earned success. Your manufactures are wonderfully extensive & perfect. That at Walsham is not exceeded, if equalled, in any part of the world. Capital is more abundant in the eastern section of our Union, than with us; or at least it has accumulated in hands applying it with most Judgment & Discretion. Our large manufacturing establishments have generally failed, thro\u2019 want of real capital. They have been expensively begun, on borrowed funds, & have, for the most part, been unable to meet the pressure with which they were loaded.I most cordially & affectionately reciprocate your kindness, in recollecting our old & yet unextinguished friendly intercourse. These reminiscences frequently afford to me the most pleasing enjoyments. In my approach to the end of my 78th. year, I sometimes, in such recollections, feel the vigor of youth. I am blessed with health\u2014the greatest of all earthly felicities. If the saying of Christina Queen of Sweden were permanently true,\u2014to wit\u2014that \u201cHealth is youth & sickness old age;\u201d\u2014a healthy old biped would never require the aid of Medea\u2019s sorcery to renovate him. That the evening of your life, far in advance of mine, may be healthy & happy, is the sincere wish of / yours most truly & affectionately.\n\t\t\t\t\tRichard Peters.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-26-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7613", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Joseph Delaplaine, 26 March 1822\nFrom: Delaplaine, Joseph\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear sir,\n\t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia 26. March 1822\n\t\t\t\tI have been honoured with your obliging favour.\u2014I find that the second portrait that you would be glad to see, is that of Dr. Rush which I now beg leave to enclose for your kind acceptance.\u2014The letters which I addressed to Mr. Charles Shaw the Author of the accot. of Boston were properly directed. They contained a request that he would furnish me with some facts in relation to Boston to be inserted in my picture of the United States.I now make the same request of William S. Shaw of the Atheneum, and beg the favour of you to send the enclosed letter to him.\u2014If you have leisure sufficient to inform me how you like Dr. Rush\u2019s portrait, I shall be much gratified.With every sentiment of respect & esteem, / I am, dear sir, / your obed. & very huml. servant.\n\t\t\t\t\tJoseph Delaplaine", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-29-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7614", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Elkanah Watson, 29 March 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Watson, Elkanah\nDear Sir\nQuincy Montezillo\u201429th Mar 1822\u2014\nI have recieved your favr of the 17th. Decr. Your favour of the 17th Decr. You may do what you please with my letter of 20th Decr.\nI presume the Collo Troup you speak off is the gentleman whose eloquent speeches I have read with great satisfaction in the Volume of the transaction of the Convention for reforming your the Constitution. It would give me pleasure to peruse all your publications, and to correspond with you on the subject of them, but I can read nothing, & scarcely write the name of your friend.\u2014\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-06-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7616", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Francis Henderson, 6 April 1822\nFrom: Henderson, Francis\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tCharleston,\u2014South Carolina\u20146th. April, 1822.\n\t\t\t\tI did Myself the honor to write you, on the 3d. January last, from Newport,\u2014Rhode Island; with sundry accompanying documents for your perusal, relative to the Claim of Myself & Family on the United States, as the Heirs and Representatives of the late Lieut. Colo. John Laurens.Myself and Son, soon afterwards, arrived here, to spend the remainder of the Winter and Spring, and attend to the affairs of my Family, in the State of South Carolina.Having, hitherto, received no answer from you to my aforesaid letter,\u2014permit me, by the present, to request, you will be good enough to favor me with your reply and the Documents sent you, addressed to me, at Newport, Rhode Island,\u2014to which place, please God, I shall return the end of this or early next month.I have the Honor to be with very great respect and consideration, Sir, Your Obedient Humble Servant\n\t\t\t\t\tFras: Henderson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-08-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7617", "content": "Title: To John Adams from William Lambert, 8 April 1822\nFrom: Lambert, William\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tCity of Washington, April 8th. 1822.\n\t\t\t\tI have the honor to inclose two printed copies of a report relative to thee latitude and longitude of the Capitol, in this City; one of which is intended for your own use; the other, for the use of such College, or Seminary of learning in Massachusetts, as you may select.I have the honor to be, / Your most Obedt. Servt.\n\t\t\t\t\tWilliam Lambert.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-23-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7618", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Joseph Delaplaine, 23 April 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Delaplaine, Joseph\n\t\t\t\t\tMontezillo April 23d 1822\n\t\t\t\tPortraits or Busts, of Men or Women taken in Old Age, which as Ossean says, and says truly is dark and unlovely are always disagreeable; much more so are those taken after Death or in Articulo mortis The Portraits of Dr Franklin taken when he was eighty four were no more like him, in the middle of his Age or even when he was seventy years Old than they resembled those of Voltair I delight to see the images of my Friends taken when they were in the full enjoyment of all the energies of their minds and bodiesThe Picture of Dr Rush which you sent me is a meloncholy object to my sight, I see nothing of that erect figure, that free air and steady gate that intelligentery and expressive countenance which delighted me so much in my friend when I knew him, it is however a memento mori and that is always a useful moral lesson. But we have so many intimations tending to the same ends that I am not meloncholy enough to contemplate too many of them; I am more delighted and I think more instructed, by looking at the bright side of human nature, and human life than at the dark: I thank you however in for the civility of sending me the Portrate of my friend / and am your obliged / humble Servent\n\t\t\t\t\tJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-24-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7619", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Joseph Delaplaine, 24 April 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Delaplaine, Joseph\nSir\nMontezillo April 24th. 1822\nPortraits, or Busts, of Men or Women taken in Old age which as Ossian says, and says truly is dark and unlovely, are always disagreeable, much more so are those taken after death, or in articulo m\u00f2rtes The Portraits of Dr Frankline taken when he was eighty four, were no more like him in the middle of his Age or even when he was seventy years old, than they resemble those of Voltair. I delight to see the images of my friends taken when they were in the full enjoyment of all the energies of their minds, and bodies. The pictur of Dr Rush which you sent me is a melancholy object to my sight, I see nothing of that erect figure, that free air, and steady gate, that intelligent and expressive countenance, which delighted me so much in my friend, when I knew him. It is however a memento moir, and that is always a useful moral lesson. But we have so many intimations tending to the same ends that I am not meloncholy enough to contemplate too many of them\u2014I am more delighted, and I think, more instructed by looking at the bright side of human Nature, and human life, than at the dark\u2014I thank you however for the civility of sending me the Portrait of my friend\u2014and I am your obliged humble Servant\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-29-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7620", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Ann Hinckley, 29 April 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Hinckley, Ann\ndear Miss Hinckley\nMontezillo 29th. Apl 1822\nI pray you to accept my thanks for a very elegant present, which delicious as it is in itself is rendered still more exquisite by comeing from the hands of a young Lady whose Character and accomplishments I have long admired, and in whose fortunes I have feelt a deep interest, may every human felicity be your portion, my Compliments and best thanks to your Father, for furnishing you with the means of presenting me this acceptable favour, how I lament my inability to write any part of this Note with my own hand\u2014accept the / name of your obliged friend / and humble Servant\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-30-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7621", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Williams, 30 April 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Williams, John\nSir.\nMontezillo April 30th. 1822\nI pray you to accept my kind thanks for sending me the Mecklenberg declaration of Independence. Although these papers have been familiar to me for two or three years past, they are still an incomprehensible mystery. I can scarcely conceive it possible, that such a transaction should have been concealed, for so many years, from the publick. Had those resolutions been published at the time, they would have rolled and rebellowed through the Continent from the Mississippi to the St Lawrence\u2014and would have been re\u2013echoed from every part of Europe. There is but one hypothesis that has ever occurred to me for their suppression.\u2014Mr: Caswell was a staunch Patriot; but he was recalled to take command of upon him the Government of N. Carolina and the command of their forces.\u2014Mr Cooper was never cordial in the cause of the Country.\u2014And Mr Hughes, was for a long time wavering and undecided, though he at last came out in a style sufficiently unequivocal. These Gentlemen were constantly assailed by the friends of the British government, aided by the Quakers and proprietary gentlemen of Pennsylvania\u2014and by them kept constantly quivering; and perhaps, perswaded to suppress Resolutions, which if they had been published would have had infinitely more influence, in the world, than Mr Paine\u2019s \u201cCommon Sense,\u201d which came out so many months after\u2014These were resolutions of a very respectable body of native American Citizens. \u201cCommon Sense\u201d was the production of a wandering, fugitive adventurer. Though Mr Jefferson believes these Resolutions to be fabrications\u2014Yet it is impossible not to believe, from the similarity of expressions in his declaration of Independence, that he had not heard, those words repeated in conversation, though he had not seen the Resolution in form.\nI have the honour to be, Sir, / your obliged & humble Servt,\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-02-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7623", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Davis, 2 May 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Davis, John\ndear Sir.\nmontezillo May 2. 1822\nI thank you for introducing to me Mr Lewis Weld, an Instructor in the Asylum for the deaf & Dumb at Hartford, in whom I was highly pleased to see, so accomplished a Grand Son of my Ancient friend and Neighbour the Revnd Mr Weld of Monatiquot, nor was I less gratified, but much more astonished at his Pupil Mr George H Loring We happened to have a little company extraordinary, and we had an entertainment more delightful, and infinitely more moral and intellectual than we could have had at any Theatre though the actors had been Garrick, Siddons, or Kain. We made many experiments and were not less surprised with the promptitude and facility with which the Preceptor translated long stories into his mystical language, than at the ease and perfection with which the Pupil understood them and commited them to writing, I had the good fortune almost forty years ago of frequently visiting the first institution of the kind under the Abba L\u2019Epee at Paris, where I saw many of his experiments, of the wonderful and apt performance of many of his Pupils; I never in my life beheld a more joyous and social scene, than fifty of his disciples of both sexes in one room\u2014Conversing together after their exercises were over with greater animation, apparent intelligence and perfect delight\u2014than that in their language, of face, and eyes, hands and feet. Yet I cannot say that I saw any thing there in the Master, or the Pupils more affecting, or astonishing\u2014than the exhibition of Mr Weld and Mr Loring\nYou have given me a high gratification Sir, by your approbation of the performance at the Exhibition by the parvus Julus. I had a great desire to be there myself in person, but nature in her progress had forbidden it,\nwith sincere esteem and high / Respect I am sir your most Obedient hubl Ser\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-04-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7624", "content": "Title: To John Adams from George H. Loring, 4 May 1822\nFrom: Loring, George H.\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tBoston May 4th. 1822.\n\t\t\t\tI enjoyed the visit to you. I thank you for your kind invitation with warmth. I thank you for the gift which was five dollars with warmth. I know I have not done you any good although you gave me this great present. I will not purchase something disadvantageous for my mind with that money, but something beneficial to my mind. I wish you happiness.May God give you many blessings in this life and in that next.Your\u2019s very respectfully.\n\t\t\t\t\tGeorge H. Loring", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-18-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7626", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Allen Danforth, 18 May 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Danforth, Allen\nSir\nMontezillo May 18th. 1822\nI am so delighted with the idea of an Old Colony memorial; and so perfectly satisfied with the design and execution of the first number dated Saturday May the 4th. 1822\u2014that I pray you to admit your my name among your subscribers and accept the inclosed Bill as my subscription for the first year\u2014\nI have no disposition to Vilify the character of the illustrious William Penn, or to depreciate his merits so celebrated for his Wisdom, tolleration, and humanity to the Indians but I think that New England furnishes the Biography of several characters, who more than half a Century before him had exerted equal talents, equal exertions, greater sacrifices and severer sufferings, in the same pious and virtuous cause Mr Penn was very fortunate in having to choose his own companions, and in meeting with Indians, of a very mild and Pacifick character, for as the first settlers in New England had spy\u2019s and emissarys sent out, with the express purpose of counteracting, and destroying their puritanical establishments. The Character, of Sir Christopher Gardener, of Weston the head of the Establishment of Wessaguscus, and Thomas Morton of Mount Wollaston, ought to be minutely investigated they were all in the confidence of Arch Bishop Laud\u2014As appears explicitly from by the writings of Thomas Morton, in his New Cannan, this Thomas Morton was as great a plague to our forefathers, as Thomas Paine has been to us in our day. His writings conduct and Character ought to be examined, and stated at full length\u2014he and those other emissarys furnished the Indians, with Arms, and other Ammunition, and taught them, the use of them; and what was worse gave them spiritous liquor and commenced their habits of Intoxication\u2014but I am not about to write a Volume. So I subscribe my with my thanks for the first number\u2014I subscribe / your obliged, and humble / Servant\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-18-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7627", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Old Colony Memorial, 18 May 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Old Colony Memorial\n\t\t\t\t\tQuincy Montezillo May 18th. 1822\n\t\t\t\tI am so delighted with the idea of an Old Colony Memorial and so perfectly satisfied with the design and execution of the first number, dated Saturday May 4th. 1822, that I pray you to admit my name among your subscribers, and accept the enclosed bill as my subscription for the first year.I have no disposition to vilify the character of the illustrious William Penn, or to depreciate his merits, so celebrated for his wisdom, toleration, and humanity to the Indians; but I think that New\u2013England furnishes the biography of several characters, who more than half a century before him, had exerted equal talents, equal exertions, greater sacrifices, and severer sufferings, in the same pious and virtuous cause. Mr Penn was very fortunate in having to choose his own companions, and in meeting with Indians of a very mild and pacific character; but the first setters in New England had spies and emissaries sent out with the express purpose of counteracting and destroying their puritanical establishments. The character of Sir Richard Gardiner, of Weston, the heart of the establishment of Wessaguscus, and Thomas Morton, of Mount Wallaston, ought to be minutely investigated. They were all in the confidence of Arch Bishop Laud, as explicitly appears, by the writing of Thomas Morton in his New\u2013Canaan. This Thomas Morton was as great a plague to our Forefathers as Tom. Paine has been to us in our day. His writings, conduct and character, ought to be examined and stated at full length: He and those other emissaries furnished the Indians with arms and other ammunition, and taught them the use of them; and what was worse gave them spirituous liquors, and commenced their habits of intoxication. But I am about to write a volume. With my thanks for the first number\u2014I subscribe your / Obliged humble Servant\n\t\t\t\t\tJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-21-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7629", "content": "Title: To John Adams from William Tudor, Jr., 21 May 1822\nFrom: Tudor, William, Jr.\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear and Venerable President,\n\t\t\t\t\tBoston May 21st. 1822.\n\t\t\t\tI took up in a bookstore this morning a work that has just appeared in two volumes entitled \u201cThe History of the American Revolution by Paul Allen.\u201d Mr Allen is a man of talents and I presume has written a valuable history\u2014but I looked over only one or two pages in his first volume where he is speaking of the Congress at New York in 1765\u2014and which he concludes in the following manner:\u2014\u201cThe Chairman, Mr Ruggles, one of those upon whose loyalty, the governour of Massachusetts had so strongly calculated, left the meeting without signing: and his colleague Mr Otis was upon the point of doing the same, but fortunately the influence of Mr Thomas Lynch was successfully exerted to prevent him.\u201d It will be doing me a great favour if you will be kind enough to dictate a few remarks on this subject, that will enable me to understand this passage and make any corrections as to matters of fact. Ruggles I know was censured by the legislature on his return for his conduct; but I did not know that there was any objection to Otis on this occasion, having always heard that all the members of that Congress considered him the most distinguished member of it\u2014but if I understand the passage I have quoted, it conveys a strong insinuation against him\u2014I inquired in regard to the shoemaker you mentioned who was the triumphant leader of the Southend Posse, and find that it was Macintosh. at least after mentioning your description to Mr Jo. May & Mr Jo. Pierce\u2014they say it must have been the name of the man.I remain with the highest / respect / Your hble sert\n\t\t\t\t\tW. Tudor.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-23-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7631", "content": "Title: From John Adams to William Tudor, Jr., 23 May 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Tudor, William, Jr.\nDear Sir\nMontizillo May 23, 1822\nI neither know any thing of the name or character of Paul Allen. What he means by Mr Otis\u2019s being on the point of leaving the meeting without signing as Ruggles did I know not: But one thing I know that if Otis ever uttered or thought of leaving without signing it was because he thought the result of that Congress was not strong enough: and it must be acknowledged that it was rather tame even for the time. But no insinuation to the disadvantage of Otis concerning his conduct in that Congress ever met my ear or my eye till I recieved your letter. But whose character is safe? The captors of Andre are of late represented as mercenaries Gen Putnam insinuated to have been a Coward & now Otis a flincher; & I should not be surprised if you should live to hear John Hancock & Sam Adams, James & Joseph Warren Washington, Green, & Knox insinuated as haveing been traitors to their country. Mr Lynch of South Carolina was a worthy man; but if insinuation anything against Otis has been taken from he must have been misunderstood. Mr May & Mr Pierce have got the name of McIntosh very correctly I am sure; but I wish they had recollected his Christian name\u2014\nYour Boston Ultra Federalists have always ridden too high a horse. they go stumbling & blundering on untill they have broken most of their bones & are in dangers of breaking all the rest necks & all\nI am Your affectionate friend\nJ. Adams\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-24-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7632", "content": "Title: To John Adams from William Thomas, 24 May 1822\nFrom: Thomas, William\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir,\n\t\t\t\t\tPlymouth 24th May 1822\n\t\t\t\tYou will permit me to make acknowledgments to you for your kind letter to the Printer of the Memorial. You would allow me the honor of feeling, as if I had something of a nearer acquaintance with you, than as a citizen of the State, being the son of the late Judge Thomas, who received, & conferred much pleasure, in relating many incidents in the professional career of those, who afterwards became identified with the history of the Country. This was a kind of information, that could not be collected from books, & impresses a young mind powerfully. It is in this way I wish the little paper published in this town might operate to inspire a proper respect for the Fathers. It is no doubt true that the human mind takes a more extended view, then it did two centuries ago, but we never should forget, that this is attributable to the sound, discriminating sense, & liberal temper of Our Ancestors\u2014that this made a part of their benevolent design. Accept the sincere respect of Your Obt Sert\n\t\t\t\t\tWilliam Thomas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-27-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7633", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Henry Channing, 27 May 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Channing, Henry\nDear Mr Channing.\nMontizillo 27 May 1822\nI thank you for your favor of the 22 inst & the two Connecticut gazettes which I have given to Mr. Shaw of the Athenaeum to be communicated to the Historical Society. I had rather read their remarks on the Mohegan letter than make any of my own. It is unpleasant though it is necessary to bring such documents before the public after a concealment of one hundred twenty years. If the Legislature of Connect. whose conduct is represented so cruel could arise from their graves I dare say that they could alledge much explanation of for their conduct. I suspect much high church policy and intrigue in the history of this Country from Arch bishop Laud to this day. The Mohegan letter is however very curious. I wish he had told us who were his Gods I presume they were the earth the moon & the sun, under the most high the great spirit. The Indian religion in every part of America seems to me to be the same with that of whose doctrine was that ouranos & ge were the offspring of the most high and that men all animals and all vegetables were children by a marriage between ouranos & ge. Tecumsha said \u201cmy father is the Sun my mother is the earth. I wish I could give you a detailed account of some conver conversations I have lately had with Gen Millar Gov. of Arkansas. He spent 4 months of the winter 1820 among the Cherokees & Osages endeavoring to make peace between them the king of the Osages informed him that three of this Gods under the great Spirit were the earth, the moon & the Sun. These he was hiped daily in several ways. One was by smoaking tobacco in their honour. He blowed several whiffs to the earth several more to the moon & most of all to the sun. The religious veneration for tobacco appears to me be universal among all the tribes of the Indians. They believed it to be a special gift of their Gods sent down by a select messenger from the heavens as sincerely as the monarchs of Europe believe the holy vial of oil to have been sent down by the holy ghost, in shape of a dove. I wish you were accquainted with Gen. Millar. He appears to me to be more accquainted with inquisitive & more successful in obtaining information relative to the religion manners & customs of the Indians than all the missionaries\u2014I wish I could enlarge but I must break off with assurances of esteem & friendship / of your humble Servant\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-28-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7634", "content": "Title: To John Adams from W.H. Sumner, 28 May 1822\nFrom: Sumner, W.H.\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tBoston May 28th 1822\n\t\t\t\tThe Military Company of Massachusetts which was instituted in 1638, as a School of Officers, and which is now called the Ancient & Honorable Artillery Company, will celebrate their anniversary on the first Monday of June next by a Military Parade on the Common, attending Public Worship at the Meeting House in Chauncey Place, at 12, and by a dinner at Faneuil Hall at 2 OClock.The history of the Company, which I have the pleasure to send to you, at the request of the author, Mr Whitman, (together with his Note to me making this request,) induces the belief, that this, is by far the oldest military association in this Country, and, with a very few exceptions, is elder than any civil or religious institution in the State. The publication of this book, has been highly serviceable to the Company, by extending a knowledge of its Antiquity, privileges and principles through the Community\u2014Partaking of the Spirit of their Ancestors, a great many of the Militia Officers, of different grades, some of whom live thirty miles from town, have become associates, within a year or two, with the elder members who then belonged to it.That you may be acquainted with the present State of the Company, I have the pleasure to inform you, that of 217 members enrolled, there is1 Commander in Chief4 Major Generals9 Brigadier Generals12 Colonels14 Lieutenant Colonels23 Majors59 Captains46 Lieutenants20 Ensigns29 Privates.217 members belonging to thirty different towns, of these there are 72 who are not liable to perform military duty and 116 officers who perform duty in other Corps.The Company have directed me to request, that you will honor them with your attendance, at all, or such of the ceremonies, of their Anniversary, as your health and strength will permit.To have had the Command of such a Corps, I shall always consider as one of the most distinguished events of my life; To have the pleasure of the Company of our Political Patriarch, on its anniversary, as one of the most gratifying.With the most sincere desire, that all your wishes may be accomplished, I have / the honor to be, Sir, / Your most respectful / very Obedt Servt \n\t\t\t\t\tW. H. Summer.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-01-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7635", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Thomas Jefferson, 1 June 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n It is very long, my dear Sir, since I have written to you. my dislocated wrist is now become so stiff that I write slowly and with pain, and therefore write as little as I can. yet it is due to mutual friendship to ask once in a while how we do? the papers tell us that Genl. Starke is off at the age of 93. Charles Thomson still lives at about the same age, chearful, slender as a grasshopper, and so much without memory that he scarcely recognises the members of his household. an intimate friend of his called on him not long since: it was difficult to make him recollect who he was, and, sitting one hour, he told him the same story 4. times, over. is this life?\u2014with lab\u2019ring step to tread our former footsteps? pace the roundEternal?\u2014to beat and beatthe beaten track? to see what we have seenTo taste the tasted? o\u2019er our palates to decantAnother vintage?\u2014it is at most but the life of a cabbage, surely not worth a wish. when all our faculties have left, or are leaving us, one by one, sight, hearing, memory, and every avenue of pleasing sensation is closed, and athumy, debility and mal-aise left in their places, when the friends of our youth are all gone, and a generation is risen around us whom we know not, is death an evil?\nWhen one by one our ties are torn,When trembling limbs refuse their weightAnd friend from friend is snatched forlornAnd films slow gathering dim the sight,When man is left alone to mourn,When clouds obscure the mental light Oh! then how sweet it is to die!Tis nature\u2019s kindest boon to die!\n I really think so. I have ever dreaded a doting old age; and my health has been generally so good, and is now so good, that I dread it still. the rapid decline of my strength during the last winter has made me hope sometimes that I see land. during summer I enjoy it\u2019s temperature, but I shudder at the approach of winter, and wish I could sleep through it with the Dormouse, and only wake with him in spring, if ever. they say that Starke could walk about his room. I am told you walk well and firmly. I can only reach my garden, and that with sensible fatigue. I ride however daily. but reading is my delight. I should wish never to put pen to paper; and the more because of the treacherous practice some people have of publishing one\u2019s letters without leave. Ld. Mansfield declared it a breach of trust, and punishable at law. I think it should be a penitentiary felony. yet you will have seen that they have drawn me out into the arena of the newspapers. altho\u2019 I know it is too late for me to buckle on the armour of youth, yet my indignation would not permit me passively to recieve the kick of an Ass.To turn to the news of the day, it seems that the Cannibals of Europe are going to eating one another again. a war between Russia and Turkey is like the battle of the kite and snake. whichever destroys the other, leaves a destroyer the less for the world. this pugnacious humor of mankind seems to be the law of his nature, one of the obstacles to too great multiplication provided in the mechanism of the Universe. the cocks of the henyard kill one another up. boars, bulls, rams do the same. and the horse, in his wild state, kills all the young males, until worn down with age and war, some vigorous youth kills him, and takes to himself the Haram of females. I hope we shall prove how much happier for man the Quaker policy is, and that the life of the feeder is better than that of the fighter: and it is some consolation that the desolation by these Maniacs of one part of the earth is the means of improving it in other parts. let the latter be our office. and let us milk the cow, while the Russian holds her by the horns, and the Turk by the tail. God bless you, and give you health, strength, and good spirits, and as much of life as you think worth having", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-02-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7636", "content": "Title: From John Adams to William Sumner, 2 June 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Sumner, William\nmy dear General\nMontizillo 2 June 1822\nYour favour of the 28 has been received with great pleasure. I pray you to present my most profound respects to the ancient & honorable Artillery company for their polite invitation which it would be my honour & pleasure to accept if my strength were sufficient to go through the day. I can concur entirely with you on your estimation of the dignity & utility & importance of that military institution for almost two hundred years When a nation loses its consciousness of its own power and a confidence in its own energies and its resources it will soon become a prey even to the most contemptible horde of war liken invaders. No thing has contributed so much to propagate & perpetuate those manly feelings & sentiment in NA tho as your association. Artillery election days have been enjoyed by this people for almost two centuries & I hope they will be to all future ages. I shall thank Mr Z. G. Whitman in a letter to him as soon as I can get it written for his history of the company which I received with great pleasure and think it a valuable addition to our literature With high esteem I have the honour to be your affectionate relation & very humb Servant\u2014\nJ.A", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-03-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7638", "content": "Title: From John Adams to William Sumner, 3 June 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Sumner, William\nMy dear General\nMontezillo June 3d. 1822\nYour favour of the 20th. has been received with great pleasure. I pray you to present my most profound respects to the ancient and honorable Artillery Company for their polite invitation which it would be my honour and pleasure to accept if my strength were sufficient to go through the day. I can concur entirely with you in your estimation of the dignity utility and importance of that military institution for almost two hundred years When a Nation loses its consciousness of its own power and a confidence in its own energies and its resources, it will soon become a prey even to the most contemptible horde of warlike invaders. Nothing has contributed so much to propagate and perpetuate those manly feelings and sentiments in N America as your association. Artillery Election days have been enjoyed by this people for almost two centuries and I hope they will be to all future ages. I shall thank Mr Whitman in a letter to him as soon as I can get it written, for his history of the Company, which I received with great pleasure and think it a valuable addition to our literature.\nWith high esteem I have the honour to be your / affectionate relation and / very humble Servant\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-04-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7639", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Hiram Haines, 4 June 1822\nFrom: Haines, Hiram\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tHonourable Sir\n\t\t\t\t\tSlate Mills Culpeper County Virga. June 4th. 1822\n\t\t\t\tA desire not only to see, but to possess and preserve relicts of those venerable Heroes and Sages whose exertions won, and whose counsels have preserved that glorious liberty which I, in common with millions of my happy fellow citizens enjoy is the cause of my addressing you at present, in which I hope you will excuse the liberty an intire stranger, has thus unceremoniously taken.My wishes are to possess specimens of their hand writing and if possible, correct copper plate engravings, or painted miniature likenesses of their persons. Should you, who has acted so important a part in the scenes referred to, be willing thus far to gratify me, the favour will be received with pleasure and remembered with gratitude.I am but a youth of nineteen, to whom neither fortune nor Nature has been propitious or profuse, and should you please to favour me with a specimen of your hand writing. I wish it to embrace some maxim or moral lesson that may be useful to me as I journey through life and which would probably be, better remembered and more strictly regarded, as having emanated from so respectable source. On whatever subject you may please to write affix your name, in the style, which you have been in the habit of signing it. Address to \u201cHiram Haines, Slate Mills, Culpeper Country. Va.\u2014\u201d May the great Architect of the Universe give you health and peace for your remaining days.\n\t\t\t\t\tH: Haines", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-10-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7640", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Benjamin Waterhouse, 10 June 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Waterhouse, Benjamin\nDear Sir\nMontezillo June 10th. 1822\nThanks for your letter of 5th. June and smoaking lecture but as I have not read the lecture I shall confine myself in this, the smoaking Theology. I believe you have heard of the Park Street prayers for the conversion of Boston and Cambridge, in which as far as they are good, sincere, honest pure and benevolent, I heartily join them; but which as far as they are hypocritical bigoted and fanatical, I hope will meet the fates of some other prayers. About the time of the British fast for success in the war against America; Dr Franklin and I then keeping hous together at Passy made a dinner for the Americans and some other company. The conversation turning at table on the subject of the British supplications, Dr Franklin said, gentlemen I have an history to relate to you relative to this, which I had from the best authority. On the British fast day St. Gabriel and St. Michael after glancing their eyes around the Universe looked down upon earth-Says Gabriel there is a thick fog around that planet. We can see nothing what is it? Oh says Michael that is a cloud consisting of the prayers of the English coming up for the success of their armies against America Poh! says Gabriel; Michael smiled, and said that Poh! has scattered all the mist, we can now see plainly land and water, hills and valleys, cities and Villages.\u2014This Fable I believe to be Franklins own composition because it is exactly characteristic of his genious, I hope and believe that the mephytic particles of the Park Street prayers will be as effectually dispersed to the four winds.\u2014\nI agree perfectly with you in your opinions of the Orthodox proceedings of election week and I think you deserve commendation for your prudent and friendly visit and advice to Dr Holmes.\u2014Gentlemen of graver characters will consider this subject more seriously. I can view it only with a proper mixture of pity and derision.\u2014\nmy kindest regards to Mrs Waterhouse\u2014 / from your friend John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-11-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7641", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 11 June 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir.\nMontezillo June 11th 1822.\nHalf an hour ago I received, and this moment have heard read, for the 3d. or 4th. time, the best letter that ever was written by an Octogenarian, dated June the first. It is so excellent that I am under an almost invincible temptation to commit a breach of trust by lending it to a printer. My Son Thomas Boylston\u2014says it would be worth $500\u2014to any Newspaper in Boston\u2014But I dare not betray your confidence.\nI have not strained my wrist, but both my hands & arms are so overstrained that I cannot write a line.\nPoor Stark could remembered nothing and could talk of nothing but the battle of Bennington. Poor Thomson is not quite so reduced. I cannot mount my horse, but I can walk three miles over a rugged rocky Mountain, and have done it within a month, yet I feel when setting in my Chair as if I could not rise out of it, and when risen as if I could not walk across the room. My sight is very dim; hearing pretty good; memory poor enough.\nI answer your Question: Is death an evil? It is not an evil: it is a blessing, to the individual, and to the World\u2014Yet we ought not to wish for it, till life becomes insupportable. We must wait the pleasure and convenience of the Great Teacher. Winter is as terrible to me as to you. I am almost reduced in it to the life of a Bear or a Torpid Swallow. I cannot read, but my delight is to hear (reading) others read, and I tax all my friends most unmercifully and Tyrannically against their consent.\n\u201cThe Ass\u201d has kicked in vain\u2014All men say the dull animal has missed the mark.\nThis Globe is a Theatre of War. Its Inhabitants are all Heroes. The little Ells in vinegar, and the annimalculi in pepper water, I believe are quarrelsome. The Bees are as warlike as the Romans, Russians, Britains or Frenchmen. Ants Catterpillars and Cankerworms, are the only tribes among whom I have not seen Battles; and Heaven itself, if we believe Hindoo\u2019s, Jews, Christians & Mahometans has not always been at peace.\nWe need not trouble ourselves about these things, nor fret Ourselves because of Evil-doers; but \u201csafely trust the Ruler with his Skies.\u201d Nor need we dread the approach of dotage. Let it come if it must!!!\nThompson it seems, still delights in his four stories; and Stark remembered to the last his Bennington, and exalted in his Glory; the worst of the evil is that our friends will suffer more by our imbecility than we ourselves.\nDiplomatick flickerings it seems have not yet ceased. It seems as if a Council of Ambassadors could never agree. In wishing for your health and happiness I am very Selfish, for I hope for more letters. This is worth more than Five-hundred Dollars to me, and will continue to give me more than a Thousand.\u2014Mr Jay who is about your age, I am told, experiences more decay than you do.\nI am your old Friend. \nJ.A.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-12-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7643", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Samuel B.H. Judah, 12 June 1822\nFrom: Judah, Samuel B.H.\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\tI have the honour to present to you a copy of a poem that has attained some celebrity in this country I do not send it to you that I think it is worthy of your notice but as a testimony of respect that an unknown youth holds the venerable patriot to whom our country owes so much\u2014I should never sir have presumed to forward you this work faulty as it is but that being flattered by the favourable of some of the first cities of our country\u2014I flattered my self that it might be read with some little pleasure in an hour of your leisure\u2014it is the work of a young man of scarce sixteen years old & thereforewho\u2019s education has been principly of his own forming\u2014and therefore perhaps deserves to be less criticised by the ancient rules of Langinas or than an older and more experienced writer\u2014if it should be his fate to again try his pen he feels assured himself then a more careful production will do himself more honour and perhaps add a laurel to his country\u2014I have the honor to be / yr. most obdt. servt.\n\t\t\t\t\tSaml B. H Judah", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-24-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7645", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Samuel B.H. Judah, 24 June 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Judah, Samuel B.H.\nSir\nMontizillo 24 June 1822\nI have heard read your horrible Odo friede; although there are marks of genius & talents, which in so young man; if hereafter carefully cultivated and applied to more proper subjects, may produce something agreeable and useful, yet I can neither applaud or approve this kind of compositions in prose or verse They serve only to continue in the minds of men chimerical fantasies, which never existed any where but in human immaginations. They greatly diminish the sum of human happiness by keeping up a constant terror in the minds of a great part of man kind\u2014for fear is a painful and distressing passion. I could wish that Shakespear had been asleep when he imagined or borrowed from Teutonic tales his ghost of Hamlet the his witches in Macbeth his queen Macb & his Oberon. I could wish that the German Oberon had never been written & especially that it never had been translated into English by Sower by Beautiful as it is. I thank you however for your civility in sending me the book & am your hearty well wisher\nJ. A", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-24-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7646", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Samuel L. Knapp, 24 June 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Knapp, Samuel L.\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir\n\t\t\t\t\tMontizillo 24 June 1822\n\t\t\t\tI thank you for the vol you sent me containing the trial of Lt Abbot. I am too blind to read it myself and have not yet found a friend of sufficient leisure to read it to me. It grieves me to the heart to see such publications & to read in the newspapers so many accounts of courts martial and courts of inquiry. However necessary they may be they can not fail to excite & perpetuate incurable contests & dissension amond the officers gentlemen of the navy and to diminish the confidence of the nation in the navy itself & to hurt the reputation of the navy in foreign countries. I am Sir with great esteem your obliged friend", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-24-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7647", "content": "Title: To John Adams from J. A. Bingham, 24 June 1822\nFrom: Bingham, J. A.\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir,\n\t\t\t\t\tRockville, Md. June 24, 1822\n\t\t\t\tIn presenting to the People of the United States, proposals for so important a work as the designation: of that which is here inclosed, I have thought it no less prudent than respectful, to make the object known in the commencement, to those who have bourne a conspicuous part in the formation, and administration\u2014our government, Under this impress sir, I have taken the liberty to address a prospectus to you, and to state, that an expression of your views respecting it, will be truly gratifying, and may be, beneficial to me.With sentiments of high esteem, sir / your friend. \n\t\t\t\t\tJ A Bingham", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-25-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7649", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Samuel B.H. Judah, 25 June 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Judah, Samuel B.H.\n\t\t\t\t\tMontezillo 25th June 1822\nI have heard read your horrible Odofriede; although there are marks of genius and talents, which in so young a man, if hereafter carefully cultivated and applied to more proper subjects, may produce something agreeable and useful, yet I can neither\napplaud or approve this kind of composition in prose or verse. They serve only to continue in the minds of men chimerical fantasies, which never existed anywhere but in human imagination. They greatly diminish the sum of human happiness by keeping up a constant terror in the minds of a great part of mankind\u2014for fear is a painful and distressing passion. I could wish that Shakespear had been asleep when he imagined or borrowed from Teutonic tales his gost of Hamlet, his Witches in Macbeth, his Queen Mab, and his Oberon. I could wish that the German Oberon had never been written, and especially that it never had been translated into English by Sotheby beautiful as it is. I thank you however for your civility in sending me the Book.\nand am your hearty well wisher\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-26-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7650", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Charles Hood, 26 June 1822\nFrom: Hood, Charles\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tBoston. 26 June 1822\n\t\t\t\tThe approaching Anniversary of American Independence, again awakens the feelings of every American Citizen, and inspires them with a lively Sensation, in the recollection of that important event, which, has given their country a distinguished rank among the nations of the globe, and elevated her, to her present State of eminence\u2014The Washington Society of Republican young Men of this City, will celebrate by a public Dinner, this glorious achievement, and it becomes a source of peculiar gratification to them, that while they duly appreciate the Zealous and patriotic exertions of their fathers, they have yet, among them, Some who have toiled for the accomplishment of an event, which they hope will be perpetuated to latest time.This gratification will be much enhanced, in beholding at their table, on this occasion, You Sir, who have acted So conspicuous a part in securing for posterity this invaluable boon\u2014I am directed by the Standing Committee to request the honour of your company at dinner on that Day\u2014pr Order of the Standing Com\n\t\t\t\t\tCharles HoodCorresponding Secretary", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-27-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7651", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Thomas Jefferson, 27 June 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir\n\t\t\t\t\tMonticello June 27. 22.\n\t\t\t\tYour kind letter of the 11th. has given me great satisfaction for altho\u2019 I could not doubt but that the hand of age was pressing heavily on you, as on myself, yet we like to know the particulars and the degree of that pressure. much reflection too has been produced by your suggestion of lending my letter of the 1st. to a printer. I have generally great aversion to the insertion of my letters in the public papers; because of my passion for quiet retirement & never to be exhibited in scene on the public stage. nor am I unmindful of the precept of Horace \u201csolvere senescentem, mature sanus equum, ne peccet ad extremum ridendus.\u201d in the present case however I see a possibility that this might aid in producing the very quiet after which I pant. I do not know how far you may suffer as I do, under the persecution of letters, of which every mail brings a fresh load. they are letters of enquiry for the most part, always of good will, sometimes from friends whom I esteem, but much oftener from persons whose names are unknown to me, but written kindly and civilly, and to which therefore civility requires answers. perhaps the better known failure of your hand in it\u2019s function of writing, may shield you in greater degree from this distress, and so far qualify the misfortune of it\u2019s disability. I happened to turn to my letter-list some time ago and a curiosity was excited to count those recieved in a single year. it was the year before the last. I found the number to be 1267. many of them requiring answers of elaborate research, and all to be answered with due attention and consideration. take an average of this number for a week or a day, and I will repeat the question suggested by other considerations in mine of the 1st. is this life? at best it is but the life of a mill-horse, who sees no end to his circle but in death. to such a life that of a cabbage is paradise. it occurs then that my condition of existence, truly stated in that letter, if better known, might check the kind indiscretions which are so heavily oppressing the departing hours of life. such a relief would to me be an ineffable blessing. but yours of the 11th. equally interesting and affecting, should accompany that to which it is an answer. the two taken together would excite a joint interest, and place before our fellow-citizens the present condition of two antient servants, who having faithfully performed their 40. or 50. campaigns, stipendiis omnibus expletis, have a reasonable claim to repose from all disturbance in the Sanctuary of Invalids and Superannuates. but some device should be thought of for their getting before the public otherwise than by our own publication. your printer perhaps could frame something plausible. C. Thomson\u2019s name should be left blank, as his picture, should it meet his eye, might give him pain. I consign however the whole subject to your consideration, to do in it whatever your own judgment shall approve, and repeat always with truth the assurances of my constant & affectionate friendship and respect\n\t\t\t\t\tTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-27-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7652", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Phillips, 27 June 1822\nFrom: Phillips, John\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tBeacon Street Boston. Thursday June 27th. 1822.\n\t\t\t\tThe Mayor of the City of Boston, most respectfully solicits the Honor of President Adams\u2019 company, on the evening of the fourth of July. The presence of that venerable and illustrious Citizen, whose prophetic spirit, so clearly discerned, and whose patriotic exertion, so largely contributed, to obtain the blessings of Independence, would confer an high obligation and awaken the most grateful recollections.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-30-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7653", "content": "Title: From John Adams to William Tudor, Jr., 30 June 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Tudor, William, Jr.\ndear Sir\nMontezillo 30th. June 1822\nIn answer to yours, of the 15. June and to the first question in it, I am not able from memory to satisfy your curiosity, but if you can ascertain the time when Coll. Otis was appointed chief Justice of the inferior court for the county of Barnstable, a few months before that was the period you seek, and if I remember right Hutchinsons choice to the agency of the Province was during the same period, and the choice of Hutchinson, and the appointment of chief justice Otis were connected together in the public opinion. Otis had not opposed with his usual energy Hutchinsons choice. Electioneering passions then were as hot and furious as they are now, and the whigs suspected that Otis had been gained over by the tories and if the election had come on at that moment in the town of Boston Otis would have infalliably been rejected, but Jemmy Bullezo came out, convinced the Whigs that Otis was not lost, and as Otis himself said in a Speech in the house. The Song of the drunkards saved him\u2014The choice of Hutchinson to the agency was desolation to the whigs. They considered the Country as lost forever, and with transports of joy seized the opportunity of excusing him, which he himself afforded.\nI really cannot recollect more than one of the Council and that one was myself\u2014and this I remember by a solid circumstance of 100 dollars which he made Robinson pay me, and I received with no little satisfaction\u2014The author of the Pamphlet you mention I know not. If I were to hazard a conjecture it would be that Arthur Lee and Stephen Sayre and William Lee, who were then all great Men in London were the Authors\u2014but this is mere conjecture suggested by circumstances which are too numerous to be detailed\u2014\nI am Sir your friend & humble / Servant\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-30-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7654", "content": "Title: To John Adams from William Taylor Barry, 30 June 1822\nFrom: Barry, William Taylor\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tLexington Kentucky 30th. June 1822\n\t\t\t\tA few days since I forwarded to you by Mail a printed Circular, the object of which is to gain information to enable the Legislature of this State, to fix on the best practicable plan for the education of our youth, for which liberal appropriations were made at their last Session. It was with reluctance that we ventured to intrude on your leisure; and it is not wished that our request should cause you any particular trouble. The approbation & Sanction of your name, rendered illustrious by distinguished acts of patriotism, and the devotion of a long life to the service of our common country, is what we much desire. Your suggestions will be received as the counsels of wisdom. We are a young people and labour under many disadvantages; we wish to avail ourselves of the benefits to be derived from the experience of our older sisters\u2014amongst the rest Massachusetts stands preemininent for letters & science. When our people shall be educated in a proper manner, when they are enabled to combine the advantages of superior intelligence to their known zeal & patriotism, Kentucky will attain, what she aspires to, an equal standing in character with her sister republics. Although a great majority of our citi-\u2013 Citizens are in favour of the cause of education; yet it is difficult for them to agree on a plan, especially when it requires large apropriatios of money out of the public treasury. Any suggestion that you may think proper to make will be highly useful; & will aid us much in the effort we are makeing. I hope Sir that the importance of the subject will plead my apology for the liberty I have taken in thus addressing you. Although personally a stranger to you, being too young to participate in the public counsels con whilst you were in the National counsels, I am yet well acquainted with your character, it is written in the history of our country; your fame is identified with its glory; Every American that feels proud of his country, must feel grateful to you, as one of the founders of its liberty.Accept assurances of esteem & respect from / your Obdt. Humbe. Sert.\n\t\t\t\t\tW. T. Barry", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-06-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7655", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Lewis Weld, 6 July 1822\nFrom: Weld, Lewis\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tAmerican Asylum.Sir,\n\t\t\t\t\tHartford, July 6th: 1822\n\t\t\t\tThe interest you were pleased to express in the general subject of the education of the deaf and dumb and particularly in young Loring, with whom I had the honour of calling on you in May, was extremely gratifying to my feelings. In an employment like that in which I am engaged, so different form the ordinary business of instruction, and so incomprehensible in its details to most of those who witness them, it is peculiarly gratifying to meet with one who is capable of appreciating in some good degree the difficulties under which we labour, and of entering with interest into the philosophical as well as practical part of the subject. These, in connexion with other considerations, which I need not mention, rendered my call upon you, Sir, an event which I shall always remember with pleasure.You were so good as to consent to my sending you, one of our Reports for the past year, when it should be published\u2014This I directed and forwarded a day or two since, and, as I thought you might be gratified to know which of the compositions it contains, are Loring\u2019s. I have taken the liberty of informing you by letter.They are on the 22d:, 23d: & 24th: pages of the report, under the heads of \u201cA description of Sublimity,\u201d \u201cOf the Imagination,\u201d \u201cOf Music,\u201d \u201cAn address for the 4th: of July &c.In the report itself you will find some remarks on the compositions of the deaf & dumb, on signs as the medium of communication with them, on the disadvantages of their situation for acquiring an accurate knowledge of a spoken language and on some other topics which, I trust, will interest you, and which will certainly furnish answers to several questions which you proposed to me, much better and more satisfactory, I presume, than I was able to give.With sentiments of the highest respect / I am, Sir, your friend and humble servant,\n\t\t\t\t\tLewis Weld", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-08-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7656", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Ma., Citizens of Quincy, 8 July 1822\nFrom: Quincy, Ma., Citizens of\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\tAt a Legal Meeting of the Inhabitants of the Town of Quincy holden on the 8th: Day of July current, A.D. 1822\u2014Voted\u2014That the town accept with gratitude, affection, and respect, the very liberal, valuable, and useful donation of the Hon. John Adams, with the restrictions, limitations, and conditions, expressed in the deed of conveyance, this day presented for their consideration,\u2014Voted That the Town will adopt all suitable and proper measures to carry into complete effect, the enlarged, and laudable views and benevolent wishes, and intentions, of the venerable donor\u2014Voted That Daniel Greenleaf\u2014Thomas Greenleaf\u2014Edward Miller John Whitney\u2014George W Beale, & George H Apthorp be a Committee to wait upon the Hon. Mr. Adams, and assure him of the grateful sense they entertain, of the Honor confered on them, by this mark of his esteem and affection, and attention to their future welfare and prosperity, and also to assure him, that valuable as the donation is\u2014and highly as they estimate the present, and future advantages that will result from it,\u2014They regard it with sentiments of puculiar veneration as the gift of one, whose patr patriotism, and virtues, have cast a lustre upon the place of his nativity,\u2014Of one who has so successfully devoted, for more than half a century, the energies of his mind, with his profound wisdom and learning, to the advancement of the best interests of his Country, and to whom under the smiles of Heaven we are so largely indebted, for our Independence, and prosperity as a nation, and for those free, and well balanced constitutions of Government, which alone can secure, and perpetuate, our inestimable priveleges,\u2014A true Copy\u2014as of Reccord Attest\u2014\n\t\t\t\t\tMottram Vesey Town Clerk\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-12-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7657", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 12 July 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nQuincy Montezillo July 12th 1822\nYours of the 27th. June is received with pleasure, for the free air of it delights me.\nYour number of 1267. letters in a year, does not surprise me; I have no list of mine, and I could not make one without a weeks research, and I do not believe I ever received one quarter part of your number. And I very much doubt whether I received in the same year one twelfth part; There are reasons enough for the difference.\nI hope one day your letters will be all published in volumes; they will not always appear orthodox, or liberal in politicks; but they will exhibit a Mass of Taste, Sense, Literature and Science, presented in a sweet simplicity, And a neat elegance of Stile, which will be read with delight in future ages. I think that when a people turn out their old servants, either by legal suffrages, or from complaisance to a vulgar opinion, they ought to grant them at least, an out-fit; for by making them conspicuous, and multiplying their acquaintances, they expose them to expences heavier than when in Office. Your stationary bill alone for paper, Quills, Ink, Wafers, Wax, Sand and Pounce, must have amounted to enough to maintain a small family.\u2014I never can forgive New York, Connecticut, or Maine for turning out Venerable Men, of sixty, or seventy; from the seats of Judgement, when their judgement is often the best, to turn out such men to eat husks with the prodigal, or grass with Nebuchadnezzar ought to be tormenting to the humanity of the Nation; it is infinitely worse than saing \u201cgo up thou bald Head.\u201d For my part, my blindness and Palsy lay me under a necessity of neglecting to answer many letters, and other kind civilities which otherwise I should delight to acknowledge. I believe it will be best to brave it out; it will be impossible to conceal anything.\u2014\nI am your friend of forty seven years Standing.\u2014\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-13-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7658", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Andrew Dunlap, 13 July 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Dunlap, Andrew\ndear Sir.\nQuincy July 13th. 1822\u2014\nI thank you for your Oration of the fourth of July 1822. It is so intelligent, eloquent, and pathetick that no ancient eyes can read it without being suffused with tears, and no ancient ears could hear it without a throbing bosom. I remember not to have read any one with more delight; you have made one mistake however Jefferson and Adams were never rivals, it was Hamilton that was the rival of Jefferson.\u2014\nI am Sir your obliged friend / and humble Servant\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-15-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7659", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Thomas Greenleaf, 15 July 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Greenleaf, Thomas\nA Committee appointed by the Town of Quincy on the 8th: Day July A.D. 1822.Gentlemen.\nQuincy July 15th 1822.\nThe resolutions of the Town of Quincy passed on the same day and presented to me by you in their Name are perfectly satisfactory and demand my affectionate gratitude. The harmony and unanimity with which the Town have accepted the instrument of conveyance, and their approbation of the restrictions, limitations, and conditions expressed in it, is very gratifying to me and receives my best thanks; Nor should I omit to express my obligations to you for the friendly manner with which you have communicated the resolutions to me.\nWith great respect Esteem and affection for the Town, and sincere friendship for you, / I have the honor to be their, and your, / fellow Citizen, / and humble Servant\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-18-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7661", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Mrs. Derby, 18 July 1822\nFrom: Derby, Mrs.\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tChestnut Street Mt. Vernon 18th July 1822.\n\t\t\t\tMrs. Derby presents her respects to Mr. Adams and has the honor to send him a journal she has lately received from her brother, Mr. Foster Coffin in South America. As that country is becoming every day more conspicuous & as so little is known of it in this, she flatters herself that Mr. Adams may find the Minutes kept by her brother an interesting document; & she has great pleasure in submitting it to his perusalIf it is not convenient to return it by Mr Shaw she will beg the favor of having it in the course of the week.She desires to present her Compliments to the Ladies.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-21-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7663", "content": "Title: From John Adams to William Taylor Barry, 21 July 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Barry, William Taylor\nSir\nMontizillo 21 July 1821 1822\nI know not that I ever received a letter with more pleasure than yours of the 30 June last except the circular from your committee which I received some days before. The wisdom & liberality generosity of your Legislature in making a liberal appropriation of money for the benefit of schools Academies colleges & the university is an equal honor to them & their constituents\u2014a proof of their veneration for literature and science and a portent of great & lasting good to North & South America and to the world. Great is truth\u2014great is liberty & great is humanity & they must stand and will prevail. I have communicated your letters to as many of my friends as I have seen & requested them to assist me in complying with your views. If the taper thread of life should continue to burn a little longer I hope that you will hear more from me. At present blind & paralytic I am incapable of research or search. I can only give hints from memory. A law of this colony almost two hundred years ago obliged every town to maintain a school master capable of teaching the Greek and Roman languages as well as reading writing and Arithmetic in English. Those school masters were to be examined by the clergymen and magistrates and the clergymen in those days were all learned men. This law is in force to this hour though not so punctually executed as it ought to be. I had myself the honour to be a school master from 1755 to 1758, in the town of Worcester; under this law. These school masters and school houses are maintained by taxes involuntarily imposed on themselves by the people in town meeting annualy & the ardor of the people in voting money for this noble purpose is astonishing. In this small town of Quincy consisting of not more than 1400 inhabitants I think they voted this year $1700 for the support of schools\u2014more than a dollar a head for every woman & child in the place. The principal school which is not more than half a mile from me pours out of its doors at 12 Oclock every day from one hundred to two hundred boys & girls as happy as Scott or Shenstone has described them & their masters in their romances. Besides this principal school there are not less than four or five there schools kept by women in different parts of the towns for children of both sexes not too young to be able to travel to the central school. I esteem myself highly Beside these town schools there are academies erected under the auspices of the Legislature & others established by private munificence for teaching languages arts & sciences on a more enlarged scale. All these subordinate institutions are preparatory to the qualification of young gentlemen to enter the university. The universities and the schools mutually support each other\u2014The schools furnish students for the college and four years afterwards the college sends the young men into the country to keep school I esteem myself highly honored by your circular and your letter of the 30th June and am Sir your very obedient humb Servt\nJ. A", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-22-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7664", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Pseudonym: \"Neptune\", 22 July 1822\nFrom: Pseudonym: \u201cNeptune\u201d\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tRespected & Honourd Sir\n\t\t\t\t\tNew York. July 22nd 1822\n\t\t\t\tA single volume from your Library for the above cause will be the means of giving us many hundreds if not Thousands\u2014especially if you accompany it with your sentiments upon the utility of the plan.\u2014we have within the last week presented to upwards of Twenty Ships 20 to 25 Vols. & they have been recd by the Crews with thanks and 9 Cheers!\u2014the Bible Sir is an excellent volm. so are tracts but Sailors must be led to reflect upon Men & things thro\u2019 Voyages Geography &c. &c.\u2014this institution or rather attempt to soften the existance of Seamen\u2014is a twin sister to the apprentices\u2019 Libraries of which 17 are established in the U.S.\u2014and they contain upwards of 22,000 Vols.\u20142000 of wh. are delivered weekly in this City to Mechanics\u2019 Lads\u2014your donation & letter to the Boston A.L. has been republished 10 times & has produced 1000 Vols.\u2014send us only one book & a line and you will add an obligation to the many you have confered upon your Country,\n\t\t\t\t\t\u201cNeptune\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-23-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7666", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Mrs. Derby, 23 July 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Derby, Mrs.\nMontezillo July 23d 1822\nMr Adams\u2019s Compliments to Mrs Derby and thanks her for the lone of Mr Coffins Journal, which has afforded him a rich entertainment, it is written extremely well and contains much important information, it is fit for publication would do honor to the traveller be a valuable addition to American literature, and promote the Commercial and political interests of the Country\u2014Mr Adams respects to Mr Derby\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-24-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7668", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John C. Gray, 24 July 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Gray, John C.\ndear Sir\nQuincy July 24th. 1822\nMy Friendship for your family must be my apology for neglecting so long to acknowledge the receipt of your Oration, I presume to reckon among my friends, your Grand Father Mr Chipman of Marble Head\u2014he was a Brother barrester at law, And I spent a week with him in the year 1764 in the same house and at the same Court in Pownalborough and found him an able lawyer, and an amiable Man; though we differed in political opinions, my friendship for your honored Father & Mother, and personal regard for yourself, must be my excuse for trespassing on your indulgence\u2014Your Oration has been read to me, I find it ingenious, well written & extremely well adapted to the occasion & the period\u2014The conversion of the town of Boston into a City, is an event of no small importance in the history of this Nation.\u2014If I were capable of writing I might perhaps propose to you some theorem or problems for your solution. Is not the growth, the unnatural growth of our Cities the effect of a paper Currency, & is not a paper currency a just & honest Medium of trade & commerce, Ask Governor Hutchinson, whose character & Memory, some of your family at least hold in veneration, as I myself do in many respects he was so great a Master of Coin and Commerce that if he could arrise, I would give him absolute power over the whole currency of the Nation, if I Could But Ambition entered into his head & triped up his heels, as the Girl said in the lying Valet says of love\u2014\u201cit is the devil.\u201d \u2014\nYou may show this letter to your Father & Mother, Brothers & Sisters, but by no means let it appear in print, for I know not what dreadful effects it might have upon the Name Character and Person, of your friend & humble Servant\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-24-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7669", "content": "Title: From Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan Van der Kemp to John Quincy Adams, 24 July 1822\nFrom: Van der Kemp, Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\nDear and Respected Sir!\nOldenbarneveld 24 July 1822.\nIf a Sense of duty did not compell me to address You with these few lines, I could not deem it proper to intrude on your more Serious occupations\u2014but\u2014where, perhaps, it might afford you an opportunity of doing good\u2014even in attending to the duties of your High office, I trust, I Shall not need an excuse for this interference by the Secretary of State\u2014while I am too well informed of John Quincy Adams Character, than that I Should indulge the thought, for one single moment, that I wanted an apology by Him.\nMy wish\u2014my request\u2014if you please is the appointment through your influential interest given by the President, to the Consulat of St. Thomas\u2014in behalf of George Strawbridge. That worthy man did read Law with the late James A. Bayard, practised with credit to him Self, for some years in Delaware\u2014relinquished the profession and united him Self with his Brother in his mercantile establishment\u2014his character is irreproachable\u2014his talents respectable and his integrity and industry would not be easily Surpassed\u2014The employment of Such men is honorable is useful to any Government\u2014would be employ\u2019d under your administration I dare recommend him with as much confidence to your portection as I would my own son\u2014as he fully deserves it.\u2014and I doubt not\u2014or even in time, you may be prompted to thank me, for having Solicited and obtained your Patronage in behalf of a man of Such real worth\u2014This is the only way Mr Adams\u2014in which I can reciprocate the numerous kindnesses of your respected Parents whose honoured frendship\u2014for which I am thankful to a Bountiful God, I enjoy\u2019d during forty years\u2014and it is my sincere prayer\u2014that your beloved offspring may contribute So much to your happiness and that of your Lady as you\u2014and on this you may feel a cheering con Sciousness, effected for that Noble\u2014exalted Woman, whom you was blessed to Providence to call with that endearing name your Mother\u2014Never can the memory be obliterated by me\u2014\nPermit me to assure you, that I remain with unabated respect\u2014and increased admiration / Dear & Respected Sir! / Your most obed. St.\nFr. Adr. vander Kemp", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-01-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7670", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Henry F. Lamb, July 1822\nFrom: Lamb, Henry F.\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tRespected Sir\n\t\t\t\t\tWilkesbarre July 1822\n\t\t\t\tYour Goodness will pardon the Liberty I take in Troubling you at this Time when I inform you that it is in behalf of an Aged & infirm parent, My Mother, who is the Grandchild of the Revd Eliphalet Adams of New London & Widow of the Late Captain John Lamb, who in the year 1785 was appointed by Congress, as their Agent to Algiers, Tunis & Tripoli, to purchase a Peace with those States & to redeem American prisoners, for want of Sufficient Powers his Mission failed, & an Order for his recall was Issued & Recd by him while Confined & dangerously Ill from the Effects of a Coup de Soleil, which prevented his return for Some Months, after his return he attended on the Old Congress for a Settlement of his Accts. which for reasons unknown to me was delayed for So long a time that his funds exhausted by long absence were not equal to the expence of a longer attendance, he therefore wrote Mr. Jay then Secretary of State to that effect, & after placing his papers, Vouchers &c in the Hands of Benjn. Huntington Esq. then a Member of Congress from Connt., he returned home, in order to retrieve his broken fortunes, & by the Sale of his Last farm he built & fitted Out a Brig for Spain, where a Series of Misfortunes for a good Number of years were finally Terminated by a Wound in the Shipwreck & Total Loss of his last Vessel, with her whole Cargo of which wound he lingered in a Spanish Hospital for three years. when despairing of ever being restored to Usefullness he by the assistance of his Friends obtained a passage to the U-S\u2014where three years more of protracted Suffering terminated his life, While he was Absent in Spain my Mother made several feeble efforts to Obtain some relief from Congress, but without effect, after my father returned he for a long time flattered himself that he should recover Sufficient health to go on to Congress for a Settlement in Person, but at last finding himself near his end he wrote a Letter to Mr Jefferson then President requesting a Settlement for the relief of his family, his Letter was refered to Mr. Gallatin who wrote that if My Father would Send on Papers & Vouchers he Should be Settled with & the ballance if any paid, but those Vouchers could not be obtained Benjamin Huntington in whose hands he had placed them previous to his leaving America had died during my fathers absence & his family removed to distant parts unknown to us, So that no acct. Could be made out with Sufficient Support\u2014the Last Session of Congress my Mother had a petition drawn & forwarded for a Compensation for his Services, which petition was refered to the Secy of the Treasury Mr. Adams who reported that the Case of Mr. Lamb was unfortunate but that nothing Could be found to prove a ballance due him\u2014Now Sir, knowing that my father recd his particular instructions from you, & that the funds he Recd were drawn from you, or through your hands, I have taken the Liberty to ask of you the reasons why he was not Settled with while attending on Congress\u2014I have a Letter from you to My Father Stating that he had drawn on you for \u00a33212, 10 Sterling\u201d from which Sum was discounted 10 p Ct. on the Bills, Now sir is it possible that, that Sum was Sufficient to defray the expence of a Voyage across the Atlantic with Servants & baggage, from Calais to Dover to Calais & on Paris Expences of Stay there, purchase of Carriages to Transport them to Madrid, Salary of a Secretary hired in Paris, expence of an Overland Journey to Madrid & during his attendance on the Spanish Court to Obtain the influence of that Court in favor of his Mission, from thence to the Mediterranean & Over to Algiers Presents to the Dey & his Minister while there of Gold watches, Chains Rings, Snuff Boxes &c. return to Spain and expenses of a Sickbed for Some Months & of his return Voyage to the United States, Suffering a period of three years, together with his expences while attending on Congress for a Settlement for two Months, with Servants Salaries &c also the purchase of a Brig (Francisco de Paublo) which he purchased & Sent to Congress to with dispatches, which was Lost on passage to the U.S, on Bermuda, exclusive of his Outfit (which was not paid him) & Salary for three years, Also he was entitled to pension for the Loss of Eye that by Coup de Soleil\u2014My Mother will renew her application at the next Session of Congress & if you Can by any Knowledge you have of the bussiness render her Cause any assistance So that She can Obtain Justice, you will confer a favor on a disstressed Woman, She is blind & has lost her health & has been dependant on my Exertions for Ten years, my Father not leasing any property from recent Misfortune I am unable to do for her as I could wish\u2014I am Sir Very Respectfully / Your Obt Servt,\n\t\t\t\t\tHenry F Lamb\n\t\t\t\t\tP.S. My Father also on leaving Algiers Left 400 Dollrs in the Hand of Mr. Woulf for the relief of Prisoners, My Father also on his death bed & in his last moments told me solemnly that the U.S. were justly indebted to him some thousands of Dollars (I think more than twenty) and I think it not likely any man in that Solemn hour would make an incorrect Statement\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-02-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7672", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Timothy Pickering, 2 August 1822\nFrom: Pickering, Timothy\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tSalem August 2. 1822.\n\t\t\t\tAs no act of the Congress of the Thirteen United American Colonies was so distinguished as that by which their Independence of Great Britain was declared, the most particular history of that transaction will probably be sought for; not merely as an interesting curiosity, but to do substantial justice to the abilities and energy of the leaders in that great measure.By the public journals it appears that on the 7th of June 1776, certain resolutions respecting Independency, were moved and seconded; and that on the 10th, the first resolution, \u201cthat the United Colonies are, and of right ought to be free and independent states,\u201d was adopted; and the next day, the committee for preparing the declaration to that effect, was chosen, consisting of \u201cMr. Jefferson, Mr. J. Adams, Mr. Franklin, Mr. Sherman and Mr. R. R. Livingston.\u201d Mr. Jefferson being first on the list, became the chairman. This, considering the composition of the committee, and that Mr. Jefferson was the youngest man, would appear remarkable. Mr. Charles Lee, who married a daughter of R. H. Lee, once gave me this account: That Mr. Lee having moved the resolution for declaring the Colonies independent, would, according to the usual course, have been elected chairman of the committee for preparing the declaration; but sickness in his family caused him to return home.\u2014Mr. Jefferson, another Virginian, was then chosen to supply his place.By Dr. Ramsay\u2019s history of the revolution, it appears that R. H. Lee moved the resolution, and that it was seconded by you. This, I have always supposed, was done by previous concert: it being the policy of the Massachusetts Delegates (as Mr. Samuel Adams once told me) to cultivate the best harmony with those of Virginia, and in great measures to get her to take the leading step. This flattered the pride of the Ancient Dominion, and obtained a pledge of her perseverance. That Massachusetts should second the resolution was to be expected: she was then deemed the second in power among the Colonies; and not behind any of them in bold & decided measures.It was in the natural order of proceeding for the whole committee to meet & discuss the subject; & after mature deliberation, to decide on the principles or propositions which should constitute the basis of the declaration; and to refer the making of the draught to the chairman, or to a sub-committee.\u2014The late Chief Justice Parsons once told me, that in conversing on this subject, you informed him, that you and Mr. Jefferson were the sub-committee to prepare the declaration, and that you left to Mr. Jefferson the making of the draught.Some years ago, a copy of the declaration as reported to Congress, was put into my hands by some one of the Lee family. It was in Mr. Jefferson\u2019s hand-writing, and inclosed in a short letter from him to R. H. Lee, together with a copy of the declaration as amended in Congress. The amendments consisted chiefly in striking out: and about one fourth part of the whole was struck out\u2014manifestly to the mortification of Mr. Jefferson; for in his letter to Mr. Lee he says\u2014\u201cYou will judge whether it is the better or the worse for the critics.\u201d Accurate copies of the reported declaration & the letter, I lodged a few years ago with the Historical Society in Boston.To me, the alterations made in Congress seemed important and substantial amendments\u2014pruning the declaration of superfluous and comparatively feeble branches, and presenting it in a more distinct and dignified form. But I was at a loss to account for the committee\u2019s letting it be reported in the shape in which Mr. Jefferson had presented it to them. The solution could be merely conjectural. I supposed the other members of the committee saw its faults, and the practicability of advantageous amendments; but that observing a strong attachment of the parent to his offspring, it was concluded to let it pass into Congress; relying on the requisite amendments being there moved and carried. And perhaps intending to suggest the most material to other members, from whom motions for that purpose would be less invidious; the bearing would then be on the whole committee, and not on the chairman alone.After all, the declaration does not contain many new ideas. It is rather a compilation of facts & sentiments stated and expressed during the preceding eleven years, by those who wrote, & vindicated the rights of the Colonies, including the proceedings of the Congress of 1774; that is from the year of the stamp act to the commencement of the war. The great merit of any compilation consists in the lucid and forcible arrangement of the matter. The reported declaration was evidently enfeebled by its redundances.\u2014Yet there is no end of the praises of Mr. Jefferson as the author of the declaration of independence:\u2014if he had been the author of our independence itself, he could hardly have been more eulogized.\u2014I have thought it desirable that the real facts in this case should be ascertained. You alone can give a full statement of them\u2014to be communicated to whom you think proper. To arrive at Truth, and to assure to every one his just portion of applause, are the sole objects of these remarks.I have the honour to be, / very respectfully, Sir, / your obedt. Servant, \n\t\t\t\t\tTimothy Pickering.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-03-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7673", "content": "Title: To John Adams from William Thornton, 3 August 1822\nFrom: Thornton, William\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dear sir\n\t\t\t\t\tCity of Washington 3rd: Augst. 1822\u2014\n\t\t\t\tWhen your highly respected Son the Honorable John Quincy Adams sent me the Papers which Mr. William Mellus had the honor of transmitting through your Favor to the Dept of State, I found you had done me the honor of stating, that if you thought I was still in the Patent Office you would have addressed a Note to me; and you requested your Complimts.\u2014I think myself highly flattered by this condescending testimony of your kind remembrance, for which I sincerely thank you, and I reciprocate every good wish.You thought I might have been translated to some other Office. I hoped it would have been the case; & if the high Recommendation of several Members of the Senate, & as many of the House of Representatives, who waited upon, & addressed the President in my behalf, besides the strongest Recommendations of many other influential Individuals, could have had any weight with the Presidt., I should have been appointed to South America. But though he admitted every flattering Observation in my behalf, & wrote to me a letter, testifying to my perfect integrity, attention to my Duties, Learning & Ability, I found that there were objections to me that could not be removed. I was represented as identified with the South Americans, & as having been deeply engaged in the Revolution.\u2014So that the very reason which rendered me the most proper Representative of the North Americans, and would have induced the South Americans to receive me with the most cordial amity, was the cause of my Rejection.\u2014I must therefore wait till the nation be ruled by a different head; & yet I fear there will be no change if his chief Counsellor, for whose success I have ardently wished, should be his Successor.\u2014When the great Washington died, I lost a Friend, that would not have permitted me to remain so long in the back ground as and I remember too with great pleasure, how many kind attentions I received from the very distinguished Character whom I have now the honor to address.\u2014I often wonder at the great activity and continued Energy of your Mind; & pray the Almighty to preserve you many years as one of the chief Ornaments of this Country, & to bless you for ever.\n\t\t\t\t\tWilliam Thornton\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-08-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7676", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan Van der Kemp, 8 August 1822\nFrom: Van der Kemp, Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan\nTo: Adams, John\nMy Dear and Respected Sir!\nOldenbarneveld 8 Aug 1822.\nAlthough I hear no more of Montezillo than of Boston\u2014Yet I trust, that it is not unacceptable to receive again a\u2014few lines\u2014and the N. papers tell us\u2014from time to time\u2014that He\u2014whom we love and respect\u2014continues to enjoy health and happiness\u2014and yet Sometimes\u2014from a foul mouthed an adders tongue endeavours to poison those who are less acquainted with them whom we respect and admire\u2014and it may be often done indeed with a great appearance of truth\u2014Suppose I warned my fellow citizens\u2014not to place an unlimited confidence in John Adams\u2014and his Son, as they Bothe took the oath of allegiance to the States General\u2014in 73\u2014and yet\u2014this is naked truth\u2014that John Adams and Thomas Adams took in 1623 on the September\u2014in Woodbridge\u2014with 34 Inhabitants\nDid Some of your ancestors reside in that Town? How would Russel have boasted\u2014had he possessed Such materials\u2014then without producing any proof\u2014he might have Sworn\u2014that all was on Record\u2014I never Saw the man\u2014but When I Saw 3 or 4 vol. Superelegant vol. in Imp. Fol\u2014presented to him by Bonaparte, offered for Sale at Boston by Mr. Shaw\u2014I had a poor idea of that man\u2014and yet he Sunk lower, when I did See his insolent in Sidious attack on J. Q\u2014how would the eye of his revered mother have flashed with indignation, had She glanced over that mean insidious bombario\u2014and yet\u2014She would have been Soothed had She perused J. Q. manly defence\u2014I regretted, that He was compelled to enter the lists with that doleful champion\u2014but I rejoiced\u2014when I did See him crushed in the dust. J. Q. As cutting\u2014plain\u2014unanswerable\u2014confounding Language continually recalled to my memore John Luzac\u2019s powerful way of arguing\u2014every poisonouous dart returned to the forlorn archer\u2019s bosom\u2014and I yet\u2014perhaps more than Russel was behind the curtain\nI agree with you, writes me a worthy frend that J. Q. Adams has demolished and annihilated Poor Russel\u2014I am not disappointed because I have long ago been of opinion that Russel was not Sound at heart, and he is now clearly Shewn to be a mean disingenuous paltry Egotist, and I Shall not be Surprised if Mr Seth Hunt Shall gibbet him as an infamous traitor\u2014\nYou recollect, that I once Solicited to see a treatise of you on feudal law\u2014which then you did not possess\u2014if you obtained it Since\u2014permit me to peruse it. Lately I did See\u2014that during or before (under the Colonial government) the Revolution. If my memory does not fail me, you delivered, which was published a Report\u2014upon the inadmissible principles of the King of England\u2019s Proclamation This too I Should desire to See\u2014\nHave there not been published more Mem. of the Acad\u2014Since 1809 vol. iii p. 1 & 2? if So\u2014Request your Son\u2014or grandson in my name to Send a line, to m . Everett, that he Send me every vol. in continuation, and addresses it to Mr Backus\u2014who\u2014will pay him\u2014when he deliver his account\u2014\nYou Recollect my frend! once mrs Adams intended to favour me with your Portrait\u2014but it remained unfinished by Stuart\u2014Is it there yet? may I yet foster the hope? are there many remaining, who Since 1780\u2014have been honoured with your affectionate Regards, and with that of your Noble Lady too, after She became Acquainted with me?\u2014I do thus not hesitate freely to demand when I presume you can further oblige me, as I am persuaded it can never be want of will. Thus I make up of my old privilege\u2014\nIt is now in my power\u2014to make you a pleasing communication\u2014In a month\u2019s time, if it pleases God to Spare my life and eyes\u2014I Shall have finished the Dutch Records\u2014I made beginning with the 25 vol\u2014that Done\u2014I Shall, Since Nov. last have translated 3000 pag. and may then rest from my labour\u2014\nSecure of your frendship\u2014I remain with the highest regard / Dear & Respected Sir! / Your affectionate and obliged / frend\nFr Adr. vanderkemp", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-10-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7678", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Abraham Holmes, 10 August 1822\nFrom: Holmes, Abraham\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tRochester Augt. 10th 1822\n\t\t\t\tYou will pardon (I hope) the freedom I take in introducing to your Notice the bearer of this, who has a strong desire (from respectable motives) to have the satisfaction of conversing a few moments with the man who took so large a share in the important and arduous business of our Revolution and to whose exertions (under God) we are in a great measure indebted for the blessings of Independance.His name is William Ruggles, is the Grandson of the former Minister of this Town has had a public Education and is now a Tutor of Columbia College in the City of Washington. If a man of his youth stood in need of any other or further recommendation, as far as my testimony would give it to him, he should have it.Accept Sir of my strongest expression of / respect.\n\t\t\t\t\tAbram. Holmes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-12-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7680", "content": "Title: From John Adams to William Thomas, 12 August 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Thomas, William\nDear Sir\nMontezillo August 12th. 1822\nLet me add a few hints to my former letter. Please to search in the publications after the Treaty of Peace for a letter of Monsieur de Marbois, Secretary of Legation to the Chevalier de la Luzern\u2014and records and files of Congress during that period; and an Octavo Volume in french entitled, \u201cPolitique de touf les Cabineto del Europe\u201d published by the French Government during the Revolution; in which you will find a Memorial from the Count de Vergennes to the King; recommending to his Majesty a plan of policy toward the American Colonies and the English government. I wish every document concerning the negotiation of 1782-3, may be searched and researched, that the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth, in its minutest particulars may appear. I whish, also that every human being, who knows anything concerning it, may be consulted and examined. I have before referred you to Mr Jay, Lord St. Hellens and Mr. Vaughan; I now refer you to Mr William Temple. Franklin, still living in France, who was Secretary to the American Legation, and attended most if not all the conferences, Mr. Thaxter, my private Secretary is long since deceased. But Mr Charles Storer, who was then in my family, alert and active, and very useful to me in copying letters and papers; let him be asked whether he remembers the letters that I wrote, and he and Mr. Thaxter copied; or which they wrote at my desire\u2014to certain Gentlemen then residing at Amsterdam, by the names, as I think, of Folger & Coffin, of Nantucket, earnestly requesting of them the most particular information, concerning the extent, value and importance of those Fisheries on the Coast and the right of curing fish on land, and especially on the Coast of Labradore; and whether he remembers the ample information those gentlemen gave me in their answers\u2014even concerning the value of the Seal fishery, as ell as all others. If I should ever hear of any other person who knew any thing of that negotiation, I will mention him to you.\u2014\nI am, Sir, Your hble Servant\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-13-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7681", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Timothy Pickering, 13 August 1822\nFrom: Pickering, Timothy\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tSalem August 13. 1822.\n\t\t\t\tI duly received, and am greatly obliged by your interesting letter of the 6th in answer to mine of the 2d inst. Should any other questions occur on of importance enough to authorize me to interrupt your repose, I shall use the liberty you allow me, to propose them.In recurring to the early opposition to British taxation of the Colonies, you some two or three years since mentioned your own essays under the signature of Nov\u2013Anglus, and those of Massachusetensis on the other side. The latter you ascribed to the pen of your friend Jonathan Sewall, attorney general of Massachusetts. But within the year past, I have been told (I do not remember by whom) that (George) Leonard had declared himself, or had been declared, the writer. You must have known Mr. Leonard, a lawyer I believe of Taunton, and can judge wheth of his competency to write the essays of Massachusetensis, of which you spoke so handsomely.\u2014I mention this matter merely because that being contrary to your own opinion, it may not have come to your knowledge.I am very respectfully / your obedt. Servt.\n\t\t\t\t\tT. Pickering\n Daniel Leonard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-21-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7682", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Joseph Thaxter, 21 August 1822\nFrom: Thaxter, Joseph\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tHond & dear Sir\n\t\t\t\t\tEdgartown Augt 21 1822\n\t\t\t\tI have never lost the Veneration, I imbibed for your Character in my Young Days\u2014I rejoice that you yet live & enjoy so good Health\u2014I have received a Pamphlet from Jedediah Morse DD\u2014announcing the Establishment of a New Society for the civilization of the Aborigines of this Country\u2014your Name stands at the Head of the honourary members or Vice Presidents. I am requested to aid by money the Friends of the Society. From what I have known of the Selfishness of the good DD: I confess a Suspicion rises in my mind respecting the Business. so many pious Frauds, I fear, have been committed of late Years under the Cloak of Missionaries & the Education of pious Youth for Missionarry Service & for supporting such men as Dr Morse & paying Clerk & Printers to publish the great Things done in Converting the Heathen as must have consumed vast Sums of Money.\u2014I must confess I have never seen sufficient Evidence to convince me that much Good has been done neither do I believe that pious Youth tramelled by Education with the Dogmas of John Calvin are qualified to convert the Heathen to Christianity uncorrupted Reason revolts at the Idea of total Depravity unconditional election, eternal Reprobation & a Divine God It is a Fact that Missionary Frauds have been applied to the Purpose of sending Missionaries upon this Island, by the orthodox so self stiled, to sow the Seeds of Discord among Brethren the greatest Confusion has insued & Infidelity has increased\u2014Such is the State of Society in this Place at this Time, that I am apprehensive I should faill were I to Solicit for money to add to the Fraud. But, Hond Sir, If it is your opinion that I ought to try I will do all in my Power. I shall be governed by your advice wishing you Health & Peace while you live & a glorious Reward of your Labours in Heaven I am dear Sir / with the highest Esteem your obedient / Servant\n\t\t\t\t\tJoseph Thaxter", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-24-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7683", "content": "Title: To John Adams from William Tudor, Jr., 24 August 1822\nFrom: Tudor, William, Jr.\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear & venerable President,\n\t\t\t\t\tBoston Augt. 24th. 1822.\n\t\t\t\tI write to ask your leave to make use of two passages from your letter to my father of June 1. 1817. I wish to introduce them in notes to corroborate, my remarks. I can mention them with your name, or simply as an extract from a MS. letter. The first relates to Hancock\u2014\"At the time of this prosperity, I was one day walking in the Mall with and accidentally met Samuel Adams. In taking a few turns together, we came in full view of Mr Hancock\u2019s house. Mr Adams pointing to the stone building, said, \"This Town have done a wise thing today.\" What? \"They have made that young man\u2019s fortune their own.\" His prophecy was literally fulfilled for no man\u2019s property was ever more entirely devoted to the publick. The Town had that day chosen Mr Hancock into the legislature of the Province. The quivering anxiety of the public under the fearful looking for, of the vengeance of King Ministry & Parliament, compelled him to a constant attendance in the House, his mind was soon engrossed by public cares alarms & terrors; his business was left to subalterns, his private affairs neglected, and continued to be so to the end of his life.\"The other passage relates to Hutchinson\u2014\"When I agreed with you in your opinion of Mr Hutchinson\u2019s repentance, I should have added, he had great reason for repentance. Fled in his old age from the detestation of a country where he had been beloved, esteemed & admired and applauded with exaggeration, in short where he had been every thing from his infancy; to a country where he was nothing; pinched by a pension, which though ample in Boston would barely keep a house in London, throwing round his baleful eyes on the exiled companions of his folly, hearing daily of the Slaughter of his countrymen and conflagration of their cities, abhorred by the greatest men and soundest part of the nation, and neglected if not despised by the rest: hardened as had been my heart against him, I assure you I was melted at the accounts I heard of his condition. Lord Townsend told me that he put an end to his own life, though I did not believe this I know he was ridiculed by the courtiers. They laughed at his manners at the Levee, at his perpetual quotation of his brother Foster, searching his pockets for letters to read to the King, and the King turning away from him with his nose up &c. &c.\"I have got in my work to the year 1774. what remains will I hope be written in a few days, and then I shall devote a few weeks to revising. I am in hope to offer you the homage of a copy of the Life of Otis in October, which will be a great satisfaction to your much obliged, and most / respectfully, \n\t\t\t\tW. Tudor", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-28-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7684", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Joseph Thaxter, 28 August 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Thaxter, Joseph\nRevd: & dear Sir,\nMontezillo August 28th 1822\nYour letter from Edgarton of the 21st: instant, gave me great pleasure. The sight of your name excited recollections of an antient and pleasant acquaintance, and some little modern resentments for your having made several visits to this part of the Country, without coming to see me.\nI agree with you in your opinions of the modern Crusade. Superstition and enthusiasm are excited and enkindled by politicians too deep and disguised to be suspected. The Crusades of five or seven hundred years ago, were excited by Kings, in alliance with Priests, to send away their feudal Barrons to exhaust their resources in men and money, and pour the Strength of Europe into Asia, while they were employed in establishing their Monarchies, at home. St Lewis himself, though he sat the example himself in person, had the same object in view.\nThe modern Crusades of Missionary Societies, have been excited and are still supported and encouraged by modern Monarchs in alliance with modern Priests and modern Nobles, the Sanctified legitimates and holy Leaguers, to divert the attention of the people from the study of their rights and the Science of Government. From this brief hint of my suspicions, you may conclude, that I contribute nothing to this Crusade and that I cannot advise you to contribute any thing.\nIf you visit Boston or Hingham again, I hope you will not forget your antient Friend\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-04-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7687", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Joseph Thaxter, 4 September 1822\nFrom: Thaxter, Joseph\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tHond & Dr Sir\n\t\t\t\t\tEdgartown Augt Sept 4 1822\n\t\t\t\tAccept my thankful acknowledgment of your kind & frank answer to mine of Augt 21\u2014I do assure you that it was not for want of veneration or affection that for some Years past I have not called on you Such is the obscurity of my Scituation that I viewed myself as forgotten by old acquaintance\u2014But a greater Reason is that, For near Twenty Years my Deafness has been such that little short of a Stenter can make me hear\u2014It has in a great measure deprived me of my social Injoyments. I spend most of my Time in reading & meditation\u2014I read the various News Papers\u2014I find some things pleasing, some to laugh at & some that excite my Indignation\u2014I was exceedingly gratified with the address of Judge Davis on your declining to accept the Presidency of the late Convention for revising the Constitution but was disgusted with some observation made by a member in answer\u2014It brought to my Recollection former days\u2014The Settlement of the Treaty of Peace between the United States & great Britain revived in my Mind\u2014The account given me, by my dear departed Friend John Thaxter, of some special Circumstance which took Place at that Time, which I viewed as highly honourable to you & Mr Jay\u2014He observed to me, soon after his Return from Europe, that the French Commissioner laboured to leave our Independence, the Western Territory & the affair of the Refugees to be settled after the Peace and that Dr Franklin joined with him\u2014that the English Commissioner sent a messenger to England for special Orders on these Points\u2014He further observed that you & Mr Jay found what was going on & obtained a private Interview with the British Commissioner & convinced him of the ill Policy & consequent Danger of such a Measure & that the British minister immediately dispatched a second messenger post hast with the Result of your Conference\u2014He further observed that the Messenger returned in a short Time with full Power to close the whole Business & that the Treaty was signed without the Knowledge of the French Commissioner & if I recollect Right without the Knowledge of Dr Franklin\u2014I remember He observed that Dr Franklin had been so long in France & became so much of a French man that He put more Confidence in the French Government than He ought to. I know the Time is not come when it will do to tell the whole Truth of men of Intrigue in such Times as those were\u2014I may have misunderstood & not remembered correctly what Mr Thaxter told me\u2014If there is no Impropriety in it. It would be pleasing to me to know the Facts\u2014I assure you they shall be kept safe that in due Time they may come to lightI cannot forbear to give an anecdote which I had from a Judge Hicks a pensilvania Refugee who was here several Weeks on his Way to Port Rosowa\u2014He told me that on a certain Day He dined with General Howe in Philadelphia in Company with Joseph Galloway that General Howe inquired of him to know the Characters of the Two Adams\u2019s Galloway observed that Samuel was as great a Jesuit as ever existed\u2014But that John was a man of the first abilities of quick Penetration open, honest & of Inflexible Integrity\u2014that He did not believe that all the Wealth & Honours of Great Britan could corrupt him I rejoice that you have a Son who does honour to so good a Father\u2014I am very apprehensive that Southern & Western influence will forever exclude hereafter the Honours due to New England\u2014I did hope that Massachusetts would once more see a President of the United States of her own Sons\u2014I will still Hope accept my Sincere wishes for your Comfort / in Life & Happiness in Eternity your / much obliged & humble Servant\n\t\t\t\t\tJoseph Thaxter\n\t\t\t\t\tNB If I am troublesome rap my knuckles & I will cease to be", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-05-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7688", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Edward Livingston, 5 September 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Livingston, Edward\nSir,\nSeptember Montezillo 5th. 1822.\nI have once heard read your report made to the general assembly of the state of Louisiana on the plan of a Penal Code, and the general opinion impression left upon my mind is unmingled satisfaction and delight, in the spirit of Liberty humanity and benevolence which runs through the whole Book, and less admiration of the depth of thought the extent of views, and the patient labour and contemplation that must have produced it. But I shall not content myself with this general observation. I will hear the Book again and note some passages in it more particularly\u2014From the first page of the report to the thirteenth I have not perceived a world or a thought to criticise; I am very glad that our State of Massachusetts has furnished you with the information they possess, If they had not, I might have attempted something for which I am very ill qualified, or at least I should have excited some other who would have performed it much better than I could; I am very much obliged to all the States, and to all the Gentlemen who have complied with your request, and especially to Mr Rush and Mr Benthum\u2014From page 13. to page 20. I seem to think and feel with you. From page 20th. to the end of 1st paragraph, on page 21st. I am compelled to hesitate pause and consider what will be the consequence of subjecting the Judges to the unlimited freedom and licentiousness of the press and what will be the consequence of compelling the Judges to give all their judgements in writing with their reasons. Will it not be an eternal delay and denial of Justice, What controul or limitation would you establish over the press, Will it not take all the time of the judges\u2014Must they descend into the arena of the Newspapers and Pamphlets, to combat every scurrilous scrivener. I agree with you that there ought to be a public official reporter, but what controul shall the judges have over him and his reports, I think also that there should be another officer supported at the public expence, whose duty it shall be to defend the judgements of the Court against all the dirty lying scriblers, against all Jesuitical chicaneries. In short this subject presents such a labarynth before me that I cannot as yet make up my Judgement\u2014perhaps some Ariadenea may hereafter furnish me with a clue. I must stop here for the present but will write more hereafter If I can\u2014On the 1st. of August last I wrote you a letter addressed at New-Orleans which I fear you have not received. I shall address this to New York. In the mean time / I am your obedient humble Servat \nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-14-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7691", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Alexander Coffin, 14 September 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Coffin, Alexander\nDear Sir\nMontezillo 14th September 1822\nI rejoice to learn, from your letter of the 9th Instant, that you still live; sand I hope in health, wealth and honour\u2014Your letter is a Cordial to me\u2014I shall be greatly obliged to you, for a fair and full Copy of Mr Thaxter\u2019s letter to you, when you were at Amsterdam, in 1783\u2014And still more, for a similar Copy of your answer to him in Paris, the same year; concerning the Whale and Cod Fisheries. The copies of these letters would give great satisfaction to me and, I hope to every branch of my family; and what is of still more importance, to the publick\u2014Or if you have not a copy of your own letter, I pray you to send me the substance of it, according to your present best recollection\u2014your Letter confered an obligation upon me, which demands my gratitude, which will be much increased, if you can furnish me with Copies of the Correspondence.\nI am Sir, with great / esteem and regard, / your obliged friend & / fellow Citizen.\nJ A", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-16-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7692", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan Van der Kemp, 16 September 1822\nFrom: Van der Kemp, Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan\nTo: Adams, John\nMy Dear & High Respected Frend!\nOldenbarneveld 16 Sept. 1822\u2014\nI am confident, you will kindly permit me to Send you a few lines\u2014at this time\u2014if it was only, & I candidly confess, that I have Scarce any thing else, deserving your notice\u2014to communicate, except it was to congratulate you\u2014in regard to your continued vigour and health\u2014as Mrs Quincy was kindly pleased to inform me, that you twice walked this Summer from your house to her abode, to make You Share in my pleasing Situation, that I actually finished the Laborious task of translating all the Dutch Rec\u2014and already convey\u2019d these to the Secretary\u2019s office\u2014It was not triffling indeed\u2014as I Since last Nov. finished above Three thousand pages! May the New yorkers not foster a Few Seeds of pride\u2014that old\u2014England pressed her Steps\u2014and resolved to collect her Hist. Documents\u2014\nAs I am So deeply indebted to you\u2014and Feel So warmly, that John Quincy Seems not to be indifferent about me, that, when an oppertunity offers you tell him my Success\u2014\nMrs Quincy mentioned me your noble munificence toward your Native Town\u2014If the dead witness our Transactions\u2014then at the instant of your resolve, which was entirely your own\u2014a Seraphic soound must have thrilled\u2014that instant\u2014in your ears\u2014and the, by you highest praised, admiration must have warmed your heart.\nBe So kind\u2014as I have none else to apply to, to remember me to your Son & daughter, their George\u2014a promising Boy\u2014to your Cousin\u2014who paid me So many attentions\u2014and believe me to remain with the highest respect / your affectionate frend\nFr. Adr. vanderkemp", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-20-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7693", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Stephen Mack, 20 September 1822\nFrom: Mack, Stephen\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tIthaca Tompkins Co. N.Y. Sept. 20. 1822\n\t\t\t\tI am requested, by Capt. James Young, of the revolutionary Army, to address this letter to you requesting your aid in obtaining a pension for him He is old, infirm & indigent. He says he joined the continental army about the 13th day of May 1775\u2014That soon after, he recd. a commission as Capt. to raise a company of artificers. That the commission was signed by yourself and John Handcock, on application made to you by Gov. George Clinton. He was to enlist the men for three years or during the war. That he belonged to Col. Duboise\u2019s regiment, in the N. York Line. That this commission was taken by the enemy from a chest, at the taking of Fort Montgomery\u2014He has made a declaration in order to obtain a pension under the law of 1818\u2014but was not able to prove that he had a commission. If this fact is written in your recollection, you will do him a favor by certifying and sending the certificate to me and he wishes you to say whether you considered him as belonging to the continental establishment\u2014 Very Respectfully Sir / Your Obedient Servt\n\t\t\t\t\tStephen Mack", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-26-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7694", "content": "Title: From John Adams to William Thomas, 26 September 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Thomas, William\nDear Sir\nMontezillo September 26th. 1822\nThe inclosed papers are old Colony Memorials and therefore very proper to be inserted in your Paper, in which if you will be so good as to insert them word for word, / you will oblige your friend and / humble Servant\nJohn Adams\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-30-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7695", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Adams, 30 September 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nMontezillo September 30th 1822\nI thank you for a pretty volume of Poetic effusions; for want of sight I have not read them, but in those which have been read to me, I perceive nothing inconsistent with morals, on the contrary, a social spirit of charity humanity, and benevolence, Of the Poetical merit I pretend not to be a critical judge.\nFrom your name I conjecture that you are a bee, from one of the six swarms, that issued from Mount Wolliston, to Medfield and Chelmsford, almost two hundred years ago, or from the old hive which has remained in Quincy to the present day, if you will give me your pedigree, you will oblige / Your namesake and humble servant\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-01-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7696", "content": "Title: To John Adams from J. F. Dana, September 1822\nFrom: Dana, J. F.\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDartmouth College Hanover N.H. Sept. 1822\n\t\t\t\tBe pleased to accept the accompanying papers, and with them the assurances of my profound respect for one, who will ever be remembered with the highest regard by the friends of Liberty and the Rights of Man.That God may preserve your health, and continue you, yet many years the pride and ornament of your country, is the sincere prayer Venerable Patriot of Your Obt Servt\n\t\t\t\t\tJ. F. Dana", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-05-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7697", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Alexander Coffin, 5 October 1822\nFrom: Coffin, Alexander\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir\n\t\t\t\t\tHudson Oct 5\u20141822\n\t\t\t\tI wrote you on the 22d. ult. and forwarded you a Coppy of my letter which I wrote from Amsterdam to your Secretary at Paris in 1782 together with a Coppy of a letter I wrote to Mr Saml. Adams from Nantucket in June 1785\u2014on the same Subject of the Fisherys, with Some observations thereon\u2014and not receiving any answer from you whether you have recd them or not, I am somewhat apprehensive they have Miscarried, if so, will you please to inform me, and if that Should be the case\u2014I will forward you Duplicates of the Same\u2014 am Dear Sir, with Respect, / & Esteem, your Assured Fd. / & Fellow Citizen\n\t\t\t\t\tAlex Coffin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-08-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7698", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette, 8 October 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nMy Dear old Friend by the dear old titular of Marquis of La Fayette for I know nothing of your Modern Titles in France\nQuincy October 8th 1822\nDavid Hinckley Esqr of Boston a Gentleman of ample Fortune & respectable Character is about to travel in France with his amiable Daughter for the benefit of his health and the Gratification of his curiosity and the improvement of their knowledge of the World. Are extremely desirous of paying their respects to their illustrious fellow Citizen one of the Heroes of the American Revolution and Celebrated throughout the World for his Gallantry patriotism and philanthropy and now retired to his Estate at La Grange in France. I ask leave to introduce him & his daughter to your kindness.\nAs this is not the Age of News I have none to communicate we have enough of the Republican friction in this country which I believed you in France call \u201cle Frottement Republicain,\u201d and I presume you have a plenty of the like blessings in France though your government is not yet altogeher \u201crepublicain\u201d but you have elections and whenever they take place there must be Collisions and \u201ctribulation ditat\u201d Collisions polish & refine. We are all in a flurry & bustle about the next Presidential Election which however is not to take place in less than two or three years before which time I hope I shall be one of the elect precious in Heaven.\nLiberty & Liberality both in Religion and Government make a slower Progress in the World than I ardently wish they may.\nThere is a book in France which I once read by the favor of Mr Jefferson but was obliged to return\u2014which I earnestly wish to obtain it is a kind of Review or Summary of Dupuis Universal Religion I despair of ever obtaining it without your assistance which will oblige me very much.\nI have the honor to be Your old & faithful Friend / & humble Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-10-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7699", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Stephen Mack, 10 October 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Mack, Stephen\nSir,\nMontezillo Oct. 10. 1822.\nI should sooner have answered your letter of the 20th Ulto if I could. My disposition is very good to assist as far as I can with truth & Justice any claims of my fellow citizens on the Justice or favour of their country But the claim of Mr Young is so very ancient & so many things have passed through my mind since, that I cannot depend on my memory for so remote a transaction. If Mr Young has any commission signed by Mr Hancock & me it must have been when I was Pres\u2019t of the board of War, a committee of Congress. I cannot say that I recollect any commission signed by me to Mr Young, Though I have a reccolection of one company at least of Artificers, & have no doubt if Mr Young has such a commission that he was a member of it. I see no reason why artificers should not have the benefit of pensions as well as Soldiers, but if this congress is the only judge, I wish it was in my power to certify any thing that would be more satisfactory to Mr Young, but this is all that can be said by his & your / h\u2019ble St\nJ. A.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-13-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7701", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Alexander Coffin, 13 October 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Coffin, Alexander\nDear Sir.\nMontizillo 13 Oct. 1822\nI have received your letters and copies of the papers inclosed & immediately transmitted them to Wm. Thomas Esqr Editor of the old colony memorial gazette published at Plymouth who has printed them all in that paper of 5 Oct 5. As they are now in the possession of the public, they will contribute largely to diffuse a more correct knowledge of the importance of the fisheries to our wealth comfort subsistence commerce manufactures naval power and political consequence. I am greatly obliged to you the for the communications you have made to me & rejoice that you have lived so long and still enjoy such energy of mind & body. May they be Continued to you as long as you desire. I am Sir your obliged friend & humble Servant\nJ. A", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-15-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7702", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 15 October 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir.\nMontezillo October 15th 1822\nI have long entertained scruples about writing this letter, upon a subject of some delicacy. But old age has over-come at last.\nYou remember the four Ships, ordered by Congress to be built, and the four Captains appointed by Washington\u2014Talbot & Truxton & Barry & ca. to carry an Ambassador to Algiers and protect our Commerce in the Mediterranean. I have always imputed this measure to you; for several reasons. First, Because you frequently proposed it to me while we were at Paris, negotiating together for peace with the Barbary powers. 2dly Because I knew that Washington and Hamilton, were not only indifferent about a Navy, but averse to it. There was no Secretary of the Navy; only four heads of Departments\u2014You were Secretary of State; Hamilton Secretary of the Treasury, Knox Secretary of War; and I believe Bradford was Attorney General\u2014I have always suspected that you and Knox were in favour of a Navy. If Bradford was so, the majority was clear. But Washington, I am confident was against it in his judgment. But his attachment to Knox and his deference to your opinion, for I know he had a great regard for you\u2014might induce him to decide in favour of you and Knox, even though Bradford united with Hamilton in opposition to you\u2014That Hamilton was averse to the measure, I have personal evidence\u2014for while it was pending, he came in a hurry and a fit of impatience, to make a visit to me. He said, he was like to be called upon for a large sum of money to build Ships of War, to fight the Algerines and he asked my opinion of the measure. I answered him that I was clearly in favour of it. For I had always been of Opinion, from the Commencement of the Revolution, that a Navy was the most powerful, the safest and the cheapest National defence for this Country. My advice therefore was that as much of the Revenue as could possibly be spared, should be applied to the building and equipping of Ships\u2014The conversation was of some length, but it was manifest in his looks and in his air\u2014that he was disgusted at the measure as well as at my opinion, that I had expressed.\nMrs Knox, not long since, wrote a letter to Dr Waterhouse, requesting him to procure a Commission for her Son, in the Navy; that Navy, says her Ladyship, of which his Father was the parent, for, says she, \u201cI have frequently heard General Washington say to my husband; the Navy was your Child.\u201d I have always believed it to be Jefferson\u2019s child, though Knox may have assisted in ushering it into the world. Hamilton\u2019s hobby was the Army. That Washington was averse to a Navy, I have full proof from his own lips\u2014in many different conversations, some of them of length, in which he always insisted that it was only building and arming Ships for the English.\nSi quid novisti redius istes\u2014Candidus imperti\u2014\nSi Non\u2014his utere mecum\u201d\nIf I am in error in any particular\u2014pray correct / Your Humble Servt\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-15-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7703", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Mathew Carey, 15 October 1822\nFrom: Carey, Mathew\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\tBy this day\u2019s mail, I send you a copy of the second Edition, improved & enlarged, of the \u201cFacts & observations, illustrative of the past & present situation & future prospects of the U.S. and am, / Very respectfully, / your obt. hble. servt\n\t\t\t\t\tMathew Carey", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-19-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7704", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Edward Cruft, 19 October 1822\nFrom: Cruft, Edward\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dear Sir\n\t\t\t\t\tBoston Thursday October 19. 1822\n\t\t\t\tI have seen Mr. Stuart, and he requests me to say he is ready at any moment to give you a sitting that is convenient to yourself, and it is unnecessary for me to add that we shall esteem it a great pleasure to have our house made acceptable to you\u2014If agreable I would inform Mr Stuart the time you shall appoint to see him.\u2014which I presume will be in the early part of the day.I am with great regard / & respect / My dear sir / Your friend \n\t\t\t\t\tEdw. Cruft", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-21-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7705", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Adams, 21 October 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMuch Respected Sir\n\t\t\t\t\tBoston Octr 21st 1822\n\t\t\t\tIn compliance with your request in your condescending favr. of the 30th. Ulto. that I should transmit the Pedigree of my family. I applied to my Father, who had taken some pains to inform himself respecting his Ancestry\u2014being incited thereto, very much by the important circumstance, that One of the name had risen to the highest honours of our Country; and others, to very distinguished honours and trust\u2014he indulging a hope to find himself Allied to this family, and not the most remote twig. Made a Inquiry about two years ago, to the ancient residence of his grandfather, who had been dead above sixty years, to obtain some information on this point\u2014but to his disappointment, and mortification, could find no clue, by which he could gain satisfaction by manuscript, or otherwise; Although his grandfather was reputed while living, to be a man of information; who in the younger part of his life, commanded a ship out of Newbury, made several voyages to London, but discontinued them, before he arrived of middle age, and commenced the imployment of a husband\u2013man\u2014But while on this journey, heard of a man, by the name of Robert Adams, living but a few miles distant; being distinguished by the long Barn Robert, which name that family had inherited, for several generations, this man, being remarkably inquisitive, and the Oracle of the numerous descendents of that branch, as well as the inhabitants in general.\u2014from this man, he was informed, that five Brothers, arrived from England, and were all together on that spot at one time, immediately after their arrival; but they soon dispersed except one, whose name was Robert, one went to Boston, one to Braintree, one to Chelmsford, and one went to New jersey, this last was, not married nor had issue, the others were married and had families\u2014from Robert descended Abram, from Abram, Robert,\u2014from Robert, Abram, who was the fourth generation from the Original Stock, and my great grandfather, who married Ann Longfellow, by whom, he had Ten sons (eight of whom lived to bring up pretty numerous families) and Three Daughters, Six of the Brothers, were husbandmen, the other two were twins, whose names were Joseph, and Benjamin, who received an education at Harvard, and were both settled in the ministry, Joseph in Stratham, New hampshire, Benjamin, at Lynn-End\u2014the whole of the eight Brothers, including the three sisters, lived to average sixty seven & a half years\u2014My grandfather was Joseph, who had five sons, & one Daughter, my Father was Joseph, who has had Ten sons, and one Daughter, of whom, six sons, and one Daughter, are now living; the youngest\u2019s name, is Joseph, who graduated at Harvard in 1820 The above information, Sir, I received from my Father, and should it not have been so minute, as to make too severe a trial of your patience, and should any part afford you amusement, it will give the greatest pleasure, Most Respected Sir / to Your Most Obedt Servt\n\t\t\t\t\tJohn Adams\n\t\t\t\t\tP.S. I forgot to mention, that the same farm on which they first made their Pitch being between three & four hundred acres, & lies two miles from Marimack River has never been alleniated, but remains in the hands of the Present Robert who is one of the sixth generation, he entertained my Father, with the sight of many Warlike instruments, those Brothers, brot with them, to contend with the Indians; & many other curiosities, of the day, such as Pittes, handled in England, and many farming utensils.\u2014RespectfullyJ A\n\t\t\t\tMy Father presents to you his most profound Respects\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-21-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7706", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Johann Friedrich Daniel Lobstein, 21 October 1822\nFrom: Lobstein, Johann Friedrich Daniel\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tHonourable & Respected Sir!\n\t\t\t\t\tLebanon Pennsylvania October 21. 1822.\n\t\t\t\tTo address so distinguished a personage is in a stranger a liberty perhaps unpardonable, but it is from a conviction that any effort, however feeble, that has a tendency to remove the unfavourable and erroneous impressions Europeans have imbibed of this Country, will meet your approbation, and induce you to pardon the writer for transmitting you the contents of his contemplated work\u2014A Topography of the City of Philadelphia, in which the Author has sedulously endeavoured to convince them that their information respecting the Character of the Americans & the Government of the United States is incorrect and emanated from the most sordid and impure motives and that the said Government is the only one on the Globe where is tolerated genuine liberty in every sense of the word. The collection of materials for my said work since my arrival in this Country has engrossed the major part of my time, and during my residence in America I have had the pleasure of contracting an acquaintance with the most eminent of my profession, especially with the learned Doctor Hosack of New york, who has evinced much friendship for me. I flattered myself ere this period to have had it printed, but I find it will be more advisable for me to return for Europe and to have it there published, as the printing in this Country is too expensive. After its publication I will do myself the honour of presenting a Copy to you, which I trust, may prove acceptable.I had yesterday the gratification of receiving from the venerable ex-President of the United-States Thomas Jefferson, a letter in which he expressed much pleasure in the appearance of such a work.I have the honour, to be Respected Sir / with the highest Consideration and / personal regard / your most obedient & / humble servant\n\t\t\t\t\tLobstein M.D.\n\t\t\t\t\tThe Author intends to publish in future the following works:1. Of the present State of Medicine in North-America, the diseases that Climat is subject to, the treatment of the greatest part of American physicians, and the cause of the so frequent occurrence of gravel, with the good success the Author had in relieving many of such patientscommunicated to the Judgment of physicians.2. Treatise on Dysentery, and the principal praedisposing cause of this disease in the months of July and August in the year 1822 in the several Towns and Counties in Pennsylvania, which raged with uncommon severity, to which is annexed a treatise of the general mode of treatment of the practitioners at those places and the Authors own treatment.3. Treatise on yellow Fever with Remarks by the Author in the year 1819 & 1820 in Philadelphia, with his mode of treatment.4. Researches and Observations on Leprosy5. Description of the hospital, Almshouse, Orphans-Asylum, Institution for the poor, medical Institutions, and the several prisons in Philadelphia.6. Description of travels in the year 1818 to holland and a voyage to the United States, the Authors residence of four years at the latter place, to which is annexed a View of his life and his miseries with frequent malicious contest that where inflicted on him both in Europe an America.Il a dormi longtems, mais c\u2019etait sans someilIl s\u2019agite a present, et pense a son Reveil", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-22-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7707", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Edward Livingston, 22 October 1822\nFrom: Livingston, Edward\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tRed Hook (N York) Octr. 22 1822\n\t\t\t\tThe honor of a communication from you would at all times have given me the highest gratification, but your letter of the 5th. Septr. was received with more pleasure, because I scarcely dared flatter myself that, fatigued as you must be with applications of this nature, you would have found time or inclination to favor me with your sentiments on the report. It was submitted to you solely from a persuasion that the subject would interest one who makes the contemplation of his country\u2019s improvement & happiness, the solace of his age; as the Establishment of her liberty was the business of his youth.I am greatly encouraged in the work which I have (rashly I fear) undertaken, by your approbation of the general plan; and will endeavour to ameliorate the detail by the remarks you have already favored me with, and by those which you have led me to expect. An unlimited right to discuss the proceedings of criminal courts, must as you Observe involve great difficulties in its exercise; it was the subject of much reflexion before it was presented for consideration in the report, and will be reviewed with great care in consequence of the hints contained in your letter.I am particularly gratified by Your approbation of that part of the plan which which included the prohibition of constructive Offences because I consider it as one of the most valuable parts of the system and the sanction of your Opinion will enable me to support it against those (and they are not few) who fear every change that is not first sanctioned by the example of England\u2014I beg you to believe sir that the terms in which you have been pleased to express yourself of the work give me more satisfaction because they convince me it will contribute to the advancement of reformation, than because it gratifies my self love, altho nothing is better calculated to praise the Vanity of an Author than to know that your approbation has sanctioned what he has written.I have the Honor to be with great Respect / Sir / Your Mo Obd. Servt\n\t\t\t\t\tEdw Livingston\n\t\t\t\t\tHaving some additional copies of the report at my disposal, I send two which I pray you to Dispose of to such of your friends as you may think the subject will interest, there are also two in french, which some of your European Correspondents might like to peruse", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-25-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7708", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Adams, 25 October 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nQuincy October 25th 1822\nIn the reign of Charles 1st of England, Henry Adams came to America from Devonshire and settled at Mount Wollaston with eight sons, one of whom returned to England. Four removed to Medfield, Medway, Bellingham and the neighbouring towns\u2014two to Chelmsford Thomas and Samuel by name; Joseph only, my great grandfather, and the great grandfather of Samuel Adams of Boston, remained in this place which was incorporated into the Town of Braintree in the year 1639, of which town Joseph was an original proprietor. From one of the two brothers who removed to Chelmsford you are undoubtedly descended. The Revnd Mr. Allen, the Minister of Chelmsford has within a few years written and printed an history of that town, in which you will find the records of the grant of land made by that town to Samuel and Thomas Adams, on the condition that they would build a grist mill and a saw mill on a certain stream of water; which mills were accordingly built and have descended in the name and family to this year\u2014but I am now told that the mills at least and stream are now sold to the Society for erecting a cotten manufactory in that place for 14000 dollars. As you appear to be in the full vigor of life, I should advise you to take a trip on Middlesex Canal to visit Chelmsford the seat of your ancestors and give my compliments to William Adams and pray him to shew you what remains of memorials of his family.\nFrom Sir your obliged friend / and humble servant, \nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-29-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7710", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Johann Friedrich Daniel Lobstein, 29 October 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Lobstein, Johann Friedrich Daniel\nSir\nMontezillo October 29th. 1822\nI have received the letter you did me the honor to write on the 21st. of October, for which I pray you to accept my thanks. The work which you propose to publish will be very pleasing I doubt not to this Country, and to none of its Citizens more than to me. Britain has made too very formidable attempts to Conquer America in Arms; but instead of acquiring glory she has come off with disgrace And now she is attempting to Conquer us by Calumniation, she has commenced a terrible War of the plume But she has been met and resisted in the field by Mr Walch, and many other able writers with so much spirit and success that she is likely to acquire as few laurels in this warfare as any-other, Last week was read to me a New Work entitled a Sketch of Old England, by a New England Man, which the British Empire can never answer I rejoice that a traveller so respectable, in Science and Literature has undertaken to give some account of us, the truth will be received from him, with more candour than from anything that can be written by a Native American. It is our misfortune that the British publications are scattered all over Europe and greedily read, whereas American publications, are not suffered, or even read in any part of the Britis British dominions and have little or no access to any part of Europe. \u2014\nI thank you Sir for your design, and have no doubt that the execution of it, will do honor to yourself, and be beneficial to America accept Assurances of the high consideration & Respect / of you most Obedient \nJ A\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-01-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7711", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Thomas Jefferson, 1 November 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir\n\t\t\t\t\tMonticello Nov. 1. 22.\n\t\t\t\tI have racked my memory, and ransacked my papers to enable myself to answer the enquiries of your favor of Oct. 15. but to little purpose. my papers furnish me nothing, my memory generalities only. I know that while I was in Europe, & anxious about the fate of our seafaring men, for some of whom, then in captivity in Algiers we were then treating, and all were in like danger, I formed undoubtingly the opinion that our government, as soon as practicable, should provide a naval force sufficient to keep the Barbary states in order, and on this subject we communicated together as you observe. When I returned to the US. and took part in the administration under Genl Washington I constantly maintained that opinion, and in Dec. 90. took advantage of a reference to me from the first Congress which met after I was in office to report in favor of a force sufficient for the protection of our Mediterranean commerce, and I laid before them an accurate statement of the whole Barbary force, public and private. I think Genl. Washington approved of building vessels of war to that extent. Genl. Knox I know did. but what was Colo. Hamilton\u2019s opinion I do not in the least remember. your recollections on that subject are certainly corroborated by his known anxieties for a close connection with Great Britain, for which he might apprehend danger from collisions between their vessels and ours. Randolph was then Attorney General; but his opinion on the question I also entirely forget. some vessels of war were accordingly built and sent into the Mediterranean. the additions to these in your time I need not note to you, who are well known to have ever been an advocate for the wooden walls of Themistocles. some of those you added were sold under an act of Congress passed while you were in office. I thought afterwards that the public safety might require some additional vessels of strength to be prepared and in readiness for the first moment of a war, provided they could be preserved against the decay which is unavoidable if kept in the water, and clear of the expence of officers & men. with this view I proposed that they should be built in dry docks above the level of the tide waters, and covered with roofs. I further advised that places for these docks should be selected where there was a command of water on a higher level, as that of the Tyber at Washington, by which the vessels might be floated out, on the principle of a lock. but the majority of the legislature was against any addition to the navy, & the minority, altho\u2019 for it in judgment, voted against it on a principle of opposition. we are now, I understand building vessels to remain on the stocks under shelter until wanted, when they will be launched & finished. on my plan they could be in service at an hour\u2019s notice. on this the finishing, after launching will be a work of time. this is all I recollect about the origin & progress of our navy. that of the late war certainly raised our rank & character among nations. yet a navy is a very expensive engine. it is admitted that in 10. or 12. years a vessel goes to entire decay; or, if kept in repair costs as much as would build a new one. & that a nation who could count on 12. or 15. years of peace would gain by burning it\u2019s navy and building a new one in time. it\u2019s extent therefore must be governed by circumstances. since my proposition for a force adequate to the pyracies of the Mediterranean, a similar necessity has arisen in our own seas for considerable addition to that force. indeed I wish we could have a convention with the naval powers of Europe for them to keep down the pyrates of the Mediterranean, and the slave ships on the coast of Africa, and for us to perform the same duties for the society of nations in our seas. in this way those collisions would be avoided between the vessels of war of different nations, which beget wars and constitute the weightiest objection to navies. I salute you with constant affection & respect.\n\t\t\t\t\tTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-06-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7712", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Mathew Carey, 6 November 1822\nFrom: Carey, Mathew\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\tI have recd & read with great pleausre Your very acceptable letter of the 29th ult.Next to the approbation of a man\u2019s own conscience, that of the enlightened part of mankind, is the greatest reward a correct mind can desire. It has been always my object\u2014\u201dlaudari laudatis viris.\u201d And I therefore estimate at a high rate the commendation you are so good to bestow on my efforts to promote the public welfare.I enclose send some more of my trations, & am, / very respectfullly / Your obt. hble. Servt\n\t\t\t\t\tMathew Carey", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-08-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7713", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Henry Alexander Scammell Dearborn, 8 November 1822\nFrom: Dearborn, Henry Alexander Scammell\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir,\n\t\t\t\t\tBrinley Place Roxbury Nov 8. 1822\n\t\t\t\tDo me the favor of accepting a Memoir on the Commenced Navigation of the Black-Sea & the Maritime Geography of Turkey & Egypt, which has been compiled during the few leisure hours that remain to me.With sentiments of the / highest respect your most / obt. Servt.\n\t\t\t\t\tH. A. S. Dearborn", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-15-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7714", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Robert Waln, Jr., 15 November 1822\nFrom: Waln, Robert, Jr.\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tRespected Sir,\n\t\t\t\tHaving it in contemplation to prepare the Biography of Roger Sherman Esqr., one of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence, and having been informed by his relatives that you were intimately acquainted with his private & political character, I beg leave very respectfully to request, that you will give the weight of your authority to the opinion which has already been formed, in relation to his virtues as a man, & his labours as a patriot.In delineating the character of those distinguished individuals, who, by their exertions in the cabinet or the field, contributed to the Independence of this country, it is of primary importance to obtain the opinions of those who laboured by their side during the eventful contest, & subsequently contributed to place the offspring of their united exertions upon a solid & lasting foundation.From these motives, it is, with perfect respect, that I solicit any communication which you may be pleased to make upon the subject.I have the honour to be / Very Respy / your obedt huml St.\n\t\t\t\t\tRob. Waln Jr:", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-20-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7716", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Henry Alexander Scammell Dearborn, 20 November 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Dearborn, Henry Alexander Scammell\nDear Sir\nMontezillo 20th. November. 1822\nI pray you to accept my cordial thanks for the rich present of your Memoir, on the Commerce and Navigation of the Black Sea &ca. This work had been read to me throughout, three years ago, and I had long since purchased it if I had known where to find it. It is now the more acceptable to me as the it is a present from the Author. I know of no Monument that has ever yet been erected in America, of persevering application and indefatigable research, which has resulted in such a Mass of knowledge, as it relates to regions which will infallibly attract the attention of mankind, for Centuries to come, more than any other; and produce Revolutions, which no human sagacity can foresee in detail\nyour Work must increase in value and demand from year to year.\nAccept again the thanks of your obliged / friend & most Ob. Servt.\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-20-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7717", "content": "Title: From Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan Van der Kemp to John Quincy Adams, 20 November 1822\nFrom: Van der Kemp, Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\nDear and respected Sir!\nOldenbarneveld 20 Nov. 1822\nBy the frendship, with which I was gratified and honoured by your Beloved Parents\u2019\u2014during the best part of my life, and which I yet continue to enjoy unabated\u2014By the courtesy with which you obliged me\u2014voluntarily, and by your Literary endowments I feel my Self Sufficiently justified, in Submitting to your examination sundry paper\u2014although I know that your High Station, your more Serious occupations may not leave you Sufficient leisure\u2014to cast a glance upon them. But, so you may lay these aside, as long as you pleas. My only wish is, if life is granted us, that you may examine these and\u2014if they deserve your approbation\u2014if you deem these\u2014when the Idiom could be corrected, useful, and favoured me with your criticisms, then I Shall be satisfied.\nI Sopt with the Alen: on copper. when our frend Luzac was taken from us\u2014He would have corrected the whole and given it a decent appearance. The same lot was that of the Sketch of the Ahaicik Republick; my frend Dr. Toulmin died, before he accomplished the correction: Now These prospects are gone, neither I lament\nEndeavouring to bring my raw materials in Some order\u2014I intend ere long\u2014to Send to your worthy Niece Emily\u2014with whom I spent, this fall, a few days\u2014a Symposium of Dutch Boors\u2014with a Journal of a jaunt to lake Oneyda\u2014which, if She deems it proper\u2014and these triffles Sufficiently deserving your attention. She is at liberty to convey to you\u2014when you may return these by a proper opportunity. So as request\u2014to forward the Letter to my Sons\u2014with your opinion upon it\u2014\nRemember me with kindness\u2014when you write to Montizillo\u2014and believe me to remain with my highest consideration and respect / Dear & Respected Sir / Your Most obed.\nFr. Adr. vander Kemp", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-02-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7720", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 2 December 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir.\nMontezillo 2d. December. 1822\nI have been deeply afflicted with the account of your accident\u2014At first your Leg was broke\u2014I shuddered, I feared that I should have no more letters from Montecello\u2014Next came the account that it was only a small bone in the Arm\u2014My hopes revived the difference between the leg and the Arm was immense. To illustrate this difference, and for your consolation and amusement; I will give you an egotistical anecdote; When one of the Comets was here in our neighborhood I went out one evening into my Garden to look at the wandering Star\u2014with four of five Gentlemen. we returned through an alley over which my Men had placed a strong stake to prevent a Peach Tree from breaking down with its load of fruit\u2014In the dark I blundered against this stake broke its fastness\u2014it fell and I with in on the sharp edge of a knot in it\u2014I felt a sharp cut but thought it had only broke the skin, I scampered up and returned to the house with the other Gentlemen\u2014my Daughter Smith cryed out Sir, what has happened to you, your Leg is all bloody, I striped off the stocking and low a gash from half an inch, to an inch deep cut by the sharp knot bleeding profusely my Daughter cried out bring me some Laudanum I knew no better, her mother always had an Apothecarys Shop in her closet instantly brought a Bottle they poured a quantity of it into the wound and washed the neighboring flesh with it\u2014bound a bandage around it, but it produced an inflamation which cost me a confinement for two months several surgeons came to see me and all agreed that neither the genius nor experience of Philosophers, Physicians nor surgeons had hitherto invented any means of preventing the humours falling down into a wound in the Leg but by holding it up, they accordingly compelled me to hold mine almost perpendicularly oftener lieing on my back on a sofa oftener at an angle of forty five but never lower than an horizontal line, in this manner they made me vegitate for two months suffering continual twinges on the shin, the Bathes, tents and bandages and lotions I pass over\u2014 I verily believe that if nothing had been done to it but washing in warm water it would have been well in three days\u2014You may console yourself with the hope that your Arm will soon be well; you will not be obliged to hold your arm up pointing to the skies\u2014\nIf you cannot write yourself pray the fair lovely and accomplished Miss Hellen Randolph to write a line to inform me of your recovery\u2014\nYour affectionate friend\u2014\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-04-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7721", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Stebbins Gorham, 4 December 1822\nFrom: Gorham, Stebbins\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tHon. J. Adams, \n\t\t\t\t\tBoston Decm: 4th: 1822\n\t\t\t\tI handed a Subscription Paper, in at your door the other day, together with a communication, humbly to solicit aid for a large School on the Island of Nantucket for the benefit of the poor,\u2014and not recieving any information from you, sir, on the subject, I take the liberty to write to you, lest you might have forgotten to send me the subscription paper, for which I am waiting.\u2014It is needless to say any thing farther to you on the subject, except whatever you are disposed to give, in this, our extremity, shall be most gratefully received, and recorded in our books as a memorial of your benevolence.\u2014As far as we have proceeded in our edifise we have studied the most rigid economy\u2014We are now needing 2000 dolls.\u2014500 or 600 of which must be laid out in a School Library of juvenile books, and Stationary for the School\u2014our case is inexpressibly urgent, 400 children waiting. Some individuals have generously given 200 dolls. and others less\u2014Please to pardon my intrusion for I feel very anxious for the prosperity of the School\u2014Your Obt. Humb. Sevt.\n\t\t\t\t\tGorham Stebbins", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-04-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7722", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Elkanah Watson, 4 December 1822\nFrom: Watson, Elkanah\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir\n\t\t\t\t\tAlbany 4th. Dec 1822\n\t\t\t\tI rejoice to notice by the public papers that you not only live, but that it is evident from yr. interesting letter to Ar. Coffin\u2014that Providence Continues to bless you with an unimpaird intelect. I rejoice Sir to find a motive to address you once more. We have corresponded upwards of 40 years on various Subjects. The object of the present letter is to inclose to you a letter from Mr A Vanderkamp which appeared in this days daily paper in deffence of your just claims on the gratitude of posterity. I attended the meeting on the Subject of the brave greeks, to which he refers alludes, and verbally explained the error commited by the Orator, but was too unwell to address the audience. Most of the facts stated by Mr. V. K were familiar to Me, especially as I was in debted to you for an introduction to America\u2019s eairliest friends advocate Mons: Dumas our Steady, valuable & efficient friend in June 1784 while traveling in Holland; as well for Letters of introduction to that bright Lorry of science & Literature, the unfortunate Luzac of Lyden; and Van Staphorst the great Banker at Amsterdam. All firm, and useful friends to America in the eventful crisis of an Revolution.I Shall be happy to hear from you once more\u2014& am Dr Sir, / Cordially & Affectionably Yours\n\t\t\t\t\tElkanah Watson\n note\u2014blown up from an explosion of 30,000 uF. powder belongg. to the French Army in 1794\u2014in the Canal opposite his house\u2014where I spent an Evening 1774", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-10-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7724", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Elkanah Watson, 10 December 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Watson, Elkanah\nDear Watson,\nMontezillo December 10th: 1822\u2014\nI thank you for your kind letter of the 4th: Instant. I wish that time may bring forth as able a vindicator of the merits of your useful life, as Mr VanderKemp, has proved in defence of my reputation with posterity, for some little usefulness in Holland\u2014This testimony of Mr VanderKemp was as unexpected to me as if Luzac, De Geislaer, Van Berkel, Father Dumas, Cerisier or VanderCapellen de Pol, had risen from the grave and published such a narration. It is written however, avec connaissance de Cause.\nI recollect the agreeable hours I have passed with you in France, Holland, England and America, and our correspondence for forty years, and regret that we have not lived nearer together. The Pamphlet which you mention respecting the Canal\u2014has escaped my attention. I will thank you for another copy. I hope you see and receive the Old Colony Memorial; a new paper instituted in Plymouth and Edited by William Thomas Esqr:. A paper which deserves to be read and encouraged by all America\u2014\nI am, Sir, both rationally & affectionately / Your Friend\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-13-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7725", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John V. N. Yates, 13 December 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Yates, John V. N.\nDear Sir.\nMontezillo 13th. 1822 December\nI have received this Morning from the Post Office by an unknown hand a slip of an Albany newspaper containing your letter to Dr Vander Kemp I highly esteem the candid impartial & honorable spirit of it, I cannot dictate the remarks that occur to me upon the subject at present\u2014but shall confine myself to one observation\u2014It is most true that I did love and venerate the character of the Dutch\u2014And it is equally true, that I do still love and Venerate their Character. If their Language and History were as well known as those of the Greeks they would be as much Esteemed and admired by mankind\u2014Their Literary Character, their scientifick character their military character by Sea and Land, their Mercantile and Manufacturing Character\u2014would suffer nothing by comparison with any other Nation\u2014Their Statesmen and their Heroes will compare with Epaminondas and Brutus\u2014Indeed in what is called Taste in the fine Arts, perhaps the World might not allow them the perfection of some other Nations.\nYou may possibly think it affectation if I say, but I can say with truth, that I love and venerate every nation with whom I have lived. I have found exalted Talents and virtues in ever one, and substantial excellencys in the National Characters, of them all, but in none more than among the Dutch.\nDr. Franklines fame can never be obscured, but I know nothing of any loan in 75. Dr. Franlkine was then in America, and a Member of Congress;\nI have the honour to be very respectfully / Sir your most obent. humble Servt\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-15-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7726", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John V. N. Yates, 15 December 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Yates, John V. N.,Hamilton, Isaac\nGentlemen\nQuincy 15 Dec 1822\nI have received the letter you did me the honour to write me Nov 1822 which has excited emotions too strong for faculties so enfeebled as mine to endure. Every humane christian & philosophical mind must approve the fine feelings and magnanimous sentiments which produced the assembly at Albany. Every lover of pathetic eloquence must be delighted with the speeches pronounced on that occasion. The cause of liberty justice & humanity is in a critical & dangerous situation all over the world. The great powers of Europe are gradually swallowing up all the small ones and the solemn league & covenant among some of them & I know not how many threaten civil wars to their own subjects and long & bloody wars calamities to man kind. Ho The liberties of Holland Switserland & Italy as well as those of Spain & Portugal are in a situation nearly as dangerous as those of the Greeks. I think that Switserland & Italy ought to be supported as well as Greece. Austria already commands Italy & French statesmen avow that in case of a war with, Austria France must take possession of Swittserland. Now I think that Swisserland Italy & Greece ought to be all independent nations & in alliance with each other for mutual support.\nLast I have known for more than forty years pasts that the eyes of the great powers and of the deep politicians of Europe have been turned to the Pelopennesus & to all Greece & to all countries between them and India. The ultimate object of the Emperor Napoleons expedition to Egypt was this spot. Every great power in Europe longs to have it but none is willing that another should acquire it. The subject I own is too vast for my capacity My feelings would soon decide but my reason hesitates: As I am just stepping into another world I can do nothing more in this\nI have the honor to be Sir with great & sincere respect & esteem / your very hum Sert", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-15-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7727", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Ellen Wayles Randolph Coolidge, 15 December 1822\nFrom: Coolidge, Ellen Wayles Randolph\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMonticello. Dec. 15th 1822\n\t\t\t\tMy Grandfather informs me that you have expressed a wish to hear from him through my means, since he is deprived of the power of writing to you himself by the accident which has disabled one of his wrists. this accident was much less serious than might have been apprehended from the circumstances under which it took place. the fall was to the ground from a terrace about three feet high; my grandfather extended his arm in an effort to save himself & fell upon it, the consequence of which was a fracture of the inner bone not far from the wrist. it was immediately set by a skilful surgeon and we hoped that a few weeks would have sufficed for the complete cure, but owing probably to his advanced age, the bone has not shewn as great a disposition to unite again as we could wish. this will subject him for a longer time to the inconvenience of not being able to use his left arm at all, whilst his right hand has been stiff for many years in consequence of a former dislocation of the wrist. his general health is good, and he pursues his usual occupations with the exception of writing, which has become so extremely painful to him, that he avoids it as much as possible. having a horse perfectly gentle & manageable by one stiff hand, he continues to take the only kind of exercise which he has used, for many years past, and spend part of every day in riding over his farm. I am acquitting myself of the commission with which you have charged me with the greater pleasure, as it gives me an opportunity of offering to you, along with my grandfather\u2019s greetings, the homage of my own veneration and profound esteem, nor can it, I hope, be considered as presumption in me, to suppose this homage worthy the acceptance of so distinguished a character; since however insignificant the good opinion of one individual might otherwise appear, it acquires importance when considered as a part of that general admiration to which your great qualities have entitled you; And I may venture to say, Sir, that if public approbation be the best reward of merit, I can wish you nothing better than that, to form the sum of public opinion, each individual should contribute as large a portion of esteem as I have the honour to offer you on my own part.My mother desires to be called to your recollection, and joins me in the sentiment with which I remain / Most respectfully yours\n\t\t\t\t\tEllen. H. Randolph.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-17-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7728", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Elkanah Watson, 17 December 1822\nFrom: Watson, Elkanah\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir\n\t\t\t\t\tAlbany. 17th. Dec 1822\n\t\t\t\tI have rec\u2019d your friendly favr. of the 10th. Inst. I took the liberty to shew your letter to Secy. Yates the Great Orator & permitted him to take a copy to transmit to his friend Mr. Van Der Kemp. I hope I have not transgressed. By last mail I transmitted to you in conformity to your request, Robt. Troup\u2019s pam Letter on New York Canals addressed to Brockholn Livingston. I presume you know the respectable standg. of Colo Troup least you shou\u2019d not\u2014he was aid du Camp to Genl. Schuyler in the revolutionary war, & for many years one of the most respectable Lawyers in this State\u2014& was appointed by Genl. Washn. dist. Judge of the U. States.I State these facts, that you may Know that my distinguished vindicator ranks high as a Man of honor, virtue & Independance, & that his vindication was spontaneously prompted by a sense of public justice t\u2019wards Me, and indignant to notice the shameless assumptions of Clinton.I Shall be highly gratified to be hon\u2019d with a small nitch in your library. The pamphlet is an appropriate appendage to my Canal & Agricultural history which was publish\u2019d by Steele on his own acco.I regret I have not one to transmit to you, but in that view\u2014Mr. Steele however informs me that Cummings & Hilliard book sellers in Boston have a few Copies. Shou\u2019d my suggestion meet your approbation, it will be proper the pamphlet shou\u2019d be placed at page 104. My work Contains the only correct Map of the rout of the Erie Canal extant\u2014On that account it is valuable\u2014It contains also a plan of a harbor at the Outlet lake Erie which contrary to my calculation as the work of future ages is in consequence of being brought in to view by me for the first time, in actual opperation\u2014at black Rock. It also fell to my singular destiny to give the plan of harbor at Buffalo in 1817 which has been recently compleated on that plan with full success. These harbors were an essential desideratum in Reference to the Navigation of the upper Lakes. However benefitted my Country may be by my efforts & devotion for 30 years, improvements in Albany\u2014Canals\u2014turnpikes\u2014& Agricultural Society, & many other projects wh. which with one exception have All succeeded\u2014yet to me my worthy Sir\u2014it has been a source of Affliction, & distraction as the magnitude of the objects, & the unparal\u2019d difficulties, prejudices, nay in Some instants barbarism I have had to encounter has absorb\u2019d all my attention\u2014and caus\u2019d a neglect of my private affairs to my infinite injury\u2014I have reason therefore to dread that the residue of my Voyage thro the Vale of years will be amidst quick Sands\u2014Shoals & Sunken rocksThese I cou\u2019d Support with Philosophy, but to be persecuted by Clinton & his Satilites with the malignity of a demon from the Moment my Canal history appeared, & exposed his Cloven foot\u2014as both cruel, unjust & infamousI wou\u2019d Not Sir presume to trouble you with my grievances had I Not Also received great injustice in the respectable North American Review edited by Mr. P Everett\u2014He Also chimes innocently to Clintons false Notes\u2014It is a matter of Sincere regret to many of his best friends who know he has been circumvented by some of Clintons retainers to give a false colouring to the real history of Our Canals to my prejudice.This fact ought to be well Known in Masssts. & yet altho\u2019 Mr Everett has been wrote to by some highly respectable friends\u2014yet he declines to correct the mistakes he has God himself to inadvertently promulgated & with a true State of facts truth from his numerous readers. These facts Sir\u2014You will find abundantly developed in the pamphlet.I am Dr Sr, / with profound Veneration / & respect / Your Oblig\u2019d Old friend\n\t\t\t\t\tE. Watson\n\t\t\t\t\tP.S\u2014I have opened the letter to Say that the gentleman to whom I have taken the liberty to Shew your letter\u2014have express\u2019d a wish it may be publish\u2019d with the exception of any the Subject of Troups pamphlet\u2014this I cannot do without your approbation, altho\u2019 its publication wou\u2019d be very useful to Mr. Thomas of Plymouth", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-20-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7729", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Elkanah Watson, 20 December 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Watson, Elkanah\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir\n\t\t\t\t\tQuincy December 20th. 1822\n\t\t\t\tI have received and heard Mr Troups letter to Judge Livingston of the 23d of January 1822. you need not wish for a more ingenius, a more able or a more spirited vindication of your claim to the first suggestion of Canal Policy in New York, or of Genll. Schuylers sagacious patriotism in adapting and supporting your ideas in the legislature you have both great merit but still I think Mr Clinton has great merit in supporting promoting and executing your plan\u2014It is right to preserve the memory of the first discoverers and inventers of useful improvements, for the Amelioration of the condition of mankind. The Gentleman my Contemporarys in Philadelphia used to say that the first discovery of the efficacy of lightning rods was Ebenezer Kennersley, a young Gentleman of an ardent thurst for science, who drew lightning from the Clouds by his Iron pointed kites, before Dr. Franklin had attempted anything on the subject. Why indeed may we not say that the discovery was made in the time of the Roman Emperor Tyberius for in his reign the Astronomical, and Astrological Poet Mamillius, wrote this line,Eripuit jovi fulmen viresque Tonandi.\u2014yet all this diminishes in no degree the great merit of Dr Franklin, in maturing digesting and propagating to the world his system of lightning rods. It would be well to ascertain if it were possible the first discoverer of the incalculable power of steam; and while we should do honor to his memory we should not withhold our admiration and gratitude, from the great Fulton whose Steam Navagation will be of greater benefit to Mankind than Franklins Philosophy\u2014though that is very great; And while I wish to do honor to these great Men I ought to bear my testimony to the merit, of your long exertions which I think have been very beneficial to this Country\u2014With much pleasure I repeat the assurance / of the long continued esteem and affection / of your friend and humbl Servant\n\t\t\t\tJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-23-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7730", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Elkanah Watson, 23 December 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Watson, Elkanah\nDear Sir\nQuincy Decr 23d. 1822\nI have recieved, and heard read Collo. Troups letter to Judge Livingston of the 23d Jan. 1822. You need not wish for a More rigorous, a more able, or a more spirited vindication of your claim to the first suggestion of the Canal policy in New York; and of Genl. Schuylers sagacious patriotism, in adopting, and supporting your Ideas in the Ligeslature. You have both great merit but still I think Mr. Clinton has great merit in supporting your plan\nIt is right to preserve the memory of the first discoverers, and inventors of useful improvements for the amelioration of the condition of Mankind.\nThe gentlemen who were my cotemporarys in Philidelphia, used to Say that the first discovery of the efficacy of lightning rods was Ebenez Kenning a young gentleman of an ardent thirst for science, who drew lightning from the clouds by his iron pointed Kite, before Dr. Franklin had attempted any thing on the subject.\nWhy indeed may we not say that this discovery was made in the time of the roman Emperor Tyberius for in his reign the astronomical and Astrological Poet Manillius wrote this line, \u201ceripuit jovi fulmen viresque tonandi\u201d he snatch\u2019d lightning from jupiter and arrested the force of thunder yet all this deminishes in no degree the great Merit of Dr. Franklin in maturing, digesting and propogating to the world his system of lightning rods. It would be well to ascertain If it were posible the first discoverer of the invaluable power of Steam. While we Should do honor to his memory we shou\u2019d not withold, our admiration and gratitude from the great Fulton, whose steam navigation will be of greater benefit to mankind than Franklins philosophy\u2014though that is very great.\nAnd while I wish to do honor to these great men, I ought to bare my testimony to the merit of your long exertions which I think have been very useful to Our Country.\nWith must pleasure I repeat the assurance of the long and continued esteem and Affection of your friend and humble Servant.\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-23-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7731", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John V. N. Yates, 23 December 1822\nFrom: Yates, John V. N.\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir.\n\t\t\t\tYour much esteemed favor was received a few days since, and I could not deny myself the pleasure of sending it to the press, though at the risk of being charged with Egotism\u2014But the desire of the Publick is so strong to see every thing that falls from the pen of one of our earliest & most distinguished Statesmen and patriots, that I yielded to the wish of several of my friends in making it publick\u2014I hope you will pardon the act and ascribe it to the true motive\u2014You will perceive from the Newspaper herewith sent that the Editors have accompanied the letter with some extracts from Sanderson\u2019s biography\u2014It is however essentially the same with your Account\u2014Franklin was in England & America during the same year [1775.]\u2014I must confess I do not exactly apprehend what Dr. Vanderkemp means in his letter to me by the loan he speaks of, when Contrasted with your remark that you knew of no loan in 1775\u2014Perhaps, however the Doctor\u2019s reference is to Another year\u2014Were it not, that I know how much you are troubled with correspondence I should be pleased in hearing your explanation of it\u2014Your compliment to the Dutch was very gratifying to all our Knickerbockers of this City\u2014\u201cThere\u201d say they \u201csee the testimony of a New Englandman in favor of our Countrymen.\u201d The liberal and enlightened opinions you express of every nation with whom you have lived, testifies, what we have long since known, your experience & knowledge of human nature, and that wherever, and under whatever form it is exhibited, the spectacle is substantially the same\u2014With my best wishes for your health and happiness I am, Dear Sir / With profound Respect & Esteem / Your mo: obt. servt.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ: V. N. Yates.\n\t\t\t\t\tP.S. Your letter to our Grecian Committee here, has also been received, and they are preparing an Answer to it.\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-24-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7732", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Ellen Wayles Randolph Coolidge, 24 December 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Coolidge, Ellen Wayles Randolph\nDear Miss Randolph\nMontezillo December 24 1822\nYou cannot imagin how much pleasure I have received from your kind letter of the 15th. It is perfectly beautiful, and I have given it to my Grand Daughters as a model of literary composition.\u2014 Your account of your G. F. activity and energey almost excites my envy, who have neither a manageable horse, nor capacity to mount him, if I had one. It is delightful to me to see and hear so many proofs of the soundness of his Health, and the entire preservation of his great Mental Talents. Our liberal Theologians or as the Orthodox call them our philosophick Divines are so eager to have access to his letters that they have draged into publication one of them, with my answer to it. His is eagerly read; but mine has exposed me to much Criticism and some censure\nThe good old Ladies are astonished that Mr Adams is hinting at the comforts of Dotage had not dwelt at the ravishing hopes and glorious prospects of a future State. My only apology to them is, that when writing that letter I had it full in my mind to quote the raptures of Cato major in Cicero\u2019s old age, when he declared to Scipio and Loelius, that if some God should offer to rejuvenize him he would decidedly refuse it, for he would not relinquish his delightful hopes of soon meeting his dear departed Son, and the Sages and heros he had known in his Youth; Snd I had also full in my mind to mention Fontenelle\u2019s delight in his asparagus and oil at ninety nine, and Theophrastus\u2019s regret at being obliged to go out of the World, when he had just learned to live in it\u2014But I know that all these facts, were better known to Mr Jefferson than to me and therefore it would be a ridiculous pedantary in me to send such coals to New Castle.\u2014\nPresent my best respects to your Mother my recollections of her, and her Sister have been constant as well as my ever since I knew them in Europe; too of the lovelyest little Girls I ever saw and equally constant have been my regrets, that I have never been able to renew my acquaintance with them\u2014in Virginia, or Massachusetts.\nWith my best wishes for the health and happiness of the whole family, And particularly for the early restoration of the Presidents Arm, and my best thanks for the favor of your letter, I have the / honor to be my dear Miss Randolph / your affectionate, and friend / and obliged humble Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-29-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7735", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Elkanah Watson, 29 December 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Watson, Elkanah\nDear Sir\nMontizillo 29 Dec 1822\nI have received your favour of the 17 Dec You may do what you please with my letter of 20 Dec The Mr. Troop you mention is the gentleman I presume whose eloquent speeches I read in the vol of transactions of the convention for reforming the constitution. It would give me pleasure to peruse all your publications and to correspond with you on the subject of them but I can read nothing and scarcely write the name of your friend\nJ. A.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-03-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3993", "content": "Title: From George Washington Adams to William Smith Shaw, 3 January 1822\nFrom: Adams, George Washington\nTo: Shaw, William Smith\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 3rd January 1822.\n\t\t\t\tI am directed by my Father to congratulate you upon the handsome acquisition you have lately made for the purpose of establishing the Athen\u00e6um in a more convenient and appropriate position and to request of you the name of the munificent donor who is announced as having given you a building for the purpose. Pursuant to previous custom I have to request of you to ask Messr Wells and Lilly in my Fathers name to transmit as soon as it is published a copy of the dissertation by Dugald Stewart which they have now in the press and remain as ever / gratefully yours \n\t\t\t\t\tGeorge Washington Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-06-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3994", "content": "Title: From John Adams to George Washington Adams, 6 January 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, George Washington\nDear George,\nMontezillo. 6th. January. 1822.\nA cold frosty snowy morning. I have received your No 11.\nI am glad you have got through the spirit of laws. You ought to read the Persian letters, the temple of Gnidus, and the other works of Montesquieu. But before you proceed further, I advise you to read, again, your father\u2019s lectures on Rhetoric and Oratory, and that with close attention, steady care, and keen discernment\u2014for although you may find the style, in some particulars, too well adapted to the juvenile taste of his audience, yet the work is of inestimable value to all classes of students, but especially to those at the bar.\u2014I am not about to become your preceptor in laws, but I will advise you to pay particular attention to metaphysical studies from Descartes, Leibnitz, Marlebranch down to Dugald Stuart & Brown\u2014and I will propose a problem for your future solution in the course of your life\u2014viz Whether mankind is most indebted to Francis Bacon, John Locke or Dugald Stuart. Which of the three has most promoted the cause of real science\u2014which most diffusively spread illumination and civilization in the world. I will pass over the first and the last, and fix on Locke. Inquire who have been his disciples. Bishop Berkley, David Hume, Condillac, Leibnitz, Clarke, Priestley, Hartley Reid, Voltaire, Rousseau, D Alembert, Turgot and the French oeconomists. All these were excited to their speculations by Locke and though none of them have agreed with him in all things, and certainly none of them derived their incredulity from him, yet taken alltogether they have done more to overturn tyranny civil, ecclesiastical and political, and to bring into credit & reputation principles of toleration, humanity, civilization, private judgment and free inquiry, than all the writers who preceeded them. Demons, witches, sorcerers, necromancers and judicial astrologers have fled before them almost out of this world. Montesquieu has also aided in the cause, though he was probably not a christian in the miraculous sense of the word. Yet he was a profound admirer of the morality of the christian system. His sarcasms are directed against the corruptions of christianity and the monstrous systems of tyranny & cruelty that have been erected on them not against the essence of christian philosophy or religion.\u2014\nYour brothers are pretty diligent students, and take no more diversions in skating or shooting than are for their health. They smoke not so extravagantly as when they had your example to keep them in countenance. I am very anxious and impatient to hear of your mother\u2019s health.\u2014\nI am extremely sorry to see in the news-papers so much trumpery about a little sparring about diplomatic etiquette, and am glad that you have been prudent enough to abstain from the least allusion to it. Both those ministers have given universal satisfaction in the country and their feelings ought not to be wantonly or unnecessarily hurt by the Americans.\u2014\nI am your affectionate Grandfather\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-13-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3995", "content": "Title: From John Adams to George Washington Adams, 13 January 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, George Washington\nmy dear Grandson\nMontezillo 13th. Jany 1822\nI am glad to learn by your No. 12\u2014that you are reading Burlamaqui and as he is sound in philosophy morals and Religion, I hope that you will not only read, but study him. Make an abstract or analysis of him, for I inculcate on all my young friends the maxim \u201cstudium\u2014sine calamo, somnium.\u201d My early patron Mr Gridley of whom you have so often heard me speak with veneration, who educated more young gentlemen to the Bar than any other lawyer, had so high an opinion of Burlamaqui, that he reduced the whole Book into questions and obliged his pupils to answer them in writing.\u2014From Burlamqui, I presume you will proceed to Vattel, and I advise you to give particular attention to Heineceius on the law of Nature and Nations\u2014Nor must you be fright\u2019ned by the sight of Grotius or Puffendorf or Bynkershoek\u2014nor of the Corpus juris, nor of Hoppius, Vinnius or Cujacius Justinians institutes, at least his defenitions, you ought to have at heart\u2014there is no poetical rhetorical oratorical, romantic or belles letters read to the law. You must buckle on your armour and contend earnestly for the prize.\u2014\nWe have here Mrs De Wint Caroline and her three little Girls, and have had much pleasure in their company They are now gone to Boston and will not return till Wednesday\nWe are happy to hear that your Mother is comfortable but fear that routs, Balls, and tea parties, will neither promote her health, nor your studies. Your Brothers are here, and are very agreeable\u2014They are like you, are great readers, but I fear that none of you are such intense students as I wish you were\u2014There is a very deep and broad distinction between reading and Study. Every Student is a reader, but every reader is not a Student.\nI am my dear George, your affectionate / Grand Father\u2014\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-14-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3996", "content": "Title: From Ward Nicholas Boylston to John Quincy Adams, 14 January 1822\nFrom: Boylston, Ward Nicholas\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear Sir\n\t\t\t\t\tJamaica plain Roxbury Jany 14th 1822.\n\t\t\t\tThe Inclosed extract from a Letter I lately rec\u2019d from my friend, Dr Nicholas, wch. I read to my dearly beloved friend yr. father soon after it came to my hand\u2014he was so much pleased with it that he requested me to send you a Copy; And as his wishes are to me, the delights of obedience, I have promptly given it; presuming however that Dr N wd not wish it should be made public as comeing from him, but to use as you may see most proper\u2014I feel very unwilling to intrude any other subject that may engage yr: attention to answer, when your time is so entirely preocupied in Public Concerns\u2014The subject I have to introduc, and the favor I have to solicit is, in behalf of a Relation of our family Mr: Lynde Walter who applied to me a few days ago to intercede with you in case the Bankrupt Bill now before Congress should pass into a Law, and Commissions should be appointed under it in this State (wch its most likely there will be,) that you would be so kind as to nominate him as one of them\u2014he is a very capable merchant is abt 54 or 55 years of age, was a member of the late State Convention is now a member of the legislature from Boston but has been unsuccessfull in his Mercantile pursuits tho\u2019 no want of Integrity has been imputed to him in their miscarriage\u2014he has a family depended on him for Support\u2014should the appointments not be already nominated; it would be confering a Blessing on the needy; & giveing considerable aid to the only branch of our family that I know of, that so much wants it.\u2014you have no doubt heard of the Munificent Present made by Mr J Perkins to the Atheneum\u2014Mr Shaw in consequence called upon me to give up the Portrait of your Father to be placed there\u2014I replied that the Picture was at your disposal, & not mine, that I had another disposition of it with your Consent\u2014but without being more distinct to him\u2014I told him he had better write you, & also Consult with the Original which perhaps he may do you probably my Dear Sir may reccolect that I mentiond both to the President as well as to yourself, it was my wish to have your Portrait as a Companion to it, to be taken by the most eminent american artist, and at some future day day placed in the Hall of the Anatomical Museum & Library wch I am prepareing funds to build at Cambridge, & are yearly accumulateing to which I mean to add some of the best of my family pictures by Copley, not from my family pride or Ostentatious view\u2014but solely as evidences of the Genius of a Native American artist, who arrived at that high degree of merit in his Profession by the strength of his own unassisted natural genius without the benefit of a Master or the opportunity of example by visiting the regions of antient Science or deriveing from the works others any Ideas for the improvement of his own.\u2014Mrs Boylston & myself spent a very pleasant day at Quincy this day week, but we found our Dr Friend had suffer\u2019d very severely by the Intense Cold of the Saturday preceding, and I fear will suffer in the same way from the cold of this day wch: is greater than it was then, the Thermometer (Faranheits) was this morning at Sunrise 10 degrees below the Cypher but it has risen in the Course of the day to 6 above the Cypher but is now growing colder\u2014our Harbour is quite closed\u2014May Heaven continue to you the enjoyment of uninterrupted Health and protracted years of every satisfaction it can bestow, with this and every other sincere & fervent wish believe me / My Dear Sir / Most faithfully / your Friend & Relative\n\t\t\t\t\tWard Nichs Boylston", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-17-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3997", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to John Adams, 17 January 1822\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dear Son\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 7 January 1822\n\t\t\t\tThe proposal contained in your Letter of the 12th. instt. does equal honour to your head and to your heart\u2014It shall be carried into effect; but I shall take upon myself a suitable portion of the expense necessary to that purpose\u2014I shall immediately write to your uncle concerning it.The sum received for the Claim given you by your Grandfather, was three hundred and seventy dollars and forty four Cents, which has been at interest for you from the 20th. of December 1819\u2014On the 20th. of December last it amounted to four hundred and seventeen dollars and twenty\u2013nine Cents; and allowing for compound interest quarterly added, will on the 4th. of July 1824. this day when with the blessing of God you will come of age amount to four hundred and eighty\u2013five dollars fifty cents, by my calculation\u2014But I wish you to make it yourself and write me whether you make it out the same\u2014Now as I wish not entirely to take from you but merely to share with you the merit of a generous action, I shall allow only the interest of your money to be applied to the purpose you have designated, and will account with you for the original sum of $370.44. the net proceeds of the Claim\u2014Charging myself with the expense of making up the $500 necessary for maintaining your Cousin Thomas two years at the Academy preparatory to his admission at West PointI am with more gladness than words can express, your ever affectionate / father\n\t\t\t\t\tJohn Quincy Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-20-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3999", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to Charles Francis Adams, 20 January 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, Charles Francis\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear Charles\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 20 Jany 1822.\n\t\t\t\tAt length I feel well enough to write you again though I have no reason to hope that my correspondence will be renewed with any regularity for some time\u2014Your Letters my dear boy would afford me much more pleasure if there was a less peremptory and positive tone about them\u2014Be assured that it is always possible to be manly and respectful at the same time and that we can better show our determination by our actions than by our words which are often vain and empty things more calculated to mislead our judgment than to confirm our good intentions\u2014If you do not deceive yourself I am perfectly confident you will not deceive me but I am aware that the sacrifice of tastes and habits which are necessarily required of you will cost you such a struggle as will call for your utmost Strength of mind and resolution to atchieve. You are happily gifted with the powers if you know how to bend to the necessity\u2014Go on and prosper industry and application ensure your success and by this success you reward and requite your Mothers fondest affection\u2014George improves very much. he has conquered his love of argument and is in consequence always pleasant conversible and agreeable and by his constant attention and affection I am rendered both cheerful and happy\u2014Johnson Hellen contributes largely also to my comfort by his amiable disposition and obliging temper\u2014His dislike to company encreases every day, and he passes almost all his time at home\u2014Your hand writing is improved but I would request you not to write so small and your letters would be freer and bolder. Do not follow your Mothers bad example; though Sins of omission, are not so bad as Sins of Commission, they are still very ugly, as they betray irregularity of mind and a total want of perspicuity in style two things not natural to a young man of your merit though unfortunately too much so to your affectionate Mother\n\t\t\t\t\tL C Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-21-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4001", "content": "Title: From John Adams Smith to Jeremy Bentham, 21 January 1822\nFrom: Smith, John Adams\nTo: Bentham, Jeremy\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear Sir.\n\t\t\t\tI enclose the Amended Constitution of the State of New York which if you have not before received I beg of you to accept\u2014If you already have a copy, I will request you to have the goodness to send this back to me, as I have not yet got another.I am very / sincerely & faithfully / yr obt Servt. \n\t\t\t\t\tJ. Adams Smith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-24-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4003", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to Ward Nicholas Boylston, 24 January 1822\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Boylston, Ward Nicholas\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dear Sir.\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 24. January 1822\n\t\t\t\tI have received with great pleasure your Letter of the 14th. with the enclosed extract from that of your friend Mr Nicholls\u2014I am very glad to learn that he proposes to publish a new Edition of his Recollections, and I hope he will withhold none of his opinions upon the great topics of National Law to which he well refers.\u2014His Portraits of Pitt and Fox are more true to the Life than any others of the same personages that I have seen, but he has painted them in the costume of antique Sculpture\u2014naked. Perhaps he has not allowed them quite enough of that indulgence which from a human Painter seems due to the infirmities of human Nature; and from my cursory perusal of the Book at your house in Princeton, I thought that the author\u2019s friendship for Mr Hastings, had prejudiced him a little against Edmund Burke.\u2014Since our delightful visit to you, last September, I have read the published part of the Life of Pitt, by the Bishop of Winchester; where are to be found, as was to be expected, all possible prejudices in favour of that Statesman\u2014The Bishop\u2019s book is rather a Panegyric than a Biography, and posterity will form a much more correct opinion of the character of Pitt from Mr Nicholls\u2019s pithy recollections, than from Dr Tomlinson\u2019s ponderous compilation of Parliamentary Debates.Mr Nicholls must have expected that his publication would prove more offensive to the partizans of Mr Fox than to those of Mr Pitt\u2014The general impression produced by it is more unfavourable to Fox than to Pitt\u2014On the great question of the Coalition East-India Bill, which fixed for the rest of their lives the destiny of the two men, Mr Nicholls, who at the time, as a member of Parliament acted with the Coalition, in the coolness of reflection, after a lapse of thirty-six years, not only passes sentence upon the plan, but discloses the fact, that it was neither conceived nor prepared by Mr Fox, who acted throughout the whole transaction, as the mere subaltern Parliamentary Speaker for Burke\u2014The Statesman who lives for other ages than his own, must do something more than merely administer the affairs of his time and despatch the daily business of his Office\u2014He must do something which will outlast himself\u2014Something for which Posterity will remember him with a blessing\u2014Mr Fox spent too much of his time at Brooks\u2019s to accomplish any thing for after ages\u2014He was always the Charles Surface of the School for Scandal\u2014A good tempered, sparkling-witted, and generous hearted Rake, however interesting as a theatrical character is not the metal of which great Statesmen are made. Mr Fox was neither the conceptive nor meditative Mind of his own party, and Mr Nicholls has shown him in only his native colours to the world\u2014There may be Statesmen in this Country, whom Mr Nicholls\u2019s opinions on the subject of Blockade, and of the Slave trade will displease, but I hope that will not deter him from the publication of them\u2014I believe his doctrine upon Blockade to be correct, and there never was a greater outrage upon the rights of neutral Nations committed than by Mr Fox\u2019s proclamation of Blockade from the Elbe to Brest\u2014I hope Mr Nicholls is mistaken in his belief that the abolition of the Slave trade will be found impracticable, but I fully concur with him, that the right of search ought never to be conceded as one of the means for effecting its accomplishment. The practice of search in War, has been rendered too odious to make its exercise tolerable in time of Peace.The Athenaeum at Boston is among the most useful literary Institutions of this Country; and I rejoice exceedingly that it has found so munificent a benefactor in Mr Perkins\u2014I would with pleasure give them Copley\u2019s Portrait of my father, but for the prior, and stronger claim which you have to the disposal of it\u2014You shall dispose of it as you think best\u2014As to a Portrait of myself, it may be a subject of Consideration hereafter.I shall attend as far as I may be able to your recommendation in favour of Mr Walter\u2014It is however very doubtful whether any Bankrupt Bill will pass, at the present Session of Congress.I pray you to present my kindest respects to Mrs Boylston, and to believe me ever sincerely and affectionately yours.\n\t\t\t\t\tJohn Quincy Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-27-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4004", "content": "Title: From John Adams to George Washington Adams, 27 January 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, George Washington\nDear George\nMontezillo 27 January 1822.\nThe splendid account we receive from you and others of the dinners parties and balls from Washington almost persuade me to give you an account of the splendour of my family In addition to those which you know very well, we have Mr Shaw Mr DeWint and his lady & two servants. Your two brothers who by the way are very studious & skate, cut & saw wood no more than is beneficial to their health. This is so pleasant a picture of domestic felicity that as you know that we are never satisfied with present blessings it excites in me a wish for something more and greater. I wish I could assemble all my posterity children, grand-children, &c &c &c from Washington and Georgetown from Pensacola and London; from Fishkill Landing & Utica. How happy should I be to give them a ball at Montezillo. But to be a little more serious. Your brothers behave very well\u2014only John says Charles ate a dozen or two of apples more than his stomach could bear and was sick in consequence of it for a day or two but is now well again. There is in the Essex Register a story about me told by some gentleman of the sect of the Loyalists which represents me as a more blustering coxcomb than I ever was in my life. I never sent any such message or any other uncivil message to Gov. Bernard or any other Governor. There is another story in the Boston Christian Register of a conversation with me which however honorable it is to me I do not remember.\nHow is it into balls dinners parties drawing rooms & assemblies Silentre leges?\nI am / Your ever affectionate Grandfather.\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-28-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4005", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Ward Nicholas Boylston, 28 January 1822\nFrom: Boylston, Ward Nicholas\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dearest Cousin\n\t\t\t\t\tHermitage Reading 28\u2019 Jany 1822 1/2 pt. 4 oClock PM\n\t\t\t\tWhen I had the pleasure of meeting Judge Adams in Boston on Saturday last, & to whom I gave a Note wch I took out of the Post\u2014he intimated that it was probable you would not want for a Snow Storm, but would indulge us with Happiness of seeing you & the family some day this week, wch I was rejoiced to hear, as every appearance of Snow has passed off without leaving enough to make it possible to come to us on Runners\u2014and he gave a promise that as he and one of his Nephews had some Business at Dedham to-day, one or the other would take Roxbury on their return to Quincy, & let me know which day except Tuesday that you would name\u2014now as its near sunset I fear he has not left home or is detained at Dedham whereby I am induced to send a special messenger to request the favor you would name which day this week (as they will all be equally convenient to us) that you intend to favor us, together wth the Company of Mr Mrs Dewint, & the young Lady who I did not when I wrote on Saturday had accompanied them, together wth Judge & Mrs Adams & your Grandsons\u2014and Miss Smith if her Health will permit The Dinner shall be at any Hour you may name as most convenient to you\u2014With Mrs Boylstons affectionate & respects, & regards to the Judge & Mrs. Adams & any our Respectfull Compliments to Mr & Mrs Dewint &c / I am ever faithfully & your affectionate Cousin\n\t\t\t\t\tWard Nichs Boylston", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-30-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4007", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to John Adams, 30 January 1822\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dear Son\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 30. January 1822. \n\t\t\t\tI have received from President Kirkland, his answer to my enquires respecting your standing as a Scholar in your Class, and it confirms the Statement made by yourself\u2014Your number upon the general scale, at the close of the last term was 24\u2014In the course of one half year, you had risen from 45. This result has opened my heart to the cheering hope, that you will yet redeem a standing worthy of you\u2014If there could ever have been a doubt whether it depended altogether upon yourself, that doubt is now dispelled\u2014But you must not relax one particle of your assiduity\u2014The change in your standing, in the course of the last term, is now only the pledge of a corresponding rise in the next\u2014I receive it as a promise from you, that in the list of the next Summer, you will stand not lower than 12\u2014I think you will accomplish this, and perhaps even more\u2014I have fixed my hopes upon it, if possible with more anxiety than I had of your emerging from that degraded place which you had occupied\u2014You are now in the career of honour and success\u2014may the blessing of Almighty power prosper you in it!\u2014In the particular studies of the last term you stand already higher than 24\u2014In Theology, Metaphysicks and Latin, at 19. Your low standing in Natural Philosophy, the Study of the preceding term, still kept you down on the general list, but from this another half year of time well improved will extricate you\u2014Composition, is the Department in which your progress has naturally been the least rapid, but in which it is also the most effectual\u2014Pay particular attention to it, as well as to your speaking\u2014With regard to which, I wish you specially to remember what I told you when I last heard you speak at Quincy\u2014You must learn to speak with much more energy\u2014It would be well for you to practice, when alone by yourself, and speak with what you would deem excessive vehemence\u2014Horace says that fools, to avoid a fault run into its opposite\u2014But wise men sometimes do the same thing. Practice by yourself, and try to rant like Kean\u2014You will always be temperate enough when you come to speak in PublicAs a token of my sense of your good conduct, and improvement of your time during the last half year, I authorise you to purchase at Wells and Lilly\u2019s a complete set of the Regent\u2019s classics, neatly bound, and to request them to send the bill for payment to Mr Cruft, whom you will inform of my wish to that effect\u2014I make you this Present as best adapted to the nature of the merit which I would reward, and as furnishing the most proper stimulus to further and if possible to increased exertion\u2014Keep them in your Study\u2014cultivate their acquaintance; and whenever those most faithful companions of Solitude shall fall under your eye, let them remind you of the pledge you have given, that henceforward to the end of your Collegiate course, you will not miss a single recitation, nor receive a quarter\u2013bill, sullied with a fine.I remain, your ever affectionate father\n\t\t\t\t\tJohn Quincy Adams.\n\t\t\t\t\t\u201cFortiter occupa Portum.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-01-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4008", "content": "Title: From John Adams to George Washington Adams, January 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, George Washington\nca. January 1822\nTell your Father that I have found the old circular pedigree which looks like so many wheels within wheels of Boules de savon and that Miss Abigail and Miss Elizabeth have undertaken to copy it, and as they yesterday had the courage to go to Boston without a beau I presume they will be able to accomplish this enterprize. \nWe are all well or convalescent. / Your affectionate / Grandfather.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-04-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4009", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Alexander Bryan Johnson, 4 February 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Johnson, Alexander Bryan\n\t\t\t\t\tMonte Dear Sir\n\t\t\t\t\tMontizillo Feb\u2019y 4th \u201822\n\t\t\t\tI thank you for your favor of Jan\u2019y 23d. & am very glad to learn you have persevered to the end of your course in the study of the law & particularly that Abigail was wise enough to encourage you in your pursuit. This I esteem in her a great merit & a proof of prudence deserving of imitation by all her sex in encouraging their husbands in all manly studies & business, & there is none more so than the law\u2014I advise you to commence the practice immediately\u2014& to pursue it with attention & ardor upon the most honorable and virtuous principles. The subject of your literary design you have not mentioned, but whatever it may be I should make it entirely subservient to my practice at the bar\u2014In making many books there is some labor much anxiety and more obloquy as I have found by awful experience.) and no profit My love to Mrs. Adams Mrs. Johnson all y\u2019r dear children & respectful compliments to y\u2019r father & mother\u2014We hear frequently from Mrs. Clark \u2014& who writes to Louisa many amiable & elegant letters\u2014. She is very serious tho she sometimes dances at a ball. I am dear Sir y\u2019r affectionate Grandfather in law\u2014\n\t\t\t\t\tP.S\u2014Mr. de Wint & Caroline with 3 of their pretty children have made us a visit", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-06-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4011", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Alexander Bryan Johnson, 6 February 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Johnson, Alexander Bryan\nDear Sir\nMontezillo February 6th. 1822\nI thank you for your favour of January 23d. And am very glad to learn, you have persevered to the end of your course in the study of the law, and particularly that Abigail was wise enough to encourage you in your pursuit; This I esteem in her a great merit and a proof of prudence deserving imitation by all her sex, in incouraging their Husbands in all manly Studies and business, and there is none more so than the Law. I advise you to commence the practice immediately, and to pursue it with attention and Ardor upon the most honorable and virtuous principles\u2014\nThe subject of your literary design you have not mentioned, but whatever it may be, I should make it entirely subserviant to my practice at the Bar\u2014In many Books there is some labor, much anxiety, and more obloquy as I have found by woful experience, and no profit\u2014\nMy love to Mrs. Adams, Mrs Johnson\u2014all your dear Children, and respectful compliments to your Father and Mother\u2014We hear frequently from Mrs Clark, who writes to Louisa many amiable and elegant letters\u2014She is very serious, tho\u2019 she sometimes dances at a ball\u2014\n Mr De Wint and Caroline, with three of their Children have made us a visit\u2014\nI am dear sir your / affectionate Grand Father\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-06-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4012", "content": "Title: From John Adams Smith to Jeremy Bentham, 6 February 1822\nFrom: Smith, John Adams\nTo: Bentham, Jeremy\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dear Sir.\n\t\t\t\tI beg leave to enclose you the letter for Mr Laurence from Mr Rush to Mr Appleton at Rio\u2014I would gladly add others but neither Mr Rush nor myself have any other acquaintance at Rio\u2014I am yours Dr Sir / very Sincerely \n\t\t\t\t\tJ. Adams Smith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-09-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4013", "content": "Title: From John Adams Smith to Jeremy Bentham, 9 February 1822\nFrom: Smith, John Adams\nTo: Bentham, Jeremy\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dear Sir\n\t\t\t\tI beg to enclose you the letter, for Mr Laurence, to Mr Appleton at Rio Janeiro\u2014hoping still to have the pleasure of seeing Mr Laurence before his departure I am very truly / yr obt Servt \n\t\t\t\t\tJ Adams Smith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-10-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4015", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to Charles Francis Adams, 10 February 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, Charles Francis\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear Charles\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 10 Feby. 1822\n\t\t\t\tYour Letter is this moment brought to me and would certainly have afforded me more pleasure could I perceive any of those evidences of a desire to improve in your hand writing about which you Know I am so solicitous\u2014I have always been ready to rely on the promises of my children when they have been seriously made and give full confidence to yours more especially on account of the uneasiness I know you would suffer from a sense of ingratitude to Parents who have ever been so ready to promote your happiness and even to gratify your tastes when they are compatible with propriety\u2014It is said my Dear Boy that your long residence with your Mother has proved a serious injury to you by teaching you to be proud and unsocial in your habits and extremely indolent in your studies I therefore call upon you to justify me by your exertions and to prove to your family and the world that your Mother is as incapable of spoiling you or encouraging you in such dispositions as you are susceptible of being injured by such means\u2014Let me therefore urge you always to keep in mind that any failure of yours must be a deep injury to my character and a heavy blow to my future peace\u2014And now my Son let me recommend you to alter your plan of living for the future and if you can get a respectable Chum I would advise you by all means to take him to live with you and associate with your Class upon liberal and easy terms\u2014for a young man who lives entirely alone necessarily acquires selfish and disagreeable manners which unfit him altogether for the world in which he is to move and make him too frequently an object of ridicule to those who are his inferiors Mr. Amory who has just returned to Boston and who is in Johns Class tells me he lodges in the same house with you and that he has tried to cultivate your acquaintance without success\u2014He is a very fine young man and I wish you would meet his advances for remember there is a wide difference between social intercourse and dissipation\u2014I have just been reading Lyttleton\u2019s Letters they are very good and contain some of the best advice for young men that I have seen\u2014His character was so vicious and immoral and the consequences of his vices are so strongly depicted they must operate as a warning because they are dictated by the most painful experience\u2014May you never my beloved Child feel the acute sufferings of a guilty mind and should the crisis now near at hand which remove your Mothers watchful guardianship from your sight remember that from the Spheres above she will claim the promises you have made her and reward you with her blessings for I shall she will die in the conviction that you will not deceive one who loves you so tenderly as\n\t\t\t\t\tL. C Adams.\n\t\t\t\t\tYour father has written to you I hope your answer will be respectful", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-18-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4016", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to Charles Francis Adams, 18 February 1822\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Charles Francis\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dear Son.\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 18. February 1822\n\t\t\t\tI have received, and duly reflected upon your Letter of the 10th instt. and approve very cordially of the determination you have taken, of exerting yourself by diligence to acquire a respectable standing in your Class\u2014From this day your term begins, and if you carry your Resolution into effect I shall not only never have any inducement to repeat the proposal which I made you in my last Letter; of stepping down to the next Class, but shall no longer have even cause to lament that I permitted you so soon to enter\u2014I shall wait with the greatest anxiety to learn, what both your standing and that of your brother will be upon the next half yearly lists\u2014His habits of Industry are already so well formed, and he has so throughly witnessed their good effects by the very great advance that he made in the last half year, that my expectations from him, are high and sanguine\u2014They will be equally so of you, if upon the lists of next June, your name shall have emerged to a standing equal or near to that which he has attained\u2014He has told me the whole secret of the cause by which this effect was produced\u2014which was that he had not missed a single recitation throughout the term, and had no fine upon his quarter Bill\u2014Take care to have it in your power at the end of every term to give me the same assurance, and I will ask no questions, about your standing.In one of your late Letters to your brother George, you have mentioned that you were partial to historical reading, and that you had been employing part of your vacation in reading a dull and tedious History of France\u2014I would by no means wish you to restrain your inclination for Historical reading, any farther, than to guard you against suffering it to encroach upon your proper studies\u2014Never neglect a recitation study, for any other reading whatsoever\u2014Make this rule inflexible; and shew the firmness of your character, by your self controul in this particular\u2014Give as much of your leisure to historical reading as you please; but give it such a direction that it will assist and facilitate your proper Collegiate Studies\u2014Upon this principle I recommend it to you to read Rollin\u2019s Ancient History, Gillies or Mitford\u2019s History of Greece, the travels of Anacharsis, Ferguson\u2019s History of the Roman Republic and Gibbon\u2019s History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire\u2014Next to these you may take, Russell\u2019s History of Antient and Modern Europe\u2014or Millot\u2019s compendium of Antient and Modern History\u2014Nor should you omit to make yourself well acquainted with the History of your own Country. For this purpose read Robertson\u2019s History of America, the Abbe Raynal\u2019s History of the European Establishments in the East and West-Indias, Burke\u2019s History of the British Settlements in America, Marshall\u2019s life of Washington, Hutchinson and Minot\u2019s Histories of Massachusetts-Bay, Miss Hannah Adam\u2019s History of New-England, Belknap\u2019s History of New-Hampshire, and his biography; and Botta\u2019s History of the War, of the American Revolution\u2014When you have gone through this list; I can if you desire it name to you as many more Historians well deserving of your attention\u2014These will occupy however as much of your time, as you will probably have at your disposal, while you remain at the University\u2014The Antient History, and the Grecian and Roman History, are those which will be the most immediately useful to your proper studies\u2014With the Greek and Roman History you cannot make yourself too familiarly acquainted; and after a perusal of the General Histories of those Nations, you will find no less instruction than entertainments in reading over more than once or twice the lives of Plutarch\u2014At this time, and perhaps for years to come, your fondness for History will probably proceed more from the interest which you will take in the narrative, than from the moral or political conclusions which you will be enabled to draw from it. Am I mistaken in the supposition that in your historical reading hitherto, you have not paid much attention to the important incidents of time, and place? And that you have still less felt its attractions as a school of Ethics. Yet you may perhaps have heard or read that Geography, and Chronology, are the eyes of the Historic Muse; and it is even not unlikely that you are acquainted with the definition of History\u2014That it is, Philosophy, teaching by Example\u2014I will however not yet ask you to meditate very deeply upon the Characters and Events which History will cause to pass in review before you\u2014Store your mind well with the facts\u2014Court an intimate acquaintance with great and illustrious characters\u2014Listen well to what they say; observe attentively what they do\u2014But to form clear and distinct ideas even of these, you must not neglect attention to the times and places of Events\u2014Chronological tables and maps should always and frequently be resorted to in all historical reading\u2014You can have no clear idea of History without a well settled remembrance in your mind of the succession of time within which it happened, and a general recollection of the geography of the age and Country which from the scene of action\u2014Among the Histories, of which I hope you will not fail to acquire a thorough and systematic knowledge, is that of the Bible\u2014The greatest part of that venerable and precious book is Historical; and in that Book, is to be found the only knowledge extant of antient Chronology\u2014I earnestly advise you to read it through many and many times\u2014If you read it with attention you will never read it without profit\u2014And as you may read it every time, with reference to some special object of enquiry; you can devote one reading to its Chronology; or the succession of its Historical Events, from the Creation of the world to the commencement of the Christian AEra. When you have acquired as exact a knowledge of this, as you can obtain from the Bible, you will afterwards easily be enabled to attach all the various AEras of profane History to it\u2014Priestley\u2019s Lectures upon History, with his biographical and Chronological Charts, and Bossuat\u2019s Essay upon Universal History will aid you much in this investigation\u2014Dufresnay\u2019s Chronological Tables and Lavaisne\u2019s Atlas, are good books to be occasionally consulted\u2014I remain your ever affectionate father\n\t\t\t\t\tJohn Quincy Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-21-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4018", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Adams, 21 February 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear John\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 21 Feby 1822\n\t\t\t\tBeing very well I hasten to write you and although you disclaim all merit in a certain transaction still to repeat my approbation of a conduct which does you so much honour and which I hope (although you must not expect) will be rewarded by the improvement and merit of its object\u2014Should this not happen do not suffer the disappointment to mortify or wound your feelings or to damp any future desire to benefit others. which This alas too often destroys the best intentions and the purest benevolence of a young heart and leaves it cold and callous to the misery of its fellow creatures\u2014And now let me speak about your brother who is in need of all your watchful kindness to lead him to his fathers favour\u2014Attend as far as you are able yourself to his habits and assist by your advice in those parts of his studies which he finds most arduous\u2014I am sure it is unnecessary for me to say to you that on his success depends his fathers future favour if not his affection depends on it for the higher his hopes have been raised the greater will be his disappointment or rather his grief at the failure\u2014You see my beloved Son how much I rely on you as I know your example so meritorious has already produced the best effects\u2014He is so young that he require a steady and affectionate guide to protect and encourage him through his difficulties and surely there can be no one found so worthy as yourself for whom however petulant he may sometimes appear he feels both esteem and respect and you have long known the power over his mind which you possess and I am sure will use it with discretion and not arbitrarily according to the hearts wish of your Mother\n\t\t\t\t\tL C Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-22-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4019", "content": "Title: From John Adams to George Washington Adams, 22 February 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, George Washington\nDear George\nMontezillo Feb. 22 1822\nDo not the cannon which have thundered this morning in honour of your Namesake, in flame a holy Ambition in your breast to imitate his Virtues talents and qualities?\nyou have received, no doubt Alexander Everetts Europe. It has been read to me. It discovers attentive observation, Sedulous inquiry and profound reflection. But it wants in many points the maturity of Judgment which is only the result of Long experience. In his 132 page he \u201cdid Off\u201d Montesquiue Blacstone and De Lolme as Blackmore \u201cdid off Cre\u00e1tion, with a look.\u201d Had he Served a few years in a popular Assembly he could not have written this and Several other passages in his Book. I See in the news papers the Spaniards alledge the authority of Franklin to justify their Cortes in one Assembly.\nThe Duke de La Rochefoucaut and the Marquis of Condorcet alledged the Same Authority for their Legislature in one Assembly. I Suspect that Alexander has too superstitions a veneration for the legislative Attainments of that great man. Franklin\u2019s doctrine is equivalent to \u201cCry havock!\u201d and let Slip the dogs of War civil and Foreign, till a despot Shall come in to lay the dogs prostrate with his languadge and dessipate in thin Air all the bubbles of Constitutions.\nYour Uncle and Aunt have returned and the De Wints are Cedar Grove all in health and well pleased\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-23-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4020", "content": "Title: From Daniel Webster to John Quincy Adams, 23 February 1822\nFrom: Webster, Daniel\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\tMr Webster regrets that a previous engagement deprives him of the pleasure of accepting Mr & Mrs Adam\u2019s invitation to dine on Thursday.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-05-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4022", "content": "Title: From John Adams to George Washington Adams, 5 March 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, George Washington\nDear George\nQuincy 5 March\u20141822.\nDid you send me a pritty address of the President of Columbia College, which I received this Morning. Who is this Revnd. Dr William Staughton, is he a native American, or a foreigner, was he Educated in Rhode Island College, Is he a Baptist, or of what denomination; he appears to me an amiable Man and a good scholar.\u2014He says that Man on his enterance on existence, is unconscious of danger and possesses no fear. If I remember right Montesquieu and Condelac assert a contrary doctrine; Viz, that he fears, and flies from every thing; and they quote the example of the Wild Man caught in the Forest of Hanover, and afterwards brought to London, as a proof. I wish you would enquire concerning this Wild Man, and where I can find any account of him, he must have attracted the attention and inquires of all the Men of Science and literature in Europe, I should think. I cannot determin even for myself the controversy between Secondat on one side, and Dr Staughton on the other, I know not, and I cannot conceive how I shall ever find out; whether a Natural Man is a Coward, or a Hero\u2014Dr Staughton thinks the Elements of language were probably from divine suggestion, this may have been for what I know; but I see no necessity for a divine revelation, in the theory of Grammar, or the practice of Speech, any more than in the Science of Astronomy, the Architecture of Temples and Ships, the art of Algebra; or in deed in Painting, Poetry, or Music. these are all the results of Natural and experimental Philosophy; the natural history of Speech, is as prominent to observation, as the principles of any other Art or Science; the Child cry\u2019s as soon as it is born, and when it is at ease, it naturaly cry\u2019s A, or ah! and the first time he shuts his lips upon that sound, he makes the Sylable ab, he soon perceives that the sounds come out of his mouth and that his lips, his tongue, and his teeth, can modulate those sounds at his pleasure; Speculators soon arise who critically observe all these phenomenas and reduce them to ru of Science, and Art. Dr Staughton however has respect Authorities on his side.\u2014\nJudge Quincy has come out with objections to the City Corporation Bill, what its fate will be is uncertain\u2014\nWe are all well, and send love to all. / Your affectionate / Grand Father\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-10-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4023", "content": "Title: From John Adams to George Washington Adams, 10 March 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, George Washington\nDear George.\nQuincy March 10th. 1822.\nI have received your No 19, 24, Feby. When I recollect the freedom of speech, which I indulged, and in which I was indulged, and which I fear I sometimes abused in congress from 1774, to 1778, I ought not to be very severe upon Mr Randolph, or on Mr M. Durfee, I must say however that the liberty I claimed I always granted to others, and my pertness was plentifully retorted upon me. I think therefore that neither Mr Randolph, nor Mr M Durfee, ought to be very umbrageous at each others freedoms. The accounts of their altercations are so differently reported in different newspapers, that I know not what to make of them. I hope no blood will be shed. I see that Mr Randolph is determined to keep out John the 2d. as he exults in having driven out, John the first, and I shall not be discontented with either.\u2014\nI lament the death of Mr Pinckney as a National misfortune; And the Conflagration of Bodwoin College as a great calamity to the very respectable State of Maine. \u2014This letter will be delivered you by Mr William O Hollis, who is a Candidate for the public service in the Marine corps. I wish you to be civil and kind to him\u2014His Father and Mother Grand Father, and Grand Mother, his Great Grandfather, and great grand Mother, were my kind Neighbours and acquaintance in my Youth\nI am your affectionate / Grand Father\u2014\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-10-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4024", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Quincy Adams, 10 March 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\nMy dear Son\nMontezillo 10 March 1822\nContrary to my established habit for many years I must now become an intercessor for a candidate. You must remember a virtuous & industrious lady old lady the widow Owen who lived to be 90 odd years of age, and maintained an always an excellent character and was highly esteemed by your mother. You must remember also young Hollis her grandson who lived some time in our family and was the cleverest fellow we ever had in his capacity. That grandson is now your tenant in Boston & a very respectable man. His mother is now a respectable woman & promises to be as good and live as long as her mother. The bearer of this letter is William O. Hollis is a brother of your tenant. He came to me with his mother and brought me the inclosed certificate of his character & qualifications The young gentleman appears to me to merit their recommendation. I have seen proofs of his ingenuity which prove him to be capable of the service he solicits. I pray you to be kind to him & produce his certificate to the Sec of the navy or War or to both. I am with constant prayers for your felicity your affectionate father.\nJ. A", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-11-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4025", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to Charles Francis Adams, 11 March 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, Charles Francis\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear Charles\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 11 March 1822\n\t\t\t\tI know why it is but I write with so much difficulty and feel so much averse to undertake it I am ever procrastinating the answers to the Letters that are addressed to me this will account to you for h not having an answer to your last and though a miserable excuse must be accepted until something or other occurs to restore me to my wonted capacity and habits\u2014I have the utmost reliance and confidence in your promises and am perfectly easy in the assurance that you will exert yourself in your studies. My only fear is in your great taste for miscellaneous reading which although it may conduce to your advantage some years hence is calculated to render your more arduous studies irksome and laborious. It is on this account that I could wish you would appropriate so many hours every day to the particular duties and to make a determination that no book however tempting shall ever call of your attention\u2014My reason for urging this is the experience I have had on this subject as I have often found myself drawn on by an interesting work to forget hours duties and every thing but my book to the great dissatisfaction of all who surrounded me\u2014I was a little displeased at the tone of your last as when I wrote about Amory I had no idea of any thing but merely recomming an acquaintance to you in consequence of his neighbourhood\u2014I have already mentioned my dislike to anything like hauteur and pride and recommend to you once more to check every tendency to it for my dear Charles I have too often found it the accompaniment of a mean spirit\u2014There is a pride which I would instil into the hearts of my Children and that is the pride of well doing that pride which proceeds from a consciousness of worth can never be offensive for it inspires benevolence and pity towards those less deserving than ourselves and teaches us to fear that our own merits may not be such as will enable us to resist or escape from unsuspected temptation\u2014Humility and a consciousness of our weakness and are the safest guardians of virtue\u2014Discard then my dear boy every propensity to arrogance and be assured that this caution will save you from much and severe mortification and you will give the greatest pleasure to your affectionate / Mother\n\t\t\t\t\tL C Adams\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-11-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4026", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Adams, 11 March 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear John\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 11 March 1822\n\t\t\t\tI yesterday received your Letter and was very much concerned to observe the depression of spirits under which you laboured, but the rapid approach of Spring will I hope restore you to all those blithsome feelings which are so charming and so natural to your nature character and disposition\u2014.It is too true alas that in the attainment of the knowledge of human nature we are obliged to wade through a dreadful picture of frailty of passions and of wickedness and it is melancholy to look back even to the earliest histories of human society and to retrace the same cruelties the same vices and the same results almost always proceeding from the same causes But this knowledge is useful and gives us a real insight into that world in which we are doomed to bear a part and when properly applied enables us to guard against some of the evils which necessarily await us in our progress by teaching us to curb those passions which for want of proper controul lead us to infamy and ruin\u2014One of the great advantages to be derived from the study of history is the knowledge that may be acquired of the nature of Governments and those social institutions which bind and tend so much to the happiness of the civilized World and altho\u2019 we cannot fail to observe that the reason of man can never attain to the highest State of perfection he is ever susceptible of improvement and always capable of repairing by observation application and industry the errors of past ages and ameliorating his own\u2014It is with this view my Son that in this Country where every man be called upon to legislate for the whole where by his own merits and talents he may rise to fill the highest stations he should make the study of mankind his aim and his business and minutely weigh and balance his capacities his errors and his follies by comparing generations one with another and tracing step by step his advancement or his degradation. It is the penalty of Youth to labour for the advantage of old age and although your hard studies must now be irksome the reward will be fully apportioned to the trouble in this conviction my beloved Child I urge you to persevere and you soon be released from the heaviest part of the burthen by the conviction that you afford heartfelt delight to your affectionate Mother\n\t\t\t\t\tMy health is very good\u2014But I believe all the anticipations will prove naught\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-11-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4027", "content": "Title: From Henry Clay to John Quincy Adams, 11 March 1822\nFrom: Clay, Henry\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 11h. Mar. 1822.\n\t\t\t\tMr. Clay has the pleasure to accept the invitation of Mr. Adams and Mrs Adams to dinner on Saturday next.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-11-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4028", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Harriet Welsh, 11 March 1822\nFrom: Welsh, Harriet\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir\u2014\n\t\t\t\t\tBoston March 11th 1822\n\t\t\t\tHaving met with the answer & recantation of Campbell the poet to Mr. Everett and being pleased I have thought you too might like to have it read to you, regretting that I cannot receive the pleasure and benefit of reading it to you myself\u2014it has suggested an inquiry which it will gratify my curiosity if you will have the goodness to answer\u2014viz\u2014whether you think that at any period of our revolution any man be his popularity what it might, could have persuaded the people of this country, or any considerable number of them, to be governed by a king of their own or even a President for life\u2014or if in your opinion it would have been possible for any man gradually so to constitute himself at when we separated from Great Britain?\u2014Mr. Everett is now repeating his lectures at Cambridge\u2014when he can let me have them I shall transmit them to you or myself take them to Quincy\u2014. When you have finished the perusal of his brothers \u201cEurope\u201d I Shall ask the favor of You to let me have it a few days if it can be spared\u2014to your most respectful / friend\n\t\t\t\t\tH Welsh", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-26-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4029", "content": "Title: From John Adams to George Washington Adams, 26 March 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, George Washington\nDr G.\nI am delighted with your number 22. It is not too free. It is modest enough. It is wise learned and ingenious.\nI have sometimes the feelings of Theophrastus who at 115 as I learn from casauban, thought it hard to die when he had just learned to live. Never was I more ardently interested in historical and political studies or Amusements. Hobard Johnson Morton, Winslow Bradford and a hundred others have been read to me from Our Historical Collections and I am now studying the debates in the New York Convention I know not a book more deserving the anxious meditation of a young American Lawyer.\n It is true the legal political and historical Litiratur of the United States is already Swollen with a dropsy: but a Lawyer must have at hand all over Constitutions debates of Conventions, Reports of Adjudged Cases, Original Histories and Historical Collections. You seem to be aware of the influence of names. You will be more sensible of it, the Longer you live and the more you read. The Power of names is tremendous. The Name of a General has often gained more Victories Man all his Skill and Valour. The Name of a Statesman has often ruined and perhaps sometimes saved a Nation. Many names have been blessings to man kind but I fear that many more have been Pestilences. Have a care that yours may ever do good and no harm.\nThomas behaves well a Norwich. See that he does not get the Start of you all\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-28-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4030", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to John Adams, 28 March 1822\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dear Son\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 28 March 1822.\n\t\t\t\tIt has given me great satisfaction to learn that a part has be assigned to you to perform at the exhibition, fixed for the 30th. of April\u2014and should be well pleased if it if it were in my power to be present at the performance\u2014But as that will not be practicable, I wish you to let me know what dialogue it is that you are to speak\u2014I feel also some anxiety for your performance, and quite especially solicitous that your delivery should be with due energy.\u2014You should Learn your part thoroughly, and then repeat it to yourself at least three times a day, until that of the exhibition\u2014You should also learn the part of your collocator or as well as your own, and study the meaning of every word, with a view to the proper pause, accent, emphasis, and inflection of the word\u2014Every Night, when you retire to bed think of your part\u2014Every Morning when you awake, let your second thought be of your part\u2014Remember that your reputation is a stake upon your performance, and that your standing in the world as well as in your Class depends largely upon it. I am glad you have the books, and if my warmest wishes can avail, they will prove a valuable present to you. That will depend altogether upon the use you shall make of them\u2014I flatter myself you will make it a serious point to know what they contain and will apply to them the injunction of Horace with regard to the Grecian models\u2014 Nocturn\u00e2 versate manu, versate diurn\u00e2\u2014Your opinion that the dialogue upon Oratory which was been usually attributed to Tacitus was not written by him, has long been mine\u2014I have judged of it as you have by the Style, which is very different from that of all the other writings of Tacitus\u2014It is said however that the same writer may use a different Style, at different periods of his life, and in treating of different subjects\u2014And this is undoubtably true\u2014But between the features of the same face in youth, in manhood and in age there is always a discernible likeness, and a Style so peculiar as that of Tacitus the Historian, could not I think have disguised itself so completely in a dialogue upon Eloquence, that not one of his sententious sparkles should be visible in it\u2014The Dialogue is sometimes ascribed to Quintilian and is more congenial to his manner of writing than to that of Tacitus,\u2014But by whomsoever written it is a precious relic of antiquity, and deserves to be faithfully studyed, as I hope it has been and will be by you.There is no part of your studies at the University which will deserve more assiduous attention than Mr Farrar\u2019s Lectures on Natural and Experimental philosophy, and those which will follow, upon Astronomy\u2014The Languages, Mathematics, Metaphysics, composition, and elocution, are studies, which may be pursued in Solitude, and should the inclination or the business of your life hereafter lead you to a deeper knowledge of these than the mere elements which you now acquire, you will need nothing but solitude, patience and books to penetrate into the recesses of Science\u2014But experimental philosophy, requires a costly apparatus and instruments, to be well taught\u2014With these, Mr Farrar is well provided; but you will seldom meet them except at some public institution. Let me advise you also to take very particular notice of all the instruments used for making the experiments\u2013Obtain as exactly as you can without being troublesome to the professor, the names of them all\u2014ascertain where and by whom they were made\u2014Examine as far as you may be permitted to the construction of them\u2014Let not the Telescope, the Microscope, the Air\u2013pump, the Electrical Machine, the Sextant, the repeating Circle, the Theodolite, nor any other of the Instruments which you will see used to explain the Lectures and experiments escape your most inquisitive Scrutiny\u2014Study them all, as if you were preparing to deliver Lectures, with them yourself\u2014Mr Farrar takes so much pleasure in teaching that he will readily give you every information that you may desire; and remember that now or never is your time especially for acquiring that particular knowledge. I hope that the habit of Study has become so familiar to you that it is more of a pleasure than a burthen\u2014If so, it will soon become a necessary of Life. Then the best relaxation from one study will consist in the transition to another\u2014I have found it so with little exception for more than forty years.Those with Language will with this disposition become an invaluable recreation after a difficult lesson of Homer and Tacitus and an antidote will relieve you from the angry humours of Achilles\u2014Theseus and Th will you at the same time to the practice of composition\u2014Writing Letters to your friends will have the same effect, for you should never write a Letter without an object; and an effort to make your communication either intructive or amusing; and if possible both.I am your affectionate father\n\t\t\t\t\tJohn Quincy Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-01-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4031", "content": "Title: Inscription on the tomb of Henry Adams, March 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: \nIn memory of Henry Adams who took his flight from the dragon persecution in Devonshire in England and alighted with eight sons near Mount Wollaston. One of the sons returned to England & after taking time to explore the Country four removed to Medfield & the neighboring towns\u2014two to Chelmsford a. One only Joseph, who lies here at his left hand remained here, who was an original proprietor in the town township of Braintree incorporated in the year 1639. This stone and several others have been placed in this yard by a great great son grandson from a veneration of the piety humility simplicity\u2014prudence patience temperance frugality industry and perseverance of his ancestors in hopes of recommending on their an imitation of their virtues to their posterity.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-18-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4033", "content": "Title: From Thomas Boylston Adams to Francis Henderson, 18 April 1822\nFrom: Adams, Thomas Boylston\nTo: Henderson, Francis\n\t\t\t\t\tQuincy April 18th: 1822 \n\t\t\t\tI have the honour, at the request of my Father, to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 6th Instant, and to furnish you with a copy of his letter to you in answer to your\u2019s of the 3d. of January last, the original of which has failed to reach you. He desires me to add, that the papers and documents which accompanied that letter have been filed, and laid away by one of his family who is now absent, but that they shall be returned to you so soon as he can lay his hand upon them.I have the honour to be &Ca:", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-23-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4034", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Ward Nicholas Boylston, 23 April 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Boylston, Ward Nicholas\ndear Cousin Boylston\nMontezillo April 23d 1822\nNot a word at present about your delicious Cider and flounders.\nMiss Farnam a Grand Daughter of my Ancient acquaintance of Sixty years standing and brother barrister at Law with whom I have rode many a painful Circuit Mr Farnham of Newbury port, is a bout to remove to Princetown, in the Character of a school mistress, and is to reside in the family of Mr Clark your Revnd Pastor, her Aunt Mrs Hay who is a Daughter of my Old friend, and was an intimate friend of my dear Wife, in Paris, in London, and in Boston requests me to mention this young Lady to you, and to Mrs Boylston, that you may know such a person is in your neighbourhood, any little kindnesses, or attentions, that you and Mrs Boylston will condescend to bestow upon her, will be greatefully remembered, and will confer a particular obligation on your Cousin\nFor mercy sake let me give you, a Glass of your own\u2014For mercy sake, let me have an opportunity, of giving you a Glass of your own Cider, and your own wine at Quincy, before you go to Princetown, and if I could get Cask, and Venison, and Nectar and Ambrosia, I would give them all to you with great pleasure, and gratitude\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-23-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4035", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Quincy Adams, 23 April 1822\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir.\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 23d. April 1822.\n\t\t\t\tI send you the enclosed pamphlet, at the request of Mr John Williams, a native of North Carolina, now a member of the Senate of the United States from the State of Tennessee\u2014I am ever faithfully and affectionately, your Son\n\t\t\t\t\tJohn Quincy Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-25-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4036", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Adams, 25 April 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear John\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 25 April 1822\n\t\t\t\tI will not apologize for not writing as I hate excuses none especially when they are bad or indifferent I hope your character is not changed for the worse and that whatever change may have taken place in you that your principles are still sound and fixed not withstanding I am aware that the theological controversies that are so fashionable in your part of the world are more calculated to confuse and puzzle the understandings of young people than to inspire them with either respect for or faith in things divine\u2014The best plan for you is to avoid as much as the nature of studies will entering at all upon these subjects until experience and a greater degree of maturity have enlarged your capacity for judging and I trust detecting the falacy of many of their doctrines\u2014The New Testament properly studied will always afford you the best rules for conduct through life and no matter what questions are begun started by the vain glory and vanity of mortal man Jesus Christ will always be a model to which you for perfection and imitation\u2014I have not seen the pieces you mention and I agree with you that Giuseppino is a very poor thing Eighteen hundred and twenty I have not read altho\u2019 it has long been in the house\u2014Your Uncle is on his way to pay me a visit but in so dreadful a state of health we are under great apprehensions for him. My visit to the North this Summer will greatly depend on him but will most likely not take place\u2014Your father will visit you at all events and see your dashing Uniform\u2014Give my love to Charles and believe me most affectionately your Mother\n\t\t\t\t\tL. C. Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-06-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4038", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to John Adams, 6 May 1822\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dear Son.\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 6. May 1822\n\t\t\t\tI have received your two Letters of 5 and 22. April\u2014with much pleasure; and it would have been with more, had not the hopes which I had formed from your success at the last term, been somewhat damped by certain accounts which have reached me, of a less favourable character\u2014It has given me great pain to learn that you have in the course of the present term exposed yourself to the censure of the Government, and received a public admonition\u2014And as dissipation and extravagance are always twin companions, I am also informed that you call upon your uncle for expenditures beyond your allowance, and beyond what either he or I think suitable for you\u2014I must therefore at least postpone the permission which you request of going to Norwich during the ensuing vacation\u2014The accounts I had heard both of and from you at the close of your last term were so flattering, and had raised my expectations so high, that I could not be disappointed without feeling it severely. Accordingly I learn from some of your own admissions in your correspondence here, that you are not rising in your Class, with any thing like the rapidity that you did at the close of the last year\u2014You remember that after I was informed of the making up of the lists in your Class of last winter, I required as a condition that at the next Summer lists you should stand not lower than N. 12. and I pointed out an easy way of accomplishing it\u2014You have preferred Slowing and receiving admonition and wasting time\u2014I hope you will yet stand higher than last Winter\u2014But I am yet not willing to renounce the delightful expectation of seeing you graduated among the very foremost Scholars of your Class\u2014I shall see you graduated in no other way\u2014For I have made up my mind not to be present at your Commencement, if at the settling of the lists last before that time, your name shall stand lower than N. 5. in your Class. I think it proper to give you this notice now, that you may be suitably impressed with what I do expect and demand of you\u2014It is unceasing, unintermitted application to your studies, and unexceptionable moral conduct\u2014I tell you plainly that I shall not be satisfied to find your name lower than N. 12. at the next lists, and that from what I have heard I have now little hope of finding it less than 16. Your success in the first term of your junior year, and the joy which it gave to the heart of your father, instead of stimulating you to increased exertions, has slackened your industry, and partially surrendered you up again to indolence and self-indulgence\u2014The consequence is, that although you have not lost, but have rather gained ground in your standing, you have been far from rising upon a steady wing\u2014That was what I required and expected of you\u2014That was completely in your own power, and is yet so in a great degree\u2014Your part at the exhibition, I understand was well performed. Your speaking is still distinguished for propriety, but yet requires more energy of intonation, and more emphatic action\u2014I hope you intend to speak again for the Bolyston prize this year, and that you will prepare and discipline yourself to succeed in obtaining it\u2014You may profitably employ a part of your approaching vacation to that purpose instead of acquiring the geographical knowledge of a visit to Norwich.By the Letters received here from your brother Charles it appears that he has not been successful in the Resolution he had formed of applying himself to study\u2014He represents himself as having neither Resolution enough to overcome his habits of idleness, nor fortitude enough to bear contentedly the low Station in which they necessarily place him. He wishes therefore to leave College\u2014A wish which I would readily gratify, if I could place him elsewhere in a situation where he might be preparing for a life of usefulness hereafter; and where idleness would not be at his option\u2014There is none of that description which occurs to me at present unless it be a midshipman\u2019s place in the Navy\u2014I must try him for another year in College; but as I apprehend one of the principal causes of his idleness is his living by himself and out of College, I must require that you and he should room together the next year, and I must desire you to aid him by your advice as well as your example to more assiduity in attention to his duties\u2014His Classmate Aylwin I learn has been disgracefully dismissed for dissipation and mis-conduct\u2014I still hope that this will not happen to him. I will write to him after the vacation, when I know precisely what his standing is\u2014In the meantime, I wish you to cheer, and encourage him, and persuade him by kind and gentle means to devote more time to his studies. Tell him if he will but employ his time upon his duties, I will be satisfied with him be his standing what it may.I feel too much to say more, and remain / your affectionate father\n\t\t\t\t\tJohn Quincy Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-06-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4039", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to Charles Francis Adams, 6 May 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, Charles Francis\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dear Charles\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 6 May 1822\n\t\t\t\tWhy will you give way to despondence? the time you have been at College has been too short in any way to decide upon your Scholarship and you should not dwell too much upon your standing as long as you exert yourself to improve it\u2014I am told that it is not customary to let young men know any thing about it for fear of exciting jealousy therefore you cannot ascertain what is perfectly immaterial at present I must beg therefore you will cease your repining and cheer up your spirits or I shall be apt to the think you are less of a man than you have hitherto affected to be and that you are boyish enough to be home sick\u2014remember that neither your father or myself expect wonders from a boy of your age and that we shall always be satisfied if you really exert yourself to the utmost of your ability\u2014By degrees you will be able to bend your mind however stubborn to the studies which at present appear to be so insupportable and a little patience and real perseverance will soon make it even pleasing to you\u2014remember my beloved Child that want of firmness at this period of your life may lay the foundation of future misery and degradation and do not carelessly throw away opportunities which can never be renewed\u2014Your capacity is naturally good though I always observed you learnt with some degree of labour but that is no actual drawback to your future success if you are determined to conquer the difficulty\u2014You have my Child prided yourself upon possessing firmness of character now is the time to prove it and not suffer your mind to sink under the first disappointments that assail you\u2014Do you keep up no intercourse with your brother? and what was Aylwin sent away for? write me again soon and tell me how much you study in a day?yours affectionately", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-12-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4041", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Adams, 12 May 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear John\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 12 May 1822\n\t\t\t\tI have been much gratified at hearing of your success at the Exhibition which news has reached us in a variety of ways\u2014It has however been suggested that your success would have been still more complete if you had spoken a little louder but this is a defect which I hope you will outgrow as your voice strengthens and by acquiring a habit of speaking in publick\u2014I wish you would tell Mr Boylston should you have an opportunity to see him that I fear it will not be in my power to visit him this Summer as your Uncles health is so bad that I shall not like to leave him and my own is such as to prevent all prospect of comfort or enjoyment.It is a great disappointment to me I confess and I fear it will be so to you but so many things occur to ruin our pleasure or happiness on these occasions you will give it up with less reluctance\u2014Since the departure of Congress We have been as usual very dull and there is nothing stirring whatever either to interest or to please\u2014Not that I regret their absence as heaven knows few can do their only business appearing to be to make themselves odious by their unjustifiable acts and the utter disgrace which as a body they bring upon themselves if not upon the Nation\u2014Our future residence in this place is likely to be too unpleasant and I very much doubt if it can be long at which I certainly shall not grieve or at least very partially\u2014Could I be sure all my family would retire from Publick life with as little regret as myself our happiness would not be materially injured and could I divert myself of the dread that disappointed ambition would sour the temper and embitter the days to come I could quit our present station without a sigh\u2014You can understand this and enter into my feelings\u2014I am very anxious concerning Charles as he appears to be determined on leaving College and with all the troubles your Father at has to suffer this blow would severely affect him\u2014Tell him not to be rash and perhaps we may be enabled to adopt some plan which may meet his wishes without producing the effects which I so much dread and which he will for ever bewail\u2014You have it in your power to do much for him my beloved boy and on you I rest my hopes I know you must make some sacrifices of your own particular views and perhaps pleasure but what are these compared with the welfare of your brother Much has been expected of you much is still required of you which I know will be performed to the utmost and it is this confidence that rewards all my cares and all the warm affection of your devoted Mother\n\t\t\t\t\tL. C. Adams.\n\t\t\t\t\tDo not suffer yourself to be hurt or mortified by any thing however unjust put persevere and conquer\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-12-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4042", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Ward Nicholas Boylston, 12 May 1822\nFrom: Boylston, Ward Nicholas\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear Cousin\n\t\t\t\t\tSunday Evg 12th May 1822 (Princeton)\n\t\t\t\tNothing but an absolute impossibility prevented my seeing you at Quincy before I we came to this place\u2014I was obliged to Employ every moment for a fortnight before I set out in settleing some very important pecuniary demands, wch. the death of any one of the parties (of which there were 6 in number), would have defer\u2019d a close untill after my Death\u2014I had agencys & attornies to attend to, in preparing Documents & Instructions\u2014and some were left to be closed after I came here\u2014and not untill last Evening that I could say I was freed of Lawyers, attornies &c\u2014In the meantime I have been obliged to build a Barn of 38 by 45 for one of my Tenants, wch. I raised the 3d Instant and at sunset last Evening was coverd & shingled ready to receive his cattle & Hay\u2014my farming concerns also press by the advance of the season\u2014those work\u2019s I shall finish or put in such a state of being pursued, as to leave me so much time as to permit me to make you a visit the last of this month, or 1st of next\u2014In the meantime I hope my friend & neighbour Mrs Curtis has been able to fullfill my request, by sending you some further supplies of Fish of the kinds you so much esteem\u2014it is always the highest gratification both to Mrs B & myself when we can do, or present you with any thing that may prove acceptable\u2014Miss Farnham has arrived, & commenced her School\u2014Mrs B & myself waited upon & took her round the Town, by way of seeing a little of the Country about us\u2014and as her engagements are so constant, it will not allow us to have so much of her Company as we wish.\u2014She dined wth us to day the only vacation day she has in the week\u2014we think her a very amiable young Lady and deserveing of a much greater reward for her talents & time than we fear she derives from the establishment that has been recommended by Mr. Clarke\u2014every thing that either Mrs B or my own exertions can do; will be devoted to make her sejour here advantageous & agreable.My eyes have been so heavily taxed for the last month, that I can now hardly discern after writing a few minutes, what I have written\u2014it was my Intention before I took up pen to have given you Extracts of a Long Letter I recd by last mail from my old Friend Dr Nicholls\u2014I must beg your indulgence to the next mail\u2014I dont recollect if I ever told you he is very much with the Duke of Sussex\u2014from him I suppose he rec\u2019d the Information, that so far from George the 4th intending to marry\u2014his Physicians have given their opinion, that his present complaints are Dropsical, and his successor the Duke of York is so Lethargic as scarcely to be kept awake\u2014and strong apprehensions that his Life is of but short duration\u2014I see by the Public news papers that the peace of Europe is likely to be broken by a Sanguinary warfare between Christians & Infidels\u2014if it confined to that part of Europe (as I feel no very strong attachment to Musselmen,) I shall not be sorry to see them driven across the Bosphorus\u2014but how a little matter a great Fire kindleth\u2014we have often seen\u2014\u201cbut give peace our time o\u2019 Lord we beseech thee\u201d is my prayer\u2014& I know is always sincerely yours\u2014Mrs Boylston desires her affectionate respects to you & regards to be united to mine to the Ladies of your Family\u2014also to Judge AdamsI leave this open to add, if I can before the Post passes thro\u2019 the town\u2014Mr Packard who preached here for Mr Clarke & dined with us & requests me to make his respectfull Compliments to you\u2014With respect to the Season here, we are much more forward than last year, & at present every thing looks promising\u2014a little rain however is desireable\u2014My Farm House is finishing as fast as the Labours of 4 Carpenters & 2 Bricklayers can expedite\u2014It wou\u2019d afford me sincere comfort to hear from you with the confirmation of my hopes that you continue as well as when last I had the happiness of seeing you\u2014Accept the fervent affections / of your affectionate Cousin\n\t\t\t\t\tWard Nichs Boylston", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-14-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4043", "content": "Title: From John Adams to George Washington Adams, 14 May 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, George Washington\n\t\t\t\t\tmy dear George\n\t\t\t\t\tMontezillo May 14th 1822\n\t\t\t\tI will not trouble you, to read a history of my pains and aches, as an apology for neglecting to acknowledge your letters which I have regularly received as far as No 28. I am now better and thank you for your punctual attention. I preserve all your letters in a bundle\u2014h\u00e6c olim meminisse juvabit\u2014your observations upon Congress, and its Members, are as they ought to be, candid cautious and prudent, it is an old observation that when there are many passengers in a ship, on a long voyage before they reach their Port they loose their tempers, grow impatient and fretfull, and quarrelsome so as to find it difficult to keep the peace it is very much so in long Sessions, of Legislative assemblies, I have seen it very often, and felt it sometimes, I have sett the year round in the old Congress till the strength of my body has been exhausted and the tone of my mind almost distroyed, to such a degree that I have been obliged to fly home to preserve my reason and my Life\u2014The Gentleman who said he was heartsick of Legislation, expressed no more than hundreds have felt before him. There is not more anger, or impatience in Congress now, than there was almost half a Century ago\u2014We are waiting with some anxiety to see the ominous letter of Mr Russell, surely it must be a prodigy if we are to judge by the solemn press that is made about it before it comes out, but I regard it no more than the ignis fatu\u2019us that I have some times seen in a bag I am glad you like Puffindorf I hope you have Barbeyrac\u2019s edition, with his Commentarys and Notes, and his History of Moral Philosiphy. Barbeyrac, is worth more than Puffindorf If I remember and judge right,I rejoice in your Mothers health, and am anxious to know, whether we may have as we ardently wish, to see you all here this summer, I am confident your Father will never have any purgatory to suffer in a future state for his whole life has been a series of fatigues, dangers, sufferings, and purifications, but the integer, vit\u00e6 scellerisque purus, they bid defiance to earth and Hell, your Brother John has acquired a sprig of Laurel\u2014 Judge Davis, and several other Gentlemen of sound judgement, have expressed to me very handsome approbations of his performance, I wished to have been an Auditor but invincible infirmities forbid me that pleasure. Mr Shaw has been ill, but is so much better\u2014as to pass last sunday with us\u2014your affectionate Grand Father\n\t\t\t\t\tJohn Adams\n\t\t\t\t\tP.S. we have read through two volumes of Browns lectures I recomend these scotch metaphysical Philosophers to your attention, and diligent perusal, there is nothing like Mathematicks and metaphysicks to form, and confirm, habits of attention, and give acuteness, and sagacity, to the mind\u2014\n\t\t\t\tJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-14-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4044", "content": "Title: From John Adams Smith to Jeremy Bentham, 14 May 1822\nFrom: Smith, John Adams\nTo: Bentham, Jeremy\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dear Sir.\n\t\t\t\t\tTeusday 14 May 1822\n\t\t\t\tI will be with you, at the potatoes & water, on Thursday at the Hermitage table\u2014Yours very sincerely\n\t\t\t\t\tJ. A Smith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-15-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4045", "content": "Title: From John Adams to George Washington Adams, 15 May 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, George Washington\nmy dear Grandson\nMontezillo May 15th. 1822\nI will not trouble you to read a history of my pains and aches, as an apology for neglecting to acknowledge your letters, which I have regularly received\u2014I am now better and thank you for your punctual attention. I preserve all your letters in a bundle\u2014hec olin meminisse juvabit\u2014Your observations upon Congress, and its members, are as they ought to be, candid cautious and prudent; It is an old observation that when there are many passengers in a ship on a long voyage, before they reach their Port, they loose their tempers, grow impatient fretfull, and quarrelsome, so as to find it difficult to keep the peace. It is very much so in long sessions of Legislative Assemblies, I have seen it very often and felt it sometimes; I have set the year round in the old Congress, till the strength of my body has been exhausted, and the tone of my mind almost destroyed to such a degree, that I have been obliged to fly home to preserve my reason, and my Life. The Gentleman who said he was heart sick of Legislation, expressed no more than hundreds have felt before him\u2014There is not more anger, or impatience in Congress now than there was almost half a Century ago.\u2014We are waiting with some anxiety to see the ominous letter of Mr Russell, surely it must be a prodigy if we are to judge by the Solemn Press that is made about it before it comes out; but I regard it no more than the ignis fatuus that I have sometimes seen in a bog.\u2014\nI am glad you like Puffendorf I hope you have Barbeyrac\u2019s Edition, with his Commentarys and Notes, and his History of Moral Philosophy; Barbeyrac, is worth more than Puffendorf, If I remember, and judge right\u2014\nI rejoice in your Mothers health and am anxious to know, whether we may hope, as we ardently wish, to see you all here this Summer\u2014I am confident your Father will never have any purgatory to suffer in a future State, for his whole Life has been a series of fatigues, dangers, sufferings, and purifications, but the, integer, vit\u00e6 scellirisque purus, They bid defiance to Earth and Hell.\nYour Brother John has acquired a sprig of Laurel; Judge Davis, and several other Gentlemen of sound judgement have expressed to me very handsome approbations of his performance, I wished to have been an Auditor, but invincible infirmities forbid me that pleasure\u2014\nMr Shaw has been ill, but is so much better, as to pass last Sunday with us\u2014We have read through two volumes of Browns Lectures, I recommend these Scotch Metaphysical Philosophers to your attentive, and diligent perusal; there is nothing like Mathematicks, and Metaphysicks, to form and confirm habits of attention, and give acuteness, and sagacity to the mind.\nYour affectionate Grand Father\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-18-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4046", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to Charles Francis Adams, 18 May 1822\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Charles Francis\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dear Son\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 18. May, 1822\n\t\t\t\tI have learnt from some of the Letters which you have lately written to your Mother and your Brother, that you express yourself dissatisfied with your situation at the University, and that you have repeatedly intimated the desire of leaving it\u2014My motive in placing you there, was to furnish you with the means of passing through life in the exercise of a liberal profession\u2014By debarring yourself of this privilege, you will greatly disappoint me, and I fear irreparably injure yourself.But in one of your late Letters, if I understand it, you either acknowledge that you have addicted yourself to depraved habits, or you intimate the apprehension, that you are so much exposed to the temptation of them, that you cannot answer for your own Resolution to preserve yourself from them hereafter\u2014You therefore urge strongly the desire of leaving Cambridge and the University, never to return.The very thought of your giving yourself up to dissipation and licentiousness so deeply distresses me, that if with the desire of quitting College, you had intimated, what you proposed to do, with yourself, where you had thought of going, and how you meant to prepare yourself elsewhere for the duties of life, I should perhaps, whatever pang it had cost me, have acquiesced in your desire, and consented to see you turn your back upon the Hall of Wisdom, and the Porches of Science and Virtue, and devote your future days to labours requiring less of intellectual cultivation. You will understand therefore that I do not absolutely reject your proposal to leave College; but that I can consent to it only upon Condition that you shall determine upon some other course of life, to which you shall immediately resort, as a substitute for the Education which you must lose.There have occurred to me several expedients to which you might resort, if your repugnancy to the collegiate life should prove insuperable; but there are two objections common to them all, and which I fear cannot be removed\u2014The first that they would all require as much application and toil, and indeed more than are required of you at Cambridge, and which you say you have not the resolution and perseverance to endure\u2014And the second, that they would all receive you exposed to temptations as great or greater than those which you profess to fear your inability to resist.I do not mention them to you now, because I hope upon further reflection you will reconcile yourself to remaining at the University, and that you will rouse in your own breast, and in the cause of virtue enough of that obstinacy which your tutor justly tells you belongs to your character, and which if rightly directed, will relieve you from all your perplexities and mortifications\u2014You say your standing this half\u2013year will be between 25 and 35. If it is not below that I shall be fully satisfied with your proficiency, and will yet hope for the best\u2014I will require absolutely of you nothing but good moral conductBut I wish you upon your return to Cambridge even for the next term to Room with your brother and shall write to him accordingly. This injunction is positive; for I am convinced that a great portion of the irksomeness of your situation arises from your residing at a distance from the Colleges and alone. Room with your brother, and let his example and advice stimulate you to the faithful performance of your duties.Finish at least at the University your freshman year; and if at the expiration of that, you still shrink with disgust from those studies with which all the most useful labours and all the liberal pleasures of human life, are linked, you will in the meantime have the time to form and propose to me some plan of occupation to take its place\u2014For myself I have no other wish concerning you than for your happiness\u2014You and your brothers are inexpressibly dear to me; and among the most fervent of my prayers to heaven, is that of your welfare. I have indulged myself in hopes that you would all according to the measure of your faculties, if not give lustre, at least not discredit your name and parentage\u2014That you would in youth and in manhood be distinguished, if not for talents and acquisitions, at least for goodness of temper, and purity of morals\u2014Hic Murus Aheneus esto Nil conscire sibi, nulla pallescere culp\u00e2.Let me not be disappointed in this\u2014preserve your morals pure, and let your scholarship be as it pleases Heaven\u2014If I must give up all expectation of success or distinction for you in this life, preserve me from the harrowing thought of your perdition in the next. I am your affectionate father\u2014 \n\t\t\t\t\tJohn Quincy Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-18-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4047", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Ward Nicholas Boylston, 18 May 1822\nFrom: Boylston, Ward Nicholas\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear Cousin\n\t\t\t\t\tPrinceton May 18 1822\n\t\t\t\tThe promised extract of my old Friend Dr: Nicholls Letter, as given you in my Last Letter which went by Mail\u2014is now Inclosed; it may serve to give you some information respecting the state of things in England, wch are not, likely to come in view thro\u2019 the medim of the public papers\u2014and some points wch. could be known among the parties Interested at those periods in events that were passing\u2014I am persuaded that every thing wch. as Dr Ns. has imparted in any of his Letters may be relied on, as historical facts\u2014and so far claim any attention you think important\u2014I propose to send another copy to Mr Secretary Adams as soon as my eyes will permit me to use my pen with less pain than I do at present;The late Rains I hope has blessed your feilds as much as it has mine\u2014every thing around me looks, blooming & flourishing as relates to the season\u2014Mrs Bolyston desires her affectionate Respects to you, & best remembrances to Judge & Mrs: Adams Miss Smith &c\u2014I hope to hear from you before I see you\u2014wch I promise my that happiness ab\u2019 the 1st of next month\u2014In the Interim & ever consider me truely / your affectionate Cousin\n\t\t\t\t\tWard Nichs Bolyston\n\t\t\t Enclosure\n Extract of a Letter from EnglandMy Dear friendI am to acknowledge the receipt of two Letters from you of the dates of Decr. 20. 1821 & Feby. 4. 1822 I am much flattered with Mr. Secretary Adams\u2019s approbation of my book I trust that you will protect me both with Mr Secretary Adams and with every body else, from the imputation of being a friend to Negro Slavery, my Sentiments are quite the reverse. I abhor Negro Slavery, and I have formed this opinion more from the persuasion that it is injurious to the morals of the Masters, than from the Idea that it is oppressive to the Slaves themselves. I had entertained sanguine hopes of ameliorating the Condition of the Slaves, both in their passage to the Islands and when arrived there. but this plan was abandoned for the adoption of Mr. Wilberforce\u2019s plan of Abolition. My Opinion is, that the plan of Abolition can never be carried into effect it has already cost this Country very large sums of money; and has exposed the Negroes carried from Africa to much greater hardships than they ever before suffered. Your letter of Decr. has disclosed to me a circumstance which was before unknown to me. vizt. That in consequence of the arrangements in your Country, Negro Slavery occasions a great increase of political Strength in the inhabitants of the Southern and Western Goverments.\u2014Were I an American, I should certainly wish this to be altered, and I think it will be more easy for you, to prevent the importation of negroes into the United States, than it will be for Great Britain and the United States together, to effect the total abolition of the Trade. For I think your Goverment is the only Foreign state which is sincere in desiring the abolition. When Spain and Portugal are completely seperated from their American Colonies the Continuance or abolition of the Slave trade will be of very little importance to them. The Spanish, the Portuguese and perhaps I may add the French Colonies of Cayenne &c never can sincerely wish the Abolition of the Slave trade\u2014I say this, always recollecting that the Spanish and Portuguese settlements are not yet formed: but I think that they must ultimately be completely seperated from the Mother Countries. Royalty as known in Europe, has hitherto rested on a Feudal Basis, but Feudalism will probably be very soon extinguished every where, it is completely abolished in your States. I know that there will be attempts to reestablish it in France, but I think that those attempts will fail. It will probably be abolished in Spain and Portugal, if Royalty continues to exist, it must rest on some other Basis. I can see no other than a Military Basis, such a power did start up in the person of Napoleon, if it again arises in France, it will not be vested in the Person of a Bourbon. with us, every prospect is afflicting. A Dropsical Complaint is suspected to be already begun in the King, the Duke of York is in a bad state of health. He is Lethargic, it is with great difficulty that they can help him awake\u2014but if he lives, what are we to expect? He is very weak, obstinate, and arbitrary. His father educated him in Germany, as the younger Son of a German Prince and he views the English Constition only as the object of his aversion, and if the Duke of york should die. We should then have the Duke of Clarence a more worthless character could hardly be found in any part of Europe, and it the Duke of Clarence died, We should then have a Child not 3 years old; and the Goverment to be scrambled for by ambitious Oligarchs. George 3d. by his two unnecessary wars, (I mean the American War, and the Crusade against French principles,) Mr. Edmund Burke by driving the nobles to assist the King in the Crusade, Mr Pitt and I regret to say Charles Fox have together brought us into our present situation. For though Charles Fox had the good sense, and the Integrity to disapprove of the Crusade, yet his affection for Earl Fitzwilliam prevented him from takeing effective measures to destroy that administration of which he formed a part\u2014I always continued familiar intercourse with Charles Fox, down to the summer 1802, when I went abroad; I never saw him afterwards. When I returned on the last day of August 1806 he was dying. During the last Parliament in which I sat. viz, from the autumn 1796, to the summer 1802, he never supported me in the house of Commons, though I was often most unparliamentary attacked, the reason was, he knew that I was odious to those Great Families who had joined the King in the Crusade. I often urged him to vigorous measures. I recollect on one occasion, I said to him, come forward, use the same exertion to terminate this Crusade, that you employed to terminate the American War. And from that hour I will be wholly yours. You shall controul me from ever intimating that Earl Fitswilliam deserves punishment. I recollect his answer \u201che observes a d\u2014\u2014 deal of punishment\u201d but my friend Charles Fox could never be bought to act against the wishes of Earl Fitswilliam. He never cared one farthing for the Duke of Portland, whom he knew to be a shabby interested man, his regard for Earl Spencer was greater Though not equal to that which he had for Earl Fitswilliam. But what will you say of Charles Fox as a statesman when he suffered the Bank Restriction Bill of 1797, to pass the house of Commons, almost with out opposition. I recollect that when I urged Charles Fox and Mr Grey that the measure should be opposed in every stage, and that we should endeavour to awaken the Country by dividing the House on every occasion on which the rules of the House would allow of a Division. The Answer I received from Mr. Grey was opposition to this measure will be very unpopular in the City I say this wth. regret of Charles Fox\u2014The New edition of my book will not be out till the Month of April, the additions will be still more offensive to the Foxite Party they will be equally unacceptable to the Pittites the name by which those who bylive the plunder of the state", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-21-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4048", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Adams, 21 May 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear Dear John\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 21 May 1822\n\t\t\t\tread my Letter attentively and then tell me if you perceive any thing like harshness abou? in it. Deep anxiety on account of your brother whose representation of his terror as to his prospects had very much affected me and a fear that you might think yourselves harshly treated made me express myself perhaps in stronger terms terms than I was aware of but could you have read my heart while I wrote it you would have felt that every throb dictated the purest love and the tenderest sympathy for your difficulties and distresses which though they may proceed from a too quick or acute sensibility are the emanations of a good heart and a noble spirit\u2014I am very sorry to perceive that you suffer your imagination to dwell on words used by your father at a moment of deep mortification and which meant nothing more than a too great solicitude for your advancement and future prosperity\u2014Be assured my dearly beloved boy that there is nothing which is so really injurious to our tempers our happiness or even our peace of mind as the indulgence of a vindictive spirit\u2014Remember that we are all faulty beings and each of us much meet with a proportion of what appears to us to be evil and rest assured that from this apparent evil we often reap the best results\u2014Never for a moment doubt the undivided affection of your father and be not so unjust as for one moment to believe that your parents can either of them be actuated by an ill judged partiality in any case more especially in those of such moment as the present in which the future welfare of yourself and your brothers depend\u2014Your father has adopted the opinion that severity is necessary to promote the education of his Son\u2019s and suddenly from some unaccountable but concealed influence which must emanate from the College itself has changed altogether the plans which he pursued for years of general confidence and indugle indulgence\u2014On this new principle he now acts believing that had he sooner adopted it sooner George would sooner have quitted College in a manner more gratifying to his affection and his pride. It is on this general principle that he founds his plan\u2014Your Uncle has arrived and is dangerously ill\u2014He is very anxious to see you but I fear will not be able to perform the journey I shall therefore not visit Boston this unless he should rappidly recover\u2014It is now fifteen years since I have seen this dearly beloved only brother and to meet him in such a state in a situation so melancholy is painful beyond expression and I cannot bear to have him out of my sight\u2014God will I trust raise him from this dreadful state of suffering which has reduced him to a state of debility beyond your power to conceive of and which I ardently hope and pray you may never know\u2014And now my dear John let me entreat you carefully to peruse my Letters and as carefully to examine and weigh their contents ere you believe that I am willingly harsh. from Charles Letters I was apprehensive that something had taken place unfavorable to his character in College and that you, rather than pain me kept it concealed: under this impression I wrote but God knows my heart was full of the warmest and most tenderly affectionate feelings towards you both.\n\t\t\t\t\tL. C. Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-25-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4049", "content": "Title: From George Washington Adams to Thomas Boylston Adams, 25 May 1822\nFrom: Adams, George Washington\nTo: Adams, Thomas Boylston\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dear Uncle.\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 25th May 1822\u2014\n\t\t\t\tI am enabled to reply to your last favour somewhat earlier than to the two which preceded it and hope that as my large file of unanswered letters is at last wholly disposed of I shall have it in my power to keep pace with my correspondents in future. There are moments in the life of every man when it is exceedingly difficult to bend the attention to business and those who allot special hours to particular employments find it sometimes hardly possible to preserve the rule. This is especially the case with regard to letters. When the body is debilitated by oppressive heat and the mind depressed by the lassitude of the body it is vain to attempt to afford pleasure or satisfaction to correspondents and if rigorous resolution accomplishes the taste of composition it is usually marked by the traces of evident labour and effort. A letter, to please, should be written when the spirits are equable and the mind vigorous and animated; when the succession of thought is rapid, continued, and interesting; when the desire of communing with the persons addressed is strong and sincere and the predominant feeling kind and agreeable. Perhaps it may be said with truth that this is not often the case; that men are very seldom in the enjoyment of perfect health and spirits and that when they are, other occupations of a more active nature demand and absorb their attention; even allowing this my position will be generally true. It is impossible as it appears to me to establish any universal rules for writing letters and it is therefore the circumstances in which the writer is placed at the time of writing which give a character to the letter. With this belief it is hardly extraordinary that letters should sometimes remain long on my unanswered file for a dull correspondent being worse than none, I am unwilling to write letters when I feel myself wholly unadapted to the taste. You may think that the case now from the general and abstract character of this You say in your last that Thomas is satisfied with his situation at Norwich which I am very glad to hear. In my No 5. I expressed my opinion upon this subject and spoke of the effect of first impressions. If they have been favourable with Thomas it is probable he will be happy at this school during the whole period of his residence there. It is very advantageous to a young man to be thoroughly acquainted with the modern languages and many elegant pleasures as well as useful benefits are conferred by this knowledge. The French has been and is now, a sort of \u201cpasse partout\u201d by which a man is enabled to hold converse with his fellow men in distinct and different regions. The Italian is a language of great beauty and its literature very extensive and celebrated. It is not difficult to acquire the Italian but there is no small difficulty in comprehending the great and eminent authors who have written it. Dant\u00e9, Ariosto, Tasso. The first is said to be beyond the comprehension of any man not a native Italian. It is to others what Shakespear is to the French. The Spanish is a beautiful and powerful language. It is very little known in this country and was still less so a few years since, but the taste for it and Just ideas of its evidences of excellence having been more widely diffused of late render it probable that it will hereafter be understood and appreciated. It will be a valuable accomplishments should our relations with South America be as is prophecied by some, important and intimate. Indeed the knowledge of modern languages is in every case an accomplishment. The letter from Thomas which you had proposed to enclose did not accompany your last. I regret this as it would have given me great pleasure to have received it. I spoke so fully of the Deaf and Dumb in mine marked (29) to my Grandfather that Nothing is left to say. The Story of the Eagle and the Cat as related by my Grandfather on the occasion which you describe has been published recently in the Democratic Press and copied into several papers.Believe me faithfully your nephew\n\t\t\t\t\tGeorge Washington Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-25-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4050", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to John Adams, 25 May 1822\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dear Son.\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 25. May 1822.\n\t\t\t\tI have received your Letter of the 16th. instt. and have given deliberate attention to its contents\u2014I listen with pleasure to all the circumstances that you allege in indication of yourself; and shall doubly rejoice to learn at midsummer, that your expectations are confirmed, by the standing which you will then have attained\u2014If you should not be lower than 12. it will be apparent that my conclusions are hastily drawn, I shall owe you an apology, and you may confidently anticipate that it will be made\u2014But if you do not get within the pale of that number, my anticipation will have been realized, and fresh stock of extraordinary exertion will be necessary to bring you up to my mark within the following year.You have reminded me that there was a time, when I expected less from you, than from others\u2014But that was when you was in point of Scholarship, in the lowest half of your Class\u2014Tell me now that you have so throughly redeemed yourself from that situation, what can a rational man expect from a Son who stands at N. 45. in the lit of his Class\u2014He may hope, that by applying the stimulus of censure and approbation, he may reclaim his Son, and witness his swift and steady ascent; but that hope can hardly warrant an expectation, until there has been at least some beginning of realization to encourage it\u2014You will remember that at the time when I was most mortified, at what I considered your degradation, I told you that it was an inexpressible consolation to me to be informed that your moral deportment was unexceptionable, and I must remind you that in your enumeration of the charges which you think you have found in my last Letter, you have, erroneously included that of ingratitude. I have never charged you with that hideous vice, nor suspected you of it, and now, since you have proved in the space of one half year what you could do, my expectations of your future proficiency, run very high\u2014You have assigned several reasons why at your last term, your rise was not so rapid as it had been at the term before. I give them all their due weight, and only wish that the Studies which you are hereafter to pursue may be more agreeable to you. At all Events, you may be sure that nothing which can befall you, will be indifferent to me\u2014And as on the one hand I cannot be insensible, to an incident so strongly marked as a public admonition; so I shall receive with the most lively pleasure any new testimonial of your advancement in the estimation of your fellow students or of your instructors.But I am now more concerned for your brother Charles than for you. In some late Letters he has intimated repeatedly the wish to leave the University, from an apprehension, that the temptations to dissipation there are stronger than he has Resolution to resist. I am afraid that he has associated too much with Aylwin\u2014I am convinced it will be best for him to room henceforth while you remain at Cambridge, with you\u2014I have accordingly directed him to do so even for the next term, and wish you to make your arrangements accordingly. I place great reliance upon benefit to him both of your advice and your example\u2014Judge yourself from thence how much confidence I repose in you. I am, your affectionate father\n\t\t\t\t\tJohn Quincy Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-28-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4051", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Susanna Boylston Adams Clark Treadway, 28 May 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Treadway, Susanna Boylston Adams Clark\nMy dear Grandaughter\nMontizillo May 28. 1822.\nGive my thanks & a kiss to Miss Susan for reminding her mother to write to her Grandfather. Your lovely letter of May 21. reached me this morning. You are indeed a great traveller for your age and your letters will do more honor to your Country than the printed travels of Europeans, which come out in such numbers, wearing such sombre colours; Wherever you go every thing is smiling & pleasant. You find kind & assiduous friends in every place & you are sensible of & grateful for all their benevolence.\nUtica is indeed becoming a great mart, & a splended, populous & oppulent City. Your description of the scenery on the N river is very delicious. We have nothing here to communicate to you worth your knowing except that we are all in good health & especially excepting that your two cousins John & Charles are here for a short vacation. Fo Long enough indeed for them but too short for me. For their presence enlivens my hours very much for besides they carry me out to ride & write letters for me who cannot write this with my own hand as I ardently wish but rough\u2013rugged palsy forbids me. I shall scarcely be able to make put my mark at the close of it. Your accounts of your hopes for you mother & of your sister\u2019s looks & the childrens loveliness are is charming to me.\nThe prosperity of the State of New-York is the admiration of every body & I fear the envy of some. Not to me for I am an American & nothing American is foreign or indifferent to me.\nI rejoice that you have so lively & grateful a sense of the kindnesses you received in the District of Columbia, in Philadelphia in Utica & every where else. It is a proof of a good heart, & a good understanding.\nMiss Marstons Academy enjoys a good reputation and is in a state of flourishing, prosperity, & increase. Our young Ladies are taking lessons of a Miss Brenard in drawing at the same time that they are attending Miss Marston. The sunday school suffers something from your absence; but on your return in the fall, which we wish & expect with pleasure will revive your opportunities of doing good.\nTomorrow is our election & the weather is very fine but the drought is very severe; though as we ought to be thankful at all times for all things we ought to be thankful for that for it is undoubtedly for the Public good: though we are too apt to whimper a little too ungratefully & unphilosophically.\nI hope theological controversies do not rage in your neighbourhood; they are carried on here with some zeal but with great candour & moderation in general. Dr Ware & Dr Woods are now on the arena and they conduct like able & gentlemanly combatants.\nLouisa has been upon a visit to Boston\u2014returned last night in smart health & happiness.\nSuppose Miss Susan should write a letter to her Great Grandfather. Mrs. Dawes is here by water from Baltimore with a very fine Baby.\nI am / Your affectionate Grandfather\nJohn Adams\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-28-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4052", "content": "Title: From William Cranch to John Quincy Adams, 28 May 1822\nFrom: Cranch, William\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tDr Sir,\n\t\t\t\tI beg leave to introduce Mr. John D. Herbert, a respectable gentleman of this place, who I understand wishes to see you upon business.I am, Dr Sir, / most respectfully / your obedt. servt. \n\t\t\t\t\tW. Cranch\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-29-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4054", "content": "Title: From Ward Nicholas Boylston to John Quincy Adams, 29 May 1822\nFrom: Boylston, Ward Nicholas\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n As you are in some degree releived from the pressure of Public Business, by the termination of congressional calls upon your labours\u2014I avail myself of the leisure it may afford you in reading the Inclosed extract of a Letter recently rec\u2019d from my worthy Friend Dr: Nicholls.\u2014it may appear somewhat strange that he should refer to you in what he says about the slave trade.\u2014but a few words will explain the reason\u2014when I was favd: with your Letter of 24th Jany last, I read it to my beloved and venerable Friend your Father, and as I conceived it the highest compliment I could present to Dr N. on his Book, to wch. you refer & the best critism on both the Laws of Pitt & Fox\u2014I suggested to him my wish to make the extract from it\u2014and send him, provided I did not hazard your dissapprobation in doing\u2014he replied, \u201cby all means send it\u2014I will take all blame upon myself if the Secretary charges you with blame\u201d\u2014thus if indeed I have offended the Son\u2014I at least hope I have a Mediator with the Father\u2014Dr. Nicholls has been highly gratified & flatter\u2019d by it\u2014and the more so, as it could never been supposed at the time, he was ever to be made acquainted with your sentiments respecting his Book.\u2014the New Edition I suppose is now out of Press, and by the next Ship\u2014I shall receive one Copy for you\u2014whenever it comes I will immediately forward it\u2014With respect to your Father\u2019s Picture I shall sacredly preserve it, for the purposes I have already mention\u2019d\u2014yours I hope will not be denied me, as a Companion to it\u2014It was never my wish that it should subject you to any other trouble or expence, but that of setting for it\u2014and for that object I have appropriated Six Hundred Dollars\u2014and in case I should not live to see it accomplish\u2019d I leave that amount to be applied when most convent to yourself\u2014The Season is now approaching, when I may presume to hope both you & Mrs Adams will indulge us, with another visit to this place\u2014your Father\u2019s health was so much benefited by the excursion, that he has promised me to accompany you & make a longer stay,\u2014if\u2014as he says\u2014the Grave yard does not dissappoint him which may heaven avert\u2014I have but few Links left of the chain which fastens me to life\u2014and the loss of him will be breaking one of the strongest\u2014I mean to make him a visit next week, if only for a day\u2014his kindness and tokens of affections I sensibly feel and shall studiously cherish.\u2014When your mind is a little a leisure I wish you would bestow a thought or two, upon the improvement of the Institution for Prizes in Elocution\u2014any suggestions you can favor me with, I will transmit to the Corporation of Harvard College to be observed on the next exhibition\u2014I have been written to repeatedly by my neighbour Mr Thomas Amory, whom you may have formerly known both in England, as well as in Boston (his birth place)\u2014who has a Son a young man who has been engaged in several voyages to India & N West Coast\u2014which his Parents & Friends were in hopes would have been sufficient to have cured his passion for a nautical profession, but in this they have been dissappointed\u2014and he has been for sometime very anxious to enter as a Midshipman in the US service\u2014(about 18 month ago previous to his last voyage to India from whence he has just returned) he applied by Letter to the Secretary of the Navy, inclosing Letters recommendatory from his uncle, Commodore Morris, & H G Otis Esqr for a midshipmans warrant\u2014these Letters were presented to the Secretary by Dr Eustis W:C: & he saw them regularly filed in the office\u2014as he has not heard any thing from the Secretary since he supposed no new warrants have been made out,\u2014it is with a view to learn what might be his expectations and to solicit thro\u2019 me your kind aid in furtherance of his wishes, that I now request the favor of your to assertain and if you can aid his application, that you would be so good as to afford it.\u2014Mr T Amory has a large & necessaryly expensive of Family, has been an extensive and opulent Mercht. untill total blindness compel\u2019d him to relinquish Business, and retire into the Country\u2014Mr Amory is perhaps well-known to you as one of the first families in Boston and his Son John Holmes Amory for whom he applies is his eldest son\u2014I have not seen much of him for some years back\u2014but his friends say of him, that he is a young man of good character & capable of becomeing a valuable officer in the service\u2014When you favor me with a Letter be so obliging as to mention what may be his prospects of being appointed\u2014as his Friends are very anxious to know on what they may depend on; I am sorry to be so troublesome to you upon a subject so distinct from your own official engagements, but the urgent request of a Friend & Neighbour has induced me to trespass upon your kindnessMrs. Boylston desires her best respects to you and unites with me in affectionate regards to Mrs Adams.\u2014whose health we are extreamly sorry to hear has been so much impaired thro\u2019 the winter, but hope is now convalescent so much so as only require the air of Princeton to confirm\u2014With the Sincerest Regard & Esteem I remain, / My Dear Sir most affectionatly your Friend / And Serv\n Ward Nichs Boylston", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-30-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4055", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Ward Nicholas Boylston, 30 May 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Boylston, Ward Nicholas\nMy dear Cousin\nMontezillo May 30 1822.\nSome of Jobs afflictions and some peculiar to myself have rendered it impossible for me to write to you even a bare acknowledgement of the favours I have received from you. The first & greatest of which is the Extract from Mr Nichols. The manly sense pure integrity & noble disinterestedness of that worthy gentleman always charms me. After such a treat it seems a sin & a shame to mention such an article as that of which you have sent me seven barrels. It is transcendently excellent. It is too good. I am afraid of it & yet constantly under strong temptation to transgress. I have no news to tell you very good or even very bad excepting that our English grass is languishing under a dangerous consumption & our gardens parched with a severe drought. You are situated so much nearer the Clouds that I hope you enjoy a more plentiful share of their blessings.\nI am deprived by my infirmities of the joys & amusements of social life I cannot go to Cambridge to Exhibitions nor to Boston to Elections or meetings of literary Societies. I will not complain for perhaps I get as much as I lose by these privations.\nThere is a great botheration in the world about two letters one of Jonathan Russell & the other of J Q Adams. There is an abundance of musical sharps & flats in both to be rude but it seems to me as unnecessary at this time as it is to represent the captors of Andr\u00e9 as mercenaries Gen Putnam a coward or James Otis & John Hancock as trimmers. Bringing out Russel\u2019s letter at this time appears a silly business. The poor fellow has got a sting in his ear which I believe will make it ache. We are all as well as usual at Wash Quincy &c. All send love & compliments to you & Mrs Boylston to whom my most particular most respectful & most affectionate regards. Oh that I owned an estate on the top of Wachusett from whence \u201cmy contemplation might prune it\u2019s ruffled wings & my free soul look down to pity kings\u201d & even look down upon my dear Cousin Boylston & pity him for the vexatious cares in which he is involved by his large possessions & even by his charity, philanthropy, & benevolent bounties to Science & letters. Do not you Worcester County gentlemen think of digging a canal from Wachusett to Worcester & from thence to Providence? but I must put a stop to this career of nonsense by assuring you of the sincere gratitude & affection of / Your Cousin \nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-05-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4058", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to Josiah, III Quincy, 5 June 1822\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Quincy, Josiah, III\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 5 June 1822.\n\t\t\t\tConformably to the suggestion in your favour of the 24th ultimo, I have written to Mr Cruft, requesting him to have the Books at the Athen\u00e6um belonging to me packed up in boxes and deposited with some others now in his custody\u2014I pray you to accept my best acknowledgments for your kind offers of assistance and have desired Mr Cruft should he have occasion for it to avail himself of them.I am with great Respect and Regard / Dear Sir, your faithful Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-12-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4059", "content": "Title: From John Adams to George Washington Adams, 12 June 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, George Washington\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dear Grandson\n\t\t\t\t\tMontizillo 12 June 1822.\n\t\t\t\tI am well pleased with your No\u2019s: 31. 32 & hope you will continue the subject. I see nothing on the quarterly review but the Johnsonian antipathy to Scotland. That Mr. Locke has had greater influence on the intellectual moral & political world than any man of the last century I believe; but to deny that Reid & Stuart have made no improvements a upon Locke appears to me an iniquitous partiality in favour of England I have heard the two first volumes of Brown\u2019s lectures and am far advanced in the third. Mrs Shaw and Miss Anna Thaxter are with us and entertain me with much delightful reading. Brown is manifestly a pupil & disciple of Stuarts & Reid & though the differences between them are chiefly about the meaning of words yet I think they have made words more intelligible and more precise. The result of all the metaphisical speculations I have ever read is that we are ignorant of all causes ment & substances mental or corporeal. We know that causes & substances do exist, but what they are we are still ignorant & ever shall be. Our faculties in this life can not reach them That we are fearfully & wonderfully made in mind as well as body\u2014that wisdom power & goodness transcending all our conceptions have been exerted in the production & preservation of the intellectual & moral as well as material world is beyond all controversy. When I read a number of good books in succession I am very apt to think the last the best. Accordingly I receive more pleasure from Brown than from his predecessorsYour friend Quincy is now reading a great modern work in six large Octavos upon real estates. I think the authors name is Noyce. As he quotes his authorities on the margin of every page, if his authority is not sufficient, you may consult the original. The work I think must be a rich treasure to the young students of law. It has been reprinted in America and I hope you will purchase it and I hope you will cultivate a friendly correspondence with QuincyThe tracasserie diplomatique has been decided in this part of the world so universally in favor of one party that no man has hitherto thought it prudent or safe to print write or speak one word in favour of the other. Whether we may hope for a visit this summer from the whole or any part of the family you will please to inform your afectionate grandfather", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-21-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4061", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Quincy Adams, 21 June 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tMy best friend\n\t\t\t\t\tBaltimore S. B. U. S 21 June 1822\n\t\t\t\tWe have accomplished our journey thus far as well as I anticipated but my brother was so ill this morning I was fearful we should be obliged to remain at Baltimore for some days. As however he is better this Eveng he has determined to go on in the Stage and reach Philadelphia tomorrow morning\u2014I shall therefore send the Carriage round to join us there\u2014Our Stage party consists of Mr Pratt of P. Mr. Hoffman and Mr Purviance of Baltimore and as they appear inclined to be very polite and I am sure will take good care of us\u2014The Captain who is very obliging will put this Letter into the Post Office when he arrives and you will give my love to all and believe me ever affectionately yours\n\t\t\t\t\tL. C Adams\n\t\t\t\t\tTell George to take great care of himself while I am away\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-24-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4062", "content": "Title: From John Adams to George Washington Adams, 24 June 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, George Washington\nMy Dear Grandson.\nMontezillo 24th. June. 1822.\nYour No 33. has pleased me much and I beg you to continue your observations on the cavilling and chicanery of the quarterly review. I grow more and more every day in love with Stuart and the Scottish school. I have had read to me three volumes of Browns lectures on Metaphysics and ethics and I recommend them to your careful perusal as well as to your brothers. They are a rich mine and mass of sound philosophy and elegant literature.\u2014\nA writer in the Boston Statesman is writing a justification, vindication, or apology, for Mr Russell and in his own judgement has fully confuted Mr Adams and established Mr Russells doctrines. He is clear with Mr Russell that the war abrogated the treaty of 1783, as far as it related to the Labrador fishery and the Mississippi navigation, but, if it abrogated that article why did it not abrogate every other article in the treaty of 1783. Every argument weged in support of our right to independence in the declaration of independence on the 4th. of July is equally applicable in support of our right to fish on the coast of Labrador, and to cure fish on the Lands of Labrador, as much as to our right to the City of Washington, Philadelphia, New York, or Boston, and certainly full as much as to our right to millions and millions of acres in the North Western territories and Lakes which were not, and never had been in our possession In negotiating the treaty of 1783, I weged for more than a month together in all my differ conferences with Mr Oswald Mr Whiteford and Lord St. Hellens, our right by the Law of Nature, our right as British subjects, and our rights by our charters to a free fishery in every part of the Ocean and to cure fish on lands specified in the treaty and I persisted in demanding that article till the last moment and on the evening of the last conference between the ministers, The British still refusing that article I openly declared that I never would put my hand to any treaty without that article in it\u2014And Mr Lawrence who had that Evening joined us for the first time, instantly declared with a countenance and voice equally decisive NOR WILL I. When the British ministers found that they could have no peace and no treaty without the insertion of the article they agreed to adopt it\u2014Mr Jefferson not having arrived from America, there were only four American ministers and two of them could not have made a treaty. Before the Revolution the inhabitants of Quebec and Halifax and London Liverpool or Dublin of Portsmouth and Boston, Virginia and Carolina, had as clear a right to fish on the Coast and cure their fish on the lands of Labrador as had the inhabitants of Quebec and Halifax and London, Liverpool, or Dublin. This right they never surrendered, but on the contrary peremptorily insisted on an explicit acknowledgement of it in the treaty of 1783. As to the accidental variation from the word right to the word liberty; it makes no difference, for liberty is right, and right is liberty. Whether the change owing to an accidental omission in the transcribing, or whether it was a complasance to the British negotiators as an expression or less likely to be unpopular in England all agreed that the expression meant the same thing that liberty was right, and right was liberty. The English have a maxim that leave is right.\nMr Adams has not enlarged sufficiently on the importance, and growing importance, of the Labrador fishery. The adventurers in it had extended themselves from maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York to New Jersey and I am told that the year before our own embargo made by Mr. Jefferson 900 ships were loaded from that fishery and sailed to Europe, And all over the World. The fish are much plentier there than on the banks, And the innumerable and inexhaustable swarms of small species of fish, whose name I have forgot, serve admirably for bait, and saves a great expence in that article. In short this fishery both as nursury for seamen and a source of Wealth is of incalculable value to every part of the United States. It enables the Northern States to pay the Southern, Western, and Middle states, for their flower, Corn, rice, Cotten, Indigo, and Tobacco, of all which Articles they purchase great quantities. The competition of Europe since the peace may have diminished the demand for the present but it cannot always nor long continue, And surely our Embargo voluntarily laid upon ourselves did not destroy or diminish our right. I hope you will assist your Father in procuring more particular information of the value of this fishery.\u2014\nOur Thomas has performed a march of 12 miles the first day\u201413. the second and 13. the third to Condord with his Martial associates and equipments. We pray you all to come and see us, at or before Commencement, that I may once more embrace you all\u2014\nYour affectionate Grand Father\nJohn Adams\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-24-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4063", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Quincy Adams, 24 June 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Best Friend.\n\t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia 24 June 1822\n\t\t\t\tWe arrived here yesterday morning after a rapid tho\u2019 not remarkably pleasant journey from French Town at ten o\u2019clock and by dint of absolute starving my brother accomplished his journey but in a state of complete exhaustion\u2014We immediately sent for Dr. Physick who finds his case a dreadful one, though we trust not hopeless\u2014His decision was prompt as to the necessity of a painful operation; but some means must be adopted to strengthen him before he can bear it\u2014His confidence in Dr Physick appears to give him great courage and he is determined to go through it let the result be what it may\u2014The Dr. will not permit him to leave Town, and has procured rooms for us at a Boarding house No 62 South 4th Street at Mrs. Pardon\u2019s, at 5 Dollars a week a head\u2014and we propose to stay there as quietly as possible until he decides when the dreadful business can be done\u2014I consulted with him concerning myself he advises the same operation which he says must be performed sooner or later; and intimates that besides this complaint with which I have so long suffered that I am dropsical\u2014I am however not in a hurry to do any thing in so unpleasant a business; and shall certainly take time to think about it\u2014This is not pleasant news; but there is no choice when our doom is to suffer\u2014It depends now upon you whether I shall return after placing my brother in a comfortable situation, or whether I shall remain here and support him by my care and presence, as you are too kind and indulgent for me to wish to incur any expence, or to put you to any inconvenience\u2014I shall write you regularly while I stay, and inform you if any favourable change takes place\u2014for this we are pleased to observe that the bustle of the City has a good effect upon the spirits of our patient, and that he seems to desire to renew his acquaintance\u2014The Dr. says he looks at him with astonishment for his sufferings are beyond description\u2014All Hemocordal complaints he says should be attended to early; and that he can assure me that nothing will do but the Knife; and it is only deceiving patients, and prolonging their misery to pretend otherwise\u2014That he considers that a radical cure, and that he never lost a patient in the operation\u2014He is a very mild Gentlemanly man, and we are all much pleased with\u2014Would it not be adviseable for you to consult him?God Bless you give my love to all and believe me as ever / your affectionate Wife", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-25-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4064", "content": "Title: From John Adams to MA Town of Quincy, 25 June 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Town of Quincy, MA\nKnow all Men by these presents, That I John Adams of Quincy in the County of Norfolk, Esqr. in consideration of the veneration I feel for the residence of my ancestors and the place of my nativity, and of the habitual affecction, I bear to the Inhabitants with whom I have so happily lived for more than eighty six years, and of my sincere desire, to promote their happiness, and the instruction of their posterity, in religion morality, and all useful arts and sciences, by contributing all in my power for these purposes, do hereby give, grant, convey and confirm to the Town of Quincy and their successors, forever, the two following tracts of land, Viz, my Rocky Pasture, commonly known by the name of the Red Ceder Pasture, or the Centre Rock Pasture, situate near the Grist Mill, and opposite the house of Deacon Elijah Veazie, containing twenty five acres more or less; Another tract of land containing fifty four acres more or less, commonly known by the name of the Lane\u2019s Pasture; or the Mount Ararat Pasture, near the seat of the Honble: Thomas Greenleaf; To have and to hold to the said Town of Quincy and their successors forever, upon the conditions and provisors following, Provided First, That the Selectmen of the Town be authorized and empowered to employ a surveyor of respectable character for science and experience in the practice of surveying, to survey both these lots, ascertain their boundaries, and make an accurate plot, of each of said tracts to be recorded in the Town\u2019s books, within a reasonable time, Provided secondly, That the rent of the herbage of these pastures, together with the profits arising from the sale of wood, fuel of any kind, timber and stone, be strictly applied to the following purposes, Viz, To be placed at interest, in some solid public fund, either of the Commonwealth or the United States, and the interest\u2014again placed at interest, as it arises, until the amount shall be sufficient, with what the Town may grant, other individuals subscribe, or the probable sale of pews produce, to raise a fund, for the completing and finishing of a Temple to be built of stone to be taken from the premises for the public Worship of God, and the public instruction in religion and morality, for the use of the Congregational Society in said Town; And next after the completion of said Temple, that all the future rents, profits and emoluments arising from said land be applied to the support of a school for the teaching of the Greek and Latin languages, and any other languages, arts and sciences, which a majority of the ministers, magistrates, lawyers, and physicians, Habiting in the said Town may advise,\u2014Provided thirdly, that if there should be any gross corruption or mismanagement in the care of this interest, or any notorious negligence, or any waste knowingly permitted, or connived at by the said Town, or by the Selectmen thereof, or by any other person acting under its sanction or authority, and the same shall appear by the judgment of a Jury, under the direction of the Supreme Judicial Court, the right to the property hereby conveyed shall be forfeited and shall revert to the oldest male person, at the time living, among my posterity. And I do hereby request my Honorable friends Thomas Greenleaf, Josiah Quincy, my son Thomas Boylstone Adams, Edward Miller and George W. Beale: Esqrs:, to give their advice to the Selectmen for the time being concerning the best mode of managing the said Estate, for the best interest of the Town, and for the advancement of the objects herein before specified. And I do hereby constitute the said Greenleaf, Quincy, Adams, Miller and Beale, during their lives to be a committee, with authority to appoint on agent, annually, to superintend the lands, hereby conveyed, and whose duty it shall be to prosecute all trespasses, of any kind whatsoever made thereupon; such agent to be paid for his services by the Town, such compensation as the Selectmen of said Town for the time being shall deem reasonable; and the said Committee shall have Authority, forever, as any vacancy shall occur, in their number by death or resignation, to fill the same by an election to be made, from among the most respectable, intelligent and active Inhabitants of said Town;\u2014Provided also, That if the Episcopalian Society of the said Town, shall at anytime, hereafter, be about to build a church for the Worship of God, they shall have liberty to take from the land hereby granted as much stone as they may need to use in erecting such Church,\u2014In Witness whereof I the said John Adams have hereunto set my hand and seal this twenty fifth day of June, in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and twenty two.\u2014\nJ. Adams.\nSigned, sealed & delivered in presence of\u2014\nJosiah Quincy,\nWilliam Smith Shaw,\nEdward Phillips,\nJosiah Quincy Junr.Norfolk Ss. Quincy, 29, June 1822,Then personally appeared the Honl. John Adams, and acknowledged the above instrument, by him subscribed to be his free act and deed,\u2014before me\nJosiah Quincy,Justice of the Peace,throughout the Commonwealth,of Massachusetts,\nDedham 18th: July 1822, Recived and Recorded with Norfolk deeds Book 64, page 229, Attest \nJames Foord Regr.Quincy 19th. August, 1822, a true Copy as of Record,\u2014Attest. \nMottram VeseyClerk of the Town of Quincy.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-25-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4065", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, 25 June 1822\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dearest Friend.\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 25. June 1822.\n\t\t\t\tI received your Letters written in the Steam Boat, and that from Philadelphia\u2014The immediate decision of Dr Physick upon the case of your brother, is doubtless the best thing that could have happened, and I hope the operation when effected, will not be so severe as you apprehend\u2014I believe it is usually considered as safe, when skilfully performed, and have known several cases in which it was completely successful.I wish you to remain with your brother as long as your own inclination and sense of duty will prompt you; without thinking a moment of the expense\u2014Only let me caution you for his sake as well as for mine and your own, to measure your exertions for him by your own strength\u2014To beware of overstraining yourself, till you sink under it\u2014Your stock of service to him will hold out the longer, for being used with discretion and reserve\u2014I hope Dr Physick has been mistaken, as have already been so many other skilful medical men in pronouncing so hastily upon your case\u2014as you will have the opportunity of consulting him repeatedly, I hope his subsequent reports will be more favourable than the first.We have a tolerably quiet and dull time here. Madame de Neuville is somewhat indisposed, but they are going away in a few days; to embark between the 10th. and 15th. of next Month for France\u2014Yesterday we signed a Convention, and this day the Barron took leave of the President.\u2014Mr Amado the Portuguese is also here to take leave\u2014Bresson went off with the Convention this Morning.Ever faithfully yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-25-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4066", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Quincy Adams, 25 June 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dearest Friend\n\t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia 25 June 1822\n\t\t\t\tWe have moved into our new lodgings and are very comfortably established with a kind old Lady who is very attentive and obliging\u2014I should have answered Georges Letter yesterday but was confined all day by one of my worst head aches, the remains of which will prevent my writing to him to day\u2014Our residence is at Mrs. Purdon\u2019s 62 South 6th. Street between Chesnut and Walnut directly opposite the State house Gardens\u2014Dr. Physick says he never knew it to be unhealthy in this part of the City\u2014Mrs. Sergeant called to see me yesterday She is just moving out of Town\u2014The Dr. gave me some hopes concerning our patient to day. He lives entirely on Iceland Moss which is a powerful stomachic, and which appears to agree with him, although it is very nauseous to the taste\u2014Give my love to all and tell Anthony he had better keep Sam provided he will make him work\u2014Send the enclosed to Caroline and believe most affectionately yours\n\t\t\t\t\tL C Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-26-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4067", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to George Washington Adams, 26 June 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, George Washington\n\t\t\t\t\tDear George\n\t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia 26 June 1822\n\t\t\t\tYour two Letters have arrived safe and as we are all about as well as usual I shall appropriate this morning to writing you although our lives are so very quiet that it will be difficult to find a subject for your amusement\u2014Your disappointment in not seeing Miss Peter must have been provoking enough. It will however be a Lesson and induce you to be always so far beautified as to be ready on future occasions.Mr Childs is in luck to get such a situation. His salary I presume will be small but the opportunity of improvement is great and should he not get spoilt will prove very advantageous\u2014Poor Jane it is a pity she should miss such a suitor for she has not much time to lose\u2014The Mistress of the house in which we board is a maiden Lady of sixty a very kind hearted and talkative person who is quite a character\u2014Her mind appears to be naturally strong and her conversation very varied but her language such as to make it impossible for me to behave with propriety\u2014She yesterday told us that in her youth it had always been prophesied that she would be called an old Maid but that she always answered that she could bear the apperration very well\u2014This morning she asked me if I knew the Hamilton family I said I was acquainted with one of the brothers She said their estate was curtailed but that the brothers had agreed to cut off the curtailment and that by this means the Sisters had come into fine fortunes The easy manner in which she makes blunders and the assurance with which she talks forms so striking a contrast I am forever obliged to press my handkerchief against my mouth to conceal the irrisistable impulse of my visible faculties\u2014She is much concerned for your Uncle but says she is certain the glainous remedies the Dr. orders must prove very efficacious\u2014We have procured an old Piano to strum on and with the help of that and riding about we shall make out to banish dullness tho\u2019 care I am afraid must accompany us until your poor Uncle has undergone his painful trial through which I pray God to assist him. I do not wish to leave him until it is over but as the Dr. inclines to postpone it on account of the heat I am fearful my remaining will be taxing your fathers kindness too much\u2014Have you heard from your brothers? Do let me know in your next\u2014Mr. Torres is received I see!Philadelphia exceeds Washington in dullness if possible Remember me to Johnson and to the Forrests and Thornton\u2019s and be assured of the affection of your Mother\n\t\t\t\t\tL. C. Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-28-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4068", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Quincy Adams, 28 June 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Best friend\n\t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia 28 June 1822\n\t\t\t\tMr. Hopkinson came yesterday to see me and in the evening accompanied me to the Academy of Arts which is prettily arranged as you already know but it is said to be better this year than common\u2014There are two Salvator Rosa\u2019s belonging to Count Survilier that are very fine an excellent likeness of Poleteca one of Mr Calhoun and a striking likeness of Mrs. Bloomfield which is really a beautiful picture before which it is said the old Gentleman stands in ecstasies asking every one who looks at it \u201cif his Wife is not a very beautiful? Alston\u2019s raising of the Dead is a striking piece the figure of the dead man almost too fine the convulsive spasm of the muscles being executed in a masterly manner\u2014The Witch of Endor I do not admire. I took it for Armida the figure and Costume is altogether to theatrical and by no means conveys to me the idea of that awful personage\u2014Several Landscapes and some of the Indian Portraits executed by a boy are wonderful as germs of strong native genius\u2014A fine Engraving of Leslie\u2019s Sir Roger de Coverly which is a remarkably animated piece in which the character and Costume is admirably preserved\u2014Mr. Hopkinson is very desirous that you should come on and sit to Mr. Sully and was so polite as to beg me to do the same which I declined\u2014he attacked me about the bust and made such a strong claim I believe I ought to give it to him\u2014Mr Walsh and Mr Vaughan likewise called upon me the former is very desirous of seeing you here he says he has much to say to you and wishes you could come and stay a week or twoHe told me that he had published Russells Letter with a view to bring out your remarks which he was determined to have before the Publick. But he candidly acknowledges he viewed his Letter in a very different light before he heard from you than he now does\u2014On this business he say\u2019s there is not a dissenting voice even those most averse to you in some respects are unanimous in their opinion of Mr Russell\u2014who to use the fashionable phrase is completely demolished\u2014He say\u2019s that there is a plan going forward at this moment to Unite the three States of New York Pensylvania and Ohio which is a formidable confederation to secure the election of their Candidate\u2014Newport I support will furnish opportunities of access and remove many difficulties\u2014Mr. H. says you had better give up the point and come and live in Philadelphia. How do you like such advice\u2014Is it not too late to flinch? Genl Brown is here almost a Cripple he will probably not get on for some time\u2014Rodney appointed to Buenos Ayres!! Poor Forbes!! God Bless you and prosper you through all your troubles is the prayer of your affectionate\n\t\t\t\t\tL. C. Adams\n\t\t\t\t\tAll better\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-01-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4069", "content": "Title: From Johnson Hellen to John Adams, June 1822\nFrom: Hellen, Johnson\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\tfragment\n\t\t\t\t which was evinced at is not at ated reacted and identified rtant question, or resul interest which we ally take in these say, but certain it time of the fight be ake and tha so intense an the Union. Your generally well. Your has been complaining part of a bad head ds many of his evenings other\u2014goes and always lighted with them while the better and it is said that we ied to a Mr Graham day. Your friend\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Hellen\n\t\t\t\t\tP S. Your mother desi remembered.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-05-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4073", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, 5 July 1822\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\n\t\t\t\t\t2.My dearest Louisa\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 5th July, 1822\n\t\t\t\tI have received since I wrote you last two letters from you but cannot learn directly from either of them whether you had received my number 1.Yesterday the National birth day was kept here in small style. It rained great part of the day and yet the heat was melting\u2014At the Capitol Dr Watkins read the Declaration, and Mr Hawley made a prayer. The dinner at Strothers was thinly attended but the four Secretaries were there\u2014Mr Crawford and his family were to be off this morning and I presume are gone\u2014I spent the last evening at Mr Calhouns\u2014Mr and Mrs Gadsden were there\u2014You remember Mr Gadsden as a lodger at Mr Jones\u2019s at Boston in 1817.The President and his lady went to Loudoun last Monday\u2014The Baron and Madame De Neuville departed on Tuesday.\u2014George and Johnson had a stormy dinner yesterday with the young men at Georgetown.I enclose a letter for your brother and am ever / affectionately yours.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-05-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4074", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, 5 July 1822\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dearest Louisa\u2014\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 5. July 1822.\n\t\t\t\tI have received since I wrote you last, two Letters from you, but cannot learn directly from either of them whether you had received my number 1. Yesterday the national birthday was kept here in small Style. It rained great part of the day; and yet the heat was melting\u2014At the Capitol Dr. Watkins ready the Declaration, and Mr Hawley made a prayer\u2014The dinner at Strother\u2019s was thinly attended, but the four Secretaries were there\u2014Mr Crawford and his family were to be off this morning and I presume are gone\u2014I spent the last Evening at Mr Calhoun\u2019s\u2014Mr and Mrs Gadsden were there you remember Mr Gadsden as a lodger at Mr Jones\u2019s at Boston in 1817.The President and his Lady went to Loudoun last Monday\u2014The Baron, and Madame de Neuville departed on Tuesday\u2014George and Johnson had a stormy dinner yesterday with the young man at Georgetown\u2014I enclose a Letter for your brother, and am ever / affectionately yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-08-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4076", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Caroline Amelia Smith De Windt, 8 July 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: De Windt, Caroline Amelia Smith\nmy dear Great Grand daughter\nMontezillo July 8th 1822\nI am as much delighted with answering your pritty Letter, of June 3d. as you was with writing it, though I have necessarily neglected it so long. I am much pleased with your account of your studies which are all very proper for you and I hope you will hereafter learn the french language, and the Grammars, at least, in the Greek and Latin, for this will teach you English Grammar better than the english Grammars themselves. In learning Languages, we learn sciences and things. Ladies in the nineteenth century have better advantages for Education, than they had in the seventeenth\u2014and Eighteenth and they must be responsible for the improvement of them.The female mind is estimated at a much higher grad-ation in the scale, than it was a hundred years ago. May you, and your contempories, exert yourselves to raise it still higher, for an hundred years to come. Painting & musick, & Dancing, are not calculated like Greek, and Latin, to produce Models of Moral, and intellectual beauty\u2014I know some such Models, and esteem them Pearles of incalculable price. my love to all, / from your affectionate / Grand Father\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-09-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4078", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to George Washington Adams, 9 July 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, George Washington\n\t\t\t\t\tDear George\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 9h. July 1822\n\t\t\t\tShall I first congratulate you on the honours which you have just received or will they be attended with labour and be both tiresome and unprofitable? Having however a deep interest in the Bank it is a very good thing that you can overlook the management of your property\u2014I have written a long Letter to Johnson which I fear may offend him a little but he will get over it and as young people usually do go on as if it had never been written\u2014We have had many visitors within a day or two among the rest Mr de Neuville who was to leave Town this morning for New York\u2014Count de Menou say\u2019s his presence is necessary at Washington that he shall therefore return as soon as possible not to plague your father I hope but merely to display his greatness which appears to produce the effect it did upon his late Master\u2019 \u201cesce assez ma soeur\u201d and appears to me to be even more likely to crever if not timely relieved\u2014He scarcely tries to conceal his impatience to get de Neuville on board Ship\u2014We be hear of nothing here but fetes \u2019Sham\u2013f\u00e9ties as our Good Mrs. Malaprop calls them at one of which a few evenings since Mr Walker the british Consul met with a dreadful accident by the oversetting of his Carriage which was broken all to pieces\u2014He was taken up in a senseless state and his Scul supposed to be fractured\u2014He lay from Friday until Sunday in this state and yesterday some hopes were entertained of his recovery though slight\u2014Sargernts family are out of Town\u2014Mrs. Harrisson called yesterday and I am threatened with from Mrs. J. Johnson of Louisianna\u2014I grieve that you should have lost the contemplation of poor Sally as she must serve as a momento Mori to you if you are inclined to indulge in gloom\u2014Persuade your father if possible to come on here for a short time and when we have got him so far we may perhaps get him to Boston to which in my mind he is duty bound to go\u2014Cummings\u2019s piece concerning the Duel is a biter and creates much sensation here\u2014I wish it may not produce bad consequences This man is a cold blooded animal or more properly speaking a Tyger. They say it is unfortunate Mc. Duffie\u2019s wound should really be in the back.Your Uncle request\u2019s you will send his Dividend from the Metropolis bank as soon as you can\u2014Dr Physick say\u2019s he cannot perform the operation until October\u2014Do not go to any more stormy dinners\u2014I presume your indisposition was owing to that and be very careful not to expose yourself unnecessarily as you value the affection of your Mother\n\t\t\t\t\tWrite me word if any body is sick in the family immediately", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-10-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4081", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, 10 July 1822 to 11 July 1822\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\n\t\t\t\t\t3.My dearest Friend.\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 10. July 1822.\n\t\t\t\tReceiving on Sunday your rebuke for the blank covers I had forwarded to you, I should have felt it more severely had I not concluded that about the same hour you would be receiving from me the proof that I had not been altogether so remiss as you had supposed.We have had since the beginning of the month such a succession of roasters, day and night that I have felt myself almost reduced to the condition of a vegetable\u2014At the same time I have had brother Jonathan\u2019s Salutations to refresh me, and am in the very act of doing myself the Justice to return them\u2014I am somewhat apprehensive that the Public will grow weary of us both; for in all personal controversies brought before them, they never like to be moved from their neutrality, and there is an almost irresistible propensity to find faults on both sides\u2014Yet I cannot submit to see him turn fabulist at my expence, for the amusement of the NationWe had a rainy Independence day\u2014and as I was walking from the Capitol home, Mrs Calhoun who was riding homewards with Mr and Mrs Gadsden, seeing me walking and but half\u2013sheltered by my Umbrella, stopped the Carriage, and offered me a seat which I accepted\u2014She then invited me to call on them in the Evening, which I did, and spent it very agreeably\u2014Mr Calhoun has since spent part of an Evening with me.The President and his Lady have returned from Loudoun, and will stay some days here\u2014Their next visit will be to Albemarle.The Washington Theatre opened last Night with the Rivals and the Review, or the Wags of Windsor\u2014I had never seen either of them before, and was well pleased with Sir Anthony Absolute. Mrs Malaprop and Caleb Quotem\u2014To morrow they give the Busy\u2013Body.Mr William Brent you doubtless know has lost his wife; who is much lamented\u2014Mr F Key of Georgetown is also in deep affliction\u2014He had a small boy who was drowned yesterday in the river.I cannot come to Philadelphia, being \u201clike sad Prometheus fastened to my Rock\u201d\u2014but I will send you some cash\u2014The Spirit of Martyrdom seems to come upon me, and I sometimes think it would be happy for me, if I could die at my Post\u2014Till death at least, I am yours\n\t\t\t\t\tJ. Q. Adams\n\t\t\t\t\t11. July 1822\u2014At 55.1.As down the devious Hill of Life,We wind our anxious way, More feebly beats the pulse of Strife,Day tramples upon Day.No more, the slackening sinew bends,With promptitude to SkillHer aid, no longer, Memory lendsObsequious to the Will2Ye flowers! in vain, the sense to cheer,Your fragrance sweet ye fling!Unhe3ded falls upon the ear,The minstrelsy of Spring.Dims the bright hues of Nature\u2019s dipTo orbs suffused are given;And ah! the touch of Beauty\u2019s lipNo longer thrills of Heaven\u20143.Yet while the extasies of youthOn blunted senses fall;The Heart that leans on Love and Truth,Is not bereft of all.For him, when Earth shall pass away, Celestial Spheres shall roll, And every sensual joy\u2019s decayYield Rapture of the Soul.Ellen is well\u2014And so are we all\u2014I send you an order upon the Bank of Pennsylvania for 100 dollars\u2014You must endorse your name on the back of it, when you send it to receive payment.We are going to dine with Mr and Mrs Frye\u2014Your affectionate husbandJ. Q. A.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-11-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4082", "content": "Title: From John Adams to George Washington Adams, 11 July 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, George Washington\nmy dear George\nQuincy July 11th. 1822\nI agree with you in your number 34. that the quarterly is guilty of damning Stuart, and Reid, with faint praise, or rather with insidious praise; but they may say what they will, they can never destroy the reputation of either, as a profound investigator of the science of the human mind; both have added to the stock of human knowledge, and cleared up many perplexing points and questions; They have not said too much in favor of Lock whom I reverence as more than they do; untenable Hypothesis have been detected in him. But he is the great original and Father of them all. Burkley, Hume, Condelac, and all the Scotch Metaphysicians and all the French Metaphysicians too, owe all their speculations and improvements to the original suggestions of Lock, and all the French, and English writers in favor of toleration; and Civil, and Religious Liberty, are his Pupils, and disciples. In short I believe him to have been the greatest Man of Modern Ages, he has had the greatest influence upon human nature, and mankind, in favour of their intellectual, moral and religious sentiments, and consequently in favour of their true and solid happiness.\u2014\nI have made a small present to our Town of Quincy, to lay a small begining of a Greek, and Latin school, an Institution which our Town has unfortunately neglected from many years past, to my great grief, and regret, after having been for about two hundred years the most Classical spot of any Country Town in New England; it has for many years past been furnished only, with English school Masters, and school mistresses. But you will here more hereafter of this Bagatell.\u2014\nmy love to your Father, and tell him if here-after he should build him a House of Quincy granite, he must pay six pence a ton for it. Why cannot you come on to commencement with your Mother Uncle, & Cousin, whether your Father comes, or not. Tell your Father it will give variety to Life, to live a month, or six weeks, with-out Wife, or Child. But I still hope to see him once more, before I take my departure; which cannot be far off\u2014\nyour affectionate Grand Father\u2014\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-11-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4083", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Quincy Adams, 11 July 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tMy best friend\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington Philadelphia 11. July 1822\n\t\t\t\tWould I were a Poet and could celebrate this day as it deserves to be\u2014Few Natal days would admit of greater scope for sincere congratulation or warmer praise, could I write like Madame de Stael, I would immortalize it\u2014This is a day which has not only proved a blessing to your family, but is equally so to your Country to which you are so earnestly devoted\u2014and who although apparently cold must and will appreciate you and your worth\u2014Mr W. call\u2019d again last eveng\u2014He is very anxious to see you and proposes through me to convey some information of importance, if you do not come on in the course of a week\u2014Mr & Mrs. Meredith have just called\u2014I told her I should have recollected her immediately although she is very much encreased in size\u2014Mrs. Harrisson and Mrs. Fisher likewise called. I am much afraid I shall cut a poor figure among the witty and the learned, but they will bear with me for your sake\u2014Mrs. M. brought half her progeny with her and gave me a sly dab for not noticing the younger branches as I ought to have done\u2014But I confess this is one of the miseries\u2014as I always find it hard enough to make conversation for the elder branches, without racking my unprolific brain for the little ones, though it is likely the suitable material would be found more readily than for the former purpose.It is thought Mr Walker will not recover I will write again soon though you are so negligent; the last time I received four Letters at once, and that was last Sunday among them your N. 2.Give my love to all and may heaven bless me by granting you many many returns of this anniversary to ensure the happiness of your affectte.\n\t\t\t\t\tL. C. Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-14-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4084", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Quincy Adams, 14 July 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tMy best friend\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington Philadelphia 14 July 1822\n\t\t\t\tYour N. 3 arrived yesterday and I thank you for the lines although I cannot say I was much pleased with the close of your Epistle which was too gloomy for my taste\u2014Last Eveng. I accompanied Mr. Walsh to a concert and was delighted with Mr Phillips who has a charming voice and sings with great taste and science\u2014Miss Davis gave us the Mocking Bird, and proved that contrary to common notions on this subject in this Country that European songsters nearly equal our American warblers\u2014Christiani was enchanted and ran up to Mr. Walsh crying out \u201cvoila de la veritable musique\u201d\u2014The music as usual was not well selected though much better than common on such occasions\u2014A duet from Mozart and two airs of Rossini were of the highest order and well executed\u2014Miss D. will secure attention for she is quite a pretty warbler\u2014Tell George that Mathews is coming to delight the Nation\u2014I bespoke him of Mr Walsh for the benefit of Congress next winter knowing them to be fond of monkey tricks\u2014We had some conversation and I learnt that it was not thought fair in regard to some points to give all the information required as it would be an injustice to a particular individual\u2014that however enough had been disclosed to answer every future purpose and more than enough to finish the business satisfactorily to the answering party\u2014You were right in your conjectures concerning the author of the famous Letters which appeared last winter who appears much flattered at your discovery\u2014he imagines that you mention some things in your Letters to me about your correspondence with him and is perhaps more communicative than you would approve you had therefore better give him a hint as I am by no means remarkable for discretion. Mr. & Mrs. Peters came just now to see us and Sam Ewing threatens a visit\u2014Dr. Chapman was introduced to me last night and I fortunately understood him better than I expected\u2014As dinner is ready I must bid you adieu with love to all\u2014\n\t\t\t\t\tL. C. Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-15-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4085", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, 15 July 1822\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\n\t\t\t\t\t4.My dearest friend\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 15. July 1822\n\t\t\t\tI thank you for your affectionate remembrance of my birthday\u2014We passed it as pleasantly as circumstances would admit at Mr Frye\u2019s; but I was not very well that day and was more than usually overpowered by the heat\u2014On returning home too we were caught in a thunder\u2013shower and throughly drenched.The Metropolis is daily thinning off\u2014The Secretary of the Navy and family are gone\u2014The President goes for Albemarle to\u2013morrow\u2014Mr Casnning upon his Northern tour the next day\u2014Mr Calhoun shortly.16. July.Johnson Hellen has left us this morning with a tear in his eye. God bless him! I told him he must let us often hear from him, and often come and see us\u2014And that he would always find his chamber ready to receive him. I cannot come to Philadelphia\u2014I am like fastened to my Rock I have told you before, that I cannot come to Philadelphia \u201cdamnable duration\u201d I am struggling between life and death\u2014or for more; that is for the character of an honest Man.This days Intelligencer contains the decision of the Emperor of Russia, upon our grammatical question.Ever faithfully yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-15-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4086", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Quincy Adams, 15 July 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tMy best friend\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington Philadelphia 15 July 1822\n\t\t\t\tThis morning Dr. Physick to whom I have submitted myself informed me that my complaint had nothing to do with Dropsy whatever; but that nothing could be done for me unless I would undergo an operation, which would be momentary; but cannot be performed until Cooler weather: after which he will ensure me better health than I have had for years\u2014My brothers is exactly similar; excepting that his is attended with dispepsia, which cannot be cured until the other is eradicated\u2014He is very sanguine however of success in his case also; but thinks he must not go back to New Orleans.Messrs. Ewing, Peters, and Meredith, have just left us; the former looking very sick having an attack of the Chills and fever he had last year. We are all the time immersed in Company; within a few days; and I believe I must return to my journal so as to give you an idea of our conversations.Perhaps the best thing we could do is to return home for fear I should get spoilt here by the civilities of your friends; whose reputations in the literary world makes their attentions flattering to a Lady, and may have the evil tendency of making me FANCY myself a bluestocking. An odious thing to me I confess\u2014July 14 Not knowing where to go, my intention of going to Church was baulked; and I remained at home not much to my sorrow as the day was sultry\u2014After Church Mr & Mrs. Peters came to visit us\u2014She is supposed to be in the last stage of a consumption\u2014Her husband seems to rattle on as usual, and appears not to be aware of her situation, and rattles as much as ever\u2014Capt. Finch & Mad McCall followed; and after them, Mr C. Ingersol, who sat an hour talking on all sorts of subjects, in a very formal informal way. He is a man of sense; but there is a stiffness and rigidity in his manner, bordering on the pedantic. I will not call it affection affectation as that conveys an idea of something like softness\u2014His conversation is pleasant if not brilliant; and the preciseness which at first appears almost ludicrous, wears off by degrees tho\u2019 never altogether\u2014His brother Joseph who has likewise called is esteemed the superior man; of this however you are a better judge than myself, he is agreeable, affable, and easy in his address, forming a striking contrast to the former\u2014Mary tells me I talk too much; which would be true if I talked at all. We passed the Eveng. at Mr. Harrisson\u2019s and there met several Ladies. Mrs. Fisher Mrs. Morris, Mrs. T. Willing and Miss Steward with several Gentlemen\u2014Mrs. H. is an uncommon fine Woman calculated to adorn any station, and to give a ten to the society in which she moves\u2014Her establishment is on a small scale; but like most miniatures, is embellished by all that taste and art can produce, both as to ornament and convenience\u2014In the course of conversation it was said Mrs. Walker could not recover\u2014Mrs. Morris the pretty Widow who was one of our belles at Washington last Winter, is very handsome but un peu pinc\u00e9\u2014Mrs. Fisher is a widow; a most respectable pleasing woman, who has a Son just entering College in the Sophomore Class\u2014It is her only Child, and she is labouring under the terrors of maternal anxiety on his account; as it is the first time she has trusted him out of her sight, or rather that she will so do. God knows there is cause enough of apprehension under the best circumstances\u2014The Duke de Richelieu is dead; how will de Neuville like this news? I wish we could keep our madmen at home! John Randolph is exhibiting himself in England I understand\u2014If he visits Paris I hope they will lodge him in the Petites Maisons\u2014We have indeed sent forth a cracked brained representative as a specimen of our Congress men\u201415 The Miss McKnights called here just from Washington\u2014They do not seem to relish the report concerning their Aunts marriage with Mr. Canning: which it is here said is certainly to take place Mrs. Ekhardt also called she is an old acquaintance of Mrs. Thornton\u2019s and is quite a fine woman\u2014Mr. Ewing looks very ill but his spirits are tolerably good\u2014He said you were so much wanted here he recommended me to write to inform you I was dangerously ill, to draw you away from your rock, and Snap the Promethian Chain that binds I might say galls you so terribly\u2014But I never could play a double game, and always found plain truth the safest\u2014I think I shall soon return unless you propose to go to Boston, but I must come back again if I do, as soon as the weather permitsYours Ever\n\t\t\t\t\tL. C Adams\n\t\t\t\t\tI shall continue in the journal form for George and you", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-15-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4087", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Quincy Adams, 15 July 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\tJuly 15th. Mr Sergeant called and talked of Paris in such exstacies, that my old suspicion returned as it regards a foreign Mission\u2014Ewing told me that Mr. Calhoun was gone to Newport\u2014We heard he was not going\u2014rode out on the Ridge road which is lined with beautiful Country seats one of which Sergeant has hired for the Summer. He seems desirous of purchasing it as he say\u2019s Country Seats are dog cheap\u2014When we returned we found Major Jackson with his Wife and daughter had called twice\u2014I am to accompany Mrs. Meredith to Borden Town to visit Mrs. Hopkinson, when there I intend weather permitting to see Count Survilliers place\u2014But Mrs: Harrison says it is five miles round and he makes his visitors walk round it\u2014before breakfast which would be quite too much for me\u2014I was pleased to see the advertisement of Judge Washington which does him honour. No Republicanism can sanction such barefaced impropriety and disrespect; and it is fortunate that we here and there find characters, who have sufficient firmness of mind to resist such abominable encroachments\u201416 Major Jackson called\u2014He is very much broke and both himself and his Wife suffering deep affliction for the loss of his daughter a fine girl of eighteen\u2014.The whole Willing connection are as kind and attentive as possible\u2014and have met our poor sick brother like relations which has been very gratifying to him, as he passed much of his youth in their society, indeed under their protection\u2014Mr: Dix and Mr. Kirby have just been and informed me of the death of poor Mr. Torres, which it is said was accelerated by his visit to Washington\u2014He lived just long enough to obtain his point, and expired in the full enjoyment of all his honours. He was much esteemed and respected here\u2014God rest his Soul\u2014The Fortunes of Nigel occupy public attention more than any thing at the present moment\u2014It was published yesterday and it is understood there is another work in the Press in Edinburgh by the same Author It would seem that it was as easy for him to write, as for others to read. Genl Brown is gaining ground very slowly; but his spirits sink a little under the low system of his Physicians\u2014They allow him a cup of Tea and a bit of dry toast twice a day, with two small Custards for his dinner\u2014He does not leave his Chamber\u2014You cannot think how much my mind is relieved by the assurance that I have not the Dropsy. I do not feel any particular terrors at the idea of death\u2014but the idea of living long a burthen to myself, and my friends; with a decidedly incurable disease was more than my phylosophy could bear\u2014This no doubt is a great weakness, but I am not ashamed to acknowledge it\u2014The Dr. say\u2019s the case was altogether an extraordinary one\u2014Mrs. & Miss Steward visitted us She enquired particularly after you, and the Smith family: observing that your Sister was the most beautiful Woman she knew\u2014Your Letter was brought me just before dinner dated 13: I cannot think how it happens that the letters are always a day too late\u2014I am very uneasy about you, having had no idea from Johnson\u2019s letter that your indisposition had lasted more than a few hours\u2014You will I trust resume the remedies of Dr Holbrook should they be required, and especially attend to taking the bark at least once a day; and you know how essential attention is to diet, particularly fruit and Vegetables\u2014Corn I much fear has been the cause of Indisposition to both your father and yourself\u2014I last Eveng. mentioned to your Uncle my plan of returning home the next week\u2014But he is so sick to day that I know not what to do as I believe this information contributed not a little to the relapse\u2014I see by the Boston Papers poor Mr Frisbie is dead\u2014Had he been sick any time? I am very anxious to hear from John and Geo Charles and wonder much at their not writing\u2014If I remain I shall in future write in the form of journal both for you or your father as I do not wish either to Seize or to add, to his labours\u2014This morning I met Genl Scott who told me he left you both very well, and Mr. A looking better than he had done for sometime. Pray write me if he is likely to visit Boston\u2014Should he I will accompany him and return here in Septbr. to attend him in his confinement which will probably not last more than a week\u2014I have already written about my Corsetts, and desired to have them sent by the first opportunity\u2014do you frequent the Theatre much and are you pleased at all with the performances. The new one that is now erecting here will be handsome as to the external: how it will be finished inside is yet to be decided\u2014I am in the utter astonishment at the dirt and filth of this boasted City, whose police is certainly very remiss, notwithstanding Mr. Anduaga was astonished to see people sweep their Pavement\u2014This is a queer observation for a man who I believe has lived in Holland; but I suppose he had stayed long enough at home to have be surprized at the sight of cleanliness any where\u2014I you are too unwell to write I charge you to tell Mrs. Thornton to whom I beg to be remembered to write me immediately\u2014Love to allCouchman begs to be remembered to the family", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-16-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4088", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Quincy Adams, 16 July 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia 16-18 July 1822\n\t\t\t\tJuly 16 Mrs. Jackson and her daughter called late and took Mary to Tea at Mrs. T Willings, from which sh whence she returned at a little after ten oclock; much amused and pleased with two new acquaintance she found, Miss Caroline Jackson, and Miss White, a Grand daughter of the Bishop\u2019s17 What a ridiculous scrape Judge Johnson has got into in South Carolina! I cannot conceive what his motive could be\u2014It is here thought it was a too great interest in his brothers property, which stirred up his ire\u2014Great preparations are going forward for the funeral of Mr. Torres\u2014The companies are already drawn out in front of our house, and make parade and pomp to greet the closing scene which yields to Earths embrace\u2014What empty pageants gratify human pride!\u2014I wonder! and admire!\u2014My brother is again better, but he looked so ill yesterday I was really frightened\u2014Some days I indulge the fondest hopes\u2014then comes one of those blighting chills from which the Soul shrinks with silent horror, foreboding nought but evil\u2014What is the matter with the Metropolis Bank? Surely it does not totter? if it should your poor father will indeed have cause to fear\u2014This would be such a heavy loss in his old age and after all his labours. but God knows best what is good for us, and will enable us to support it. Mrs. McPherson with her daughter & niece paid us a visit. I had no recollection of her at all when she came in, but soon discovered who she was, as she is very little altered. Mrs. Fisher also sat with us some time\u2014She is a Woman of very pleasant conversation, and gave us a sad picture of the distress among the merchants in Philadelphia, who have almost all suffered terribly since my brother was here\u2014Mr Peters say\u2019s R. Walh would make an excellent Minister to S.A. but I have heard no other person suggest such an idea\u2014Col. W Brent and Mr Walsh were likewise here; the latter anticipating the arrival of the National Intelligencer which the Col announced, contained the Reply of Old T. Pickering; say\u2019s the last so completely demolished R. your father will find it difficult to add to his prostration\u2014Mr W. thinks it was a Lady who wrote the piece in the Worester paper\u2014namely Madame\u2014I think she would have done better\u2014We passed the Eveng at Mrs. Jackson\u2019s en familles\u2014They are very much reduced in circumstances; and can scarcely provide for the wants of their family. three fine girls, and a boy\u2014His visits to Washington have completed his ruin\u2014Colo Brent is the gayest Widower I ever saw in so short a time\u2014How fortunate when we can so soon forget! but it is certainly viewing death in a proper light if we believe them our friends transplanted to a better world\u2014I received Johnson\u2019s Letter\u201418 I was so unwell this morning I was incapable of writing to you as I intended\u2014The day has passed quietly\u2014Major Jackson and Miss Hare being our only visitors\u2014Poor Charles Hill is in the Hospital without a prospect of recovery\u2014They say he is always occupied in drawing representations of his hard case to the President and the Heads of Department\u2014What do you think of Mr. Stevens\u2019s toast\u2014This was almost a coup de grace for the Baron, who had already swell\u2019d so as to be in danger of the fate of the Frog\u2014A strange jumble, Bayard! Howard! and Chesterfield! How the two former would have relished the junction I cannot understand\u2014This I suppose is Republican flattery! it is flattery en masse most certainly\u2014A Puff sufficient to swell his Sails, and drive him off the Coast\u2014Your Fathers Letter was brought me with one from John\u2014The former tells me that you both got thoroughly wet coming from your Aunt Frye\u2019s Did either of you suffer from it? If you did I beseech you to take timely care of it as no Cold is so treacherous as a Summer Cold\u2014Johnson is really gone\u2014God grant he may be as prosperous as my wishes would make him. He is a fine young man and must do well if he wills it\u2014Jackson tells me, John Sergeant would certainly have been chosen Governor last elections but he would not serve\u2014It is here said that Mr. Cheves is about to resign, and Mr Lloyd and Mr T. Willing are both spoken of to succeed him; but neither will serve\u2014.There have been many whispers as to Gallatin\u2014. Mr Duffie and Cummings are to fight again\u2014What a scandal. It is a national disgrace; and they ought both to be treated as maniac\u2019s, and put in to straight Waistcoats until they recovered their senses. Or be condemned to Dr. Physicks Soups for six Months if they are so fond of depletionThis would answer a better purpose, as they probably might be made something of hereafter\u2014Cumming seems to have a profusion of aboriginal ferocity, and I fear is too inhumanly savage to bear taming\u2014If one must fall it is to be hoped he will take the leap\u2014Why does not Charles write\u2014God bless you both\u2014I heard a Gentleman relate the meeting between Mr. Clay and Jackson at Washington during the latters persecution\u2014He (the gentleman) was sitting in the room the morning with the General the morning Eveng. that Clay had made his violent attack in Congress when he visited the General who received him very coldly The Gentleman says he left them together and returned in about an hour and a half when he found the general boiling with ire and determined on violent measures He however after much persuasion promised to abstain for the present leaving an opening for further measures hereafter. Should they meet in Congress ill consequences may result and produce great confusion\u2014What did poor Mrs. Brent die of\u2014I shall continue to write in this way and hope that your silence is not owing to indisposition as I confess it alarms very much", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-19-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4090", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Quincy Adams, 19 July 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia 19-20 July 1822\n\t\t\t\tJuly 19 An old friend in the shape of St. Anthony has his acquaintance with so much ardour I have not been able to exert myself to day to any purpose\u2014This Eveng however I have read the Rejoind admirable\u2014All nor aught to be so advanced the most nobly defended\u2014The poor Worm must crawl on his belly for the rest of his days and it would be degrading to trample on him and crush him lower\u2014When a man handles his pen with so much vigour he leaves his enemy powerless to harm but if he push that enemy too hard he excites a feeling of pity towards him which raises him and elevates him into consequence\u2014The point of eminence is proudly gained and conviction flashes on every eye\u2014Peace be to his manes\u2014The two B.s came out handsomely and the business is complete\u2014Mr Hopkinson had just left me quite pleased at the effect produced he agrees with me in the sentiment above\u201420 The heat is so great we are all invalids again and theres nothing stirring We took a long ride on the Banks of the Schulkyl which are embellished by handsome Country Seats The Country is highly cultivated and the sinuous windings of the River adds grace and beauty to the prospect which cheers the eye by its picturesque variety\u2014Most of the rides round the City are flat, and monotonous but the Environs are thickly settled and ornamentally improved, although prospect is but seldom a consideration\u2014The Woodlands is really a beautiful spot; but like most of the property in our Country, it is to be sold and can no longer remain in the hands of the old proprietors; as it must be divided between the family\u2014Your Letter N. 5 was brough to me just before dinner with one from George and enclosures One of the Letters to my Brothers was from Kitty\u2014They do not know what to do with themselves as the Salary with all its fees will only amount to five hundred Dollars a year, which cannot support them\u2014Scott is coming off in disgust as well as Mr Sims as there is to be no Navy Agent\u2014Dr Bronaugh was there and is desirous of coming to Congress\u2014I suppose as delegate\u2014Genl J\u2014\u2014n she says is a candidate as an Elector for next P. and is to vote for the S.W.\u2014Mr & Mrs Welling have just called and we had some chat but not much worth repeating\u2014She described the change which has taken place in her daughter Mrs Sterling who we saw in England, in a very amasing way; and declared that even her walk and her talk was altered\u2014She attributed this metamorphosis to the good english Beer\u2014Coachy has discovered a new way of getting a holyday on Sunday\u2014the Horses are taken sick every Saturday Eveng. In every other respect he has proved a useful and attentive Servant\u2014My music has arrived until it came Mary was always wailling for it, until it came but possession has produced its usual effect, and it is not touched at all.\u2014She went to see Mrs. Potts of Alexandria who left Philadelphia yesterday\u2014Mr. Cook has returned to teaze poor Sergeant\u2014He is for reforming every thing in this State, and really threatens them with a New code of Laws; being convinced in his own opinion that he knows more about Law than any man in Pensylvania\u2014and that none of them know how to cast an account\u2014The Member when he told me all this was too much diverted to be angry. How thankful we aught to be when we are so great in our own conceit His Ladys fortune if he recovers it will be about eleven thousand Dollars\u2014Mr P. says she is a very fine Woman\u2014I say she is a very pretty one\u2014It has been rumoured that Mr Cheves is a candidate for Congress, I am informed he would not serve\u2014He got one hundred and fifty thousand dollars and he himself has one hundred thousand which makes him too independent to desire the situation\u2014The heat is almost insupportable I do not wonder it overcomes you\u2014Caroline writes that you do not propose to visit Boston this Summer\u2014I am sorry very sorry for the disappointment it will occasion to your father and likewise to poor John, to whom this pointed neglect must appear very hard.Nobody appears to know much about the business so recently decided by the Emperor of Russia; at all events it must be very advantageous to the South, and will probably have a great effect upon future Wars.\u2014as such a decision will authorize new claims, the fear of which may save much black property to their masters\u2014This race is multiplying however so beyond all calculation, it is becoming the terror of the Nation. It is one of those monstrous evils, whose growth it is almost impossible to check, that brings horror in its train: and the mind turns with fear and disgust from such a loathsome anticipation\u2014It is here said the Quakers are sick of their philanthropy, and regret the mischief they have so largely created\u2014Here run-away Slaves found a home and protection and it is here that their vices have room to flourish almost uncontroled; as it was impossible impossible to admit disobedience and insubordination in such a case without at the same time encouraging its consequent vices\u2014Mon Ami the President promised me to make William Smith Collector if Scott left Pensacola\u2014it will be cruel if he does not keep his word\u2014Surely the latter can have no right to take half the profits of the place, and do no duty\u2014this is an injustice which never can or aught to be sanctioned I know you will think this observation impertinent\u2014But rulers should take care to avoid such acts; and they would not be liable to such remarks\u2014 Take care how you use the word delightful or you may produce a bad effect upon the little wits of your affectionate", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-21-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4091", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Adams, 21 July 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia July 21 1822\n\t\t\t\tMy Brother much as usual. The impossibility of hastening the cure of his very painful desease in consequence of this heat affects his spirits very much and makes him fretful and gloomy; ever anticipating evil, and unwilling to enjoy present good\u2014Poor fellow\u2014it is surely very hard to know he would be relieved in a few days, and at the same time to suffer ly the pain, but the idea which the mind intirely puts into every horrid form, of what he has still to endure In looking back eight years of misery appears nothing because it is past; in looking forward three Months seem an age, and he is often tempted to give up all hope, in the expectation that death will release him ere the terms expired\u2014My efforts to cheer him frequently fail of success; but if I leave him I fear this morbid state will sink him into total debility; and defeat all those d\u2019rs present remedies, which have prevented those violente relapses which so rappidly reduced him while at Washington\u2014 Mr & Mrs. C. Ingersol called on us; She has recovered her health in some degree, but looks very ill\u2014He was speaking of your rejoinder, and observed that Mr. Russell had better remove to the West; as that was the only quarter, where he could hide his \u201cdiminished head\u201d\u2014He likewise said that he was in the room where Mr. R. was examining the bound book of Letters as Mr. Bayly states it; and that Mr. R while turning over the leaves informed him (Mr. I.\u2014) that an Agent from South America had arrived and was then in the City\u2014more properly from Mexico\u2014He says R. will write again and probably abusively as that is all that is left him\u2014If he should I hope you will not condescend to answer him any more\u2014You stand on an eminence so lofty, that truth needs no further support\u2014She sustains herself in a blaze of eloquence calculated to reach all hearts; addressed to every understanding; rest on your laurels!\u2014and be assured of the approbation of your Country, which is generally and generously expressed\u2014Forgive me my best friend for daring thus to advise you; but I believe it is one of the plots of your enemies to force you to write too much\u2014Few things in this world are calculated long to interest the publick; and a very little too much does great mischief to the best cause\u2014Your old Friend G Pickering said you had gained largely in this affair on the publick; and with him\u2014He was asked if on the next election you would have a unanimous vote in Massts. he turned very abruptly and said, No Sir\u2014Walsh has kept aloof since the last publication\u2014But I believe I mentioned that Hopkinson was delighted with him it\u2014Mrs. Ingersol is a very pretty Woman, and as far I can judge she is intelligent and well educated\u2014There is however something in her eye that repels\u2014You see however I have not corrected my usual propensity of passing judgment at first sight\u2014Poor Lavater little knew the mischief he was to do when I adopted his system without his skill or his combinations to guide them; but physionomy will ever produce more or less effect, however disinclined we may be to trust it\u2014Pray have my Articles arrived from New Orleans for my brother\u2014Sheep were send round from here in the Packet and he is anxious to hear of their safety\u2014There is much scandal abroad here\u2014Five young Ladies of Respectable families it is said are obliged to go into retirement for sometime; access having been found too easy to their chambers from the Windows\u2014It is likely according to present appearances that the next Census will shew that the encrease is greater than at any former period, as the young people are disinclined too wait for shackles and prove that \"Love spreads his wings at sight of human ties\". \u201cLove at the sight of human tiesSpreads his light wings and in a moment flies.\u201dI cannot recollect the words in the first line but you will for they suit the morality of the hour\u2014I feel very anxious concerning you all as the Dyssentery is here very prevalent in almost everywhere\u2014The Physicians possitively forbid Corn and Cucumbers\u2014This is a caution for George\u2014He is young enough to think the gratification of his appetite an object of great importance\u2014But I do not wish him to learn by experience the evils such gratification sometimes brings upon us\u2014Tom Rogers has not been; and I have not returned my visits as I fully expected. St. Anthony being jealous of my attention to any thing but himself\u2014Com Bainbridge looks badly, it is said he has a complaint in his throat which must kill him\u2014The charges of Ariel seem to wear a threatening aspect\u2014He is said to be an adventurer. He pretends he can produce witnesses\u2014\n\t\t\t\t\tL. C. Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-21-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4092", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Quincy Adams, 21 July 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia July 21 1822\n\t\t\t\tMy Brother much as usual. The impossibility of hastening the cure of his very painful disease in consequence of the heat affects his spirits very much and makes him fretful and gloomy; ever anticipating evil, and unwilling to enjoy present good\u2014poor fellow it is surely very hard to know he could be relieved in a few days, and at the same time to suffer not only the pain, but the idea which the mind notarily puts into every horrid form, of what he has still to endure In looking back eight years of misery appears nothing because it is past: in looking forward three Months seem an age, and he is after tempted to give up all hope, in the expectation that death will release him ere the term expires\u2014My efforts to cheer him frequently fail of success; but if I leave him I fear this morbid state will sink him into total debility; and defeat all the Dr.s present remedies, which have prevented those violent relapses which so rappidly reduced him while at Washington\u2014Mr & Mrs. C. Ingersol called on us; She has recovered her health in some degree, but looks very ill\u2014He was speaking of your rejoinder, and observed that Mr. Russell had better remove to the West; as that was the only quarter where he could hide his \u201cdiminished head.\u201d He likewise said that he was in the room when Mr. R was examining the bound book of Letters as Mr Bayly states it; and that Mr. R while turning over the leaves informed him (Mr. I.\u2014) that an Agent from South America had arrived and was then in the City\u2014more properly from Mexico\u2014He says R will write again and probably abusively as that is all that is left him\u2014If he should I hope you will not condescend to answer him any more\u2014You stand on an eminence so lofty, that truth needs no further support. She sustains herself in a blaze of eloquence calculated to reach all hearts; addressed to every understanding; rest on your laurels!\u2014and be assured of the approbation of your Country, which is generally and generously expressed\u2014Forgive me my best friend for daring thus to advise you; but I believe it is one of the plots of your enemies to force you to write too much\u2014Few things in this world are calculated long to interest the publick; and a very little too much does great mischief to the best cause\u2014Your old Friend T Pickering said you had gained largely in this affair on the publick, and with him\u2014He was asked if on the next election you would have a unanimous vote in Massts. he turned very abruptly and said No Sir\u2014Walsh has kept aloof since the last publication\u2014But I believe I mentioned that Hopkinson was delighted with him it\u2014Mrs. Ingersol is a very pretty Woman, and as any can judge she is intelligent and well educated\u2014There is however something in her eye that repels\u2014you see however I have not corrected my usual propensity of passing judgment at first sight\u2014Poor Lavater little knew the mischief he was to do when dunces adopted his system without his skill or his combinations to guide them; but physionomy will ever produce more or less effect, however disinclined we may be to trust it\u2014Pray have any Articles arrived from New Orleans for my brother\u2014They were sent round from hence in the Packet and he is anxious to hear of their safety\u2014There is much scandal abroad here\u2014Five young Ladies of Respectable families it is said are obliged to go into retirement for some time, access having been found too easy to their chambers from the Windows\u2014It is likely according to present appearances that the next Census will shew that the encrease is greater than at any former period; as the young people are disinclined to wait for shackles and prove that\u201cLove at the sight of human tiesSpreads his light wings and in a moment flies.\u201dI cannot recollect the words in the first line but you will for they suit the morality of the hour\u2014I feel very anxious concerning you all as the Dyssentary is here very prevalent in almost everywhere\u2014The Physicians positively forbid Corn and Cucumbers\u2014This is a caution for George. He is young enough to think the gratification of his appetite an object of great importance\u2014But I do not wish him to learn by experience the evils such gratification sometimes brings upon us\u2014Com Rogers has not been; and I have not returned my visits as I fully expected\u2014St. Anthony being jealous of my attention to anything but himself.\u2014Com Bainbridge looks badly, it is said he has a complaint in his throat which must kill him\u2014The charges of Ariel seem to wear a threatening esprit\u2014He is said to be an adventurer\u2014He pretends he can produce witnesses\u2014\n\t\t\t\t\tL. C. Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-22-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4093", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, 22 July 1822\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dearest Louisa.\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 22. July 1822.\n\t\t\t\tWe continue to be delighted almost daily with your journalizing Letters\u2014which together with our visits to the theatre, enliven the dulness of our half\u2013solitude\u2014Scarcely a day passes indeed but I have new visitors at my Office; but they all merely candidates for Office, and though of course all persons of extraordinary merit, their conversation has no tendency to make or keep one cool, in these dog\u2013dayson the progress of the feud between Coll. Cumming and Mr M Duffie, I marvel a little, and meditate much\u2014I marvel chiefly, that with all the publicity that has for so long a time been given to it, the cause of the duel has never yet been made known\u2014In my estimation of things that is a piece of preliminary information, essential to the making up of an opinion upon what has followed, and is like to follow\u2014I regret that men so capable of better things, as both those Gentlemen appear to be, should suffer their Passions to lead their fortitude into the direction which it has taken\u2014And there is an inflexibility in the conduct of Cumming, which seems akin to bloodthirstiness\u2014But it must be considered that he is as eager to expose his own life, as to take that of his antagonist, and according to the code of single combat, his course has at least the appearance of consistency. Yet if they are to fight again I cannot help wishing his adversary may be as successful at the second shot as he was at the first\u2014I have some curiosity to learn, whether with a ball lodged in the small of his back, he would be as earnest for another shot then and there, as he was for a chance against an adversary in that conditionFrom the explanation which judge Johnson has given, it would seem that he really did not intend to reflect upon the court of Magistrates and Freeholders. I have not seen his pamphlet, and do not know whether he has assigned the reason, why he did just at that time publish anonymously the narrative which gave offence.George and I, and all the family here are well, save gasping for breath from the heat\u2014I am drudging like a slave, in self-defence against brother Jonathan, though I know very well that his character can never be put down much lower than he has put it himself, by his reply to my Remarks\u2014But through he had as good defence to make of himself, he did turn upon me with a new quiver of Liliputian arrows\u2014which I have thought it my duty to shake off\u2014My present intention is if he writes again to let him have the last word; but I have not done with his late publication yet\u2014I see the public are getting weary of the controversy; But they are the first to shew it, who are afraid that I shall not leave even a nail in their hands to scratch me with.On Saturday we had for a farce at the theatre, the Midnight Hour, a translation from the French of Ruse contre Ruse, ou Guerre ouverte\u2014Do you remember seeing it at poor Coulaincourt\u2019s? and the comments to which it gave rise there?\u2014I believe it was his compliment de cl\u00f4ture, at the Court of Alexander\u2014It was very amusing then, and is now.George is plunged head over ears in the Fortunes of Nigel.Yours affectionately.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-23-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4095", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, 23 July 1822\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\n\t\t\t\t\t7.My dearest Louisa.\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 23. July 1822.\n\t\t\t\tYour delightful journal of Friday and Saturday has just come to hand\u2014What diverts me most in it, is the regular Saturday Night\u2019s indisposition of the Horses\u2014The heat here on Saturday was almost suffocating\u2014Since then it has been more supportable, but is yet very oppressive\u2014A furlough of six weeks would be delicious to me\u2014but you know some of my reasons for not taking it this year\u2014I am weary and sick at heart of what they call the diplomatic \u201ccontroversy\u201d\u2014and have been much more mortified than proud of a victory over brother Jonathan\u2014I had never had any ill\u2013will to him, and did all but intreat him not to force himself and me before Congress and the Nation\u2014Mr Frye was at our house last Evening\u2014his wife and family are well, and so are we\u2014The City blessed be God is so healthy, that Dr Huntt told me last week he had nothing to do, and was going to take a leave of absence.Did you see the Account of the celebration of Independence somewhere in Vermont\u2014The Oration of Miss Cole, and the \u201cfour and twenty damsels all in a row,\u201d that represented the States\u2014I like it so much, that I wished a speedy downfall to the Independence of them all; for the benefit of the \u201crising Generation.\u201dI enclose you a Letter from Mrs Boyd, and remain, ever / faithfully yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-24-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4096", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Quincy Adams, 24 July 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\nmy dear Son,\nQuincy July 24th. 1822\u2014\nAt the request of our worthy friend and excellent Neighbour Dr Amos Holbrook; I transmit you the inclosed papers, praying you to convey them to the Superintendent of the Patent Office, If I knew Dr Thornton was there I would have transmitted them to him. But I think I have heard some other Gentleman was there, and that he was in some other station\u2014My Compliments to him, if you please\u2014\nIt is requested the answer may be made to Capn. William Mellus of Dorchester state of Massachusetts, to the care of Dr Amos Holbrook of Milton\u2014Or it may be addressed to me\u2014There are thirty dollars inclosed to pay the fees\u2014\nCapn. Mellus is represented to me as a very worthy Man whose integrity industry, & enterprise have not been abated by his Misfortunes, though he has lost a Ship at Sea\u2014\nIf you cannot come on yourself, I wish Mrs Adams would, and bring with her, her Brother Johnson The Air of Quincy Sea, & rockey Mountains would do her more good, than all the air and Physick of Philadelphia\u2014I am your affectionate Father\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-24-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4097", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Quincy Adams, 24 July 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia 24-25 July 1822\n\t\t\t\tJuly 24 We passed the Eveng at Mrs. Fishers where we met a small party consisting of Mrs. Harrisson, pretty Mrs. Morris, a Mr. Gardner just from Liverpool; Mr. Morris, Mr Gilpin, and Dr. Chapman\u2014The eveng passed in social chat in the course of which I made some grand errors, about the Feudal system which I am very little acquainted with; but concerning which the young Gentleman with whom I conversed, seemed to wish to display the pedantry of his Law Knowledge, altogether lost upon me; as not having gone through the course, I could not be a competent judge of his superior attainments\u2014This waste of learning was really to be regreted, and I most sincerely wished it had been better applied\u2014During our visit we had a tremendous thunder Shower, and were obliged to return home in the midst of it.\u2014Dr Chapman is thought a great wit; but I perceived nothing particularly striking in his conversation\u2014The Thermometer fell 10 degrees in 10 minutes25 Mr. Hopkinson called on us at five o\u2019clock and we left Philadelphia in the Steam Boat\u2014Aetna for Borden Town, with a large party going to the Sea shore Mr. H tried hard to amuse us, and we had a great deal of conversation upon a variety of topics. He told me Genl Jackson had become very religious and was in dreadful health\u2014He says that his coming to Congress depends upon himself; but he does not think he will serve. All seem to have a horror of the turbulence and factions of the ensuing Congress, and a dread of being a party in it\u2014We arrived at Borden Town at about ten oclock, and found Mrs. & Miss Hopkinson with Miss Mays who were at the door to receive us\u2014Mrs. H\u2014 is much changed since you saw her; more so than I could possibly have imagined\u2014She was in remarkable good spirits and made many good Puns\u2014They told me Prince Senders had got into complete disgrace in consequence of some bad conduct; but what I could not ascertain and could scarcely believe it possible that we ever could have been at his entertainments in England.\u2014They were much diverted at my account of his entertainments, to which I did all the justice in my power\u2014Among the Passengers in the Steam Boat, we found Mr. Noeli who I had completely forgotten\u2014He told me Anduaga was at New York; and that He (Anduaga) was to leave that City on his way to Niagara and the Lakes on Monday next\u2014I told him I understood in Philadelphia that the Minister had sailed for Europe some time since; at which he seemed both hurt and surprized; and answered not yet, though he did not know how soon it might happen\u2014He told me also that Onis had requested a leave of Absence from England, on account of Clementina\u2019s health but to go to Bigni\u00e9res but he was refused\u2014He likewise informed me that Yruco had been recalled from France, and that Berdaxi was likely to go there\u2014Anduaga is much disliked here; they say he is sulky, proud and arrogant, and has nothing either in mind or person to make up for these failings\u2014Zea is also recalled from Constantinople; as they Spain will not keep a Minister there\u2014All this news I suppose you know. Dashkoff and his Wife have met with a succession of misfortunes such as having their house at Constantinople accidentally burnt down, and all their furniture clothes &ca &ca destroyed\u2014They are now in Petersburg heartily wishing themselves back in America as they have no immediate prospect of employment. The Emperor gave them a handsome sum to repair their loss\u2014We heard much of King Joseph and his daughter, but did not see his place\u2014At three we left Borden Town and embarked in the Steam Boat, when lo and behold she was aground, and we had the pleasure like Satalus of gazing on the place which contained our friends, without the possibility of enjoying their society or conversation for upwards of two hours; the wind being so high, and the difficulty of egress from the Boat, making it impossible to land; and so cold that we could only lament not being provided with winter clothing\u2014A good fat red faced handsome looking John Bull assured us, that the American Steam Boats were not to be compared to those built in Canada; as how was it possible they should be, when the Ingirns w (Engines) were all made in England\u2014There were a Mr & Mrs Rice from Richmond with their Niece Miss Marshall, and a Miss McCulloch of Baltimore\u2014They were pleasant and chatty: full of conversation about Boston from whence they had just returned delighted with every thing they had seen, and the attention they had met with\u2014I suspected it was Mr. Rice the Baptist Clergyman and his Wife, but could not ascertain positively\u2014We got home at about ten o\u2019clock shivering with cold and very hungry\u2014The News we heard at Borden Town was that the famous Miss Wright was arrested in England for Treason; and that the Yellow Fever was very bad in Philadelphia. If the arrest is as correct as the report of the sickness, we may know how much to believe\u2014Gen Cate is Master of an Eating House at Paris set up under the patronage of the Americans\u2014My journal is a pot pourri, in which you find much nonsence now and then relieved by something a little better; but if it can afford interest sufficient to amuse you for a few minutes; it fully answers every purpose to your affectionate Wife\n\t\t\t\t\tL. C. Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-25-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4098", "content": "Title: From John Adams to MA Town of Quincy, 25 July 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Town of Quincy, MA\n\t\t\t\tKnow all Men by these Presents,\u2014That I John Adams of Quincy in the County of Norfolk Esquire, In consideration of the kindness with which my former conveyance dated the twenty fifth of June 1822, has been accepted, and in further consideration of all the motives enumerated in that instrument and of various other causes\u2014not necessary to be stated particularly, Do hereby give, grant, and convey, to the Inhabitants of the Town of Quincy in their corporate capacity and their successors forever, the following parcels of land, to wit; First, Six acres of Cedar Swamp in the Town of Braintree, in the tract called Hubbards Swamp, which I bought of Capt. Benjamin Beale;\u2014Secondly,\u2014My pasture situated partly in Braintree and partly in Quincy, containing seventeen Acres and a half, which I bought of Elkanah Thayer;\u2014Thirdly\u2014Two pieces of Cedar Swamp situate in Gardners swamp so called, one of which I bought of Caleb Faxon, the other of William Thayer, which when I bought them I understood were in Quincy, but which I now am informed are in Braintree; These are all which I know or suspect to belong to me but if any other morsel should be found to belong to me in that Town I give it to the Town of Quincy; Fourthly, My pasture in Quincy formerly known by the name of Babel pasture containing fifty one Acres, more or less, which I bought of the Honble. Cotton Tufts, as Executor to the Will of Norton Quincy Esquire; Fifthly, Eight acres of land in the Town of Quincy, near the Meeting House, bounded easterly on the County road, Southerly on land of Lemuel Brackett Esquire, Westerly on my own land, as the fence now stands, Northerly on my own land by a line to be drawn from the western Boundary parallel to the line against Mr. Brackett so as to include Mr. Hancock\u2019s ancient cellar and well.\u2014To have and to hold all the foregoing tracts and parcels of land to the Inhabitants of the Town of Quincy, and their successors forever, in their corporate capacities, Upon the Conditions following: First, Provided that plots be taken by skilful surveyors and recorded in the Town Books within a reasonable time.\u2014Secondly, Provided that these lands shall be managed and conducted upon the same principles, under the same conditions, restrictions, limitations, forfeiture and supervisors, and the profits applied to the same ends and purposes with those in the former deed.\u2014Thirdly, Provided that when the objects mentioned in the former deed are obtained a stoneschool house shall shall be erected over the cellar, which was under the House anciently built by the Revd. Mr. John Hancock, the father of John Hancock, that great, generous, disinterested, bountiful benefactor of his Country once President of Congress and afterwards Governor of this state, whose great exertions and unlimited sacrifices this nation is so deeply indebted for her Independance and present prosperity, who was born in this house, and which house was afterwards purchased and inhabited by the Revd. learned ingenious and eloquent Lemuel Bryant, Pastor of this Congregation, which house was afterwards purchased by and inhabited by an Honble. friend of my younger years, Colo. Josiah Quincy, and also inhabited by his son Josiah Quincy Junior, a friend of my riper years, a Brother Barrister at Law, with whom I have been engaged in many arduous contests at the Bar, who was as ardent a patriot as any of his age and next to James Otis the greatest Orator.\u2014Fourthly, That as soon as the funds will be sufficient, a school master should be procured, learned in the greek, and roman languages, and if thought advisable, the Hebrew, not to make learned hebriaians, but to teach such young men as choose to learn it, the Hebrew Alpabet, the rudiments of the Hebrew Grammar, and the use of the Hebrew Grammer and Lexicon;\u2014That in after life they may pursue the study to what extent they please; but I hope the future M will not think me too presumptuous if I advise them to begin their lessons\u2014in Greek and Hebrew, by compelling their pupils to take their pens and write over and over again copies of the Greek and Hebrew Alphabets in all their Variety of Characters, over and over again until they are perfect masters of those Alphabets and Characters, this will be as good an exercise in chirography as they can use, and will stamp those Alphabets and characters upon their tender minds and vigorious memories so deeply that the impression will never wear out, and will enable them at any period of their future lives to study those languages to any extent with great ease.\u2014In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and seal this twenty fifth day of July, in the year of Our Lord\u2014One thousand eight hundred and twenty two.\u2014\n\t\t\t\t\tJohn Adams.(Seal)\n\t\t\t\t\tSigned sealed and delivered in presence of,\u2014\n\t\t\t\tJno. DavisI. P. DavisJosiah QuincyJosiah Quincy, JrNorfolk Ss. 27. July, 1822.Personally appeared the Hon. John Adams and acknowledged the above instrument to be his free act and deed, the same being by him Subscribed,\u2014BeforeJosiah Quincy,\u2014Justice of the Peace throughoutthe Commonwealth of Massachusetts.Dedham August 7th: 1822.Received and recorded with Norfolk Deeds. Book 64 Page 235.Attest,James FoordRegr.True Copy as of Record, Attest.Mottram Vesey,Clerk of the Town of Quincy.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-25-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4099", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, 25 July 1822\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dearest friends\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 25. July 1822\n\t\t\t\tAnother number of your journal came to hand this day\u2014I mark your advice, to say nothing more upon the subject of the \u201cdiplomatic controversy,\u201d and I am much inclined that way myself\u2014I have no desire to put him down lower than he has put himself; but the opinions upon objects of great interest, avowed and urged in his Letters want putting down, much more than the man\u2014And I have written what would put them down forever\u2014and make Walsh ashamed of what he has said in their favour\u2014Whether I shall publish it or not is a question\u2014But I have it nearly all written, and mean to finish it completely. Walsh has contradicted me, by a subterfuge\u2014He says that his Editorial remarks of 10. May were all written by himself\u2014but the professions, and the apologies, and the vouchers, of which they consist, all came from Russell himself directly or indirectly\u2014Russell\u2019s friend through whom the manuscript was communicated, vouched for its correctness as a copy\u2014It was not correct\u2014It was neither the original nor the duplicate\u2014but a mongrel bred from both\u2014The remark that the Letters being private, did not apt imply that it was secret, must have come from Russell, or it was a remark that Walsh should not have made; for it misled the public\u2014The Letter was secret as well as private\u2014Secret at least to those whom it accused\u2014I did not and do not desire that Mr Walsh should side with me in this matter\u2014All I asked of him was neutrality\u2014He says the facts against Russell are overwhelming\u2014This is more than I desired him to say\u2014The Verdict of the Public was already given\u2014But I think he ought not to have contradicted me; asto the Editorial remarks; at least without admitting that although written by himself, he had the substance of them from Mr Russell, or his friend; which was all I meant to say.I enclose you a Letter from Mrs: Smith at Pensacola; which was opened, not by me, but by mr Calhoun, to whom it was taken by mistake\u2014I have no doubt it was unintentional on his part, and presume it was not read by him\u2014But as it was sent open to me, I did read it, and from its contents am afraid of seeing them here every hour\u2014I shall take no pleasure in that Event for I have lately learnt something, which has disgusted me with him, more than ever.26. JulyWith the dawn of this morning I awaked and ejaculated a blessing to Heaven upon the gem jubile of our Marriage\u2014More than a half of your life and nearly half of mine have we travelled hand in hand in our pilgrimage through this valley, not alone of tears\u2014We have enjoyed together great and manifold blessings and for many of them I have been indebted to you\u2014May the Guardian Angel of our Union or that all powerful being whose superintending Providence is the Guardian Angel of all, bless us for the future, in proportion as he has blessed us for the past, in the vicissitudes of sorrow and of joy, which constitute the sum of all human destiny, may we proceed in harmony, and in conscious integrity to the end of our career on Earth\u2014If it be the will of our Creator that we should live to celebrate the full jubile of this day, may it be with equal and unabated affection for each other, and may it find our children established and prosperous in life, virtuous and useful\u2014And if to either or both of us a shorter date is allotted may we be gathered to our fathers in Peace, and leave behind a to our posterity, a memory and a name not, as stimulants to pride but as model, for imitation.And so I bid you my beloved farewell\n\t\t\t\t\tJ. Q Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-27-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4101", "content": "Title: From John Adams to George Washington Adams, 27 July 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, George Washington\nmy dear Grandson\nQuincy July 27th. 1822\nI have mislay\u2019d your letter and therefore cannot refer to it. I hope Mr Russell has his fill, your Father\u2019s rejoinder is as some of the Southern papers express it, like the waters of the Mississippi, without \u201co\u2019er-flowing full\u201d There is but one vocce in this part of the world, and that is of disapprobation of Mr Russell\u2019s conduct. The testimony\u2019s of Mr. Brent and Mr Bailey are clenchers, and demonstrate that either Mr Russell\u2019s memory is a sieve or his sense of the sanctity of truth a reed shaken in the wind.\u2014\nIf your Father cannot come this way, I wish your Mother would and bring your Uncle Johnson and yourself\u2014I am confident your Uncle\u2019s health would be promoted by the air of Quincy Boston & Cambridge\u2014Your two Classmates Upham & Belin did me the honor of a visit, & requested a particular rememberance to you.\u2014Upham has gained a prize. Quincy is as steady as a mill, as studious as a Monk, as polite as he always was, & as reserved as General Washington. I wish I could say all this of you. you are however pritty good, and completely so, in the puntuallity with which you write to me\u2014There is a new public journal printed at Plymouth under the title of the old Colony memorial for which I wish you or your Father would subscribe, it is but two dollars a year, & would bring into your family more knowledge of the early history of America than you would probably acquire in twenty years without it.\u2014\nI find that the politicaster\u2019s are now practicing the policy of Genll Hamilton who travelled through new England, and wrote through the southern states to convince his friends that Adams could not be chosen, he could not stand against Jefferson, that to keep out Jefferson their only resource was to sett up another man in the person of Genll. Charles Cotesworth Pinckney\u2014similar Politicasters are now practicing the same system in Maine & Massachusetts, they give out that Mr Adams cannot be chosen, The southern states are so much more populous they overpower us in Number\u2019s, in such a manner that New England has no chance to obtain a President let their Candidate be ever so preeminent in talents, virtues, experience services or merits of any kind, this comfortable doctrine is now running like streaks of lightning through New England & I believe some people connive at it.\u2014And secretly incourage it, in hope of future Hartford Conventions & seperations of the Union\u2014\nYou may show this letter to your Father, but to no-other person without his permission. Not even to Mr Bailey.\u2014\nI am your affectionate, Grand Father\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-27-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4102", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Quincy Adams, 27 July 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia 27-29 July 1822\n\t\t\t\tJuly 27 I did not see the account you speak of in the Vermont paper, but your joke was not lost although it is un pen lest\u2014.The young Ladies perhaps would have no objection as times go. Female modesty is certainly not the order of the day in this or any other Country, that I am acquainted with\u2014We were invited to take Tea with Mrs. Fisher last Eveng. but my brother was so desponding we declined going, and passed the Eveng at home\u2014Mr Watts of Carolina is gone to New York by way of retirement, to study Spanish; you understand the pour quoi? Major Roberdeau informs us that Mr. Calhoun is not going to northward\u2014Walsh is quite sick, and cannot get over your thrust about his neutrality, which I believe he is a little ashamed of. But it evidently proceeded from the powerful attraction of Mrs. R. whose feelings he wished to spare\u2014If Calhoun remains at Washington why cannot you leave it for a short time? What is this affair that the National Intelligencer has got hold of about a visit from the Military Corps at Harvard to Capt Shaw? I hope it will bring no trouble to our poor boy.The remedy which I suggested for my Horses proved very efficacious. They had no return of their Weekly Intermittent\u2014General Brown is recovering very slowly and still confined to his Chamber the greater part of the time\u2014His spirits are however so much better, that the Dr. thinks it will hasten his cure\u2014He is attended by both Physick and Chapman. They have pronounced his recovery certain\u2014.28 Mary was very sick of a billious attack we therefore did not go to Church\u2014We have the usual difficulty to prevail on her to do any thing for it; but our indefatigable Hostess will succeed at last; and she is likely to produce the best possible effects on the mind as well as the body of the young Lady\u2014While we were riding Mr Walsh called; and in the Eveng Mrs. Lewis with her Son and daughter returned my visit\u2014Nothing new\u2014My brother very unwell\u2014Much more emaciated than when you saw him\u2014This alarms me very much. His Legs have perfectly wasted to stiks\u2014The Dr. however holds out hopes and this is all: I have to contend against my own fears29 Your very very kind Letter is just brought N. 8. and I find I made a most curious mistake in one year; so that our Silbern Hochseit, was complete when I supposed it a year off\u2014You possess the happy wit of saying or writing things in so superlative a style it makes every effert on my part appear cold insipid, I might say almost vulgar\u2014but when the heart speaks, it is of little importance whether the language is elegant; as its powerful expression is always felt, and mostly appreciated\u2014In our children we have hitherto been blessed; may the God whom we adore continue to us this to me greatest of all blessings and reward them for the happiness they may afford us in our age\u2014I am shocked at what you observe concerning Mr. S\u2013 Poor Kitty\u2014Mrs. Powell remarked the evening we passed with her, that \u201cin the course of her long life she had observed, that those who act well during life where always sooner or later rewarded; as reversing the case they were punished in this our world\u201d\u2014This has certainly been in some measure exemplified in their case; for surely nothing prospers with them. God knows how their difficulties are to terminate; for instead of diminishing they appear to encrease tenfold with every attempt to relieve them\u2014.Upon the subject of this \u201cDiplomatic Controversy\u201d you have altogether misunderstood me if you suppose I wish you to suppress or detain a peace already promised to the publick; and which is looked for with the greatest impatience! No! much is expected from you because you are able and willing to perform much; and will throw new lights upon subjects of the highest importance to the Nation\u2014Far be it from me my best friend to advise anything so unjust both to yourself and the Country\u2014My advice was meant as it regards any future reply to a man who has already proved himself so unworthy of either publick or private confidence, on a suggestion made to me of more writing on his part\u2014And from the conviction that if he wrote it could only be with the intention of wearying the publick with the subject, as a vindication of himself is himself is impossible\u2014Many people here think you cannot write too much; among them is Mr. Walsh. As it regards the old subject of neutrality, poor W. is I believe heartily ashamed of it\u2014W. Patterson was the friend through whom Mr. R managed his business, and W. pretends to have thought him an impartial person\u2014No matter! It is sometimes our interest to over look little piccadillo\u2019s of this kind, and as you sing So triumphc on the occasion you much be generous enough to forget and forgive\u2014He is an able man; and it is better to have him for a friend than an adversary\u2014How came Mr Calhoun with Kitty\u2019s Letter? Fortunately there was no observation in it concerning himself\u2014As it is a picture of distress, he probably will deny having read it (which I do not doubt he did) and, forget the circumstances altogether\u2014Tell George to send me the Copy of your piece of poetry addressed to Ellen Nicholas on laughing at Church. It is in Poetry Book copied by Mary and ready to enclose\u2014I cannot thank you sufficiently for writing me so often. This is another addition to the debt of affection of your Wife", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-29-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4103", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, 29 July 1822\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\n\t\t\t\t\t9.My dearest Louisa.\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 29. July 1822\n\t\t\t\tYour journal of the 24th. and 25th. has been received\u2014The complaint of cold, and the want of winter Clothes, almost makes me stare; though even here we have had two or three more moderate days\u2014 I give you an extract of a Letter which I have this morning from my father\u2014\u201cIf you cannot come on yourself, I wish Mrs Adams would, and bring with her, her Brother Johnson.\u2014The air of Quincy Sea, and rocky mountains would do her more good, than all the Air and Physick of Philadelphia.\u201dThis invitation you and your brother will consider\u2014If his operation is not to take place till October, perhaps a tour to Quincy, so easy now to make in the Steam-boats might be of use to him\u2014I would send George to accompany you, but I can hardly bring my mind to part with him, as he is now my only companion\u2014If you conclude to go, I know it will highly gratify my father, as well as our Sons\u2014But I would not urge your brother, if he has any aversion to it and leave it entirely to yourself. I have also received a new and very urgent invitation from Mr Boylston to revisit Princeton this Summer; but that must be deferred.I have spent another evening, last week at Mr Calhoun\u2019s; and yesterday George and I went with him and dined at Mr Dainel Brent\u2019s in the Country. Gales & Seaton were there\u2014Also Mr Pearson and his daughter\u2014Miss Brent\u2014Coll. Freeman and Mr Pleasonton\u2014An agreeable party. Saturday Evening we had a Soir\u00e9e at Mrs Richard Forrest\u2019s. But Sir David Dunder, and Megrims Blue Devils had such fascination for George that he forsook our worshipful Society for the Children of Thespis.Ever affectionately your\u2019s", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-29-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4104", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Ward Nicholas Boylston, 29 July 1822\nFrom: Boylston, Ward Nicholas\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear Cousin\n\t\t\t\t\tMount Badinage 29th. July 1822\n\t\t\t\tHow unfortunate I am, that I was not ealier informed of your magnificent intentions with respect to your establishment at Quincy\u2014my Hundred Thousands would be some help to be sure, but a small one in comparison with the extended of the many that are to be blessed with it\u2014But what will you say to me, when you hear of my building a large stone edifice on the summit of Wachusetts\u2014for the reception and contemplation and cure of those who are afflicted with short memories & slanderous tongues\u2014and that I have thought of appointing Mr. Jonathan Russell first president of the , with a right to all the Blueberries that grow on the mountain, the previledge of Catching all the Skunks, & Woodchucks, & Hunting all the Foxes & hares that inhabit it\u2014and when the President or other members of this establishment becomes unfit by age, or incorrigible in Disposition to remain there\u2014. The They will be provided with a place of retirement for Life on the Bald Rocks of Mount Desert, (where)\u201cWith vast amazement they\u2019ll survey,The wonders of the Deep,Where Mackerell swim, and porpoise playAnd crabs, & Lobsters, Creep:\u2014\u201dWhat do you think my Dear Cousin of the scheme, is it not humane that those who have forfeited all confidence in society should be able to reach as far as they can the highest earthly situation in this state & may by a Contemplation of the Heavenly Bodies, be stimulated to a due preparation for the future glories beyond them\u2014Your wisdom and long life of experience may suggest to your Dutifull Son, the improvemts that you think may be necessary, which will be strictly & promptly obeyd by your affectionate\n\t\t\t\t\tBadinage Junior", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-29-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4105", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Quincy Adams, 29 July 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia 29-31 July 1822\n\t\t\t\t29 Rode out to Mr Sergeants about 2 miles and a half from Philadelphia on the Ridge Road. The Place is really beautiful leading down to the Skuyllkyll and laid out with a great deal of taste. It belonged to a Mr. Clifford whose plaything it was until last Summer, when he fell a Martyr to the prevailing fever at the the of age of seventy\u2014and it now belongs to his Widow who in consequence of the general derangement of his affairs, has only preserved this place, out of a large property which she brought him. Sergeant Rents it very moderetely, and has no trouble with the use of it; so that it is fast going to ruin\u2014Mrs. S. was quite unwell when we first arrived there, but recovered very much before we left her. She is one of the most attractive women I ever knew; and literally steals into ones affections without our being immediately sensible of the effect she produces\u2014She is not possessed of any great beauty but there is a sweetness, a loveliness about her, altogether irrisistable\u2014He is a lover Husband who seems to live on the smiles of his bewitching Wife\u2014Their family generally presents a charming picture of genuine domestic happiness\u2014We passed a delightful Eveng with them, but returned early; after Tea when I went to see Mrs. Jackson, who is a very interesting Woman, dejected by long suffering, and highly respected by all her connections\u2014We met there a Mr. Hemphill who married one of Girards Nieces\u2014Mr. Girard has three Nieces; and one of them was married about a fortnight since, and returned to his House and took her bonnet off, supposing herself quite at home\u2014The Servant having announced her to the old Gentleman, he sent her word by the Servant his \u201ccompliments, he never desired wished to see her again; and desired she would quit his house immediately\u2014He objected to the marriage from the beginning of the courtship; but the Lady would have her way, and has met her punishment\u2014Dr Physick has a daughter nearly in the same predicament. She has engaged herself contrary to his wills; the young mans character being altogether exceptionable; and The Doctor informed her that if she persevered in her determination he would disinherit her; upon which she answered he might do as he pleased, her Mothers fortune would be a sufficient provision\u2014This is liberty\u2014Intemperence is said to be the cause of the fathers aversion to the match; if true most certainly an amply sufficient one\u2014More especially as it proved the bane of his own happiness in his matrimonial connection\u2014He was obliged to separate himself from his Wife some years before she died\u2014Mr Sergeant is impatient to get your promised paper, the termination of the \u201cDiplomatic Controversy\u201d\u2014I see by the Papers a suit is Instituted by Jonathan against Mr. Haut. What motive can that man have for his accusation at this time? Is it that insatiable love that seems to be innate in human nature, to trample even unto death? Surely it is cruel to torture a poor crushed worm in this way; particularly while he is in the hands of a Goliah!30 Mr. Keating has just called with the best respects of the Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Freemasons inviting me to visit the Lodge this Eveng which is to be opened to the publick\u2014Fortunately for me the secrets of the Society are such, as to insure their private visitors from the honour of a brand\u2014I of course accepted this honour and am to go at half after five\u2014I suppose this is a great honour!! perhaps, or most likely I shall find it the farce of much \u201cado about nothing\u201d Mr Duane has received Letters from the Emperor Iturbide inviting him to go to Mexico as Minister from the United States\u2014I give you this information that you may be at no loss for an honourable Representative of the Union in that Country\u2014It would be a kindness if his Imperial Majesty would provide for this Gentleman, in his own Country\u2014he is certainly well calculated for so turbulent a Hemisphere\u2014Was disappointed of the Masonic visit\u2014Took a ride in the course of which we met C. Ingersol with one of his Sons, a fine sprightly Boy\u2014His Wife and family are again very sick, and they are all going to the Sea Shore\u2014We likewise paid a visit to Mrs. Powell\u2014Poor Boston appears to be suffering greatly in her turn\u2014But I cannot find out who are the Merchants who have failed\u2014There is much exageration I understand in the Rumours that are afloat\u201431 I received a Letter from George yesterday in which he speaks of your health being much affected by the heat\u2014Pray if you are sick do not deceive me, for I could not bear the idea of being absent while you are indisposed\u2014One of the Papers announces that you are to be absent all Summer from Washington\u2014I wonder where he got his information? Mary Roberdeau called this morning\u2014She goes to New York tomorrow with her father who has been detained here by Law business\u2014Hopkinson who piques himself upon his prophecies, must look a little down at the recent news from Europe, which breathes nought but peace between the threatening powers\u2014The miserable Turks are not to be extirpated yet, though the poor Irish seemed to be scourged by a higher power\u2014Ever Yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-31-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4107", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Quincy Adams, 31 July 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia 31 July\u20141 Aug. 1822\n\t\t\t\tJuly 31 Mrs. Powell, Mrs. Fisher, and Mr Saul from New Orleans, called on us, and I returned all my visits excepting the one to Mrs. Markov\u2014My Brother is again better\u2014Poor Mrs. Lee\u2014We were told on our arrival that Dr Physick seldom ordered his patients into the Country if he could do any thing for them; and this circumstance has been a proof of his practice\u2014I believe she remained but a few days under his hands. The situation of the poor Girls is indeed melancholy. Was Mr Lee with them when their mother died? I understand that the Dr. sent Mrs. McLane to the Sea Shore\u2014Her case is nearly desperate and this is a kill or cure experiment\u2014Mrs. Charles Ingersol is also in a very delicate state, in consequence of the fever which she took last year from which she has never recovered\u2014Consumption stares all these interesting women in the face, and I much fear no medical skill will be sufficient to save them\u2014Mrs. I\u2014 is a very handsome woman She has an eye that speaks and emits sparks\u2014This is not always a criterion of character\u2014but it sometimes is an indication of something more than mind\u2014The weather is remarkably cool; so much so that in the Eveng we are obliged to close our windows, and many persons are leaving the Sea Shore in consequence of frosts\u2014August 1 This Eveng we are to visit the Masonic Hall\u2014Mr Keating is to accompany me\u2014Mrs. Meredith says she cannot think what I should go there for? As it was an invitation from the Grand Master and I was informed it would gratify him, I thought it best to go. I hope I have not done wrong. No one affects parade less than myself; and I am almost too apprehensive of thrusting myself upon the publick; therefore I hope you will not condemn me\u2014There is not a particle of news stirring unless you have read Mr Hollands Oration on the 4th of July in North Carolina\u2014It is a happy specimen of Oratory, and some of the figures are so elegant and tasteful. Have so much of that attic salt which gives a pungency to wit, and of deep pathetick, which steals into the soul and melts its sweetest sympathies; that I almost doubt if any one will dare to follow in the path of this too bright original; and surely the \u201cLadies of the fair\u201d will find it difficult to listen to the soft language of flattery from any other Mouth\u2014You must pillow yourself upon his support which is promised with much energy, and endeavour to improve your manners by imitating the fascinations of Mr Calhoun; and avoiding the \u201cvegetable plant\u201d immobility of your great Master who you are too much inclined to resemble. On this subject if I indulge my pen, from ludicrous I may fall into serious, but the constant hints of your most devoted friends, would almost urge me who am so far very far inferior to you in every thing, to give you a lecture on common sense; or in other words on that worldly and every day sense, which is so essential to adapt us for the common intercourse of society\u2014In nothings, every one can deal\u2014In true solid sterling sense refined by experience and strengthened by cultivation and acquirement how few!\u2014When these things are united, man becomes a paragon and nobody can resist him\u2014to you nothing is impossible\u2014Cease to view a place hunter in every phiz, and you will find yourself at ease\u2014At this critical time when all is warm in your favour, when the flash of superior talent has found its way into every soul susceptible of feeling; you should if possible seize the happy occasion to shew yourself to your Countrymen; and convince them that the coldness and austerity of which they complain, is not a part of your nature; but has only been produced by situation and circumstance\u2014You will not I know be displeased at this expression of my wishes; for one of the qualities for which I have most respected you has always been, that of bearing to hear the truth without impatience when it affects yourself\u2014This is indeed an epitome of my favorite fable, and I think if I go any further I shall certainly share the fate of the Frog, and burst with my new born dignity of adviser\u2014this is King Log advising Jupiter I will therefore close my performance and throw myself on your mercy\u2014N. 9 has just appeared with your urgent desire for me to go on to Boston\u2014My Brother cannot accompany me; His food is of such a quality and requires so much care in the preparation as it must cook from eight to ten hours every day, it is absolutely necessary for him to remain stationary\u2014Mary is to pass the next week at Borden Town, and I can go on the week following if you think it expedient\u2014If I do go, I must be back by the beginning of September; and I hope it will not prevent my boys from making me a visit in the Winter, as they will not have seen you for more than a year and a half: My funds are so low, that it will be impossible for me to start until I hear from you. On Thursday next I shall be ready to start, and shall take Mary with me\u2014I have no doubt I shall find a Gentleman going from here whose protection will suffice without robbing you of George who I would not have you part with on any account\u2014I shall not go into New York at all if I can help it, as a Boat starts from Jersey City\u2014It will shorten my journey and lessen the expence\u2014Shall I send the carriage home or leave it here? You must give your directions in full.\u2014I am happy to see that you are so gay. Walsh is much better, but goes into the Country so much that he seldom comes to see us\u2014Hopkinson says he is much hurt by your truth in the controversy\u2014If I go I shall lose the whole of the Boys vacation and have the plague of commencement\u2014Without a carriage to keep up any communication between us\u2014I cannot conceive why you cannot go now your controversy is ended", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-01-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4108", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, 1 August 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear Sir\n\t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia 1st August 1822\n\t\t\t\tIt is very long since I had the pleasure of writing to you. considering George a better correspondent I resigned the pen to him but being here and out of the way of hearing from you so often as I used I am induced to write and recal to your recollection some of your old friends who make frequent enquiries concerning you\u2014Among them and perhaps the first in rank is Mrs. Powell whose age and memory nearly equals your own all though she has been a greater sufferer having lost one of her eyes by a paralytic affection\u2014Her mind is as vigorous as ever and she loves to talk over times past when active memory retraces pleasures long gone by and fills her still vivid fancy with actors and scenes in which she shone a brilliant constellation\u2014The manner in which she speaks of your loved partner is truely gratifying to me. It is a theme on which she loves to dwell for in it she can portray excellences universally acknowledged and esteemed and cite a model for the rising generation Her conversation is full of anecdote and I wish I could see you together as I think your reminiscences would be delightful\u2014My poor Brothers health is so very low that I fear it will not be in my power even to take a trip to look at you this Summer. But I hope the next I shall be able to pass the greater part of it in Quincy among friends to whom I beg you will kindly remember me and at the same time be assured of the respect and affection of your daughter\n\t\t\t\t\tL. C. Adams\u2014\n\t\t\t\t\tP.S. Mrs. Lewis intends to visit Boston and told me one of her first visits would be to you whom she remembered with the sincerest gratitude and affection\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-02-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4109", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, 2 August 1822\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dearest Louisa.\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 2. August 1822.\n\t\t\t\tI continue to receive your journals\u2014that of the 29th. was the last; and they would continue to be most agreeable, if they all gave cheering accounts of your brother\u2014Count de Manon called on me yesterday and told me he had seen your brother last week; and thought he looked not worse but if any thing he thought rather better than he had a fortnight before. Tuesday Evening we had a party at Dr Sovell\u2019s\u2014Mr Maigs the Commissioner of the Land-Office was there, and told me he was going next Morning for Philadelphia. He promised to call and see you. Wednesday we had a pleasant dinner at Mr Frye\u2019s. Mr George Johnson was there\u2014Mrs Frye told me for the first time of something which put me as much out of humour with Kitty, as I was already with her Husband\u2014They are both too bad\u2014I enclose you a Letter, which by the hand-writing, I perceive comes from our old friend Mrs Agnes Porter\u2014I hope it contains as much Court Calendar Scandal as usual; and if it does you must let me know all about it.My friend Walsh has no cause to be uneasy at his neutrality between brother Jonathan and me\u2014He could have no just reason to decline publishing his Letter; and after publishing it, I think he was in some sort bound to be neutral between us\u2014He has fairly given both sides of the question; and in one of his last papers he says that I have the best of the personal part of the controversy\u2014If there were a human being, who after hearing both sides hitherto said otherwise, I should have thought even this too much for him to say\u2014But I care nothing about the personal part of the controversy\u2014I once thought Jonathan Russell my friend, and valued his friendship\u2014I now bear him no more ill-will than Uncle Toby did to the fly, that annoyed him by his buzzing\u2014But the mischief is in his principles and Walsh has not only departed from neutrality, upon them; but committed himself so deeply in publishing the Letter, without waiting to hear what I had to say against him, that I expect he will never be on the right side, concerning them\u2014whether if he has seen the comments upon the controversy in the Louisville Public Advertiser. to them, of about half a column in the Argus of Western America\u2014a paper printed at Frankfort Kentucky The piece I mean is in the paper of 18. July; and if I mistake not comes from the first hand\u2014It betrays not a little vexation and disappointment, and contains proportionally as much misrepresentation as Jonathan\u2019s own productions\u2014it seems that in Kentucky the Question has been asked, how the Mississippi proposition was so desperately wicked, Mr Clay came to sign his name to it?\u2014And in this Paper, which is anonymous and headed \u201cthe Ghent Mission\u201c he is defended upon the ground of the New Instructions\u2014Jonathan says the new Instructions had no effect on the question at all, and appeals to Clay, for the assertion that the question was never taken after they were received\u2014But this piece is as spiteful against \u201cthe Secretary\u201c, as Jonathan himself\u2014It says if the Secretary were President, and the British were to claim the navigation of the Mississippi to-morrow, he would be obliged to grant the claim or contradict his favourite principle\u2014Jonathan, in the Boston Statesman, says, by the way, much the same thing\u2014Tis the last poor thread by which they think they have the Secretary, still entangled; but he will break it, and could wind it round Mr Clay himself. Last Evening we saw Booth in Richard the third\u2014He is here, engaged for five Nights\u2014The House was tolerably well filled, but I did not like him so well as when I saw him in England. He seemed to have little respect for his Audience, and not to think them worth pleasing\u2014I doubt whether he will fill the house even his five Nights\u2014I enclose you a check for 100 dollars\u2014The horses I suppose do not cost much more for keeping at Philadelphia, than they would at home; and they would be of so little use to me, and are of so much to you, that I wish you by all means to keep them. especially as they have recovered from their periodical ill-health.Ever faithfully yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-03-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4113", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Quincy Adams, 3 August 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia 3 Aug. 1822\n\t\t\t\tAugust 3 After despatching my Letters we received Georges N. 10 with one from Mrs. Porter in London in which she is desirous that you should dispose of 20 copies of some work written by her father which she has just published, the first Vol of which she has sent to Mr. Gracie with an order to send them to you, and she has fixed the price in England at half a pou 18S. 6d a Vol. The poor old Lady as usual talks of Sir R and Lady Liston, and the Compliments of Lord St. Hellens, who she tells me has promised to present her book to the King\u2014This evinces a little more of that twist as poor Mrs. Hewlett used to say, which more or less pervades every body\u2019s brain\u2014By the same opportunity my Brother received a Letter from Mrs. Smith, in which she informs him that they had sold off every thing they possessed to pay the expences of their voyage, and were to sail in the Amanda Melvina, about the 11 of July so that we may expect them every hour\u2014It is impossible not to feel a little uneasy about them, as there are so many pirates in those Seas, and they are so atrociously cruel that the idea of their falling into their hands is truly horrible\u2014We rode out into the Country which we do every evening by order of the Dr who is desirous that my Brother should exercise as much as possible in this way, but walk very little\u2014When we returned, we found a present from Mrs. Fisher of a most beautiful night blooming Ceres\u2014It is impossible to form an idea of any thing more delicately elegant\u2014The Flower is white in the globe form, surrounded by three or four rows of leaves in a saucer form, rather spiral, of a pale or rather yellow green\u2014These leaves are so separated as to have at a distance the appearance of feathers, which adds much to its beauty by its waving lightness and brilliancy\u2014Like our Sex it only displays its charms to advantage by Candle light, when it enchants all beholders\u2014The heat yesterday and to day is almost unsupportable and I am very anxious concerning you, as I understand you bear it worse than usual. I am happy to see by all the Letters which we receive that you are so gay in the City. At any rate it serves to vary the dull monotony of every day quiet; and draws you for a few hours from your too constant and oppressive duties, which really wear you to death.\u2014To attain the highest honours your Country affords is certainly an ambition worthy of a great mind\u2014but I much doubt whether it can ever prove a reward for the harrassing toils, the desstrest distressing anxiety, and the load of obloquy and loathsome calumny through which you must wade to obtain it; and when possessed of the station; I observe by sad experience a man must descend as he rises, and suffer nearly as much persecution by way of clearing the road for his successor\u2014All this however is nothing compared with the thorns which strew the pillow of a chief Magistrate in an elective Government; which must pierce the Soul of a man of sensibility, and prove destructive to every comfort\u2014You will smile at my view of these flattering distinctions, which lure but to betray: but my intimate acquaintance with head quarters has taught to me the value of this coy and fleeting blessing; and has in a great measure destroyed my taste for such felicity\u2014I believe it requires all the congealing qualities of our present Executive, to support the situation with stoicism; and to make it lucrative if not easy\u2014Major Jackson sat an hour with us\u2014He is a remarkable instance of the changes incident to human nature in the advance from youth to age\u2014When I knew him seven and twenty years ago, he was thought a man of wit, brilliancy, and that light and superficial reading, which just suffices to give an appearance of learning without any real or solid acquirement\u2014He was fitted for a boon companion who could with the assistance of Joe Miller set the Table in a roar, and his society was ever hailed with glee by the lovers of pleasure\u2014How the picture is reversed\u2014his vivacity is lost sunk in heaviness\u2014his wit has sunk changed into dry unmeaning jokes, and his general conversation has lost the charm (which was once so attractive) by its perpetual and wearying sameness\u2014When I meet with such person\u2019s I cannot refrain from asking myself of what man with all his boasted reason has to be proud\u2014How few like your father retain the power to delight; the desire to enlighten\u2014How few have the talent to \u201cgather honey from every opening flower\u201d and lay it up in store for future generations\u2014Here and there we meet with such examples, but they are like the Alloe Aloe which blooms but once in a Century to delight the astonished world\u2014I am very happy to learn that John and Charles are doing so well\u2014May they meet the reward their exertions merit, and if they cannot attain to the height to which we aspire; may they at least meet with the approbation of those on whose kindness and indulgence they must depend\u2014We see many promoted far beyond their merits, and many sunk whose merits ought not to be questioned; and we hourly witness how hard it is to force mankind to do us justice, even at those periods of life which have afforded opportunities to perform acts which entitle to us to claim the highest rewards, nay even to demand them\u2014In no situation can we be exempted from caprice and partiality; and the children of a public man must share his popularity or the advises of party\u2014Talents are the gift of God cultivated and improved by man\u2019s labour\u2014To some the labour is not great; to others acquirements are hardly earned: all we can ask and all we can require is, that the most shall be made of opportunity, and that done we must endeavour to be satisfied\u2014Ever yours.\n\t\t\t\t\tThrow this like all the rest of my Letters among your waste paper", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-04-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4114", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Quincy Adams, 4 August 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia 4-6 Aug. 1822\n\t\t\t\tAugust 4 Your N. 10 was brought me this morning containing the order upon the Bank for which I thank you\u2014I am more uneasy than I can express at the part of your Letter concerning Kitty and cannot possibly guess what it can mean\u2014Surely there are persons in the world so singularly constructed that their minds are utterly incapable of improvement from experience which generally teaches the most impressive Lessons\u2014I confess I feel alarmed knowing her indiscretion and that suppleness of character which leads her so often into difficulties\u2014Whatever it is I know you would not have written with so strong an expression of censure were you not convinced of the truth of the allegation\u2014Yet I must still hope as the world is full of exaggeration that her error whatever it may be is not so bad as it has been represented\u2014What is to become of them?!! God only knows\u2014It is a dark and dreary prospect\u2014John has written me a Letter which I shall enclose to you as you will see by it how busy your father is with Mount Arrarat which he has disposed of to the Town of Quincy as a present on certain conditions\u2014His Letter will however explain all the particulars\u2014Charles has likewise written to me\u2014His tone is very lofty and he says he is more and more convinced of the unjust partiality of the Government of which he says he judges by their conduct to John\u2014Mr Gilpin called on us this morning, he is a very young man, full of talk; who will not find his entrance into life impeded by the want of easy assurance\u2014This Even\u2019 Mr. Paul sat an hour with my brother, and I amused myself with his Grandson who has lately been on a visit to the Sea Shore of which he was giving me a long account. After telling me that they first went in a Boat and then rode in a Carriage, he got to the big water and they all went and let the serf roll over them\u2014but he said I must not go with myself, but must let a man take hold of my hand, because he must snap me down and wash the dirt off of me\u2014I thought this a capital account of the Scene for a Child of three years old; and the Ladies must have a little fun then the Grandfather said it was very true, and he had taught two of the Ladies to swim himself\u2014I have not seen the pieces you mention in the different Papers\u2014not have I seen Walsh for some time\u2014he is gone to see his Son as some School in New Jersey, and I do not know when he will return\u2014Mr. Keating took Tea with us this Eveng\u2014He is one of the most steady, studious, respectable young men I have seen for a long time\u2014It is said he is engaged to marry Elizabeth Hopkinson\u2014but I do not know if it is true\u2014He is a Roman Catholick but perhaps this is no objection\u2014He is mild, amiable, and modest\u2014As he resides in the House where we board, I can judge pretty accurately of his conduct although I seldom see him\u2014There is not a word of news and no end to my nonsense\u20145 August The day being more suppotable supportable I walked out and returned my visits to Mrs. Mackos, and Mrs. Paul\u2014being the last which I owe and all ettiquette business here is I trust settled\u2014The Count de Menon I see by letters from Mrs. Thornton and George, is returned to Washington and full of importance; and quite Sur charg\u00e9 des Affaires. In pity to the poor little fellow you should cut him out some small piece of work to rest a claim on for future fame; otherwise like his pendant Harris, he may sink into obscurity\u2014Kirby says he is one of the deepest intriguers who under the mask of easy familiarity and sociability gets admittance into families, and uses the information thus acquired for his own purposes\u2014My opinion of his talents are is not such however as to rank him among the dangerous What has become of Mr. Randolph Canning? Are his simpathetic feelings still so excited as to make it impossible for him to leave the Manor? Lady Hervy it is said has likewise listened to the soothing balm of consolation and returned to London and mixes again in society\u2014We may expect shortly to hear that some Lord or Earl or Duke inspired by his Grace of Wellington, has made proposals to this hitherto disconsolate fair\u2014Betsy Caton writes that visits are exploded altogether in person, and that in London they have adopted the Continental fashion of hiring a man to distribute Cards\u2014As we generally follow the usages of the old Mother Country, perhaps we shall tumble into this convenience; a wise measure at least as it would put an end to a great many silly pretensions\u2014John Randolph will perhaps introduce it, and then it must be admited; for though acknowledged to be more than a little cracked, he will be known to have associated with great folks, and that will ensure his success\u2014Mrs. Porter says the Rush family have too much to do, to take care of their family; to mix much in the World\u2014John Smith she speaks of as usual, and says his health is much better since he keeps a horse It is almost time for Mr. R\u2013\u2014h to return\u2014He has represented our eoconomy long enough\u20146 We have just received a Note from Mrs. Fisher inviting us to go to the Woodlands if Miss Hamilton had visited me\u2014As this was the condition I declined although the matter would have been of little consequence to me\u2014as you know I am not fastidious as to making first visits when abroadBut as two branches of the family have received attentions from me, it would look too much like demanding a return; in addition to which poor Mrs. Fisher would have been quite frightened at the idea\u2014We are much the same in health as usual / Ever Yours\u2014\n\t\t\t\t\tYou will I fear find my journal more than tiresome", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-05-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4115", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, 5 August 1822\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dearest Louisa\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 5. August 1822\n\t\t\t\tYour Journal of 31st. July and 1st. instt. is received. I enclose you another Check for 100 Dollars, that you may be payable want of funds, if you should finally conclude to go on to Quincy\u2014But besides the doubts which are mentioned in your Letter, arising from the situation of your brother, I have others since I have this day learnt that the yellow fever is in New-York\u2014my fathers invitation was of your brother with yourself addressed here. I seconded it, I was in hopes your brother might be able to go with you, and that it might even be serviceable to him\u2014But although it would rejoice my father to see you, I am persuaded he would lose much of that pleasure, if it must be purchased at the price of depriving your brother of your affectionate and soothing Society, and if you would be obliged to return the beginning of September, you would scarcely have it in your power to see our Sons, unless by making them truants to their Studies\u2014I would leave it therefore still entirely to your own determination, and if you decide not to go, I know my father will be entirely satisfied, if you allege the state of your brothers health as disenabling him, and making it inconvenient to you to go If you go, you had better leave the Carriage at Philadelphia, for the use of your brother till your return\u2014I have no occasion for it here and the difference of expense of maintaining the horses, and Coachmen there or here will be inconsiderable. I would by no means have you send them back, till you come yourself.Your Letter contains so much excellent advice, that last Saturday evening at the Theatre where I was seeing Booth in Sir Edward Mortimer, and Mrs Burke in Little Pickle, I determined to commence my practice upon it, and I made myself as amiable as possible to Mrs Gales and Miss Kitty Lee, who were in the same box with me\u2014Now to commence a course of politesse and gallantry with the thermometer at 100\u2014was truly distressing, and that I was enabled to undertake it proves to you, how deeply I was convinced by your Eloquence\u2014I asked Mrs. Gales how it was possible for a woman to love a man with such honours as those of Sir Edward Mortimer\u2014She said his misfortunes made him interesting\u2014and I loved her the more when I heardSuch tenderness fall from her tongue But as Mrs. Gales has a husband and I have a wife, I thought it was time to stay the use of my fascinating powers there; and with Miss Lee I was still less successful, having only had the advantage of supplying her with a Play-bill. Now you must know there are already two Conquests upon which I calculate, both atchieved by your advice\u2014And I have a presentiment that if I ever do acquire the faculty of being irresistible my greatest atchievement, will be upon the \u201cLadies of the fair\u2014who as Montesquieu wisely observes are the best possible judges of some of the qualifications which constitute a great Man\u2014Your communication to me to cease viewing a place hunter in every phiz; I suppose is connected with the advice to make a summer excursion to visit my father\u2014Most of those whom I see here, would think themselves very ill used if I did not view them as place hunters, for they neither desire to see nor to be seen by me in any other capacity. A place or a subscription is the object of all the new acquaintance that I make, and if I could satisfy the seekers of the first of these Classes as easily as I can those of the second, they would not have so much reason to complain of my vinegar aspect, as they do\u2014You may be assured that I feel in the fullest extent the value of your advice, as well as the affectionate motives by which it was inspired\u2014But you are sanguine in the observation that at this time all is warm in my favour\u2014The last attacks upon me have been in some degree failed; I have not been yet killed in the battle and the tool used against me, has lost its edge, or been broken in the conflict\u2014But the controversy is far very far from being ended, and its management becomes more difficult the further I proceed\u2014Upon the main topics of Jonathan\u2019s Letter, my victory is not yet complete, and although I can make it so in every part, I cannot do it, without exposing him in lights more odious than those in which I have exhibited him already\u2014At this moment the Public are so far from favouring me, although they have done justice to him, that a very large portion of them, are on the look out to catch me tripping, and will seize upon the slightest indiscretion to turn the tables against me\u2014The Dispatch and Enquirer has copied that part of the paper in the Kentucky Argus, mentioned in my last Letter to you which points out the direful consequences if the Secretary should be President tomorrow\u2014and calls upon me to answer it\u2014I shall answer it, not at-all to the Satisfaction of the Enquirer. But the Enquirer has suppressed the part of the paper in the Argus which admits that Mr Clay signed all the papers, and is therefore as responsible for the obnoxious proposal as the Secretary\u2014The St. Louis Enquirer has done better still\u2014He has pompously published the President\u2019s message to the House of 4 and 7. May, and Jonathan\u2019s private Letter and has suppressed the duplicate, and the Secretary\u2019s remarks. These Enquirers stick to their character. They still Enquire, and take only such answers as suit themselves\u2014 Ever affectionately yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-06-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4116", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, 6 August 1822\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dearest friend.\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 6 August 1822\n\t\t\t\tI enclose you a Letter from Mrs Frye\u2014upon whom I called last Evening\u2014Mr Frye doubts whether he will have it in his power to make his Northern excursion this year\u2014I conclude that even if you go to Quincy, you will not leave Philadelphia, so soon as Thursday and accordingly continue writing to you at that place\u2014I did suffer much for some time from excessive heat\u2014But the cool weather has relieved me\u2014We are all comfortable\u2014The river bathing has been very refreshing and useful both to George and me. We have now a week of interval and low tides.Five years this day have passed since we landed at New-York\u2014What a portion of my life and my labours!\u2014May the next five years be but as prosperous, and I shall have no feeling but of gratitude to indulge\u2014To you may they be five times more happy.Affectionately your\u2019s", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-06-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4117", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Adams, 6 August 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear John\n\t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia 6 August 1822.\n\t\t\t\tYour Letter of the 29 reached me safely the day before yesterday and as it contained information concerning your Grandfathers plans I enclosed it to your father to whom it will probably be very interesting\u2014Your regular and constant attention to your College duties gives me the utmost pleasure and though it may not be crowned with as much success there as you hope or have a right to expect rely upon it your exertions will always be duly appreciated by your parents whose cordial approbation will reward your toils independent of the advantage which will accrue to yourself in your future course of life\u2014Continue then my beloved Son to deserve distinction and sooner or later you will obtain it and whatever occurs do not let disappointment affect your spirits or mortify your pride\u2014disappointment is the hard lot to which man was destined and when we do not bring it on ourselves by our own folly it is very supportable and requires but little courage to sustain it manfully and with great magnanimity:\u2014I observe what you say about Sir Mungo. His character is well drawn and there certainly are such in existence but they are almost too unpleasant to contemplate and show us the mind of man in a state revolting to humanity\u2014Walter Scott is on a visit to Ireland it is said to cull subjects for future novels. As he generally loves to delineate the dark shades of life he could not have chosen a better time for his visit when famine glares with spectral eyes upon this wretched Nation and adds its horrid gleam to all their former varied crimes and sufferings\u2014Such pictures will suit his magic pen and he will have full scope for painting horrors in their most wild and gloomy forms\u2014Your Grandfather is happily amusing himself with a project which will afford occupation and interest to his future days and I am rejoiced to hear it is likely to yield him so much pleasure and the Town such serious advantage\u2014It would probably have produced little to his Son\u2019s and his Grand children must learn to make their own fortunes without depending on any one but themselves\u2014It gives me so much pleasure to write to you I scarcely know where to stop when I begin. Browns Lectures I have not read though I have no doubt I should take great pleasure in their perusal but my head is a little like a sieve and seems ill calculated to derive any real advantage from any sort of reading whatever\u2014It is the experience which I unfortunately have acquired of the effects of want of attention in regulating my mind and an early neglect of proper application to the subjects which ought to have engrossed my attention that and that rendered my perceptions so rappid and indistinct that makes me so solicitous that your studies should be of a deeper and more durable nature as I am perfectly aware that the pleasure to be derived from a matured cultivation heightens every enjoyment in life\u2014Your Uncle remains much the same\u2014Love love to my rattled Brain Charles and to yourself from your Mother", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-06-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4118", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Quincy Adams, 6 August 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia 6-7 Aug. 1822\n\t\t\t\tAugust 6th. It is very cold here to day so much so that we can sit comfortably with the windows shut\u2014My Brother suffers very much from this change his nails are quite blue\u2014Miss Hamilton and Mrs. Fisher called on us this morning\u2014Mr. Harrisson is still very sick and I think Mrs F. appears to have some fears concerning his recovery, which from all I can gather, will be very doubtful\u2014I really was very much distressed at seeing a poor Dog taken to day who was harmlessly walking through the Streets\u2014He was caught up and the bow String applied so instantaneously that I had not time to quit the Window so as to avoid the sight of his agonies\u2014The practice of allowing the Dog catchers so much a head for as many as they take; is a sufficient encouragement for any cruelty that they are inclined to execute\u2014I am far from sentimental: but I detest all those customs which have a tendency to corrupt the heart of youth; and such acts however necessary should be performed in the least offensive manner possible, and with as much compassion as the nature of the case will permit\u2014By this Evengs Paper I observe Mr J Hunt has come out very decidedly regarding the charges made by Ariel, and poor Jonathan will surely find it very very hard to get rid of them satisfactorily\u2014After all it amounts to nothing more than what Bayard did; and yet to whisper such a thing would be high Treason\u2014His \u2014his Letter, and his signature which the Count Harris Levity as they called him in Russia displayed to Montreal and other Gentlemen there, are sufficient proof of the fact\u2014Poor Jonathan proves by the exquisite folly of his conduct, that as Mrs. Harrisson says, \u201cthere are more madmen without the Hospital than within\u201d\u2014Walsh is forced to give him up spite of all his kindly feelings, and I suspect he does not like much to come near me\u2014Miss Hamilton is a fine looking Woman upwards of fifty, full of health and spirits, looking as if she enjoyed the good things of this world, in abundance of which have fallen to her lot\u2014She gave us a pressing invitation to her house at the Woodlands; where we promised if possible to visit her\u2014Mr & Mrs. Becket reside with her with one or two other members of the family, until the Estate can be divided\u2014Miss Erwin has just called on us She has been on a visit to the Country, and has just returned. She is a little angry with the Count de Menon, who she says called on her during her absence, and stated that he had a Letter for her which he would call on her again and deliver: and she never saw or heard anything more from him, and supposes he must have taken her Letter away with him\u2014This is a singular circumstance for a man who piques himself so much upon his gallanterie\u2014Mr. Baker is here in a deplorable state of health, and looks I am told wretchedly\u2014I have not seen him\u2014He stayed sometime at Bristol, but I fancy was not much benefited by the air there\u2014It is said to be too dissipated for an invalid\u2014Mr. Keating called.7 The Doctor has just left us after performing the operation in part with the utmost success and giving great hopes of the recovery of our poor patient\u2014Tomorrow he is to call again as there are still three or four tumors to remove, and he can only take one at a time for fear of exhaustion\u2014The suffering was not very great, but the soreness will of course be painful\u2014Dr Physick say\u2019s the state of the disease previous to the operation was very much ameliorated by the course pursued which has rendered it much easier in its performance\u2014Mr Paul is now with him, and he is really fortunate in meeting with so many kind friends, to cheer and support him in his tedious suffering\u2014During the trial I was walking about my chamber, sick of anxiety and dread; a prey to the exaggerated terrors of a fertile imagination; and the Dr had actually been gone a quarter of an hour before I suspected his departure\u2014How singular it is that the mind should have such a propensity to magnify the evils of this life. Surely they assail with sufficient strength in reality, without the added dread horrer of anticipation\u2014The fact is I suppose that in situations which require particular energy, the soul is braced to action; and the sufferings of the flesh are partially forgotten\u2014but it requires an extraordinary stimulus to shake off the natural supiness of mere corporeal matter\u2014You will wonder at my philosophising in this way at such a time, but it is the consequence of the recent event, and the strech in which my mind was kept, you must therefore excuse it\u2014Mary who has been quite sick for the last week is gone to Borden Town to visit Elizabeth Hopkinson\u2014The air and the Mineral water there will reinstate her I hope in her accustomed health\u2014Mr. Keating procured me the papers you mention from the Westward. It requires more than a Master hand to parry such a thrust as the Louisville paper contains, which is penned in more than a masterly manner if possible\u2014Independent of any individual concern it strikes me as being a most correct view of the crisis approaching in this Country\u2014which is evidently such as to necessitate the most decided measures on the part of the people, in opposition to the growing and dangerous cabals of the times\u2014As to the reply I am not Lawyer enough to make something out of a mere nothing, consisting of prevarication and abuse\u2014He (the Author) does not know how to support his own story\u2014The old Proverb of \u201cset a rogue to catch a rogue\u201d is here verified; and the two friends are likely to destroy one another without any assistance from others\u2014Ever yours\n\t\t\t\t\tDo not say any thing to Caroline until the operation is completed", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-08-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4120", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, 8 August 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nmy dear Daughter\nMontezillo August 8th. 1822\nOh! that I could visit Philadelphia! and run about as I did Forty Eight years ago\u2014to Roman Catholic Churches, Quaker meetings Anabaptist Churches, Methodistical Churches, Swedenborgian Churches\u2014and Presbyterian Churches Not one Congregational Church could I find. Nor of a Unitarian Church was the possibility conceived by any one in that City.Tell Mrs Powell however, that I would now visit her before any of these Assemblies. That her praises of my beatified Consort cannot be exagerated. Tell her that I love her now as well as I did when I toasted her in a large party in the presence and hearing of her husband, who instead of conceiving any jealousy appeared to receive it as a compliment.\u2014As indeed it was intended\u2014Tell her that I know she never liked me very well, and that she particularly disliked my correspondence with Tench Coxe, as I did myself, and still do, and Tench Coxe himself too.\u2014\nNow I have something to say to you that you must not repeat to Mrs. Powell\u2014She is a Lady of as Masterly an understanding as ever I knew, an understanding superiour even to her fortune, and worthy of the high station and Character of her excellent husband.\u2014\nMy love to Mrs. Lewis\u2014Tell her I shall depend upon a visit from her. Tell her that I once aspired to the honour of having her for a daughter in Law\u2014the Wife of your Husband. Tell her that I had the impudence to say, that I know that General Washington wished the same thing.\u2014How much more wisely does Providence dispose of us than we can dispose of ourselves!!\nMy love to your worthy Brother, and pray him to come with you to Quincy. Our Quincy granites breath an Oxygen air\u2014so salutiferous, that I entertain sanguine hopes it would restore him to perfect health\u2014Tell him I will go with you and him to Cambridge, to visit his Nephews; or even to Nahant or Nantasket beach, to eat Sea Perch and breath salt water air.\u2014\nPray write again soon to your affectionate / Father\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-08-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4121", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Quincy Adams, 8 August 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\nPhiladelphia 8-9 Aug. 1822\nAugust 8 Towards evening my brother became much better. To keep his thoughts from his immediate sufferings and to amuse him with conversation is the best remedy, and produces the most wonderful change both in his spirits and countenance; and the most difficult part of the business will be to wean him from the isolated habits he has acquired by his unfortunate mode of living; which made him believe that no mortal breathing had ever endured such calamities as himself\u2014At present to fix his mind on external objects is impossible, and I have not yet discovered the master passion; but I expect much from its powerful influence should I be enabled to excite it to a good purpose\u2014At present he is too much reduced to be susceptible of much beyond the sense of personal feeling, and the dread of family disgrace\u2014The arrival of our friends, from Pensacola has which we hourly anticipate, opens a large field for speculation and occasions some little apprehension, which by occupying his attention however disagreeably may be productive of the best results\u2014Walsh tells me that Dr Physick thinks his desease is an inveterate dyspepsia, but that he hopes by rigid diet &cc to remove it, and once more set him on his legs but his recovery will be tedious The other complaint he says will be radically cured by the operation\u2014This is the only modern radical that whose acquaintance can give me any pleasure\u2014I was much diverted by a piece in the National Intelligencer giving a thourough dressing to that consequential Gentleman the Editor of the National Gazette\u2014There is a neat and pointed Irony in it, which was very well supported throughout\u2014It reads like Mr. Gales\u2014A propos! I congratulate you upon your gallantry (by no means your first attempt) to her fair Ladyship; proceed you know from experience that when you please you can raise the fair and however insignificant they may be thought, their approbation contributes largely to heighten and brighten a mans reputation, more especially when he is accused of coldness and austerity\u2014The softer Sex can best deny such slanders and through them it is easy to check its course by a little well timed attention, delightful to yourself and enchanting to them\u2014Whatever we may think of a mans person or manners, if his reputation is great for abilities or learning, womans pride or vanity call it what you will, is ever gratified by his notice, because it raises her consequence in the eyes of her own, Sex and in that of the society in which she moves\u2014. That sense of inferiority which by nature and by law we are compelled to feel, and to which we must submit, is worn by us with as much satisfaction as the badge of slavery generally, and we love to be flattered out of the sense of our degradation\u2014We cannot give a greater proof of our weakness or our inconsistency; but in these two words consist the great charm of the female tribe for had we less of either which we should resemble the Lords of the creation too much; and lose our feminine attractions N 12 reached me at noon like all your Letters it was full of affectionate wishes which are thankfully recieved and reciprocated, though there is evidently a meaning couched in them which does not appear. our fates are so jumbled together that whatever befals we must support each other to the end and if the trial is severe we may at least take the privilege of grumbling out our discontent a privilege of no little importance if we may judge of it from the satisfaction it usually affords to those who have attained it\u2014Howeve being naturally of a very sanguine disposition I will wait for the evil and not add to its bitterness by unpleasant anticipations\u2014\nWhat is the reason I am no longer afraid to write all that passes in my head or in my heart to you\u2014Time was when my pen refused to mark the dictates of my fancy and I dreaded a censure where I claimed a friend\u2014Perhaps it would be better for you if to a certain degree this idea still existed, as you would not be overwhelmed with such torrents of nonsense and egotism\u2014but the flattering kindness with which you have received my former Letters, has I fear produced an improper effect and made me troublesome and tedious\u2014remember however that I neither desire or wish to exact answers to my scribbbling scribbling; as your time and your labours call for more serious occupations and I would not add to labours already too oppressive for my own personal gratification\n9 My Brother has slept well all night and is much better. The Dr. has not yet paid his visit and of course I cannot tell what he may judge proper as to the continuance of the operation\u2014But I hope he will proceed as the suspence is insupportable\u2014The extreme irritability of the nervous system however makes it absolutely necessary to take the safe side of the question added to which our good Dr. possesses the great gift of the most unbending firmness from which it is said he never was known to flinch. His aspect is stern and cold almost callous but his heart is full of sensibility and his manner during an operation soothing and kind towards his patient but never such as to indicate the possibility of his suffering himself to be alarmed or intimidated by the cries and groans of his agonized patients\u2014This has the happy effect of giving them confidence and lessening if possible the horrors of their situation\u2014It is said that it takes him several days to brace his feelings or his nerves to his duty but that once done he is immoveable\u2014 Ever Yours\u2014\nL C A.\nWe receiv\u2019d an elegant bouquet from Mrs. Powell I am a great favourite\u2014She is of the old school\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-09-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4123", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Quincy Adams, 9 August 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\nPhiladelphia 9-10 Aug. 1822\nAugust 9 The Boston papers announce the death of one of our Grandees James Perkins\u2014I think I recollect him many years ago; but I am not sure that I was acquainted with him. Was he not brother to S. H. Perkins?\nThey tell a ridiculous story here about Mrs. S. Perkins She came to consult Dr Physick concerning a desease to which she is subject in her throat, and which will finally destroy her\u2014When called to see her she explained her case, and he recommended such remedies as he thought would prove efficacious, all of which she positively and rejected and declared she would do no such thing The Dr. made her a bow and took leave, observing that it was quite unnecessary to consult\u2014She boasted much of her conduct saying she was delighted at the idea of humbling his pride, and showing the Philadelphians what she thought of their prodigy\u2014This Lady I always understood was famed for her superior understanding; if it consists of such extraordinary stuff, it is not to be envied; for her word would go but little way to inquire such a colosal reputation, independent of the injury she was doing to herself in rejecting services which in all probability would ultimately have proved a blessing and prolonged her days.\u2014He has just left us and was quite surpirzed at the favorable change in my brother since yesterday\u2014He is doing even better than could have been hoped, and has only to exert a good stock of patience to get through his difficulty\u2014You know I pique myself upon my nursing qualifications, and I hope this case wont discredit me\u2014\nIn the National Gazette of this Evening, I have just read your last piece to the Editors of the National Intelligencer; and will only say \u201cwell done thou faithful servant\u201d for well have you served the nation, by exposing to the publick the base and shamefull plot of your enemies; and so fully justifying yourself to the world for conduct which must ever honour you\u2014This is the worst dressing the man has had yet; and you have certainly left yourself nothing more to say concerning him or his baseness\u2014He is too deep in the mire into which he has plunged himself, ever to extricate himself unless you help him to a lift\u2014\nI have just received a very pretty Letter from Mary; and for the first time I begin to feel a little proud of my pupil. In the course of time I shall perhaps operate a change in her manners; and do away some little blemishes in her temper and character which have been subjects of anxiety and even distress to me\u2014\u201cAll in good time\u201d shall in future be my motto\u2014Mr. Hopkinson and Dr Chapman called to see us and sat a few minutes to day\u2014Poor Susan Lee. She is quite deranged and her recovery is deemed almost hopeless. This is the consequence of deceiving an unfortunate Woman, and suffering disgrace and calamity to steal upon her entirely unprepared\u2014That man has much to answer for, and if he has a heart susceptible of feeling; it must be bitterly wrung by the domestic misfortunes which now overwhelm him\u2014\n10 The arrival of Mr. Lowndes is announced in last nights paper which however I had not seen until to day\u2014His health is said to be very bad and his recovery very doubtful\u2014My Brother is better again this morning and was able to leave his chamber\u2014could the Dyspepsia be as easily eradicated as the complaint for which he is now treated he would soon be a well man; but it will require length of time and great care to produce a favorable change.\nDuring my brothers confinement I have sent the Horses to Pasture\u2014The man who has taken them says that Bob is very seriously sick; and that his malady might and probably would have proved fatal if I had not sent him to grass\u2014A strict diet which is here the rage will however restore him as his desease is owing to overfeeding\u2014As I have placed them myself with the assistance of our good Hostess, and with a man that Joseph did not know; there can be no deception; and I shall give more credit to his assertions in future\u2014They are out at three dollars the Week\u2014The operation is likely to be so prolonged that I know not what to think of our journey to Boston. We must wait the event. That infamous wretch Corri has I find been in Philadelphia and married a Quaker Woman. You must recollect why he was obliged to leave England. I went out to pay Mrs. Lowndes a visit the papers having announced her arrival, and to my utter astonishment found him at the Boarding House alone, though scarcely able to walk about\u2014His fate I much fear will soon be decided\u2014He told me his physicians thought it necessary for him to stay here, and he regreted that Mrs. Lowndes did not accompany him. I told him I thought that was easily arranged as Mrs. Lowndes could speedily follow him. He seemed surprized and observed it was not always easy to obtain an escort\u2014This would prove but a small obstacle to me in similar circumstances. But Carolina Ladies cant move without assistance. This is one of the glorious effects of Slavery, and a woman becomes an automaton as helpless as an infant, and so dependent she cannot move without a dangler\u2014 My Brother says her face and manners would be sufficient guards from one end of the Country to the other. I hope she will take courage and come to her sick husband as soon as possible; for certainly his appearance denotes the absolute necessity of her constant care and attention At all times Yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-10-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4125", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Quincy Adams, 10 August 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia 10-15 Aug. 1822\n\t\t\t\tAugust 10. Mr. Joanoff and Baron Maltitz and Mr & Mrs. Pederson and Mrs. Markoe called\u2014I had gone out to visit Mrs. Lowndes who I understood had arrived; but I found that Mr. Lowndes had come alone to consult Physicians\u2014He came down to see me, and I was shocked at his appearance\u2014if the Doctors even set him on his legs again, they will have performed a miracle\u2014I also called on General Brown who sent to request I would go and see him; so that you see I am quite in the way of visiting the Beaux\u2014but an old woman has her privileges\u2014Anthony St John Baker pretends to be very anxious to find out from me, if Mr Canning is going to be married? I thought this very curious and suppose it was intended to find out what was generally thought of the subject.\u2014Eveng at home alone\u2014Mr Cook and Mr. Paul came immediately after dinner which is at two o\u2019clock11 Waked at about three oclock with a smart chill and violent cramps; and continued very sick throughout the day; the Doctor gave me two grains of Calomel which was of great service\u2014Mr. Paul brought his children and sat some time with my brother, who continues much the same\u201412 Much better this morning\u2014My Brother is however not so well\u2014His desease is so much on his spirits, that unless objects are perpetually occurring to draw his attention from himself, he sinks immediately; and fancies himself afflicted with every desease under the Sun\u2014This day ten years I thought every wish of my heart was gratified in the birth of my beloved babe; and I had nothing more to ask\u2014It was the Lord who gave her to me It was the Lord who took her from me\u2014shall I dare to repine He best knew what was fit for his Servant; but he will in his bounteous mercy pardon me for regretting the loss of such a blessing\u2014It is a selfish regret for she is in a world of bliss\u2014Mr. Cook has been sitting here great part of the morning\u2014He has taken Joseph to look at a Carriage that he is about to purchase\u2014it holds four is neatly made, and handsome to go with one or two Horses; and the price is three hundred Dollars. Mr. C. has partially settled his affairs; and has obtained possession of a Horse belonging to his Wife; and is likely to obtain some money, although he complains bitterly of the dilatory proceedings and thinks it necessary to remain here sometime longer to instruct John Sergeant\u2014The latter say\u2019s C\u2014 is a thorough going man of business\u2014This mediation of the Emperors is not at all understood; and it is said that the latter part of the Law published; entirely destroys the first\u2014I know nothing about and do not understand it it in any way\u2014But it is as well to report what I hear as you may perhaps be able to put in a clearer light the doubtful parts; and have it published through some private medium, without appearing in the business\u201413 Very ill all day and quite unable to write\u2014Mr Cook came and took Joseph to look at a carriage which he wishes to purchase. They ask three hundred Dollars for it, but Coachman does not like it\u2014He has seen one at 225 which he thinks a better one\u2014The Calomel slightly salivated me, and I was so feverish the Dr thought it necessary that I should lose eight ounces of blood; and I was almost immediately relieved\u201415 Mr. Saul came again last Evening and sat with my brother who was much better\u2014I had a Letter from your father who says he intended Mrs. Lewis for your Wife; but matters did not turn out as he wished\u2014morer the pity for she is a lovely woman, and would have been a prize worthy of you\u2014I suppose however that I have been the gainer\u2014At any rate I think on this subject that \u201cwhatever is is right.\u201d\u2014The Doctor has not proceeded any farther with the operation, and we cannot form an idea when he intends to terminate it\u2014He is the most cautious man I ever saw. I was so sick as to be obliged to consult him; and he say\u2019s I have narrowly escaped a billious fever: but my bleeding has entirely cured me; and I am now as well and as pert as ever\u2014Mary is still at Borden Town enjoying herself very much\u2014Did you notice the Article in Walsh\u2019s paper concerning John Randolph. He will return, the Monkey that has seen the world; and play more tricks in the House of Representatives than ever\u2014Mrs. Hopkinson is a famous punster and you know I enjoy any thing of the kind\u2014We were speaking of Prince Saunders his house company &ca and I observed he was visited by many literary characters\u2014She turned very quick and said to look for black Letter\u2014Mr. Saul and Miss Patterson made me a visit this Evening\u2014She has just come from New Orleans and Pensacola, where she saw Mrs. Smith who was preparing to return\u2014She was looking very thin and out of health\u2014The Vessel has arrived and tomorrow I suppose we shall hear something about them\u2014They will probably go to his Aunt Thompsons; and there form some plan for their future measures\u2014Still I ask myself what is to become of them? Surely the President has acted cruelly in this business, and they really have a right to complain\u2014But what does this avail\u2014I enclose a small paper for George\u2014Should any change be made in my plans, I will write before I put them in practiceGod Bless you\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-11-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4126", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Quincy Adams, 11 August 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t I enclose the Letter just received I cannot guess why it was written to me\u2014 ", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-12-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4127", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Ward Nicholas Boylston, 12 August 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Boylston, Ward Nicholas\nDear Cousin\nMontezillo 12th. August 1822\nBadinage Avaunt!!! I must now be very serious. I have recollected all I can of Homer Virgil and Shakespear\u2014for you know I can read neither and I can recollect nothing comparable to your idea of a stone edifice on the top of Waychusetts Hill as an asylum for men and women in despair\u2014it is in Milton only that I can find any thing approaching it, in sublimity. In humanity it has no competitor Despair! Despair! Despair! the most awful the most dreadful state of human nature. It is worse than madness for their is a pleasure as Nat Lee tells us in being mad which none but madmen know. and how tender, humane, and benevolent is your idea of transporting these poor Sons of forlorn hope after being a little soothed and composed by contemplating the Heavens from such a higth to another stone edifice on Mount Desert. There to contemplate the milder beauties and sublimities of the ocean and restore the poor creatures to some faint hopes. Your plans are so much more exalted than mine, that I hereby renounce every hope and with that you would contribute a farthing to my poor Latin School on Montezillo\u2014But in all humility and modesty I beg leave to suggest, that you have committed one error in your plan. Mr: Russell is by no means a proper superintendant of your Hospital. Far from being in dispair, or sympathising with those in their forlorn condition he yet retains sanguine hopes of being ambassador abroad, or a minister at home and I believe that those hopes are well founded and will be realized\nI have heard read a part, but not the whole of Mr Nichols\u2019 book. I really think him the most upright and correct Statesman in England\u2014\nI am your loving CousinJohn Adamsby Louisa C SmithMiss Smith offers her affectionate rememberance to Mr: and Mrs Boylston", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-15-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4129", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Quincy Adams, 15 August 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia August 15 1822\n\t\t\t\tThe last budget from Europe was indeed a fruitful one according to Walsh\u2019s paper\u2014They appear to suffer every horror beginning with Fires, Plagues, Pestilence, Famine, Massacre\u2019s, civil War, and tremendous Storms\u2014All these are to be found in the different news\u2014We have also a slight share of calamity, as the Country fever is said to rage again, and New York is violently afflicted by the Yellow fever\u2014Our good old Lady says Miss P. that the Prophecies are about to be fulfilled; and that the bloody scenes recently acted in Greece, are only the beginning of the manifestation of the great displeasure of the Deity. The Turks she says are allowed to commit these barbarous outrages for a time; that the spirit of other Nations may be roused against them sufficiently to ensure their extermination\u2014I have been reading Newton on the Prophecies; but the very little knowledge I have acquired makes it impossible for me to take part in such questions\u2014I understand her better when she tells me she thinks Grammer is best acquired by attention to people when they converse, than when it is studied for pronounsation\u2014Com Patterson called to day. He visits Washington next week for a few days\u2014His Wife has lost the use of her Limbs, and is in the hands of the Physicians likely to do well\u2014My Brother received a Letter from Kitty to day\u2014They were fortunately prevented from sailing by a very violent Gale, in which she says it is supposed the delegates from Pensacola are lost\u2014They were to Embark on the 17 of July\u2014Mr Scott had gone to Caraccas; and was so intemperate it was not likely he would live long\u2014They dined in company with the Governor two days before\u2014Yesterday there was a great sensation excited throughout the City among the African\u2019s, in consequence of the Schism in their Church\u2014The Street might literally be said to wear a sable hue, and their jargon produced sounds neither sweet nor melodious\u2014The jotty beauties were very active in the business; and really by their zeal in the righteous cause, would have done honour, to our head of the Church\u2014Thank you for your long Letter, which I received to day at noon\u2014It is so flattering and so kind, that you will only draw forth more of my sapient remarks\u2014I am truly grateful for the attention you have shown to my wishes concerning Mr. Rh. He has reason to be still more so\u2014Johnson wrote Mary that he intended to pay you a visit, and complained of a Letter which I wrote him on the subject of Montgomery, in which I expressed the same fear that your Letter contained this day\u2014Like most Youths of his age, he does not like a \u201cplain unvarnished tale\u201d and would rather be flattered than hear the truth\u2014He will I hope do well\u2014His great complaints of dullness look suspicious, as that was the thing I most dreded\u2014To get properly rid of this dullness is the main point\u2014If he can do this, and resist dangerous but alluring temptations, I will pronounce him a hero\u2014In the evening I called on Mrs. Fisher to enquire after Mr. Harrison. She told me he was much better though still partially confined to his chamber. I would not ensure his life for a trifle notwithstanding\u2014She is a very entertaining companion and full of anecdote\u2014Speaking of Doctor Physick and his Wife from whom he was separated sometime before she died in consequence (as Mrs. Sergeant) informed me of her intemperance. Mrs. F\u2014\u2014 said, one of the great causes of complaint on the part of the Lady was, that the Doctor would always sleep in Gloves and stockings, and never would allow the Window to be opened in Summer\u2014This to be sure must have been a serious grievance; but the Doctor assigned as a reason for it, that it rendered his hand more susceptible, and encreased the delicacy of his touch, perhaps an additional cause of complaint to his Lady\u2014Doctor Chapman (I do not know if for a similar reason) tries the pulse of a Negro with a stick, probably because he is exquisitely sensitive. The knowledge however which he acquires by this mode of practice generally hastens his swarthy patients to a comfortable resting place, lowly and deep\u2014Among the news she gave me was the death of Mrs. Lloyd Rogers of Baltimore\u2014I hope sincerely it is not true\u2014It is singular that the three Sisters should each have lost a daughter so immediately in succession\u2014Poor Mrs. Custis I feel for her from my heart\u2014Walsh is gone out of Town again, and only visits the City occasionally\u2014He is a martyr to dyspepsia, and tells me that there are days with him, in which he could hang or drown, for very sport I suppose\u2014How wonderful it is that superior genius is almost always attended by this unsettled cost of mind; and how powerfully it teaches that man is not destined to attain beyond a certain point of perfection in this our nether world\u2014This alone might convince the most unreflecting that greater things must come hereafter\u2014I will deliver your Letter as soon as he returns from Borden Town\u2014Tell George he can send me the little Box I wrote for by Com Patterson, who will return from Washington immediately\u2014We have a most glorious dog day to day, which makes us all feel that we are but flesh and blood, and liable to great inconveniences which do not depend upon ourselves\u2014When Physick came to see me the other day he asked me what I thought could have made me so sick: I told him it was probably having slept with my Window open, and the night being very cool\u2014I said however I was used to it, you having never been used to a hot Climate, could not breathe with the Windows shut\u2014He immediately answered it would Kill him in a week; and he thought a set of questions should be put previous to matrimonial engagements, as they might prevent much mischief\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-17-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4131", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, 17 August 1822\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dearest friend.\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 17. 1822\n\t\t\t\tAn interval of three days without a Letter from you had me, and I find by your Journal to the 15th. yesterday received that it was not without reason\u2014I hope your health will not suffer by a Summer residence in PhiladelphiaMr and Mrs. Smith arrived here, the Evening before last from Pensacola\u2014Johnson Hellen left us on Wednesday Morning to return to RockvilleI wrote you last Monday Morning that we were to dine that day at Dr Thornton\u2019s with the Peter family\u2014But before the hour of dinner came they were called away by the melancholy intelligence of the death of Mr of Baltimore\u2014George and I dined at the Doctors; but without other company.I spent Wednesday Evening at Mr Calhoun\u2019s\u2014Miss Hanson with a Miss Magruder was there\u2014Miss Hansen sung two or three songs, with self accompaniment on the Piano\u2014The more pleasant, as yours in the Drawing\u2013room has been so long mute.We are burnt up with heat and drought. The New Moon has come in with a cooler atmosphere\u2014and we hope for rain in a day or two\u2014But the corn crops will fall short.John and Charles had written to George about my fathers donations to the town of Quincy\u2014They are for excellent purposes and I hope will prove as useful in their consequences, as they are wise and virtuous in his intentionsI am very glad you visited Mr Lowndes and General Brown\u2014and greatly lament the condition in which you found the former. He is one of the most valuable public men in the Union and his loss I fear would be irreparable.This is our bathing and swimming week, and I am this moment fresh from the Potowmack\u2014We are all blessed be God, in good health, and Johnson Hellen says George has grown fat; which is a sign of health to him, as growing lean all summer is to me.In all Conditions I am ever faithfully yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-17-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4132", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Quincy Adams, 17 August 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia 17-18 Aug. 1822\n\t\t\t\tAugust 17 Mr. Cook called to inform me he intended to return to Washington tomorrow; and while he was sitting with me the Doctor again went through the operation on my brother again which was as in the former case attended with complete success. For two hours after he suffered great anguish, but I gave him a small dose of laudanum which soothed the irritation of his nerves; and he was much relieved having neither fever nor pain\u2014Mrs. Harrison and Mrs. Fisher call\u2019d to see me as well as Mrs. Willing\u2014but as I wished to keep the house perfectly quiet I denied myself\u2014In the Evening I was much astonished by General Brown calling to pay me a visit\u2014He looks very badly, but he walked here with the help of a cane, and the assistance of Mr. Kirby\u2014He appears to be less sanguine of his recovery than his Physicians\u2014but he acknowledges he has gained so much he begins to be a convert to some of their opinions\u2014He has now a partial use of his hand, and can walk without a stick, but his leg catches, as if there was a partial contraction of some of the leaders\u2014He was very much overcome by the effort of walking up stairs, and returned in consequence of it sooner than he intended. I have not seen the article concerning your toilet that George mentions; but I have no doubt it is highly diverting\u2014My Brother as well as could be expected\u201418 This is our dear Charles\u2019s birth day. God send him many many of them, and that each suscessive one may be happier than the last\u2014This morning has been so engrossed by visitors, I have hardly had time to breathe\u2014In the first place the Doctor; then Mr. Paul; then Major Jackson, Mr Ewing, Mr Cook, Mr Sergeant have sat with me; and each have talked of the attack upon your dress, or as I understand undress\u2014In your own defence you must become a beau; and when I return I must assume the command, and, drill you into fashion\u2014Ewing has been preaching to me upon the necessity of it; stating that the taste of the Country and the refinement of the times, makes it absolutely necessary to pay particular attention to it\u2014people expect it, and it has a most imposing effect upon the vulgar\u2014It injured Mr Jefferson and they say it injures you\u2014I think I could give a good receipt for a Presidential Candidate according to the old style of Mrs Glasses Cookery\u2014Take a good deal of small talk; a very little light literature; just sufficient attention to dress to avoid the appellation of a dandy: a considerable affectation of social affability; with as much suavity as will induce the fawners who surround him, to fancy they rule him\u2014A fine House, a Showy Carriage, and a tavern kind of keeping establishment; and you have the man whose popularity will carry everything before him\u2014This forms a combination adapted to every capacity, and evinces none of that spiritual and intellectual superiority which excites envy or jealousy\u2014Jumble up the ingredients together so that none shall seem to preponderate, and I think my receipt is complete\u2014I was asked if you really went to Church without Shoes or stockings; I replied that I had once heard you rode to your Office with your head to your Horses Tail, and that the one fact was as likely as the other\u2014If these are the heaviest charges they can bring against you; you must stand high indeed: as enemies never touch little things, when they can sieze on great ones\u2014Often in the course of my life have I been convinced that we depend more on trifles for our success in the course of affairs than we are will to admit, and to scorn them is always dangerous\u2014It is for this reason I have been so solicitous about a due attention to such things in my children\u2014knowing that habits once fixed it is easy they become as easy as to take our meals; and take no more time in reality\u2014It has often astonished me that you who are so precise, and so methodical in every thing else, should be so indifferent on this one point, which has so long been interdicted between us\u2014I now touch on it with pain\u2014Accustomed as you are to dwell on objects of high import, it is no wonder you should look with contempt on customs which to you must appear puerile\u2014but to the bulk of mankind objects which strike immediately upon the senses, produce the strongest effect, and for the eye decides quicker than the ear\u2014I preach to practice\u2014you must practice to mend\u2014Mr Cook has postponed his journey until Monday\u2014I have sent you a box of famous Corn Plaister which you are to use according to the directions; applying it only once a week instead of every twenty four hours\u2014I have just received a Letter from Mr Meigs telling me that the place is still considered as belonging to Mr. Smith\u2014I hope they will sit down contented and be more prudent than they have been\u2014Mr. Meigs speaks of him in the highest terms\u2014They are I suppose with you, and I hope they will stay with you some time\u2014Give my love to Kitty and tell her how disappointed I was at not seeing her\u2014My brother has sustained this second trial better than he did the first; and Doctor Physick says he never performed an operation in which all the symptoms were so every way favorable\u2014He gives him the strongest hopes of a rappid recovery, in which we shall both seriously unite\u2014Gen Brown and Mr Lowndes are both better and no ill consequences resulted from the visit of the former Like you I defend my honest opinions", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-18-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4133", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Quincy Adams, 18 August 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia August 18 1822\n\t\t\t\tBy some thoughtlessness I dated my journal wrong the last time I wrote, and only anticipated my congratulations on the anniversary of Charles\u2019s birth\u2014My Brother is not so well to day, and suffers much from the heat. Indeed the changes are so frequent, and so great, in his complaint, that I vibrate incessantly between hope and despair\u2014The Doctor is thought infallible and when his opinion is favorable, I am told it is treason to fear\u2014but I am afraid no doctor however skillful can contend against fixed and determined habits; which defeat every endeavour that is made for his recovery, and I confess throw a damp upon my spirits which it is difficult to resist\u2014I sometimes tremble lest there should still be some undiscovered cause which does not yield to the present system\u2014He certainly wastes away in a wonderful manner and is as weak as an infant, notwithstanding which he supports the operation in such a way as to astonish his Surgeon\u2014Mr Saul and Mrs. Fisher called yesterday but I did not see them and I was invited to take tea with her last Even but did not think proper to leave my brother who was confined to his bed\u2014I am much grieved at Kitty\u2019s not coming to Philadelphia as I thought the sight of her and the change for a little while, would have produced a great effect upon his spirits, and cheered him with new hopes: more especially as I am aware that her manners are much more amiable and agreeable than my own. Had she come I should have gone on to Boston immediately and passed the next Month, and that was what I meant by my change of plans\u2014As it is and I am likely to remain here some time longer, I wish my boys could come to see me, and relieve me a little by their society from the care and anxiety which preys upon my mind\u2014Mr. Ewing has been a journey and appears to be quite renovated in health and spirits\u2014He is no longer the \u201cmelancholy Jaques\u201d but is gay and cheerful and apparently quite happy\u2014George is a prodigious favorite of his and Mrs Ewing he says is quite in love with him\u2014Apropos George tells me you are very much overcome by the heat. Why do you frequent the Theatre in such warm weather?In the Evening Miss Purdon our Hostess had an Aunt and Cousin to Tea, and I was invited down immediately after they came. As I felt myself an object of curiosity, I was upon my p\u2019s and q\u2019s and tried to behave prettily. How I succeeded is to be known hereafter\u2014The yong Lady had been at School at Frederick, and knew all my relations\u2014As I am somewhat of a favorite with my good Landlady, I have no doubt she decked me in my best colours.I have proposed to go to Borden Town for Mary on Wednesday, and to stay there until Thursday Evening; but should my brother not be better I shall not attempt it\u2014The last time I went he took to his bed and would not see any one during my absence\u2014There have been great difficulties at Long Branch, and at the Yellow Springs about ettiquette\u2014I hear, which have been both unpleasant and ridiculous\u2014Mr Sergeant say\u2019s that finding the last attack upon you knocked up by your Letter, they now are going to try the other tact, and make you out the greatest ettiquetter in America\u2014It will not be long before they turn you into the greatest Dandy\u2014I suppose there is wit incontrast\u2014I warrant that there is absurdity.\u2014How barren that field for censure must be, which obliges people to resort to such trash for abuse\u2014These silly attacks will stand on record for posterity, and show how mean and contemptible were the sources from which they emanated\u2014I like Walsh\u2019s observations upon the Negro business in Carolina\u2014When we see the thousands of Blacks parading the Streets of every City in the Union, and witness the Insolence and extravagance of their manners and appearance; we have indeed reason to tremble for the future: and they cannot be too strongly impressed with the idea of their own weakness, and the dreadful punishments which they must be exposed to if they rise upon the Whites; whose interest it must be from one end of the union to the other to guard against them, either as free men or Slaves\u2014Count Levity I suspect will move with caution ere he comes out before the publick\u2014This affair of Mr. Seth Haut, will in all probability teach him prudence; and though he has but little reputation to lose (a great advantage that he has over you) he will still take some pains I imagine to conceal transactions, that would not give weight to his testimony against you\u2014How few can stand against the brazen shield of truth\u2014or gaze upon its splendor\u2014I hear that Jonathan is writing again. His ink must be less frothy than it has hitherto been if it makes much impression upon his paper\u2014He had better get Madame to write for him\u2014Give my love to Kitty and tell her how much I am disappointed at not seeing her\u2014I counted much upon the gaiety of her conversation and the sprightliness of her conversation manners in promoting a change in our brothers spirits, more especially as he grows so weak exertion becomes painful\u2014Notwithstanding all this all his symptoms are considered good\u2014The struggle you have to maintain is a great one; and we must be prepared for every event\u2014That every effort will be made to drive you from your situation I am perfectly aware: but as I conceive that in elective Governments no disgrace attaches to a failure; it will cost me but little uneasiness; and there is but one point of view in which I can place it that can occasion me any regret\u2014A man once accustomed to a wide range of business, cannot all at once sink into the routine of common every day life\u2014without suffering materially by the change: as the mind is left comparatively vacant; and it is almost impossible to supply materials sufficient to maintain its activity\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-19-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4134", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Quincy Adams, 19 August 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia 19-20 Aug. 1822\n\t\t\t\tAugust 19 Notwithstand the budget just sent, there is still some thing left to be said in answer to some observations of yours concerning place hunters\u2014As you say they certainly do wish to live in your thoughts; but their pride is hurt when you suffer this to appear in your manner\u2014Men often do things which however they feel ashamed of doing; or in other words they cannot bear to be made sensible by others of that, which they desire to conceal from themselves: and I really believe it is possible so to temper with the conscience, that people bring themselves at last to believe that what ought to cause a blush redounds to their honour\u2014I do not however intend to say that the desire to procure respectable situations should be considered improper altogether\u2014It is only that restless uneasiness which leads the idle to spend their best days in teazing and soliciting office, when they have youth and health to put them in a better path, that is to be condemned\u2014Such people can never be satisfied, and are generally led on by their vices to endless want\u2014They are the most insatiable and the most dangerous class of society; but alas an evil from which high Office cannot be exempt\u2014An honest man can have no charm to fascinate this serpent tribe\u2014At all events it is better not to spy out a beggar until he forces us to see him (in this sense more especially) when we cant or wont relieve him\u2014Who is the Mr. Ackerman of Washington that lately died in New York?\u2014I never heard the name in Washington\u201420 Mr. Ingersol sat with me some time last Eveng\u2014he has been on a journey with his Wife; but he is afraid her chills will return, as she was again threatened with them on her arrival in Philadelphia\u2014Major Roberdeau and Mr Long called likewise. The Major told me he was to leave the City to day for George Town\u2014Mr Ingersol was anxious to know how Mr Wirts health continued, and seemed to think the death of Mr Rush\u2019s eldest daughter might induce his return\u2014How unfortunate they have been\u2014this is the second since they have been there\u2014Nothing new\u2014This morning I was surprized by a visit from Mr. Bailey and Mr Vail, who informed me they had left you in very good health\u2014Mr Bailey said you told him that I had sent for a box; but that Elizabeth could not understand what box I meant\u2014I hope she is not growing stupid in my absence; for if I dont find every thing in the best possible order she will find me very cross\u2014The box I spoke of contains some red and black beads, given me by Mr. Wyer, and originally contained the peruke brought by Madama de Neuville\u2014if she now misunderstands it must be willfully\u2014Ewing speaking of Mr Hunt and the suit instituted by Mr. Russell says, he dined in company with three Gentlemen the other day, who stated that they were in England during the Negotiation of the Ghent Treaty; and that the correspondence of Mr R with the mercantile houses there, was a matter of universal notoriety\u2014and appeared surprized to find it should here be a matter of question or doubt\u2014I told him I had never heard the thing whispered any where\u2014He mentioned the names of the Gentlemen but I have foolishly forgotten two of them; the third was a McCorwin I think of Liverpool\u2014Welsh has deserted me\u2014He is perhaps nettled at some thing or other for his dyspepsia makes his nerves very irritable He tells me he is making a handsome provision for his family, and has no views beyond his present business\u2014This observation I presume was intended for you therefore I repeat it\u2014Mr Baily informed me there was a report in Town of the death of Mrs. Lowndes\u2014I hope this is not true as it would materially injure her husband, who has the best prospect of recovery from his present illness\u2014as dr Physick thinks his care has been altogether mistaken\u2014God send this may prove true as he is in every extended sense a valuable member of society\u2014Mr. Bailey announced to me the birth of the young Prince, which must be a matter of great joy. Pray make my congratulations to the President\u2014I know they will be acceptable because they are sincere\u2014Mr Mc.Lane is I understand so much recovered (though still and always a malade imaginaire) he is a candidate for the next Congress\u2014He is rapidly recovering\u2014Mary is still at Borden Town, and intends to remain there sometime longer I shall leave her there until I return home if she wishes it as this proves that she is not much inclined to render us any services; or to lighten in any degree the hours of sickness and suffering\u2014At her age it is but fair she should enjoy pleasure: pain and trouble always come soon enough\u2014Mr Baily tells me that Mr Smith and Kitty both look very thin though in good health\u2014Mr Cook will have returned by the time you receive this and will inform you how we go on\u2014 I have this moment received a Letter from Kitty and one from Charles\u2014Tell Kate I wish she would take rooms at Mr Wheaton\u2019s at least until I come and then we will talk the matter over\u2014She knows my reputation for loving to interfere in other peoples concerns, and therefore will not wonder at any request; and tell her to make use of my cloathes till she gets my her own\u2014Mr Charles is grieving bitterly about your fathers books\u2014But he say\u2019s that all the ragged boys from Quincy to Pensacola are to be educated free of expence in this new Academy , and no plough boys are to be found in the next generation to till the Land\u2014Yours ever", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-21-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4135", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to Charles Francis Adams, 21 August 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, Charles Francis\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear Charles\n\t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia 21 August 1822\n\t\t\t\tI yesterday received your Letter and could not help smiling at poor Shaws distress though I really do not see why he grieves about the Books. Surely he did not pretend to go want them for his Atheneum? If not why does it concern him?\u2014Your Grandfather is the best judge of what is to be done and his advisers know best what they are after\u2014He appears now to be in the hands of a Judge\u2014I wont say a criminal Judge\u2014I am very sorry I shall not be able to come on this Summer I never gave up the hope until last week but I fear now it is impossible\u2014Had your Aunt Kitty come to Philadelphia instead of going to Washington I should have left her to take care of your Uncle and paid you a short visit at least but at present his health is too low to permit me to leave him\u2014What do you mean by the Poem? You rattle in your Letter as if I was on the spot and knew all that was passing\u2014What tale have you been reading for even here I am quite in the dark? Your observations concerning religion are incorrect altogether\u2014Of real intrinsic religion you cannot have too much\u2014Of the hypocritical ostentation too little\u2014But beware how you decide between the two and end in having none\u2014At your age and in your present situation the less you talk upon this subject the better as it is probably not among your dissipated College friends that you will obtain any knowledge of the subject that can be of any essential benefit to your heart or morals\u2014Deep rooted and early principles will I trust protect you from the foul contagion of free thinkers\u2014I have sent your books by Mr. Bailey tell John I have not forgotten him and that his shall speedily follow\u2014Does he propose to speak for the Boylston Prize this year? If he does tell him to practice to bawl as loud as he can His voice is so sweet he will only \u201croar like any Nightingale\u201d and it would really give me more pleasure than I can express to have him gain one of the prizes\u2014God Bless you both and ever love your Mother as you are loved by\n\t\t\t\t\tLouisa C Adams\u2014\n\t\t\t\t\tP.S. Your Letters will soon be a secret to me as even with Spectacles I shall not be able to decypher them\u2014Here lies the pith\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-21-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4136", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Ward Nicholas Boylston, 21 August 1822\nFrom: Boylston, Ward Nicholas\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear Cousin\n\t\t\t\t\tPrinceton Augt. 21st 1822\n\t\t\t\tWhen I rec\u2019d your Letter dated from Badimage Hall, I then read it, according to the meaning of the French term\u2014but I since find by the News paper of Saturday last, that it was in plain English\u2014no joke\u2014but that you have carried your truely magnificent Intention into immediate effect\u2014the object as announced in the papers do not exactly define the purport of it as your Letter Mentions\u2014no doubt the Editor had only heard the outlines from some one not precisely inform\u2019d of yr. plan\u2014the particular I shall be happy to receive from you\u2014or any one authorized by you, to favor me with it.\u2014Haveing as I have already said consider\u2019d both from the date of Place & Signature of your Letter that it was the offspring of your sometimes playfull Imagination\u2014I attempted something in reply in the same way in allusion to the conduct wch Mr R was pursueing towards my beloved Fd. your Son J Q A.\u2014and since receiveing your Letter, I begin to fear I have unwitingly, and certainly most unwarily, given you offence\u2014This Idea sinks deep into my heart where no peace can dwell untill you absolve me, for this my Sin (of Ignorance alone\u2014)\u2014or say what attonement I can offer if indeed, I have offended.\u2014I see by the Bussiness wch. Mr Secretary A. has announced to the Public that he is preparing to lay before them\u2014I have no hope of seeing him here this season\u2014the occasion I regret, and the dissappointment is to me severe but I hope you will not add to a still greater disappointmt by denying me the Happiness of seeing you here next month\u2014my carriage with the same Coachman Thos Alker shall come down at any day you will fix\u2014and attend your orders to travel as you feel able 10 to 20 miles or more as you may determine as a days ride\u2014to wait as you once proposed at Worcester one or two days or longer, and to bring Miss Smith with you, who will be happy I am persuaded in attending you\u2014and when here Mrs Boylston & my own exertions will be employ\u2019d to make your sojorn as agreable as the place & our anxious desires are to render it acceptable to you\u2014receive, and grant I beseech you the petitions of Mrs B & my self, and give answer of Peace to / your ever affectionate Cousin\n\t\t\t\t\tWard Nichs Boylston\n\t\t\t\t\tPS\u2014I omited to mention in my last, that Mrs Adams\u2019s & yr. former acquaintance Mrs Hay & her oldest niece Miss Farnham were on a visit here to the Niece, whom you mentiond who is keeping a School here,\u2014as far as I could I have shewn them every attention during their stay, the professed object of their visit they said was the restoration of health they said or was fully attaind.\u2014but I mistrust that was not the sole object\u2014she has undertaken to solicit subscriptions for a fund to enable missionaries to travel over the Holy Land to convert the Jews to Christianity,\u2014she solicitd my aid, but I did not contribute\u2014persuaded that Calvanistic Doctrines would be less likely to make proselites to the Christian faith with the Jews than any other\u2014she seem\u2019d very fervent in her duty as a petitioner, & carries with her printed circulars from the Society of wch. she is a member; & left this place after a visit of 3 weeks to visit Shastesburry Springs and from thence down Connecticut River to Boston\u2014where she proposes to be in a fortnight\u2014Mrs. Boylston desires her affectionate respects to you & unites with me in our regds to judge and Mrs: Adams\u2014and the young Ladies of the family and Miss L Smith\u2014I find by the experiment I made last June that I shall not be able to be in Boston, or Cambridge at the approaching Commencemt.; I feel old age warning me.\u2014and strength failing me, that I am at present unfit for crowded Hotel\u2019s, or large assemblies; to both I must submit. Therefore prudence jogs my my elbow, and says, \u201cyou had better keep quiet at home.\u201d\u2014the better reason is, I have been teazed for a month past with a slight feverish habit wch. traveling would increase;\u2014and seeing you, here would be the best remedy I can think of.\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-22-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4137", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Quincy Adams, 22 August 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t22 It every hour threatens rain but no rain falls. Mr H\u2014 says his Corn Crops will be very fine but it is only a small part of New Jersey that has not suffered\u2014It is three weeks since my brother has been out of the House, and I cannot prevail on him to stir abroad\u2014Indeed it requires no trifling exertion to get him out of his room\u2014The novelty of seeing his friends has worn off, and he is again sunk into a state of total indifference\u2014I really do think if his Physician would send him a voyage across the Atlantic, the variety of new objects which would present themselves to his imagination would be of infinite service, by drawing his thoughts from himself and exciting new and more general interests\u2014The mind is perfectly sane\u2014but the habit of dwelling on his sufferings and the removal from those active duties which occupied his attention in New Orleans, have concentrated all his thoughts into one great point, and that point his health: and it being out of the nature of things to restore it immediately it is scarcely possible to persuade him, that he can ever be reinstated\u2014\n\t\t\t\t\tChange the enclosed Note for four fives the bank will not take it\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-23-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4138", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, 23 August 1822\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dearest Louisa.\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 23. Aug. 1822\n\t\t\t\tAll your journals have been duly received, and I should not have failed writing to you for the exception which absorbs all my leisure\u2014When I first began the remarks upon Jonathan\u2019s duplicata, I told you it was to me an affair of more than life and death, and so it is still\u2014The plot has been seven years hatching, and its whole history has not yet been told.Your advice to treat all place-hunters courteously is excellent, but you know there is a Scylla, as well as a Charybdis\u2014One of the first objects of those worthy Citizens is to obtain a promise\u2014and many of them are not at all scrupulous in their modes of address to that end\u2014Some ask it with downright importunity others like elderly maiden ladies construe a civil word and even a smile into a promise, and then if not on the first possible occasion gratified, charge one with giving delusive hopes and expectations\u2014It is the bent of my nature to be rather more willing to be thought harsh than insincere.I was diverted with the Article of intelligence from Philadelphia that I wear neither waistcoat nor Cravat, and sometimes go to Church barefooted\u2014Some unknown friend of mine in the City Gazette has gravely undertaken to justify me against this charge as if it were true\u2014As for the cravat, you know I must plead guilty, and vouch my black ribband, in mitigation\u2014But for the rest I take some comfort in the thoughts that even affairs of the importance attached to dress, my back\u2013biters are obliged to lie, to abuse me\u2014The truth, that I am careless of dress will not serve their turn\u2014Mr and Mrs Smith are with us, and I have of course not recommended to them to take lodgings at my neighbour Whereas not knowing what you are to talk over with her I say nothing about it\u2014 enclose you a Letter from her.I have just had a visit from Mr Livingston of New\u2013Orleans, and Judge Johnson, the Louisiana Senator.I have a very friendly Letter from Mr Walsh dated at Bordentown\u2014Adieu\u2014I am ever yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-24-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4139", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Ward Nicholas Boylston, 24 August 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Boylston, Ward Nicholas\nmy dear Sir\nMontezillo August 24th. 1822.\nI will not loose a second before acknowledgeing your favour of the 21st. which I received this minute\u2014I wish I could send you a Copy of all the papers, that is the Deeds by which I have given to the Town of Quincy one hundred and sixty five Acres of Land. And my Library. For the purpose of building a Stone Temple, and a Stone Academy, that Academy to be built over the Cellar of the House in which your Master John Hancock was born\u2014so much for this mighty matter.\u2014now for another not quite so grave.\u2014\nI learnt from Horace dulce est decipere, and from Dean Swift vive la bagatelle\u2014These I consider sometimes as moral precepts for their is in this world so much of dullness, and dismals that it is a moral virtue to have recourse to any innocent folly that may devert your attention from gloomy contemplations which might otherwise make you melancholy mad\u2014You give me offence? is it possible, you can never do, or say anything to offend me? No, say and do what you please, I never will be offended.\u2014\nOn the 12th. of August I wrote you a very grave and sober letter in answer to yours concerning your Castle of despair on Wachusetts Hill, and Mount Desert.\u2014\nI am grieved to hear that Mrs Hay is a fanatickal enthusiast\u2014I rejoice that you have resisted her importunities I will do the same to every one that comes to teaze me\u2014\nAs to sending your Carriage, I must humbly thank you, but I cannot accept the favour\u2014\nMy love to Mrs Boylston\u2014I cannot write any more at present, but assurances of affection from your Cousin\nJohn Adams\nP.S. The Ladies of the family unite in respectful rememberance to Mrs Boylston and yourself\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-24-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4140", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Quincy Adams, 24 August 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia 24-25 Aug. 1822\n\t\t\t\tAugust 24 As there has not been one incident which could induce me to write I have omitted my journal altogether. We had a visit yesterday from Mr. Saul and I determined to send Coachman home with the Carriage and Horses as we had made no use of it for three weeks; and it is no longer safe to ride in the environs of Philadelphia\u2014When he arrives I beg you will desire him to see after Ben, who much be almost starved at Pasture if he is alive\u2014The weather has at length changed and we have had a gust, which has produced a very favorable change in the air, so that I hope the Summer is at last broken up\u2014My brother is again much better, and has been very cheerful all day\u2014Dr Lawrence has visited him, and announces the recovery of Dr Physick, who has had a severe attack of Rheumatism\u2014We shall expect him in a day or two to renew the operation, which I hope will now soon be terminated\u2014It is in itself very trifling, but its prolongation is tedious to an excess, and produces the worst possible effect upon the system, and the spirits\u2014Com Patterson has given up his plan of going to Washington,\u2014When is the Book to appear? I am impatient to see it. Not that I expect to understand it\u2014but because the publick are eager to get it, as it promises something new\u2014Mr Walsh mentions a publication in his paper of a journal by Mr Wood an Englishman, which at last seems to give some satisfactory account of this Country\u2014The extracts are very fair\u2014The Country fever is taking a fatal turn and it is said that there are four and five person\u2019s sick in a house\u2014We must however make a little allowance for exaggeration\u2014Mr Connel paid me a visit and I was quite astonished to see him, supposing him in France\u2014He seems very much surprized at the attack of Mr Russell, and says that the resolution in Congress had just reached Mr Gallatin when he left France, and that Mr G\u2013 could not imagine what it could be about\u2014Mr G is not likely to return home, and he is so useful, it would be an injury to the Country to remove him; as he has infinite sway with Monsieur, the present Ruler in that hemisphere\u2014It is said that Mr G. might be President of the Bank, as he is very popular among the Stockholders; but it is too late\u2014Mr. C. is to visit Washington in about three weeks; and then to return here to embark for France with his Wife, where he is to remain a year\u2014Mr Dallas, Mr Ingham, and Mr. Roche are at the head of the Calhoun party here, and Mr. Cheves of the Carolinians, who form a considerable Clan\u2014He is however very unpopular, and has influence only among his own people\u2014There are a variety of opinions concerning his fortune, as some rate it very high; and others at a base independence\u2014He is thought both arrogant and weak\u2014synonimous terms\u2014Mr. Dallas has never got over some affront he met with from us in Russia\u2014and has quarrelled with Mr Gallatin, concerning some nonsense or other\u2014I have some recollection though faint of his playing, the great man; but Kitty I dare say recollects better Than I do\u2014These three leaders are the writers in the Franklyn Gazette\u2014The ostensible Editor does little or nothing\u2014Connel has a very ill opinion of our friend Walsh, and does not in think him a man in whom much confidence can be placed\u2014He does not admire his Paper, and finds his tone too presumptuous\u2014W\u2013s treatment of his Wife, and Mother, has made him many enemies\u2014Among other news he say\u2019s W. Lewis obtained a testimony in England concerning Count H\u2013 Levily, which is of such a serious nature, as to admit of little doubt in the effect upon the pending suit\u2014as it proves the Count to have written to desire, certain Letters to be destroyed, which would have proved too much against him\u2014This voucher is said to be in the Counts hand writing\u2014Our friend seems to think, this will make the Count withdraw his suit\u2014It is in the possession of J Ingersol\u2014John Smith was in fine health doing the greater part of our great Man\u2019s business in London\u2014he talked of wanting a leave of absence, but the Minister could not possibly spare him\u2014John Randolph was affronting every body by neglect of invitations, &c &c and was hourly expected in France by Mr Gallatin\u2014It is probable he will be less talked of there than in England, as he does not speak much french\u2014Mr Rodney expects to go to Buenes Ayres but will not move until Congress ratify his nomination; as he has twelve Children: a family too large to enable him to risk any thing\u2014Mrs. Connell, and Mrs. Harrisson, and Mrs. Fisher all called on us in the Evening\u2014The latter laughed at the talk about but I believe there is a good deal of truth in it notwithstanding\u2014Mr Harrisson is almost well\u2014and they are going to Boston in about three weeks\u2014Poor Mr. Delavand! Miss Otis that was, is here in the last stage of a galloping consumption\u2014She was married last November and will soon be no more, as the Doctors can do nothing for her\u2014She is the daughter of Samuel Otis, and a Niece of H G. Otis\u2014a beautiful flower cut down in the midst of love and youth and happiness\u201425 Mary is still at Borden Town\u2014Doctor Physick called this morning; he looks very weak and feeble and has been severely indisposed\u2014His life is precious to so many, his death must would be considered a publick calamity\u2014love to all\u2014My brother is better\u2014Mr Dening at the head of the Bible society\u2014become very good!\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-25-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4141", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Quincy Adams, 25 August 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia 25-26 Aug. 1822\n\t\t\t\tAugust 25 Went to the Presbyterian Church with Miss Pardon; and heard a tolerable discourse from 12 Chapter of Paul to the Romans. Mr. Arbuckle is a very inanimate cold Preacher, and his style remarkably plain, and his language almost coarse considering the general refinement of modern language\u2014He told us that Satan was the master of all knowledge; but that he knew nothing of love! That was a passion belonging only to the good. He then touched upon the meaning of this word in all its extent; and proceeded to the end of the Chapter, explaining its different parts and meanings\u2014Altogether I was not pleased\u2014There is a want of sanctity, an unpleasant familiarity in this mode of worship, which in a great measure destroys that sense of respect and deep adoration, with which we should approach our great and Omnipotent Creator; and without which Religion loses half its sublimity\u2014All that has a tendency to encrease the natural arrogance and vain glory of aspiring man, inspires me with disgust! We see that real superiority either in mind, in virtue, in person, or in station; excites respect; and a certain degree of awe even in this our nether world; and if such is the effect produced by man, how can we think of a great and good God, in whom all power exists, whose sway is eternal; to whom the earth is as a speck, the worlds that he himself has formed as nothing; how can we enter into his presence, without a strong sense of our littleness; without feeling our hearts filled with the conviction of our insignificance; and without that profound feeling of humility, which teaches us how entirely we rely upon his unbounded mercies\u2014These are the impressions with which I hail my maker at noon, at night, each morning of my life at home or abroad, and I would not lose them for the wealth of worlds\u2014Of the show of religion I have been too remiss; but it is long since I have learnt that it does not consist in externals only, and that the mere act of going to Church, was not all that was necessary to save our souls\u201426 Yours of 23 is just brought me when I wrote concerning Wheaton\u2019s I did not know that the Smiths were with you; but of course I am glad you said nothing to her concerning it\u2014I meant to have persuaded her not to go to housekeeping, as I thought boarding would be more eoconomical, and limit their expences\u2014This was all I had to say to her when I met her; and I thought if already established she would be more easily advised\u2014I shall sincerely heartily congratulate you when your present labours are terminated\u2014and I sincerely trust that you will do yourself ample justice, and crush the adder which whose sting is aimed at your destruction\u2014A gentleman mentioned to me the other day, that this enmity had originated in an observation made by you to some person in Europe, that Mr. R\u2014 \u201cwas a very insignificant member of that Mission, and had little to do with the business\u201d\u2014This report mortally wounded the great man, and is the cause of the present attack\u2014I have some reason to believe that this originated with the Tale bearer of the Mission, who was too fond of stirring up strife, by misrepresentation, even while at St Petersburg\u2014However if you did not say this, others did for I heard it repeatedly I perfectly agree with you on the subject of promises; there is no respect due to a man who is ever ready to promise, and seldom to perform.\u2014It is said to be the peculiar nature of great statesmen, to fall into this error\u2014To me nothing can be so unpardonable as deceptions of this kind; which lead to unforgiving bitterness, and the keenest disappointments\u2014It is true men are often angry when they are refused the boon they ask; but few of them on reflection condemn a man for honestly refusing that which he cannot perform, and he does not, as in the former case, entail the career of a generation, for having kept applicants in suspence, which have blasted their opportunities, and totally destroyed their prospects\u2014You took no notice of what I asked concerning our boys? I hope not with a view to deprive me of the pleasure of seeing them? The manner of denying a favour is every thing, and of course should be in the mildest possible form, as harshness and disappointment together, are sufficient to rouse the feelings of the most insensible\u2014It is long since I have seen Walsh: but I am rejoiced to hear that you have heard from him\u2014I shall not be surprized if some ridiculous turn is given to my visit here; but n\u2019importe, after the attack upon your dress, we can wonder at nothing however absurd. The scribblers who condescend to such meaness, are happy that they can shelter their pitiful attacks under so mild a term as absurdity\u2014Take care they dont put you to Sleep\u2014Mr. Paul and Major Jackson have called, and I have just received a Letter from John, who tells me that your father is a good deal exhausted by his late exertions; but he hopes that he will soon get better, as it appears to be nothing more than weakness\u2014They were about to move to Quincy for the vacation\u2014I grieve I cannot see them this Summer\u2014poor fellows they are much disappointed\u2014It will soon be a year since we parted!!\u2014They have suffered much from the Dysentery at the Norwich School but Tom has escaped\u2014My Brother is wonderfully better within a few days but the operation is not over\u2014You must be heartily tired of the journal of your", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-28-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4146", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Adams, 28 August 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia 28 August 1822\n\t\t\t\tI am much pleased my Dear John by your Letters and hasten to answer the last which was received the day before yesterday\u2014It was my intention to send you Miss Aikens Elizabeth but there is not a copy of it to be procured and I have not yet fixed upon any thing to supply its place\u2014The books you mention have not fallen in my way and I have hitherto had no opportunity of perusing them but I agree with you that they are better than common Novels though they too often place mere matter of fact history in a romantic point of view and give false impressions to young minds regarding the immediate concerns and relations of common life\u2014As I never yet made any difference between my Children you must expect your book some day or other and in the mean time be assured that all my children live equally in my heart and mind\u2014I should have delighted to have had you pass your vacation with me in Philadelphia and intimated a wish of the kind to your father although I fear you would lead a dull life as you must attend upon the sick and not live in the land of feasting but as he made no answer to the observation and as the Fever is so bad in New York you might have been exposed to danger which would have made me very unhappy therefore it is better as it is\u2014Your Grandfather will derive much pleasure from your visit and I hope he has entirely recovered from the fatigue occasioned by his munificence\u2014As the enjoyment has been equal to the fatigue I dare say it will not injure him and he will live to see the edifice erected which is to form future Popes Milton\u2019s Newton\u2019s and Burks to enlighten and adorn our western hemisphere\u2014I might have added Locks but I am afraid that it will produce more Malbranch\u2019s and Voltaires than Locks or Paley\u2019s and I wish we may have no Shaftsburys or Byron\u2019s to disgrace its foundation\u2014I think it is not improbable that the gift of the Books may furnish another massacre of the Greeks and that the young infidels may destroy the works of this polished Nation\u2014But in these our days we must be content to do good and abide the risks happy in the hope that some benefit to a few individuals may result from our really praise worthy exertions\u2014The library was certainly sufficiently valuable to have suited and been desireable to an Institution which had already attained that age of adolescence but the perils of that age are not few and the Greeks though not persecuted to death might have been doomed to bondage and if ever released from their shackles at best in a very maimed condition\u2014Thus you see my beloved Son in all conditions there is good and evil and even the most Holy Alliance (for such exists in the two donnations) can not always preserve us from danger\u2014That your mothers prayers for your happiness and safety could save you from every evil is the ardent wish of\n\t\t\t\t\tL C Adams\n I did not mention a Rousseau because neither the Climate the habits or the Scenery of this Country are calculated to produce great sentimentalists\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-28-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4147", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Quincy Adams, 28 August 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia 28-29 Aug. 1822\n\t\t\t\tAugust 28. One of the companies having turned out in the State House Gardens, makes the view from our house quite picturesque, and the scene very animated, as they are all in fine Uniforms Drums Fifes &c &c\u2014There is something so gaudy, and imposing in the display of Military pomp, even under its worst aspect, that it is not surprising that the people under Military despotisms should be so servile and so humble\u2014Like the Pomp of the Roman Catholick Church, it subdues the imagination, and let what will be said to the contrary, these stately shows have a prodigiously powerful effect upon mankind in all stages of society\u2014Proud reason may boast, but the senses will have sway\u2014Nature itself is gaudy; look at the Birds of the air with their variegated plumage; the Beast\u2019s of the Field with their spotted, striped, and motley garments; and that inexhaustible beauty, of the richest, most glowing, and brilliant harmony of colours, which almost dazzles the eyes of the beholder, in a cultivated Garden, where the Flowers of every rank and description seem to vie with each other in the gayest attire, reposing on the broad Green lap of their Mother Earth, which seems to be spread purposely to heighten and magnify their many and ever changing beauties\u2014How to view such objects perpetually, how is it possible for us not to acquire congenial tastes, and delight in all that is splendid\u2014Again I am run away with, and must stop my flighty pen\u2014Has Van Coble prop\u2019d up the sinking floor in the Drawing Room? If not pray have it done directly; or they will say we want to knock Congress in the head, and crush them at one stroke\u2014This would be too cruel a loss to the Nation; such talents generally speaking could not be replaced\u2014Who is the Author of Old England\u2014There is a good deal of affected simplicity in it.\u2014and some vulgarity\u2014and many old scraps not very interesting\u2014But I have not finished reading it, and an opinion is not fair at present\u2014it is quaint enough to be Alexanders, if not his perhaps it belongs to the race. can it be brother John\u2019s?\u2014If it is Alexanders, his Europe is to my taste a better thing\u2014Mr. Biddle called again and Mr Saul The first of is these Gentlemen is a remarkably pleasant gentlemanly man & the mildness and suavity of whose manners render him a most agreeable companion\u2014This is a man who would shine in an elevated situation as he possesses an easy self confidence, and a degree of fashionable refinement, calculated to fit him for what is termed the great world\u2014One of Chesterfields favourites, practicing the \u201csuaviter in Modo\u201d and doing every thing in minuet time\u2014In Mr B. this seems to spring from an easy temper, and an amiable disposition, and not from habitual disguise, or studied polish\u2014He was so polite as to bring me some books which however I have not yet perused\u2014Duane is selling off, and is to quit Philadelphia for South America; I suppose to visit his dear friend Emperor Iturbide, who I hope will keep him at Mexico\u2014I expect however if his Imperial Majesty does not present him with a mine at least, old D\u2014 will make every exertion to undermine him\u2014Mr Saul leaves this for Boston tomorrow\u2014Evening alone\u2014your Letter enclosing the order came to day and I notice the remark concerning blank covers, and sealed Letters\u2014As mine to George was merely a Letter of advice which as you have experienced, I am too fond of giving\u2014I sealed it that it might not pain his feelings, and I sent it in a blank cover because having written to G\u2014 I supposed you would hear that all was well: and I am really afraid of becoming wearisome to you by bestowing all my tediousness upon you\u2014I thank you most sincerely for your kind expressions concerning my journal; but am fully aware that it requires all the affection which I flatter myself you feel for me, to enable you to read it\u2014It is an excellent transcript of a mind, that is \u201cevery thing by starts and nothing long\u201d much given to rattle and to very little purpose\u201429 I have just received a Letter from Charles who has had a severe billious attack, and who was still confined to his chamber by order of the Doctor\u2014The poor fellow writes a pitiable account of his loneliness over at the Farm house, as John could not leave Cambridge; and deplores the loss of the books with bitterness, as nothing was left but a controversial book of Mr. Clarks, and the \u201cRights of Woman\u201d which are rights he dont seem inclined to study or to understand\u2014He says he has a visit from his Uncle once a day; but that he is no favourite in that quarter\u2014That Louisa when she appears amuses him with complaints, but that Mrs. T. B. chats in her way for a few minutes, and then he is left to view the prospects till he is ennuy\u00e9e a la m\u00f4rt. But he is a Sophomore, and that makes up in part for his confinement\u2014He expected John out in the Evening with Shaw\u2014His Letter is dated 24th\u2014I am very sorry to hear of the indisposition of Mr. Smith and Carolines family\u2014My Patient is I flatter myself rapidly recovering, and I sincerely pray to God that this favourable change may be permanent\u2014Many enquiries are dailey made about the promised book\u2014You have I fear undertaken an arduous task; but mountains to you are mole hills; and I have no doubt of your accomplishing it most successfully\u2014The subject however is of a nature which few will thoroughly understand; as I presume from its nature it requires some acquaintance with the Law of Nations to comprehend the question\u2014\n\t\t\t\t\tAs I keep no copies of my journals you are exposed to constant repetitions which you must excuse\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-30-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4149", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Quincy Adams, 30 August 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia August 30 1822\n\t\t\t\tAfter closing my Letter yesterday Mr G. Harrison called on us and sat with us near an hour\u2014He is a singular being and has a very energetic style of conversation thickly beset with ornaments now nearly exploded\u2014There is however something odd in his manner\u2014Speaking of the Post Master here\u2014He said that he was a defaulter to a large amount and that he believed it was only for the sake of his Wife that he was kept in Office\u2014I observed that many persons were styled defaulters who did not deserve it; and that perhaps that was his case\u2014Editors of News papers were not delicate on this subject\u2014Mr. H\u2014 immediately answered\u2014by G\u2014\u2014d if any of them treated him so, he would \u201cclap the grace of God upon their backs, and make them pay for it\u2014I just give you this as a specimen\u2014He is a very old friend of my family and contrary to custom has always remembered them with gratitude for past attentions\u2014This case is so rare it is sufficient praise\u2014His House and every thing about him is a miniature of elegance and comfort so happily blended, that all that is desireable is to be found within this small compass\u2014Mrs. H\u2014is a woman of fine mind and charming manners\u2014beloved by her family and highly respected by every body\u2014They are in very affluent circumstances and use their wealth like Christians, in other words by contributing largely to the comfort of those branches of their family and connections who stand in need of their assistance\u2014They leave the City for Boston on the 12 of next Month, to place Mr. Fishers Son at Harvard as Princeton is quite out of fashion\u2014The Sketch of Old England which I mentioned last time I wrote is I find written by Paulding\u2014I begin to like it better\u2014He has certainly preserved much of the quaintness of brother Jonathan in his cuts at the Old Country\u2014This however does not appear to me to be quite the style to correct the evil we complain of in the British Reviewers; truth without any exaggeration is the best remedy on our part; and Farmer Wood\u2019s little book will do more than all the good jokes that can be invented\u2014besides which there is something mean in copying the errors which we so freely condemn in others; and following an example which we ought to scorn\u2014added to which it is giving consequence to the broad falsehoods which they take such pleasure in asserting\u2014Write what we will we cannot out do Pillet\u2014He left us nothing to say\u2014In the Evening Mr & Mrs. Walsh and Major and Mrs. Jackson called\u2014The former are going to Baltimore on a visit of a few days\u2014He was very anxious to know who it is that is writing against you in the City Gazette\u2014I could give him no information\u2014Mr. Forsyth is taking a leading part in Spain which seems to be in a dreadful state again\u2014That poor miserable weak Ferdinand will hardly find the beautiful petticoat he worked for the Virgin; prove a shield sufficiently strong to shield protect him from his own people\u2014It would indeed have wrough a Miracle if it could teach him wisdom\u2014Who is the Duke del Infantado? is he not related to the Royal Family? What a disastrous scene does Europe display\u2014How can all these events terminate\u2014I am no prophet and cannot look into futurity but the prospect at present is very gloomy\u2014The fever in the Country is very bad and Mrs Jackson told me last evening that the Physicians have pronounced it to be the Country fever of South Carolina\u2014If so it is indeed a sore affliction, as it must proceed from some extraordinary change of our Climate; from which we can have little hope of relief\u2014Our Rivers are so choacked by large Masses of vegetable matter; which as the waters recede are exposed to the rays of a scorching Sun; and thus send forth putrid exhalations; it would seem to me that the causes of disease might be traced to these noxious weeds; and some of the Money now expended upon Canals, which will contribute to encrease the evil, might be expended in filling up and banking the sides of these small streams, and by deepening and narrowing the Channels produce a more rapid current, which would wash away their impurities and render them salubrious\u2014This might be a laborious experiment but what will not man\u2019s labour produce atchieve?\u2014Few undertakings of this kind are too great for his powers\u2014. If our soldiers in time of peace were employed in such undertakings; the peoples money would be well spent; and mankind at large materialy benefited by their services\u2014I think I hear you cry out how the old woman does rattle? This is touching on the great question of internal improvements; and absolutely contrary to Executive doctrines\u2014Be it so\u2014but that man is wisest who can give up favorite opinions for the benefit of his fellow creatures\u201430 The Doctor has just prescribed for me as I have again a visit from my old friend St Anthony\u2014as mercurial preparations will not answer he is trying Salt of Tartar\u2014This complaint is so obstinate it even puzzles him\u2014it is my old luck\u2014every thing he does for me seems to baffle his wishes\u2014This you know has happened to others\u2014and you have often laughed about it\u2014To use the Doctors words I must be \u201csingularly constituted\u201d!!! So much the worse; for some of these days I suppose I shall be killed by Calomel as my poor Mother was\u2014I am impatiently expecting the Postman every minute, having had no Letters from any quarter yesterday\u2014My Brother is so much better that the Doctor intimates that no farther operation will be necessary: he will however decide in a day or two\u2014He is very very much better and I hope soon to get home\u2014\n\t\t\t\t\tI send a Book for George", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-02-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4152", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, 2 September 1822\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dearest friend\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 2 September 1822\n\t\t\t\tYour journals down to the 30th of August inclusive are received; and this day the memoirs of Lord Waldegrave for George\u2014It comes quite apropos; for we are now all enjoying the Memoirs of Horace Walpole embracing the same and a longer period, Lord Holland the Editor of this latter work sent a copy of it most magnificently bound as a present to the President who has been kind enough to lend it to me\u2014It is a golden pepper and salt box, as full of wit and scandal of all sorts as Horace could cram it, and has been for several days my delight\u2014It wont do to read much of it at a time for almost every sentence in it is an epigram\u2014The quintessence of newspaper lampooning, seasoned with a relish as hot as a Turkeys leg bedevil\u2019d. Horace left it as a legacy not to be opened till thirty years after his death which have but elapsed time enough for the publication.I did not notice the hint in one of your former letters that you could wish our sons John and Charles to come on to Philadelphia to spend this summer vacation because it would have been painful to assign my reasons against it, which I was apprehensive would after all not be satisfactory to you\u2014The Winter vacation will so soon be upon us and will be so much longer that I thought it best to wait until that time until then to give them permission to come here. My anxiety and concern for them is so great that it serves at least to blunt my feelings to my own situation\u2014The Physicians say that two vital diseases seldom prey at the same time on one constitution\u2014My heart melts at the thought of Charles\u2019s illness and is almost as much distressed at the turn that his temper and disposition have taken\u2014My alarms for my children are in looking forward to what their present qualities and propensities will bring them to\u2014They are I am afraid not formed to tug with the world as I have done and am doing and as my Father did before me yet so long as their morals are uncontaminated I do not despair.We all rejoice to hear of the improvement of your brothers health as well for his sake as for the prospects it gives to us of your speedy return home. We are here yet blessed with health and the City is so generally though not without cases of bilious and intermittent fevers.\u2014Among them is Mr Meigs the Commissioner of the Land Office who is very ill and much alarmed having never been sick before\u2014There is a foolish story in circulation that his alarm is occasioned by a Letter received the day before he sickened, from Mrs Forsyth expressing much apprehension for him on account of dreams with which she had been disturbed.I am told that the writer of the paragraphs in the Washington City Gazette against me is a man named Richards from Connecticut. He was in the army during the late war not much to the advantage of his reputation\u2014He has been two or three years hovering about the Departments here in search of a place and circulating proposals for setting up a newspaper of his own\u2014His character was for a long time an obstacle to his pretensions but he has lately been taken into favour at the Treasury Department where he has obtained a place.The City Gazette for some time past has alternated in its treatment of me with its praise and its abuse\u2014A kiss to day and a fillip tomorrow Would you know the object of this? It is to show me what it can do\u2014I was told a day or two after its defence of my summer costume that Jonathan Elliot asked an acquaintance of mine whether I was his friend.\u2014observed in substance that he could not afford to be a friend for nothing\u2014intimated that I had not lately given him any jobs in his way\u2014and boasted of the power of his press to affect the prospects of Presidential Candidates adding that he had been serving me by putting down Mr Calhoun as he had effectually done\u2014I told my informant that Elliot had not put down Mr Calhoun, and if he had neither did it nor intended to do it to serve me\u2014That in the way of his business I had heretofore served him as well as I could\u2014I had given him jobs for which his charges had been so excessive that I had told him I should not employ him on public account again. That I purchased no Editor or writers for newspapers with the public money nor with my own.\u2014Whether this was reported back to Elliot or not I cannot tell but it is from about that time that the Treasury scribes appear to have had his paper to themselves.We have had young Mr Briggs one of Georges classmates with us since Friday\u2014Mr Smith is waiting for the seat of the Secretary of the Treasury about his place in the Land office.The theatre gives us a surfeit of Tragedy\u2014Cooper begins tomorrow with Macbeth.Mr J Cook desired me to inquire whether you had received from him a letter enclosing a draft for 100 dollarsever affectionately yours.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-03-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4153", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Quincy Adams, 3 September 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia 3-4 Sept. 1822\n\t\t\t\tSept 3. The Evening closed with a very heavy thundergust After which we had a most delicious evening\u2014During the last Night there was an alarm of Fire, and for two hours the City was in an uproar\u2014I do not know to what extent the damage amounted, and have only heard that it began in a Blacksmith\u2019s shop and had been smothering throughout the day of Sunday\u2014King Joseph and Mr. Anduago met it seems at the Springs\u2014They are old acquaintance it seems, and the latter had received some services from his Majesty, which circumstance placed him in a very awkward situation, as Minister from Ferdinand\u2014After some hesitation he decided to know Joseph at a third Houses; but not to visit him\u2014What a pleasant state of things As Joseph is now a mere individual, and to all intents and purposes a Citizen of the U.S. the Foreign Ministers as Ministers, have no right to make any questions whatever\u2014Anduago\u2019s case was however a peculiar one, and must have been mortifying to both parties\u2014A propos! His Majesty seems to think that he would not be allowed to visit Washington\u2014Do you know of any interdict? If you do answer the question as it has been put to me once or twice\u2014The Count from what I understand is so modest in his manners, and affects so little, that I should suppose a visit could not produce any consequences, and it appears to me, that refusing it, admits a rank that no longer exists; and makes that of importance which is nothing in itself\u2014That Dynasty is pretty well crushed\u2014Mr Walsh is very kind in furnishing us with the Newspapers every day\u2014Yesterday we received some English ones, and among the death\u2019s I found that poor Mrs. Hewlett had departed from this earthly sojourn\u2014in which however she appeared to love to linger\u2014She never would tell her age, and kept the secret apparently to the last: but she must have been considerably passed seventy to my knowledge\u2014He was fifteen years younger\u2014As an old acquaintance I regret her loss; but there was something in her reception of me in England, which I never could not forget\u2014She is gone\u2014God be with her\u2014Mr Keating called and rattled with Mary for some time, about her Borden Town friends\u2014I have been very uncomfortable about a Book, which Connell lent me, the second Volume of which has I fear been stolen out of our sitting room, and I cannot find it so as to return it\u2014If his name had not been in it, it would not have fretted me so much, as I could have replaced it without leting him know the circumstances at all; as it is I cannot avoid it\u2014In the evening we took a long ride after which I played Backgammon with Mary\u2014I do not think much of Franklyns Letters\u2014They are affected and Pedantic, and ape Peter\u2019s too closely\u2014He talks perpetually of his shabby dress; and leads us to believe that it required good Clothes to induce people to believe him a gentleman\u2014It is true at first sight. dress does, and ever will produce great effect: but it is likewise true, that manners soon contradict any external deficiency; where these are wanting every external aid must be resorted to as a cover to ill breeding\u2014Our good friend Everett I am afraid would require even more than a good coat to make him pass current\u2014I agree with Ewing that dress is very imposing\u2014Who is the writer in the Boston Paper who has been drawing the characters of different Presidential Candidates, under on the pretence of some striking failings; who is the Atheist\u2014The Gamester speaks for itself\u2014You probably noticed the piece. I saw it last night in Walsh\u2019s Gazette; which is miserably poor now, in consequence I presume of his absence from the City\u2014He is in dreadful health\u2014Dr Darlington is I see a candidate for the next Congress. He is one of the great and active partizan\u2019s of Mr. Calhoun\u2014I was a little surprized the other day, to hear a gentleman assert the other day that Duane, was a man who in private life bore the most unexceptionable character; an excellent Father, Husband, and friend\u2014But in Politicks he thought no latitude too great, as every thing was admissible in party matters\u2014This is a doctrine very universal it seems, at least in this state\u2014Politicks is a trade, in which those who can make the best bargain, think themselves the wisest politicians. This is an excellent way of accounting for the perpetual bargain traffick carried on in Congress; which I have been foolish enough to think disgraceful\u2014Experience teaches Wisdom; and perhaps if I live to see a hundred; I may acquire it\u20144 Doctor Physick and I have had quite a long chat\u2014a think to be commemorated\u2014He was very curious upon the subject of ettiquette in Washington; of which he had heard indistinct rumours; and from that, to the same subject in Europe. He supposed our Ministers were entirely exempted from any attention to the subject; and thought that they were quite independent, and not subjected in any respect to the rules of the Court\u2014He hates every thing like company; and was quite astonished to hear me say that in Washington we had parties almost every Evening\u2014He said that he thought in regard to visiting, his life and mine must be very much alike, and that was necessarily very disagreeable\u2014There is a mildness and simplicity in this man\u2019s manners truly extraordinary\u2014Fashionable people would call it imbecility at his time of life; yet he in his line is one of the greatest men of the age\u2014Thus it is that extremes meet\u2014All well and doing well\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-05-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4154", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Adams, 5 September 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia 5 Septr. 1822\n\t\t\t\tDo not suffer your failure to mortify you too much my dear John\u2014It was accidental and must not prevent your future efforts\u2014Fortune will at length smile propitious and reward your amiable exertions\u2014I feel most sensibly for the pain you must have suffered and only wish I had been present to alleviate it\u2014Your Father will perhaps be a little disappointed but your desire to excel will meet with its reward\u2014He has declined the proposal I made to him for your visit to me here but says you are to pass the next vacation in Washington where I hope again to press you both to the heart of your affectionate Mother\u2014I am much hurried and obliged to close my letter with love to Charles\u2014George has had so much copying to do for his father he has had no time to write", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-05-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4155", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Quincy Adams, 5 September 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia Sept 5 1822\n\t\t\t\tMr. J. Hopkinson; Miss Dale, Mr Ewing; Miss Meredith, Miss Frazier, Mr Connell, and Mr N. Biddle, and Mary Mr. Knight, all called and delayed our dinner until three o clock\u2014We had of course the greatest variety of conversation on almost all subjects excepting politicks; of which to my great satisfaction we had not a word\u2014The Sketch of Old England is quite the rage but Ewing says Paulding is not capable of so much, and asked if it was not you\u2014I have not read it yet, but was very much pleased at the observation\u2019s on the English Prisons\u2014as I candidly confess, I think there is much romance in the fashionable system of reclaiming Sinners to repentance\u2014It is unfeeling no doubt, but there should be a medium in all things\u2014I have as much faith in this charity, as I have in our Orphan Asylum; in which all the illicit Children of our indefatigable members, have a home, as far as the Institution has means to support them; and Congress only takes this share in promoting the foundation. This is a charity without limitation more honoured in the breech than the performance\u2014What would Mrs. Van Ness say to this could she see it?\u2014N. 18 has come and I wish I could have participated in your perusal of Horace Walpole, in whose book I know I should have found much to delight me\u2014I will not say I envy you the pleasure\u2014Poor Mr. Meigs; I am very sorry for him; and still more that Mrs. Forsyth should have written any thing to him concerning her Dreams; more especially as you know that I am superstitious enough to wish to believe, that human nature however cultivated by art; and however improved; is so addicted to it; that it is almost impossible totally to eradicate the propensity\u2014It is only fashion, which leads us in this sceptical age, to suppress feelings which we are ashamed to declare, for fear of the stigma of folly or weakness\u2014being attached to our understandings\u2014I hope he will get over his present indisposition, and as it must necessarily be some time since Mrs. F\u2014 \u201cdreamed a dream\u201d the danger may be over\u2014Like all place beggars however, I wish if any thing should befal; that the President would exchange my Brothers Office for his, as I do not think he will ever be well enough to return with prudence to New Orleans\u2014Judge Johnson is solicitous on this subject, as I believe he has a friend he wishes to serve in N.O, and the Office is there must more valuable; as it gives opportunities of investing private property, very advantageously\u2014I could not help smiling yesterday morning to hear our good Land Lady give an account of Cheves\u2014You would have thought she was repeating her lesson from Connell, so exactly did they agree in their details\u2014He is hated by the Clerks to a great degree for his extreme arrogance\u2014One day he sent to desire that one of them would attend him immediately, for some trifle, who was very much engaged\u2014After waiting some time he sent again to know what was the reason he did not attend; when he was sent for? The Clerk sent for answer \u201cthat he was busy for the U.S., and could not wait upon Mr. Cheves\u201d\u2014Connell told us to day that Baron Roschild gave an immense party at Paris, and that Marbois went to it at three o clock in the afternoon; and sat in his Carriage until four o\u2019clock in the morning, without ever reaching the door\u2014I have heard of people cooling their heels in antichamber, but I do not know what this may be termed. If such things could occur frequently, they would give European Statesmen time for reflection; and be as serviceable as solitary Cells\u2014At this party or in its environ\u2019s, there were fifteen hundred person\u2019s\u2014Our modest five hundred friends now adays can count for nothing\u2014If ours are stiled a jam. This must be called a Crush\u2014My Brother received Mr. Cooks Letter safe with its enclosure, which I forgot to mention\u2014I have scarcely seen a pretty girl since I have been in Philadelphia\u2014I am told they are all out of town\u2014The present style of dress is surely very unfavorable to ladies\u2014I declare the Black Fair who dress very much \u00e0 l\u00e1 mode, look the best of the two\u2014Their manners in general do not please me as they are almost too much at their ease, and though not absolutely masculine, there is a want of retinue that conveys an idea of want of virgin modesty and purity, that is unpleasantI however view them with the eye of a critic as I am so anxious to make Mary what I wish her to be; I am keen eyed to the defects which may operate as examples\u2014I have had very little opportunity of judging of their conversation\u2014their minds are more improved, or rather cultivated than they are with us; but I hope I do not judge them harshly when I say, I do not think them more chaste or more pure\u2014Why am I alway\u2019s seeking for Paragon\u2019s? luckily my boy\u2019s will not be so fastidious as their Mother; who for their sakes is nice to excess\u2014I observe what you say about my boy\u2019s\u2014I felt tempted to go on to Boston immediately when I received Charles\u2019s Letter, but I knew of no Gentleman going, and could not go quite alone\u2014I am rejoiced you did not agree to my proposal, as I was not aware when I made it, that the Fever was so bad in New York; and as people are running from it in all directions they might even in the Steam boats have been liable to infection; and I should have suffered from anxiety\u2014God be with you my Dear Doctor; is it better late than never\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-06-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4156", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, 6 September 1822\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dearest friend.\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 6. September 1822\n\t\t\t\tYesterday afternoon at four, we performed the last sad offices of mortality to the remains of Mr. Josiah Meigs\u2014It was but the Sunday week before, that happening accidentally to attend the Morning worship at the second Presbyterian Church I had seen him there ordained a Ruling Elder\u2014He was suddenly seized yesterday was a week, immediately after returning early in the morning from Alexandria, where he had passed the Night\u2014He had never been sick before, and from the first attack, had been under a strong impression that he should not recover\u2014I saw him about four hours before he expired, when he had the appearance of being asleep, with no other indication of disease than breathing hard\u2014He is greatly and generally lamented\u2014The more as his widow, an excellent woman is said to be left in straitened circumstancesWe had the same evening before last, an affecting and painful incident at home\u2014Young Briggs, who is with us, upon looking into a Boston Newspaper, saw in it an account of the death of his elder brother, in Rhode Island\u2014A sudden stroke; for he had not even known that his brother was ill\u2014George has invited him with my approbation to remain with us some weeks longer\u2014He is a modest, well behaved young man; reserved and silent in my presence; but these are characters to me among the most prepossessing\u2014I am glad to find him among George\u2019s friends.Your daily journals have been received, with the exception of one day, which brought an enclosed Letter for Mrs Smith under a cover not quite blank. We are delighted to hear of the rapid, and we hope steady convalescence of your brother\u2014So long as Philadelphia continues healthy, I do not urge your return home, though Hariett told me yesterday that it continues remarkably healthy here\u2014Mrs Smith says you speak of returning by the close of the month\u2014I will make Patience, to wait for you till then\u2014Let us know the day when you finally fix upon reaching Baltimore; and I will send Joseph with the Carriage, to be in waiting for you there.I have observed your advice to take no notice of the Newspaper attack of Mr Floyd upon me; but before I received your Letter, I had, as you will have seen very briefly answered him; and have no doubt he will reply. I shall notice him further in my book\u2014He is not mad\u2014In the Cabal against me, Floyd has been a very active personage\u2014He called for the Ghent papers, under the mask of his Bill for the occupation of Columbia river, with the hope and expectation that they would enable him to demolish me\u2014When he found that his blunderbuss had flashed in the pan; that his aim had been discovered, and commented upon, not to his advantage, and that his accomplice, Russell, was in the mire, he came out-upon me, on a new trick, pretending that I had wronged him, by stating that his Call for Russell\u2019s Letter had been suggested to him by Russell himself\u2014His main objects now are to continue his assault upon me and to come in aid of Russell\u2014And he was instigated to this publication by the Richmond Enquirer, a paper, by and through which a gang of intriguers there govern the State of Virginia, and give the tone to her influence throughout the Union. There was a paragraph in that paper some weeks since, when they saw Russell was going down, spurring Floyd to come out and in publishing my answers to him, they have added an insidious remark to give him his cue for a reply\u2014The Richmond Enquirer and its inspirers, Floyd, and Russell, are in this affair all subservient to others, yet behind the curtain\u2014Floyd now wishes to be understood as disavowing any intention of attacking me by his Call for the Ghent papers, that he may have the advantage of fighting under neutral Colours\u2014This I shall not allow\u2014I well know with what disadvantage I am continuing-alone, against a pack, and with the minds of half the Nation prepossessed against me, before the explosion, by seven years of undermining\u2014How I shall come out of it, God only knows, and upon him alone I rely\u2014At every step I take, I want a friendly adviser; and have had none but you\u2014The book, will form a critical point in the controversy and most probably will bring out new combatants\u2014Hitherto the Public had seen in this affair only Russell, and me\u2014I have plucked the mask from him\u2014Mr Floyd has now made himself a party to the strife and I will pluck the mask from him. Perhaps I may shew glimpses of yet another face; and how that will be taken is yet to be seen\u2014The first mover of the whole machine has not yet been disclosed to the public eye\u2014I shall dare him out in my book, and if he comes you have seen only the first Act of the mellow\u2013drama. Now do not dissuade or discourage me\u2014nor be discouraged for me yourself\u2014The imposthume must be probed to the bottom whatever may be its discharge\u2014Be assured I have had from the first production of Russell\u2019s Letter, besides this no other alternative than that of sinking a passive victim, to as base an intrigue as ever was plotted, against a public man\u2014Adieu! take special care not to mislay this Letter\u2014Burn it, or keep it so that it may not fall into the hands of the Philistines\u2014or reach any of those friends of mine, whom you liken to the autumnal Evenings of this climate\u2014Ever affectionately your\u2019s", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-12-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4159", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, 12 September 1822\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dearest friend.\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 12. Septr. 1822\n\t\t\t\tThe day before yesterday after an anxious interval of two days without a line from you, brought me your Letter announcing your confinement to your chamber by the visit of that Saint far famed for the success of his Sermons to the fishes. I hope he has not taken offence at my partiality for the fisherman, and resolved to avenge my attachment to them upon you\u2014If Dr Physick can give a final dismission of his Sanctity from your apartments and vicinity, I shall say blessing upon his name\u2014This day, I am greeted again by the reappearance of your Journal. I am sorry you did not see Mr and Mrs Bache, with Mrs Dallas, and Captain Biddle, and hope you will see Mrs Bache, and be as civil to her as possible\u2014Your box was given to the charge of Mr F Dana who is here, and who informed me that he was going on to Boston last Thursday (this day week) and should pass through Philadelphia. But four days afterwards he informed me that he had postponed his journey, perhaps for a fortnight, and returned me the box, which is now in waiting for another opportunity.There is a Newspaper, just opened here; called the Washington Republican, published Wednesdays and Saturdays\u2014said to be under the auspices of Mr Calhoun\u2014Certainly not under those of Mr Crawford\u2014It is already at War with the Intelligencer and City Gazette\u2014the Richmond Enquirer, New\u2013York Advocate and Boston Statesman\u2014all of which have manifested much discomposure at its appearance and Contents\u2014all have attempted to run him down at the start\u2014Gales and Seaton by coaxing\u2014Noah by Quizzing, Coll Orne by skulking\u2014Ritchie by hinting\u2014and the City Gazette by downright base scurrility, and flinging dirt, hot from the Treasury, not only at Mr Calhoun, but at his mother\u2014All will not do\u2014He will give them all, thread to unravel\u2014I have neither lot nor part in this affair\u2014The Washington Republican professes to support and defend the Administration, and says he will defend me in case of need\u2014or the Secretary of the Navy\u2014or the Attorney General\u2014But his real object is to identify the Secretary of War, and the Administration, as one and the same\u2014which object has already been found out, and divulged\u2014Now the Franklin Gazette has given me a sample of the defence I am to expect in case of need, from Calhounite Editors\u2014All I have to say to them is hands off Gentleman\u2014\u201cNon tali auxilio\u201d\u2014Mr Noah\u2014or Mr Jonathan Elliot shall defend me rather than you\u2014In the hour of need, I found no one to defend me but myself; and so I well know it will be again.The heat has returned upon us \u201cIn all the fierceness of Autumnal fires.\u201d Fahrenheit\u2019s thermometer at 94. Mr Daniel and Mr W. Brent are both ill with bilious fevers\u2014I was last Evening at Mr Frye\u2019s\u2014Robert Buchanan has recovered. Little Tom is fretful\u2013sickly. I enclose you a letter from Mrs Hellen\u2014We are all well at home.faithfully yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-12-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4160", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Quincy Adams, 12 September 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia Sept 12 1822\n\t\t\t\tYesterday passed without any material change\u2014Mrs. Harrison called and Major Jackson and in the afternoon Mr. & Mrs. Walsh but I did not see them\u2014They have just returned from Baltimore\u2014Doctor Physick informed me that he hoped my brothers health would be firmly re-established in the course of a short time\u2014I think it probable however he will operate once more\u2014This morning I ventured down stairs to the great astonishment of the Doctor, who immediately shook his head, and said though he could not bear to find fault with me, he must not allow me to remain, and ordered me back to my room. You must not fancy me very sick, as this only proceeds from the fear of cold, as he says St Anthony is only subdued not completely discomfited. The unwearied kindness and attention of Doctor Physick will ever entitle him to my gratitude and respect\u2014. Experience of a bitter kind appears to have given him a very unfavorable opinion of our Sex, and if the world say true, he has still some lesson\u2019s to learn which his daughter is preparing to teach him\u2014He is a cold inflexible looking being\u2014one of those who inspire a feeling of fear and dread, we cant tell why; but the sound of his voice is very agreeable, and when he is pleased his smile brightens up his countenance, and entirely changes its general expression\u2014Among those with whom he is acquainted he is very much beloved; but the feeling most generally expressed towards him is fear\u2014This apparently is a tax that great superiority of any sort must pay; for externals are all in all to little minds of which the world consists\u2014The Philadelphians are very proud of him; as he is the most conspicuous great man they have; and his is a wide spreading fame\u2014He has twice attempted to retire from business, but has found it impossible\u2014Walsh is an enthusiast about him\u2014A number of visitors called to day, and among them Miss McKnight, who is anxious to get on to Washington, to which place Mrs. Decatur has returned, and desired them to join her\u2014I told her if she could wait I would take them with me\u2014I have just had a very gay Letter from Charles, whose health is however not quite restored\u2014From his account, the great quantity of fruit at Quincy has proved a temptation which has been injurious\u2014I have cautioned him very much, and I hope he will attend to it, as the diseases of this Summer are of the very worst kind\u2014A large Whale has come on shore at the Farm at Mount Wolaston, which has occupied the attention of the publick\u2014John had measured it assisted by Miss Abby Quincy, with whom he is very intimate; and it measured 27 feet without the tail\u2014Mrs. & Miss Lewis had been to Quincy to visit your father, accompanied by Mr. & Mrs. Lloyd\u2014I have been reading some more of Old England and am much better pleased with it than I expected to be\u2014I think with Ewing, that there is a solidity and depth of reasoning in it infinitely beyond Paulding\u2014His observations on the Charitable Institutions, on the Slave Trade, and on Parliament as well as on the state of society and morals in that Country, are excellent\u2014They must be mortally wounding to that Nation as it is a true picture, which traces both causes and effects\u2014I have only read the first Vol.\u2014Among other things his account of the Theatres, Actors, and Authors, is inimitable\u2014Bombast, Fustian, and Trick are the chief ingredients for modern taste, calculated to make a strong impression on the Senses, and then to fade without leaving a single trace upon the mind, to excite a momentary pleasure\u2014. It is the age of horrors, both real and imaginary; but the deep and awful tragedies exhibited hourly in different parts of Europe, do not appear to produce so much sensation, as an Ambassadors Ball, or the Sale of Tilney House\u2014Connell say\u2019s that Paulding wrote it, and W. Irving sent the Notes\u2014je doute\u2014The latter seems to be so enchanted with poor little Albion, he would not have put his hand to such a work; added to which his descriptions of English Scenery are all bright and glowing; true to Nature, and to fact, which I cannot say for this. In works of this kind, Authors should be careful to tell the truth, and nothing but the truth, or they defeat their own intentions\u2014You will probably think my opinions are biased by old and partial recollections; and perhaps they are, for there are some good things in the world I never would forget\u2014The City Gazette I observe has a hit at poor Mrs. Calhoun\u2014I only wonder she has escaped so long\u2014However among her extensive charities, she has only to take up Mr. Elliot, and he will puff her to the skies, and seat her among the Angels\u2014And she is so zealous a christian, she will not shrink from Martyrdom, if her gifts are not accepted; of which however there is no danger\u2014I have just received Georges Letter, and am sorry to find that Mrs. Smith and the Coachman are both sick\u2014I am afraid you suffer the latter to be too idle, that is the foundation of all his maladies, and should be rooted out\u2014.So the darling G. Graham is still to be palmed upon the publick; notwithstanding the Senatorial struggle\u2014well be it so\u2014\u201cA friend in need is a friend indeed,\u201d the old proverb vulgarly but justly say\u2019s, and his Majesty shows at least that he can be steady sometimes, though it is rare\u2014As I pride myself on the reverse you will ever find me affectionately yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-14-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4161", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Quincy Adams, 14 September 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia Sept 14 1822\n\t\t\t\tNothing worthy of Notice occurred yesterday, excepting a visit from Mrs. Hopkinson; and a Letter from Hariet Welsh brought by Miss H. Otis, who is come to this place to Nurse Mrs. Delavand whose recovery is deemed impossible\u2014Miss Welsh informs me in her Letter, that John is gaining in standing at Cambridge: but I do not know what sources of information she has, although she states it to be from authority\u2014Charles was recovering but had been very sick\u2014She say\u2019s she is much pleased that Mr Cruft has your Fathers picture, and intimates some fear concerning it, had it been in the old Gentleman\u2019s possession\u2014Those which are at Quincy I trust are safe; but it would perhaps be worth while to take precautions, as your fathers memory is becoming weak\u2014I see by last Evengs. Gazette that the Yellow Fever is at Pensacola\u2014I think Mr. & Mrs. Smith are fortunate in having quitted it\u2014The Paper likewise That Judge McLean is appointed in Mr Meigs\u2019s place\u2014Is this the Mr. McLean who was a Member of Congress? I suppose not!\u2014I believe he was from Kentucky\u2014It is however of no consequence to me\u2014I was perfectly sure that I should not obtain my wish; and I cared not who had it\u2014I never had warm friends!!!\u2014and my brothers place is so excellent an one, he would have lost by the exchange\u2014and I trust his health is so far re-established that he will be enabled to endure the horrors of the Climate to which he has been so long exposed\u2014Favours alway\u2019s sit badly on my stomach, and produce dyspepsia\u2014To call this a favour would however be an absurdity; as his conduct and services entitled him to a reward\u2014But for some special purpose I suppose Ohio must have another sop\u2014I wish your Book was out\u2014It ought not to have been delayed so long\u2014but if people who (like myself) write ill; grow fond of it; I am not at all surprized those who write well can never leave off\u2014The heat has been almost unsupportable this week past and the sickness in the Country has driven every body into Town who can get in; as the City is considered healthy hitherto, although the sick from the Country are numerous\u2014This morning we had Thunder and Lightening and one slight shower of rain\u2014but the heat still continues excessive, and the air sickly and very oppressive\u2014No news of the box yet\u2014I do not however despair\u2014It is said that the Fever is very bad in Baltimore\u2014These rumours often are without foundation; but 30 deaths are stated in the last week of billious Fever, which is a very suspicious circumstance\u2014I see that the visit of the Whale is noticed in the papers\u2014If they came often they would considerably add to the value of the Estate, and I wish this first visit may be followed up\u2014My Brother has just got a very friendly Letter from Judge Johnson; in which he mentions the appointment of Judge McLean; which is too wise, and too just to be disapproved by any one\u2014The hot weather made me pettish; and you must only laugh at the manner in which I vented my spleen\u2014The great Land Mark lies in the Western States; and my own reason teaches that a Western man is alone proper to fill the Office\u2014I used to like this man when a Member of Congress; for I find it is the same. He appeared to me to be a good well meaning creature, without any of those arrogant pretensions that most of his Colleagues possess\u2014I hope the Judge Johnson sometimes dines with you\u2014He is a plain man; but I have a high opinion of his honesty and rectitude of principle; and he ranks very high in his State for these particular qualities, as well as for indefatigable industry\u2014He is not one of the Nabobs of New Orleans, but barely independent\u2014His kindness to my brother is uniform and steady, and I really should be glad to evince my sense of it by particular attention\u2014There is great electioneering going forward here, and every where\u2014but I have heard nothing of it\u2014The Albany Argus say\u2019s, Mr Calhoun is going to France, and Mr Gallatin is coming home\u2014Mr. C\u2014 is engaged in a higher game; and I should suppose cannot be spared\u2014Mr. Plummer has also got into difficulties about his travelling expences; and the farce is about to be performed of \u201cSecrets worth Knowing\u201d\u2014For I presume he is not the only Member whose accounts might be found incorrect\u2014Genl Parker has likewise come out, and set himself up as a Candidate\u2014Why does not Mrs. Smith write me? Mathews is said to be in Philadelphia, but will probably not begin for some time\u2014New York is in too dreadful a situation, and the accounts are worse, and worse every day\u2014My brothers name has not been mentioned to the P\u2014\n\t\t\t\t\tI shall not write till the weather is cooler\u2014To be given to Elizabeth for me\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-15-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4162", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, 15 September 1822\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\n\t\t\t\t\t21.My dearest Friend.\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 15. Septr. 1822.\n\t\t\t\tNo Journal received this day\u2014But there was one yesterday, and I hope for one to-morrow\u2014We have had now a week of heat as oppressive as any of the whole Summer, and two or three of the Nights have been more so. Though I have no doubt, you find it equally insupportable at Philadelphia, it reconciles me to your stay there; because I would have you come home to a temperate climate, as well as to all other comforts that give a relish to home.The new Commissioner of the Land Office is a judge McLean of Ohio. I have no personal acquaintance with him, but he was a member of Congress during the late War, when he was well known to the President, and to Mr Calhoun\u2014I was a little surprized at the suddenness of the appointment. The Land-Office, being an appendage to the Department of the Treasury I had expected the President would have waited to consult Mr Crawford in the selection\u2014But the place has been filled before Mr Crawford could have heard of the death of Mr Meigs; and by a person probably more friendly to Mr Calhoun than to Mr Crawford.And so the Whale, has run himself ashore upon my Land and has been despatched by another\u2019s Spear.\u2014I suppose that by the Law of the Land, he belonged to me; but the Newspapers say that by the Custom of the Coast, he belonged to the first finder. As I am not on the spot to claim or maintain my right, I am not disposed to make a question of it\u2014He is not the first whale, that has got himself cut up and tried, by floundering upon my territories.I have received a Letter from Mr Henry Meigs, who is at Perth Amboy, and requests me to aid his mother with my advice; which I have very cheerfully offered her. He says he cannot come on here himself.The theatrical campaign closes here this week\u2014Cooper, finished last Thursday with Virginins\u2014I think the best English Tragedy since Cato\u2014As soon as the Play was over, Cooper was told of the death of one of his own Children, which had been known it seems before but was withheld from him\u2014I was very much pleased with his performances, with the exception of Bertram, a character and a Play so disgusting to me, that I could not take pleasure in seeing it performed by any one. Mrs Smith has been some days complaining, but is on the recovery\u2014Coachman\u2019s illness like that of his horses is over-feeding and under workingMonday Morning 16. Septr.Mr Robert Clarke of the Washington Asylum has just called upon me with a Bill which I have paid of 14 dollars and 33 Cents, for nine weeks and two days Board for Rachael, till the 20th. of August, when she died, and for the expenses of her burial. I had not before heard of her death.Mrs. Meigs of Philadelphia, was to leave the City this Morning to return home\u2014She takes your box with herEver faithfully your\u2019s.\n\t\t\t\t\tI enclose a Letter for Mary.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-16-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4164", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Quincy Adams, 16 September 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tBorden Town 16-18 Sept. 1822\n\t\t\t\t16 Sept Finding myself very weak after my tedious confinement to my chamber I determined to accept the invitation of Mrs. Hopkinson, and took my passage in the Steam Boat accompanied by Mary\u2014The day was fine but contrary to our usual good fortune, we found no one with whom to have a chat, excepting an old Quaker Lady; who was on her travels for the first time in her life; and full of terrors, and evil anticipations\u2014who we however landed safely at Burlington\u2014We arrived at three o-clock and found that Mrs Hopkinson had gone to Bascon ridge, in consequence of a bad accident which had befallen her Son, who had injured his leg very much, by the bursting of a small brass Cannon\u2014Miss Mease and Elizabeth however were at home, and Mr. Hopkinson who received us with a hearty welcome, and insisted on our remaining here some time\u2014In the Evening we had a very merry party of young Ladies mostly Carolinians; Miss Gadsden, Miss Huger, The Miss Wrights, and Miss Drayton;\u2014all most of them as wild as unbroken Colts\u2014They came while we were taking our Tea, and Mr. H\u2014 declared he could not stay with us, as he must go to the Galls; whom he immediately joined, and the shouts and laughter resounded through the house, re-echoed by merry peals from the young folks, who were left with us. After we joined the young company, Elizabeth treated us with some imitations of acting; and dancing; and then we had musick by Mrs. CAton, a singular looking little English Woman, who is left in this Country in a melancholy situation; in very bad circumstances her husband having joined the Patriots in South America\u2014Miss Mease has kindly taken her by the hand, and she gives Lessons in Italian and French to the young ladies, who have visited this place, as a means of subsistence during her husbands absence. She is really an accomplished little Woman and behaves very well\u2014She played and sung the greater part of the evening, and accompanied the young performers who took part in the concert, and the evening terminated with a ludicrously sentimental parting, something like an Irish howl\u201417 This morning Mr. Hopkinson was obliged to go to Philadelphia on business of importance before the Court\u2014He is getting into practice again, and likely to recover much of the business which his friends feared he had entirely lost, much to the serious injury of his family\u2014Our morning passed very quietly and after on a fishing party, in which we were tolerably successful; and after dinner we set out to walk to the Spring\u2014We had got about half way when we met the Count Survillier, who stopped and spoke to the Ladies, and was introduced to me: when he politely asked us to walk with him through his grounds to which I assented\u2014I however as usual behaved very much like a fool on the occasion: for their Kings and no Kings place us in a very awkward situation; between the fear of wounding their feelings, and the natural antipathy which I have to courting, what the world call great folks, and of appearing to arrogate upon my own elevated station; which though, it may be transient, is while I possess it thought much of by others\u2014I spoke sometime to him in English, but at last addressed him in French\u2014He showed me two very fine paintings, and displayed all the beauties of his grounds with much attention, offering us flowers which he cut himself, and Peaches which he selected and presented to each\u2014As the eveng was rapidly setting in, I was anxious to get home; but he was so urgent for me to see his daughter that I consented to walk in, and was introduced to her little Ladyship, who I thought a very pleasing and well bred young woman\u2014She is not handsome; though I think her countenance very expressive, and the style and character of her face pleased me, although in general it produces a contrary effect\u2014She was urgent in her invitation to me, to stay; and expressed a desire to become more acquainted; to all of which I answered suitably declining her civility, on the plea of leaving Borden Town immediately\u2014The Count has a charming countenance, the form of the face very much like Napoleons, but the expression entirely different\u2014He is friendly and unceremonious in his manners; in his person very much like the Emperor when I saw him, large and heavy, though he moves about with a good deal of activity\u2014He performs the civilities he offers like a man who has been used to do so by proxy; and seems when he wishes to mark attention, to look round him, rather with a view of ordering it to be done, than with readiness to do it himself\u2014But there is so much easy good humour about him, and he looks so much like a good fat substantial farmer, that were we not pre-acquainted with his history, no one would suspect he had ever filled a throne\u2014In this little village he is adored; for he has made \u201cthe Widows heart to sing with joy,\u201d and has been \u201ca father to the fatherless\u201d and tho\u2019 a King has showered blessings around him, thus proving himself far more than a King\u2014a good man!!\u2014General l\u2019Almand accompanied him\u2014He was riding in a common Jersey Waggon with two Horses\u2014We returned home and I was lectured by the Ladies for my impoliteness in not having spoken french in the first instance, and not having been more courteous to his Majesty, whose peaches I refused upon the plea of ill health\u2014I acknowledged my fault, and promised to behave better the first opportunity\u2014We returned home laughing at our adventure, and the young Ladies renewed their sports with \u201cquips and pranks and mirthful glee\u201d until we retired to rest\u201418 I rose this morning very stiff after the violent exercise of yesterday; but determined to persevere in the same course by way of care: and immediately after breakfast went out again on a fishing expedition, although my hands were already blistered by the labours of yes our former party\u2014We rowed about a long time without any success, and returned just in time for dinner\u2014In the afternoon I walked with the Ladies to see Mrs. Stewards house, which is beautifully situated, and to which she is crazy to return; but the Com say\u2019s, \u201cShe chose to go with him spite of himself, and he\u2019ll be d\u2014\u2014d if she shall leave him.\u201d\u2014There are no shops on board Ship!!!\u2014Her character here is very low indeed\u2014When we returned we found Mrs. Hopkinson and her Son, returned from Bascon Ridge, and were all glad very glad to see her\u2014All the curiosities which had been collected were immediately shown her, and among the rest a curious insect, with large gold spots on its back; on which \u201cshe observed she had often wondered how her gold went, but it was now explained, for it took wing and flew away\u201d\u2014I have consented to stay two days longer\u2014but it requires some courage to leave this mansion of cheerful mirth and hospitality, in which you really meet the \u201cfeast of reason and the flow of soul\u201d happily blended with the arch playfulness of wit, and the innocent vivacity of youth\u2014Yours is just sent me\u2014Walsh is in the midst of War with Gifford; both show their wounds too much\u2014Adieu I will write again soon, and no place however good can to me equal home with you", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-19-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4165", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Quincy Adams, 19 September 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tBorden Town 19-20 Sept. 1822\n\t\t\t\t19 Sept My last I believe closed on this day; I will therefore continue the account of our proceedings\u2014While we were at Table the Count and his daughter paid us a visit and left Cards\u2014and in the Evening we received an invitation to a water party at four o\u2019clock tomorrow afternoon; and to spend the Evening which we graciously accepted. After which we strolled to the burying ground, where Miss Mease showed me the spot she had chosen for her last home\u2014It is a little retired square, in which the maues of the Hopkinson family repose; out of the sight of vulgar mortals. and I like it for its plain unostentatious simplicity\u2014On this subject I have often reflected; and wondered how people could delight in adulating the dead, by displaying their own vanity, and flattering their own pride\u2014Death is the doom decreed to man, and we should make no more parade about it than we do about a change of Seasons; and the more silently and quietly we take possession of our last mansions, the nearer we follow the dictates of nature; and the less we torture those who are left to mourn a departed friend\u2014The idea of respect which is attached to these ceremonials, is altogether false and incorrect; for the dead are insensible to it, and the living are generally injured by it\u2014The custom originated in man\u2019s vanity, and love of fame; and from that insatiable desire which he ever evinces of leaving something after him; that he may not be quite forgotten\u2014The best thing however that can lessen to a large proportion who have not even wit enough to make themselves remembered, while they lived\u2014The Sand was so deep and the walking so unpleasant, that we hastened home and arrived there just in time to save ourselves from a wetting, as the rain began to fall as we reached the door\u2014I forgot to mention that I was weighed, and I assure you fill in my own conceit, and was found wanting; at least by the scale in which I usually measure myself, which you know is vast\u2014You may readily imagine my mortification, when all the Girls outweighed me, and Mary had the advantage of me by four pounds, her weight being 106 mine 102.\u2014Thus I have learnt how small a space I fill in the Scale of human beings\u2014Never mind; little folks have been the greatest some years back; so I wont droop on the occasion\u2014Passed a delightful Evening playing Whist\u201420 The morning was truly inauspicious, and the Ladies were all beset by the most anxious doubts and fears, lest the torrents of rain should oblige, us to decline the Evening party\u2014It was however agreed, that a Note should be dispatched stating that if the weather admitted we would go at six instead of four, if and the Cards were consulted as the Ladies have discovered my talent of fortune telling\u2014At abot about one o clock the rain began to subside, and every countenance looked bright excepting mine: for as the others cleared mine unfortunately thickened, as I felt all sorts of disagreeable forebodings of stiffness, ceremony, and what not\u2014We dressed and at the proper time departed, the Carriage being obliged to go twice, in consequence of the number which amounted to eight\u2014The Count and Countess received us in a very friendly and sociable way, and we chatted on various subjects, until we were called to what he terms Tea; that is a dinner in all its forms with the addition of Tea and Coffee\u2014He is very handsome I think\u2014I have already said very much like Napoleon, the form of the face being nearly the same; but the whole countenance expressing good humour, and benevolence without those strong characteristick traits, which rendered the Emperors so striking\u2014There is a want of care in his manner au premier abord, that wears off immediately in conversation, and his voice is very pleasant\u2014His daughter is very small with a countenance which I admire very much, it is rather pensive; but when she smiles there is an animation and sweetness in her eyes, that makes her quite handsome\u2014Her manners are extremely modest and unassuming, and she is too diffident to converse freely at first; but improves every moment on acquaintance\u2014She is just eighteen, very simple in her dress\u2014At dinner I had some conversation with the Count; he enquired particularly if I knew Pardo, and Mondragone? both of whom he spoke of with affection, but particularly the last\u2014He told me he knew Mrs. Crawford; and was very inquisitive about Washington, which he said he heard was very brilliant in Winter, and a pleasant residence\u2014Mentioned that he was acquainted with Mrs. Hay, and that she was so fond of France, that he believed she would do any thing to get there again, but that he understood she had an old husband who would not go\u2014He asked me a good deal about the Corps Diplomatique, said he had seen Anduaga and Mr. Canning at Ballston Springs; and that the latter appeared to be a very pleasing man\u2014When we rose from the Table he showed me his fine pictures, and regretted that I had not seen them by day light, entreating me to come again; and politely saying he would take no denial: after which we seated ourselves round a table, and examined his daughters drawings, and some curious paintings on copper of natural history, from all the known parts of the Globe\u2014We then talked of the Theatre, and he asked me if I had seen Talma; and I took the opportunity of hinting how much I should be gratified if he would read a tragedy to us, as I had heard that he piques himself upon his Talent, having studied with La Rive, who he told me he had taken to Naples with him, and made him director of the French Theatre there\u2014He seemed much pleased at the request, and immediately sent for his Book, and chose the Tragedy of Andromaque\u2014I was almost sorry for the choice as I could not help thinking that in the fate of Marie Louise, there was a little similitude; for both her Son and herself became hostages to Austria, though under different circumstances\u2014He desired his daughter to read with him, and she took the parts of Andromaque, and Hermione, and it is long very long since I have had such a treat; for you certainly enjoy your present situation at the expence of all our old and quiet pleasures, and enjoyments\u2014I most ardently wished you had been of the party, and our Tragedy would have been delightful\u2014The Countess reads elegantly, and they have both the style and manner of Talma, with a little less energy; which he told me was more the manner of La Rive. to me however this was an improvement as I do not love to see the passions \u201ctorn to rags and tatters;\u201d and do by no means think ranting an embellishment, or an expression of true feelings\u2014I am not connoisseur enough to say any thing more of the paintings, than that they are many of them in the finest style, and that to you they would afford a treat\u2014There is a Titian that is exquisite; some Vernets and Teniers and Murillos that are beautiful; besides many other that which it is almost sacrilege to the fine Arts for such a blunderer as I am to speak of\u2014The young Countess has two young Ladies with her, who are not of a piece with the establishment\u2014They are the daughters of a french Physician in Philadelphia, and it is seldom you meet with Girls in our Country whose manner and appearance have been so little cultivated\u2014They however speak french which is at present an object; but one which will soon cease to be of any consequence, as both the Count and his daughter begin to speak french English fluently.\u2014This is a pretty correct account of our visit; he remade several allusions to his former situation, and told me that he had restored the fashion of Bull fights in Spain, for which he had often condemned himself; but it was to court popularity with the people\u2014Naples he cannot speak of without regret; but if he grieves for the change in his situation, it does not appear; for he looks the picture of happiness and content\u2014We all laughed heartily when we got home; for intending to invite Miss Mease who is not handsome, but a most charming Woman to stay the night; in English; he said \u201cwill you sleep with me.\u201d You may suppose this occasioned a complete squall among us we were all so diverted\u2014. Mr. Lee had been there in the morning. I wonder what he got? They are all to be here to night, as the families visit on the most social footing and we expect of course a very charming Eveng. When I shall get away from this fascinating family I dont know, but I fear they will utterly spoil me before I get home to you\u2014Nearly ten weeks of my time since I left home have been spent in pain and anxiety, but this week has been one in which I have lived a year\u2014Do not however imagine that any pleasures can wean me from my darling home, to which alas! I have always been too much attached for a woman of the World, and the Wife of a Secretary of State; but no matter what you are or what you may be, you will always find me your affectionate Wife and Sincere friend\n\t\t\t\t\tL. C. Adams\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-20-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4167", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Thomas Boylston Adams, Jr., 20 September 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Thomas Boylston, Jr.\nMy dear Grandson Thomas B. Adams\u2014\nMontezillo Sep 20. 1822\nI have received much satisfaction from the reports of your conduct since you left me. I have received still more pleasure from the constancy & punctuality of your correspondence with your parents, sister & Brother: & your letter to me of 12 crowns all. I thank you for the pamphlet you sent me containing the journal of your excursion to Concord which is very particular entertaining & instructive. Such a march for a person of your age is a great atchievement. In short Thomas I think your whole behaviour since you left me has been manly & generous\u2014Persevere to the end. I need not give you any other advice than such as I have frequently given you when you was here. Pay a strict attention & veneration to the government & governors of the Academy; a proper respect & deference to those Cadets who are before you in age & class; friendly affection to your equals & class mates & invariable kindness to all your inferiors if any such these be\u2014\nI have no news to tell you except that we are all well & that yesterday the 19. Sep the family all attended the Ordination of Mr B. Cutler to the Office of Deacon in our Episcopalian Society: with power to christen, bury, read sermons & preach when the Bishop will permit him: but not to administer the Sacrament.\n Let me give you a little advice concerning your handwriting. Your letters are all pretty well written but the characters are too small\u2014 a habit of writing in such capillary strokes will ruin your eyes & be very inconvenient to you through life.\nWith respects to Captain Partridge & / Your Tutors / I remain / Your Affectionate Grand Father\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-20-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4168", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Ward Nicholas Boylston, 20 September 1822\nFrom: Boylston, Ward Nicholas\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear & Hond Cousin\n\t\t\t\t\tPrinceton Sepr 20th 1822\n\t\t\t\tNothing but the want of Sight has delay\u2019d the acknowledgement of your most kind Letter of the 24th Ultimo\u2014it reminded me of an Inscription Cut out of the frontace piece of a Church, I went to see at Millnor viz Full, & Intire Indulgences, Granted for all Sins, Past, Present, & to come\u2014what can I say in return\u2014only that it is impossible I thus can say or willingly do any thing Not for a moment, could suspend, or Change the good opinion, wch. it is both my Boast, my pride, & my greatest happiness to hold a share in your kind affections towards me\u2014the few old attachments I have left me fasten more, & more strongly to me the older I grow, and as the links break off\u2014my attachmts. to life are shortend with them\u2014your Days I hope will be yet lengthend with as much comfort to your self\u2014as it certainly will be of solace & happiness to me\u2014I regret however that I have now no promise of seeing you here this Autumn. Mr Secretary Adams has written me, that his engagements are such at Washington as to leave him no hopes of being able to leave it, before next Season\u2014before then what Events may beset us\u2014neither of us can foretell\u2014I hope you have not suffer\u2019d so much from Drought as the Towns in this vicinity\u2014The springs have never been so low for many years\u2014& I never saw the earth so much burnt up since I own\u2019d this place\u2014tho\u2019 I do not suffer\u2019d so greatly as they have done in the towns North, South, & East of me\u2014yet I have been obliged to send my grain Nine miles to Mill & wait a Week for my grist\u2014many of the manufactories, which depended on water power to carry them on, now stand Still\u2014There is however great Cause of thankfullness\u2014all our Grain in every direction has been well got in, & in abundance\u2014Corn is safe from early frost, & that likewise is of good Quality\u2014yours Crops I hope deserve the same Character\u2014I have been a Constant indweller at in Princeton since my return from Quincy except a few miles excursions on Bussiness, which could not be avoided\u2014I have nearly finish\u2019d all the Building Intended\u2014my Farm House is completed & occupied a month ago\u2014I wish you could See it the Cellar is as much visited from its size & convenience as the Heidelburgh Tun\u2014in Germany\u2014its dimensions is are 50 feet square & 15 feet deep, with a costly passage way\u2014into it\u2014Ten feet wide, with Bisin\u2019s for Potatoes, & upper Room for other vegetables\u2014of the former I have about 27,000 Hills yet to dig\u2014I am satisfied we have no substitute for Corn truly better\u2014Rootabaga & to the contrary\u2014notwithstanding all the encomius & recommendations of agricultural Societies\u2014my own experiments wth them has fully satisfied my mind, at least on my farm that they are very inferior to Potatoes\u2014My Barn is nearly full of excellent Hay\u2014about 146 Tons\u2014my second mowings would have been considerable, had the season been favourable\u2014My Health I think is improving, and Mrs Boylston\u2019s severe affliction in her Face by Ague is relieved, & she is recovering her Strength & spirits\u2014I hope all at Quincy that is you & your Family have enjoy\u2019d uninterrupted Health thro\u2019 the Summer\u2014an article I saw in the News papers mentions a Whale haveing made you a Visit at mount Wallaston\u2014I think as Lord of the manor you ought to have received the full benefit of his Visit\u2014I hope at least you shard some part\u2014besides seeing it\u2014Mrs Boylston desires her affectionate respects to you, & unites in her kind regards to the Ladies Judge Adams & the young Cantabs\u2014who I suppose are now with you\u2014& am My Dear Cousin, / most truely yours\u2014Ward Nichs Boylston", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-21-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4169", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Quincy Adams, 21 September 1822 to 23 September 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tBorden Town 21-23 Sept. 1822\n\t\t\t\t21 Sept Still at Borden Town methinks I hear you say? \u201cI hope my dear your head is not quite turned by all the fine things you meet?\u201d I answer I hope not, but almost fear to ask myself the question\u2014My last I believe informed you of the party at Mont Point Breeze. This Eveng the Count and his family spent here with Mrs. Hopkinson; and we laboured hard to amuse them, and I fear did not atchieve the enterprize; as I am sure I was devoured by ennui\u2026We had no Gentlemen, but Mr. F Hopkinson and his Brother, and Capt Parry\u2014The Countess does not understand much English, and Joseph speaks it very little; and the Ladies of this family will not speak french\u2014You may therefore imagine our difficulty; added to which-the young Lady looks for amusement from every body, without making the least exertion to amuse herself\u2014Early in the Evening he invited us to breakfast with him the next day to meet Major & Mrs. Lenox, Miss Keen, and Mr. Short; the two last of whom I have long considered as curiosities: and as all the family accepted, I of course could not decline\u2014They left us at eleven o\u2013clock, and we all felt relieved, as he appeared in very bad spirits; there is a great deal of bonhommie about him, but his address is altogether awkward, though he makes every possible exertion to be gallant\u201422 We walked to the Counts at twelve o\u2013clock: the day was uncommonly lovely, and the part from Bristol just arrived in the Steam Boat. Almost immediately after we adjourned to an elegant french breakfast to which I was assured before I went, Mr. Short did would do ample justice, and the prophecy was fully accomplished\u2014Mrs. Lenox who is as blind as a bat, to show her savoir vivre (after having ascertained who I was; assured me that though she had not seen me since she was acquainted with me in England, full seven and twenty years ago; that she should of known me any where; as I looked just as young (though it was two years before I was married\u2014) I bowed and wished that all the company was as blind as herself\u2014Major Lenox having better eyes than his Lady asked me if I was not much thinner; I told him no; only much older to which like a rational being he assented\u2014After breakfast we walked in the Gardens which are very extensive and handsomely laid out; and we viewed the paintings some of which are immensely valuable; worthy of better judges than our motley party. Every thing about him is handsome, and in this Country makes a great show! After having viewed these fine things some time; we all went on board the Barge as I was fond of the water, and rowed about until the Steam boat was ready to start: when we reshipped our Bristol Cargos; and contained our promenade up the Creek: where he ordered fishing tackle to be prepared and every thing made ready for that amusement, as he understood that it was my favorite diversion. I however objected to this and as two of the young Ladies were indisposed, requested if it was agreeable to the Countess to Land He said never mind the Countess, she must do as she was desired; and we were accordingly landed upon a bank which was so steep I found it impossible to ascend\u2014and Miss Mease Elizabeth and myself mounted in a more accessible place: and I found the Count already there to assist us with his arm; but seeing me very much exhausted by the effort of climbing\u2014he politely sent for his Carriage, and we were driven to a small house in the Wood, where we had a collation which he was very busy in assisting his Servants to prepare\u2014We then got into the Carriage; Mrs & Miss Hopkinson and myself, to return to the House to take leave; but the Servant insisted on it he had orders to take us home, and I was thankful to reach it, although I confess not to take french leave so cavalierly\u2014The other part of the party thought they were going to have a fine dinner, and were shockingly balked when they found themselves obliged to follow us; grumbling cruelly at my not having insisted on the boys putting us down\u2014I laughed and told them that I had had quite sufficient; as they were sent home to bed\u2014Mr. Pierson and Mr Davy passed the Evening with us, and Mrs. Hopkinson took our profiles, but did not please herself with mine\u2014Of Mr. Short I can say but little; you know the man I believe, he introduced himself to me, and I was diverted with his conversation with Miss Mease, who quizzes him to death\u2014You are too much manured\u2014him Sampson\u2014Pardon! to Miss Keans manners to need any description. She is still a belle, and as her Aunt would say, looks as young as she did twenty seven years ago; allowing for a little wear and tear\u201423 At twelve o clock we set out to visit the Countess that I might take my final leave; intending positively to leave Borden Town tomorrow morning; and likewise to apologize to them for my sudden desertion of the party the day before. As we walked up the Count was standing at the door; and as soon as he saw me he laughed and asked me if I was recovered; as he supposed I had been much indisposed and I immediately explained he l was both vexed and amused at his servants behaviour; and reproachfully said he never could have suspected me of being capable of an impoliteness. I asked for the Lady intimating my wish to take leave\u2014but she was taking her Drawing Lesson or rather sitting for her portrait, and I would not disturb her\u2014She however made her appearance just as her father had invited us to see a Venus of Titian, that would have enchanted you; and which he keeps close to his bed; I could not affect modesty as I had said, that I had seen a number of fine pictures in Europe, and he put his hands over his eyes, as if very much shocked making grimaces, and hanging his head, saying that all the American Ladies were so distressed, and ashamed, that he was obliged to hide them\u2014He shewed me two beautiful miniatures of his Mother, one of his Wife, and one of his daughter; a number of superb Gun\u2019s: a Manufactory of which he had established at Naples of a very light and beautiful kind: 1 of which he sent to Alexander; another to the King of Bavaria; and 1 to Napoleon\u2014He is fond of Shooting and an excellent shot\u2014He likewise brought out some fine old Books, with illuminated plates and some beautiful modern editions, and a number of Knicknacs such as the french delight so much in\u2014and a fine likeness of Napoleon\u2014While we were all in the rooms very much amused, a Note was received from Miss Keene inviting us to go to breakfast with her on Wednesday and stating that she had postponed her journey to Town, that she might have the pleasure of seeing the Counts family, Mrs. Hopkinson\u2019s, and Miss Mary and myself\u2014I immediately declined, stating that I must return to Town to make arrangements for my return home: and that I could not delay it any longer: to which they all refused their consent, and he said if I did not go, they must all decline; and if I would accompany them he would have his barge ready and we would all go together\u2014I told him I had been absent from home three Months; and asked him if he did not think that I was doing wrong: he said it was to be sure a long time; but two or three days could not make much difference; and made Miss Mease sit down and write an answer of acceptance\u2014Thus am I inveigled, or rather thus do I show a want of firmness to resist temptation; when it comes in the form of pleasure of a certain kind; but this was a temptation that did not captivate me; but I could not bear to mortify Mrs. Lenox, by causing the Count to decline her invitation\u2014Talking of temptation I was highly diverted at the explanation he made of a picture: \u201che said.\u201d \u201cit was St Antione who had tentation of a beautiful Woman, from Devil\u201d\u2014I have reason to know as you are aware, that St. Anthony is partial to the Ladies even if they are not beauties", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-24-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4171", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Quincy Adams, 24 September 1822\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir.\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 24 Septr. 1822\n\t\t\t\tYou have been made acquainted with the controversy in which I have been for some Months engaged in relation to transactions at the Negotiation of Ghent. As the subject is one in which the defence of my own character and that of two of my Colleagues was inseparably connected with principles of deep concernment to this Union, I have thought it necessary to collect in one publication the papers which have hitherto appeared concerning it, adding to them further elucidations of the real character of those transactions. Of this publication I enclose herewith a copy. The introduction, and most of the papers subsequent to page 162 have not before been published\u2014In submitting them to your examination, I shall ask the favour of your confidential opinion upon the whole subject; I say confidential, because so far as the character and conduct of Mr Jonathan Russell is implicated, I wish that nothing may be said or written by you, which would give pain to his friends. The occupation which this affair has given me, added to the necessary attendance upon the duties of my office, has long deprived me of the satisfaction of writing to you; but has in no wise impaired the unalterable sentiments of duty and affection of your Son\n\t\t\t\t\tJohn Quincy Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-24-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4172", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Quincy Adams, 24 September 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tBorden Town 24-26 Sept. 1822\n\t\t\t\t24 Sept We dined at the Counts and while walking in the garden he told me an excellent anecdote of a beautiful Quaker Lady who had paid him a visit\u2014During their promenade in the Garden they came to the figures of Cupid and Psyche who are represented looking tenderly at each other. She turned to him with great naivet\u00e9 and said, \u201chad she been so situated\u201d she would not have remained long in that attitude\u201d\u2014which diverted him excessively, and he tells it with much point\u2014We took leave soon after dinner engaged to accompany him to Bristol tomorrow\u201425 At ten o clock we entered the boat and formed a party at eleven, in high spirits. The day was unsupportably sultry, and I think I never suffered so much from heat in my life\u2014As the Tide was against us we crossed the Ferry intending to go by in carriages they being in waiting, and there parted company, some chusing to go by Water and some in the Carriages by Land. As the Countess chose the first I of course did the same, and we had a delightful conversation on french poetry, and the difference between the style of English and French Tragedy; and so on to the languages generally. I listened attentively not being competent to take much share; but was very much amused, as well as instructed\u2014In about two hours we reached Bristol, and instead of finding only the family as was understood, we found five or six Carolina Ladies dressed up very fine, seated round in a formal or more properly in a formidable circle to receive us\u2014This was altogether a surprize, and not an agreeable one to any of the party; however we were obliged to submit to our fate, and get through it as well as we could\u2014On my arrival it was my intention to return Mrs. Pederson\u2019s visit; but she had left Bristol a few days, and I was quite disappointed\u2014Breakfast was to be served at twelve o\u2019clock: but the Cooks by some accident having miscalculated, we sat in this dismal way until a quarter to two; when we were led in to Table in great style, to a breakfast half cooked, a l\u00e1 fourchette: consisting of numerous dainties; badly executed\u2014During this long prolonged meal, Miss Keene who is as romantic at forty, as she was at fifteen; took all the flowers out of the dishes, which they ornamented; and tied them up into bouquets, presenting them to all as far as they would go: a ceremony which kept us at Table a good hour gazing at empty plates, and ragged dishes, to me the most disagreable of all sights on a full stomach\u2014At length we were permitted to quit this delapidated scene; and Miss Keene favoured us with an air on the piano accompanied by her voice\u2014you have had the pleasure of hearing her mellifluous sounds; I need therefore say nothing more than that we were all extasic\u2014As soon as the song terminated or rather the charming duo in Paul and Virginia, which she sung with Dr. Shippey: I made my escape to pay a visit to the Miss Lees, objects of real and sincere interest, to whom I wished to pay every mark of respect and attention\u2014The poor Joseph accompanied me with two young Ladies, saying that he wished likewise to pay them this compliment, if it would not be disagreeable to me\u2014We were received and I went up stairs (leaving the company below) to sit with poor Susan, who though much better is still in a wretched situation\u2014They are with a Mr & Mrs La Coste of New York, very genteel people\u2014Our visit was obliged to be short, and while the boat was preparing for our embarkation, we had the pleasure of hearing Miss Pogson play on the flute, which was both novel and amusing well calculated to please Miss K. who loved things a little singular I will not say bordering on the ridiculous\u2014Mrs. Lenox introduced me formally to all the Ladies. Mrs. Smith Widow of W. Smith; Miss Wragg; Mr. & Mrs. Pogson, and though last by no means least Miss Pogson, a Lady who writes verses; and who has written two Tragedies. the one bearing the pathetick title of Circumstances! a word not to be mentioned in Boston without a blush\u2014two Miss Morris\u2019s, one a very pretty Girl; Miss Smith a southern drawl, and Miss Prower a young Lady said to have forty thousand dollars a year; but really having eighty thousand for her fortune; modest and genteel; both niece and Ward to the good old Major, who seems to possess all the boo-ing propensities of his far famed Countrymen, though a most excellent and amiable man\u2014The old Lady informed me that she should have asked Lee\u2019s family\u2014but that she had already six more put upon her than she had invited; alluding as I afterwards discovered to the Carolina Ladies who had gone because Miss Pogson was asked\u2014When we got into the Boat you would have thought that the Girls were crazy; for they shouted and laughed for joy at their release, as if they had just escaped from purgatory! We crossed the Water and took leave of the Countess and her father all returning home to our dear bewitching Mrs. Hopkinson\u2019s with delight, not withstanding we really had had a charming day\u2014Every distinction is waved among us; but Miss K. had not the wit to adopt the fashion, and fretted him a good deal\u2014as he says he wants to do as the americans do altogether\u2014We arrived early and found my brother just come in the Steam boat\u2014He procured lodgings immediately opposite, for a few days and informed th me that next week Dr. S. intends to operate again; but had sent him here for a change of air, the City being very hot\u2014When he left Philadelphia Mr & Mrs. Sergeant were both very ill and they had lost their lovely boy\u201426 I forgot to mention that we rode to Trenton to see Mrs. Daniel Cox\u2014We found that they were both down with the fever, and not able to see any one, and this was her third relapse\u2014I have taken a very bad Cold which confines me to the house\u2014but Borden Town is very healthy\u2014and Mrs. H says she will not suffer me to give it a bad reputation by returning sick\u2014In the Evening Whist and Musick\u2014Cold very bad\u2014paid a visit however to Mrs. Ward, and her Sister from Roxburry, daughters to the late Sheriff of the County\u2014Much shocked at the death of Mrs. McComb; but perfectly horrified at the suicide of Lord Castlereagh\u2014It recalled to my mind a speech of Lord Liverpools the night of Miss Caton\u2019s wedding; when he told me his Lordship was subject to the Eresipelas in the back of his head; and that it confused his idea\u2019s so much frequently; as to incapacitate him from business\u2014It is said that his father was insane, and that it is hereditary in the family\u2014The Count and his daughter sat here an hour last Eveng.\u2014He says he is acquainted with the President, who dined with him frequently in paris\u2014that it was with him he transacted the Louisanna business\u2014R. King has been the best friend he has had in this Country, notwithstanding his dislike to Napoleon\u2014\n\t\t\t\t\tJoseph cannot bear any body that puts him into a book He is much beloved by the poor in this village\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-25-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4173", "content": "Title: From Baron Hyde de Neuville to Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, 25 September 1822\nFrom: Neuville, Baron Hyde de\nTo: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\n\t\t\t\t\tParis ce 25 Septembre 1822\n\t\t\t\til m\u2019a \u00e9t\u00e9 bien p\u00e9nible Madame de partir sans vous revoir et sans scavoir si Je pouvois vous \u00eatre bonne \u00e0 quelque chose s\u00fbr cet ancien continent que vous aimez et o\u00f9 l\u2019on aimeroit tant a vous revoir, Je viens donc vous demandez vos commitions qu\u2019il me seroit si agr\u00e9able de remplir puisque ce seroit un Moyen de me rapeller au Souvenir d\u2019une des personnes que Je regrette le pl\u00fbs d\u2019avoir quit\u00e9es et dont il me seroit les pl\u00fbs p\u00e9nible d\u2019\u00eatre oubli\u00e9e.J\u2019ai dit \u00e0 Mr. Le Barron de thuylle qui veut bien se charger de cette lettre tout Le plaisir qu\u2019il trouveroit dans votre Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 il me parroit lui M\u00eame fort aimable et Mr de Pol\u00e9tica dont il est L\u2019ami nous en a dit beaucoup de bien lorsqu\u2019il etoit question pour Nous d\u2019aller au Br\u00e9sil o\u00f9 il se trouvoit alors.nous venons de nous \u00e9tablir dans un Logement que nous Meublons afin D\u2019Eviter les hotels garnis qui sont \u00e0 la fois incommodes et chers et ont le grave inconv\u00e9nient de ne point offrir de Place pour Etablir Livres et Papiers deux articles de premi\u00e8re N\u00e9cessit\u00e9 pour Mr. de Neuville. Nous Sommes dans le quartier de Monsieur Galatin et de Plusieur am\u00e9ricains de Nos Amis de Mani\u00e9re qu\u2019il nous Semble tenir encore \u00e0 Notre seconde Patrie car c\u2019est ainsi que nous nommerons toujours Les Etats-Unis.vous aurez sans doute cet hyver Mr James Gallatin qui part avec Mr de thuylle et Mr L\u2019archev\u00eaque de BaltimoreJe ne puis vous parler avec Eloge des nouvelles Modes depuis que Les Dames et m\u00eame quelques hommes se sont avisez de prendre le Costume des charetiers et cela \u00e0 la Lettre, toutes les El\u00e9gantes sont en Blouse et ces Blouses ressemblent beaucoup \u00e0 un Sac bien ample Li\u00e9 avec une ceinture et des Brasselets de Cuir Je doute que votre aimable Ni\u00e8ce adopte ce costume et cache sa Jolie taille sous ce ridicule V\u00eatementMde Cruger qui est ma Voisine m\u2019a Pri\u00e9e Madame de la rapeller \u00e0 votre Souvenir et \u00e0 celui de Madame frye voudrez vous bien chere Madame \u00eatre mon interprette et celui de Mr de Neuville (qui M\u00eat son Respectueux hommage \u00e0 Vos Pieds) aupr\u00e8s de Monsieur Adams et des Mesdames Vos soeurs, et recevez les Nouvelles assurances des Sentimens de bien Sincere affection que Vous a depuis longtems vouez / Votre S.\n\t\t\t\th. hyde de Neuville", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-26-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4174", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to John Adams, 26 September 1822\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dear Son.\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 26. September 1822\n\t\t\t\tUpon your return to Cambridge at the beginning of your Senior year, I wish to remind you of your father\u2019s hopes and wishes by a word of encouragement and advice\u2014Although upon the half-yearly list in June last your standing in your Class was not so high as you had expected, and I had flattered myself it would be, yet the testimonial of President Kirkland, both with regard to your conduct, and to your Scholarship was very favourable\u2014Your number was 21, but with only 5 marks more than you had it would have been 11\u2014Your reputation is very good, but there was in the last half year some relaxation of the exertions you had made in the preceding year\u2014One half-hour more a day of close study than you gave would have more than yielded you the 5 marks, and placed you where I had required of you to stand at that time\u2014within the first twelve\u2014You must more than accomplish this before the next vacation\u2014The President expressly writes me, that by perseverance, you will yet improve in your standing, but I ask you to do more than persevere\u2014you must redouble your applicationYou have now before you as I learn from your brother George a laborious term\u2014Let me intreat you to make the best improvement of it\u2014I hope to hear from you and of you before its close, in such manner as will enable me to invite you to come pass the winter vacation with us. Remember that if you do come, you must bring your welcome with you; and that must be a gain of more than the five marks which were wanting to fulfill my expectations and your own last JuneGive my love to Charles and tell him I have been much distressed to hear of his illness\u2014Mr Bouley mentions that he saw him last week and Quincy, quite recovered at which I greatly rejoice\u2014I hope to hear good accounts of him as well as of you. I shall write to him very soonI am your ever affectionate father.\n\t\t\t\t\tJohn Quincy Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-27-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4175", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Quincy Adams, 27 September 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tBorden Town 27 Sept-1 Oct. 1822 \n\t\t\t\t27 Sept\u2014In the Evening the Count and Countess came to visit us and sat above an hour conversing very pleasantly though not very favourably of Miss Keene who appears to be no favorite with him notwithstanding her evident desire to attract his attention\u2014The young Lady seems to have taken a sort of partiality for me; and politely expressed a wish that I would prolong my stay in Borden Town as my visit had really afforded them the greatest pleasure, and they were happy to have had the opportunity of becoming acquainted with me\u2014On taking leave the Count insisted that we should all dine with him on the Sunday as a last parting; and Mrs. Hopkinson engaged for the whole; upon which he came to me\u2014but having a very severe cold I thought it would be prudent to decline and made my excuse to which however he would not listen\u2014A Miss Mortimer a young Lady just returned from France, a fine Girl but a most inveterate talker was at one of the company\u2014but he pointedly omitted her in consequence of her having questioned the poor little Countess, either too closely concerning France; and treating her with more familiarity than is usually expected in any country\u2014without an introduction\u2014He is very much pleased at my wearing an american Bonnet; and say\u2019s the Ladies in this Country sacrifice their patriotism to their vanity\u201428. The weather was very bad, and my Cold worse\u2014Received invitations to point Breeze, which were generally accepted and only partially by me, on account of my indisposition\u2014Mr Newman a Cousin of Susan\u2019s husband, paid us a visit; and Miss Pierson; a remarkably pretty Girl; whose manners are far superior to the generality of young Ladies here, who certainly allow themselves freedoms bordering on licentiousness\u2014There are two staying with Madlle. that are a disgrace to genteel society; and who certainly give her the most erroneous ideas of our manners\u2014and it is thus that foreigners by an unfortunate selection of acquaintance, misrepresent us so much in their works, or rather trash books published in Europe\u2014In the Eveng. I took a walk with Miss Mease, and my brother to the Spring\u2014This is a most rural promenade made by Mr. Hopkinson and embellished by Trees and rustic benches, in which you can always enjoy the shade\u2014After we returned we took our Tea, and then adjourned to our Whist Table; where we had as noisy a party as you can possibly imagine; absolutely shouting with laughter at every jeu d\u2019esprit, and pun which were uttered, and which fall with copious abundance from our lips\u2014They have the whim here of fancying me like Mrs. Dashkoff, who is there piece of perfection, and I fancy I owe much of their kindness to this resemblance, having no pretence to the possession of attaching qualities in myself\u201429 At four o\u2019clock we went to Point Breeze, and immediately after a consultation took place to decide how we should amuse ourselves; and it was determined that the barge should be prepared, and that we should row down the Creek for an hour or two previous to dinner\u2014We walked into the Grounds, and went to see some pictures in a house belonging to him, in which the Strangers are lodged who visit him; and here one of the Miss Monges exhibited a scene which I confess astonished me a little\u2014When he asked me to walk up stairs, he desired Miss Monges to see if her apartment was in a state to be seen; expressing his doubts upon the subject\u2014and giving her time to make arrangements. On our entering the apartment which is very handsome, he observed that one of the Window Curtains was closed, and obscured the prospect; and went directly to it took the pin out of the Curtain, and pulled out two Gowns, and a dirty flannell petticoat, which Miss Cora had thus concealed, and gave them to her Sister; when Miss Cora walked in, and on his speaking to her about her slutishness, she siezed him by the Collar of his coat and held her finger in his face, shaking it in a threatening attitude; so disgusting, that we could scarcely forbear expressing our indignation at her ill manners, and her vulgarity.\u2014We continued our promenade after this adventure, and he gave me a laughable account of his first visit to see the place which belonged to Stephen Suir, the handsomest old man he says he ever saw\u2014He was accompanied by a french Gentleman who told Mr Suir, that he was come to purchase a house, and some Land; and that he had been looking at several situations in the neighbourhood\u2014upon which Suir answered, that he had arrived at a fortunate moment, for that two days earlier he should have asked him fifty thousand dollars for the place; but that Joseph Bonaparte had crossed to Trenton the day before, and purchased Lansdowne; in consequence of which he would let them have it for thirty, though he had always intended that place for a King, as none but a King could embellish it as it ought to be!\u2014Joseph says he could not help smiling, but he kept his own secret; and Mr. Caray\u2014brought Suir down to sixteen thousand Dollars, and the bargain was all but completed, when Mrs. Suir entered, and declared that she would never consent to the sale unless, he would purchase an old family Clock at an exorbitant price, and she might take a Spring bolt off her chamber door, for which she had a prodigious affection; all of which was granted, and in addition he took a fine french bed for which he had no use, to please her Ladyship\u2014He offered this to the Gentleman who was with him; but he declined accepting any thing so unsuitably fine; and it was left for lumber in one of the out buildings\u2014Mrs. S. taking a stroll round the Garden observed this, and the Count says, she threatened to bring a suit against him for contempt of her elegant property\u2014He say\u2019s that when his furniture arrived he was very much surprized to find Suir very busily unlading the Carts; and he immediately slipped off his Coat, and began to work with all his might; but what was very remarkable, Mr. S. had not the least suspicion that he had really sold his place to him; until after he had quitted that part of the Country; and then he published an account of Joseph unpacking his things, in all the papers which he (Joseph) says, did him more good both in this Country, and Europe, than any thing in his life ever did before\u2014He avoids every thing like distinction, and say\u2019s he wishes to be considered as an American gentleman only\u2014We had a charming dinner and afterwards the Tragedy of Iphigenie of Racine, which he read in a fine style assisted by his daughter, Miss Monges, and Capt Sarry\u2014Mr Hopkinson say\u2019s he is a fine Scholar; and he appears to me to be a man of taste and judgement, without parade and ostentation\u2014Egotism \u00e0 la Morgan\u2014On parting I sent thanked him for his polite attention, as well as his daughters; and expressed a hope that I might be enabled to make some slight return at some future day\u2014to which they replied they only wished that my stay could be prolonged among them, and that they regretted very much the necessity of my departure\u2014Walked home with Gen \"P\" Allemand30 This morning we prepared to come to Town, and the Ladies of the family have become so partial to me, that they insisted on accompanying me to Town, which gave me great pleasure, and we all embarked together\u2014When we arrived at Bristol we landed, intending to look over Mr Craigs house, but had not time to accomplish our undertaking; and returning to the Boat, found Mrs. Mayo and her daughter and Mrs Morgan Gibbs, who were immediately introduced and we found formed one party till we arrived in Town, where we parted to meet again tomorrow\u20141 Octb\u2014I found Letters from you, George and Charles; from the latter one of the best I ever received. I sent your Book to Mr. Walsh\u2014Called on Mrs. Lowndes, who visited me while I was out, and Miss Oat Otis\u2014They were both at home; but Mr. Lowndes it is apprehended is going fast to that unknown world to which we must all look forward; and Major Delavand informed me that his Wifes case, was utterly hopeless\u2014I likewise called on Mr & Mrs. Sergeant who are both sick, and who have lost their lovely boy, and are in deep affliction\u2014I also returned a number of visits of ceremony, among them to Mrs. Pedersen\u2014And passed the Eveng at Hopkinson\u2019s where I met Mr. & Mrs. Hall; and really we had a most delightful time\u2014Could you enjoy such society freed from the cares of State, and which you are so calculated to adorn; it would prolong your life, or rather you would live double the time in the same space; for we only really live when we enjoy the company of those we love\u2014Visit from Judge Verplanck\u2014and N BiddleI hope I am not spoilt, but I am almost afraid\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-29-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4176", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, 29 September 1822\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dearest Friend\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 29. September 1822\n\t\t\t\tYour last Journals yet received, are of the 23d (last Monday) from Border Town\u2014You were then engaged for Wednesday, at Mrs Lenox\u2019s and I had concluded you would return to Philadelphia on Thursday\u2014Yesterday therefore, and again this day, I was expecting a Letter from you, after your return. But Thursday came on here, what we take for the equinoctial Storm, and it is hardly yet over\u2014If it came on at the same time where you were, it may still have prolonged your visit, and with such excellent company as you had found, it was perhaps the most comfortable manner in which you could weather the Equinox\u2014This is my hope, which I more willingly indulge than my fear; which your silence for three days would otherwise ascribe to a new visitation from that same fiery Saint Anthony.George\u2019s friend Briggs left us on Thursday\u2014Johnson Hellen had come down the day before, intending only to pass a night with us\u2014But was taken unwell with a bilious attack, which yet confines him\u2014Robert Buchanan too has had a severe return of his fever, and has not left his bed these ten days.Poor Dr Huntt\u2019s projected Elopement, flashed in the pan\u2014I suppose you will have the whole story from another quarter\u2014As he tells it; the Lady\u2019s father appears to be the most unreasonable person of the three.I sent you yesterday a copy of my Book, of which after reading as much as you find interesting I wish you to make the disposal mentioned in my last\u2014The Introduction contains the Summary of all its Contents\u2014and the papers which have not been published begin at page 163.Will you tell Mr Walsh that I ask his attention to the three papers subsequent to that page, and to the five points stated in the introduction as my principal motive for the publication\u2014For all the personal part of the controversy, whether with Mr Russell or Mr Floyd, I want neither aid nor cheering\u2014But I want his deliberate and impartial opinion, upon the merits of the controversy separated from all consideration of persons\u2014His revised opinion\u2014I want it for two reasons\u2014First because upon such topics I value his opinion more than that of any other Editor of a Newspaper in the Union; and secondly because he did give an opinion at the outset, before he had heard me on the question, and which I hope he will reconsider\u2014He has expressed hopes wishes that I should make good my argument, while the Richmond Enquirer has told the world that I had asked to be heard again upon it, probably in vain: By the Richmond Enquirer I shall always be heard in vain, for any purpose of truth or Justice\u2014But I do not so deem of Mr Walsh\u2014Tell him further, that I value much his personal friendship, and am justly sensible to his kind feelings towards me\u2014That I have seen and utterly discredit the cunning and base insinuations of his enemies and mine, that he had expressed in private contemptuous opinions of me as a writer; opposed to the favourable notice that he has given of me as such to the Public\u2014That I well know his opinion of my Style, and am well satisfied with it; the more so, because though favourable in the main, it has neither been flattering, nor blind, or silent to its faults\u2014With regard to the next Presidential Election, tell him, that in his Editorial capacity, I wish him to set aside all his feelings of personal regard for me, as completely as if there were no such person in existence\u2014That as his friend, I would have him govern himself by two principles\u2014First a view to the question as connected with the Public welfare only; and in subordination to that, secondly the discharge of his own duty as a public Journalist, and the success of his own Establishment\u2014I would have him maintain his Independence, and be the partizan of no man\u2014I say this now for several reasons\u2014First because several of the presses devoted to others have set him down as a partizan of mine, which as he has never declared himself to be, I do not desire him to be. Secondly because in the general prostitution of the periodical Press, which this Election seems likely to produce I would gladly see its character redeemed by one really pure, disinterested and Independent Editor, and my esteem and regard for him leads me to wish that he may be the man Thirdly because you wrote me sometime since that he had told you he had no views beyond his present occupation and Establishment as this was precisely the situation in which it was proper that he should place himself with me, it is just that he should know I expect nothing from him as an Editor, on the score of his personal friendship for me\u2014What a shocking affair, this death of the Marquess of Londonderry! What a comment upon the vanity of human pursuits\u2014the inanity of glory, and the impotence of power! What must have been the agonies of that mind; which in the midst of a career of unparalleled success, was thus driven to suicide by despair! I am far from thinking of him so ill, as he is generally thought of in this Country\u2014I believe him on the contrary to have been a Patriotic British Minister, and a man of honour. His personal relations with me were always gentlemanly, conciliatory, and obliging\u2014They have been uniformly the same with Mr Rush\u2014And I fear we shall be no gainers by the exchange for his successor, whoever he may be\u2014I am thinking if Napoleon and he should \u201cmeet at corript\u201d what sort of Dialogue would pass between them\u2014Ever affectionately your\u2019s", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-02-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4177", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Quincy Adams, 2 October 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tMon Ami\n\t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia 2 Oct 1822\n\t\t\t\tIt is my intention to return to you early next week unless my Dr. forbids; I will therefore beg you to send me some Cash to pay his bill although I fear you will think me very extravagant\u2014.I am so surrounded by company, that I have not been able to continue my journal\u2014Going this Even\u2019 to Mrs. Hopkinson\u2019s and to Mrs. Manego\u2019s\u2014Elopements appear to be the fashion among the medical tribe\u2014Dr Physicks daughter has just married very much against his Will, and the poor man kept his bed in consequence and is quite sick\u2014I have therefore not seen him, but suppose if I had I should not be at large and racketting as I now do\u2014As ever yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-02-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4178", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Quincy Adams, 2 October 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia 2-3 Oct. 1822\n\t\t\t\t2 October The day was so stormy we were entirely shut up but I received several visits notwithstanding\u2014Miss Verplank and her father Mr. Lee &c and Mr. Connell who intends to visit Washington in a short time. We are becoming dull and fretful and I expect to embrace you on Tuesday or Wednesday next at farthest\u2014Dr Physick is unwilling to part with me as I have gone through the operation but he does not think it completed; as however I am very well; I did not think it worth while to suffer again; as it really reduced me to a shadow\u2014I have however promised him should I have any return of the complaint, he shall see me again at some future day\u2014My brother is a new man, and I think is likely to become a strong and hearty man\u2014for which I heartily thank God, whose mercies have indeed been great to me, both in this and every other instance\u2014While we were sitting Count Survilliers Servant came with a small painting from Madlle. begging my acceptance of it as a remembrance, it being done by herself\u2014I wrote my thanks and took the same opportunity of expressing my sense of her fathers attention\u20143 This morning I had quite a Levee Mr & Mrs. Pederson; Mrs. Manego; Mr & Miss Lee; Miss Mease, Major and Mrs. Jackson; and Mrs. Morris; and Mr. Keating, and Miss Biddle; as also Mr. Paul\u2014Dr. Physick called but I was not at home\u2014I intended seeing him yesterday, but his daughter eloped and married notwithstanding every precaution: and the poor man took to his bed very much indisposed\u2014Mr. Pederson invited me to go to dine with him; because he said that he had dined with me at Washington several times\u2014He detained Miss Mease, while I decided that I could not accept any invitation to large parties while absent from you\u2014that I came to Philadelphia as a Nurse; and that I never had intended to go into company at all\u2014He was excessively urgent and I equally positive; so that I got over my difficulty and the dinner was given up very much to the regret of Mr. Hopkinson; who say\u2019s he gives the best dinners in the City. He is however in such torture lest any thing should occur contrary to ettiquette, that it is diverting to see him; more especially as is Lady is by no means an apt Scholar, though quite a genteel woman\u2014She is however an American and among all her School fellows; therefore often distressed by her new dignity\u2014In the Evening drunk Tea at Mrs. Hopkinson\u2019s after which we went to visit Mrs. Manego, where I met Mr & Mrs. A Smith, Mr Short, and Mr. Izard; we passed a pleasant though sober hour\u2014Mrs. M. is a very Lady like woman; highly accomplished, the daughter of Ralph Izard of Carolina, who was in Europe when you first went there. She told me she remembered seeing you, and your brother Charles in Paris\u2014I visited Mrs. Izard with Miss Mease, as the old Lady was very desirous I should do so; She is 79 years of age; a very fine looking woman, and has the charge of Ralph Izards children who has recently lost his wife. He is an old acquaintance of ours as you may remember\u2014In the course of conversation I was informed that Mr Poletica had written that Count Pahlen was re-appointed to this Country, as Count Woronzof Dashkoff had refused to come\u2014they therefore exchanged and the latter goes to Munich\u2014Mr A Smith is as much of a courtier as ever, and we performed all the ceremonies until we reached the pavement, \u00e1 l\u00e1 Russe\u2014for the benefit of the Spectators! His Wife is the youngest Sister of Mrs. M\u2014 and was born in her Mother\u2019s fifty 2 or 3d year; not very handsome\u2014Dr. Physick has ordered Mr. Lownds to the South of France immediately, and they are to sail in ten days. This is the last hope and I much fear a forlorn one\u2014At the meeting at the Bank a few days since Mr C Price attacked Mr. Cheves with the utmost violence, in a speech of two hours long\u2014apparently to the satisfaction of a great many person\u2019s\u2014the more rational think Mr P. was too intemperate, but admit that he had had sufficient cause of offence\u2014Mr. Lloyd will accept the Presidency on certain conditions, that he shall attend Congress during the next Session\u2014that he shall have a month or six weeks every Summer to travel; and that he shall not commence his official duties until March; all of which it is said will be granted\u2014I sent your book to Walsh but have not seen him since\u2014He says you have kneaded Russel to a paste, and there is nothing left for him but retirement\u2014Your friends here have attacked me warmly upon your fastidious delicacy, which they all say is not suited to the times; and that you carry it to excess, and defeat your own cause\u2014They entreat you to come here and show yourself if only for a week\u2014and as my brother intends setting off for Washington on Sunday and Dr Physick will not let me go for another week; you can come on and fetch me without any prodigious effort or injury to the publick business\u2014Do for once gratify me I implore you; and if harm comes of it I promise never to advise again\u2014I have already written so often on this subject that I dare not flatter myself you will listen to me; but I really and sincerely have your interest too deeply at heart, to refrain from persuading you to do that which I know will be beneficial; as your enemies are hard at work to represent your reserve to your disadvantage, and to attribute your coldness to aristocratic hauter, and learned arrogance; and they say they must have a President that they dare speak to\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-03-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4179", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to Charles Francis Adams, 3 October 1822\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Charles Francis\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dear Son.\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 3. October 1822\n\t\t\t\tIt is long since I had the pleasure of writing to you or of receiving a Letter from you; yet there has not been a day when you have been absent from my mind and from my heart. I learnt with sorrow and great anxiety that you had been sick, and hope that you have entirely recovered. The accounts that I received of your proficiency were that you had improved in your standing with the Class, and that with continued perseverance you would rise much higher\u2014I still flatter myself that upon the lists to be made up at the close of the present term your name will have risen more than it did in the preceding half year. Your Mother who is yet at Philadelphia, and your brother George have lately received from you several Letters with which they have been much gratified\u2014Will you not let me have the same satisfaction? The last Letter which I received from you gave me a promise which you are yet to fulfill\u2014Write me soon, and write me with confidence and sincerity \u2014Say that you are better satisfied with yourself than you were, and speak comfort to your / affectionate father.\n\t\t\t\t\tJohn Quincy Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-05-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4180", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Quincy Adams, 5 October 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia 5 Octr. 1822\n\t\t\t\tWhen I closed my last sheet I expected to be laid up again but Dr. Physick has decided that it is unnecessary at present and I am still at large. He has however determined to operate on my brother again tomorrow morning which will delay our return untill the middle of the week. I went out and returned several visits and afterwards took a family dinner at Walsh\u2019s where I met de Menou Mr. Allen Smith and Dr. Chapman. Our dinner was very social the conversation well supported and I never saw Walsh to such advantage\u2014He seems to think that there was some family disagreement in the Marquess of Londonderrys affair and say\u2019s he cannot agree with you in the idea that Lord Londonderry was a patriot\u2014I do not understand Walsh. I doubt a little if he understands himself\u2014De Menou was as inflated as ever an American frenchman en place\u2014how the two things assimilate I leave others to decide I think they can never amalgamate, more especially when the man is an Ultra of the highest order\u2014A. Smith is a specimen of the ancien regime, in its most courteous, most pompous time\u2014possessing all the superficial arrogance and of flashy froth; putting implicit trust in powder and pomating to impress the multitude with an idea of his superiority\u2014I was absolutely tired with his prosing accounts of his intimate acquaintance with the nobility of all the Countries he has visited; and though aware he spoke the truth, was nauseated by the largeness of the dose\u2014I do not dislike such things in their proper place, but they belong not to our element\u2014Walsh appears to be a strong partizan of Cheves and so does Hopkinson\u2014It seems that McCulloch of Baltimore had the impudence to come here, and make a very insolent speech to the directors\u2014This must be the brazen age!!\u2014Chapman appears to me to live out of his proper age or century. He was made for those periods of time, when Jesters were the fashion, and calculated to play the fool in great perfection\u2014They told an excellent anecdote of Mrs. Trumbull; who they say shut herself up when the King of England died\u2014refusing to see any one; and then appeared in deep mourning, announcing that her Grandpapa was dead\u2014Thus this mysterious personage implies, that she is an illegitimate princess\u2014I observed that there were some strong characteristicks and traits of resemblance to the Present King; which might serve as a foundation for the claim of relationship\u2014I hope his Majesty will enter his claims to the Lady, for she is well calculated to adorn the hemisphere of his Court\u2014I left this little circle early to visit Mrs. Sergeant, whose family has been so deeply afflicted. She is still very ill and all the Children have the whooping cough. Sergeant is better but still obliged to take the bark, to keep off the enemy. I passed a delightful evening with him, and his family. His conversation is to me of the most agreeable kind, and there is a mild plainess in his manner, (if I may so express myself) that is very impressive\u2014The effect he produces on me is perhaps owing to the feeling of security with which my mind is filled, in the conviction that I am talking to a truly honest man\u2014He said that the papers stated that Mr. Gallatin was to remain another year in France which he was sorry to hear\u2014Lowndes is ordered to France, and he thought that it would be very agreeable to him to have that place\u2014more especially as the state of his health rendered a residence in that Country absolutely necessary\u2014He has refused to go I understand and his life is despaired of\u2014S.\u2013 likewise talked about General Brown who he says he believes to be a very deserving man\u2014I told him some pains had been taken to impress me with the idea that his mind was gone; and that I should like to know what he thought on the subject\u2014He answered that he had conversed very freely with him, and with great watchfulness to ascertain that point and that he (S\u2013) was perfectly convinced the mind was as strong as ever: and that B. had a very clear insight into the state of things at present. That he was a man worthy of trust, and might be relied on\u2014The loss of their lovely boy has been a dreadful shock to the whole family, and I think Mrs. S. in a very bad way\u2014Walsh say\u2019s Sergeant has been dropped for Congress as if he had never existed\u2014What a reproach to the State\u2014And what is the Country coming to\u2014Pensylvania deserves to sink into the mire; for she has neither pride or sense to maintain her own standing\u2014It is ruled by an Irish faction of the lowest order\u2014And the Federalists what are they? the servile imitators and adulators of every thing foreign that they have the sense to admire, but not the courage to attain\u2014very much like Dr. Franklins Hog\u2019s the Lazy drones of the Nation\u2014designated Gentlemen\u2014The consequence of which is that the whole old respectable and wealthy families are all ruined, and sunk to the bottom; while the scum of the earth are rising to the surface upon their d\u00e9bris\u2014I know that to a certain degree this must be so; but assuredly not to the extent, and in the way in which it here takes place assisted by their onl own follies\u2014I informed Walsh of what you said in your last. He tells me that he thinks your argument may be refuted, and that he still clings to his first opinion: that he has consulted Mr. Binney, and that he agrees in this opinion; though he say\u2019s he does not know if the contrary opinion, can be securely sustained until he has examined it more thouroughly\u2014He say\u2019s the passages in your Letter are obscure; and bewilder him; and that the one concerning the election wants explanation. He repeats that he wants nothing and wishes for nothing\u2014mais je doute\u2014He say\u2019s that many of the Federalists quarrel\u2019d with him for supporting your Oration; but he was determined to support you independent of any personal motive: and that he is still determined so to do, on the ground of the real welfare of the Nation; unless some Candidate should be started that pleases him more\u2014All very fair\u2014de Menou is full of shrugs, and diplomatic insinuations concerning despatches just received which must detain you at Washington\u2014Are we to have a Spanish War? or a new depot? Anduaga arrived post haste the night before last. They say to take his Cong\u00e9\u2014Have the house put into its Winter Costume\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-06-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4181", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to Charles Francis Adams, 6 October 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, Charles Francis\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear Charles\n\t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia 6 Octbr 1822\n\t\t\t\tStill in this City I again write you and probably for the last time until I get home\u2014Your last Letter pleased me very much I discovered more attention to composition and an easier and more correct style than in any before received\u2014Your time will now however be so constantly occupied that you will have but little leisure to form a continued correspondence with me but I shall expect to hear from you whenever you can write without inconvenience and John must be more punctual than he has been during the vacation for even the Shafts of Cupid must not estrange him from his Mother\u2014I have passed a couple of weeks at Borden Town with Mrs. Hopkinson\u2019s family and became acquainted with Joseph Bonapart\u00e9 who was most kind and attentive to me during my stay\u2014He told me that his nephew young Bonapart\u00e9 was in College and I understood was your Classmate. he is said to be a very fine young man and it would give me great pleasure if by your civilities to him you would in some measure repay my debt to his Uncle to whom I fear I shall have no opportunity of returning the civilities which he literally showered upon me during my stay in his delightful neighbourhood\u2014Your Class is much encreased I understand and by some good students this will operate on you so as to produce emulation and urge you to work for distinction because you must desire to equal your competitors\u2014I like your observations exceedingly on the subject of Miss Q. and your Brother they show a correct and accurate idea of what ought to be and I have always regretted the tendency to the contrary which has frequently manifested itself when opportunity has offered to betray this evil propensity in others\u2014Had you however acquired your early notions in the narrow sphere in which theirs were imbibed you would in all probability have felt the same degrading attachments\u2014Time will correct this evil and you will be very much surprized at the change in George which threatens to run from one extreme to the other\u2014God Bless you both my Son\u2019s may you be as hap the wishes of your most affectionate Mother you will ever be the prayer of\n\t\t\t\t\tL C Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-07-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4183", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Quincy Adams, 7 October 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\nMy dear Son\nMontizillo 7th. October. 1822\nI thank you for the present of your Book and your kind letter of the 24th. September. It was wisely done to collect all those papers together and arrange them in order that posterity might see them in one view without ransacking twenty libraries for the newspapers and the pamphlets of the day. Without this prudent precaution they would probably have never been all read by any one individual. You have been laid under the necessity of doing all that you have done in self defence against an attack and unforeseen as it was unnecessary and you have defended yourself with great ability and I think with sufficient moderation. With Mr Russel and the family into which he married I have had an agreeable acquaintance for several years and I have no desire that this acquaintance should be interrupted during the few days I have to live. I shall leave this part of the controversy to the judgement of the public, and of Posterity without any strictures of mine\u2014The publication of Mr. Lloyd\u2019s letter and the other letter from the Merchant in Boston, I rejoice to see and I hope you will soon see a letter from Alexander Folger Esqr written in 1782. from Amsterdam whose account corresponds with Mr Lloyds.\nOur dear John and Charles have spent their Vacation here, and have been very agreeable Companions. Mr Shaw left us this morning in pritty good health. he has for some weeks past been shut up in Ebelyn\u2019s Library preparing a Catalogue of American Books for his Athenaeum which is now in a more flourishing condition than ever.\nI shall remain till death your / affectionate Father\nJ. A", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-08-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4185", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Adams Smith, 8 October 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Smith, John Adams\nMy dear Grandson\nQuincy October 8th 1822\nDavid Hinckley Esqr of Boston and his amiable Daughter are about to travel in England. I earnestly recommend them to your particular and assiduous attention especially the accomplished Miss Ann and I pray you to introduce them in my Name as well as Your own to the Excellent American Minister and his Lady They will furnish you with ample details of all the News current in this Country\nYour friends are all well at Washington. The silly controversy into which Your Uncle has been forced You will read in the Newspapers. He has acquitted himself with that fortitude, talent and frankness which have never deserted him from his Cradle. The public opinion in America appears to be more decisive in his favor than it ever has been upon any great question that I ever knew debated in this Country I regret the occurrence but the result is full of lessons of instructions to our American people. I regret it however on my own account & I have always had a pleasant acquaintance with Mr Russel and especially in the family into which he married that acquaintance however will not be renounced on my part.\nThe death of Londonderry seems to be an important event. His lordship appears to have been an active and intelligent Minister. his Catastrophe was as unexpected as Melancholy and unaccountable.\nYour Native State of New York is growing into Wealth and power with astonishing rapidity we do not know what it will do with us, it overtops us all in such a lofty and sublime manner. We all most sincerely lament the Calamity which it has suffered in its Capital this Season and we all pray for a Sharp Frost to put an end to it. Write to me immediately how happy you are with the acquaintance of Miss Hinckley.\nMy Grand Daughter Caroline made me a Visit last Winter with three of her lovely Children and made me very happy My Grandaughter Susan Clark with her little Susan are at Utica with her Mother and Sister they they are to pass the Winter\nMy Respects to Mr & Mrs Rush / and am your affectionate Grandfather", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-10-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4186", "content": "Title: From John Adams to George Washington Adams, 10 October 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, George Washington\nMy dear Grandson,\nMontezillo 10. Oct. 1822.\nI have received your letter of the 23d ulto. & your father\u2019s letter & octavo volume mentioned in it The book will answer for itself wherever it goes & I hope will satisfy the world.\nIf you take the \u201cOld Colony Memorial\u201d you will see some ancient documents concerning the fisheries, if you do not take that paper I hope you will subscribe for it, for it is of great importance to the history of your country.\nIt is true that a royal fish has been vomited up on the coast of your farm, & I wish that you had been here, not only to gaze at the animal but to contemplate the numerous beauties that hastened to see the spectacle, & to become acquainted with the venerable characters that visited it for the same purpose, among the rest the respectable Mr and Mrs Lewis from Virginia & their beautiful daughter. \u2014\nThe \u201ccustom of the coast\u201d is like a multitude of other customs of the coast, such as robbing orchards & gardens by night & by day, stealing shagbarks wherever they are to be found, & girdling the trees that bear them for the supply of the old womens dye-pots, stealing cranberries & strawberries in whatever meadow or pasture they are to be found, stealing wood from your fathers & my woodlands & from all other woodlands to whomsoever they may belong, stealing clams & seaweed, & sand from your fathers farm\u2014these are all customs of the coast.\u2014\nI rejoice to hear that a university is springing up at Washington, Anabaptists as they are, I hope they will not compel candidates for admission to swear to Anabaptism, or any other creed or confession of faith\u2014A university ought to be as free as the air or the ocean.\u2014\nThe drought has been so severe as to dry my pond, which furnished water enough last year to save my house. We have been obliged to dig ditches in it six feet deep to come at any water.\nYour brothers have returned to Cambridge & I shall miss them very severely for I want company to preserve me from Ennui, being deprived of my constant resource reading & writing. I hope that your father gives you employment enough in that way which will soon teach you to write as good a hand as his.\u2014\nYour Affectionate Grandfather\nJ A", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-17-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4188", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Adams, 17 October 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear John\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 17 Octbr. 1822\n\t\t\t\tI sent you from Philadelphia an odd volume of A Sketch of Old England which I wrote your name in and addressed to Quincy\u2014The second was stolen from me but as their some good matter in the first and as it is a book in which there is no history to break it would be worth reading though it cannot rank as a perfect work in your collection\u2014I shall soon send you the favorite of Nature which is said to be excellent\u2014I have not perused it and therefore can give no opinion of my own either for or against the tide of popular opinion all I know is that it appears to have a moral tendency which is very much to its advantage\u2014You and your brother have been at College some time and I account for your mutual silence by my knowledge of the labours attendant on a new term\u2014From Charles I cannot expect to hear as I know that this is the trying year of the four and all his time must be devoted to the great and perhaps irksome duties of his career which I feel convinced he will get through much more easily than he at present contemplates although I am aware that many difficulties must cross his path\u2014You on the contrary have passed all the dangers and many of the toils and will have ample leisure to correspond with me and thus afford me every information respecting you both which you know is so highly interesting to your Mother\u2014On the subject of your visit to Washington I would advise a total silence to your Grand father and wait without any particular notice until the time arrives which will prevent any appeals from our purpose which George writes tells me have been threatened at Quincy\u2014Your father is at present quite determined and I have no doubt will continue so\u2014I am hurt by your long silence and cannot imagine to what to attribute it\u2014If therefore you wish me to forgive you resume your old habits and be assured of the love and esteem of your Mother\n\t\t\t\t\tLouisa C Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-25-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4190", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to Charles Francis Adams, 25 October 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, Charles Francis\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear Charles\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 25 Octbr. 1822\n\t\t\t\tJohn in his last Letter to me tells me that you make a secret of my Letters to you and will not let him see them\u2014I did not think you were so boyish more especially since you have become a Sophomore\u2014Do not then embitter by such nonsense the hours you have to spend together and be assured that the affection of your Mother is so equally divided between her Sons that each is the equal object of her care and attention\u2014We had a party here two nights since given to Mrs. Orne of Boston and to Mrs. W. Ramsey just married to Mr W. Ramsey of the Navy\u2014with all the Bridal party among whom the beautiful America Peter shone forth in all her charms and captivated a large portion of the beaux.\u2014The ladies danced and it was in all respects one of our old parties and went off very well\u2014I observe what you say about young Bonaparte and am really much obliged to you for your Lordly condescension. It will soon I think not admit of a doubt that you are very arrogant and from your readiness in assuming the character of a Glorieux I think it will be as evident that it has long been practiced and sits very easy\u2014If you were to ask my opinion of the merits of such a character I perhaps should make some observations which would not gratify your taste for it I will therefore omit them until you put the question to me in form\u2014I have been so often interrupted I must conclude my Letter and only say that I have seen Mathews and was very much pleased with his exhibition which is not however of a nature to see more than once George has felt his usual extacies and even deserted our party to visit the Theatre a second time\u2014Adieu do not hide this Letter from John and believe me as ever your affectionate and devoted Mother\n\t\t\t\t\tL. C. Adams.\n\t\t\t\t\tP.S. Do not be over ready to get acquainted with the Cambridge belles\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-25-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4191", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Adams, 25 October 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear John\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 25 Octbr 1822\n\t\t\t\tYour last is written under such disagreeable circumstances it partook a good deal of your general discomfort in its tone and expression. I have therefore delayed my answer until your difficulties shall be smoothed and your usual equanimity returned when I know my Letter will be welcome and you will not misconstrue the affectionate anxiety of Parents who have perhaps an exaggerated idea of the merits of their children and portion their anxiety to this (no doubt) erroneous standard\u2014As to your love affairs I can only say that I think the young Lady formerly mentioned deserves the approbation of your friends and that if you were a few years older such a connection would be very gratifying both to your father and myself\u2014And we are certain that you can never form an attachment which could either degrade yourself or your family knowing as you do that you cannot aspire beyond yourself in this Country\u2014Time flies most rapidly and I scarcely believe that a month has nearly elapsed since your term began I look forward to December with great impatience and hope if we do not have a quiet winter we may have one partially gay\u2014Miss Hopkinson is to come and pass a part of the season with us and as she is not a beauty that is likely to set all the inflamable elements in motion we may go on very well\u2014You must however take care of your Cousin whose propensity to mischief encreases with her growth\u2014She is a fine showy woman in her person with a fashionable air in every other respect exactly as she used to used to be\u2014I shall send your book by the first favorable private opportunity in the mean time believe me as ever your affectionate Mother\n\t\t\t\t\tL C Adams.\n\t\t\t\t\tP.S. Do not misunderstand your fathers intention or you injure both yourself and him\u2014Charles makes a mistery of his Letters to teaze you I suppose and by way of assuming consequence\u2014quite a Sophomore trick\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-01-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4194", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to Charles Francis Adams, 1 November 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, Charles Francis\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear Charles\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 1 November 1822\n\t\t\t\tI am so concerned at the style of your last Letter I hasten to answer it immediately although I have not had it more than an hour. Your health which is so precious to both your father and myself is our first care the state of your mind the next\u2014If the first I charge you to take great care. You know the remedies I always apply for a cough as unfortunately you have had too much experience of this desease put on one of Oliver\u2019s plaisters wear flannel waistcoat and yarn stockings Eat very little meat and live much upon milk taking new laid Eggs raw. Follow this advice and adhere to it for some time and I hope you will do well\u2014Of your spirits half of your malady is owing to your age and a little fortitude will carry you well through your difficulties and dangers\u2014Avoid reading Novels and as much as your peculiar studies will admit reading books which enfluence the imagination bend your mind as much as possible to mathematics which will in time blunt the edge of the keen sensibility you now complain of\u2014These plans my beloved son appear hard nay almost impossible to you but believe me when I assure you that a little perseverance will conquer all your difficulties and the feelings which now hurrass you to death will gradually lose their ardour and you will be yourself astonished at the change\u2014I do feel most sensibly for you and continually condemn myself for having foolishly been the cause by my thoughtlessness of your present suffering\u2014Do not punish me so severely my son as to relinquish the prospects which open before and blight your future days by any indiscretion\u2014I will not reproach you for your mention of your Grandfather because I am sure you did not mean to be disrespectful and rely upon it every allowance will be made for your age and nothing more expected of you than you can perform\u2014If you are sick go to Dr Welsh; and tell Hariet I sent you there to be taken care of\u2014Open your heart to me and do not decieve in any respect your devoted Mother\n\t\t\t\t\tL C Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-06-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4196", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to John Adams Smith, 6 November 1822\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Smith, John Adams\nDear Sir\nWashington 6 November 1822.\nI enclose under cover to you a Packet, addressed to R. H. Crewe Eqr. etct, etct, etct, Office of Ordnance\u2014Pall Mall\u2014London\u2014And a Letter directed to Mr William A Beckett\u2014Solicitor N. 20 Golden Square London\u2014I will thank you to cause them to be delivered at their respective destinations, requesting receipts for them, which I beg you further to transmit to me\nYours faithfully.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-07-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4197", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Quincy Adams, 7 November 1822\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDepartment of State Washington 7th. November 1822.\n\t\t\t\tI have forwarded to you a Copy of the Additional Census of Alabama, in virtue of an Act of Congress of the 7th. of March last; the receipt of which you will be pleased to acknowledge.I have the honour to be, very respectfully, / Sir, / Your obedt: & very hu. Servt.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ. Q. Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-11-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4200", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Adams, 11 November 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear John\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 11 Novbr. 1822.\n\t\t\t\tIt is sometime since I have written you in consequence of indisposition I have therefore two of your Letters unanswered\u2014It was scarcely possible for so great a belle as Miss A Quincy to take particular notice of a certain young gentleman without my hearing of it\u2014publick rumour has many tongues and though you may not yet be a subject of sufficient importance to excite attention the young Lady certainly is and her name gives consequence to her admirers\u2014Concerning your visit to us I think you need not be under any apprehension as I am sure that it cannot fail this Winter and I anticipate the pleasure of seeing you both with great impatience\u2014You must however come determined to be dutiful and obedient and to submit to any little unpleasantnesses of which this Session bids fair to produce a great abundance\u2014I have not yet sent you the books and I believe I shall keep them until you come that I may get them bound\u2014You have probably seen the papers lately published against your father by that most respectable being Mr. Colvin who has been displaced from your fathers Office on account of manifold transgressions of too low and too shameful a character to enumerate\u2014His abuse will however be little felt even though he may sometimes have come within a line or two of truth in the delineation of some of your fathers habits which though they may not be fashionable of or of much consequence either to him self or the publick may give scope to an envenomed pen for vulgar ridicule and broad caricature\u2014I am obliged to quit you as the Carriage is waiting God Bless you nurse your Brother well for on you I rely to take care of him\u2014for your affectionate Mother\n\t\t\t\t\tL. C. Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-14-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4202", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to Harriet Welsh, 14 November 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Welsh, Harriet\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 14th. November 1822.\n\t\t\t\tI enclose you a Letter for Miss Hinckley my dear Hariet which I am extremely happy to furnish and which I hope will be the means of procuring both pleasure and comfort to herself and her father during their residence in Paris.\u2014As I am not in the habit of writing mere Letters of recommendation the one I now send is perhaps not in the usual elegant style of such Letters but if it answers the intended purpose I presume it will be acceptable\u2014Present my best respects to Miss Hinckley and tell her I will thank her to send me three trimmings for Dresses of the muslin and colored Tape\u2014She will be a judge of the Quantity and I should like to have them sent as soon as convenient\u2014With a box of artificial Flowers to ornament my Table of course not the most expensive kind\u2014I was very sorry not to see more of Hariet Otis during my stay in Philadelphia but her mournful occupation prevented the possibility of free intercourse\u2014I called many times on her & Mrs Lowndes\u2014Of my boys you say nothing Charles\u2019s health is very delicate and I have told him to go to you should he have another attack which I know you will excuse and I rely on your kindness as there are reasons why I cannot send them to Quincy\u2014They are to pass the Winter with me and this is a point which for every possible reason I will not give up you must therefore keep the old Gentleman in good humour or harm may come of it\u2014I do not understand one word of the latter part of your Letter for we are as mysterious as ever Mr Smith has had great trouble to get into a situation but it is at last settled and he is placed in Mr Cutts\u2019s Office at a Salary of 1150 Dollars a year I wish he may keep at it but I fear there are still roving plans in agitation\u2014The severest Lesson\u2019s sometimes produce no effect\u2014Give my love to your father and Mother and believe with much esteem and regard your friend\n\t\t\t\t\tL. C. Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-15-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4203", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Quincy Adams, 15 November 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\nSir.\nQuincy November 15th. 1822\nI received the letter you did me the honor to write me, on the 7th. of this month. Inclosing a copy of an additional return of the Census of Alabama in virtue of an act of Congress of the 7. of March 1822 / and salute you with the respect and affection / of your obid: & very humble Servant\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-23-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4204", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to John Adams, 23 November 1822\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear Son.\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 23. November 1822.\n\t\t\t\tI have had some time on hand your Letter of the 4th. instt. and although it would have given me great satisfaction to have known that you were continuing to rise as constantly and steadily in the scale of your Class, as you had risen rapidly in the course of the last year, yet I should much rather see you again descending as low as you had ever been, than that you should rise upon no better foundation than such artifices, as you describe in the practice of others. It has been my endeavour, as it was my duty to stimulate you and your brothers to ardent and persevering exertions, for the acquisition of Science, and for the attainment of those capacities, which will be necessary for you to fill with usefulness and reputation your future life\u2014It is an old adage that \u201cevery man is the artificer of his own fortune\u201d\u2014and so you will find it. And all that I have ever asked of you, or of your brothers has been that you would do justice to yourselves\u2014I have said nothing to you, upon the subject of your declamation for the prize; nor did I wish you to say any thing to me about it; I knew, that you had been disappointed by an accidental failure of memory\u2014As this might happen to any one, my only concern was, from sympathy with your feelings, and my earnest hope is that it will not operate to discourage you hereafter\u2014Success in first or second attempts is much less essential, than the Spirit which rises superior to mischance and overcomes difficulties\u2014That stubborn and inflexible Spirit in the pursuit of right, is what I would specially desire for my children; and if I they have that, I shall think very little of those casualties which may occasionally impede their success\u2014With it, I am sure they will succeed in the end.The time is now rapidly approaching when we shall expect the pleasure of seeing you here\u2014I shall write to my brother, and request him to supply you and Charles with the necessary means for the JourneyI am your ever affectionate father.\n\t\t\t\t\tJohn Quincy Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-26-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4205", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Adams, 26 November 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 26 Novbr. 1822.\n\t\t\t\tI have been so much engaged the last week at races parties and Ball it has been impossible for me to answer your last Letter or to write to CharlesEclipse as you have heard ran down poor Sir Charles who was totally unfitted by his lameness to oppose the pride of the North and I confess the race as it appears to me was altogether so unequal I cannot see any thing to boast of on the winning ride and much to complain of on the other for so cruelly sacrificing a noble animal as a propitiation for the gasconading of his silly Master\u2014It was a good specimen of Virginia arrogance and put me in mind of John Randolph\u2019s assertion in Congress some years ago that the \u201cpublick buildings in Washington surpassed every thing in the ancient Cities of Athens and Rome that had ever been displayed to the eyes of an admiring multitude\u201d\u2014This is Hyperbole upon stilts and upon a par with the equality of the two horses when they started for the bet\u2014It is however very ridiculous to make Sectional questions of this trifling and absurd nature and thus keep up a war between North and South whose interests are so combined that mutual good will and good feelings should be the pride and safeguard of both\u2014I am very happy to learn from your Letter to your father that you are doing so well but advise you in future to say but little concerning your position unless it is positively demanded as I think too much has already been said upon the subject and your father and I am willing and desirous to trust to your own exertions without extorting them as well as to Charles\u2019s God Bless you my boy the time draws on fast in which I may hope to see you both in your natural home\n\t\t\t\t\tI have not been able to procure O\u2019Meara\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-30-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4206", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Alexander Bryan Johnson, 30 November 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Johnson, Alexander Bryan\nDear Sir.\nMontezillo November 30th 1822\nA paroxism of ill health, which has confined me to my Chamber for several days, has prevented me from sooner acknowledging your favour of the 11th Instant. I sincerely wish it were in my power to comply with your request, by sending you copies of all my writings, which have been printed\u2014They have been so dull that they have fallen abortive from the press and have never made much fortune in the world.\nLewis the 15th of France, is reported to have had One\u2013hundred and Six Children, but I believe he never kept a Register of the Wives and Daughters that produced them. Probably he never saw Ten of them in his life. My little literary brats have been scattered about the World with as little caution. Many of them I have never seen since they were born\u2014I have not a copy of the greatest part of them, and duplicates only of the enclosed\u2014The Volume of \u201cdiscourses on Davila\u201d\u2014is out of print. From 1809 to 1812 or 13, I wrote some account of my conduct under the Commission for peace and my Embassy to Holland, but I have not a copy of them at my command\u2014They were originally published in the Boston Patriot. My Son says he cannot conceive how you can write upon the \u201cPhilosophy of human knowledge\u201d without having something metaphysical in it. How much fame you may acquire by your book, I know not, but I venture to prophesy that you would make more profit by arguing one Cause at the bar or filling one Writ in your Office, than you or I shall make by all the Books we have ever written or may write. American books do not Sell in America.With my best love to Mrs: Johnson and all the family, I am, / Your Hble Servt.\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-01-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4207", "content": "Title: From John Adams to George Washington Adams, 1 December 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, George Washington\nDear George\nMontezillo 1st. December. 1822\nI have received your letter of the 18th. November\u2014your comparison of the horse race with the presidential race is happy. I believe that the partisans, of the cavalry are more zealous than those of the presidency. I rejoice that the discussion has begun so early. Characters will now be sifted, and the decision will show the national character\u201d Know thyself ought to be the motto of this nation. Had the same freedom of discussion taken place from 1797 to 1800 the result of the election of 1801 would not have been the same American remembrancers, Prospects before us, Woods history, Alexander Hamiltons, John Adams\u2014The ribaldry of Thomas Paine, and Calender, and the millions of libels in circular letters and hand bills, would not have passed unanswered\u2014The truth is both parties wished to get rid of the incumbent president for he was the tool of neither. I am glad your Uncle\nI am glad your Uncle Johnson is well enough to return; and I wish you to inform me, what appointment your Uncle W S. Smith has obtained. I have attended Tragedies, Comedies, and Farces, in Corunna Bordeaux, Paris, Nantz Amsterdam the Hague, London, Boston New York and Philadelphia, but never with more amusement than I heard read the tracasseries of the newspapers about the Presidency\u2014I anticipate much pleasure from the speeches of Mr. Randolph who I hope has not wholly forgotten me\u2014\nWe are all well and send love to all about you\u2014I expect your Brothers at Thanksgiving, They are studious youths.\u2014\nYour affectionate Grand father\nJ. A", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-01-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4208", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, 1 December 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\tJournal for 1822-23.\n\t\t\t\t1 December 1822 This day being in tolerable health I renew my journal with the intention to pursue it through the Winter This Winter in consequence of the intriguing for the Presidency will be such an one as will furnish sufficient incident to make it interesting\u2014As however I collect most of the news from mere publick rumour I do not vouch for the truth of it and it will of course be subject to the contrarieties fluctuations and prevarications of the times of publick report and the tattle of every day rumour\u2014We attended at St. John\u2019s Church to hear a funeral sermon on the death of Mrs. Middleton a young lovely and interesting woman whose sweetness of disposition had gained the affection of all her acquaintance.\u2014In a publick eulogy of this kind however we require subjects of more importance and lives sufficiently active and enlarged to afford material and scope for panegyric and though her death was uncommon it was not of such a nature as to bear the touch of publick record without the risk of infringing that delicacy which is the principal charm attached to her memory\u2014Genl & Mrs. Van Ness were present as well as Mrs: Middleton\u2014This was no doubt a great effort at fortitude but to me there is something so sacred in the grief of Parents or very near connections during the first days of their bereavement it is sort of sacrilege to display it to the cold unfeeling gaze of common spectators who feel a minutes woe then turn to gayer things and think of it no more\u2014Was invited to spend the Evening with Mrs. Smith but was not well enough to go\u2014Alone all day reading O. Meara The little mean tormenting tricks of Sir Hudson Lowe remind me of the Fairy Grognon and all those malign imps whom we read of in the Tales of the Genie who are always at the service of superior powers to inflict tortures on the unfortunate wretches who wreathe in their chains\u2014To defend the character of Napoleon in all its points were indeed an Herculean labour but the voluntary submission he made to the English Nation ought to have exempted him from the petty tyranny to which he was subjected Chained to his Island all else should have been free and it is absolutely shocking and disgraceful to the feelings of human beings and Christians in this enlightened age and blasting to the Holy Alliance who are said not only to have sanctioned but to have urged it\u2014Parables are drawn between this case and that of Queen Mary of Scots but even in a political light the cases are different Mary had an opportunity perpetually to intrigue being gifted with uncommon powers of fascination in the very midst of Elizabeth\u2019s Subjects it was therefore absolutely essential to Elizabeth that she should be kept a close prisoner\u2014Napoleon was out of possible reach of doing any extensive mischief he might therefore of been treated with all the indulgence which was possible always guarding his person with the utmost caution. There were are thirty Candidates for Clerk of the House from North South West, and East\u20142 Com Rogers his Lady and Sister called on me\u2014I was however so unwell that I could not receive company\u2014Being however much better at about three o clock I had a visit from a Member of Congress who I believe was Mr Patterson of New York In consequence of my sickness last year I am almost a stranger to many of the Members and find myself much at a loss to know them\u2014We had a singular conversation in which I gave my opinion very freely on upon some of the measures of Congress of last winter which I represented in as strong a light as I could as being cruel and unjust and falling in a most oppressive manner and upon a class of the community little able to support it\u2014That in undertaking to make such Laws which are good in themselves they ought to modify them so as not to totally to destroy those on whom they operated that one of these had actually plunged whole families in to despair and turned them into the Street without bread\u2014It would be far better to make character and conduct requisite to appointments than to take needy and vicious individuals into office by way of pay for their power of intrigue among their friends and connections in different parts of the Country This is indeed a base practice dishonourable to the Government which sanctions it and disgraceful to the Nation\u2014Mr A\u2013 went to a party at Com Tingeys which I declined\u2014My Tuesdays commencing tomorrow I must take care to keep up so as to receive my company\u2014Mary received a Letter from Miss Meredith saying she would visit us in January\u2014There was no choice of a clerk in the House after six Ballots\u2014A Number of the Members have brought their families\u2014Mr A\u2013 brought home a capital caricature just arrived from Mexico\u2014It represents a Carriage full of men to the four are attached eight Horses two to each wheel and each pair has a driver who is whipping them on with great earnestness each taking a contrary direction to the four corners of the World\u2014In the back ground is the fortress of Ulloa in possession of the Spaniards and the Commandant is represented looking through a telescope and anxiously watching the working of the carriage or rather its dismemberment that he may seize the occasion for his own advantage\u2014and that of his Nation\u2014It is ridiculously suited to our own timesThe Vice President and his Lady have arrived and he is quite restored to health though perhaps not to spirits\u2014He is to be a candidate for the Presidency\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-02-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4209", "content": "Title: From William Cranch to John Quincy Adams, 2 December 1822\nFrom: Cranch, William\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\tI have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of the 7th. Vol. of Wheaton\u2019s Reports, the supplemental census of Alabama, and the commission of Tench Ringgold; as Marshall of the Dist. of Columbia, untill the end of the next session of the Senate.With great consideration / I have the honour to be / sir, yr. obed. servt,\n\t\t\t\t\tW. Cranch.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-03-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4210", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, 3 December 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\tDecbr. 3 A Snow Storm\u2014No visitors\u2014In the evening a small party in consequence of the extreme severity of the weather\u2014It was however tolerably pleasant\u2014Dr. & Mrs. Thornton Mrs Key Mr & Miss Tayloe, Mr Mrs. & Miss Pleasanton, Major and Miss Selden, Dr Wrightman, Miss Hanson, Miss Aldrich Miss Forrest, Judge McLean, Mr Cook of Illinois Mr. Rhea, Mr Lear Mr. Coxe Mr. Elgar and Dr. Huntt with the Corps Diplomatique\u2014I like Judge McLean very well he is a very gentlemanly man and apparently a man of sense and information\u2014Had musick and singing but no cards\u2014Mr Canning who did not love musick grown fond of sentimental Songs\u2014Indicative of la belle Passion, and our afflicted Widow whose bewitching grief has produced a strong impression upon the senses, I will not say mind of this Gentleman\u2014A man is in a bad way when he loves sentiment more especially the sentiment of sweet sounds. She told me a few days ago she was practicing her harp again as a resource from ennui during these long Evenings and to soothe her deep sorrows\u2014She is a fascinating woman and well trained in the arts of allurement I think it is probable the Syren will conquer and be transplanted to a sphere for which she is well calculated and to which her ambition leads and soars\u20144 Paid my usual tax for entertaining and was very seriously ill all day so as to be unable to get up even to have my bed made Kitty came to sit with me and remained here the whole Eveng.She is always very kind in sickness\u2014I was obliged to tell her a very disagreeable piece of news which sorely grieved me but the warning was necessary for her future comfort and I gave it\u2014She was full of news among the rest that all the nominations for South America were to go in this week & that Hugh Nelson was to go to Mexico and all the other places were to be filled by Virginians\u2014The President has strange whims this Winter among the rest that of giving no dinners to any one substituting Drawing rooms in their stead. This I was told in confidence the other Eveng and asked what I thought of it\u2014I said that if he meant to have any peace during the remainder of his term of Office it would be absolute madness for even his best friends would desert him\u2014He has got an old Negro woman to Cook who can scarcely do the business for the family properly\u2014This is being radical with a witness I told the person who mentioned this thing to me that I wished I could let the President know how injurious such a plan would be for that I had too much respect for him to conceal the truth and that I had heard people say that they thought he degraded his Station\u2014Even the radicals will incline to think him radically wrong\u2014Another stir is making on the ettiquette business by Mrs. Johnson of Louisianna\u2014They may go on in this way as long as they like I am a Republican the peoples servant not their slave\u2014Calls from a number of Members\u2014Mrs. Calhoun is said to be quite sick\u20145 Visits from the Members\u2014Mrs. McLane of Delaware called upon me as did also Mr & Mrs. Bulfinch\u2014The latter looks most wretchedly. I do not think she has enjoyed any health since she has resided in this place\u2014Indeed the Capitol Still has always been considered very sickly since I have known it. I do not think it is likely to change its reputation until the Marshes behind it are drained\u2014George dined with a large party at Mr Cannings and when he returned talked much of a wine called serchal pronounced here search all a quality not uncommon in wine Its effects did not appear enlivening as I never saw George more heavy Mr A told us there was a new Secretary appointed to the English Legation. The Corps Diplomatique is likely to be very numerous\u2014The Portugueze Minister is short and fat with a countenance both lively and intelligent\u2014He has travelled much was educated in England and there studied Physick\u2014His character appears social and his disposition cheerful and communicative. He will probably not be much here\u2014Mr Anduage the Spanish Minister is to reside at New York\u2014There is something about the character of this man that must be very unpleasant. He is one of those beings in whom all confidence is destroyed he was attached to the Russian Legation and there seduced (as I am informed) the Wife of the Minister in whose house he lived\u2014Since the death of the Minister he has married the Lady but he is detested by the reigning party in Spain and dreaded by that which preceeded it. This is the more extraordinary as he is a man of talents possessing many of those pleasing accomplishments which generally become passports to genteel society and almost always excite admiration if not respect\u2014Passed the Eveng at home alone\u20146 Visits from the Miss Cottringers Gen Jessop Mr. Hill, Mrs page missing7 Went out and returned visits to Mrs. McLane and Mrs. Brown with Mary and a number of others in the City\u2014At Mrs. Browns met Mr & Mrs. Colden the former of whom told me that the Marquis de la Fayette was about to marry Miss Wright the celebrated authoress whose travels through our Country have made such a flattering impression on the publick mind\u2014Almost every great man seems to me to be doomed to commit some egregious folly I suppose to put him on a level with the rest of the species Even Cicero for the sake of obtaining a young and beautiful wife became a monster of ingratitude to one who had devoted herself to his service and saved him from ruin\u2014a terrible blot to his otherwise great name\u2014At home all the Eveng. George read OMeara to us\u2014Can any one approve of the conduct of Sir Hudson Lowe I would not be that one for he must be greatly debased by nature and art who could find any thing in it but the most low and barbarous injustice I heard in England that the Emperor Alexander did not think any treatment too bad for him and sanktioned all the tyranny that was practiced towards\u2014Could such conduct restore Moscow to him or in any way repair the mischiefs which Napoleon had done him. Having him completely in their power they only betrayed a vindictive unforgiving spirit diametrically opposite to christian charity\u2014Much loss of character has been sustained by all the parties concerned and there is something very contemptible in the little mean and petty persecutions which they heaped upon a hero to whom they had so lowly crouched when in the zenith of his power\u2014Few politicians will agree with me in this opinion\u2014but there is no casuistry in sound reason\u20148 The morning being very wet I did not go to Church In the Afternoon Mr Adams George and Mary accompanied me to Mr Bakers the Presbyterian Church where I have a Pew\u2014Mr Frye came and sat with us two hours \u2014Hear nothing from Congress\u20149 A succession of visits this morning\u2014Mrs. Porter Miss Barclay Mrs. Cutts Genl & Mrs. Macomb with his Niece and daughter Mrs. Crawford Mrs. Pleasanton and Miss Pleasanton Mrs. Woodcock Mrs. Blackledge Mrs Hill Mrs. Morgan and Mr Meigs the P.M.G\u2014After which I went and returned the visit of Mrs. Colden and several others\u2014In the course of conversation Mrs. Cutts told me that Mr Madison had been solicited to stand an election for Governor of Virginia and it is said he has given much disatisfaction by declining Genl Scott is also an unsuccesfull candidate notwithstanding the bewitching attractions of his Lady who it is said no one can resist The Reports of the marriage of Mr Canning and Mrs. Decatur and there certainly are strong evidences of attachment in both parties although only friendship\u2014Dr Watkins came to introduce Mr Walter who is come to give a course of Lectures on Poetry and the Belles Letters\u2014He is partially crazed and like his great prototype Lord Byron deals in the extravagant sublime\u201410 Returned a number of visits which extended from the Capitol to George Town\u2014In the Eveng. had a large party of 100 persons 36 of whom were Members\u2014Altogether the Eveng was pleasant\u2014The Secretary of War and his Lady the Secretary of Navy and his Wife and daughters and the Corps Diplomatique with a number of Strangers\u2014Talked a little with Mr Archer of Virginia who told me that Congress were penury itself this Winter\u2014I asked how that happened with an overflowing treasury? Many compliments were paid through me to my husband and some from persons not belonging to Masstts. therefore not forced\u2014The young people danced but were not very animated\u201411 Waked without a headache\u2014Mrs. Johnston of Louisianna came to return Marys visit and left a card\u2014Mrs. Calhoun brought Mrs. Findlay a Senator\u2019s Lady from Pensylvania and late Governor of that State and Mrs. Findlay Ingham\u2014the husband\u2019s of these Ladies who are said to be partizans of Mr Calhoun have not called on Mr Adams and this reverses the order of things n\u2019importe I shall invite the husbands because the Ladies have called on me\u2014The husbands in general pay the visit and all the difficulty hitherto has rested with my own Sex who are of much more importance in this our great Republick\u2014Judge and McLean and Mrs. Way called and not knowing her I took her for Mrs McLean\u2014Paid a visit to Poor Mrs. Van Ness and found her looking better than I expected from thence to Mrs. Rogers who can not go out\u2014We found her at home and Mrs. Thornton who accompanied me sat and chatted some time\u2014She is a very sensible woman\u2014Mr A dined with Mr Petry\u2014We were invited to dine with the President but Mr A\u2013 having had an invitation of long standing he thought it necessary to resign decline it\u2014He is so constantly accused of Aristocracy and subserviency to the Chief Magistrate that he would not run the risk of remarks of an unpleasant nature I would not go without him\u201422 We are all well\u2014I have scribbled through this sheet of paper in such a way I fear you cannot read it\u2014It is not worth it\u2014\n\t\t\t\t\tEvents are so uninteresting that it is impossible to write any thing worth reading\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-09-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4211", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to Samuel L. Southard, 9 December 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Southard, Samuel L.\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington, 9 December 1822\n\t\t\t\tMrs. ADAMS requests the honor of Mr Southard\u2019s company at Tea, on Tuesday Evening, the 10 of December and every Tuesday during the Session of Congress, when agreeable, at half past seven o\u2019clock.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-10-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4212", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to Charles Francis Adams, 10 December 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, Charles Francis\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 10 Decembr. 1822\n\t\t\t\tYour Letter came yesterday and was received with even more pleasure than they generally are from its amiable and grateful tenor. Every advancement you make in your education or rather in the mutual improvement of both mind and heart is an additional blessing to you and to us and you will feel the delight accruing from it in the pleasure derived from the expansion of your own intellect and understanding and the approving smiles and enlarged affection and respect of your parents and friends Your father who is ever ready to reward exertion desires that you will begin your journey on the twenty third with John and only begs you will be prudent and run no risks as such a journey is always, more or less dangerous.We are beginning to be very gay and by the time you arrive shall have got into the depth of winter. I think I wrote you I had began my Tuesday Evenings We do not however intend to have much dancing at any rate not until the young Ladies arrive. You will I hope enjoy the winter more especially as you intimate that there are some changes in your character and these are of such a nature as to make you enjoy society I hope a little more than you have hitherto done\u2014Mr Walter is here and we are to have some fine lecture on Poetry\u2014There is likewise a Doctor Barber who is to give us Lectures upon something or other so that pleasure and improvement are likely to go together and we shall per probably retrieve our reputation as it regards dissipation\u2014There is no scandal abroad and you know I always Keep out of the way of it if there was. I do not know a better medium for it than the one through which it reaches you that family having always been notorious for collecting and propagating it\u2014I am obliged to conclude and it is likely I shall not write again\u2014God Bless you my Dear Boy\u2019s and take every precaution against the cold to make yourselfs comfortable and you will gratify your affectionate Mother\n\t\t\t\t\tL C Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-12-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4213", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to John Adams, 12 December 1822\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dear Son.\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 12. December 1822\n\t\t\t\tI have written to my brother this day, informing him that I have consented that you and Charles should leave Cambridge, for your journey hither on the 23d. of this month, and requesting him to furnish each of you with 80 dollars, for the expenses of your Journey; an account of which expenses you will each of you keep to be exhibited to me. Take good care of yourselves on the road\u2014We shall all be anxious for your safe arrival. / Your affectionate father.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-14-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4215", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, 14 December 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t& Miss Mason Capt & Mrs. Crane Mr. Kerby with several others Members of Congress\u2014Mr. Petry came in the Eveng. and talked freely of the Bonapart\u00e9 family He told me that while he was in Poland Napoleon was very much attached to a beautiful Polish Lady and that he (N.) rode fifteen miles every night during a fortnight at the risk of his life through the enemies Country to visit her\u2014He likewise told me many particulars of Mr. Barlowe\u2019s death which he say\u2019s was caused by his extreme obstinacy and mismanagement. he would have no assistance until it was too late\u2014We played Whist a game I encourage now and then with a view to save Mr A\u2019s eyes14 We are all well my Dear Sir and in the midst of Congressional confusion\u2014We were much amused by the perusal of two Letters published in the Christian observer from Mr. Jefferson and yourself\u2014In yours I find all the vivacity and vigour which mark your style and a much better philosophy than in that of Mr Jefferson\u2014You can not give a stronger evidence of patience than reading my scrawls.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-14-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4216", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Alexander Bryan Johnson, 14 December 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Johnson, Alexander Bryan\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir\n\t\t\t\t\tQuincy December 14th. 1822\n\t\t\t\tI have received your favor of the 7th. instant. If I agree with you that human knowledge ceases, where Metaphysics commence I must acknowledge that I am indebted to Metaphysics for the knowledge of this Truth after reading Lock and Malbranche Clark & Leibnitz Berckley & Hume, Condilac & Baxter Stuart & Brown have produced a pretty clear conviction of it\u2014Your propensity to writing perhaps prevents you from having as many Writs as you wish\u2014I am pretty well informed that you have Business as a Lawyer and might have more, if you were more easily and constantly to be found; There is hardly a Poet to be found, on record who has not been made a Poet by Grief mortification poverty & hunger and I never knew a lawyer who became eminent in his Profession without the stimulus of want You are too happy to be a Laborious Lawyer with a lovely Wife and fine Children, Venerable Parents, and an Independent fortune? what motive can you have to be a drudging pack horse as I have been, and as your Uncle J. Q. A. has been, and is still?If my life and writings should ever be worth enquiring for, I know not what way any one can take to persue the investigations; I have distroyed no papers but anonymous letters and letters from Mad-Men. I shall leave them all my papers entire, I hope but the huge mass of them will present such a bundle of weakness and error & petulance that I shudder at the thought of them. but I have one consolation that they will present no crimes, more than the Emperor Napoleon says he committedLove to all the family, we are all well / as is Excepting the incureable distemper / of old age, your affectionate / Grand Father\n\t\t\t\t\tJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-14-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4217", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, 14 December 1822\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t14th December. We were all so exhausted that we determined to keep quiet all day at home. Received a Note from a Milliner requesting I would go and look at his things, this is a thing which has happened several times\u2014Am I so much in vogue? I am solicited to take great care of myself this Winter and not to get sick, Are People afraid of closed doors again? What a hollow hearted World How much I am obliged by their anxiety, George breakfasted with Mr Coso dined with Mr Tayloe where he met with Mr John Randolph who would not talk to the great disappointment of the family\u2014It would seem that he is expected to prate like some pretty lessoned Magpie for the diversion of the Idle and the Curious\u2014but so it is people will look for that they have been used to and his buffooneries are not easily forgotten\u2014Evening alone.15th So unwell could not go to Church, Mary went twice as well as George and Mr A who were not much pleased with Mr McIlvaine the Chaplain of the Senate who gave them a highly drawn sketch of the Infernal Regions with all its blazing & undying fires. In the Evening Mrs & Miss Forrest and Mrs Smith came over to sit with us and Mr Laborie afterwards sat about an hour as full of \u201cespi\u00e8glerie\u201d as ever\u2014was quite ill all day.16th Weather intolerable\u2014could not go out, after dinner it cleared up and we went to hear Mr Watters Lectures on Poetry and Belles Letters a farrago of insanity extravagance so like insanity it was scarcely possible to conceal the compassionate pity I felt towards the author\u2014Is not this age run mad? What is modern Poetry? a chaos of crude undigested thoughts preposterously metaphysical and roaring so far beyond the real conception of mortals belonging to this terraqueous globe that the mind is carried out of itself and we unconsciously admire because we are sensible we cannot understand\u2014All that is vast & mighty pleases the imagination however obscure for the human mind or spirit being an emanation of the Deity ever seeks a something beyond or rather above its present limited sphere and all that has a tendency to exalt or to elevate us from mere grovelling matter produces sensations of delight independent of judgement or reason and an exquisite sensation of pleasure for which we do not wish or desire to account. This poor man will meet with no success here\u2014We have too much of eloquence and Our Congress men neither like rivals or instructions. About twenty nine Persons there.17th Went out and paid a number of visits extending from the Capitol Hill to Halorama where I had a very pleasant conversation with Mrs Decatur. In the evening had a large party, Mr & Mrs Lloyd did me the honour to come contrary to all my expectations at which I was very much flattered, thirteen Senators graced my rooms, a thing to notice in these times\u2014The Girls danced to the Piano and it was altogether, pleasant. They left us very early\u2014I was much pleased with Mrs Ingham she has so much of the Quaker simplicity with as much apparent candour in her smile & manner that she caught my fancy at first sight. Mrs Findlay the wife of the late Governor of Pennsylvania is a very respectable & agreeable Woman\u2014Mrs Morgan has more of Tow about her whose manners are more fashionably courteous & more refined she is from New York and has a pretty daughter with her just out of school and who wants a little training.18th Quite sick all day obliged to muse for tomorrow. Mrs Smith called to see me\u2014Evening alone\u2014Mr A. wrote an answer to Mr Clay.19th A party at dinner Mr Calhoun Mr Pedersen Mr Rogers Mr Edwards of Illinois Mr D P Cook Genl Sam Smith Mr Eustis Mr Cushman Mr Walker Mr Rodney Mr Southard Mr Morgan Judge White Mr Woodson Mr Goran Mr Tucker\u2014The Gentlemen enjoyed themselves apparently every much and tasted the strength of Mr A\u2019s old Madeira\u2014which was not found wanting by the merriment it produced. To get through a dinner without clashing in some way or other in these boisterous times is a difficult matter. All are partizans and each warm for his friend though perhaps not an enemy to his opponent but it is hard with interests so divided to steer clear of offence. We found in this instance that \u201cwine maketh the heart glad\u201d and none were inclined to wrath\u2014They left us at half past nine\u2014Mr Rodney is in very bad health he is going to Buenos Ayres as Minister\u2014The day was sultry.20th. Mr Wyer called on me, he looks very badly and is in great distress. In the Evening we went to Mrs. Pleasonton\u2019s the weather was so bad she was disappointed of half her company\u2014I there met Mrs Woodcock and Mrs Blackledge the latter a very pleasing little Woman with whom I had some Chat. She is from North Carolina and insisted on it that the Northerns were not so sociable as the Southerns which I endeavoured to make her believe was because she was not sufficiently acquainted with them. Mrs Brown & I are very great friends\u2014Mr B\u2019s health is very bad he was not out last night. Mr Cambreleng said he thought it would be a great advantage to Mr Duffy to lose his Arm as an Orator for he made so bad a use of it that it was almost a ridiculous habit. The young Ladies danced\u2014Mr Hill told me that I must not be sick as Mrs Hill would cry. Is not the adulation of the world cruelly dangerous even when we know what it means?21st. Remained at home until one o\u2019clock then went out to pay visits and saw Mrs Eustis who is much afflicted by the death of two or three of her relations. She looks poorly and will not go out. The vice President was present part of the time; when he went out Mrs E said her residence was rendered very disagreable as though he was what may be termed sober yet his brain was constantly muddled by his repeated draughts of Whiskey and water which was a perpetual inducement to stay at the house and of course always in the room where the ladies receive their visits\u2014In the Evening we were visited by the Baron Maltitz Mr Laborie & Col Dwight; Laborie came to tell me that a disagreable circumstance had occurred between the Russians and the French in consequence of the latter retaining a house which had been engaged by the former who after patiently waiting a fortnight having no use of any part of it but the bed room and being obliged to go and get their meals at an Eating house. The Baron informed the Count that he must remove in two days to which the Count was obliged to agree. Baron Maltitz is about to be married to Miss Eliza Livingston the daughter of John R Livingston of New York Several Weddings are likely to take place among the Corps Diplomatique and our Ladies a sign that our foreign relations are on a very peaceable footing.22d Went to the Capitol and heard Mr Breckenridge a pupil of Dr Mason\u2019s and Chaplain of the HR. His discourse was good and his manner impressive\u2014The House was not crowded and I saw but few persons whom I knew\u2014Mr Wilmot Mr Baker Mr Johnson & Dr Huntt called to see us and Mr A. went to Georgetown and returned a number of visits\u2014We passed the Evening alone Mary went to Church with Miss Forrest\u2014Count de Minon came to see Mr Adams concerning an ettiquette question which has arisen among the foreign Ministers who are invited to dine at the Presidents on Tuesday with the Mexican Minister. It has always been customary for a Minister newly arrived to sit at the President\u2019s right hand. This Mr Canning objected to and refused to dine there unless that seat was assigned to him. The President would not give up the point and intimated to Mr C. that he should take no offence by his declining the invitation which Mr C accordingly did and made many efforts to induce the other branches of the Corps to do the same\u2014In the first instance they were all so intimidated that they resolved not to go and came to consult Mr A on the subject who told them they might act as they thought most prudent themselves without any apprehension of offending as the P. wished to make it agreable to them in any way. Upon which they all declined apparently yet without sending their excuses.23d At home all the morning excepting about an hour when I went and paid some visits In the Evening a great Ball at Mr Canning\u2019s which was very brilliantly and well attended Mr A after having given notice to the President that the Corps Diplomatique declined dining with him was informed by them that they had decided to accept the invitation to which Mr A assented though he knew that the President had filled his Table\u2014The pride of the Gentlemen was touched and they redeemed their National honour by daring to act for themselves and proved they had been subdued not conquered\u2014They are all to dine with us on Friday but Mr C. has stipulated for my hand which was immediately agreed to as we can give no rank therefore they settle it among themselves\u2014It is I suppose a trick to show Mr C\u2019s dislike to the acknowledgement by Our Government of the South Americans a thing which the British in good policy ought to have done long since\u2014And these little ridiculous punctilios are only intended to display the power England possesses over the poor prostrated nations of Europe. The Russians fortunately heard of the death of the Emperor Infant Nephew which put them out of their dilemma\u2014We returned at about eleven well satisfied with our amusement.24th Mr A went to the Presidents and informed him that the foreigners would dine with him The P said he thought they had all declined and he had filled their places but that he would lengthen his table and that would settle the difficulty\u2014Mr A dined there and in the Evening we had a party of one hundred and thirty odd people all very sociable and good humoured\u2014The young ladies danced, played, sung and were very merry\u2014Neither of my Sisters attended\u2014The famous belles Miss Ridgely & Miss Colman honoured me with their Company and like all old women I was satisfied that the beauties of my day were of a much higher order\u2014Mr Canning was not here of course nor the Russians, having declined the Presidents invitation25th This day Charles arrived from Boston just as we were preparing for company at Dinner He was very much fatigued and I found much grown and altered in face\u2014The resemblance to his Father is not so striking as it was and he is now thought more like me Mr & Mrs Lloyd of Boston Dr Mease Col Dwight Mr Cambreleng Dr Cushman Mr Cook Mr & Mrs Frye & son Johnson Hellen and my own family made up the party with Mr Tracy. Mr & Mrs Smith declined and Dr & Mrs Eustis whom I had asked to meet Mrs Lloyd. The only striking circumstance of the day was the meeting of Mr Adams with his two Classmates Mr Lloyd & Mr Carlinian\u2014The Evening was spent in a round game for the amusement of the young People This was the most social Christmas I have passed for many years\u2014that is more free from26th On Tuesday Count de Minon invited us to a Ball at his House into which he had not moved I therefore thought it might be a joke but this morning he came again to ask us and we engaged to go. we therefore made our preparations and went leaving Charles at home who was too much fatigued for dancing\u2014Mr Adams George and myself attended and I was really surprised to see how comfortably they had arranged it considering they only moved in the morning\u2014It was a very large party and more animated than common on account of the shortness of the invitation and the style of the mansion\u2014Mr Roqueforte a Gentleman from Columbia was introduced to me he is one of the most sprightly animated beings I ever met. He gave me some account of Lima particularly the habits and customs of the Lima ladies. He says it is a perpetual Masquerade the Costume of the Females is calculated to conceal and encourage intrigue they always appear in black and their faces so covered as to display only one eye thus they never can be known much severity is exercised towards single women but married Ladies have unbounded license\u2014Mrs Colden of N York informed me she was very intimate with Mrs Adams who used to take much notice of her when a Girl\u2014We returned home late Mr A having engaged Mr Canning in a Game of Chess in which my good husband was defeated.27th We had this day a great diplomatic dinner which passed over much better than I anticipated. Mr Canning led me to the Table according to Ettiquette and the Mexican sat on my left hand a most uncomfortable honor as I could not speak to him not knowing a word of his language. The poor man looked quite bewildered. Mr Canning conversed very agreably during dinner and repeated some lines which he had seen of Lord Byron\u2019s very little honourable to his Lordship\u2019s heart though they may indicate strong native genius. Such genius becomes a curse to the possessor and to mankind at large when it is used to bad purpose. Mr C says he is engaged in a publication in England of a very bad character and of a most blasphemous nature which will prevent his Lordship from coming to this country as is at present expected. After dinner Mr A\u2014\u2014 through the medium of the interpreter asked the Mexican Minister if he had seen the city he answered he had been round what would be a city when our Grandchildren were grown\u2014The French were a little peevish in consequence of some quarrel among themselves and the Russians were almost as silent as the Mexicans though not from the same cause.28th Went to dine at Mrs Decaturs although it snowed heavily and I was not well\u2014In this Country I am conscious that people put themselves to great expence and frequently to great inconvenience to make such entertainments and I make it a point not to disappoint. The Secretary of War the Secretary of the Navy and Lady and Mr Canning and suite were the only guests beside our selves and the entertainment was very elegant displaying all the beautiful Plate which was presented to her husband as tributes of National approbation I will not say gratitude Republicks acknowledge not the sentiment\u2014Passed the day very pleasantly\u2014Mr Calhoun gave us some pretty Indian Romances which would cut a figure in the hands of Chateaubriand\u2014Mr A has become too phlegmatic to be caught by tinsels John arrived in good health as lively and animated as ever.29th Went to Church at Mr Baker\u2019s and heard a most excellent discourse\u2014his manner is very heavy and uninteresting but his Sermons possess great merit\u2014The young men possess great merit went to the Capitol and heard a violent and threatening Sermon from Mr McIlvaine full of bitter denunciations & punishment\u2014having little hope for either sinner or penitent. It often surprizes me that those who are enjoying every blessing that a great and merciful God has ever crowded upon his people should draw such singular influences and reject in words that which they so cordially cherish in deeds. It is true our Clergy do deprive themselves of some of what we term the pleasures of this life but they evidently make up for these deficiencies by freely indulging in all those which they have the privilege of enjoying\u2014When I hear young men of three or four and twenty (not exempted from the frailties of the flesh and exposed like the rest of mankind to the all powerful influence of the Passions which are the worst Devils I believe we have to contend with) bellowing forth these terrible doctrines I am ill natured enough to fancy that half the violence is attributable to the restraints imposed upon themselves which are unpleasant to the pride and vain glory of youth however necessary to their welfare but I have so often before made similar remarks you must be weary of them. Evening at home alone with the family.30th Received a number of visits among whom was Mrs Johnson of Louisiana who thought proper to waive ettiquette and make the visit\u2014There is but one Lady left now and I hope she may adhere to her present plan as her husband is an inflexible enemy of Mr A. She is said to be a remarkably fine woman a niece of Gov Preston\u2019s of Virginia\u2014We are so quiet in Congress that we should not know they were sitting did we not meet the Members in the Evening occasionally\u2014John Randolph says he has returned a new man that he has brought back nothing but a Hull\u2014If there ever was a kernel it has long since been so withered for want of some fertilizing moisture it would scarcely be said to live\u2014His aboriginal blood has burnt so fiercely that his heart is parched and all intercourse seems stopt between it and the brain. His silence is however a proof that he has acquired some discretion a quality I always supposed quite beyond his reach, which gives hopes for future amendment on other points. Went out & payed a round of visits\u2014In the evening Mr D P Cook & Mr Edwards of Connt: took tea with us\u2014They left us early.31st: Went with Mrs Frye to Mr King\u2019s to whom she is sitting for her portrait which promises to be very very like\u2014He is amusing in conversation but is apt to introduce religious topics with so much levity and disrespect that I took the liberty of telling him he had better confine himself to subjects which he understood\u2014This was no doubt impertinent but I made it a principle early in life and I have adhered to it whenever I have been able to exert authority never to suffer in my presence\u2014Philosophers may say that by this means I shut my eyes to the truth\u2014Be it so. on this subject I want nothing better than my own conviction and would not change my opinion with the wisest or greatest man dead or living\u2014In the evening we had a large party upwards of a hundred and as it was the last day of the old year\u2014I had the band of Musick They kept it up merrilly until near twelve o\u2019clock. Mrs Holmes the Senators\u2019 Lady from Maine condescended to come with her daughter\u2014As Capt Partridge delivered a lecture on the Battle of Waterloo we had but few Members of Congress. The subject is very interesting and some Gentlemen who came from thence spoke highly of the performance.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-16-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4218", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Alexander Bryan Johnson, 16 December 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Johnson, Alexander Bryan\nDear Sir.\nQuincy December 16th. 1822.\nI have received your favor of the 7th. If I agree with you, that human knowledge ceases where Metaphysics commence, I must acknowledge that I am indebted to Metaphysics for the knowledge of this truth, After reading Lock and Malbranch, Clarke and Leibnitz, Berckley and Hume, Condilac and Baxter, Stuart & Brown have produced a pritty clear conviction of it.\nYour propensity to writing perhaps prevents you from having as many Writs as you wish. I am pritty well informed that you have business as a Lawyer, and might have more, if you were more easily, and constantly to be found.\u2014There is hardly a Poet to be found on record\u2014who has not been made a poet by grief, mortification, Poverty and hunger, and I never knew a Lawyer\u2014who became eminent in his profession without the stimulus of want. You are too happy to be a laborious Lawyer with a lovely Wife, and fine Children, Venerable Parents and an Independent fortune! What motive can you have to be a drudging pack Horse, as I have been, and as your Uncle J. Q. A. has been, and is still.\u2014\nIf my life and writings should ever be worth enquiring for, I know not what way, any one can take to persue the investigations. I have distroyed no papers but anonymous letters, and letters from Mad-Men; I shall leave all my papers entire, I hope; but the huge Mass of them will present such a bundle of weakness and errour, and petulance that I shudder at the thought of them; But I have one consolation that they will present no crimes, more than the Emperour Napoleon says he committed.\nLove to all the Family, we are all well, as is; excepting the incurable distemper old age; your affectionate / Grand Father\nJohn Adams\nP.S. I hope neither this letter, nor yours, are last words", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-17-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4219", "content": "Title: From John Adams to George Washington Adams, 17 December 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, George Washington\nDear George\nQuincy December 17th. 1822.\nyours of the 9th. is received, you do not give me any account of your Studies as formerly\u2014Mr. Smith and your Aunt have been very fortunate in escaping the Plague at Pensacola, please to give my love to them.\nI hope the Mexican Ambassador and his eight Gentlemen companions have brought with them plenty of Milled dollars, and Mexican Bullion, and after teaching our Merchants and Manufacturers the means and method of purchasing; and will teach you the pronounciation and the critical elegance of the Spanish Language; you must treat them with cerimonious politeness and cordial respect, taking great care not to offend their lofty pride.\u2014\nI am anxious for the health and Spirits of Mr Randolph which are unfavorably reported here; pray give me notice of his first appearance in public. Have you seen the Albany sympathy with the Greeks, the Spirit is noble, but will it not embarrass the Government of the Union.\nyou will not expect news, from your affectionate / Grand father\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-17-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4220", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, 17 December 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nmy Dear Daughter\nQuincy 17th. December. 1822.\nWith high spirits I received the hand writing and the journal of the 1st. of this Month. I opened gay hopes before me for the Winter I rejoice in the recovery of you health, and to hear of the good health of you all\u2014\nMr. Adams, his Lady and Son appear to enjoy a serene and patient tranquility under the pelting of this pitiless Storm of political hail the thunder is not loud, and the Lightning only the slight coruscations which we call heat Lightning. The newspapers are spreading his Name, and Fame far and wide so that if his writings and actions had not already assured him of immortality even these Ephemeral foliages would have done it.\u2014\n You say nothing of my friend Mr. John Randolph, I am anxious for his health and Spirits, which it is rumoured are not so good, as I wish them, for I hoped to receive a few more of his compliments, to admire more of his uncommon figures of Rhetorick before either of us depart from this region of Oratory politicks and War.\nA Man drawn by four Horses, or a Carriage drawn by eight to the four Cardinal points of the Compass, are an admirable Hieroglyphick of our approaching Presidential Election I sometimes think that we might place a feather on the pinnacle of a steeple in a calm time and wait the springing of a wind and then observe with a Telescope to which point the feather is wafted whether to the East, West, North, or South.\u2014I believe Mr. Monroe has had a happier Administration than any that preceeded him; And I fear that no future President will enjoy such another\u2014\nI wish you much gaiety and Social enjoyment I shall vegetate in solitude, but if I can get any\u2013body to read to me, I shall enjoy as much as any of you\u2014I am much at my ease on the Subject of all Elections and the stoicks immota tranquillitas shall be my Motto\u2014\nWe are all well, and send love to you, and yours / Your affectionate Father\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-25-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4221", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, 25 December 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nMy Dear Daughter\nQuincy December 25th. 1822\u2014\nYour Journal beginning the third of the month has given me great pleasure. You are much to be envied and much to be pitied; such a variety of good Company is very desirable, but so much cerimoney and such fatigues must be rather burdensome.\u2014\nWe have received this morning the annunciation of Mr. Clays \u201cGREAT UNKNOWN VOLUME OF GHENTISH HISTORY\u201d It will appear I presume at least as soon as the Phrophesies of Enoch or the Phrygian Hierophant will be fullfilled, this is rather more profound politicks than Mr Russells. Mr. Adams\u2019s remarks upon it are perfect, when a great genius arises in the world all the dunces unite in a conspiracy against him; when a man of pure integrity arrises all the knaves surround him and pelt him with stones but hitherto the sheild of Hercules and Achilles united have warded off all their weapons.\u2014It requires not Georges searching Wine, nor the great searcher of hearts, Ch\u00e1mpaigne, or Burgundy to bring forth to light the hidden motives of Mr. Russell, or Mr. Clay\u2014\nThe letter of Mr Jefferson is very much admired, mine is criticised and censured, the good old Ladies wonder that Mr Adams did not mention the hopes of a future State among the consolations of old Age. And so do I, for I had at the point of my pen the raptures of Cato in Tullys old age, on his near prospect of seeing his dear Son, and the ancient Sages and heroes in a future state, I wonder also that I did not mention Fontenells delight in his asparagus and oil. And Theophrastus\u2019s regret at going out of the World at a hundred and fifteen when he had just learned how to live in it.\u2014I wish you had explained to me the unpleasant news, you communicated to your Sister\u2014\nThere is in the old Colony memorial a paper which I wish Mr. Adams would subscribe for, A Fable of the Dog and the Turtle. The mastiff whether from Labradore or Newfoundland has laid all the Turtles sprawling on their backs, wiggling and twisting with head tail and Claws\u2014\nI shall claim your promis of a journal through the Winter, but whether you perform it or not, I will be / your affectionate Father\nJohn Adams\nPS. I have had laid at the door of your Husband a Child christianed by the name of the Quincy Classical Academy to which in due time he will become a nursing Father, and you a Nursing Mother.\u2014P.S. Second\u2014Two years hence, when Mr A\u2014\u2014 will be disgraced and turned out of Office at Washington, he will be return to Massachusetts; and if Governor Brooks should resign, as he will, for he has long wished it, Mr A. will be teazed to be Governour, and become the object of as much Newspaper flickerings as ever. You must not expect to be ever at peace till you return peremptorily to private life, and then you will be as much flattered as I am\u2014\nJ. A.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-29-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-4222", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, 29 December 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nMy Dear Daughter.\nQuincy December 29th. 1822\nI have received your last Journal and found it entertaining though you seem to think so little of it; I have infinitely less to write to you, Though you seem to think your journal infinitely little, nevertheless as our friend Shaw is with me, and willing to write for me, I will gossip with you a little.\u2014\nThe Newspapers of this part of the World are blazing with republications of Mr. Adams\u2019s early writings, The Essex Register The manufacturers Journal of Providence, The Boston Chronical, are full of his Works, All the other Boston papers that I see have something to say upon the subject. They are giving more universal circulation to his Works than ever was given in America to those of Dr. Frankline. It is remarkable that nothing is said of the literary Character of any other candidate I have never seen a single page from the pen of one of them. The People of America have heretofore boasted of the learning, The taste the science of their Jefferson, and their Madison, but now they seem to disregard all such Talents acquirements or accomplishments. It is most certain that Mr. A\u2014has done more honour to America; In Europe, than any American Ambassador she ever sent to Europe excepting Dr. Frankline, Some of his writings have been published and applauded in England France and Germany. His literary Character has been conspicuous in America for thirty years. His Publicola and Columbus attracted the attention of General Washington thirty years ago and were the cause of his Mission to Holland.\u2014It is astonishing to see how little of his history and writings have been known till lately.\u2014If the House of Representatives should address the President for copies of his public letters for thirty years they would exhibit the best history of that period. And what more can a Hermit say than that he is your affectionate Father\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-08-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0372", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Hezekiah Niles, 8 January 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Niles, Hezekiah\n In Ramsay\u2019s History of the American Revolution Vol: 2. pa. 300\u2013301 is the following passage.\n \u201cMr. Jay was instructed to contend for the right of the U. States to the free navigation of the river Mississippi, and if an express acknowlegement of it could not be obtained, he was restrained from acceding to any stipulation by which it should be relinquished. But in February 1781, when Lord Cornwallis was making rapid progress in overrunning the Southern States, and when the mutiny of the Pennsylvania line and other unfavorable circumstances depressed the spirits of the Americans, Congress, on the recommendation of Virginia, directed him to recede from his instructions so far as they insist on the free navigation of that part of the Mississippi, which lies below the thirty first degree of North Latitude; provided\nsuch cession should be unalterably insisted on by Spain, and provided the free navigation of the said river above the said degree of North Latitude should be acknowledged and guaranteed by his Catholic Majesty, in common with his own subjects.\u201d\n In this account of the instruction to Mr. Jay to relinquish the navigation of the Mississippi below the Southern boundary of the U. States, the measure would seem to have had its origin with the State of Virginia.\n This was not the case: And the very worthy historian, who was not at that period a member of Congress, was led into his error by the silence of the journals as to what had passed on the subject previous to Feby. 15. 1781. when they agreed to the instruction to make the relinquishment, as moved by the Delegates of Virginia in pursuance of instructions from the Legislature. It was not unusual with the Secretary of Congress, to commence his entries in the Journal, with the Stage in which the proceedings assumed a definitive character; omitting, or noting on separate & informal sheets only, the preliminary steps.\n The Delegates from Virga. had been long under instructions from their State to insist on the right to the navigation of the Mississippi; and Congress had always included it in their ultimatum for peace. As late as the 4th. of Ocr. 1781 (see the Secret Journals of that date) they had renewed their adherence to this point, by unanimously agreeing to the report of a Committee to whom had been referred \u201ccertain instructions to the delegates of Virga. by their constituents and a letter of May 29 from Mr. Jay at Madrid,\u201d which report\n *drawn by J.M.\n prohibited him from relinquishing the right of the U. States to the free navigation of the River Mississippi into and from the sea, as asserted in his former instructions. And on the 17th. of the same month, October (see the secret Journals of that date) Congress agreed to the report of a Committee explaining the reasons & principles on which the instructions of October the 4th. were founded.\n Shortly after this last measure of Congress, the Delegates of S. Carolina & Georgia, seriously affected by the progress and views of the Enemy in the Southern States, and by the possibility that the interference of the Great neutral powers might force a peace on the principle of Uti possidetis, whilst those States or parts of them might be in the military occupancy of G. Britain, urged with great zeal, within & without doors, the expediency of giving fresh vigour to the means of driving the enemy out of their country, by drawing Spain into an Alliance, and into pecuniary succours, believed to be unattainable, without yielding our claim to the navigation of the Mississippi. The efforts of those Delegates did not fail to make proselytes till at length it was ascertained that a number was disposed to vote\nfor the measure, sufficient without the vote of Virginia, and it happened that one of the two delegates from that State, concurred in the policy of what was proposed. (see the annexed letter of Novr. 25. & extract of Decr. 5. 1781. from J. Madison to Jos. Jones).\n In this posture of the business, Congress was prevailed on to postpone any final decision, untill the Legislature of Virginia could be consulted; it being regarded by all, as very desirable, when the powers of Congress depended so much on the individual wills of the States, that an important member of the Union, on a point particularly interesting to it, should receive every conciliatory mark of respect; and it being calculated also, that a change in the councils of that State, might have been produced by the causes producing it in others.\n A joint letter bearing date Decr. 13. 1780 (which see annexed) was accordingly written by the Delegates of Virginia to Governor Jefferson, to be laid before the Legislature then in Session simply stating the case and asking instructions on the subject; without any expression of their own opinions, which being at variance, could not be expressed in a letter to be signed by both.\n The result of these communications from the Delegates was a repeal of the former instructions, and a transmission of different ones, the receipt of which, according to an understanding when the decision of Congress was postponed, made it incumbent on the two Delegates to bring the subject before Congress. This they did by offering the instruction to Mr. Jay agreed to on the 15th. of Feby. 1781, and referred to in the historical passage above cited.\n It is proper to add that the instant the menacing crisis was over, the Legislature of Virginia revoked the instruction to her Delegates to cede the navigation of the Mississippi, and that Congress seized the first moment also for revoking theirs to Mr. Jay.\n I have thought a statement of these circumstances due to truth: and that its accuracy may be seen to depend not on memory alone the copies of cotemporary documents verifying it are annexed.\n In the hope that this explanation may find its way to the notice of some future Historian of our Revolutionary transactions, I request for it a place, if one can be afforded, in your Register, where it may more readily offer itself to his researches than in publications of more transient or diffusive contents. With friendly respects", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-11-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0374", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Samuel Miller, 11 January 1822\nFrom: Miller, Samuel\nTo: Madison, James\n Having lately made a small publication, in support of what I deem to be truth, I do myself the honour most respectfully to request your acceptance\nof a copy of it\u2014and am, Sir, with the highest consideration, your obedient servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-11-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0375", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Benjamin Romaine, 11 January 1822\nFrom: Romaine, Benjamin\nTo: Madison, James\n I take the freedom to send to you (by mail) two Pamphlets containing an exhibition of reasons opposed to the adoption of the New Constitution of the State of New York, by an \u201cold Citizen.\u201d Accept, Sir, my grateful acknowledgments to yourself, and best wishes for the happiness of Mrs. Madison.\n Permit me, Sir, to add the following Note\u2014\n You may not recollect that the Subscriber obtained from you, during the late War, the Nomination to the Senate of Deputy Q. M. General of the third Military District, which duties I continued to discharge until after the close of the War.\n It does appear to me that, the assumption of yielded rights to the General Government by the States, ought to be indignantly frowned at in every instance. If such course is permited to progress\u2014the central force, now existing in the United States Government, will shortly be frittered away thro\u2019 the contracted medium of \u201cState Sovereignties.\u201d The above pamphlet was written by me. I now discover some errors, too late to be altered.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-12-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0376", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John O. Lay, 12 January 1822\nFrom: Lay, John O.\nTo: Madison, James\n Understanding from my friend Col. Dade that you would probably make trial of this market with your present crop of Tobacco and having heretofore effected satisfactory Sales for several of your neighbors I beg leave to offer you my services as a Commission Merchant. The Tobacco from your neighborhood so far as it has come under my observation is in high repute with us and I think generally commands a preference.\n Sales of very indifferent quality are now made at $5 @ $6. and for 2 Hhds. of Mr. C. Macons I this morning obtained $9\u00bc which latter price however is more than any other of the new crop has been sold for this season. I am Sir Very Respy Your Obt. Servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-12-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0377", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Peter Minor, 12 January 1822\nFrom: Minor, Peter\nTo: Madison, James\n I have had the pleasure to receive your letter, enclosing one from Monsr. Thouin at Paris. The Box you mention I have not yet sent for, but can get it at any time from Monticello. This is quite a flattering present to our Society\u2014but I am at a great loss to know what we shall do with the seeds. The intention of this letter is, to request some instructions & suggestions from you on the subject.\n As our society does not regularly convene untill may, it will be necessary to have an early extra meeting to dispose of these seeds, before the proper\ntime of sowing them passes by\u2014& as the power of convening such meetings is vested exclusively in the Prest. or 1st Vice President, I ask the favour of you to authorise such a call. Say the 1st. Monday in Feb. If I may be excused for expressing the opinion, I doubt much the propriety of making a general distribution of these seeds among our members, particularly among those who will be most likely to attend a meeting at this season of the year. With the exception of a very few, who live dispersedly, there are none who have an inclination, or who think they have leisure for experiment, or innovation upon the beaten tract. I am inclined to think that a more useful disposition of them could be made by yourself among the intelligent amatuers of this & the other States, than to commit them to the society at large. Or suppose a part of them are placed in the hands of Mr Skinner the Editor of the Am. Farmer for distribution? He is zealous in this sort of business\u2014besides he is a member of our Society & might be considered in the light of a committee for turning them to the most useful account.\n I presume the packages of seeds are labeled in their Botanical names. This will be a difficulty with us who know nothing of that science, & this with other considerations renders it desirable that you would attend our meeting, if yr. health & leisure will permit. If not, I hope you will forward us some plan or proposition for disposing of them.\n If it is your wish & intention to reciprocate the present of Monsr. Thouin according to his request, it will give me great pleasure to assist you as far as I am able during the ensuing Summer. I presume it would be most acceptable to him, to receive not only the seed, but a sample of the plant in flower, in a Herbarium. I could merely make the collection, as my knowledge of Botany is neither sufficient to class or name them. With very great respect yr. Frd. & Sert.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-14-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0378", "content": "Title: To James Madison from David Easton, 14 January 1822\nFrom: Easton, David\nTo: Madison, James\n Washington City 14th January 1822.\n Accompanying this are Copies of a letter from Major Genl. Lafayette and of the Document therein alluded to, as also a printed sheet containing copies of a Certificate from Mr. Monroe, now our present chief Magistrate and of a few letters from General Washington to the late Colo. Harrison, the whole of which I take the liberty of sending you at the recommendation of the President of the U. States.\n The object in view is to obtain if practicable positive evidence that Colo. Harrison when he retired from the Army in ill health in 1781. actually did so on furlough, for although he did not rejoin the army again, it is well known that the foundation of his ill health was laid in Camp which Phisically incapacitated him from further labours in the field, and which finally terminated his life in 1790.\n His Daughters were left young at their fathers death, and his valuable papers which were preserved with great care until the decease of his widow, which followed Colo. Hs about two years thereafter, suddenly disappeared, with the trunk which contained them: and but for this loss I feel confident it would not have become necessary to resort to any other source to establish the fact of their fathers having a Commission, tho\u2019 not in active service, until the close of the war. Should you know, Sir, any thing of this matter, which, from your high official station at the time is not improbable [ \u2026 ] declaration of the fact, would probably be attended with beneficial [ \u2026 ] to his daughters in enabling them to establish their just claim to the gratitude of their Country, for their fathers long, faithful and important services, which remain unrequited by the UStates until this day. I would therefore in their behalf respectfully solicit from you any information you may be in possession of, either personally, or from general impressions as the case may be, as early as your convenience will permit. With sentiments of the highest respect & Esteem, I have the honor to be, Sir, Your Mo hum & obedt. Servt.\n Mrs. E desires a tender of her affectionate regards to Mrs Madison.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-15-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0379", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Jesse Torrey Jr., 15 January 1822\nFrom: Torrey, Jesse Jr.\nTo: Madison, James\n In addressing you I deem it my duty to commence with a humble petition to you and Mrs. Madison to pardon the enthusiasm and eccentricities which I displayed, when at your residence, and in Washington; particularly in troubling her with my crude and incoherent rhapsodies on the subject of African Slavery, et cetera. Not unconscious, at the time, of my ardent zeal, I exculpated myself, by the purity of my intentions. I do not know that I can offer any sufficient apology; but I claim a little lenity on account of being at that time, a victim of a slow incessant fever, which probably extended its effects to the brain, and consequently the mind. Besides this, it is probable that I inherited a sensitive sympathy and a spirit of enthusiasm from my ancestors; of whom I am informed that my grand-mother was a very pious and zealous Connecticut presbyterian, who, in addition to her acquired resources, (as she was a lady of great reading and knowledge) possessed the sympathetic faculty of combining the eloquence of tears with her fervent religious exhortations. I was almost in a state of desperation from extreme poverty joined with debility.\n *My situation is now far more tolerable in both respects. By a rigid adherence to a regimen of milk and bread, as my only food, and pure water as my only drink, for five years past, I have attained a comfortable degree of health, compared with what it was for nine years previous.\n I was at the same time elated with the belief (of which I am still not entirely exempt) that I had made discoveries, both in morals and physics, of the highest importance to the welfare of mankind. On this subject I will only add that I trust,\nwith confidence, that you are so much my friend, as to be disposed to forgive my past harmless aberrations.\n Sir, I forward you herewith, a copy of the Moral Instructor, of which I am the Compiler, and in part, the Author. As it is designed to advance the progress of knowledge and virtue in our Republic, I hope you will consider it sufficiently worthy of your notice to oblige me with a careful examination of it, and a perusal of the original parts, which I will designate.\n You would oblige me particularly, by the communication of your sentiments, (through the Post Office in this village) respecting my project of gratuitous circulating Libraries, as well as your opinion of the probable tendency of the Moral Instructor, if generally circulated, to promote the general welfare of our country. The commanding example of Boston, in establishing a free Library for the exclusive benefit of Apprentices, (which I suppose resulted from the previous circulation of one of my tracts in Boston, which contained the second, and other sections of the first part of the Moral Instructor) has given popularity to Apprentices\u2019 Libraries, and been imitated in several other populous towns. Besides the effect of example, the title of Apprentices\u2019 added to Library, is calculated to excite the sympathy of the humane. But this distinctive appellation is not adapted to the country at large, nor ought to exclude all other classes of youth in cities from a participation in the benefit of free Libraries.\n I have lately formed a resolution to recommence practical efforts for the accomplishment of my original Project of National Instruction by means of the universal institution of Free Circulating Libraries. And as the success of all new institutions depending on popular encouragement, is greatly assisted by the favorable opinions and influence of individuals in whom public confidence has been long concentrated, I should value your sentiments on the subject as an essential benefit to the Republic as well as to myself.\n I recollect that you expressed your approbation of my views respecting the diffusion of knowledge when I was at your residence: I hope therefore, if you should conclude to comply with my solicitation, that you will add to your opinion of the plan in view, such suggestions, as may occur, of the best measures to be pursued for facilitating its execution and the extension of its utility. I am, Sir, with sentiments of great respect, your sincere Friend &c.\n P.S. My residence is at New Lebanon, (N.Y.) but I expect to remain in this vicinity several months; having come into this country, as an agent for Jethro Wood for the purpose of introducing the manufacture of his cast iron plough; an occupation which requires much travelling, and hence is favorable to my health, and my design of promoting the institution of free Libraries.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-16-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0380", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Mackay & Campbell, 16 January 1822\nFrom: Mackay & Campbell\nTo: Madison, James\n We now return herewith your Sett of Exchange on Mess. Maury & Latham for \u00a328. 3/5. which was in New York when your last favour was received. Yr note is due in Va. Br. Bank on 8th. proximo, and should you wish it renewed, or any part of it, it may be as well to Send us a note for that purpose. Wheat 6/9. Flour 5\u00be dollars. With much Respect,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-18-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0381", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Peter Minor, 18 January 1822 (letter not found)\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Minor, Peter\n \u00b6 To Peter Minor. Letter not found. 18 January 1822. Described as a two-page autograph letter, signed and franked by JM, in American Book-Prices Current (1905), 11:589.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-19-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0382", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Samuel Miller, 19 January 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Miller, Samuel\n I have just recd. the volume from your pen which you politely forwarded. Not being sure that I shall very soon be able to give it the due perusal, I think it proper not to postpone my acknowledgements for the favor. I can not doubt that I shall find the subject discussed with the ability, the erudition and the candour of which you have heretofore given pledges to the public.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-22-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0385", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Henry R. Schoolcraft, 22 January 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Schoolcraft, Henry R.\n I have received the copy of your Memoir on the fossil Tree, which you politely forwarded. Of the decisive bearing of this phenomenon on important questions in Geology, I rely more on your judgment than my own.\n The present is a very inquisitive age, and its researches of late have been ardently directed to the primitive composition and structure of our Globe, as far as it has been penetrated, and to the processes by which succeeding changes have been produced. The discoveries already made are encouraging; but vast room is left for the industry & sagacity of Geologists. This is sufficiently shewn by the opposite Theories which have been espoused; one of them regarding water, the other fire, as the great Agent employed by nature in her work.\n It may well be expected that this hemisphere, which has been least explored, will yield its full proportion of materials towards a satisfactory system. Your zealous efforts to share in the contributions do credit to your love of truth & devotion to the cause of Science. And I wish they may be rewarded with the success they promise, and with all the personal gratifications to which they entitle you. With friendly respects,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-22-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0386", "content": "Title: From James Madison to John A. Wharton, 22 January 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Wharton, John A.\n Your enquiries with respect to the University do not admit an answer until what is now contingent shall be reduced to certainty. The time of opening it depends on further aids from the legislature, and on obtaining eligible professors, after provision for them shall be authorized. The qualifications for the admission of Students, will doubtless be made public as soon as they shall be regularly settled. In the mean time, the rules of other Universities may be some guide to conjecture. The expences of Education, the boarding particularly which must be a principal part, will of course depend on the prices of food of which no exact estimate can be made at so early a day.\n Your anxiety to partake the advantages to be expected from this Institution, is very laudable and I wish I could have given you information of a more satisfactory nature.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-23-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0387", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Joseph Delaplaine, 23 January 1822\nFrom: Delaplaine, Joseph\nTo: Madison, James\n I take the liberty of sending to you at the request of my friend Mr. Charles Mead, a book for the use of schools which he has been at considerable pains in preparing, & for which he has received unqualified approbation. He would feel highly honoured by receiving a testimonial in its favour & if it may be agreeable it would give me pleasure to receive it from you. With very high respect & regard I am D sir Your obed. & huml st.\n Joseph Delaplaine\n P.S. I beg leave to be presented most respectfully to Mrs. Madison & Mr Todd.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-24-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0388", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Mackay & Campbell, 24 January 1822\nFrom: Mackay & Campbell\nTo: Madison, James\n Your favour 21st. is before us covering your Note for $800. to renew one for a Similar Amount due on 8th. of next month. It also covered a Sett of Exchange on Mess Maury & Latham for \u00a321.15/2 Which we return for your Signature. Very Respectfully", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-26-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0389", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Benjamin Romaine, 26 January 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Romaine, Benjamin\n I have duly recd. the two pamphlets which followed your favor of the 11th inst. Not having critically examined, as you have done, the Constitution on foot with an eye to a comparison with the existing one, or to its connection with the Constitution of the U. States, I cannot presume to\nspeak of its merits or defects in either respect. I have indulged the reflection only, that it is propitious to the cause of self-Government, that the trying task of revising an established Constitution should have been so deliberately conducted, & so tranquilly concluded, by a Body elected and acting in conformity to the freedom & forms of the popular System.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-30-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0390", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Jesse Torrey Jr., 30 January 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Torrey, Jesse Jr.\n I have recd. your letter of the 15th. with a copy of \u201cThe Moral Instructor.\u201d Neither Mrs. M. nor myself have recollections which called for your apology. If there had been occasion for one, that offered would be more than sufficient.\n I have looked eno\u2019 into your little volume to be satisfied that both the original & selected parts contain information & instruction which may be useful not only to juvenile but most other readers. I must suggest for your consideration, however, whether, contrary to what you suppose, the labor of part of the community especially with the aids of machinery, may not be sufficient to provide the necessaries & plainest comforts of life for the whole, and consequently that the remaining part must either be supported in idleness, or employed in producing superfluities, from the sale of which they may derive their own necessaries and comforts. It may deserve consideration also whether, by classing among noxious luxuries, some articles of general, and it would seem, innocent use, prejudices may not be excited unfavorable to the reception & circulation of the book itself.\n Your plan of free libraries, to be spread thro\u2019 the community, does credit to your benevolent zeal. The trial of them in behalf of apprentices, seems to have been justly approved, and to have had an encouraging success: As apprentices are generally found more together in particular spots, than youths of other descriptions, such a provision can the more easily & effectually be made for them. For the same reason these establishments may without difficulty be made accessible to others dwellg. in Towns who need them. In the Country, the difficulties will be greater or less as the population is more or less sparse. Where it is the most so, the best efforts may fail. It is not to be forgotten however that every day is multiplying situations in which the obstacles will not be insuperable, and which consequently invite the philanthropic attention of which you have given examples. A Tree of useful knowledge planted in every neighbourhood, would help to\nmake a paradise, as that of forbidden use occasioned the loss of one. And I wish you success in propagating the fruitful blessing. With friendly respects", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-30-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0391", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas P. McMahon, 30 January 1822\nFrom: McMahon, Thomas P.\nTo: Madison, James\n On the 22nd. of June 1818 I done myself the pleasure of transmitting to you an account due for seeds sent you per order of the late Mr. Latrobe, to the Estate of Mr. B. McMahon deceased, amounting to twenty one dollars and 12\u00bd cents; and since then not having heard from you, am desirous of requesting your attention to the Subject as speedily as possible, as the Executrix to the Estate is at present very much pressed for funds; and unless She is able to collect in the outstanding debts due the Estate of her late husband, she will be obliged to sacrafice the principal part of the property left for her Support. She earnestly desires me to request your immidiate attention and trusts that her Situation will be an excuse for tenor of this communication. I have the honor to be sir With great respect Your Obt. Servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-31-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0392", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Adam Cooke, 31 January 1822\nFrom: Cooke, Adam\nTo: Madison, James\n The two Boxes Sent by R Cutts Esqr I forwarded to you yesterday by Mr Barbours Wagon. Enclosed you have your account up to this time. With Due Respect I am Sir your Hu[m]ble St\n James Madison Esqr\n To Cash paid for Candlemoulds 3/9\n Settled in account with Mackay & Campbell.\n for James CookeA. Cooke", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-01-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0393", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Maury & Latham, 1 February 1822\nFrom: Maury & Latham\nTo: Madison, James\n Referring you to our annexed monthly report upon Tobacco &c., we may remark that there appears rather more disposition to purchase in London, by which market ours must now be regulated; about 200 Hhds. had been sold to a Dealer, 128 of which were rather under middling & brought 4\u00bdd.; there, as well as here, the want of desirable quality for Ireland & the Home demand is felt, & our highest quotations could be obtained.\n About 100 hhds. Kentucky leaf were purchased yesterday for Rotterdam p 2\u00bc @ 2\u00bd, a few @ 2d. & some Virginia @ 2\u00bc d\u2014such will have the good effect of clearing our market for the new crop; we cannot however conclude this letter without once more repeating our former opinion, that our prices, as well as sustaining a decline in the fall, from an overstocked market, will be still further affected by the absence of any speculativ[e] demand; for what reasonable man is there, who would invest his money in an article, (on speculation) the cultivation of which he knows will continue as great as the last year, until either the Planter is not reimbursed, or a demand for Bread Stuff exists in this Country?\n Then, & not until one of these events takes place, may you with safety calculate upon any other prices than what the demand for consumption will afford. We are, Sir, Very respectfully yours,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-12-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0398", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Joseph Delaplaine, 12 February 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Delaplaine, Joseph\n I have recd. your letter of Jany. 23. and with it the little volume of Mr. Mead entitled \u201cSchool Exercise.\u201d\n A plan which brings into a small compas[s] the several branches of youthful instruction, which places them in the proper order of succession, and conducts the Student, by easy gradations in each, from an early to an advanced Stage of education, speaks sufficiently its own commendation. That this merit is due to Mr. Mead I readily admit, on the sanction given to it by those who must be well qualified to form a just estimate. To make myself in any measure a critical judge, would require a more attentive examination of the work than other engagements would permit. If the glance I have been able to take of its contents, would justify me in hazarding any remark on the subject it would be to suggest for consideration, whether in a future edition, it would not be an improvement to annex to some of the descriptions, such as those in the chapter on Architecture, plates, however cheaply engraved, presenting to the eye the figures described. The parts of a column or an entablature can scarcely be made intelligible without that aid; and with it the perception is instant and durable. Perhaps more frequent illustrations by example, might also be advantageously applied to the technical & scientific definitions.\n When the pamphlets &c which had been put into your hands, were returned, you desired that in case of any omission, you might be reminded of it. I do not find among the articles, the chronological memoranda in manuscript; which for the reason given when the return was requested, I wish to have an opportunity of revising. You will oblige me therefore by sending me the omitted paper. With friendly respects", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-12-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0399", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Jesse Torrey Jr., 12 February 1822\nFrom: Torrey, Jesse Jr.\nTo: Madison, James\n Having received information, a few days after the date of my letter to you, from Mr. Word, that he expected shortly to be in this place, and having some other business here besides with him, I came to this city about a fortnight ago, and expect to remain here 2 or 3 weeks longer, before I return to Chambersburg.\n Not knowing, therefore, whether you have sent any letter for me to Chambersburg or not, I have thought proper to give you notice of my arrival here; wishing also, to inform you that I have nearly finished an Address to the citizens of the United States on the subject of education and free libraries, which I shall endeavor to publish before I leave this city, for gratuitous distribution among the post offices generally in the United States, and otherwise. And whether you have already written or not, I should feel gratefully obliged, by receiving while I am here, a brief expression of your sentiments on the particular subject of free libraries; provided you should be disposed so to favor me without the least reluctance or objection.\n Permit me, also, to use this occasion to mention to you, that as the printing of my Address, (making probably 20 pages) will probably cost upwards of one hundred dollars; for which I am compelled to depend entirely on subscription or contribution, if you should be cheerfully disposed to aid my design, by enclosing me a small sum for that purpose, its value would be trebled or more by the example. I am sir, with sentiments of great respect, your sincere friend, &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-16-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0401", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 16 February 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\n A letter from Mrs. Dallas has just come under my eye, by which I find she is subsisting on very scanty resources, and is under impressions that two of her sons particularly, are not as well off as the public services of their father, and their own personal worth had promised. The elder one belonging to the Navy has, it seems, been a considerabl\u27e8e\u27e9 time without a ship. The other, George, tho\u2019 holding a place of some little value in the business of the Bank, has lost by the vicissitudes of party, his office under the State and is struggling in a crowd of forensic competitors for the principal support of a growing family. I know so well your respect for the character of Mr. Dallas and for his meritorious labours as a member of the Executive during a very trying period, and your good will towards his family, that I am afraid in saying any thing on the subject, I say more than I ought. I can not decline, however, bearing my testimony to the fine talents, excellent principles & amiable dispositions of the younger brother as I have always regarded them, and acknowledging the pleasure I should feel in seeing his situation improved by any patronage from the Government, for which a proper opportunity might be afforded. With respect to the other brother Alexander, I must necessarily presume that his being unemployed is the effect of rules in the Navy Department not to be dispensed with, and that there can be no disposition there which would not be more tempted to waive them in his favor than to turn them against him. Excuse this addition to the intrusions which circumstances have occasionally exacted from me, and be assured always of my high consideration, and my affectionate respects.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-16-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0402", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Jedidiah Morse, 16 February 1822\nFrom: Morse, Jedidiah\nTo: Madison, James\n I have the honor, in fulfilment of my official duty, to transmit to you a copy of the Constitution of a Society, just established, which recognizes the general System of measures, or rather the spirit of them, which were pursued during your Administration in reference to Indians. From this consideration, I am permitted to indulge a confident hope, sir, that this Constitution, & the office under it to which you are appointed by the Society, will meet your approbation and acceptance. With high consideration & respect, I have the honor, to be, sir, your most obdt. Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-21-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0403", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Mathew Carey, 21 February 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Carey, Mathew\n I have recd. the copy of the \u201cAppeal to common sense and common Justice\u201d which you were so good as to send me. And I have since received one of your letters inviting observations on it.\n It would be impossible for me to do justice, even to my own view of the subject within the time limited, were the attempt permitted by\nengagements of other sorts. It is I believe not unknown to you that I accede to the general policy of leaving the industrious pursuits of individuals to their own sagacity & interest; guides to which perhaps the people of this country, may be as safely trusted, as those of any Country whatever. I concur, nevertheless, in the practical wisdom of certain important exceptions to this Theory, which may justly claim a legislative interposition. A correct enumeration of these excepted cases, with the reasons in support of them would, I think, be a very valuable service rendered to this branch of political Economy. It would be a work however requiring talents, information, and leisure, too seldom united in the same individuals.\n Whilst the pen is in my hand, I will glance at a general argument in favor of legislative encouragement, to a certain extent, of domestic manufactories. It is the argument drawn from the frequency of wars, & their effect on the cost of imported articles. The calculations which favor these, on account of their greater cheapness, seem to have been founded too much on peace-prices, and a supposition that peace is never to be interrupted; when, to be conclusive, they ought to be founded on the medium prices, taking the probable periods of peace and of war together, and keeping always in mind that to have the command of domestic supplies when foreign ones are the dearer the domestic must be protected against a destructive interference of the foreign when these are the cheaper. Reflection suggests what experience has shewn, that manufacturing establishments which are to be put down by a state of peace, will be a precarious resource in the emergency of war. They will either not be undertaken, or be defectively carried on with disproportionate prices for their products. I can not but think that an illustration of this point, by a comparative view of the probable periods of war and of peace, which for the last century have been nearly equal, and by the estimated increase of the cost charges & freight of imported articles during a state of war among the great manufacturing and commercial nations of Europe, to say nothing of wars involving our own country, would find a proper place in the discussions of the Tariff question which has engaged so much of the public attention. It would present a naked question whether the consumer would be most taxed by a given tariff, or by war, for the want of it. With friendly respects", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-23-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0404", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Nicholas Biddle, 23 February 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Biddle, Nicholas\n I duly recd. your favour of the 9th. accompanied by a copy of your agricultural address, which I have read with much pleasure, and I can add with instruction also. It is made particularly interesting by the views taken of the ancient and modern husbandry, where unless parts of China be exceptions, the earth has made the greatest returns to human labour. The advantage of contracting and fertilizing the area on which our farmers exert their faculties, seems every where to be more & more understood; but the reform does not keep pace with the change of circumstances requiring it. The error, as a radical one, can not therefore be too clearly exposed, or the remedy too strongly inculcated.\n You have very properly, under that impression, noticed the minuteness of the farms allotted to proprietors by the early laws of Rome, and it seems certain that they were not a little remarkable in that respect. I must own however that the limitation of them to about 1\u00bc of our acres, from which must be deducted the site of the houses; or even the extension of them to a little more than 4 of our acres, has always appeared to me so extraordinary as to be scarcely credible. The fact, nevertheless, as far as I have seen, has been neither disproved, nor denied. Dickson in his elaborate work on the husbandry of the Ancients cites the usual authorities witht. calling them in question. And Wallace another Author distinguished for his learned researches, in his treatise on the numbers of mankind, makes these subdivisions of the Roman soil, one of his arguments for the superiority of the ancient populousness of the earth over the modern. Nor do I recollect that the sagacious & sceptical Hume, who maintains an opposite opinion, has critized [sic] the alledged size of the Roman farms. Still it is difficult, more for Americans, perhaps, than for a more compact people, to conceive in what manner a family averaged at six only (and the number was probably greater in the early rate of increase) could be fed & otherwise provided for, by the product of such specks of ground. The puzzle is the greater, if it be understood that half of the farm only was annually in cultivation, the other being fallow. And the fact would be altogether incredible, if, according to Columella, the increase of the seed was not more than fourfold. This however must refer to a later period of the Republic, or rather to his own time, when the soil had been deprived of its primitive fertility, or its productiveness impaired by a degenerate husbandry: For so small a space as even 4 acres, could not possibly, at that rate of increase, suffice for a family; without supposing a quantity of seed given to the earth, beyond all measure, when it was more probably reduced in its proportion by peculiar care in sowing it, and harvesting the crop. In the dibbling mode sometimes\npractised in England, which produces the greatest of crops, the quantity of seed, if I rightly remember, is somewhere about a peck to the Acre.\n If we are not at liberty to contest the fact as to the diminutive size of the early Roman farms, the attempt to account for the ph\u00e6nomenon, must take for granted, and make the most of, the circumstances, that none of the usual quadrupeds were kept on the farm, that the ground was tilled by the hand alone of the farmer himself, and with more than a garden attention to every inch: and that all the cloathing was wrought within the family. Even on this last supposition, the question arises, whence the materials for the fabrics? The wool, & the lint, if produced on the farm must have subtracted so much from the crop of food: if purchased, they must have been paid for out of the crop. And purchased from whom? It could not, of course, be by such farmers from one another. Questions of a like cast are presented by the materials necessary for household utensils, farming implements &c &c. which the farm itself could not supply. Do we know of any population where less than an acre supports the individuals? The Agrarian regulations of earliest date among the Romans must have reduced the quantity to 1/5 of an Acre.\n We seem to be driven to the necessity of some subsidiary resources, for the support of a family confined to such scanty portions of soil. The military policy may have been a partial one. As the nation was almost constantly at war, at small distances from Rome, and the farmers were all soldiers, they may have drawn their subsistance, whilst in the field, from the farms of their neighbours; and have carried home, among the spoils of successful expeditions, an additional stock of provisions for the use of their families.\n The entire subject is curious. It involves three questions. 1. whether the fact be rightly stated that the Roman farms were of no greater size. 2. if rightly stated, and there were no resources beyond the farms, in what way did the family subsist on them. 3. if there were extraneous resources, what were they?\n I hope you will not understand that in putting these questions I wish to impose on you the task of searching for answers, & that you will be assured of my sincere esteem and friendly respects.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-25-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0406", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 25 February 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\n I have no doubt you have recieved, as I have done, a letter from Dr. Morse with a printed pamphlet, proposing to us a place in a self constituted society for the civilisation of the Indians &c. I am anxious to know your thoughts on the subject because they would affect my confidence in my own. I disapprove the proposition altogether. I acknolege the right of voluntary associations for laudable purposes and in moderate numbers. I acknolege too the expediency, for revolutionary purposes, of general associations, coextensive with the nation. But where, as in our case, no abuses call for revolution voluntary associations so extensive as to grapple with & controul the government, should such be or become their purpose, are dangerous machines, and should be frowned down in every regulated government. Here is one proposed to comprehend all the functionaries of the government executive, legislative & Judiciary, all officers of the army or navy, governors of the states, learned institutions, the whole body of the clergy who will be 19/20 of the whole association, and as many other individuals as can be enlisted for 5.D. apiece. For what object? One which the government is pursuing with superior means, superior wisdom, and under limits of legal prescription. And by whom? A half dozen or dozen private individuals, of whom we know neither the number nor names, except of Elias B. Caldwell their foreman, Jedediah Morse of Ocean memory their present Secretary & in petto their future Agent, &c. These clubbists of Washington, who from their residence there will be the real society, have\nundertaken to embody even the government itself into an instrument to be wielded by themselves and for purposes directed by themselves. Observe that they omit the President\u2019s name, and for reasons too flimsy to be the true ones. No doubt they have proposed it to him, and his prudence has refused his name. And shall we suffer ourselves to be constituted into tools by such an authority? Who, after this example, may not impress us into their purposes? Feeling that the association is unnecessary, presumptuous & of dangerous example, my present impression is to decline membership, to give my reasons for it, in terms of respect, but with frankness. But as the answer is not pressing, I suspend it until I can hear from you in the hope you will exchange thoughts with me, that I may shape my answer as much in conformity with yours as coincidence in our views of the subject may admit: and I will pray to hear from you by the first mail. Ever and affectionately yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-25-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0407", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Samuel Wyllys Pomeroy, 25 February 1822\nFrom: Pomeroy, Samuel Wyllys\nTo: Madison, James\n In the Agricultural Journal, which I have now the pleasure to forward, you will observe that Mr Dey of N York has in operation a machine for dressing flax & hemp, in an unrotted [sic] state, that bids fair to rival those invented in Europe. The samples of flax dressed by his machine, I find, on comparison, to equal those you were so kind as to send me: and in a letter, recently received, Mr Dey states that he has \u201cbeen able to bring hemp into as fine, white & beautiful State, as flax, & much finer quality.\u201d The value of this discovery will appear to be enhanced, by the information I rec\u2019d. a few days since, from a gentleman of respectability, lately arrived from Leeds in Yorkshire, who has been extensively, & profitably engaged in the manufacture of linen by machinery. He states that it is considered as yet, by no means certain, that Hill & Bundys machines will ever become of extensive utility. That at present, the expence of dressing by them, including the cleansing & bleaching, amounts to 6d. Sterling \u214c pound; Mr. Dey estimates his to cost two cents \u214c pound when completely bleached.\n This gentleman confirms the position taken in my \u201cEssay on flax husbandry,\u201d as respects the manufacture of flax by machinery. He says that in those parts of Great Britain where the manufacture is considerable, Spinning by hand is mostly abandoned. That machines containing twenty thousand spindles, are now employed in Leeds: where two thousand tons of flax, prepared by the common method, was spun the last year: and he does not hesitate to assert, that linen can be manufactured as cheap yard for yard as cotton! including the bleaching (by a careful process with muriate of lime). He has brought his family, & contemplates engaging in the linen manufacture, having ordered out improved machinery for that purpose.\n Whether flax or hemp, can be profitably prepared for the heckle, without being subject to the present tedious process, will probably soon be demonstrated. I trust the fact now established, beyond question, that the material can be manufactured with the same facility as Cotton, (should no advantage be derived from the machinery for dressing) will rank it among our most important Staples, tending to place our farmers, especially those in the interior, upon more independent ground than they have heretofore had reason to expect. Of this prospect, Sir, I take leave to offer sincere congratulations, with the assurance that I am with the highest respect Your obt St", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-26-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0408", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Jedidiah Morse, 26 February 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Morse, Jedidiah\n I have received your letter of the 16th. with the printed constitution of a Society for the benefit of the Indians.\n Esteeming as I do the objects of the Institution, I can not decline the honorary relation to it which has been conferred on me; though good wishes be the only returns I shall be able to make.\n Beside the general motive of benevolence, the remnants of the Tribes within our limits have special claims on our endeavors, to save them from the extinction to which they are hastening, and from the vices which have been doubled by our intercourse with them. This can not be done without substituting for the torpid indolence of the Wigwam, and the precarious supplies of the chase, the comforts & habits of civilized life. With the progress of these may be sown those elements of moral and intellectual improvement, which will either not be received into the savage mind, or be soon stifled by savage manners.\n The Constitution of the Society very properly embraces the object of gathering whatever information may relate to the opinions, the Government, the social conditions &c. of this untutored race. Materials may thus be obtained for a just picture of the human character, as fashioned by circumstances which are yielding to others which must efface all the peculiar features of the Original. Be pleased to accept Sir, the expression of my esteem & friendly wishes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-04-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0409", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Cramer, 4 March 1822\nFrom: Cramer, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\n Extract from the proceedings of the Agricultural Society of the Valley, Winchester 4th. March 1822\n Resolved that our illustrious citizen & dignifyed Farmer Jas. Maddison Esqr. in consideration of his love for the \u201cpeacefull triumphs of the plow\u201d and the Valuable aid, and assistance which he has rendered, and is still rendering to the Agricultu[r]e of his Native State, be & he is hereby elected an honorary Member of this Society, and that the Secretary is hereby ordered to notify him of the same.\n a true copy Thos. Cramer, Secy\n I think myself peculiarly fortunate (\u2019tho entirely unknown to you) in having the honor to communicate the above resolve of the Agricultural\nSociety of the Valley, to a gentleman distinguished for his active exertions in the cause of agriculture, as well as all the usefull and valuable Virtues which serve to embellish the human character. I have the honor to be, with the highest respect your Obt. Hbe. St.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-05-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0410", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, 5 March 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n This is the first mail since I recd. yours of the 25 Ult: which did not come to hand in time for an earlier answer; having lain a day or two at Or: Ct. House.\n Regarding the New Socy. for the benefit of the Indians, as limited to their civilization, an object laudable in itself; and taking for granted, perhaps too hastily, that the plan had not been formed & published without the sanction of the most respectable names on the spot; finding moreover that no Act of Incorporation from the Govt. was contemplated, I thought it not amiss to give the inclosed answer to Mr. Morse. In its principle, the Association, tho\u2019 a great amplification, is analogous to that of the Academy of Languages & Belles lettres.\n The project appears to me to be rather ostentatious than dangerous. Those embraced by it are too numerous, too heterogeneous, and too much dispersed to concentrate their views in any covert or illicit object; nor is the immediate object a sufficient cement to hold them long together for active purposes. The Clergy who may prove a great majority of the whole, and might be most naturally distrusted are themselves made up of such repulsive Sects, that they are not likely to form a noxious confederacy, especially with ecclesiastical views.\n On a closer attention than I had given to the matter before I recd. your letter I perceive that the organization of the Board of Directors is a just subject of animadversion. The powers vested in it may devolve on too few to be charged with the collection & application of the funds. As the proceedings however will be at the seat of Govt. and under the eye of so many of every description of observers there will be no little controul agst. abuses. It is pretty remarkable that Docr. Morse and one of his own name may be \u2154 of a majority of a Board. This person has I believe lately returned from\nsome Agency under the Govt. along with Govr. Cass, among the Northern Tribes of Indians; which makes it the more probable that his present plans are in accord with the ideas of the War Department at least.\n Had I not written my answer, I should be led by my present view of the subject to suspend it till more should be known of this project, and particularly how far the high characters named, on the spot or elsewhere had embarked in it.\n I find by a Gazette just recd. that a member of the Senate has denounced the project in very harsh terms. He is from a State however not distant from the Indians, and may have opinions & feelings on topics relating to them not common to the members of the Body. Always & affecy. yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-06-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0411", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Richard Rush, 6 March 1822\nFrom: Rush, Richard\nTo: Madison, James\n Your favor of the 20th of November got to hand in January. The letters which it enclosed for Mr Keilsall and Mr Joy, were both delivered, no difficulty having occurred this time in finding the former. I had equal pleasure in procuring his book, which was sent to Liverpool in January with directions to be forwarded in the regular packet from that port on the 1st of February. I hope it will have reached you safely.\n I have seen, with the greatest satisfaction, in looking over my last file of the National Intelligencer, that the final returns of the census, give us a population of 9.625.734.\n The ancients used to say, that there were two subjects over which even the immortal gods themselves had no power, viz, past events and figures. Mr Godwin\u2019s book so far as his extraordinary errors respecting the United states are concerned, is now certainly silenced forever in the eyes of all who will merely look at figures. It is thus. In 1790 our population, (Pitkin 256) was 3.929.326. and in 1800 it was 5.309.758. Divide this increase into two, and it places our numbers in 1795 at 4.619.542, the double of which in 1820 (the twenty five years) would be 9.239.084, whereas we have in 1820 an excess over this number of 386.650. Now, if we allow 8.000 emigrants to have come to us annually since 1795, (and this I think a large allowance for we know that during many of the years they were greatly below 8.000 and I can find accounts of but two or at most three years when from very peculiar causes they were higher,) and admit an increase among these emigrants also at the rate of 100 per cent in the 25 years during the successive years that they dropped in upon us, and then add the extraneous numbers which we got with Louisiana, it will still be found, from a calculation I have hastily made, insufficient by a few thousands to absorb this excess. This simple calculation must put at rest the question of our capacity to double by natural increase in twenty five years.\n Affairs between Turkey and Russia, continue unsettled. I take the predominant opinion of this cabinet still to be, as it has been from the beginning, that a rupture will be avoided. Its endeavours have been unceasing both at Constantinoble [sic] and St Petersburgh, to stave off a rupture. England satisfied, for the present, with her already enormous and disproportionate power, is for keeping things as they are. She is for keeping Turkey as she is, lest Russia should come any nearer to the Mediterranean, which would be to encroach upon British maritime rights! She is for keeping the Greeks as they are, or perhaps a little lower, they being essentially maritime, and likely, if freed from the yoke of the Mahometans, to start into commercial importance. As to the Emperor Alexander, Mr Bentham, whom it is my good fortune to see often, and who as a man is as estimable as he is great and profound as a political philosopher, Mr Bentham says, that Alexander, unhappily for the power which he wields, is both a fop and a hypocrite, the most so that Europe has seen for ages. He anticipates nothing advantageous, but much of harm, to human liberty, from his reign.\n Your notices of the internal state of our country were, as they are always, interesting to me. They are often topicks in circles where I mix, and if they were not, there are none others that I can ever hold so dear. Nothing is so grateful to me, under the separation from my country, as accounts from\nit, and I reckon them when they come in the shape of letters, as constituting the chiefest pleasures that I know here. My children are growing up fast about me, and there are moments when the thoughts of their being so long in a foreign land, almost get the better of the gratifications I have a right to experience at the continued manifestations of confidence from the government towards me in this post. To correct as much as I can this feeling, I do not trust one of them from under my own roof, having the greatest possible objections to the publick schools, and boarding schools, of England, and wishing to keep the Americanism of my boys as their minds open, free from all taint.\n With my wife\u2019s kindest remembrance for Mrs Madison, I beg to tender to you, dear sir, the constant offerings of my affectionate respect and friendship.\n P.S. I enclose an English pamphlet, which, having read, I have no further use for. Though anonymous, it is agreed to be, in effect, a ministerial production, and large allowances are therefore to be made for its ministerial colourings.\n Permit me to offer through your medium, whenever the opportunity may occur, my respectful remembrances to Mr Jefferson. I have said to him what I beg to repeat to you, that if my agency whilst I remain here can ever be of any service to the University of Virginia, I shall be happy to be commanded in any line.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-09-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0413", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 9 March 1822\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\n I have had the pleasure to recieve your letter with one from Mr Lee, and regret that you should say one word, as to the necessity you are under to send it, or such papers on to me. I need not assure you that I am always happy to hear from you, and am glad of any occurrence which draws from you a letter. My situation, as you well know, renders it impossible for me to write you often or regularly. At this time, it was my intention, to have written you, fully, on the subject of a message sent in yesterday which you will see in the Intelligencer, but I have been so much interrupted all the morning that I have but one moment, to refer you to it, and assure of the sincere regard with which I am yr. friend\n Mrs Monroe has been dangerously ill, but is now free from fever. We hope that you & Mrs Madison are in good health.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-11-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0414", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Joshua Gilpin, 11 March 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Gilpin, Joshua\n Your favour of Feby 8. with the little volume on the Delaware and Chesapeake Canal, were so long on the way that they did not come to hand till a few days ago.\n I have not done more than look over the introductory Memoir, which has been drawn up with great jud[g]ment and in a manner well suited to its object.\n I am a great friend to canals as a leading branch of those internal improvements, which are a measure of the wisdom, and a source of the prosperity of every country. Where the authority to make them is possessed I wish it to be exercised; and to be given where it is not possessed and can be usefully exercised.\n The great Canals which are going forward and contemplated in the U.S. will do them great credit: and I hope will have a salutary effect by shewing the practicability as well as value of works of discouraging magnitude; and particularly by demonstrating how much good can be done at an expence so inconsiderable when compared with the sums wasted for unprofitable or perverted to injurious purposes. This reflection will express the praise I regard as due to yourself and your Associates, for your persevering efforts in the undertaking so well explained & enforced in your Memoir.\n Mrs. M. and myself are very sensible of your & Mrs. Gilpin\u2019s kindness in the invitation to your present residence. Whether we shall be able to express it on the spot or not we shall not forget the mark of regard, and shall be happy in returning it by a cordial welcome at our farm, if your excursions should ever afford the opportunity. With much esteem & friendly respects", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-14-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0416", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Stephen Van Rensselaer, 14 March 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Van Rensselaer, Stephen\n I recd. some time ago the copy of the geological & agricultural Survey which you were so obliging as to send me; but I have not till within a few days been able to look into it.\n I can not bestow more commendation than is due to the liberal patronage to which the public owe the work. Such surveys will not only contribute handfuls of valuable facts towards a Geological Theory, but will more & more unveil the subterraneous treasures of the Country. And as far as Agricultural & statistical researches may be embraced, will be useful in those views also. Be pleased Sir to accept my esteem & friendly wishes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-15-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0417", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Horatio Gates Spafford, 15 March 1822\nFrom: Spafford, Horatio Gates\nTo: Madison, James\n I present a copy of my Proposals for a second edition of the Gazetteer of this State, & am in hopes I shall soon have the pleasure of sending the Book to thee. If it give thee no information, it will enable me to recall thy recollections of the poor old dandy of an Author, & to renew assurances of high regard.\n I do not recollect whether I have informed thee that I am preparing a sort of American Plutarch, for the youth of the Republic, the youth of the two Americas.\n My History of this State is held in reserve for the era of the completion of our Canals. With great esteem & regard, thy friend,\n \u261e I wish your Booksellers would encourage me to write a Gazetteer of Virginia. I could travel all over the State, collect my materials, & prepare the Work for the press, in about two years, on a salary of 1000 dollars a year, & a few copies of the Work.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-16-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0418", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Samuel Wyllys Pomeroy, 16 March 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Pomeroy, Samuel Wyllys\n I thank you for the communication made in your favour of the 25 Feby. and the Agricultural Journal sent with it.\n If flax can be prepared by the new Machinery for 2 cents per \u2114s and spun with a facility resembling that of Cotton, you are well warranted in your anticipations of advantage to the Farmers. If Hemp can be carried with equal success through like processes, the advantage will be more than doubled.\n I was not surprized at the improvement made here on the European Model. It accords with the inventive genius and practical turn of our Citizens. And augurs still further improvements of the Machine in question, as well as continued fruits of the labour-saving ingenuity, of which so many examples have been already given. Be pleased to accept Sir my esteem & friendly respects", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-18-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0419", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Benjamin Joy, 18 March 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Joy, Benjamin\n I have recd. a letter from your brother George of the 2d. & another of the 9th. of Jany. in which he wished me to search among my papers for a letter from him to me of Apl. 16. 1804, and my answer to it dated Novr. 10th. I have found the former, but not the latter.\n As you are connected with the business & are referred to by your brother I have thought it proper to send you his copy of his letter of Apl. 1804 that from a view of its contents you may the better decide on the disposition to be made of the original. This, to which your brother attaches value, it seemed best not to commit it without your approbation to the hazards of the mail. If the original of my letter of Novr. 10. be of any use, it can be obtained from your brother if not already furnished by him. I can not from memory authenticate the copy, altho\u2019 I can not doubt its fidelity. With great esteem & respect", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-19-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0420", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Frances Taylor Rose and Robert H. Rose, 19 March 1822\nFrom: Rose, Frances Taylor,Rose, Robert H.\nTo: Madison, James\n Near Fincastle March 19th 1822\n When we arrived within two miles of Keazle town we learnt with certainty that the Waggon with our Family had proceeded on five days before; in this dilema we were compelled to keep Harry untill we could overtake the waggon, to effect which we sent Ambrose on in the stage from Stanton on friday morning to overtake and stop the waggon until we could get up with it, and send our gig back to assist us on. Hugh met us this morning with it and we now dispactch Harry back by way of Lynchburg as a nearer and better way that [sic] the one we have come. I regret extremely the imperious circumstances which have compelled us to detain so long your servant and horse, but hope you will excuse the liberty I have taken as I assure nothing but absolute necessity would have induced me to have done so. We are all well and have gotten this far in perfect safety, & without fatigue on my part. We are now at Mr Wm. Preston\u2019s, and shall remain here until tomorrow morning. The waggon is about thirty five miles in advance of us. I trust this Letter will find our dear Mother and all of you in good health, and assure her I shall write as often as possible to her, during my journey. The family all join in affectionate regards to all with you and ever beleive me you[r] truly affectionate Sister\n P. S. I have consulted with Mr Cabell and he will act under the Power of Attorney if it should be necessary and he will attend to the paying the Taxes and the Advertiseing the Land immediately in the Enquirer and Lynchburg Press to be sold on the first day of August next at Public Auction in Lynchburg; at which time I shall certainly attend, and when your Brothers Bond shall be paid and the other Bond to Ambrose Madison I will pay as soon as I can get to Huntsville, by remitting the amount to you by the Mail.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-31-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0422", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Smith, 31 March 1822\nFrom: Smith, William\nTo: Madison, James\n The day I was at your House I saw Reuben Smith And requested him in your name as well as my own to attend at the mouth of Blue Run on Monday to assist in Settling a line betwean us he observed he did not wish to have any thing to do with it that he was particularly Situated & would give no Reason why he was so situated\u2014being anctious to put up my fence to prevent the depredation of Hogs in my field I Rode over yesterday to George Scotts to Know of him if he knew where the River ran before it made a Breach through your land he told me he did. I requested him to attend betwean the Hours of Ten & Eleven oclock tomorrow, he promised me he would, I also saw Capt. Hord watts yesterday he promised to attend stating that he recollects where the River ran before it broke through your land I also rode to Augustin Webbs yesterday to get him & was informed he was in Albermarle. Brother Samuel told me some time ago he well recollects where the river ran when he was a boy & before it changed its Course, but shall dispence with his testimony. Will thank you to get any person you can think of to attend that can strike any light on the Business. I shall not attend myself But hope you will If you do not attend in person will thank you to send Capt Eddins as I am really anctious to put up my fence. Yrs with Great respect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-31-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0423", "content": "Title: From James Madison to William Smith, [31 March 1822]\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Smith, William\n I have just recd yours of this date. I am sorry Mr. R Smith who probably remembers with much certainty & accuracy the original course of the river as the true boundary between us, finds a difficulty in giveg us his aid.\n The question is not where the river ran before it left the S. Side of what is called the Island and got into its present bed. It doubtless had successive temporary channels after quiting the original course, as the boundary between us before it got into its present channel which is admitted not to be the boundary. The original course may have been where I contend: notwithstanding its be[i]ng at one time where you contend, being then in its progress of change. Some may have noticed, or may recollect only this midway course. The knowledge & recollection of others may go back to the right period. The testimony of both therefore may be correct: but the older one only bears on the question. Perhaps under present circumstances, yr brother S. & my bro: Wm. are likely to have the oldest memories, among those whose situations led them to attend particularly to the course of the river. I am content to let them decide this point, & I presume they will neither of them decline the trouble of doing so. If you concur be so good as to name a day for their meeting, and I will endeavor to procure the attendance of my brother.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-01-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0424", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Robert Mackey, 1 April 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Mackay, Robert\n I must again avail myself of your aid in prolonging the loan to me from the Bank. The note per the purpose is inclosed.\n I must also again refer to your judgment the time for disposing of the flour & Wheat you have recd on my acct. I had inferred from the character of the last crop of Grain in parts of Europe, particularly G.B. and from other circumstances, that the prices wd. be likely to rise here, as the defect in quality equivalent to one in quantity shd. begin to be felt abroad. Whether this will now be the case and what may be the probable effects of incidental causes, I leave to your better information & foresight, & I shall cheerfully abide by the decision these may suggest. As soon as it shall be made be so obliging as to let me know it, together with a State of the balance between us. Friendly respects.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-07-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0425", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 7 April 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\n Your favor of Mar. 29. did not come to hand until the 4th. instant. Only mr. Cabell, Genl. Cocke and myself attended. Messrs. Johnson and Taylor were retained in Richmond on Lithgow\u2019s case, and Genl. Breckenridge hindered by business. It was not material as there was not a single thing requisite to act on. We have to finish the 4. rows and appendages this summer which will be done and then to rest on our oars. The question of the removal of the seat of government has unhappily come athwart us, and is the real thing now entangling us. Staunton & Richmond are both friendly to us as an University, but the latter fears that our Rotunda will induce the legislature to quit them, & Staunton fears it will stop them here. You will recollect that our brother Johnson has opposed constantly every proposition in the board to begin that building, and moved himself in the late session to suspend interest with an express Proviso that no money should be applied to that building; and mr. Harvie one of the zealous friends to the University, in a Philippic against the Rotunda declared he would never vote another Dollar to the University but on condition that it should not be applied to that building. Our opinion, and a very sound one, has been from the beginning never to open the institution until the buildings shall be compleat; because as soon as opened, all the funds will be absorbed by salaries Etc. and the buildings remain for ever incompleat. We have thought\nit better to open it fully, altho\u2019 a few years later, than let it go on for ever in an imperfect state. I learn from those who were present at the last proceedings of the legislature, that there was a general regret even with the opposition itself, when they found that they had done absolutely nothing at all for the institution. Our course is a plain one, to pursue what is best, and the public will come right and approve us in the end. This bugbear of the seat of government will be understood at the next session, and we shall be enabled to proceed. The establishment is now at that stage at which it will force itself on. We must manage our dissenting brother softly; he is of too much weight to be given up. I inclose you his letter and two from mr. Cabell which will inform you more particularly of the state of things. Be so good as to return them when perused. Ever & affectionately your\u2019s", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-08-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0427", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Horace C. Story, 8 April 1822\nFrom: Story, Horace C.\nTo: Madison, James\n Washington City April 8th 1822.\n Lieut. Story of the U.S. Corps of Engineers presents his most respectful compliments to the Hon. Mr. Madison, & transmits from this place the accompanying pamphlet intrusted to his charge by the Salem East India Marine Society. He regrets that no more appropriate mode of forwarding it to its place of destination is within his power.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-15-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0431", "content": "Title: From James Madison to William Lambert, 15 April 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Lambert, William\n I have duly received your favour of the 8th. inst: with the two copies of your Report relative to the Latitude & Longitude of the Capitol at Washington.\n My confidence in the Ability with which the Observations & calculations have been made, justifies me in inferring that the result will be as honorable to yourself, as the object was worthy of the national Councils.\n One of the Copies will be sent to the University of Virginia as you desire. For the other allotted for myself, I tender you my thanks with assurances of my esteem and my friendly wishes.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-16-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0432", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Archibald W. Hamilton, 16 April 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Hamilton, Archibald W.\n I have just recd. your letter of the 10th. inclosing copies of letters from Judge Livingston, Mr. Brown, & Docrs. Flood & Cochrane.\n Not being able to furnish any information relative to the peculiarities of your case; or to your personal worth not already authenticated to the Government from sources more directly & intimately acquainted with both, I perceive no grounds on which I could interpose a special recommendation in your behalf. All that I can say, and I say it very cheerfully, is that from the impression made on me by the marked proof given of your love for your Country, and by the testimony borne to the amiable & honorable features of your private character, I shd. learn with pleasure that it had been found practicable to substitute for the discontinued office, some equivalent respect for your sacrifices and qualifications.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-16-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0433", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Horatio Gates Spafford, 16 April 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Spafford, Horatio Gates\n I have but just recd. your letter of March 15th. I wish you success in your new Edition of the Geographical Dictionary for N. York; as I do in the other literary tasks you have in hand, and in petto.\n I am not enough acquainted with our Booksellers and Printers to judge how far a Gazetteer for this State on the plan & terms you suggest would be espoused by them. A survey of the State is now on foot by a gentleman of Science; but I know not the progress made, nor the details to which his attention extends. Mr. Ritchie Editor of the Enquirer at Richmond, would probably be the best source you could consult on the whole subject.\n Several years ago I recd. a letter from you whilst in the Western parts of Pena. which I answered. As the answer may never have reached you, I take this occasion to mention that one was sent, & that your request was complied with.\n You then alluded to an indigenous species or variety of the Potato not before known. What was the result of the experiments made of it? With friendly respects", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-16-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0434", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Horace C. Story, 16 April 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Story, Horace C.\n I have recd. with your note of the 8th. the pamphlet commited to your charge by the East India marine Socy. of Salem, and I return thro\u2019 the same channel my thanks to the Socy. for their polite attention.\n I cannot speak in terms too favorable of an Institution wch. unites with a benevolent object, the useful one of improving navigation, and another so interesting to all who have a taste for natural & artificial curiosities. This branch of the plan is the more to be commended as it will so readily extend itself to the acquisition from Countries visited by the Salem Mariners, of such new articles belonging to the vegetable & animal domain as may be acceptable to our husbandry. With friendly respects", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-18-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0435", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Mark Langdon Hill, 18 April 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Hill, Mark Langdon\n J. Madison, with his respects to Mr. Hill, returns his thanks for the copy of the Report of the Committee on Commerce. The Report contains much important information on an important subject, and inculcates the true principles of reciprocity which ought to regulate the intercourse of Independent Nations. Whilst the U States contend for nothing beyond these, it ought not to be expected that they will be satisfied with any thing short of them.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-02-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0438", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Robert Mackay, 2 May 1822\nFrom: Mackay, Robert\nTo: Madison, James\n Your favour 24th. Ulto. was duly recd. and I have since been making inquiry respecting Merino Wool and find only one person here disposed to purchase, at something like 35 to 40 cents for unwashed & 45 to 50 cts \u214c lb. for washed. I am however informed it will probably do much better in Boston, to which Port there are almost daily opportunities. Should you be disposed either to Sell or Ship I will with pleasure do the needful.\n In consequence of a confident belief that the restrictions existing between the British W. India Islands & the U. States will soon be removed, our Staple articles have become in more demand, and I now quote flour at 6 to $6\u215b. Wheat @ 115 @ 118 cts & Corn at 70 cents \u214c Bushel. I am Very Respectfly", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-04-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0439", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Richard Forrest, 4 May 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Forrest, Richard\n Your favor of the 25th. Ult: was duly recd, and I thank you for your attention to the letter enclosed in it.\n I have searched among my pamphlets & without being able to find either of the Orations desired by your son Julius. A friend has been engaged to enquire elsewhere, and whatever he may procure will be forwarded. I am afraid the chance of success is but small: such is the rapid disappearance of such publications. Williamsburg is probably the place where all the information wanted by your son could be best obtained; and Mr. Bassett probably the best channel for seeking it. For so laudable a purpose, he wd doubtless lend his aid.\n I take the liberty of enclosing a letter for Mr R. which I hope may be forwarded from the Dept. of State without troubling Mr Adams with a direct application.\n Our Wheat fields, in this quarter, tho of better aspect than those you describe, suffered a good deal from the winter. And the fly is making ravages that will be very fatal, in case of a dry & cool spell. The last Crop of Tobo. in Virga was rather a short one, and a very unusual proportion of it of the inferior descriptions. The prices however are not to be complained of. Tobo. of the first class, is in some instances above 10 drs.\n Mrs. M. returns her kind remembrances to Mrs. F. and her daughters. Be pleased to add my particular respects, And to accept for yourself my regards & good wishes.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-06-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0440", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Benjamin Joy, 6 May 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Joy, Benjamin\n Not having recd. an answer to the original I conclude it must have miscarried, and enclose a duplicate of it. Should I not hear from you in time I will forward your brother\u2019s letter referred to the Scy of the Board of Commissioners, tho\u2019 I should prefer doing so to your Agent, were I acquainted with his name, and sure that it would find him at Washington.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-07-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0442", "content": "Title: Power of the President to Appoint Ministers and Consuls during Recess of the Senate, [post\u20136 May 1822]\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n Power of the President to appoint publick ministers & Consuls, in the recess of the Senate.\n The place of a foreign Minister or Consul is not an Office in the constitutional sense of the term.\n 1. It is not created by the Constitution.\n 2. It is not created by a law authorized by the Constitution,\n 3. It cannot, as an office, be created by the mere appointment for it, made by the President & Senate, who are to fill, not create offices. These must be \u201cestablished by law,\u201d & therefore by Congress only.\n 4. On the supposition even that the appointment could create an office, the office would expire with the expiration of the appointment, and every new appointment would create a new office, not fill an old one. A law reviving an expired law is a new law.\n The place of a foreign minister or Consul is to be viewed, as created by the Law of Nations: to which the U.S. as an Independent nation is a party; and as always open for the proper functionaries, when sent by the constituted authority of one nation, and received by that of another. The Constitution in providing for the appointment of such functionaries, presupposes this mode of intercourse, as a branch of the Law of Nations.\n The question to be decided is what are the cases in which the President can make appointments without the concurrence of the Senate; and it turns on the construction of the power \u201cto fill up all vacancies which may happen during the recess of the Senate.\u201d\n The term all embraces both foreign and municipal cases: and in examining the power in the foreign, however failing in exact analogy to the municipal, it is not improper to notice the extent of the power in the municipal.\n If the text of the Constitution be taken literally no municipal officer could be appointed by the President alone, to a vacancy not originating in the recess of the Senate. It appears however, that under the sanction of the maxim, qui h\u00e6ret in litera, h\u00e6ret in cortice and of the argumentum ab inconvenienti, the power has been understood to extend, in cases of necessity or urgency, to vacancies, happening to exist, in the recess of the Senate, though not coming into existence in the recess. In the case, for example, of an appointment to a vacancy by the President & Senate, of a person dead at the time, but not known to be so till after the adjournment and dispersion of the Senate, it has been deemed within the reason of the constitutional provision, that the vacancy should be filled by the President alone;\nthe object of the provision being to prevent a failure in the execution of the laws, which without such a scope to the power, must very inconveniently happen, more especially in so extensive a country. Other cases of like urgency may occur; such as an appointment by the President & Senate rendered abortive by a refusal to accept it.\n If it be admissible at all to make the power of the President without the Senate, applicable to vacancies happening unavoidably to exist, tho\u2019 not to originate, in the recess of the Senate, and which the publick good requires to be filled in the recess; the reasons are far more cogent for considering the sole power of the President as applicable to the appointment of foreign functionaries; inasmuch as the occasions demanding such appointments may not o\u27e8n\u27e9ly be far more important, but on the further consideration, that unlike appointments under the municipal law, the calls for them may depend on circumstances altogether under foreign controul, and sometimes on the most improbable & sudden emergencies; and requiring therefore that a competent authority to meet them should be always in existence. It would be a hard imputation on the Fram\u27e8e\u27e9rs & Ratifiers of the Constitution, that whilst providing for casualties of inferior magnitude, they should have intended to exclude from the provision, the means usually employed in obviating a threatened war; in putting an end to its calamities; in conciliating the friendship or neutrality of powerful nations, or even in seizing a favorable moment for commercial or other arrangements material to the public interest. And it would surely be a hard rule of construction, that would give to the text of the constitution an operation so injurious, in preference to a construction that would avoid it, and not be more liberal than would be applied to a remedial Statute. Nor ought the remark to be omitted that by rejecting such a construction this important function unlike some others, would be excluded altogether from our political System, there being no pretension to it in any \u27e8o\u27e9ther department of the General Government or in any department of the State Govts. To regard the power of appointing the highest Functionaries employed in foreign missions, tho\u2019 a specific & substantive provision in the Constitution, as incidental merely, in any case, to a subordinate power, that of a provisional negociation by the President alone, would be a more strained construction of the text than that here given to it.\n The view which has been taken of the subject overrules the distinction between missions to foreign Courts, to which there had before been appointments, and to which there had not been. Not to speak of diplomatic appointments destined not for Stations at foreign Courts, but for special negociations, no matter where, and to which the distinction would be inapplicable, it can not bear a rational or practical test, in the cases to which it has been applied. An appointment to a foreign Court, at one time, unlike an appointment to a municipal Office always requiring it, is no evidence\nof a need for the appointment at another time; whilst an appointment where there had been none before, may in the recess of the Senate, be of the greatest urgency. The distinction becomes almost ludicrous when it is asked for what length of time the circumstance of a former appointment is to have the effect assigned to it on the power of the President. Can it be seriously alledged that after the interval of a Century, & the political changes incident to such a lapse of time, the original appointment is to authorize a new one, without the concurrence of the Senate; whilst a like appointment to a new Court, or even a new Nation however immediately called for, is barred by the circumstance that no previous appointments to it had taken place. The case of diplomatic missions belongs to the Law of Nations, and the principles & usages on which that is founded are entitled to a certain influence in expounding the provisions of the Constitution which have relation to such Missions. The distinction between Courts to which there had, and to which there had not been previous missions, is believed to be recorded in none of the oracular works on international law, and to be unknown to the practice of Governments, where no question was involved as to the de facto establishment of a Government.\n With this exposition, the practice of the Government of the U. States has corresponded, and with every sanction of reason & public expediency. If in any particular instance the power has been misused, which it is not meant to suggest, that could not invalidate either its legitimacy or its general utility, any more than any other power would be invalidated, by a like fault in the use of it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-11-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0443", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Richard Forrest, 11 May 1822\nFrom: Forrest, Richard\nTo: Madison, James\n I have duly received your much respected letter of the 6th inst with its enclosure for Mr Rush, which I forward under cover to the Collector of the Customs at New York, with directions to place it with those of this Dept to go by the Packet which sails on the 16th.\n I am truly thankful for the kindness which you have shown in searching for the Pamphlets respecting the first settlements in Virginia, and will avail myself of the suggestion to apply to Mr Bassett for any assistance he may be able to afford.\n From the unfavorable appearance of the present crop of small grain in this Country, and recent accounts from Buenos Ayres and Montevideo, flour has already taken a rise, and will unquestionably continue to advance in price.\n Mrs. Forrest and the family join me in sincere regards &c. to Mrs. Madison, yourself and our good friend Payne. Beleive me most truly yours &c", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-12-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0444", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 12 May 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\n I thank you for the communication of mr. Rush\u2019s letter which I now return. Mr. Bentham\u2019s character of Alexander is I believe just and that worse traits might still be added to it equally just. He is now certainly become the watchman of tyranny for Europe, as dear to it\u2019s oppressors as detestable to the oppressed. If however he should engage in war with the Turks, as I expect, his employment there may give opportunities for the friends of liberty to proceed in their work. I set out for Bedford tomorrow to be absent three weeks. I salute you with constant and affectionate friendship and respect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-12-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0445", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 12 May 1822\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\n I have had the pleasure to receive your letter of the 6th, and entirely concur in the view which you have taken of both the subjects on which it treats. The uniform conduct of the government, towards the Spanish provinces, has manifested a friendly interest in their favor, without taking a single step, with which the Spanish government had a right to complain, from the commencement of their revolution, to the recognition, at the late Session. I will avail myself of your suggestion, to guard against the imputation endeavourd to be thrown on our character, by the Spanish minister. The time had certainly arrivd, when it became our duty to recognize, provided it was intended, to maintain friendly relations with them in future, & not to suffer them, under a feeling of resentment towards us, & the artful practices of the European powers, to become the dupes of their policy. I was aware, that the recognition, was not without its dangers, but as either course had its dangers, I thought it best to expose ourselves, after the accession of Mexico, & of Peru, to such as were incident to a generous & liberal policy.\n Your view of the constitution, as to the powers of the Executive, in the appointment of public ministers, is in strict accord with my own, and is, as I understand, supported, by numerous precedents, under successive administrations. A foreign mission, is not an office, in the sense of the constitution which authorises the President to fill vacancies in the recess of the Senate. It is not an office created by law, nor subject to the rules applicable to such offices. It exists only when an appointment is made, and terminates when it ceases, whether by the recall, death, or resignation of the minister. It exists in the contemplation of the constitution, with every power, and may be filled with any, or terminated with either, as circumstances may require, according to the judgement of the Executive. If an appointment can be made by the Executive in the recess of the Senate, to a court, at which we have been represented, to fill a vacancy created by the death or resignation of the minister, I am of opinion, that it may be made to a court, at which we have never been represented. A different construction would embarrass the govt. much in its mov\u2019ments & be productive of great mischief. I will search for the precedents which you have mentiond, as it is probable that I may have occasion for them.\n I have never known such a state of things, as has existed here, during the late Session, nor have I personally ever experiencd so much embarrassment, & mortification. Where there is an open contest with a foreign enemy, or with an internal party, in which you are supported, by just principles, the course is plain & you have something to chear & animate you to action. But we are now blessed with peace, & the success of the late war,\nhas overwhelmed, the federal party, so that there is no division of that kind, to rally any persons, together, in support of the admn. The approaching election, tho\u2019 distant, is a circumstance, that excites greatest interest in both houses, & whose effect, already sensibly felt, is still much to be dreaded. There being three avowed candidates in the admn., is a circumstance, which increases the embarrassment. The friends of each, endeavour to annoy the others, as you have doubtless seen by the public prints. In many cases, the attacks are personal, directed against the individual. They have been felt, principally, in their operation on public measures, by their effect, on the system of public defense adopted in 1815. 16. Under the pretext of Oeconomy, attempts have been made, and in some instances with success, to cut up that system, in many important parts, & in fact to reduce it to a nullity. Thus we should lose all the advantages, to be derivd, from the lessons of the late war, & get back to the state in which we were before it, after having expended, large sums under their admonition. They have been felt also, & personally by me, in the measures adopted, in execution of the law of last year, for the reduction of the army. I appointed a board of Genl. officers, as was done by you in 1815, gave them the law, & precedents establishd in the former case, with my opinion, that original vacancies were open to selections from any grade, if indeed to be confind to the army. They made their report and I confirmd it without any change. The majority of the Senate rejected two nominations of great importance, affecting the construction of the law, & the principle on which it was executed, & compelling me, if acquiesced in, to transfer Col: Bissell, from a regt. of infantry, to a regt. of artil[l]ery, filling by him an original vacancy, against the report of the bd. & my own opinion of the comparative merit of the parties. I withdrew the nominations on which the Senate had not acted, to explain my construction of the law; preparing a message to which effect, I renominated them, with the two (Towson & Gadsden) who had been rejected. They were again rejected, the reasons, for which, are containd in a report of the committee, at the head of which, is Col: Williams of Tennessee. I then nominated Col Towson, to the office of paymaster genl., which has been confirmd, but have kept open the offices of adjt. genl. to which Col: Gadsden had been nominated, & of Colonelcy, to one of the new regts. of arty. to which Col: Towson, had been. These places will remain open till next Session. The reduction of the army, gives great discontent, to a numerous host of disbanded officers, notwithstanding every precaution to prevent it, by observing the strictest impartiality, as to the merits of the parties, their circumstances &ca. The door has been open\u2019d to the discontented, & many unfounded reports from some of them, made the ground of charges on the admn., importing misconduct in the reduction of the army, of which that of interpolation, in some part of Genl. Scott\u2019s book, containg rules & regulations for its govt., has perhaps attracted\nyour attention. The fallacy of this charge has been completely refuted, in a correspondence between Doctr. Floyd & genl Scott, & the evidence of its fallacy, had been more than a month before made known, to the Chairman of the Com: of the Senate, without being regarded. Under the experiences of the late war, the staff of the army is remarkably well organized, & its expence reducd, as it appears to me, to the minimum, for such an establishment, as indeed is the expence of the naval establishment, and of every branch of the admn., yet a different opinion is attempted to be propagated, throughout the union. The object is to raise up a new party founded on the assumd basis of Oeconomy, and with unjust imputations, against all those, who are friendly to the system of defense, in train, demolish the system, if in their power.\n We have undoubtedly reachd a new epoch in our political career, which has been formd by the destruction of the federal party, so far at least not to be felt in the movment of the general govt., & especially in Congress; by the general peace, & the entire absence, of all cause, as to public measures, for great political excit\u2019ment; & in truth, by the real prosperity of the union. In such a state of things, it might have been presumd, that the mov\u2019ment would have been tranquil, marked by a common effort to promote the public good, in every line to which the powers of the general govt. extended. It is my fixd opinion, that this will be the result, after some short interval, & that the restless & disturbed state of the commonwealth, like the rolling of the waves after a storm, tho\u2019 worse than the storm itself, will subside, & leave the ship in perfect security. Public opinion will react on this body, & keep it right. Surely our govt. may get on, & prosper, without the existence of parties. I have always considerd their existence as the curse of the country, of which we had sufficient proof, more especially in the late war. Besides how ke[e]p them alive & in action? The causes which exist in other countries, do not, here. We have no distinct orders. No allurment has been offerd to the federalists, to calm them down, into a state of tranquility. None of them have been appointed to high offices, & very few to the lowest. Their misconduct in the late war, & the success of that war broke them as a party. It has been charg\u2019d on me, to hav\u27e8e\u27e9 reard them up, & my trip to the Eastward, more particularly, has been alledged as the cause. But in what mode? Both parties, met me embodied together, & I receivd them with civility & kindness. Their addresses were republican, & my answers, as strongly marked, as were any of the acts of my public life. If therefore the existence of that party, might be considerd, as conducive to the public welfare, its destruction can not be charged on me. It was owing to a much higher cause. The attention shewn to me, was adopted by it as a propitiating circumstance, which I did not invite, nor expect, or wish. I took that trip, to draw the public attention, to the great object of public defense, and so far as I had a personal object, to improve my health, which\nhad sufferd much by the fatigues to which I had been exposed in the late war. Altho\u2019 I have thought that it was consistent with the principles of our govt., & would promote the general welfare, to draw the people more closely together, & to leave the federal leaders without support, yet I have known that that object, without regarding other considerations of a more personal character, would be defeated, if the person in this station, went in advance of his own party: that he must rest exclusively on it, declining on his part persecution only, & extending to any of the opposite one, any portion of confidence, by appointing them even to the lowest offices, when invited, by his republican fellow citizens. On this principle I have invariably acted, so that the charge of amalgamation, is not correctly levelled at me; nor if a merit, do I claim the credit, of it, to a greater extent than is above stated. Parties have now calmd down, or rather have disappeard from this great theatre, and we are about to make the experiment, whether there is sufficient virtue in the people to support our free republican system of govt. My confidence is still as strong as ever in the result, but still that must be aided by all who can contribute to its support.\n Has there been any case within your recollection, of a nomination of an officer of the army, to a particular office, to take rank from a certain date, in which the Senate have interposed, to give rank from another date? Do you recollect any instances, of filling original vacancies, in civil or military offices, in the recess of the Senate, when authority was not given by law? I think that I do, tho\u2019 I can not turn to the case.\n Saml. Smith was pressd on me, from many quarters, for Lisbon, but I gave the appointment to Genl. Dearborn, who did not think, much less ask for it.\n Dr Eustis has been among the most steady & systematic assailants, that I have had to encounter, since his return to Congress. This circumstance has astonish\u2019d and distressed me. With best regards to Mrs Madison I am dear Sir very sincerely yours\n Young Macon is appointed a member of the Legislative Council in Florida\u2014intended to give him a commencment there.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-16-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0446", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George Tucker, 16 May 1822\nFrom: Tucker, George\nTo: Madison, James\n I have requested Mr. Milligan, the bookseller to forward to you a copy of a work which I have lately published, & of which I beg leave to ask your acceptance. With sentiments of profound respect, I am Sir, your obedt. Servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-18-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0447", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 18 May 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\n I am just favored with yours of the 12th. in which you ask whether I recollect \u201cany case of a nomination of an officer of the Army to a particular office to take rank from a certain date\u201d in which the Senate have interposed to give rank from another date, and again whether I recollect \u201cany instances of filling original vacances in civil or military offices in the recess of the Senate when an authority was not given by law.\u201d\n On the first point I have no particular recollection; but it is possible that there may have been cases such as you mention. The Journals of the Senate will of course present them if they ever existed. Be the fact as it may, it would seem that such an interposition of the Senate would be a departure from the naked authority to decide on nominations of the Executive. The tenure of the officer in the interval between the two dates, where that of the Senate was the prior one, would be altogether of the Senate\u2019s creation: or if understood to be made valid by the commission of the President, would make the appointment originate with the Senate, not with the President: Nor would a posteriority of the date of the Senate, possibly be without some indirect operation not within the competency of that Body.\n On the second point, altho\u2019 my memory can not refer to any particular appointments to original vacances in the recess of the Senate, I am confident that such have taken place, under a pressure of circumstances, where no legal provision had authorized them. There have been cases where offices were created by Congress, and appointments to them made with the sanction of the Senate, which were notwithstanding found to be vacant in consequence of refusals to accept them; or of the unknown death of the party at the time of the appointment, and thence filled by the President alone. I have a faint impression that instances of one or both, occurred within the Mississippi Territory. These however were cases of necessity. Whether others not having that basis have occurred, my present recollections do not enable me to say.\n In the enclosed English Newspaper is sketched a debate in the House of Commons throwing light on the practice there of filling military vacances in certain cases. If I understand the sketch from a very slight perusal, the rule of promotion is not viewed as applicable to original vacances. In the abstract, it has always appeared to me desireable that the door to special merit should be widened as far as could possibly be reconciled with the general rule of promotion. The inconveniency of a rigid adherence to this rule gave birth to brevets; and favors every permitted mode of relaxing it, in order to do justice to superior capacities for the public service.\n The aspect of things at Washington to which you allude could escape the notice of no one who ever looks into the newspapers. The only effect of a political rivalship among the members of the Cabinet which I anticipated, and which I believe I mentioned once in conversation with you, was an increased disposition in each to cultivate the good will of the President. The late effects of such a rivalship on & through the proceedings of Congress is to be ascribed, I hope, to a peculiarity and combination of circumstances not likely often to recur in our annals.\n I am afraid you are too sanguine in your inferences from the absence here of causes which have most engendered and embittered the spirit of party in former times & in other Countries. There seems to be a propensity in free Govts. which will always find or make subjects, on which human opinions & passions may be thrown into conflict. The most perhaps that can be counted on, & that will be sufficient, is, that occasions for party contests in such a Country & Govt. as ours, will be either so slight or so transient, as not to threaten any permanent or dangerous consequences to the character and prosperity of the Republic. But I must not forget that I took up my pen merely to answer your two enquiries, and to remind you that you omitted to answer mine as to your intended movements after the release from your confinement at Washington. Health & success be with you.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-23-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0450", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Maury, 23 May 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Maury, James\n I have successively rcd. all the letters, I believe, with wch. I have been favd. by your Firm.\n My last crop of Tobo. was not a very good [one]. The Grasshoppers compleatly destroyed the first planting, and in a very great degree the second also: so that the Tobo. was small, and was necessarily cut, from the approach of Frost before it got to be fully ripe. Another consequence was, as usually happens to Tobo got late into the House, that it did not cure of a good colour. I sent it however to Richd. with an intention to ship it, if a tolerable Market could not be had there. Beyond my expectation, it sold pretty well, averaging $8\u00bd. 2 of the Hhds selling for $11.60 per hundred, and 1 for $11. The Mountain quality, notwithstandg. its defects, seemed to gain the particular attention of Purchasers.\n The sale of the preceding crop at Liverpool has indeed discouraged me from shipments. The tobacco of that year was greatly superior to what I sold in Richd. in size, in substance, and in colour, and yet it did not nett me $7 per hundred, which I was offered for it in Fredg. The rate of exchange only saved me from positive loss by not selling it there. Your son suggested that I should, enlarge the leaf of my Tobo. by planting the Big Frederick: but that is the very sort I have planted ever since I resumed the culture of Tobo. I can not help suspecting, that some prejudice sticks to the Rapk. Tobo. even when immediately shipped from James River.\n It is too early in the season to speak of the planting prospects for the current year. Those of the Farmer in Virga & Maryd. are very unfavorable. The Winter was severe & with little snow & the Hessian fly has been very busy in our fields. I am not informed of the prospects in the \u27e8W\u27e9heat States North of Maryd. With a continuance of my friend[ly] respects & good wishes to yourself & your Son", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-26-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0451", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 26 May 1822\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\n Dr. Wm. Thornton who has long enjoyed your good opinion, has expressed a wish that I would also afford him a testimonial of mine, addressed to some friend, to be retained in his possession. To this request,\nI have willingly acceded, and have presumed, that it might be agreeable to you, and particularly gratifying to him, that it should be addressed to you. I became acquainted with him, before the government was established in this city, and have since my residence here, had opportunities, of improving that acquaintance. He has long had the direction of the patent office, in the management of which, he has shown ability, and given satisfaction to the government; and before his appointment to this office, he held that of a Commissioner, of the public buildings of this city, in which I have always understood, that he was equally successful. I regard him as a man of strict integrity, possessing considerable literary attainments, patriotic, & of amiable disposition. He has always, in common with the general sentiment of our fellow citizens, taken a deep interest, in the success of our southern neighbors, in the great cause in which they are engaged. I am not aware that it is his intention, to withdraw from his present office, nor is this letter given on the presumption of such an event. In whatever line however he may embark, he will carry with him my best wishes for his welfare. I am dear Sir with the highest respect & esteem very sincerely yours\n (Signed) James Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-03-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0454", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Richard Cutts, 3 June 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Cutts, Richard\n I recd. some time ago a letter from Mr. Geo: Joy in London, requesting me to search my files for a letter from him to me of Apl. 16. 1804. which I inferred he meant to make some use of with the Board of Commissioners on Spanish Claims. I have apprized his brother Ben: Joy that I have found the letter, and that I should send it to you to dispose of it according to the instructions you might receive from him. The letter is accordingly enclosed. I understand [ \u2026 ] Washington an Agent of Mr. B. J. (Mr. Alexander Bliss) with whom it may be well to consult in case you should not hear from Mr. Joy himself in time for the proceedings of the Board.\n I recd. your favor of May 23. returning the letter from the Asserted Inventor of the fumigating bellows. In reply to what it contains on another subject, I cannot deny that a fulfilment of your wishes would have been convenient to me: but I can say with equal truth, it would not have given me so much pleasure as to find that the delay will have contributed to relieve you from the difficulties which have so much oppressed you, I know not what the law in the District is, with respect to the effect of a lapse of time on the validity of unseal[e]d obligations. If it be such as to bear on the case between us, you will be good eno\u2019 to send me a document in a form to guard agst. the consequence. Remember me affectionately to Mrs. C. and all around you, and be assured of my sincere regards & best wishes.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-04-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0455", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Hiram Haines, 4 June 1822\nFrom: Haines, Hiram\nTo: Madison, James\n Slate MillsCulpeper County Va. June 4th. 1822.\n A desire not only to see, but to possess and preserve relicts of those venerable Heroes an[d] Sages whose exertions won and whose counsells have preserved that Glorious Liberty which I in common with Millions of my happy fellow citizens enjoy, is the cause of my (at present) addressing you, in which I hope you will excuse the liberty An intire stranger has thus unceremoniously taken.\n My wishes are to possess specimens of their hand writing and if possible correct copperplate engravings, or painted miniature likenesses of their persons. Should you, who has acted so important a part in the scenes referred to, be willing thus far to gratify me the favour will be received with pleasure and remembered with gratitude.\n I am but a youth of Nineteen, to whom, neither Fortune nor Nature has been propitious or profuse, and should you please to favour me with a specimen of your hand writing, I wish it to embrace some maxim or moral lesson that may be useful to me as I Journey through life, and which would probably be better remembered and more strictly regarded as having emenated from so respectable a source.\n On whatever subject you may please to write, affix your name in the style in which you have been in the habit of signing it. Address to Hiram Haines, Slate Mills Culpr. Cty. Va.\n May the Great Architect of the Universe give you health and Peace for your remaining days.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-06-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0456", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Benjamin Joy, 6 June 1822\nFrom: Joy, Benjamin\nTo: Madison, James\n I have had the honor of rec[e]iving your favor of the 30th. Ulto. For your very friendly attention be pleased to accept my acknowledgement.\n I had understood from Mr Webster who is agent for my Claim, that a Copy which I now have of my brothers letter to you might answer at Washington; and not wishing to cause you further trouble is the reason why I omitted to request you to forward the original. Be pleased to accept my thanks for forwarding the letter to Mr Cutts to whom I will write to deliver it to Mr Webster when he shall have occation for it. With the highest respect I am Sir your much obliged Hhble Servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-11-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0459", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Horatio Gates Spafford, 11 June 1822\nFrom: Spafford, Horatio Gates\nTo: Madison, James\n By some delay of the Post Master at Ballston, to which thy favor of April 16 was directed, I did not receive it until yesterday.\n My Geography & Gazetteer will soon be ready for the press, & greatly improved, by no small labor. Within the last 6 months, I have sent by Mail 1100 Letters, more than 300 of which were autographs, thinking, as indeed I have always found it, that less attention is paid to printed than M.S. Letters. Besides the United States\u2019 Census of 1820, a Census of this State in 1821, and all the public documents from the Offices of State at Albany of use in my labor, there now lie on my table upwards of 1200 original, M.S. Letters, from my Correspondents in relation to this Work, from which it is composed. I spare no pains, & indeed a man who performs such a task must not.\n I am obliged by thy wish of success.\n As to a Geography & Gazetteer of Virginia: may I ask of thee the favor to suggest the idea to Mr. Ritchie, of Richmond? As soon as I shall have completed the one of this State, say by next Winter, I should like well to engage in such a Work. Do me the favor to speak of it to thy friends.\n I did receive thy favor, at my Cabin in the West, & read, with no small degree of interest & pleasure, thy Address, accompanying it, & which I have procured republished in this State. I thought I had acknowledged these favors.\n The potato, is undoubtedly indigenous in W. Pa., & a valuable vegetable. I have cultivated it, & it improves in size. Boiled, or roasted, it is a rich flavored vegetable for the table, mealy as the best common potato, but sweetish, a half way sweet potato. It grows abundantly in the rich little tracts of alluvion on the uplands, has a creeping vine, like the sweet potato, a sharp pointed beautiful leaf, & bears flowers of a bluish cast, in clusters. The fruit, is connected by a long slim root, growing to the size of a large walnut, & some 3 or 4 times that size, every 2 to 6 inches. I will send thee some of them, but how soon is uncertain. They seem to do best in a moist soil, composed of recent alluvion from clay or marle, intermixed with vegetable mold, good potato ground, in short. They grow so plentifully about my Cabin, that a man may dig as many as one could eat, in 1 or 2 minutes. Persons acquainted with the Yam of the W. Indies, told me this root tastes more like it than any other they know of.\n I have none of them here, having distributed all I brought.\n So far as I know, this has been overlooked, though somewhat like what the Voyageurs used to call the Mississippi Yam, a root found on the bottoms of the lower part of the Ohio, & that river.\n I see, by the Gazettes, that John Wood, of Va., probably the person alluded to in thy Letter, as taking County Maps, preparatory to a Map of the State, is deceased. I wish Virginia would allow me to complete his design, have the aid of his Collections, & connect with its execution a Geography & Gazetteer of that State. Perhaps the gentleman at Richmond, named by thee, might be pleased to enter on such a business, & could get it from the State: I would like to engage in it with him. The Work on this State, has done it great service; far greater than can readily be imagined, by a person at the distance of Virginia. It has been the means of increasing our population a good many thousands, & such will be acknowledged as public opinion, when the Author shall be under the sod. But, excuse this, vanity, if it be such in thy opinion: parents love to talk of their children. I have made nothing, yet, by the Work; but the booksellers have, & the commity has been benefitted. A man can\u2019t be poor, whose passions & desires are so moderated as mine are: I am neither poor nor rich. With great esteem & regard, thy friend,\n Horatio Gates Spafford", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-14-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0460", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Thomas L. McKenney, [ca. 14 June 1822]\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: McKenney, Thomas L.\n I have been favored with yours of June 11. referring to the prospectus of an Evening paper you propose to publish.\n Mrs. Madison & myself have a due sensibility to your kind expressions; and offer in return all the good wishes prompted by a recollection of the private virtues, & public principles which were always regarded as marking your character.\n Having found it expedient to reduce rather than extend my receipt of Newspapers, I have for some time declined being a subscriber for new ones. I will thank you nevertheless to forward me with yours for the first year of its publication, & I will remit the price on the rect. of the first No. With esteem & friendly respects", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-14-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0461", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Samuel B. H. Judah, 14 June 1822\nFrom: Judah, Samuel B. H.\nTo: Madison, James\n I have the honor to present you a copy of a poem that has obtained some considerable reputation in this country and is now republishing in England\u2014but be assured I have not the vanity to think in sending to you that it is worthy of yr. notice but as a sincere tho\u2019 poor testimony of the reverance an unknown youth holds for the venerable patriot to whom his country owes so much. I should never have presumed to forward it faulty as I know it is but that being flattered by the favorable opinion expressed of it from several of our most distinguished critics I thought It might perhaps amuse you in an hour of Leisure. I beg of you not to judge of it by the strict rules of composition\u2014it is the first work of the Kind from the pen of an youth of scarce sixteen years old\u2014who if it should be his fate to try\nhis pen again feels assured that another production will do himself more honor and perhaps add a laurel to his country. I have the honor to be Yr. Most obdt. serv.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-22-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0462", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Benjamin Waterhouse, 22 June 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Waterhouse, Benjamin\n I have recd. your favor of the 9th. with a copy of your Lecture on Tobacco & ardent spirits. It is a powerful dissuasion from the pernicious use of such stimulants. I had read, formerly, the first Edition of the Lecture; but have read this last also, for the sake of the additions and Notes. Its foreign translations and its reaching a fifth Edition are encouraging evidences of its usefulness; however much it be feared that the listlessness of non-labourers, and the fatigues of hard labourers, will continue to plead for the relief of intoxicating liquors, or exhilarating plants; one or other of which seem to have been in use in every age & country. As far as the use of Tobo. is a mere fashion or habit, commencing not only without but agst. a natural relish, & continued without the need of such a resort, your reasonings & warnings might reasonably be expected to be an overmatch for the pernicious indulgence. In every view your remedial efforts are highly meritorious, since they may check if they can not cure the evil, and since a partial success may excite co-operating efforts which will gradually make it compleat: and I join heartily in every wish that such may be the result.\n At present Virginia is not much threatened with a speedy loss of her staple, whatever be the character really belonging, or ridiculously ascribed to it. Its culture is rather on the increase, than the decline; owing to the disposition in Europe, particularly G. B. to chew our Tobo. rather than eat our Wheat. This is not the best state of things either for them or us. I beg you to accept a renewed assurance of my esteem & friendly respects", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-22-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0463", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Robert C. Foster, 22 June 1822\nFrom: Foster, Robert C.\nTo: Madison, James\n It may be deemed a trespass for a stranger to address you and that too on business of a private nature, but trust your goodness will pardon the liberty, when I say to you, I am not personally acquainted with any man in your County, and that as Guardian for some amiable orphan Children, I want information on a subject relative to their interest. Some years ago perhaps Eight or nine, John S. Woods of the County of Orange Virginia died leaving a will (which is of record here) in which he gave all his estate real & personal to the Children of James Camp who married a sister of Said Woods. By virtue of that will I have received as guardian for the children Twenty odd negroes, and recently I am advised that the records of Orange County will shew that the said John S. Woods has a claim to a negro woman and her issue. Now Sir to this particular I beg your attention; who it was that made this deed or bill of Sale and who has the negroes in possession, and any other information that may shed light on the subject: to the intent that I as guardian may do my duty in obtaining said negro or negroes if they be the property of Said Children.\n I assure you Sir I feel great delicacy in addressing you on this subject but beleiving the man who with so much dignity filled the first office in this great republic will not on returning to the peaceful abode of private life think himself exempt from assisting the Fatherless children.\n Should it not be convenient for you to give this business personal attention, please hand this letter to some friend who would attend to the business. Respectfully Yr Mo Obt Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-24-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0465", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Maury, 24 June 1822\nFrom: Maury, James\nTo: Madison, James\n This is merely for the pleasure of inclosing a News paper, in which you will find that the bill for opening intercourse with the United States & the British Colonies has been passed in the Upper House also. How many things have we lived to see come to pass, which, in this country have for ages been considered next to impossible! And this one of them. I rejoice with you on this thing being in a train of so soon terminating as (I have been told) you anticipated.\n I do indeed Sir, beg pardon for so short a letter but it so happens that, at this juncture, I can only add my best respects & wishes to you & the ladies. Your old obliged friend", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-30-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0467", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William T. Barry, 30 June 1822\nFrom: Barry, William T.\nTo: Madison, James\n Lexington Kentucky 30th. June 1822\n A fiew days ago I sent you by the Mail a printed Circular; the object of which is to gain information as to the best plan of establishing Schools & Acadamies for the education of the youth of Kentucky. The importance of the subject must be my apology for this liberty. I was reluctant to intrude upon your leisure or to tax your time; nor is it wished that our application to you for information should occasion you any particular trouble; if the subject of Education has heretofore engaged your attention, and you have fixed on any plan, your opinion would be highly useful; indeed any the smallest suggestion that you may think proper to make will have weight with the people of Kentucky, as comeing from one of the enlightened founders of our republic, who is loved & admired for his private and public virtues. Although a large majority of our citizens are friendly to the cause of education, yet there are many in our Legislative counsels who will oppose any general system\u2014especially when it requires large appropriations of money out of the treasury. The sanction of your name will assist us in\nthe effort that is now makeing in Kentucky. By uncommon exertions we have been enabled thus far to preserve & cherish our University at this place: if we can succeed in establishing common Schools & Acadamies, so as to display their advantages, there will be no danger of the peoples preserveing them ever after. We are a young people, and are fully sensible of the advantages that older states have over us in the means of education. It is hoped that when these advantages are enjoyed; and when our people combine Surperior intelligence, with their known zeal & ardent patriotism, that Kentucky will at no distant day attain what she aspires to, a character equal to that of her sister republics.\n Allow me Sir to avail myself of this occasion to express the sentiments of friendship I have for you & the gratitude I feel in common with my countrymen, for the distinguished services you have rendered your country. I beg that you will present me respectfully to Mrs. Madison. That you may both continue to enjoy health & happiness is the sincere wish of your Obdt. Humbl. Sert.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-01-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0468", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Julius A. Bingham, 1 July 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Bingham, Julius A.\n I have recd. your letter of the 24. Ul. with it a Copy of the prospectus to which it relates.\n The collective form in which the proposed Documents are to be printed, will doubtless be a recommendation of the work. But most of them have been so often before the public in other forms that the success of the publication might be questionable without an interesting addition of original matter. This addition it appear[s] is to be made under the head of \u201cillustrative notes;[\u201d] and if executed with the ability & information to be expected,\nmay give a historical value to the work, rendering it extensively acceptable. Be pleased to forward the two copies of it whenever issued from the press.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-02-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0469", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Thomas Ritchie, 2 July 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Ritchie, Thomas\n I recd. some time ago a letter from Mr. H. G. Spafford at Ballston Spa N.Y. in which he says \u201cI wish your Booksellers would encourage me to write a Gazetteer of Virga. I could travel all over the State, collect materials, & prepare the work for the press, in about 2 years on a salary of $1000 a year, & a few copies of the work.\u201d\n I answered that I could not undertake to judge how far a Gazetteer for the State on the plan & terms suggested would be espoused by our Printers & Booksellers: intimating at the same \u27e8time?\u27e9 that a survey was on foot, the details & progress of which I could not tell him; & I took the liberty of referring him to you as the best source he could consult on the whole subject.\n In his reply just recd. he says \u201cAs to a geography & Gazetteer of Virginia, may I ask of thee the favor to suggest the idea to Mr. Ritchie of Richmond? As soon as I shall have compleated the one of this State, say by next winter, I should like well to engage in such a work.\u201d\n Will you be so obliging as to drop me a line enabling me to say what may be proper to Mr. Spafford. He is I believe a worthy man, is very laborious in what he undertakes, and has executed works in N.Y. analogous to the one for which he offers himself here. He has been the author also of one if not more periodical publications. All these together would be a test of his qualifications.\n I am sorry to be the occasion of any encroachment on your time especially as it may be a useless one; but apart from the introduction already made of your name, I should be at a loss for another resort equally capable of furnishing the desired information. With esteem & friendly respects", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-03-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0470", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John S. Skinner, 3 July 1822\nFrom: Skinner, John S.\nTo: Madison, James\n A Sample of tobacco\u2014such as has been sold recently in the Baltimore Market at $35. per Cwt: with the best respects of your obedt Sert.\n The Editor of the American Farmer.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-10-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0471", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Edward Livingston, 10 July 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Livingston, Edward\n I was favored some days ago with your letter of May 19. accompanied by a copy of your Report to the Legislature of the State on the subject of a Penal Code.\n I should commit a tacit injustice if I did not say that the Report does great honor to the talents & sentiments of the Author. It abounds with Ideas of conspicuous value, and presents them in a manner equally elegant & persuasive.\n The reduction of an entire code of Criminal Jurisprudence into Statutory provisions, excluding a recurrence to foreign or traditional codes, & substituting for technical terms, more familiar ones with or without explanatory notes, can not but be viewed as a very arduous task. I sincerely wish your execution of it may fulfil every expectation.\n I can not deny at the same time, that I have been accustomed to doubt the practicability of giving the desired simplicity to so complex a subject, without involving a discretion, inadmissable in free govt; to those who are to expound and apply the law. The rules & usages which make part of the law tho\u2019 to be found only in elementary treatises, in respectable Commentaries, and in adjudged cases, seem to be too numerous & too various to be brought within the requisite compass; even if there were less risk of creating uncertainties by defective abridgments, or by the change of Phraseology.\n This risk would seem to be particularly incident to a substitution of new words & definitions for a technical language, the meaning of which had been settled by long use, and authoritative expositions. Where a technical term may express a very simple idea, there might be no inconveniency or rather an advantage in exchanging it for a more familiar synonime [sic], if a precise one could be found. But where the technical terms & phrases\nhave a complex import, not otherwise to be reduced to clearness and certainty than by practical applications of them, it might be unsafe to introduce new terms & phrases, though aided by brief explanations. The whole law expressed by single terms, such as \u201cTrial, jury, evidence & &c.\u201d fill volumes when unfolded into the details which enter into their meaning.\n I hope it will not be thought that by this intimation of my doubts, I wish to damp the enterprize from which you have not shrunk. On the contrary I not only wish that you may overcome all the difficulties which occur to me; but am persuaded that if compleat success should not reward your labours, there is ample room for improvements in the criminal jurisprudence of Louisiana, as elsewhere, which are well worthy the exertion of your best Powers, and which will furnish useful examples to other members of the Union. Among the advantages distinguishing our Compound Government, it is not the least, that it affords so many opportunities & chances in the local Legislatures, for salutary innovations by some which may be adopted by others; or for important experiments, which, if unsuccessful, will be of limited injury, and may even prove salutary as beacons to others. Our Political System is found also to have the happy merit of exciting a laudable emulation among the States composing it, instead of the enmity marking competitions among Powers wholly alien to each other.\n I observe with particular pleasure the view you have taken of the immunity of Religion from Civil Jurisdiction, in every case where it does not trespass on private rights or the public peace. This has always been a favorite point with me: and it was not with my approbation, that the deviation from it took place in Congress when they appointed Chaplains to be paid from the national Treasury. It would have been a much better proof to their Constituents of their pious feelings, if the members had contributed for the purpose, a pittance from their own pockets. As the precedent is not likely to be rescinded, the best that \u27e8can\u27e9 now be done may be, to apply to the Constitution, the maxim of the law, de minimis non curat.\n There has been another deviation from the strict principle, in the Executive Proclamations of fasts and festivals; so far at least as they have spoken the language of injunction, or have lost sight of the equality of all Religious Sects in the eye of the Constitution. Whilst I was honored with the Executive Trust, I found it necessary on more than one occasion to follow the example of predecessors. But I was always careful to make the Proclamations absolutely indiscriminate, and merely recommendatory; or rather mere designations of a day, on which all who thought proper might unite in consecrating it to religious purposes, according to their own faith & forms. In this sense, I presume, you reserve to the Government a right to appoint particular days for religious worship throughout the State; without any particular sanction enforcing the worship. I know not what may be the way of thinking on this subject in Louisiana. I should suppose the\nCatholic portion of the people at least, as a small and even unpopular Sect in the U. S., would rally, as they did in Virginia, when religious liberty was a Legislative topic, to its broadest principle.\n Notwithstanding the general progress made within the two last Centuries in favor of this branch of liberty, and the full establishment of it, in some parts of our Country, there remains in others, a strong bias towards the old error, that without some sort of alliance or coalition between Government & Religion, neither can be duly supported. Such indeed is the tendency to such a Coalition, and such its corrupting influence on both the parties, that the danger can not be too carefully guarded against. And in a Government of opinion, like ours, the only effectual guard must be found in the soundness & stability of the general opinion on the subject. Every new & successful example therefore of a perfect separation between ecclesiastical & Civil matters is of importance. And I have no doubt that every new example will succeed, as every past one has done, in shewing that Religion & Govt. will both exist in greater purity, the less they are mixed together. It was the belief of all Sects at one time that the establishment of Religion by law was right & necessary; that the true Religion ought to be established in exclusion of all others; and that the only question to be decided was, which was the true Religion. The example of Holland proved that a toleration of Sects dissenting from the established Sect, was safe and even useful. The example of the Colonies now States, which rejected Religious establishments altogether, proved that all Sects might be safely & advantageously put on a footing of equal & entire freedom. And a continuance of their example since the Declaration of Independence has shewn, that its success in Colonies was not to be ascribed to their connection with the parent Country. If a further confirmation of the truth could be wanted, it is to be found in the examples furnished by the States which have abolished their religious Establishments. I can not speak particularly of any of the cases excepting that of Virginia, where it is impossible to deny that Religion prevails with more zeal, and a more exemplary priesthood, than it ever did when established and patronized by Public authority. We are teaching the World the great truth, that Governments do better without Kings & Nobles than with them. The merit will be doubled by the other lesson, that Religion flourishes in greater purity, without than with the aid of Government.\n My pen, I perceive, has rambled into reflections for which it was not taken up. I recall it to the proper object of thanking you for your very interesting pamphlet, and of tendering you my respects & good wishes.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-15-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0472", "content": "Title: From James Madison to George Tucker, 15 July 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Tucker, George\n I recd. some days ago your letter of May 16, accompanied by the volume of Essays which you caused to be forwarded by Mr. Milligan.\n I have not been able to give the work more than a very hasty perusal. But I think myself warranted in saying that it contains much valuable matter: and that as a literary performance, it will be among the best answers to the charge of our national deficiency in that particular.\n I thank you Sir for the opportunity you have given me of perusing the Essays, & pray you to be assured of my esteem & great respect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-15-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0473", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Frederick D. Tschiffely, 15 July 1822\nFrom: Tschiffely, Frederick D.\nTo: Madison, James\n Be pleased to receive my present application with the Kindness, that charact[er]ises you.\n Put into Office by Mr. Gallatin at a salary of $310. per an. I rose gradually to one of $1,400, in the General Land Office.\n On the 15 of March 1821, I was deprived of that situation, seven children & a wife, left albut without the means of subsistence.\n I was Dismissed by the order of the Hon. Wm. H. Crawford\u2014 after nearly 12 years of service in the public Offices.\n No reason, no cause ever alledged for my Dismissal!\n I have been for too long a time travelling over the United States in pursuit of bread. I have not succeeded\u2014& for six weeks past I am travelling,\npenny less, starving albut, & subsisting on the goodness of humane men. My shoes even won\u2019t carry me farther.\n If possible, I want to reach Charlottesville, where I understand a Seminary is to be established, & where I wish to be employed as a teacher of the french, & german languages\u2014Arithmetic, Geography &c.\n If respected Sir, you would & with shame do I beg it (for never heretofore was I put to such an extremity) assist me with a trifle, to buy shoes, & to enable me to reach Charlottesville, I will thank you. Mr. Wirt has all my most important papers in his possession yet; I was not at home 8 days ago, as my son writes me, or else I could satisfactorily prove what I have advanced. Begging Your pardon for this intrusion, I have the honor to be, very respectfully, Sir, your most obdt serv", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-23-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0478", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Lewis Deblois, 23 July 1822 (letter not found)\nFrom: Deblois, Lewis\nTo: Madison, James\n \u00b6 From Lewis Deblois. Letter not found. 23 July 1822. Acknowledged in JM to Deblois, 19 Aug. 1822, and calendared as a two-page letter in the lists probably made by Peter Force (DLC, series 7, box 2).", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-03-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0479", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John S. Skinner, 3 August 1822\nFrom: Skinner, John S.\nTo: Madison, James\n I have had an oppy of making the contrast of Virga & Maryd Tobaccoes, thru the politeness of the Inspector at Lynchburg, who Stated that the enclosed dark sample was sold at 12 50/100 \u214c 100 lb. and the bright sample\n *raised from Maryd. Seed\n at 8$ \u214c 100 lb. I exhibited both leaves to our Balto dealers at our chief ware House, and for the dark, under the impression that it was Maryland Tobo., they offered only 3\u00bd to 4$\u2014for the bright provided that in the Hhd was not bruised, as the leaf appd by the spots on it, to have been, they would give 18 to 20$ \u214c 100 lb: whether these spots were occasioned by bruises I cannot tell, but I doubt it.\n In our Md Hhds of 48 inches by 35, we compress 700 to 1000 lbs of dark or heavy Tobacco, but only 500 to 600 lbs of bright, light quality; this, we fear to bruize. With great respect Truly Yours,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-04-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0480", "content": "Title: From James Madison to William T. Barry, 4 August 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Barry, William T.\n I recd. some days ago your letter of June 30, and the printed Circular to which it refers.\n The liberal appropriations made by the Legislature of Kentucky for a general System of Education can not be too much applauded. A popular Government, without popular information, or the means of acquiring it, is but a prologue to a Farce or a Tragedy; or perhaps both. Knowlege will for ever govern ignorance: and a people who mean to be their own Governours, must arm themselves with the power which knowledge gives.\n I have always felt a more than ordinary interest in the destinies of Kentucky. Among her earliest settlers were some of my particular friends and neighbours. And I was myself among the foremost advocates for submitting to the will of the \u201cDistrict,\u201d the question and the time of its becoming a separate member of the American family. Its rapid growth & signal prosperity in this character have aforded me much pleasure; which is not a little enhanced by the enlightened patriotism which is now providing for the State a plan of Education embracing every class of Citizens, and every grade & department of knowlege. No error is more certain than the one proceeding from a hasty & superficial view of the subject, that the people at large have no interest in the establishment of Academies, Colleges, and Universities, where a few only, and those not of the poorer classes can obtain for their sons the advantages of superior education. It is thought to be unjust that all should be taxed for the benefit of a part, and that too the part least needing it.\n If provision were not made at the same time for every part, the objection would be a natural one. But, besides the consideration when the higher Seminaries belong to a plan of general education, that it is better for the poorer classes to have the aid of the richer by a general tax on property, than that every parent should provide at his own expence for the education of his children, it is certain that every Class is interested in establishments which give to the human mind its highest improvements, and to every Country its truest and most durable celebrity.\n Learned Institutions ought to be favorite objects with every free people. They throw that light over the public mind which is the best security against crafty & dangerous encroachments on the public liberty. They are nurseries of skilful Teachers for the schools distributed throughout the Community. They are themselves Schools for the particular talents required for some of the public Trusts, on the able execution of which the welfare of the people depends. They multiply the educated individuals from among whom the people may elect a due portion of their public\nagents of every description; more especially of those who are to frame the laws; by the perspicuity, the consistency, and the stability, as well as by the just & equal spirit of which the great social purposes are to be answered.\n Without such Institutions, the more costly of which can scarcely be provided by individual means, none but the few whose wealth enables them to support their sons abroad, can give them the fullest education; and in proportion as this is done, the influence is monopolized which superior information every where possesses. At cheaper & nearer seats of Learning parents with slender incomes may place their sons in a course of Education putting them on a level with the sons of the richest, Whilst those who are without property, or with but little, must be peculiarly interested in a System which unites with the more Learned Institutions, a provision for diffusing through the entire Society the education needed for the common purposes of life. A System comprizing the Learned Institutions may be still further recommended to the more indigent class of Citizens by such an arrangement as was reported to the General Assembly of Virginia in the year 1779, by a Committee\n *the report was made by Mr. Jefferson, Mr. Pendleton & Mr. Wythe\n appointed to revise the laws in order to adapt them to the genius of Republican Government. It made a part of a \u201cbill for the more general diffusion of knowledge\u201d that wherever a youth was ascertained to possess talents meriting an education which his parent could not afford, he should be carried forward at the public expence from Seminary to Seminary, to the completion of his studies at the highest.\n But why should it be necessary in this case, to distinguish the Society into classes according to their property? When it is considered that the establishment and endowment of Academies, Colleges, and Universities are a provision not merely for the existing generation, but for succeeding ones also; that in Governments like ours a constant rotation of property results from the free scope to industry, and from the laws of inheritance, and when it is considered moreover, how much of the exertions and privations of all are meant not for themselves, but for their posterity, there can be little ground for objections from any class, to plans of which every class must have its turn of benefits. The rich man when contributing to a permanent plan for the education of the poor, ought to reflect that he is providing for that of his own descendants; and the poor man who concurs in a provision for those who are not poor that at no distant day it may be enjoyed by descendants from himself. It does not require a long life to witness these vicisitudes of fortune.\n It is among the happy peculiar[it]ies of our Union, that the States composing it derive from their relations to each other and to the whole, a salutary emulation, without the enmity involved in competitions among States alien to each other. This emulation, we may perceive, is not without its\ninfluence in several important respects; and in none ought it to be more felt than in the merit of diffusing the light and the advantages of public Instruction. In the example therefore which Kentucky is presenting, she not only consults her own welfare, but is giving an impulse to any of her Sisters who may be behind her in the noble career.\n Throughout the Civilized World, nations are courting the praise of fostering Science and the useful arts, and are opening their eyes to the principles and the blessings of Representative Government. The American people owe it to themselves, and to the cause of free Government, to prove by their establishments for the advancement and diffusion of Knowlege, that their political Institutions, which are attracting observation from every quarter, and are respected as Models, by the new-born States in our own Hemisphere, are as favorable to the intellectual and moral improvement of Man, as they are conformable to his individual & social Rights. What spectacle can be more edifying or more seasonable, than that of Liberty & Learning, each leaning on the other for their mutual & surest support?\n The Committee, of which your name is the first, have taken a very judicious course in endeavouring to avail Kentucky of the experience of elder States, in modifying her Schools. I inclose extracts from the laws of Virginia on that subject; though I presume they will give little aid; the less as they have as yet been imperfectly carried into execution. The States where such Systems have been long in operation will furnish much better answers to many of the enquiries stated in your Circular. But after all, such is the diversity of local circumstances, more particularly as the population varies in density & sparseness, that the details suited to some may be little so to others. As the population however, is becoming less & less sparse, and it will be well in laying the foundation of a good System, to have a view to this progressive change, much attention seems due to examples in the Eastern States, where the people are most compact, & where there has been the longest experience in plans of popular education.\n I know not that I can offer on the occasion any suggestions not likely to occur to the Committee. Were I to hazard one, it would be in favour of adding to Reading\u2014Writing\u2014& Arithmetic\u2014to which the instruction of the poor is commonly limited, some knowledge of Geography; such as can easily be conveyed by a Globe & Maps, and a concise Geographical Grammar. And how easily & quickly might a general idea even be conveyed of the Solar System, by the aid of a Planetarium of the Cheapest Construction. No information seems better calculated to expand the mind and gratify curiosity than what would thus be imparted. This is especially the case, with what relates to the Globe we inhabit, the Nations among which it is divided, and the characters and customs which distinguish them. An acquaintance with foreign Countries in this mode, has a kindred effect\nwith that of seeing them as travellers, which never fails, in uncorrupted minds, to weaken local prejudices, and enlarge the sphere of benevolent feelings. A knowledge of the Globe & its various inhabitants, however slight, might moreover create a taste for Books of Travels and Voyages; out of which might grow a general taste for History, an inexhaustible fund of entertainment & instruction. Any reading, not of a vicious species, must be a good substitute for the amusements too apt to fill up the leisure of the labouring classes.\n I feel myself much obliged Sir by your expressions of personal kindness, and pray you to accept a return of my good wishes, with assurances of my great esteem & respect\n P.S. On reflection I omit the extracts from the laws of Virga. which it is probable may be within your reach at home. Should it be otherwise, and you think them worth the transmission by mail, the omission shall be supplied.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-04-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0481", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 4 August 1822\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\n I have been detain\u2019d here longer than I had expected that I should be, but hope & presume that I shall, after attending the court to morrow get as far as Judge Nelson\u2019s in the evening, & be with you tolerably early the next day.\n I wish you to examine the subject between the Senate & me, respecting military nominations, that we may confer on it when we meet. I send you the material papers, the report of the Committee excepted, which I fear I have left at Washington. You know however the nature of that document. Very sincerely your friend & servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-07-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0482", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Ritchie, 7 August 1822\nFrom: Ritchie, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\n My own indisposition, and the melancholy succession of calamities which has befallen the family of Dr. Foushee, have prevented my earlier acknowledgment of your respected favor. My wish too to oblige an interesting stranger would have prompted me to attend sooner to his application, if these circumstances had not intervened.\n It is my candid opinion, that Mr. Spafford\u2019s Gazetteer for Virginia will not succeed. Virginia is of less consequence than N. York in all the points which such a work would embrace. Our country is less thickly settled. Our towns are smaller. Our counties are less visited by strangers. Fewer wish for information about her topography. Our politics have made her of some consequence\u2014but that is possibly a fleeting glory, and it does not illuminate the pages of a dry Gazetteer. In wealth, numbers, towns, commerce, routes for travel, in political power, N. York outstrips her. Even if the work for N York is called for, and obtains success, I should not expect a nearly equal demand for one which treats of Virginia.\n At home, our citizens are not a very visiting people. A trip to a town, to the springs, or to our distant friends, is all that we seek\u2014but there are always people enough to point out the roads to these, and give us the requisite information. Such a work would seldom be called for by our own citizens.\n It is true the \u201cNotes on Virginia\u201d have run thro\u2019 several Editions. It will always be in demand. The charms of its style, the broad field of information which it covers, and the sound philosophy of its principles, will preserve it from oblivion, and give it a general circulation. I wish sincerely Mr. Jefferson could once more take it in hand, and engraft upon it all the new facts and discoveries which have been gleaned since it was written. But he has done enough to serve his Country, and to do honor to himself.\n Admitting, however, that Mr Spafford could catch the bewitching style of Mr. Jefferson, his work would be stript of many of the topics which lend attraction to the \u201cNotes on Virginia.\u201d\n I have not rested content with my own opinio\u27e8n\u27e9 in this case. I have gone to the principal bookselle\u27e8r\u27e9 in our City. It is clearly his opinion that it would not justify the expence which it would require.\n At all events, should Mr. Spafford eventually determine to undertake the work, he would have \u27e8to\u27e9 wait till the new Map of Virginia is perfected. The death of John Wood has delayed it\u2014and no \u27e8one?\u27e9 has yet been appointed to take his place. It is probable that the whole Map will not be engraved, before the close of the next Year.\n In laying this opinion before you, Sir, permit me to avail myself of the opportunity to say with how much pleasure I would execute any commission you might entrust to me\u2014and to add the assurances of the great respect and attachment of Yours,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-08-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0483", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, 8 August 1822 (letter not found)\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n \u00b6 To Thomas Jefferson. Letter not found. 8 August 1822. Enclosed in Dolley Madison to Lewis J. Cist, 4 July 1842 (DLC: Dolley Madison Papers). Acknowledged by Jefferson as received on 9 Aug. 1822 in his Epistolary Record (DLC: Jefferson Papers), with his note: \u201cHite & Baldwin.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-10-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0484", "content": "Title: From James Madison to George Joy, 10 August 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Joy, George\n On the rect of your letters of Jany. 2 & 9. last I searched for & found that of Apl. 16. 1804. and gave information thereof to yr brother B. I sent him at the same time your copy of that letter, with an intimation, that the original, wd. be disposed of as might best answer your purpose. Owing to his absence it was some time before I heard from him. Our correspondence resulted in his informing me that Mr. Webster your agent considered the copy as sufficient. The Original therefore is still on my files, subject to your order. This will answer the last favor from you of May 29. I was in no hurry to give you the information of what had taken place in consequence of your letters of Jany. because I took for granted that you wd. have recd it from your brother or your Agent.\n It may be proper to note that the Book you mention in yours of Feby 2. if sent has miscarried.\n I am glad to find that the [sic] G. Britain has at length taken juster views of her monopolizing attempts with regard to the navigation between her Cols. & the U.S. This country will not be behind her in a friendly policy of every sort. But it is too proud to acquiesce in inequalities; and sufficien[t] ly alive to its interests not to sacrifice them.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-13-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0485", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Thomas Ritchie, 13 August 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Ritchie, Thomas\n Your favor of Aug 7 is so full & satisfactory an answer to my request of July 2. that I ought not to withold my thanks for it. The delay was immaterial. But I lament most sincerely the afflicting causes of it. With much esteem & friendly respects\n The Enquirer of the 6th. very properly animadverts on the attempts to pervert the historical circumstances relating to the Draught of the Declaration of Independence. The fact, that Mr. Jefferson was the author and the nature of the alterations made in the Original, are too well known and the proofs are too well preserved, to admit of successful misrepresentation.\n In one important particular, the truth, tho on record, seems to have escap\u27e8e\u27e9d attention: and justice to be so far left undone to Virga. It was in obedience to her positive instruction to her Delegates in Congs. that the motion for Independence was made. The instruction passed unanimously in her Convention on the 15. of May 1776 (see the Journal of that date): and the Mover was of course, the Mouth only of the Delegation, as the Delegation was of the Convention. Had P. Randolph the first named not been cut off by Death the motion wd have been made by him. The duty, in consequence of that event devolved on the next in order, R. H. Lee, who had political merits of a sort very different from that circumstantial distinction.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-17-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0486", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Robert C. Foster, 17 August 1822 (letter not found)\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Foster, Robert C.\n \u00b6 To Robert C. Foster. Letter not found. 17 August 1822. Acknowledged in Foster to JM, 6 Jan. 1824, ViU: Madison Papers, Special Collections. In his letter JM provided a transcript from the Virginia Supreme Court: \u201cMrs. Mary Porter conveyed to John. S. Wood by deed dated, 12. of April 1809 and recorded in the supreme Court three Negroes Charity & her two Children, Eliza, & Levinia Signed, &c.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-25-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0488", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 25 August 1822\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\n I enclose you a copy of a report of the Committee of the Senate on the nominations respecting which a difference of opinion took place between that body & me, in the manner shewn by its votes in the sequel of the document.\n The Senate confirmed the nominations in the rank, that is, the grades to which each officer was designated, but rejected the dates from which it was proposed that their ranks should commence. It is understood that by admitting the confirmation, & dating each commission from the day it was confirmed, the rank of neither of the officers will be affected relatively, either as to each other, or to any other officer in the army. The question therefore on which I have to decide is whether I will accept the confirmation, under the circumstances, in a spirit of conciliation, or reject it, on the principle that the Senate is bound to take the whole in the form in which it is submitted. It will be very gratifying to me to have your sentiments on the subject. You may recollect whether any circumstance of this kind ever took place before.\n I send you also a copy of a letter from Mr. Taylor from Mexico, giving interesting details of events there, the result of which has been to place Iturbide in the supreme direction of affairs. The prospect is discouraging for the present, but I have no doubt that he will find it necessary to change his course, & relinquish all pretention to hereditary power, or be finally driven from it, & perhaps from the country. I will thank you after perusing to return to me this latter paper, retaining a copy if you think it worth the notice.\n You will have seen the proclamation arranging the difference with England as to Colonial trade, founded on the act of Parliament. Congress may reciprocate the duties if it should be thought advisable. Thus two important objects, the trade with France, and that with England are adjusted on conditions which will I trust be advantageous & satisfactory to our country.\n Mrs. Gouverneur has added a son to our family, & both mother and child are doing well. The whole family desire their best regards to be presented to you & Mrs. Madison.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-27-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0489", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Benjamin Joy, 27 August 1822\nFrom: Joy, Benjamin\nTo: Madison, James\n I had the honor of receiving yesterday your favor of the 12th Inst inclosing a letter for my brother George Joy. I have inclosed it agreeably to your request, and it will be sent him by the first vessel from this port for England. Permit me to express the high respect & esteem with which I am your very obedient & hble Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-01-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0491", "content": "Title: To James Madison from an Unidentified Correspondent, 1 September 1822\nFrom: \nTo: Madison, James\n Pennsylvania September 1. 1822.\n \u201cNulla dies sine linea.\u201d\n Upwards of seven years have elapsed, since you had plunged the United States into flagranti bello: and, as you were the Author of that War, & responsible for the consequences, mediate and immediate; you will pardon me, for the feeble attempt, I shall make, in the narrow compass of a Letter to remind you of a few of the probable consequences all which and many more were at its commencement (and then had been with prophetic wisdom) foretold you with a warning voice, by some of the now departed\nheros\n *Washingtons Advice. Col. Chronicle Sep. 27. 1814.\n and fathers of our Liberty & Independence: and all which and many more have since been realized by sad experience! Suffer me, Sir, to bring to your view some of the most prominent of those consequences. You cannot, most assuredly, be insensible to the deplorable condition of our common Country. If I could be persuaded of this, I would ask leave to direct and fix your attention to the dismal Contrast which arises to the View, on drawing a comparison between the two periods antecedent and subsequent to the memorable era, the 18 June 1812. You, Sir, in common with every other person must be convinced of the miserable state of the country. The unparalleled complication of calamities arising immediately from natural political and commercial causes, that has afflicted the people of the U States ever since that unfortunate day cannot be otherwise accounted for than by tracing them to that War into which you without necessity without policy without prudence and without preparation plunged the nation. A war that has not only inflicted an incurable wound into the Constitution, but sap\u2019d the Basis of it. A War, professedly waged for the vindication of maritime rights, the violating of which even admitting the alledged fact, never did by the Laws of nations & of nature\u2019s god, constitute a cause of war or shedding of human blood: the fact of a Sailor being compelled even against his will into the exercise of his proper employment and duly remunerated for his service, could in no sense under those circumstances be called Imprisonment; nor the vessels in which he was so constrained and employed, \u201cprisons\u201d or \u201cfloating dungeons!\u201d But it was well calculated to inflame, and ultimately to serve your purpose. For the presidential office was then shortly to be newly filled and one hundred thousand dollars (4 years salary) was a prize worth drawing out of the political Wheel; and it should seem, that although it was to be \u201cthe price of blood\u201d it proved a tempting Bait. Accordingly you were tempted by its charms, and rashly & regardless of all consequences, swallowed it. You next accepted the bloody sword and after roling up the Sleeves of your Garments and laying bare your feeble arm, you plunged it in the Bosoms of thousands of your fellow men!\n And now mark the multifarious distresses and calamities that have afflicted the Country ever since. Is it necessary, Sir, to particularize these? It is not. If you have heretofore held a deaf ear to them, but are now willing to hear their recital, ask your Slaves; even they can inform you. If you are too high minded to stoop so low, inquire of James Munro who was your colleague in Butchery!!\n You are now like myself considerably advanced in years & according to the law of nature, in such case, cannot expect to live many more. It is high time, therefore, that you should take a serious view of the aspect of your\nhands and the State of your Conscience. Turn & lift your Eyes to the Father of Mercies, and supplicate him to enable you to wash away the bloody stains of the one and assuage the remorse of the other. The murders that were committed, directly and indirectly, during that unjust, unnecessary and wanton War, must as in all other cases of even private murder be answered by a proper atonement. Yes Sir, if one man in case of murder, or causeless shedding of human blood of another, must answer at the Bar of Heaven; so must many; so must a nation. That you might have prevented that War or shortly after its commencement stop\u2019d its Career, are demonstrable facts. Consequently, inasmuch as you did not do either you must in fact and truth be the Father of it.\n \u2020qui non prohibet cum prohibere possit jubet\n You Sir, it was that butchered thousands of human beings and in doing it wasted millions nay hundreds of millions of our money! Do you not admit these facts as solemn serious and sad Truth? Can you deny them? No: you dare not. What justification excuse or palliation can you offer? None. Do you not often hear the voice of the blood of our slaughtered Citizens, crying to heaven, from the Plains of Bridgewater Erie or Bladensburgh for Vengeance? Do not their Shades often visit your pillow, in the silent hours of the night, \u201cat the glimpses of the Moon,\u201d and disturb your slumbers, by appearing to you in your dreams? What says your Conscience; is all right there?!\n Again, I beseech you, Sir, to look around you and observe how insulted and injured heaven is pouring out the \u201cPhials of its wrath[\u201d] upon our once happy country! See the complication of calamity that is chastising us? See our country visited from year [to year] by a state of things closely bordering on Pestilence and Famine? Why is all this? Was this so before that period, that unfortunate era when you received one hundred thousand pieces of silver, \u201cthe price of blood?\u201d No. No, never!\n Behold ever since that ill fated day when you wrote your name in that unhallowed statute (Oh! had you while writing it drop\u2019d a Tear on it and blotted it out for ever)\u2014a Statute written with the blood of our fellow mortals\u2014a Statute which it was amply and completely in your power, as it was your solemn duty, to have interposed your disapprobation and forbade the opening of the Sluices of human blood and consequently averted those distresses and disasters which appear to be entailed on the country.\n Behold I say, good Sir, these States? And mark the annual visitations of Heaven in the form of droughts diseases and deaths, even from the Close of the war and that ridiculous Farce, played off at the. city of Ghent! Even until the present calamitous season; when many people, formerly in affluence and opulence, can neither procure bread or water, at many places but at great expence or hardship. To be more particular is needless. A word to\nthe wise is always sufficient. But the News papers will detail the sad and deplorable condition into which you have brought a once free and happy nation. Yes, Sir, they are the marks of the just vengeance of an angry & offended Diety, visited upon our Nation, as a punishment for Murder of the blackest and deepest dye, among the perpetrators of which you stand, the chief among millions. Yes, Sir, you deliberately and for the price of four times twenty-five thousand dollars placed yourself at the head of bloody monsters. The mark of Cain is in your forehead.\n Again, Sir, after having been, the prime author of death and slaughter, it became a matter of course, that you should be the plunderer of the property of those who survived the bloody conflict. Hence the enormous public debt you have created is become so burthensome that in numerous instances, it had been the lesser evil, if they had been numbered among the slain. How, Sir, is this debt to be paid? When your impolitick course has deprived the people of the ways and means of paying even their private debts. Behold the long lists of Insolvencies and Bankruptcies, The failures and suspension of all business. Where is the trade and commerce, the credit, public and private, the circulating medium in specie and par-paper that was once in such general circulation amongst us? Where the agriculture that pervaded every part of the nation? And all before the 18 June 1812. They are all gone. Your impolitick and cruel and vicious war swept them away or impaired what still remains to such a degree that they only enable the people to linger out an existence, that had better in innumerable instances have been terminated in the general wreck. Yes, Sir, the people are taxed, but you have by the inevitable result of your desperate measures, while you wielded the national sword and were filling your Coffers, deprived them of the means of paying those Taxes. It is an incontrovertible fact that this heavy debt would never have had any existence but for your cruel unjust & unnecessary war; nay all our public debt, which you have increased to somewhere about 100. millions might, if the real honor and interest of the nation had been consulted, long since have been discharged. But instead of paying off the old debt, which was about 35 millions, you chose rather to add an increase of 100 millions to it; as also 100 thousand dollars to your private coffers! Instead of owing nothing as might have been the case if wise and prudent measures had been pursued, the nation at present owes as I observed already, 100 millions. Your Case reminds me of a traitor who from the sordid motives of avarice and ambition betrayed his Master: with this difference, that you betrayed the lives of millions of people.\n I would recommend it to you to reflect on these things and if possible to repent. But if the compunctions of your Conscience (if you have any) should be too poignant you might peradventure find more speedy relief, by having recourse to the same or similar means as your Prototype. For certain it is some Atonement ought nay must be made to an offended God! Hark!\nMethinks I hear the voice of thousands of your victims\u2014the victims of your avarice and desperate ambition\u2014whose blood calls aloud, to heaven, for a propitiatory sacrafice. Who so suitable as yourself to step forth, and become voluntary peace offering.\n Before I close this letter I must observe to you that the writer of it is not an old Tory: far from it. But who on the contrary, served his country by fighting the Battles of our Independence, in the war of 1776. But all the fruits and benefits of which you have been so instrumental in impairing if not destroying altogether; for certainly, a people so Bankrupt so insolvent so out of Credits, without Money or commerce, destitute of the means of paying their debts public & privat\u27e8e\u27e9 deprived of the conveniences and in thousand instances the necessaries of Life\u2014so afflicted from year to year with droughts & diseas\u27e8es\u27e9 a people so circumstanced, it is perfect mockery to call them free and independent. But such was not their situation before the 18th June 1812.\n History will furnish ample testimony that nations must answer for murder, as well as individuals. The Greeks who sacked Troy paid dearly for their victory. And their King, Agamemnon atoned for that iniquitous war. But is it necessary to cite history to prove the impolicy and ruinous consequences of unjust Wars? It is not. But if it were Europe furnishes ample proofs. Besides Principle and the light of Reason are amply sufficient, independent of holy writ: And remember a truth as clear as axiom, That a republick which does not rest upon the basis of Virtue is like a house built upon Sand. Alas! Ours is falling. The immortal Washington had placed it on solid foundations but James Madison, sapt its foundation for ever. To conclude Well might the patriot exclaim in the language of that inimitable passage of the scriptures, not altogether unapposite to the Subject. \u201cO Jerusalem, Jerusalem, thou that killest the Prophets and stonest them that are sent unto thee \u27e8how often\u27e9 would I have gathered thy children together even as a \u27e8hen\u27e9 gathereth her chickens together under her wing, & you \u27e8would\u27e9 not. Behold your house is left unto you desolate.\u201d Yours respectfully,\n \u261e NB. The act of rejecting a treaty without laying it before the Senate is also a distinguished link in the Chain of causes and effects that brought the Country to the present miserable Condition, Independent of Embargos, non Intercourse & non Importation laws; when fortune and good policy, in combination offered to throw into our nation\u2019s lap the benefit of Trade & Commerce enable us by Duty on imports & tonage to throw off the burthen of the revolutionary debt and become what we contended for, realy & truly free and independent!", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-05-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0492", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Ira Barton, 5 September 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Barton, Ira\n J.M. with his respects to Mr. Barton returns the thanks for his Oration, which are due as well to its merits, as to the Politeness of Mr. B. in forwarding a Copy.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-06-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0493", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Crawford, 6 September 1822\nFrom: Crawford, William\nTo: Madison, James\n Capt. Payne informed me some Time last spring that you would be so good as to let me have a Ram of your Cape breed of Sheep. In consequence of my having been from home for several Weeks past, I fear I may have defered too long sending for him; If not you will let Abram the bearer hereof, have such as you can spare. Respectfully yr. Most obt. St", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-07-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0494", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Potts, 7 September 1822\nFrom: Potts, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\n When at London in Feby. last a small parcel (said to contain a Book or Books) was entrusted to my care by a Mr. Joy, which was addressd to you\u2014on my arrival at Baltimore in April, I left the said parcel at Mr. Williamson\u2019s, Fountain Inn, Light Street\u2014where I believe it still remains. I would have forwarded it immediately, but had no opportunity during my short stay in that place, and since that, having been much engagd in business & in moving from place to place it had intirely escapd my memory until this morning, when in perusing some papers, I found Mr. Joy\u2019s Memo.\n By authorizing any one to call on Mr. Williamson, the parcel will be delivered. I am sir very respecy. yrs.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-08-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0495", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Clara Baldwin Bomford, 8 September 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Bomford, Clara Baldwin\n J Madison with his best respects & many thanks returns Mrs Bomford\u2019s manuscript copy of the History of Arnold\u2019s plot by Mr. Marbois, which has been so long detained for want of a good conveyance. He had erroneously supposed that the history contained some incidental mention of Napoleon\u2019s motives for parting with Louisiana to the U.S. with which Mr. Marbois must have been particularly acquainted, having been the negociator of the Treaty. J.M. is still under an impression that Mrs. B. possessed some paper from Mr. Marbois which related to that subject. Should this be the case J.M. will take as an additional kindness a communication of it, if no objection be felt to it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-08-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0496", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Edward W. DuVal, 8 September 1822\nFrom: DuVal, Edward W.\nTo: Madison, James\n I have been prevailed on, by some of my friends, in this place, to become a Candidate for the Clerkship of the House of Representatives, now vacant by the death of Mr. Dougherty; and as the gratification of success, as well as the chance of it, must, with me, materially depend upon my possessing the good wishes of those to whom I have long been known, I have, not without the hope of receiving your\u2019s, presumed to address to you this Communication. Altho\u2019 I could neither ask, nor expect, the direct aid, and exertion of your influence, with those by whom the Election will be made, I am not unaware how important, and need not add how very acceptable, the manifestation of a favorable disposition by you, towards me, would be, at any time preceding the choice.\n In the election of the present Congress so many of those that were members of the preceding were left out, as greatly to diminish the number and strength of my acquaintances in the House. There are yet, however, many in it to whom, I have every reason to believe, it would afford the most unfeigned pleasure to contribute to my advancement, and whose zeal for my welfare will be evinced by their activity and good offices on this occasion. But this can only appear & be made effective after the Members have arrived here, and but a day, at most, before the Election. In the mean time, my competitors, whoever they may be, may, and probably will, unless I procure and use the means to prevent it, obtain, through their friends, with Representatives to whom I am unknown, an impression in their favor.\n To say nothing in extenuation of this trespass on your attention, of a subject which, in its nature, may be considered as, in some degree, connected with public concerns, would imply a measure of insensibility which justice to my own feelings and respect and veneration for your character would equally disclaim. A sense of the reluctance with which I have committed it, I should vainly endeavor &, therefore, will not attempt to convey to you. Relying, as I do, upon that characteristic kindness in which other intruders have found indulgence & pardon, I will only add, that, nothing but a deep solicitude for the interest of my family (considerably enlarged within the last five years) could have prevailed over the serious objections, which arose in my mind, to interrupting, with the alloy of entreaty, the even and perpetual enjoyment of that tranquillity and happiness which I am persuaded & trust will ever be your\u2019s.\n To Mrs. Madison, the recollection of whose benevolence and virtues will never cease to inspire, in our domestic circle, the most grateful feelings, please to present the kind regards and best wishes of my Sister, Mrs. Duval & myself; and believe me, my dear Sir, to be always sincerely & most Respectfully, your\u2019s,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-13-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0497", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Edward W. DuVal, 13 September 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: DuVal, Edward W.\n I have just recd. your letter of the 8th. instant. The course which I have found it neccessary to adopt would involve me in inconsistency were I not to decline a recommendatory interposition for the vacancy to which your thoughts have been turn\u2019d; and I am glad to infer from the candour & delicacy of your ideas that you view the subject in the light to be wished. I avail myself of the occasion, nevertheless to assure you of the very favorable sentiments which could not but be impressed by every thing which I have known of your character & qualities.\n Mrs. M. receives the kind expressions of Mrs. D. & your Sister, with a request that I would offer every proper return for them. To yourself, she repeats the acknowledgment of her obligations for the polite attentions she experienced at the difficult moment which occurred in 1814. With friendly respects", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-13-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0498", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Robert H. Rose, 13 September 1822\nFrom: Rose, Robert H.\nTo: Madison, James\n I had the honor to receive your letter of the 26th Ultimo on wednesday. I write so soon to allay the apprehensions of your brother. The Securityship alluded to has entirely escaped the recollection of your Sister and myself. I have hopes that I have obtained the deposition of Mr John Hilliman of Knoxvill\u27e8e\u27e9 (as witness to the Bond) that will place the transaction in a proper point of view and will induce the Court to give me a Perpetual Injunction. At any rate I shall send on a sum to cover the amount; and if it\nshould not be applied to McClelland\u2019s Debt you will pay it in part discharge of my Bond due your brother. He may rest assured that I will not let him suffer on my account. The Crops in this State are excellent and we have not suffered for rain a single moment. Corn is worth a Dollar per Barrel. Pork may be had in Tennessee on the Cumberland for nine shillings per hundred weight. Cotton will probably not be more than from ten to twelve cents. Lands in eligible situ\u27e8a\u27e9tions from twenty to twenty five Dollars per acre. Rent for cleared land of good quality from two & a half to three Dollars per acre; producing on an average from eight to ten Barrels of Corn per acre and from eight to twelve hundred weight of seed Cotton per acre. Our family still continue to enjoy uninterupted health except your Sister whose general health is much improved. Her Cough is still very troublesome but I hope it is only symtomatic and will soon cease of itself. I have rented a Plantation for six years eighty miles below on the Tennessee River opposite Mr. Armstead, on the condition of clearing three hundred acres, which is the work of one year, only, and the Corn made on it will reimburse me for clearing. It is belting and fencing only. It is also adjacent to the Indian [ \u2026 ] where I can raise Stock to any extent & without the necessity of feeding them in the Summer or Winter & the Cows can be purchased at 6 & 8 Dollars per head, Steers of six & eight hundred weight at ten & twelve Dollars. I saw a Gentleman who w\u27e8as\u27e9 at Mr Armsteads five days ago. They were all well; \u27e8h\u27e9e has however lost fourteen negroes. I will thank you to tell your good Lady that I have not been unmindful of her \u27e8New?\u27e9 Orleans Snuff some of which she will receive soon. With the best wishes for you and yours I am yr friend & Sert\n PS It is only a few days ago that I began to ride which is my apology for the badness of writing.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-24-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0500", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 24 September 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\n The mail of saturday brought me your favour of the 16th. The letters inclosed in it are returned. Accept my thanks for the odd vol: Congl. Journals.\n As I understand the case presented in the other paper inclosed, it turns on the simple question, whether the Senate have a right, in their advice & consent, to vary the date at which, according to the nomination of the President an appointment to office is to take effect.\n The subject continues to appear to me in the light which I believe I formerly intimated. The power of appointment, where not otherwise provided by the Constitution, is vested in the President & Senate. Both must concur in the Act: But the Act must originate with the President. He is to nominate, and their advice & consent are to make the nomination an appointment. They cannot give their advice & consent without his nomination,\nnor of course differently from it. In so doing they would originate or nominate so far as the difference extended; and it would be his, not their advice & consent, which consummated the appointment. If the President should nominate A to be an officer from the 1st. day of May, and the Senate should advise that he be an officer from the 1st. day of January preceding, it is evident that for the period not embraced by the nomination of the President, the nomination would originate with the Senate & would require his subsequent sanction to make it a joint act. During that period therefore it would be an appointment made by the nomination of the Senate, not of the President; and with the advice & consent of the President, not of the Senate.\n The case is not essentially changed by supposing the President to nominate A to be an officer from the 1st. day of January, and the Senate to confirm from the 1st. day of May following. Here also the nomination of the President would not be pursued, and the Constitutional order of appointment would be transposed. His intention would be violated, and he would not be bound by his nomination to give effect to the advice & consent of the Senate. The proceeding would be a nullity, nor would this result from mere informality. The President might have as just objections to a postponement of the date of an appointment, as good reasons for its immediate commencement. The change in the date might have an important bearing on the public service; and a collateral or consequential one on the rights or pretensions of others in the public service. In fact, if the Senate, in disregard of the nomination of the President, could postpone the commencement of an appointment for a single day, they could do it for any period, how ever remote, and whatever might be the intermediate change of things. The date may be as material a part of the nomination as the person named in it. Health & success", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-28-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0502", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Maury, 28 September 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Maury, James\n I have lately recd. yours of July 20. That of June 24. enclosing the Act of Parlt. relating to the W. Inda. trade, was also duly recd.\n I am glad to find that the Brit: Govt. has at length made that change in its Colonial policy. It augurs well for greater harmony in the intercourse between the two Nations. The U.S. will I believe be always ready to meet G.B. as well as other nations in a liberal & reciprocal System; and it may be hoped notwithstanding the enveloped motives which preface the Act of Repeal, that the late restrictive contest has sufficiently shewn not only that this Country will be satisfied with nothing short of reciprocity, but that in relation to the Brit: Colonies at least, such a Contest has a ruinous influence on their prosperity, & their value to the parent Country.\n I have heard nothing as yet of your Eldest son. Your request was not necessary to ensure him a kind reception whenever he may give us the\nopportunity. Should your other son repeat his trip across the Atlantic, he will not doubt of an equal welcome.\n The past Season has been very unfavorable to most of the Crops in the Atlantic States. The drought has been more or less distressing to all; in the earlier part of the Season, the Eastern, and during a later period, the middle & some of the Southern States. We have just had here a plentiful rain, after an intense drought for ten weeks. It is too late to be of sensible use to any of our Staple Crops, even to our Tobo: which is now either in the House, or so scorched in the field, as to be little susceptible of amendment, if a probable frost were less at hand. As far as I have learned, this crop will be very limited, especially what is of first quality. The crop of Indian Corn is also very short, but fortunately the intensity of the drought was not felt, till a certain proportion of it had, in some degree, as we say, made itself. The Wheat crop throughout the U.S. is in the aggregate remarkably short, tho\u2019 of a quality generally good. I can say nothing of the Cotton crops. In the Western Country the crops, I understand have suffered from rather too much rain, with the exception probably of the Indian Corn which rarely suffers from that cause.\n I am sorry to add that much Sickness prevails in most parts of the U. States. In this particular region we enjoy our usual exception from Summer & autumnal complaints. I have presented your kind remembrance to my mother, who is still in good health & desires me to express the proper returns to you. From the rest of us accept our best respects & good wishes.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-03-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0503", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Mathew Carey, 3 October 1822\nFrom: Carey, Mathew\nTo: Madison, James\n By this day\u2019s mail, I take the liberty of sending you a pamphlet on the policy that prevails in our intercourse with foreign nations\u2014a policy which renders us hewers of wood and drawers of water to the manufacturing nations of Europe. We give the labour of 30, 40, or 50 farmers & or planters for that of one cotton manufacturer.\n The low price of the produce of the earth, & the glutted markets, the cause of that low price, prove that we have too many farmers & planters. And the enormous amt. of our importations of manufactures proves that we have too few manufacturers. Hinc illa lacryma. This is the true source of all embarrassments & difficulties\u2014& the restoration of the equilibrium between the different classes of society can alone insure us the prosperity & happiness to which our inestimable advantages entitle us.\n Your name wd. be a tower of strength in any good cause\u2014& if on a mature consideration of the subject, you think our policy radically wrong, it wd be worthy of your illustrious career to come forward, & proclaim the truth to aid the efforts of those who, however benevolent their views, & how ever salutary their policy find their efforts in vain, from the want of influence.\n In all the pains I have taken, & the great expense I have incurred in this important cause, I have never regarded myself as the advocate exclusively of the manufacturers\u2014No\u2014I have been equally pleading the cause of the farmers, planters & merchants\u2014indeed of the nation at large. Very respectfully Your obt. hble servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-07-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0504", "content": "Title: Minutes of the Board of Visitors of the University of Virginia, 7 October 1822\nFrom: \nTo: \n At a meeting of the Visitors of the University of Virginia at the said University on Monday the 7th. of October 1822.\n Present Thomas Jefferson Rector, James Breckenridge, Joseph C. Cabell, John H. Cocke and James Madison.\n Resolved that the Proctor be instructed to enter into conferences with such skilful and responsible undertakers as he would approve, for the building of the Library, on the plan heretofore proposed, and now in his possession, and to procure from them declarations of the smallest sums for which they will undertake the different portions of the work of the said building, each portion to be done as well, in materials, manner and sufficiency, as the best of the same kind of work already done in the preceding buildings, or as well & sufficiently as shall now be agreed on; that (omitting the capitels of the columns, which would be procured elsewhere) the several other portions be specified under such general heads and details as may be convenient to shew the cost of each, and by whom undertaken, fixing also the time within which each portion shall be compleated: and that his\nagreements be provisional only, & subject to the future acceptance or refusal of the Visitors.\n Resolved that the Committee of Superintendance be authorised to employ a Collector to proceed to the collection of the monies still due on subscriptions, under such instructions and agreement as they shall approve.\n Resolved that the examination and report of the accounts of the Bursar of the University of Virginia, from the 1st. day of Octob. 1820. to the 31st. of March 1821. and from the 31st. of March 1821. to the 27th. day of November 1821. made by John H. Cocke, at the request of the Rector, by his letter of the 1st. of December 1821. be hereby ratified as done under authority of this board; and that the said John H. Cocke be, and he is hereby appointed to examine & verify the accounts of the said Bursar, from the 27th. of November 1821. to this date and make report thereof to this board.\n Resolved that George Loyall esq. now a member of this board, appointed on the resignation of Robert B. Taylor, be added to the Committee for settlement of the Bursar\u2019s and Proctor\u2019s accounts, with authority to the Committee to act singly or together, as convenience may admit.\n The following Report was then agreed to.\n To the President and Directors of the Literary fund.\n In obedience to the act of the General assembly of Virginia, requiring that the Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia should make report annually to the President and Directors of the Literary fund (to be laid before the legislature at their next succeeding session) embracing a full account of the disbursements the funds on hand, and a general statement of the condition of the University the said Rector & Visitors make the following Report.\n The Visitors considering as the law of their duty the Report of the Commissioners of 1818. which was made to the legislature, and acted on by them, from time to time subsequently, have compleated all the buildings proposed by that Report, except one; that is to say, ten distinct houses or Pavilions containing each a lecturing room, with generally four other apartments for the accomodation of a Professor & his family, and with a garden and the requisite family offices; six Hotels for dieting the Students, with a single room in each for a Refectory, and two rooms, a garden and offices for the tenant; and an hundred and nine Dormitories, sufficient each for the accomodation of two students, arranged in four distinct rows between the Pavilions & Hotels, and united with them by covered ways; which buildings are all in readiness for occupation, except that there is still some plaistering to be done, now in hand, which will be finished early in the present season, the gardens grounds and garden walls to be compleated, and some columns awaiting their Capitels not yet recieved from Italy. These buildings are mostly paid for by the monies which have been\nrecieved, and it is still expected they would be compleatly so, by the subscriptions due, were they in hand. But the slowness of their collection will render it necessary to make good their deficiencies, in the first instance, out of the annuity of the ensuing years, to be replaced to that fund again by the subscriptions as they come in.\n The remaining building, necessary to compleat the whole establishment, & called for by the Report of 1818. which was to contain rooms for religious worship, for public examinations, for a Library, & for other associated purposes, is not yet begun for want of funds. It was estimated heretofore by the Proctor, according to the prices which the other buildings have actually cost at the sum of 46,847. Dollars. The Visitors, from the beginning, have considered it as indispensable to compleat all the buildings before opening the institution; because, from the moment that shall be opened, the whole income of the University will be absorbed by the salaries of the Professors, and other incidental and current expences, and nothing will remain to erect any building still wanting to compleat the system. They are still of opinion therefore that it is better to postpone, for a while, the commencement of the institution, and then to open it in full and compleat system, than to begin prematurely in an unfinished state, and go on, perhaps for ever, on the contracted scale of local academies, utterly inadequate to the great purposes which the Report of 1818. and the legislature have hitherto had in contemplation. They believe that, in that imperfect state, it will offer little allurement to other than neighboring students, and that Professors of the first eminence in their respective lines of science, will not be induced to attach their reputations to an institution, defective in it\u2019s outset, and offering no pledge of rising to future distinction. Yet the Visitors consider the procuring such characters (and it will certainly be their aim) as the peculiar feature which is to give reputation and value to the Institution, and to constitute it\u2019s desirable and important attractions. But the present state of the funds renders the prospect of finishing this last building indefinitely distant. The interest of the sums advanced to the institution now absorbs nearly half it\u2019s income. A suspension of interest indeed, for three or four years, would give time for erecting the building with the established annuity; but the subsequent repayment of the principal from that annuity would remove the opening of the Institution to a very remote period.\n On this view of the condition of the University, the Visitors think it their duty to state that, if the legislature shall be of opinion that the sums advanced to the University, in the name of loans, from the general fund for education, have been applied to their legitimate object, and shall think proper to liberate the annuity from their reimbursement, it will suffice in three or four years to compleat the last building, and the institution may be opened at the end of that term. And further that if the requisite sum\ncan be supplied from the same or any other fund, then the University may be put into as full operation, as it\u2019s income will admit, in the course of the year ensuing the present date, and while the remaining building will be proceeding on such supplementary fund. This however, or whatever else their wisdom may devise, is subject to their direction, to which the Visitors will in willing duty conform.\n In the same Report of the Commissioners of 1818. it was stated by them that \u201cin conformity with the principles of our constitution, which place all sects of religion on an equal footing, with the jealousies of the different sects in guarding that equality from encroachment or surprise, and with the sentiments of the legislature in favor of freedom of religion, manifested on former occasions, they had not proposed that any professorship of Divinity should be established in the University; that provision however was made for giving instruction in the Hebrew, Greek, and Latin languages, the depositories of the Originals, and of the earliest and most respected authorities of the faith of every sect, and for courses of Ethical lectures, developing those moral obligations in which all sects agree. That, proceeding thus far, without offence to the Constitution, they had left, at this point, to every sect to take into their own hands the office of further instruction in the peculiar tenets of each.\u201d\n It was not however to be understood that instruction in religious opinions and duties was meant to be precluded by the public authorities, as indifferent to the interests of society. On the contrary, the relations which exist between man and his maker, and the duties resulting from those relations, are the most interesting and important to every human being, and the most incumbent on his study and investigation. The want of instruction in the various creeds of religious faith existing among our citizens presents therefore a chasm in a general institution of the useful sciences. But it was thought that this want, and the entrustment to each society of instruction in it\u2019s own doctrines, were evils of less danger than a permission to the public authorities to dictate modes or principles of religious instruction, or than opportunities furnished them of giving countenance or ascendancy to any one sect over another. A remedy however has been suggested of promising aspect, which, while it excludes the public authorities from the domain of religious freedom, would give to the Sectarian schools of divinity the full benefit of the public provisions made for instruction in the other branches of science. These branches are equally necessary to the Divine, as to the other professional or civil characters, to enable them to fulfil the duties of their calling with understanding and usefulness. It has therefore been in contemplation, and suggested by some pious individuals, who percieve the advantages of associating other studies with those of religion, to establish their religious schools on the confines of the University, so as to give to their students ready and convenient access and\nattendance on the scientific lectures of the University; and to maintain, by that means, those destined for the religious professions on as high a standing of science, and of personal weight and respectability, as may be obtained by others from the benefits of the University. Such establishments would offer the further and great advantage of enabling the Students of the University to attend religious exercises with the Professor of their particular sect, either in the rooms of the building still to be erected, and destined to that purpose under impartial regulations, as proposed in the same Report of the Commissioners, or in the lecturing room of such Professor. To such propositions the Visitors are disposed to lend a willing ear, and would think it their duty to give every encoragement, by assuring to those who might chuse such a location for their schools, that the regulations of the University should be so modified and accomodated as to give every facility of access and attendance to their students, with such regulated use also as may be permitted to the other students, of the library which may hereafter be acquired, either by public or private munificence, but always understanding that these schools shall be independant of the University and of each other. Such an arrangement would compleat the circle of the useful sciences embraced by this institution, and would fill the chasm now existing, on principles which would leave inviolate the constitutional freedom of religion, the most inalienable and sacred of all human rights, over which the people and authorities of this state individually and publicly, have ever manifested the most watchful jealousy: and could this jealousy be now alarmed, in the opinion of the legislature, by what is here suggested, the idea will be relinquished on any surmise of disapprobation which they might think proper to express.\n A committee of the board was duly appointed to settle finally the accounts of all reciepts and disbursements, from the commencement of the Central college, to the entire completion of the four ranges of buildings of the University. They found it necessary to employ a skilful Accountant to make up a compleat set of books, in regular form, wherein all the accounts, general and particular, should be stated, so as that every dollar might be traced from it\u2019s reciept to it\u2019s ultimate expenditure, and the clearest view be thus exhibited of the faithful application of the monies placed under the direction of the board. This work has taken more time than expected; and altho\u2019 considerably advanced, is not entirely compleated. Until it\u2019s completion however, the committee cannot proceed on the final settlement with which they are charged. The Bursar\u2019s accounts for the year preceding this date are rendered herewith; as are also the Proctor\u2019s for the first six months; but his books and papers being necessarily in the hands of the Accountant, his account for the last half year could not as yet be prepared. The settlement by the committee, when made, will be transmitted,\nas a supplementary document, to the Literary board, as well for it\u2019s regular Audit by their Accountant, as to be laid before the legislature.\n And the board adjourned without day.\n Th: Jefferson Rector", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-09-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0505", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Peter Minor, 9 October 1822\nFrom: Minor, Peter\nTo: Madison, James\n Prefixed, I have the pleasure of forwarding to you an extract from the proceedings of the Agricultural Society, at its meeting on monday last. You will percieve the request of the Society that, you would undertake to prepare the circular address to the other Societies in the state. If you comply with the wish thus expressed, & will send me the address, I can have it expeditiously, copied, [ \u2026 ] printed, & sent without delay to each Society [ \u2026 ] the state. An early transmission of the address, is rendered the more expedient, from a belief that the most or all of them, hold a fall meeting, which will generally take place in a month or two from this time. Respectfully yr. Obt Sert\n [Enclosure]Extract from the proceedings of the Agricultural Society of Albemarle.\n The following preamble & Resolutions were adopted.\n \u201cWhereas the establishment of a Professorship of Agriculture in one of the principal seminaries of Learning in this State is a measure eminently calculated to hasten & perpetuate the march of Agricultural improvement, already so happily commenced; and whereas there are grounds to believe that such an institution may be incorporated into the University of Virginia, a position at once the most advantageous & convenient to every part of the state; And whereas this Society could not make an appropriation of its funds, more conducive to the permanent attainment of the primary\nobjects of its institution; and, as it is reasonable to expect that all the Agricultural Societies, the Farmers & planters of the State generally, will cheerfully contribute to an establishment of such universal Interest, Therefore\n Resolved, That one thousand Dollars of the sum now in the hands of the Treasurer of this Society, be appropriated to the establishment of a fund, the profits of which shall go to the support of a professorship of Agriculture at the Univers[i]ty of Virginia.\n Resolved that for the furtherance of this design, & to encrease this fund, the president of this Society be requested to prepare a circular address to the other Agricultural Societies of this state, requesting their co-operation in this scheme\u2014And further to promote the same object, that a Committee be appointed to solicit donations, not to exceed one Dollar, from Individuals in every County of this commonwealth.\n Resolved, That the aforesaid appropriation, together with whatever may accrue under the foregoing resolutions, be loaned to Individuals on good personal Security, or to Corporate bodies; & that when the sum loaned to any one individual shall amount to one thousand Dollars or upwards, Landed security shall be required; that the Interest shall be payable semiannually, & shall be reinvested, untill the yearly profits of the fund shall be sufficent to afford an income equal at least to a professorship in the University.\n Resolved That the funds above refered to, together with donations of every description be, with the permission of the Legislature, transferred to the Rector & Visitors of the University in their Corporate Capacity.[\u201d]\n (Extract from the Minutes). P. Minor Sec.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-14-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0507", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Richard Cutts, 14 October 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Cutts, Richard\n Yours of the 12th. came to hand this morning. I regret most sincerely, the circumstances which compel you to take the step you meditate, as the only resort under the pressure of your debts. I wish it were more in my power to aid you in your distress. Short crops, low prices, and other causes limit my present means, & suggest caution as to future engagements. I have determined nevertheless to risk a purchase of the House & lots from the Bank as is proposed; it being understood that the first payment is not to be due till the end of one year; and the title of course to be clear & unexceptionable; and that you will appropriate a reasonable portion of your Salary to a discharge of the debt to the Bank. Send me therefore a conveyance properly executed, & with it the proper notes to the Bank to be signed & returned. With respect & good wishes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-19-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0508", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Edward Coles, 19 October 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Coles, Edward\n As you are about to assume new motives to walk in a straight path, and with measured steps, I wish you to accept the little article* enclosed, as a type of the course I am sure you will pursue, and as a token of the affection I have so long cherished for you.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-19-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0509", "content": "Title: To James Madison from J. F. Daniel Lobstein, 19 October 1822\nFrom: Lobstein, J. F. Daniel\nTo: Madison, James\n Honourable & Respected Sir!\n Lebanon PennsylvaniaOctober 19. 1822.\n To address so distinguished a personage is in a stranger a liberty perhaps unpardonnable, but it is from a conviction that any effort, however feeble, that has a tendency to remove the unfavourable and erroneous impressions Europeans have imbibe of this Country, will meet your approbation, and induce you to pardon the writer for transmitting you the Contents of his contemplated Work\u2014A Topography of the City of Philadelphia, in which the Author has sedulously endeavoured to convince them that their information respecting the Character of the Americans & the Government of the United States is incorrect and emanated from the most sordid and impure motives and that the said Government is the only one on the Globe where is tolerated genuine Liberty in every sense of the word. The collection of materials for my said work since my arrival in this Country has engrossed the major part of my time, and during my residence in America I have had the pleasure of contracting an acquaintance with the most eminent of my profession, especially with the learned Doctor Hosack of New York who has evinced much friendship for me. I flattered myself ere this period to have had it printed, but I find it will be more advisable for me to return to Europe and to have it there published, as the printing in this Country is too expensive. After its publication I will do myself the honour of presenting a copy to you, which I trust, may prove acceptable. I\nhad yesterday the gratification of receiving from the venerable Ex-President of the United States Thomas Jefferson a letter, in which he expressed much pleasure in the appearance of such a work. I have the honour to be Respected sir with the highest consideration and personal regard your most obedient & humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-24-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0511", "content": "Title: From James Madison to John Quincy Adams, 24 October 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n I have received with your favour of the 11th. a copy of the \u201cCollection of Documents\u201d which you had recently published.\n The Treaty of Ghent forms a prominent epoch in our National History; and will be a lasting monument of the Ability and patriotism with which it was negociated. Incidents elucidating the transaction, can not therefore but be interesting, and they are made the more so by the eloquent strain in which they are presented. Accept my thanks Sir for the little volume containing them, with assurances of my continued esteem and cordial respects.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-28-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0513", "content": "Title: From James Madison to J. F. Daniel Lobstein, 28 October 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Lobstein, J. F. Daniel\n I have recd. your letter of the 19th. inclosing a specification of the contents of a work you are about to publish. The topics you have selected will afford ample scope for information and observations on the State of this Country. An eye which is aquainted with Europe will be best able to mark such features of America, as will present a comparative view doing justice to one without injustice to the other. I wish you success in the task you have undertaken. With respect", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-30-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0514", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Edward Coles, 30 October 1822\nFrom: Coles, Edward\nTo: Madison, James\n It was my intention, as you know, to have remained here but two or three days. But altho\u2019 I have made every effort in my power to complete sooner the little business I had to attend to, I have found it impossible to do so, and indeed I have not even yet done so. But I am now compelled to hasten off in the morning, and to ride very rapidly, by the most direct route, to reach Illinois in time for the meeting of the Legislature.\n When I arrived here I found Mr. Cutts confined to what is called the bounds. He seemed rather reserved and not much disposed to converse freely, on the subject of his embarrassed situation. He assured me there was no lein or encombrance whatever on his house and the four Lots attached to it, and that the Bank had a good and perfect title. This account has been confirmed to me by the officers of the Bank, by Col: Bumford, Mr. Ringgold &c, all of whom agree too in saying that the property is richly worth the sum the Bank asks for it. I have seen the title papers from Mr. Cutts to the Bank. They consist of a Deed dated Nov: 1818 from Mr. Cutts to Mr. Geo: Sweeny in trust for the benefit or rather security of Th: Munroe, who had endorsed for Mr. Cutts to a considerable amount in the Bank. Mr. Cutts having failed to pay, Mr. Munroe was called on by the Bank, and the Bank having agreed to receive from him the property in question in payment of the debt, George Sweeny as trustee made a Deed to the Bank. These Deeds have all been recorded, and are now in the possession of the Bank. Mr. Smith, the Cashier, informed me that the Board of Directors had agreed to let you have the property for 5750$ to be paid by instalments with interest, and on the receipt of your notes would give you the obligation of the Bank to make you a perfect title to the property on the payment of your notes\u2014or that the Bank would make you a Deed at once on your giving it a mortgage on the property to secure the ultimate payment of it\u2014or that the Bank would make the Deed on your giving your notes with a good endorser in the City of Washington. I requested him to make his propositions either directly to you or through Mr. Cutts\u2014this he promised to do. It is therefore unnecessary for me to state them more formally.\n Mr. Th: Munroe, who also thinks the property has been valued very low, and that the title to it is perfectly good, informs me that the Deed from the heirs of Davidson to Mr. Cutts was dated the same day with the Deed of Trust from Mr. Cutts to Geo: Sweeny viz: Nov. 1818. And of course there could not be any liens from Mr. Cutts on the property.\n I have had several conversations with Mrs. Cutts on the subject of her Husbands situation\u2014she will act with perfect prudence and propriety.\nIt is unnecessary to add more on the subject as she will write all the details to her sister.\n Mr. Monroe and family are all well. I have experienced particular gratification from the unusually kind and friendly manner which he has recd: and treated me during this visit to Washington. It is now very late at night and I have yet my clothes to pack up in order to setout by sunrise in the morning. I must therefore beg you to excuse this hasty letter\u2014to accept my thanks for the Pedometer which I shall always highly prize as a token of your friendship for me\u2014and with a tender of my affectionate regards to Mrs. Madison and Payne accept assurances of my great respect and sincere regard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-01-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0515", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Mathew Carey, 1 November 1822\nFrom: Carey, Mathew\nTo: Madison, James\n I have duly recd your favour of the 25th ult. and have read it with the attention to which the writer & the subject are entitled.\n You will pardon me for stating that I think you have greatly overrated the difficulties in the way of a sound system of policy for this Country, wh. would cure all its evils, & place it on the exalted ground, to which its immense advantages, natural moral, & political entitle it, instead of wasting its resources in the support of the industry & governments of Europe. We exhibit to the world the shocking spectacle of imbecility & folly, in submitting, without retaliation to the exclusion of the third (formerly the first or second) staple of the nation\u2014& why? Because a few merchants, regardless of the interests of the country, and really blind to their own, clamour against any alteration of the tariff, reecho the cuckoo note\u2014let-us-alone\u2014while they have, from the commencement of the government, been almost constantly goading the government for restrictions on foreign Commerce; & retaliations of all measures that restrained or injured our commerce. Your administration affords a thousand proofs of the justice of their claims of peculiar privileges & protection.\n I shall take the liberty of resuming the subject, at no distant day. Meanwhile I request you will accept the assurances of the most sincere esteem & regard of Your obt. hble. servt.\n PS. I enclose two numbers of Hamilton.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-03-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0518", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Charles Tait, 3 November 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Tait, Charles\n Mr. Geo: Conway being on his way to Alabama, where he is about to establish himself & family, and where he will be an entire stranger, I take a liberty which I hope you will excuse, of introducing him to any kind attentions which may be convenient to you. Tho\u2019 a kinsman in a degree not very remote, I have little personal acquaintance with him; but I have sufficient grounds for my confidence that he will be found in every respect worthy of them. I avail myself of the occasion to assure you Sir of my high esteem and my friendly respects.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-04-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0519", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Richard Cutts, 4 November 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Cutts, Richard\n I recd. yours of Ocr. 31. on saturday but not in time to answer it by the return mail. Inclosed are the papers from the Bank, with my name to the promisory Notes. Not wishing to resort to an Indorsor in the City, I embrace the alternative of accepting a bond for the conveyance of the lotts, for the reason you suggest. Be so good as to have the Bond executed on the delivery of the Notes, and forward it to me. With respects & best wishes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-05-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0520", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Peter Minor, 5 November 1822\nFrom: Minor, Peter\nTo: Madison, James\n I now have the pleasure of sending you by Mr Macon, some printed copies of the late resolutions of our Society, & the circular address. It has been delayed some time, by a week or two\u2019s absense from home when your letter arrived.\n I have directed to all the societies, that I know of in the state, & I have thought it proper to send them to you, to obtain your Frank. I have also sent some extra copies, which you can direct to any others, whose existence in the state you may know, or be informed of. Some errors of the press have occurred, which in those that are addressed, I have corrected with the pen. The scheme I find is popular, wherever I have heard it mentioned, & I have no doubt will succeed thro\u2019out the state, if we can but select active & zealous individuals in the different counties to push it forward.\n I have not yet recd. the Box of seeds from Monticello, but can get it at any time. I feel much at a loss to decide what would be a suitable answer to\nthe presents of Monr. Thouin, seeing that he has sent us mostly, the weeds of our own country. Shall we pay him in kind or not? With great respect yrs.\n If you wish more copies of the address &c. to send to distinguished agriculturali[s]ts of yr. acquaintance I will send them to you on request.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-10-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0521", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Virgil Maxcy, 10 November 1822\nFrom: Maxcy, Virgil\nTo: Madison, James\n Tulip Hill, near Annapolis, Md Nov. 10. 1822.\n I take the liberty of inclosing you a pamphlet written in Defence of the Maryland Resolutions relative to Appropriations of Public Land for the purposes of education, and in answer to objections, which have been raised against them\u2014and cannot but hope that a Proposition, promising if carried into effect, important results in favour of the stability of our Institutions, will meet with the approbation of one, whose great talents have been devoted through life to the interests of Freedom & good Government. I have the honour to be With the greatest Respect Sir, Yr. Mo: Obt. Hble. Servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-12-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0522", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Mathew Carey, 12 November 1822\nFrom: Carey, Mathew\nTo: Madison, James\n I enclose you some numbers of Hamilton\u2014& hope, when you have given the subject a full and complete consideration, that you will agree that\nthere is but one way to insure the prosperity & happiness of the Country, and that is by adopting the restrictive and protecting system which has elevated Great Britain to the towering height where she has stood for half a century, so far beyond what her population or natural resources entitle her to and which has restored France to prosperity after her horrible sufferings in 1815, 16, & 17. With the great volume of European experience before them, our rulers are unpardonable for making such a horrible shipwreck of our prosperity & happiness as they did after the close of the war. If any thing could add to the disgrace of their ungrateful & heartless abandonment of the Manufacturers to destruction, it would be the contemptible & false pretence of extortion during the war. What abhorrence must every man of sound head and pure heart feel for a Randolph, who sold his tobacco for 30 cents per lb.\u2014a Lowndes who sold cotton at 33\u2014and a Wright who sold Wheat at 2 Dollars per bushel\u2014cawling & railing at a miserable manufacturer of woollens, who sold his goods at 12 or 14 Dollars per yard, instead of the peace prices of 7 or 8, when the farmers had raised the raw material from 75 cents to 3 & 4 Dollars per lb.!! It sickens me to think of it\u2014& will be an eternal blot on the escutcheon of the fourteenth Congress\u2014as the callousness with which the sufferings of the devoted manufacturers were regarded in 1817, 1818, & 1819 will be on that of their successors. The stain is indelible, & will remain as long as the history of those times shall endure. If no one else transmits it to posterity, my endeavours shall not be wanting.\n Enough, however, of this lamentable subject. What is past is irreparable. It is our duty to try to rescue the vessel of state from the quicksand on which she has been thrown by want of skill. We furnish nearly all our food. Let us supply but three fourths of our own clothing\u2014& distress & embarrassment will be banished from the land. Our citizens will all be profitably employed. Specie will flow in upon us in a full tide. We shall then be really and truly independent\u2014& no longer be \u201chewers of wood & drawers of water\u201d for foreign nations, for the support of whose industry & governments our resources are at present so prodigally lavished.\n Excuse the freedom I take\u2014& the warmth I display. Feeling the magnitude of the cause as I do, it is impossible for me to restrain myself at all times within due bounds. Your obt. hble. servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-18-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0524", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John S. Skinner, 18 November 1822\nFrom: Skinner, John S.\nTo: Madison, James\n This conveyance will bear to you a beautiful & very perfect specimen of northern corn\u2014exhibited at the late Agricultural exhibition at Brighton.\n I sincerely rejoice at your prospect of adding a Professorship of Agriculture to your university, as it will enlighten & dignify the most useful of all occupations.\n If I could be justified in so far trespassing on the leisure which you ought to be allowed to enjoy, after so many important services to your country, I would entreat occasional communications on the leading topicks which the American Farmer was established to discuss & illustrate. With sincere respect & regard Your obt. ser", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-20-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0525", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Virgil Maxcy, 20 November 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Maxcy, Virgil\n J. Madison presents his respects to Mr. Maxcy, with thanks for his pamphlet in defence of the Maryland Resolutions proposing grants of public land for the purposes of Education to the States which have not received them. Of the publication less can not be said than that it has taken a very able & interesting view of the question.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-22-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0526", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 22 November 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\n The person who hands you this letter is an interesting subject of curiosity. He was taken prisoner by the Kickapoos when he supposes he must have been about 3. or 4. years of age, knows not whence taken nor who were his parents. He escaped from the Indians at about 19. as he supposes, & about 7. years ago. He has applied himself to education, is a student of Medecine, & has assumed the name of Hunter as the translation of that given him by the Indians. To a good degree of genius he adds great observation and correct character. He has been recieved with great courtesy at N. York & Philade. by the literati especially and also by the gens du monde. He has been long enough in this neighborhood to be much esteemed. He is setting out for the Medical lectures of Philade. & asked me to give him a letter to you which I do, satisfied that the enquiries you will make of him, and to which he will answer with great willingness will gratify you to the full worth of the intrusion. He has prepared a very interesting book for publication.\n Ten days ago I incurred the accident of breaking the small bone of the left fore-arm, & some disturbance of the small bones of the wrist. Dr. Watkins attended promptly, set them well and all is doing well. He tells me I must submit to confinement till Christmas day. I had intended a visit to you shortly, but this disappoints it. Dawson has finished the account books very ably. Genl. Cocke has been 3. days examining them. The vouchers wanting are reduced to about 4000. D. which can be got immediately the persons being in the neighborhood. He thinks there will be scarcely a dollar unvouched. I salute mrs. Madison and yourself with constant affection and respect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-22-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0527", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Richard Cutts, 22 November 1822 (letter not found)\nFrom: Cutts, Richard\nTo: Madison, James\n \u00b6 From Richard Cutts. Letter not found. 22 November 1822. Acknowledged as received by JM in John C. Payne to Richard Cutts, ca. 25 Nov. 1822, where it is described as enclosing an account with the Second Bank of the United States and a deed for a house and lots mentioned therein.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-25-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0528", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Mathew Carey, 25 November 1822\nFrom: Carey, Mathew\nTo: Madison, James\n By this mail, I send you two copies each of No. 2 & 3 of Hamilton, new series. No. 1 was forwarded some time since.\n For the sake of your country and your reputation, I beseech you reflect deeply on this subject\u2014& I hope you will see there is but one course can save our country\u2014that is, adopting the policy which has wrought wonders for Great Britain, France & every country which has followed their example. The weight of your name, openly & decidedly given, wd be a tower of strength in this great cause, on which \u201cthe wealth, power, and resources\u201d of the U.S. depend. With great respect, Your obt. hble. servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-25-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0529", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Horatio Gates Spafford, 25 November 1822\nFrom: Spafford, Horatio Gates\nTo: Madison, James\n Esteemed Friend, James Madison:\n Providence sometimes blesses us with necessary chastisements. The untoward events that drove me from my Cabin in the wilds of Western Pennsylvania, restored me again to society, led to the performance of a necessary literary task, a second edition of my Gazetteer, & to the completion of another task, on which, during 20 odd years, I had expended, hitherto to no profit, a great deal of time, thought & money.\n I have now fully realized the truth of a theory, of great importance in the arts & to the country, long since conceived; & what has so very long been theory, struggling in the birth, is now mere mechanical demonstrations, & may be taught by practise in a few minutes! How, now, shall I avail myself of the benefit of the discovery? I ask thy advice.\n The theory was, that all Iron, perfectly pure, is uniformly good; that pure Iron, duly & equally carbonized, makes good Steel; & it embraces modes of operation conformable to this theory, designed to make perfectly pure Iron, & Cast Steel, a pure carbonate of Iron. The system is all new, & perfectly succeeds, equal to the high expectations I had formed of it. The Steel is of the quality called Cast Steel, has been thoroughly & severely tried, by the best artists & mechanics, & is pronounced decidedly superior to any ever imported. I make it from the ores of Iron, Pigs, Bar Iron, &c. & with such facility that it affords profit enough for a good business. A company is formed for manufacturing Steel, men of business, with a half million of dollars\u2019 capital, bound to make so much as to supply the demand in the United States, giving to me one third of the clear profits. Such is the confidence of capitalists, that were it possible to carry on the manufacture & keep the process a secret, I could sell the invention for almost any sum that could be named. It is my intention to apply to Congress for a special law, permitting the specifications to remain sealed papers in the department of State, for 14 years. Were this done, I could sell the Steel Patent for an annuity of 5000 dollars, for that term of time.\n The system embraces the making of Iron, as well as Steel, & is secured to me by 2 Patents. I have stated to the Patent Officer my intention to apply for such a law, & have requested him, if permitted by the laws, to keep the specifications private until the meeting of Congress. Of all men living, I hate lawyers & lawsuits the worst. My desires as to money are moderate. I wish the government would buy the discovery; say pay me one third of what good judges should say it would be worth, perfectly securred, for 14 years, & make it a public benefit. I should then only want to stipulate that the Iron & Steel, made conformably to my theory, should be stamped with my name, Spafford Iron, & Spafford Cast-Steel, let the world call it\nvanity, or what it please, & give myself no farther any concern about it. It has cost me enough of care. The thing is now perfected; I want to dismiss it from my mind.\n Now, one of the two things I have named is very desirable. Pray give me thy opinion whether Congress would grant me such a law; & also, whether, in thy opinion, the goverment, being fully satisfied of the truth of what I state, it would purchase the discovery on some equitable terms?\n I can make the very best of Cast-Steel, from our native ores, at about the expense of making refined Bar Iron, by the old process; & can make pure Bar Iron, Castings, &c. for half what they are made, in any country, by the old method. In a few weeks I will send thee, should I have opportunity, some cast-steel plough-shares, for trial, cast, as the cast-iron ones are.\n Bar Iron is now worth, per cargo, 80 dolls. a ton; Cast Steel, 500. The Contractors on three half miles of the Erie Canal, have used 3 tons of cast-steel this year, at 28 cents a pound. The best English cast-steel is a carburet, not perfectly pure; mine is all of one quality, a pure carbonate of Iron; iron saturated with carbon. As a discovery, none of modern times exceeds it in importance; and it is all American, all new; no patch-work system; nothing borrowed from the old, the work of 20 centuries. If the goverment would act wisely, we could soon stop the importation of Iron & Steel, save our Millions of dollars at home, & tell Europe, as Europe tells us, we consider self-preservation the first law of nature: We are as independent as you are. I should be obliged by thy advice, & am, with great consideration & regard, thy friend,\n Horatio Gates Spafford", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-25-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0530", "content": "Title: John C. Payne to Richard Cutts, [ca. 25 November 1822]\nFrom: Payne, John C.\nTo: Cutts, Richard\n From the indisposition of Mr. Madison he directs me to acknowledge the rect. of your favor of the 22d. inclosing the account of the Bank of the U.S. shewing the payment of the balance due that institution & the deed from Mr. Smith as Trustee for the house & lots therein mentioned. From the slight view which his health allows him to take of the latter he supposes it is drawn up in that form which is best & safest, but he suggests for your consideration the propriety of shewing it to Mr. Jones before it is\nrecorded to see that it is fully guarded against any flaw of which unjust advantage might be taken. The deed is returned.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-28-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0531", "content": "Title: To James Madison from David Porter, 28 November 1822\nFrom: Porter, David\nTo: Madison, James\n Captn. Porter presents his compliments to Mr. Madison, sends him the right Voln. in place of the one returned, and hopes the work may afford him some amusement.\n It will be the source of great gratification to Captn. P. if the Preface should meet Mr. Madisons approbation.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-30-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0532", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Browne Cutting, 30 November 1822\nFrom: Cutting, John Browne\nTo: Madison, James\n Thomas Law Esqr: who resides on a farm in this vicinity has by letter, requested that I woud in his name inclose you his last essay on a very thorny subject: a severe domestic calamity has for the last month drawn me near to him. But even were this otherwise, any function of friendship woud be rendered to me additionally pleasant, that gave me occasion to assure you & Mrs Madison of that true and respectful regard, with which I shall long remain her and your very obedt Servt\n John Browne Cutting", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-30-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0533", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Edwin C. Holland, 30 November 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Holland, Edwin C.\n JM. presents his respects to Mr. H. with thanks for the copy of his pamphlet; which is made particularly interesting by some of the views given of the subject discussed.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-01-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0534", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Philip P. Barbour, 1 December 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Barbour, Philip P.\n The enclosed letter not having come to hand before your departure for Washington, I cannot so well comply with the request of the writer as by forwarding it for your perusal. Should you think his object a reasonable one, or entitled to a fair consideration, a word of explanation from you to the Secy. of war & the Attorney General, if proper at all, may be more so from you than from me and can not certainly be of less avail. I am indeed without the least information on the case, beyond what is gathered from the letter itself. Of the character of the writer, tho\u2019 my personal knowledge is of old date, I am authorised by all the evidence short of it, to speak favorably. He has been ever represented as remarkable for an honest frankness, and a warmth of good feelings; and as a firm patriot through all the vicissitudes of the times, from the commencement of the Revolution to the present. I have understood too that his present distress is the consequence of no fault but that of a liberality and benevolence, indulged beyond the limits of prudence. With this view of Mr. Ts character & situation, I can not but wish him success in his pursuit, if within the rules by which Congress are of necessity to be gover[n]ed.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-01-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0535", "content": "Title: From James Madison to John G. Jackson, 1 December 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jackson, John G.\n The inclosed is an answer to your late letter to Mrs. M. I have only to add to it, that I shall fully share with her in the pleasure of the promised visit from her neice, and that we shall both feel a further gratification in seeing you as her escort. Cannot Mrs. Jackson avail herself of the opportunity of fulfilling her promises also? Health & every other happiness", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-01-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0536", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Bushrod Washington, 1 December 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Washington, Bushrod\n I return under cover with this the 2d. parcel of my letters to Gl. W. which you were so obliging as to send me. I am sensible of the delay in fulfilling my promise; but it is of late only that I could conven[i]ently have the desired copies taken, and I ventured to suppose that the certainty of the return of the Originals was the only circumstance to wch. any attention wd. be given.\n Having found in these papers several particulars which I wished to possess, and seeing by references in Genl. Washingtons letters to me, to which I may add my own recollection that there must be other letters from me to him, which might have been put on his files, I can not but hope that a further search by the Ch: J. or yourself, may procure for me the oppy. of looking into their contents; for which I shall feel a great addn. to the obligation your kindness has already laid me under.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-05-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0537", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Horatio Gates Spafford, 5 December 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Spafford, Horatio Gates\n I have recd. your letter of the 25. Ult: in which you state your discovery of a process which gives a greater purity & cheapness to Steel & Iron than any yet known.\n Iron is the metal and even the article which has been justly considered as causing more than any other, the civil[iz]ation & increase of the human race. Every improvement therefore in the preparation & uses of it has been deemed a benefaction to the World. If the discovery you have made be found on extensive & thorough trials, to justify your expectations from those already made, it will be well entitled to the merit claimed for it, and the author to the pecuniary as well as honorary recompense due to public benefactors. In what mode it may be most advisable to seek the former, I know not that I can say any thing that would be of service to you. On the general question on which you ask my opinion, whether Congs. would grant a special law securing your patent right, I can only give a general answer that it is a fair presumption that Congress will be disposed to give all constitutional encouragements to useful inventions. I have no doubt there may be cases in which a purchase on behalf of the public might be preferable to the grant of monopoly; but on a recurrence to the enumerated powers of Congress, it is observable that the one relating to the encouragement of useful arts is confined to the mode of granting to inventors exclusive rights for limited times. If there be cases in which any other mode be authorized, the authority must be found, if at all, to be an incident to some other power, necessary & proper to the exercise of it. Such a peculiarity is not suggested in your case. From this view of the subject, you will be sensible that instead of advice I can only offer the good wishes which I beg you to accept that you may be gratified with all the success on which you count in making your discoveries beneficial to your Country, and a source at the same time of liberal compensation for the labor & merit of introducing them.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-07-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0538", "content": "Title: From James Madison to John Browne Cutting, 7 December 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Cutting, John Browne\n I have recd. with your note of the 30th. Ult: the little tract of Mr. Law forwarded by you at his request; and I take the liberty of conveying thro\u2019 the same channel, my respects & thanks to him. If my sympathies with\nhis domestic afflictions could be of any avail, I should add the expression of them with great sincerity.\n I have always regarded Mr. Law as a man of genius as well as of singular philanthropy; and as uniting with other intellectual acquirements, a particular familiarity with questions of finance. In his occasional publications relating to them, I have observed many sound principles, and valuable suggestions. I most [sic] own at the same time that I have never had the confidence he has felt in his favorite plan of putting an end to the evils of an unfavorable balance of trade, and the fluctuations of an exportable currency. There would seem to be much danger at least that the disposition to borrow the paper issuable by a public Board would bring an excess into circulation; and that this instead of reducing of interest, would have the effect of depreciating the principal. With friendly respects", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-07-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0539", "content": "Title: From James Madison to David Porter, 7 December 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Porter, David\n I have recd. with your note of the 28. Ult: the right volume of your Journal; and have looked over the preface. Less cannot be said of it, than that it has taken an able and judicious view of its subject. The severity of its retaliations can not be complained of by those who so wantonly provoked them. There can be no danger that your Enimies whatever be their motives or modes of attack will ever impair your title to the niche assigned you by your Country among the distinguished of her naval heroes, or deprive you of the esteem commanded by your private and social virtues.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-10-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0541", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Junius Johnson Jr., 10 December 1822\nFrom: Johnson, Junius Jr.\nTo: Madison, James\n Permit a stranger to take the liberty of asking a favor at your hands. Aware of your devotion to literature and the improvement of your country\u2019s youth, I know that you will grant it with the utmost cheerfulness.\n I am about to commence the study of a course of history, preparatory to that of the law; and having seen the one selected by yourself, am anxious to obtain it. The only means, at present suggested by which it can be done is by an application to you, which I now respectfully make. I am Sir, yours with the highest veneration and esteem", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-19-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0545", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Benjamin L. Lear, 19 December 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Lear, Benjamin L.\n I have recd. your letter of the 14th. requesting me to say, according to my recollection whether it was stipulated or understood that Genl. Hull, was to receive the salary of Govr. as well as the pay of Brigadier after his acceptance of the latter appointment.\n After giving Sir to the subject the proper attention I find myself obliged to say that my memory furnishes no evidence relative to the question, which ought to influence the decision of it.\n Mrs. M. desires me to offer to Mrs. Lear, affectionate returns for her kind remembrance. Be so good Sir to add my best respects: & to receive for yourself my esteem & good wishes.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-20-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0546", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 20 December 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\n I have recd. from Mr. Lear engaged in settling the accounts of General Hull, a request of what I may recollect on the question, whether there was a stipulation or understanding, that the General was to receive his salary as Governour, as well as his military pay. I have simply answered that my memory does not furnish any evidence which ought to influence the decision of the question. As the war Department was the proper depository of such a fact, and the then Secretary is now on the spot, I conjecture that his recollection is not favorable to the claim. In a legal point of view, it would seem that if the two appointments were compatible, and the Civil appointment was neither revoked nor superseded, the salary would be an incident to it, unless a stipulation or understanding to the contrary should have taken place. This is a remark which I have not made to Mr. Lear, because I wished neither to go beyond his enquiry, nor to meddle with the point of law in the case.\n I take this occasion to thank you for the copy of your Message; which could not have been better fitted for its purposes. I am constrained however, to enter an exception to the latitude given to the authority to appropriate money. The able & extended view taken of the subject in a former Message did not satisfy me that I have been wrong in considering the authority as limited to the enumerated objects in the Constitution which require money to carry them into execution. If an authority to appropriate without respect to that limitation, be itself a substantive one in the list, it would seem, like the others, to be entitled to \u201call laws necessary & proper to carry it into execution,[\u201d] which would be equivalent to a power to \u201cprovide for the general welfare.\u201d A general power merely to appropriate, without this auxiliary power, would be a dead letter; and with it an unlimited power. Considered as itself an auxiliary power incident to, as being necessary & proper for the execution of the specified powers, it comes fairly & safely within the purview of the Constitution. But enough & more than enough on that subject.\n You have not I presume lost sight of Marbois\u2019s intention to compile a history of the Louisiana Convention. It is of public importance that the motives of Bonaparte to make the Cession should be authenticated, and other developments may be expected not without some interest. Health & every other happiness", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-21-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0547", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Cooper, 21 December 1822\nFrom: Cooper, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\n Columbia South Carolina 21 Dec. 1822\n I take the Liberty of inclosing you a report concerning \u27e8the\u27e9 State of our College. I remain always with the \u27e8highest?\u27e9 respect, Dear Sir Your obedient Servant\n President of the South\n Carolina College", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-21-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0548", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Creed Taylor, 21 December 1822\nFrom: Taylor, Creed\nTo: Madison, James\n Will you permit me to avail myself of the return of Mr. Stringfellow, to his friends in the county of Culpeper, to submit to your consideration, a copy of the journal of the law-school, to enable you to form, a more correct opinion of the merits of that institution: and, to ask, if you please, at your liesure, your opinion in relation to it: and, be assured, that in asking this, I am most sensibly alive, to all the apprehensions, so natural to the author of every new institution. But still, from the confidence, which I hold, in your justice and wisdom, I have prevailed upon myself thus far, to trespass, upon your time. Allow me to say, as I could not attend to the operations of the press, more errors, than my own, are to be found in the work. They will not escape your eye; nor is any other apology necessary. I submit with great deference, to your consideration; not from your practical; but general knowledge of our laws; whether it might not be regarded, as some improvement to our country, if our professional gentlemen, were to\nconform, in their professional duties, to one uniform system of precedents, even such, as are to be found, in the humble pretentions of the journal of the law-school, if no better can be had, than to go on, as at present, without any system at all.\n Allow me also to add, that I have not forgotten, your very friendly & polite invitation, at the Rock fish gap, to visit you, and my promise to do it. This visit, I have not, as yet, had in my power to make; but, I anticipate it, with pleasure: and, I will, before very long, make it.\n Permit me, if you please, to present to Payne, (who was with us at the gap) through you, my best respects: and, for yourself accept, the very high considerations of your most obedient Servant\n N.B. I should be much gratified, if my efforts to be useful, shall meet Mr. Madison\u2019s approbation, to be at liberty, to make it known, or not, as occasion may require. January & february I shall be in Richmond.\n Excuse the erasements, as I have no one to copy for me, and the stage can not wait.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-21-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0549", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Charles Yancey, 21 December 1822\nFrom: Yancey, Charles\nTo: Madison, James\n I have taken the liberty of enclosing for your perusal a prospectus of a Newspaper about to be printed here by Mr. Crawford, a gentleman well recommended; I lately sent one to the President and received for answer \u201cwhich as I approve it you will subscribe my name.\u201d Will you be so good as to write to me, if one may be sent to you. Please to accept\nassurances of my great respect & believe me to be yr. frd. & most Obedt. Servt.\n Charles Yanceyof Richmond Va.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-25-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0551", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Zollickoffer, 25 December 1822\nFrom: Zollickoffer, William\nTo: Madison, James\n Middleburg 25 Dec: 1822 Maryland\n It has always afforded me an infinite source of pleasure, to have it in my power, to present literary gentlemen with such information: as I conceive of practical utility, as relates to the alleviation of the sufferings of mankind; induced by disease: and under the influences of an impression of this kind, I with much pleasure, forward on to you two copies of my little treatise on the use of Prussiate of Iron in intermitting and remitting fevers\u2014which you doubtless will receive at the time this letter reaches you. I shall consider myself highly honoured by receiving a letter from you, by way of acknowledging that they have come safe to hand. I have the honour, to be Respected Sir Your most obt. Sert.\n William Zollickoffer", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-27-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0552", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Benjamin Waterhouse, 27 December 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Waterhouse, Benjamin\n I have received your favor of the 12th. instant, and with it the \u201cBotanist,\u201d and the Sheets containing \u201cHeads of a Course of Lectures.\u201d\n A glance over them has satisfied me that the Volume on Botany very happily opens the door to the subject, and gives enough of an Inside view to attract curiosity, and guide investigation. From the heads selected for the Lectures, they must have embraced a larger field, which, I doubt not, became in your hands a fruitful one.\n It is among the proofs of Mr. Adams\u2019 comprehensive patriotism, that he called the attention of his country, at so early a day, and in so impressive a mode, to the subject of Natural History, then so little an object of American Science; and you have done an Act of Justice only, in the conspicuous notice you have taken of the fact.\n I perceive by the newspaper paragraph you cite that more than justice is done to me in the notice taken of the proposed professorship of Agriculture in the University of Virginia. The printed sheet inclosed, shews that the resolution of the Agricultural Society originated with General Cocke, a highly respectable member, and that I but executed an order of the Society, in preparing an Address on the subject, to the other Societies in Virginia, taking the liberty only of bringing into view a small cultivated farm as a sort of apparatus to the professorship.\n The principles of Agriculture have been sometimes embraced in other professorships, and are so, in that of Chemistry in the University of Virginia. The object of the Society of Albemarle was to give to Agriculture the importance as well as the advantage of a distinct professorship exclusively charged with it; which was not known to have been done in any other instance. With much esteem & every good wish", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-30-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0553", "content": "Title: From James Madison to George W. Erving, 30 December 1822 (letter not found)\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Erving, George W.\n \u00b6 To George W. Erving. Letter not found. 30 December 1822. Noted in the Numismatist 35 (1922): 143, as exhibited by George H. Blake at the New York Numismatic Club: \u201ca case of seven bronze medals presented to President James Madison by George W. Erving. Accompanying the case and enclosed in it is a letter of acknowledgement, dated December 30, 1822, thanking Mr. Erving for his gift.\u201d Erving sent JM two, probably identical, sets of seven bronze medals, one for himself and\nanother for Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson\u2019s set included representations of George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, William Augustine Washington, John Eager Howard, Christopher Columbus, John Paul Jones, and Thaddeus Kosciuszko (Jefferson to Erving, 11 Apr. 1823, DLC: Jefferson Papers; Susan R. Stein, The Worlds of Thomas Jefferson at Monticello [New York, 1993], 245\u201347). The two parcels were delivered to JM by Hazlewood Farish (Erving to Anna Cutts, 19 Dec. [1822], ViU: Richard Cutts Papers).", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-01-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/02-02-02-0032", "content": "Title: Memorandum Books, 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n Inclosed to Wm. Paxton 10.D. supplement to fee ante Nov. 13.\n Desired Bernard Peyton to remit for me to Henry A. S. Dearborne Collector of Boston 78.23 duties, freight &c. of 25. boxes of wines, oil, maccaroni, & anchovies from Joshua Dodge of Marseilles.\n Gave Edmd. Meeks ord. on James Leitch for 20.D.\n Stock of wines on hand.bottles \u2003Roussillon of Rivesalte dry. a cask of 62. galls. + \u200225 \u2003Muscat de Rivesalte \u20036 \u2003Ledanon 145 \u2003Claret of Bergasse \u200255 \u2003Limoux \u200225 \u2003Old Muscat 18. vin cuit 3. vin cuit de Provence 17. \u200238 \u2003Barsac \u200220. \u2003Scuppernon 45 + 26. + 1 \u200272 \u2002386\u2003 \n Recieved this day from Marseilles as follows \u2003Muscat de Rivesalte 150 \u2003Ledanon 150 \u2003Claret of Bergasse 144 \u2003Vin blanc de Limoux 150 \u2003 594 \u2003whole stock on hand\u200362. galls. + \u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003980 \n The weight of the above with that of 24. b. oil, 6. b. anchovies & 50. \u2114 macaroni = 2380 \u2114 waggonage paid by Jas. Leitch @ .75 = 17.85.\n Pd. Mr. Coffee 2.50 for 7. doz. pen points.\n Gave my note for 100.D. to\u2003\u2003Gillam payable Sep. 1. with interest from this date, the price of a horse bot. of him, a bay of Diomede blood, 6. y. old last spring, 5 f\u20131\u00bd I. high, a dim star in forehead, slight snip on nose, short ears.\n Settled with Wm. Johnson. Balance due me 24.97.\n Drew on B. Peyton in favor of Saml. Garland for 231.D. at 60. days date with int. from Oct. 12. 20 till paid. This is for a note given in my name by Mr. Yancey for the purchase of horses from\u2003\u2003Hawkins assigned to Saml. Garland.\n Advise B. Peyton of the above and desired him moreover to remit to Jonathan Thompson collector of New York 15.91 D. duty & charges on books from Debures Paris.\n Pd. Edmund Meeks 10.D. & gave him order on Colclaser 8.D.\n Recd. of Th:J. Randolph his draught on Bernard Peyton for 300.D. which he pays me for Randolph & Conclaser to whom I am to credit it towards the mill rent of the two last quarters now due.\n Endorsed sd. draught to Isaac Raphael for which I recieved\n \u2003credit for my last quarter\u2019s groceries\u2003 \u200295.08 his assumpsit to pay Fred. A. Mayo \u200250. cash 154.92 300. \n Repaid James Leitch for ante Jan. 7. 37.85.\n Recd. of Abraham Hawley in part payment, see Mar. 4. 21., 128 D. I am to credit him 5.D. more on acct. lime.\n Paid to Mrs. Proctor for E. Meeks ante Nov. 2 22.12\u00bd Inclosed to H. Niles for Weekly Register \u20025. Inclosed to Jas. Maxwell for Literary gazette to Dec. 31. & for Portfolio in advance\u2005 10. Inclosed to Bernard Peyton on acct. 53. Inclosed to Ellen W. Randolph for busts 50 \n Inclosed to Fred. A. Mayo ord. on Wolf & Raphael for 50.D. as above.\n Sent to B. Peyton notes for renewal as ante July 6.\n Pd. Leschot for Spectacles for Mrs. Marks 5.D.\n David Isaacs beef & Tallow 11.97.\u2003E. Bacon 7. turkies 3.50.\n Gave my note to bk. Virginia in favr. of & endorsed by Bern. Peyton for 330.D. to wit to pay my note to S. Garland ante Jan. 18. and to answer my draught to be made on him favr. J. Flood 80.D. Nov. 19. This note is not to be renewed. It was not discounted. \n Gave Chisolm\u2019s Lewis 1.D.\n Borrowed of Jas. Lietch 50.D.\n Pd. Mr. Coffee for repairing paintings 100.D.\n Pd. Isaacs for beef 1.60.\u2003Callard for do. 5.D.\u2003hhd. exp. 5.D.\n Pd. Leschot cleaning 3. clocks 3.D.\n Nace having delivered to Rand. & Colcl.\u2003 102. Bar. to Craven 125 \u2003gave him ord. on Rand. & Colclaser for\u2003 227.\u00f7 31 = 7\u2153 \n James Pleasants has paid to Bern. Peyton for me 118.D. the balance due me on the decree v. Ronald for the land sold him.\n Pd. Edmd. Meeks 5.D. in full of last year\u2019s wages.\n I am to debit myself to E. Bacon for the 12.D. due to Fielding Bacon by order of E. Meeks.\n Gave E. Bacon ord. on Jas. Leitch for 21.D. to wit 16.D. for\u2003\u2003Clark for 2400. \u2114 hay & 1. barrel apples, and 5.D. to J. Nicholas by order of\u2003\u2003\u2003for bringin 6. bar. cement.\n I am to credit Hawley & Vest\u2019s bond 21.46 Vest\u2019s acct. for leather.\n Gave John Craddock order on W. D. Fitch for 7.D. bringing up 6. Bar. shale cement from Richd. Randolph.\n Gave Thomas Pickering order on Jas. Lietch for 22.D. for making 2. pumps.\n Borrowed of James Lietch 10.D.\n Pd. Lewis, Chisolm\u2019s, for work & gratuity 2.D.\u2003Wormly a day\u2019s work .50\u2003Ned a day\u2019s work .50 and for sewer 1.D.\n Gave order on B. Peyton for 75.D. in favor of George G. Lieper in exchange for his draught on Thos. Lieper & son. \n Inclosed Lieper\u2019s draught to B. Peyton.\n Peter B. Read begins on the mill work at 1.D. a day. \n \u2002DRecieved of James Leitch. cash\u200217. \u2003see ante\u2005 Mar.\u2005 24. \u2005cash \u200250 31. \u2005Bacon \u200221 Apr. 4. \u2005Pickering\u2002\u2002 \u200222 7. \u2005cash \u200210 \u2003gave him order on B. Peyton for\u2003 120.\u2005in full for preceding. \n Pd. David Isaacs for beef 4.37\u00bd.\n The ord. on B. Peyton ante 11. was retd. to me unused, and B. Peyton was desired to return the money he had drawn from T. Lieper under the order inclosed to him ante 12.\n Gave J. Hemings ord. on Leitch for clothes 12.D.\n Gave Edmd. Meeks ord. on Jas. Leitch f. 14.71.\n \u2003DDrew on B. Peyton in favr. W. & Raphael for\u2003250 \u2003to wit Raphael\u2019s grocery bill last quarter \u200280.98 \u2003cash now recieved 169.02 \u2003250 \n Inclosed to Revd. Mr. Fred. W. Hatch a gratuity of 20.D.\u2014hhd. xp. 1.D.\n Paid Edmd. Meeks 5.D.\n Set out for Pop. For.\u2003Enniscorthy vales 1.D.\u2003Mrs. R. do. 2.\n Pd. John Flood for Mare bot. ante Nov. 19. 80.D.\n Mrs. Flood\u2019s brkft. 2.50\u2003linch pin .12\u00bd\u2003Hunter\u2019s lodgg. 6.25.\n Pd.\u2003\u2003Gough to pay for 40. Bush. oats 20.D.\n Pd. Editha Clay for 21. bush. rye 10.50.\n Gratuity to Burwell 10.D.\n Recd. of Archib. Robertson cash \u200227.84 Gave ord. on him in favr. Bridgland for beef\u2003 \u20032.16 Gave\u2003\u2003Gough ord. on him to buy corn 120. Drew on B. Peyton in favr. Arch. Robertson 150. \n Gave my note to Joel Yancey for 400.D. with int. from Apr. 30. 1821. and for a further sum of 400.D. with int. from Apr. 30. 1822. for his superintendce. during 1820. & 1821.\n On settlement of the plantn. acct. for 1821. the balance in his favor in that acct. is 28.26 after allowing me credit 50.D. his 4th. instalmt. to the University, pd. by me in my sale to them of the hoisting machine for 150.D.\n H. Flood\u2019s lodgg. 5.75\u2003Mrs. Flood\u2019s brkft. 2.50\u2003Warren ferrge. 1.25\u2003Brown\u2019s lodgg. 5.30\u2003arrivd. at Monto. cash in hand 7.69.\n Drew ord. on Jas. Leitch for 50.D. to E. Bacon to buy a mule. \n Inclosd. to Arch. Robertson an ord. on B. Peyton for 66.D. to pay Rob. Millar 34.D. &\u2003\u2003Bococke 32.D. for 17. Bar. corn bot. last year from Rob. M. & 16. do. from Bococke @ 2.D.\n Pd. George Williams on ord. of Edm. Meeks 3.D.\n Recd. of Isaac Raphael 20.D.\n Gave him ord. on B. Peyton for 400.D.\n Desired him to remit to Leroy & Bayard125 \u2003to Saml. Williams for Appleton for Pini\u2003 444 + excha. \u2003to J. Vaughan for Joshua Dodge 137.44 + excha. \n \u2002D Gave orders on Is. Raphael favr. Thos. W. Maury\u2003 60. \u2003Doctr. Ragland medical acct.\u20029.50\u2003Martin Dawson store acct.65.26 \n Drew on B. Peyton in favr. John R. Campbell for oats 101.34.\n Gave order on Is. Raphael favr. John Kerr 40. B. corn 96.D.\n Drew on B. Peyton favr. of John W. Eppes163.20 \u2003I am to import books for Francis amounting to \u200276.80 \u2003which together pays 1. y.\u2019s int. on 4000.D. Oct. 18. 20\u2003 240. \n Inclosed to B. Peyton notes in bank for renewal.\n Richd. Thomas begins to work @ 13.D. a month.\n Desired B. Peyton to remit to John Laval 31.57 for books in full.\n Do. 2.D.\u200327. B. Peyton pays curtail of 500.D. on note of 2500 F.\u2019s bank.\n Gave ord. on Is. Raphael for 18.D. in favr. Dr. Watkins for acct. of medical services to Aug. 9. 21.\n \u2005D\u2002 c Gave order on I. Raphael in favr. Isaiah Stout\u2005 33.84 oats & hay. \n Inclosed to Thos. Appleton a 3te. of Jos. Marx senr.\u2019s bill on Marx & Wheattall of London in favr. of Saml. Williams on acct. of Appleton for \u00a3293\u201312s\u20136d st. which cost here 1422.25 but yields in London only 1305.D. to wit 444.D. for Pini on my acct. & bought with my money (ante June 11.) and 861.D. for the University & bought with their money.\n J. Vaughan informs me that he has remitted to Dodge and Oxnard Girard\u2019s bill on Paris for 960. fr. equal @ 5\u2153 fr. to the Dollar to 180.D. (see ante June 11.) for my wines & Th:J.R.\u2019s.\n Pd. Isaacs & Lee for tallow 1.50\u2003for veal 2.D.\n Recd. of Raphael 30.D.\u2003charity 3.D.\n Inclosed 5.D. to Jonathan Thompson Collector N. Y. to reimburse 2.47 for freight on a box of seeds from France.\n Hhd. exp. 1.D.\u2003Chisolm\u2019s Lewis for hair .25.\n Chisolm\u2019s Lewis 1.D.\n Gave Peter B. Read order on I. Raphael for 10.D.\n Gave Edmd. Meeks ord. on Raphael for 20.D.\n John Lee for veal 1.25\u2003Wren bringing up busts 1.D.\n Gave Drury Wood ord. on Raphael for 66.67 for 20. Bar. corn. Note this overdraws the 400.D. ante June 11. by 29.27.\n Drew on B. Peyton in favr. Wolfe & Raphael for 180.D.\n Drew on do. in favr. John Rogers for 93.33 for 30. Barrels corn @ 3.D. and 10. b. oats @ 2/.\n Pd. John Thomas 5.D. and discharged him.\n Recd. from Is. Raphael 45.76 balance of the 180.D. ante after paying my acct. for groceries & cash.\n Pd. Richd. Thomas on account 10.D.\u200318. Hhd. xp. .25.\n Gave E. Bacon to pay \u2003\u2003Campbell for plank 2.38. Opie Norris for lime .50. \n \u2002D\u2003c Gave John Gillam ord. on Wolfe & Raphael for 103.84 for a horse ante Jan. 12. \n Gave Wolfe & Raphael ord. on B. Peyton for 103.84.\n Note that about Aug. 27. I recd. from Th:J. Randolph as exr. of W. C. Nicholas a check on the Farmer\u2019s bank at Richmond for 1059.67 for which I am accountable to that estate.\n Drew on B. Peyton in favor of James Lietch 908.47 D. the amt. of my acct. from Aug. 1. 20. to Aug. 1. 21.\n Drew on do. in favr. Martin Dawson for 49.54 the amt. of my acct. from Aug. 1. 21. to Aug. 5. 22 and including an assumpsit of 21.79 for Ewen Carden which charge to him accordingly.\n Read and Ligon cease working in the large mill on my acct. & begin to work for T. E. Randolph.\n Fruit .20\u2003gave E. Bacon ord. on Jas. Leitch for 30.D.\n Drew on B. Peyton in favr. Wolfe & Raphael for 130.D.\n Gave Peter B. Read ord. on Wolfe & Raphael for 80.D.\n Gave Richd. Thomas ord. on B. Peyton for 24.50 in full for 2\u00bd months work.\u2014Hhd. exp. 1.D.\n Purchased of Wm. M. Sims of Kentucky 4. mules of the breed of Don Carlos and gave him my note for 300.D. payable in 60. days at the counting house of B. Peyton.\n Gave Willis Liggon order on Raphael for 20 D.\n Recd. Raphael 5.50. balce. of order ante Sep. 13.\n Paid Isaacs for John Lee beef 2.50\u2003Hhd. exp. 1.D.\n Having given a note to Bernard Peyton for 1000.D. to be discounted I drew on him this day in favr. Wolfe & Raphael for 300.D. and gave E. Bacon an order on them for that sum. (The note was not discountd.)\n Recd. of James Lietch 20.D. and gave him order on B. Peyton for 50.D. to repay this & 30.D. ante Sep. 12.\n Gave David Isaacs order on B. Peyton for 200.D. and gave Edmd. Bacon order on D. Isaacs for 200.D.\n Accepted Edmd. Bacon\u2019s ord. in favor of John Winn for 40.D. payable in June next on acct. of John Bacon\u2019s bond.\n Recieved of Hanah Proctor 800.D. for which with interest I gave my note payable Sep. 1. 1823.\n Drew on Bernd. Peyton in favr. Raphael & Wolfe 100.D.\n Gave Alexr. Garrett order on Raphael100 \u2003paid him cash 100 \u2003University Dr. for a hoisting machine 150 \u2003350. The above pays my last instalmt. to Univty. 250 \u2003Joel Yancey\u2019s do. ante May 25.50\u2003Wm. Mitchell\u2019s instalmt. ante Nov. 16. 21.\u200350\u2003350 \n Pd. Isaacs for butter 1.50.\u20036. Ned sewers 1.D.\u2003hhd. exp. .31.\n Paid Edmund Bacon 500.D.\n Paid do. for Mrs. Bacon for 13. turkies 6.50.\n Pd. John Lee for beef 2.75\u2003McKennies newspaper &c. 4.D.\n Left at Mr. Winn\u2019s for Chas. Massie for cyder of 1821 30.15.\n Drew on Colo. B. Peyton in favr. Jas. Leitch for 60.D. Recd. the sd. sum of Jas. Leitch and paid it to Shrewsbury of Kenty. for a mule 2. y. old.\n Drew on B. Peyton in favr. Sheriff Alb. taxes for 130.90.\n Drew on do. in favr. Sheriff of Bedford taxes for 118.41.\n Pd. Negrin for mending razor 5.D.\n Had a final settlement with Edmund Bacon and paid him 41.90 the balance due him in full\u2014Hhd. exp. 3.D.\n Pd. Edmd. Bacon 20.75 D. more to correct error in yesterday\u2019s settlement.\n Accepted his order in favor John R. Jones 96.36 payable next June.\n Accepted do. in favor Branham & Bibb for 16.62 payable next June.\n Accepted do. in favor Martin Dawson for 80. payable June 1.\n On the whole this bond principal & intert. to Oct. 1. \u2003amounts to573.56\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003the credits to412.98 \n Paid Willis Ligon for 46. days work as a millwright 26.50 which with the 20.D. ante Sep. 20 is in full.\n Inclosed to B. Peyton my notes for renewal in bank. lre. Aug. 16.\n Pd. Isaacs for tallow 7.25.\n Pd. Mr. Hunter subscription to his book 3.D.\n Lent Willis Liggon 20.D.\n Pd. Huntington for a book .75.\n Pd. A. S. Brockenbrough for 3d nails 17.70.\n Flour sent down for me by Th:J.R. is 33 + 50 + 10 + 235. Barrs.\n Gave ord. on Raphael in favr. Sam. Cobbs 20.D. on account sawing.\n \u2002DDrew on Bern. Pey. in favr. Wolfe & Raphael220 \u2003this\u00a0pays\u2005 their quarterly bill 127.57 the ord. of yesterday in favr. Cobbs\u2002 \u200220. \u2003cash now recieved\u200230.\u2003still due\u200242.43\u2005=\u2005220. \n Pd. Casey for a pr. shoes 3.D.\n Pd. Elijah Brown spectacles for J. Hemings 1.D.\u2003Hhd. exp. 1.\n B. Peyton pays for me this day 750.D. to Barrett for B. Miller.\n Pd. Youen Carden 5.D. and gave him an order to Raphael to pay 20.D. for him to Dr. John Ragland.\n Pd. Israel for 100. cabbages 2.D.\u2003hhd. exp. 2.D.\u2003sewers 1.D.\n Leschot rectifying clocks 1.D.\u2003Waters for a pr. slippers 3.D.\n Recd. from Raphael 22.43 balance of ante Nov. 6. 9.\n Pd. Edm. Meeks 12.25 lodging & cooking for workmen @ 6d. a day.\n Statement of wines on hand Nov. 26.\n Accepted Jos. Bishop\u2019s order in favor of John L. Thomas for 19.50 on acct. which I desired Jas. Leitch to pay.\n Pd. E. Meeks 10.D. out of which he is to be allowed his exp. to and from Poplar Forest.\n Hhd. xp. 1.D.\u20147. Chisolm\u2019s Lewis, trimmr. N. Pavilion 1.D.\n Hhd. xp. 1.D.\u2003borrowed of Jas. Leitch 25.D.\n Recd. of Chas. Massie 139 galls. cyder.\u2003hhd. xp. 1.50.\n Recd. by Joe from F. B. Dyer for smith\u2019s work 32 D. + Joe\u2019s part 6.40.\n Sent notes of renewal to banks.\u2003Jerry 4. bush. turnips 2.D.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-01-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2540", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edward Graham, 1 January 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Graham, Edward\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nIt is of considerable interest to myself, and of some to Capt Paxton that the inclosed letter should have a safe conveyance to him. not knowing his nearest post office I take the liberty of giving it the protection of your cover with a request that you will be so kind as to address it to the post office or other place from which he will be most likely to get it safely.with my apology for this trouble be pleased to accept the assurance of my great esteem and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-01-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2541", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Mr. Leyburn, 1 January 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Leyburn, Mr.\nSir\nMonticello\nWhen I was at the Natural bridge I mentioned to you that I would endeavor to procure a copy of Greenlee\u2019s survey, to which my patent must yield if there were any difference. I have since recieved from the Surveyor of Botetourt a certified copy of it, of which I now inclose you an exact copy. you will see by that that Tremble in running my lines followed exactly on those of Greenlee which he had run but a year or two before.On a separate sheet I have platted Greenlee\u2019s survey on a larger scale and conformably with kincaid\u2019s patent for the 160. as and on the same paper I have laid down the line\u2019s of Ochiltree\u2019s inclusive patent for 181 \u00be as by which you will see where the new land was taken in. you will see also how carelessly & erroneously mr Ochiltree\u2019s surveyor run the lines of his inclusive patent. for besides the little encroachment on me, he run in considerably on mr Ochiltree\u2019s own lines, throwing out a part of what he held under Kincaid\u2019s patent, under which alone that is now held this survey however of Greenlee\u2019s end Capt Paxton\u2019s detection of the error in the length of one of my patent lines, calling it N. 55. W. 36. poles instead of N. 55 W. 20 poles as stated in Greenlee\u2019s survey and found to be in truth by Capt Paxton, sets all our lines to rights, so as to leave no further doubt that the lines run by Capt Paxton on the 12th and 13th of November last, are the true lines. I shall be at bridge the next summer and will have with me for your inspection the certified copy sent me by the surveyor of Botetourt of which the enclosed is a copy, and I salute mrs Leyburn and yourself with friendly respects.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-01-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2542", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Munroe, 1 January 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Munroe, Thomas\n I have every disposition to do any act of service to you within the limits of propriety. but withdrawn from the world & unauthorisd by office or any other qualifn I do not feel myself entitled to address a lre to the Emperor of Russia, Ct Nesselrode or any of the authorities of that country. I am happy however in believing that with the patronage of mr Adams & Mr Politika your son is as well assured of a favble reception in that country as recommenons can procure him. with my regrets that I cannot avail myself of this occasion of being useful to you accept the assurance Etc", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-01-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2543", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Paxton, 1 January 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Paxton, William\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI inclose to you a letter to mr , Leyburn, because I wish you to be informed of it\u2019s contents, and when read I will pray you to contrive it to him by any safe opportunity.After parting with you at the Natural bridge a little reflection made me sensible that the sum of 5. D. which you named as your fee could not possibly be seven the legal fee. I have here turnd to the fee-law and find it was by no means as much as the law allowed, and that even the legal allowance was not the half of what the labor of that particular survey over hollows and precipices was worth. permit me therefore to remit you the inclosed 10. D. bill as a supplement. I am thus late in correcting this error because I have been expecting your notes of the survey which you thought would be here by the time I returned myself. not having recieved them I fear they have miscarried, or perhaps as you thought you would some day survey the course of the creek through my lands, you may retain the survey to insert that.I promised you also a note of my observations of the variation of the needle: you will percieve that from 78. to 96. it advanced East-wardly, and has since been receding towards the true meridian, but with vibrations as unaccountable as the Polar attraction itself is.I salute you with great esteem & respect.Th: Jefferson\u00b0\u20321778.Feb. 5.3\u201332 East1790.Nov. 3.6\u2013151791.Sep. 20.6\u20131594.Aug. 3..7\u20133696.Dec. 4.10\u20132097.Sep. 13.8\u2013098.Nov. 11.9\u20131599.Dec. 154\u2013301802.Sep. 13.5\u201304.Sep. 164\u20135.Aug. 23.5\u2013258.Sep. 11.3\u20139Dec. 27.4\u20131811.July 31.5\u201325 E.14.Dec. 171\u20133015.Oct. 9.2\u20131019.Dec. 7.4\u201320.July 2.4\u20134521.May 19.3\u2013", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-02-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2544", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John F. Lamb, 2 January 1822\nFrom: Lamb, John F.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,\nPhiladelphia,\n2nd January, 1822\u2014\nAs a friend to Science, and as a native of Virginia, I feel an interest in the progress of the University, which at present occupies so much of your attention\u2014And for motives, which, (though not expressed,) may appear observing, should be pleased to receive your answer to the following queries.\u2014Is it intended that a Medical School shall form a part of the University of Virginia?If a Medical School,\u2014when is it expected to go into operation?And what the prospect, of a Professor therein?\u2014together with any additional particulars, which may be deemed interesting.\u2014I am, Sir, with due Respect\u2014Yours &cJohn F. Lamb", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-02-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2545", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Joel Yancey, 2 January 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Yancey, Joel\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI recieved duly your favor of Dec. 22. and felt sincere satisfaction at the assurances it expressed of your continued friendship. of this indeed I never entertained a doubt, nor that this was the governing principle of your endeavors to promote my interests. these I saw plainly were faithful & zealous always and gave me therefore unbounded confidence in your care of my affairs. these were sometimes baffled by droughts the ravages of insects and other accidents not within human controul which have placed me under embarrasments for a while, and the extraordinary failure of the wheat crop here as well as there the last year make them greater at present than usual not being able from this circumstance to furnish you the sum you need for the purchase of a house servant I shall very willingly let you have Lucy at a fair valuation by neighbors, if she is willing to be sold, as I have little doubt she would be. she would certainly prefer the situation of a house servant under mrs Yancey & yourself and so near her friends to working in the ground under an overseer. if she consents therefore you can take her immediately, and the price may be settled at my next visit. indeed I should be very glad to pay the whole sum I owe you by a sale of as many acres of land adjoining you as would amount to that and by a line parallel with our present line. but perhaps we may not have the same idea of present values. as nearly as I can judge by prices here & wherever else I have heard of, lands negroes and other property seems to settle down at about one third less than what they were 3. or 4. years ago, and as the merchants recover from their embarrasments the price of produce is steadily on the advance and will establish stably the price of property. this is within my convenience and power at present, but may not be so after the present year. otherwise I should have to rest on your indulgence until better crops and better prices come to my relief. my anxieties in the mean time are great & painful.The proceeds of the 360. bushels of wheat you will be so good as to have paid to mr Robertson, and I shall endeavor to have the balance of his order paid otherwise.Accept the assurance of my constant and sincere friendship and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-03-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2546", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Carrington Cabell, 3 January 1822\nFrom: Cabell, Joseph Carrington\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n I arrived here on the 30th ult: and took my seat in the senate on 31st. My general health is good, & the disease in my ear considerably diminished. I feel myself in a situation to return zealously & vigorously to the duties of my station, and for that purpose have taken up my lodgings at the Eagle Hotel. I trust there will be no relapse in my ear, and as to my general health my morning walks will preserve it, unless the exertion of my mind, and anxious watching of nights should greatly impair it, as they have done heretofore. But I will trust myself to providence, and hope for the best. I have been so long cut off from my accustomed communications with you, that I almost fear you doubt my fidelity and constancy. I intend to write you as I did formerly, and shall endeavor to keep you fully & regularly informed of our proceedings in regard to the University. For, as you will have seen in the papers, the subject has been brought forward to the surprize of us all by Mr Griffin of York. Mr Minor of Spottsylvania had written to me to hasten up: but I did not receive his letter, nor hear of the motion, till my arrival here on sunday. At first Mr Griffin\u2019s motion gave great satisfaction to the friends of the University. Coming from a Quarter deemed so hostile, we thought it a harbinger of a favorable change in the public feeling, & opinion. I confess I had my doubts from the beginning, and now those doubts are confirmed. I knew, from information received from Mr Saunders in Wmsburg, that Mr Griffin had been apprized that his course last winter was thought by the friends of the University to have for its principal object the depression of that institution, and I thought it not improbable that he sought to redeem himself from the charge of insincerity in the estimation of the more enlightened part of the community. Some supposed he wished to prevent the Literary Board from compleating the Loan. Others, that he wished to force the friends of the University to a premature movement at an inauspicious time. All of us, however, thought that so remarkable a movement from an opponent whatever the motive might be, was calculated to do good. How far it may influence our movements will depend on circumstances. Yesterday Mr Griffin sought a conversation with me which satisfied me that his support would not be given to his own motion. He called on me to know if the Legislature would consent to cancel the bonds of the University, on condition that we should never apply for any further appropriation, whether we would consent to give the pledge. The Question was so ridiculous, I had some difficulty in refraining from laughing in his face. I replied to him, that I could not speak for others, but for myself. I would not hesitate to avow that I would give no such pledge, & I was very confident that the other friends of the University would give a similar answer. Indeed, I told him, that I would sooner see the measure which he had offered rejected, than to accept it on any such condition. All the obvious objections to such a pledge were urged, and I need not repeat them to you. He contended that unless such a pledge was given, he was sure the motion to cancel the bonds would be rejected by an immense majority: & I understood him to say that in such case he would himself vote against it. He furthermore observed that even that pledge would not carry the measure. And, finally, remarked that he should urge the measure no further. Among other things he assured me that he began to feel apprehensions for the safety of the Literary Fund. The University, he said was evidently more & more unpopular, & his motion was opposed by all the leading members of the House. I told him that his measure would of itself enable the University to get into operation in a short time, & to flourish greatly, but individually I was of opinion that future Legislatures shoud go further. I remonstrated with him on the impropriety of his withdrawing himself from the support of his own proposition, because we would not agree with him on ulterior measures not necessarily connected with it: and invited him to aid us in removing the popular prejudice. But all would not do. I saw his object, & we separated without coming to any agreement of opinion. In parting, I requested him to converse with Mr Johnson, inasmuch as I did not wish to be singly consulted on the occasion. He declined doing so, as unnecessary after what had passed. This conversation has been a subject of much merriment among our friends: and we are amused at the effort thus gravely made to bind us to our good behaviour for all times to come. Mr Ritchie will come out with an encomium on Mr Griffin\u2019s liberality\u2014We are not yet decided whether we shall profit of the opening made by Mr Griffin, or let the subject lie over till another session. I am endeavoring to ascertain our best policy, by consultation with our friends. The laborious task again falls to my share to go the rounds, & to endeavor to rekindle the enthusiasm of our friends. In the course of the last three Days, I have seen enough to convince me that the Senate is well disposed, & the House of Delegates perhaps more than usually hostile. The temper & disposition of that House is distressing & alarming. To-day a motion was made & supported by Morris and Blackburn to authorize the Committee of Schools & Colleges to enquire into the expediency of making an appropriation to Washington & Hampden Sidney Colleges, and it was rejected by a large majority. These Colleges have both three or four respectable agents here, solliciting aid from the Legislature. It is true that there is no money to dispose of: but to refuse in giving to the Colleges, indicates great hostility to the literary interests of the State, as they are more popular than the University. Indeed it is doubted whether there is not a strong party in the House for the total abolition of the Literary Fund. Our prospects are certainly gloomy in a high degree. I have recommended to our friends to keep back the subject as long as possible, and in the interim to endeavor to make friends. We all agree thus far, that Griffin\u2019s proposition is the proper one, if we make any: and that we should ask for nothing more. I still have hopes that explanation may pave the way to final success, but in all our struggles, never have I seen a more gloomy prospect. Blackburn is said by some to take to heart the removal of the seat of Government to Staunton. I am not sure of this, but I suspect he seeks it with deep anxiety. Is it not possible that calculations may be made on our anxiety to endow the University? May they not say\u2014these men would not oppose us, least we may retaliate? I feel the dilemma\u2014I regret it\u2014but I cannot vote to carry the seat of Government to Staunton. We are committed against Charlottesville: because of the University being there. And I presume our best course is to keep it here. I shall not be busy or noisy, but my purpose is settled, be the consequences what they may.4th Jan. I hear to-day a general concurrence of opinion as to the hostile character of the House of Delegates: & the probability that we ought not to apply for anything. Yesterday in the debate on the motion to refer the consideration of the College Question to the Committee of Schools & Colleges I understand Genl Blackburn strongly committed himself against any & every proposition to touch the Capital of the Literary Fund. Mr Ritchie\u2019s remarks of this morning will probably carry Mr G. to the point of voting for his own motion. Mr Watkins of P. Edward, one of the Commisssioners at Rockfish Gap, is here on a visit. He is a friend to the University & to Hampden Sidney. He strongly advises that we shall make no application this session; he says we should ask for more money & let the debt stand for the present: that by the remission of the debt we shall not get money &c. But I think otherwise. We should get our annuity, & after that the momentum of the institution would carry it along. There is an almost unanimous opinion that if we should move at all, we should present and support Griffin\u2019s proposition. And we generally think that we ought to keep back the proposition, and then be governed by circumstances. Col. Archer of Powhatan has just given his support to this course, & he moves much among the members. He thinks at this time we should meet with a decided repulse. I should be happy to receive any advice from yourself or Mr Madison: but will certainly write you from time to time.I am inclined to think it would be good policy to show a friendly disposition towards the Colleges. The friends of Hampden Sydney are anxious for aid, and are not so lofty in their tone as they were last winter. I came here disposed, if there should be money to spare, to vote something to them, on conditions not very rigorous to meet them in friendly consultation; in short to conciliate them. As far as I have had an opportunity to observe, they are disposed to meet us in the same temper. 4. p.m. Since writing the above I have seen the Speaker of the House of Delegates who is warmly our friend. He thinks much may be done to change the minds of members. And so do I. I am going around & solliciting the aid of all the speakers & the more liberal members. I have moved Ritchie, and I will bring the press to bear on the House. I will also get the aid of the Senators. In short, if any exertions of my mind can put a lever under the weight that bears us down, it shall be raised this session. I shall also endeavor to promote the completion of the loan. In four days, I am again fairly out at sea, struggling with the tempest.I presume Governor Randolph has written you fully on the subject of his difference with the Council. I am sorry to inform you that he has injured himself extremely in the popular mind here by the first letter which he published in the Daily Compiler. Indeed the style of his answer to the Committee was lamented by his friends as rather too severe: & as calculated to produce a similar style on the other side. The Question as to the boundary of power seems to have been lost sight of, and the attention drawn only to the manner. He contemplates publishing again: I have taken the liberty to request him to be as moderate in his style as possible: & I shd be extremely glad if you could look over any thing he may send to the press. He has to cope with many persons & their numerous friends & connections. You are aware of my sincere respect & regard for him, & I am sure will consider these remarks as dictated only by friendship.\u2014This controversy is unfortunate for the University.I am, Dr Sir, faithfully yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-03-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2547", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Joseph Carrington Cabell, 3 January 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cabell, Joseph Carrington\nDear Sir Monticello Jan. 3. 22.I have recieved a letter from Mr Griffin a member of the legislature on the subject of the University, to which I have this day given an answer. not knowing to what purpose it may be used I inclose the letter and a copy of the answer for the information of mr Johnson and yourself, to enable you to meet any quotation which might be made otherwise than in the genuine terms & spirit of the answer, I will ask your return of these papers when the term of their use shall be past. affectionate & respectful salutationsTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-03-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2548", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Henry Alexander Scammell Dearborn, 3 January 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Dearborn, Henry Alexander Scammell\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nYour favor of Dec. 12. with a note of the duties & charges on the articles you recieved for me from Marseilles was long on the road and is recently recieved. I have this day written to Colo Bernard Peyton my correspondent in Richmond to remit you immediately the amount noted of 78D.23C which I hope will get safe to your hands. the object of the present is merely to inform you of it and to assure you of my thankfulness and great esteem and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-03-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2551", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Oldham, 3 January 1822\nFrom: Oldham, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,\nUniversity\nJanuary 3. 1822\nSince the 2 of November last I have repetedly solicited a settlement of my worke with the Proctor, of this fact, their is evidence on yesterday, Pronounced the subject again when he positively refused to do any thing with it\u2014and declared that I should not receive one cent of pay until it suted him to give it\u2014I am advised to make an appeale to Mr Jefferson and to give a statement of the condition of my worke which will be seen in the following memorandum\u2014Pavilion 1\u2014finished inside, except the handrail which is ready and will be finished in one day when I receive the Locks and Hinges to complete the doors\u2014The 4 dormitories ajoining finished and have been occupied during the Summer\u2014the Clases doors are unhung\u2014Hotel A east finished complete one week before the meeting of the bord of visitors. Locks & hinges wanting and have been repeatedly asked for\u2014The 9 Dormitories, the floors are all finished and the inside worke nearely all prepared\u2014all the sashes for these ware made in June last and those for the Hotel made in the month of May, not one of them Glaized\u2014Hotel A, West, all the sashes glaized and fited completed, the cornice all prepared and the archebraces for the windows and dores insid nearly done and the shingling bords suffitient to compleet the roofs of 2 Dormitories & Piaza of Hotel prepared + the scantling for the rasing floore and roof of this house is not yet received; but has been prepared for with all the force I possed I am redy to pledge myself that the finished work will exceed the Sum of six thousand dollars by the Proctors own measurement\u2014admit the lowed sum of\u2014$6000\u201300ad to this sum an amount due to me}221\u201337since the years 19 & 20. for Lumber waggonagehorse hire, Kiln drying Plank and Cashadvanced the sum of$6221\u201337Total Sum received2309\u201394$3911\u201343From 2 \u00bd to 3 days would be sufficient time to measure and estimate all my work that is finished & unfinished the working draughts being redy at hand\u2014as it would require some time for the Arbitration to made I per posed theare appointment first to be done, then to prepare the estimate of worke\u2014and lay that which may be in dispute before them\u2014that you Sir will direct the cause to be pursued in this business and in the mean time permit me to have a little money as I am in grate neede sincearely hoped forJ. OldhamEndorsed\u2014A Copy of a letter sent to Mr Jefferson respecting a setlment\u2014January 3rd 1822\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-03-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2553", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Bernard Peyton, 3 January 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Peyton, Bernard\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nOur river has been so blocked up with ice that the boats could not run till now. the day before yesterday Wood\u2019s boats took off 50. barrels of flour for me, which will be followed as fast as I can effect between the difficulties of the mill and boats.\u2014mr James Pleasants informed me some days ago that he had in his hands for me a sum of something upwards of 100. D. which on the 26th ult. I desired him to have paid into your hands. altho\u2019 these two supplies will not bring me even with you, I am obliged to request you to remit for me to mr Henry A.S. Dearborne Collector of Boston 78 D. 23 c duties freight Etc for articles recd for me from France. as the greater part has been advanced by him, it is a debt of honor to be replaced immediately. from him I expect you have recieved for me by this time 25. boxes of wines Etc. also a box of books from mr Thompson of Newyork sent to him from Paris for me, and another from London arrived in Baltimore & forwarded to you by mr Mc Culloch. these may all come by Wood\u2019s boats the foreman of which I am told is quite trusty. I hope by next mail to recieve my account to Dec. 31.I salute you with affection and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-03-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2554", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 3 January 1822\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear SirRichd\n3d Jany 1822I yesterday recd from the Custom House at Boston, thro\u2019 Genl H. A. S. Dearborn, twenty five Boxes Wine & Oil for you, & also a Medal:\u2014The Wine & Oil I have this day forwarded by a careful Waggonn to Charlottesville, can Mr Jas Leitch:\u2014The Medal I have retained, to rend by some private hand, lest it should be last.\u2014all which I wish safe to hand\u2014Very respectfully Sir Your Mo: Obd:Bernd Peyton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-03-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2555", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Mann Randolph, 3 January 1822\nFrom: Randolph, Thomas Mann\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nRichmond\nMr Pendleton a director of the Literary Fund has within this hour agreed with me to complete the Loan to the University, out of money now in Bank. He authorizes me to assure you of his vote when the Bond arrives, which renders the transaction sure. I need not observe that if Mr Griffins proposition to cancel the debt due from the University should prevail, the loan authorized by the act of Feby 24. 1821 might possibly be included, only as far as made. But the necessities of the Workmen are motive sufficient for dispatch.Mr Cabell is again here, quite well again, and as zealous as ever. Many members of influence are willing to cancel the University debt on condition of the arrearage due to the schools being given to Academies. That sum is more than 47000 $. I have certainly succeeded in silencing the clamour raised, for two sessions now, against the Board of the L. Fund for having withheld payment of the quotes for past years, not called for in the proper years. On your suggestion before I left Monticello for the Legislature of 1819.20, I moved and succeeded in carying that resolution, as soon as I came into the Board. But I fear the compromise will not take effect\u2014, the county interest being much stronger than the Academy, and the money having come now to be considered as belonging to the Counties for any purpose they please.Jefferson has arrived today. I thank you for the opinion on the land claim in Florida of Mr Hackley between whom and myself there are very strong ties of various kinds. The Girls are all well. most sincerely & gratefully your &c.Ths M Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-04-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2556", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Peter Burtsell, 4 January 1822\nFrom: Burtsell, Peter\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n I had the pleasure of receiving by mail your letter of 19th Ulto in which you note having received the Copy of \u2018Coltors Lacon\u2019 which I had taken the liberty of sending to you\u2014It was intended by me as a small tribute of respect to me of my countrymen who had taken so distinguished a part in her HistoryIt is very gratifying to me that you have done me the honor of accepting the Book\u2014on a further perusal I hope you will find matter to amuse you and less of Paradox & puzzleI am Sir very respectfully Your obt ser", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-04-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2557", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jonathan Thompson, 4 January 1822\nFrom: Thompson, Jonathan\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nCustomhouse\nNew York Collectors OfficeJan 4. 1822\nI rec\u2019d per the mail your letter of 23 Ult with the Invoice of the case of Books rec\u2019d per the Ship Imperial from Havre\u2014I have caused the Duties to be estimated & the freight & other expenses paid & will forward the case by the first Vessel to your correspondent Capt Bernard Peyton Richmond, as heretofore directed\u2014The Invoice is herewith returned & subjoined is an \u2013 account of the expenses &c\u2014with great respect am your Obt ServtJonathan Thompson Collector", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-05-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2561", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Laval, 5 January 1822\nFrom: Laval, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir, Philadelphia Jany 5th 1822The Dio Copius, mentioned in my letter of the 9th of Octr ulto, & the only One I have, is in sixteen or 16mo, of the Size of the inclosed leaf on Which the latin title is Copied, Well printed on Good type & Good paper, all Greek; except two titles, at the head of each volume, On latin & the other greek, & the Summa Capita in latin; Without Notes.being desirous to offer you a Choice of different Copies, I have sent to our principal Booksellers, but, from my inquiries, I have ascertained that no other is to be obtained in the city.With the highest Consideration & respect, Your Very humble ServantJohn Laval", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-05-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2562", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Munroe, 5 January 1822\nFrom: Munroe, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nWashington\n5th Jany 1822I thank you very sincerely, Sir, for the kind expressions contained in your Letter of 1t instant, recd today.\u2014The favorable terms you were pleased to use towards me, in a Letter you did me the honor to address to me in 1815, approving the humble Official Agency, I had exercised under you, and by your apporintment, together with the urbane and polite treatment I had always received from you, would have induced me, if need had required it, to have asked of you a plain testimonial of your Opinion of my Character, which, if it had been fair & favorable, I should have deemed the highest evidence, as far as it might go, that any man could obtain; but I could not have expected you to have said more than that, in substance, I had a reputable standing or immpeached character. I state this, Sir, truly, and beg you to believe that the inpropriety which I now see I was led into (from the assurances or impressions of others) in expecting that you could say any thing to a Foreign Prince or Government in favor of a young man, whom you never saw, did not originate in my own mind\u2014.All I ought to have done was to have mentioned my Sons wishes, and ye encouragement he had received, to enter the Russian service, at his own expense, to obtain a military education; and that, if you, Sir, thought it a commendable enterprize. as some less distinguished men do, and if it had not been disagreeable to you, to have said, in a few lines to myself, or any other person here, that you had heard of the young mans views, and that, knowing his father (as far as you might have been pleased to say) you wished the Son well, I should duly appreciate the favor to me, and the advantage of it to my Son\u2014This I regret I did not confine myself to, but trust your goodness will paid on my departure from \u201cthe limits of propriety\u201d in not doing so.I shall ever remain with the most respectful Consideration Sir Your most Ob. ServtThomas Munroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-05-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2563", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Jonathan Russell, 5 January 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Russell, Jonathan\n Th: Jefferson returns thanks to mr Russell for the Agricultural address he has been so kind as to send him. retired from such occupations himself. he recieves it as a mark of friendly recollection and good will from mr Russell which he reciprocates sincerely; and with his best wishes for the prosperity of the plough he salutes mr Russell with great esteem & respect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-05-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2564", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Henry R. Schoolcraft, 5 January 1822\nFrom: Schoolcraft, Henry R.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nAlbany\nJanuary 5th. 1822.Henry R. Schoolcraft presents his respectful compliments to Thomas Jefferson Esqr., and solicits the honor of his acceptance of the accompanying memoir.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-05-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2566", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Jesse Torrey, 5 January 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Torrey, Jesse\nI thank you Sir for the copy of the 2d edn of your Moral Instructor. I had read the 1st edn with great satisfn and encoraged it\u2019s reading in my family . I do not think the 2d edn has gained by the omission of the extracts from Volney\u2019s L. of nature. it\u2019s publication will be useful, but age & a slippd wrist rendering writing very irksome and painful to me, I cannot embark in the promotion of that publicn because it would subject me to considble writing which is now the oppression of my life, leaving it to younger hands therefore with my wishes for it\u2019s success accept the assurances of my great respects", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-05-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2567", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Augustus Elias Brevoort Woodward, 5 January 1822\nFrom: Woodward, Augustus Elias Brevoort\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,\nCity of Detroit,\nThe Reverent Cave Jones, of the City of New-York, has recently manifested to me, a willingness to accept a respectable Situation in the new central University; should the stations not already be filled.Dr Jones is a respectable clergyman of New-York, of the Episcopalian persuasion, and of profound erudition. Lamented dissensions have induced him to turn his views, a second time, to Virginia. I firmly believe he would be an acquisition to any literary institution.\u2014Having just time to mention the subject, by the present mail, will serve, I trust, as an apology for my not entering into any further details.Accept sir, the assurances of my permanent respect, attachment, and esteem.A. B. Woodward.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-06-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2568", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph, 6 January 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Mann\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI recieved two hours ago your favor of the 3d and lose no time in executing the bond and lodging it in the post office. if the legislature were to cancel our debt, and give us the derelict money, the latter would build the Library, and our annuity being free we could instantly take measures for opening the University. but I am sorry to learn from mr Cabell that the opposition to the institution has become stronger than it was. if the debt should be cancelled so as to leave our fund free, & nothing more given, we can then open in 4. or 5. years. All here are well, and I salute you with all affection & respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-07-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2569", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Carrington Cabell, 7 January 1822\nFrom: Cabell, Joseph Carrington\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nRichmond\nI have just received your favor of 3d inst and have shewn it to Mr Johnson. Should the case occur for which it was intended to provide, it shall be used. For the present Mr Johnson & myself think it best not to exhibit it generally, as it might be the means of throwing still farther from us the gentleman to whom it was addressed. What course he will ultimately pursue, no one seems to know. We deem it prudent not to enquire whether the \u201cinsurance\u201d was necessary to carry him along with us, or whether it was called for merely to promote the success of the Resolution. The former is the obvious inference; but we leave him to account for the singularity of his course. The general impression among the friends of the University is that the movement of this gentleman was dictated by some unfriendly design\u2014My own impression is that it sprang from the desire of appearing to take a leading part in the discussions & proceedings relative to the Literary Fund, and from a hope that the reputation of being liberal might be procured without any other sacrifice than that of writing a Resolution. For the reference of the Resolution seems to have surprized him, & from that period he has been in pursuit of inadmissable conditions, in order that the refusal of them might serve as a pretext for abandoning his own proposition. Such are my impressions which I communicate to you with the freedom & confidence of epistolary correspondence. It remains to be seen whether the eulogy of the Enquirer or your opposite answer to his letter will induce him to resign these absurd conditions.Things have remained nearly in Statu quo since I last wrote you. In the Senate there would be no difficulty in getting a large vote to cancel the bonds. I am inclined to think the measure is gaining some friends, in the lower House; but from all I can learn there is now in that body a large majority against it. Postponement is the advice which I have given to all our friends. We cannot lose & may gain by it. I find most difficulty to arise from an imprudent committment of our friends in that House at the last session, not to encroach on the Capital of the Literary Fund. I differed with them then, & warned them of the consequences. The occasion on which this took place was the discussion of our Loan Bill. They were driven by the force of circumstances into these declarations by the allegation of our opponents that our Loan would ultimately be taken from the Capital of the Fund. Morris of Hanover is of this number. I have been laboring to prevail on him to make a public recantation of his Error: and nothing is yet decided on. I hope the force of enlightened opinion will come to my aid in this respect. What I most fear is that Blackburn will adhere to that ground. The style of his opposition added to the inconsistency of our friends in that House would very certainly defeat us. He is not to be approached, unless when he has an evident & strong desire. In general he affects to be Jupiter in a Cloud. In the present case, I apprehend that his views on another subject, in which I differ with him, would make me not a very welcome guest: and I stand aloof. By the bye, I see a whole groupe of gentlemen here from Staunton: apparently on ordinary business. In reflecting on the causes of the opposition to the University, I cannot but ascribe a great deal of it, to the Clergy. Wm& Mary has conciliated them. It is represented that they are to be excluded from the University. There has been no decision to this effect, and on full reflection, I should suppose that religious opinions should form no test whatever. I should think it improper to exclude religious men, and open the door to such as Doctor Cooper. Mr Johnson concurs with me in this view. And I have publicly expressed the opinion. Whether the Clergy believe it or not, they have succeeded in spreading the belief of their exclusion: & in my opinion, it is the source of much of our trouble. I am cautious not to commit yourself or Mr Madison or the board. I have also made overtures of free communication with Mr Rice; & shall take occasion to call on Bishop Moore. I do not know that I shall touch on this delicate point with either of them. But I wish to consult these heads of the Church & ask their opinions. I have also suggested to Mr Watkins and the President of Hampden sydney, plans of finance to aid them in the accomplishment of their objects. Nevertheless I suspect the Colleges will not succeed, as they are sure to interfere with one another, & the most that could be done for any of them would be to lend them a little money out of the Capital on the credit of the future surplus which is generally appropriated to the Colleges. Wm & Mary seems to withdraw her claims, & I shall be moderate on the score of charters. The County arrears must be given out, for we are now apparently at war with the Democracy. Such are my present views. I will write you weekly\u2014but fear I shall not send you any good tidings this session.In great haste, I remain, Dr Sir, faithfully yoursJoseph C. Cabell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-07-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2572", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John D. Wolf, 7 January 1822\nFrom: Wolf, John D.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\u2014\nBristol R. I.\nJany, 7th 1822\nBut few incidents have occurred in the course of my life, which have given me more pleasure than the receipt of the letter in which is expressed your approbation of the sentiments of my address to the Citizens of this Town, on the 4th of July last:\u2014I would observe Sir, that the copy you recieved was not sent by me; for I never should have thought it worthy of your perusal:\u2014but as it had the good fortune to meet your approbation, I now take the liberty to send you a subsequent composition, embracing the same principles:\u2014My wife has done herself the pleasure of taking the enclosed copy from my manuscript:\u2014Should you find leisure to read this address Sir, I hope you will pardon its many levities, as it was calculated for a numerous and miscellaneous audience:\u2014In the hope that I have not presumed too far, in making this communication,\u2014I am Sir with sincere & great respect your fellow citizenJohn D. Wolf Jnr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-09-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2573", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Easton, 9 January 1822\nFrom: Easton, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Accompanying this the copies of a letter from Major Genl Lafayette and of the document therein alluded to as also a printed sheet, containing copies of a Certificate from Mr Monroe, now the present chief Magistrate, and of a few letters from General Washington to the late Colo Robert H Harrison, the whole of which I take the liberty of sending you at the recommendation of the President of the U States.The object in view is to obtain if practicable, positive evidence that Colo Harrison when he retired from the army in ill health in 1784 actually did so on furlough, for although he did not rejoin the army again, it is well known that the foundation of his ill health was laid in Camp, which Phisically incapacitated him from further labours in the field and which finally terminated his life in 1790\u2014His Daughters were left young at their fathers death, and his valuable papers which were preserved with great care until the decease of his widow, which followed Colo Hs about two years thereafter, suddenly this appeared with the trunk which contained them. and but for this loss I feel confident it would not have become necessary to resort to any other source to establish the fact of their fathers being in Bromission, tho\u2019 not in active service, until the close of the war. Should you know, Sir, any thing of this matter, which from your high official station at the time is not improbable. Your declaration of the fact would probably be attended with beneficial consequences to his daughters in enabling them to establish their just claim to the gratitude of their Country, for their fathers long, faithful & important services, which remain unrequited by the U States until this dayI would therefore in their behalf respectfully solicit from you any information you may be in possession of either personally, or from general impressions as the case may be as early as your convenience will permit\u2014With sentiments of the highest respect & Esteem I am, Sir Your mo: obt hum Sert", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-10-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2575", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from J. Louis Fernagus De Gelone, 10 January 1822\nFrom: Gelone, J. Louis Fernagus De\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir.\nPort au Prince\n10. January 1822.\nI am now in Port au Prince, employed by the Government. Deign to excuse me for the coarness of this paper! I am destined to work on the rules of howard, of Lancaster, and on your own. I shall be ever happy to hear from your most Venerable mind. I will take the liberty to Write to you, often. I have a great deal to mention to you.Your most respectful Servant.Fernagus De Gelone.at the Lyceum.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-10-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2576", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Katherine Duane Morgan, 10 January 1822\nFrom: Morgan, Katherine Duane\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Sir\nWashington; Washington County Penna January 10th, 1822\nIn addressing You a feeling of reverential respect almost intimidates me to silence, till reinspired with confidence by a recollection of your polite condescension even to trifles, when brought to your notice by persons whose intentions are pure and upright and of your truly republican deportment during the period of your holding the exalted station of President of the United States, at which time I had the honor of being presented to your acquaintance by the kindness of your esteemed daughter Mrs Tho\u2019s M. Randolph, when on a visit at Washington City with my father Wm Duane, Editor of the Aurora\u2014The enclosed paper will explain the cause of my stepping out of the beaten way assigned by custom for females, and of encountering the prejudices and habits of my sex, respecting what unfortunately, generally they consider tantamount to the possession of a multitude of blessings\u2014From the success I met with in obtaining signers many of whom are the wives of some of our most enlightened and worthy citizens I have been encouraged to endeavour to gain the names of the women throughout this county. In this attempt I have been greatly aided by the politeness of some of our most distinguished and influencial Inhabitants, among whom are the only judge of our court whom I have since seen, and all our County CommissionersIt has been my wish for many years that a plan of this kind might be carried into execution, but being anxious to avoid even the appearance of taking a place which more properly belonged to the wife of one in a more public station than that of my husband, Thomas Morgan, (son of the late Col. George Morgan, who I understand communicated to you, sir, the first intelligence of Col Burr\u2019s conspiracy) he being till lately, except whilst transiently a member of our State Legislature, a private citizen, but who at present holds an office under this State Government. I have had seven quires of the annexed Circular printed, and distributed through this County.I have presumed to mention these circumstances to you sir, knowing the early, decided, constant, and highly distinguished part you took in effectuating the Freedom and Independence of your Country\u2014and therefore concluding that any effort intended to perpetuate the happy result, would be gratifying to you.The method taken, I conceive will be more effectual than any thing of the kind attempted by the gentlemen; as the mothers are generally the purchasers of clothing for their families, and the husbands not wishing to restrain their wives in what appears to come more immediately within their province\u2014Accept Sir for your happiness and health, the most fervent wishes of one early inspired with respect and esteem for the noble qualities of which you are possessed.Katherine Duane Morgan", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-10-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2577", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Anonymous, 10 January 1822\nFrom: Anonymous\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n without pretensions to the weight of character, that would justify the appearance of my signature, I have attempted to explain to the people their real situation.\u2014Amendments in the constitution of the state, (amounting almost to a radical change) has become absolutely necessary. The Aristocratic few, who rule, need these amendments, as well as the majority who Submit; but a love of power has closed their eyes on the only policy which can redeem Virginia from both political and moral decay.The measure of your fame may be considered filled to the runing over; nor is there room for complaint against your future silence. But according to opinions often expressed by you, the great stock of information treasured up, only serves to convince you how much there is yet to learn. This reasoning applies with much greater force to the demands your fellow citizens have on your services. You have given them a knowledge of their rights; but the possession is most unjustly withheld in direct opposition to your wishes.I cannot read the Declaration of Independence, and the rest of your writings, withot the deepest regret that we must ever part with you; nor can I consent that you \u201crest from your labors\u201d at this important moment. It would be unexampled in history, if you should, at an age when other men withdraw from the world, be the means of completing the grand work of liberty in your country. I am satisfied you approve of Universal suffrage; and, if yielded, by the immediate call of a Convention, it would save the people from the fatigues of gaining a conquest, and their opposers the mortification of being conquered\u2014the certain result of the approaching contest\u2014With sentiments of the Most profound respect, I beg leave to subscribe myself, Very respectfully, Your obedient Servant,\n A Native born VirginianP.S.\u2014I have two objects in writing you; which, I hope, will save me from all appearance of disrespect, a fear which almost deters me from the attempt. Although I can, with the greatest sincerity, declare that from my childhood, I have venerated your public conduct; and would be as tender of your feelings, in every respect; as of my parents, who, like myself, were born near you. The objects are, that your weight of character may induce the legislature to freely give up to universal suffrage\u2014and if this fails, that your advice shall so temper the people; in their movements, for justice, that the cause of democracy may lose nothing by the rashness of the struggle.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-12-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2580", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Alexander Keech, 12 January 1822\nFrom: Keech, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Waverly, near Bladensburg Md\n I have been solicited by several Gentlemen of considerable influence and standing in this section of Maryland, to solicit information relative to \u201cThe University of Virginia.\u201d I have therefore, taken the freedom to request of you, information as to the time, when it is probable, the University will go into operation, the nature of its government, who have or will be selected as Professors and any other facts and circumstances in relation to its state and contemplated commencement of exercises, which you may have time and inclination to communicate? The cause of literature and Science is retrogading in Maryland; which is in a great measure, attributable to the withdrawing of the funds from St Johns College. And altho\u2019 the Legislature is tolerably liberal in its patronage of learning, their liberality is at present confined to elementary Institutions; leaving those who aspire to a thorough Collegiate education, without a College of character and capacity, to which they can resort for the attainment of classical lore, modern literature and extensive scientific acquirements. Nor is it very probable that the time will soon arrive, when this great evil will be removed; altho a proposition will be submitted to the legislature, during the present session for this object. Its failure is inevitable, from the present state of the Finances and the sentiments of rigid economy, which generally prevail. In the present state of things, we are compelled to have recourse to the Eastern Colleges, for the higher branches of Education; where our youth are reared under the influence of manners and customs essentially different from those of the circle of which they are destined to revolve; and generally on their return to the active duties of real life; if they do not provoke the censure and disgust of those with whom they associate, are but little calculated to conciliate attachment and and obtain esteem. These reasons superadded to the remoteness of the Eastern Institutions the necessary travelling expences and resident expenditures preclude the possibility of the advantages of Eastern Education being received by many. Another reason which operates with many is, that, Collegiate honors are conferred on all promiscuously, who continue after their matriculation, until the time arrives, when the class to which they are attached is graduated. Under this system of things, genius and stupidity, intense application and confirmed indolence in one sense are equally noted. I am very far from thinking that our youth in the Southern States should be excluded from those northern Treasures of arts and sciences; for I am persuaded that the frequent intercourse of the states, at a proper period of life, when the are established and judgment is matured, is the most effectual mode to conquer sectional prejudices and liberalize the mind. But as different manners and customs must necessarily prevail in the different sections of our widely extending confederacy, arising from different climates, sects, occupations &c; I cannot help entertaining the opinion, that, it is most desirable to educate youth in the principles, habits and customs of their own country, and a youth of Maryland in the manners customs &c of Maryland or those the nearest assimilated to them, as it is not pretended that a perfect similarity is necessary in the different quarters of our Country for perfect harmony and union. Upon these principles and convictions I rejoice venerable sir, that you are devoting the eve of your very valuable public and private life in the best of causes\u2014the dissemination of science and literature; upon which the happiness and permanency of our highly favored Republic so much depends. May your every anticipation be realized, your every effort succeed, and may your valuable life be prolonged to witness the happy effects of your labors.\u201cThe University of Virginia\u201d has my best wishes for its prosperty and usefulness and my limited exertions and influence will be employed in recommending it to my neighbours and acquaintances; and altho\u2019 I have retired from the odious duties of the superintendence of a public Institution, I still retain my ardor for literary pursuits and scientific research and would gladly co-operate in any capacity, I am competent to promote the interest of \u201cthe University of Virginia.\u201dYou I am persuaded, will readily pardon the liberty I have taken. For whatever inequality there may be in other respects in the world\u2014the Republic of letters unite its members in the strongest associations.with the greatest veneration for your public and private character, I am yr obd sert\n PSThere are about 12 young gentlemen in this neighborhood designed for Eolly ", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-13-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2581", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Charles Le Brun, 13 January 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Brun, Charles Le\nJan. 12. 22.I thank you, Sir, for the copy of La Liberted de los Mares which you have been so kind as to send me I have read it with pleasure and a general approbn of the Author\u2019s principles, he seems to have counted on his hero for their establmt. in this he has been disappd nothing but a genl concert of nations can effect it, but from the selfish Politics and crooked course of the European govmts no such concert in what is, right is to be expected. this work will either remain for the two Americas or for the bursting of the Bubble of the British national debt. with my thanks accept the assurance of my grt esteem", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-14-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2584", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Joseph Carrington Cabell, 14 January 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cabell, Joseph Carrington\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI have duly recieved your two favors of the 3d & 7th and in them the proof of your continued zeal for the object of our joint labors. of the course most prudently to be pursued mr Johnson & yourself are best judges. you alone are in a situation to know the state of the pulse of the body on which our institution depends for life or death; and to you I leave it entirely. silence and resignation have sometimes greater effect than importunity. the obtaining a relinquishment of the debt at this time is not material; for we could not open the institution while our funds would be employed in building the library. with time perhaps the public opinion may become more and more reconciled to it. the only thing of real importance at present is a suspension of the payment of interest for 4. or 5. years. we could then be going on with the Library, and the cancelment of the whole within that term would be in good enough time. but, in all this, do what yourself & your Colleague shal think most practicable and desirable. affectly yoursTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-14-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2585", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Carrington Cabell, 14 January 1822\nFrom: Cabell, Joseph Carrington\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nRichmond\nI wrote you on this day week relative to our views & movements as to the University to that date. On the 11th inst I directed the public printer to send you a copy of the Accountant\u2019s Report on the Literary Fund, on the last page of which you will see that the Revenue of the Fund barely satisfies existing appropriations. This fact was announced to me on the 8th inst by Mr Watson. On the discovery, we were compelled to abandon the ground of Mr Griffin\u2019s proposition. The aversion to encroach on the Capital of the Fund, furnished a popular theme to our adversaries, which was strengthened by the commitment of our friends in the lower House at the last session. The hostile character of the House of Delegates and the opposition of a part of the local delegation from some of the neighbouring counties, rendered these circumstances more wieghty. On consultation with some of my friends, I determined to enter on some other plan. At first I thought of Preston\u2019s debt. But on this subject there is a peculiar feeling. Mr Johnson thought that two dollars would be given out of any other funds sooner than one dollar out of that. He informed me that you had advised him to turn our attention to the amount claimed of the Genl Government on account of interest paid on sums borrowed & expended by the state in our defence during the late war. At length this was agreed upon, and this is the plan that now occupies our attention. It is something like working for a dead Horse, it is true. But it seems to be the only plan likely to go down with the Assembly: and should we fail at Washington, the passage of the Bill will give us an equitable hold on future Assemblies. I called on the Auditor on 9th for the necessary information as to the amount of this Interest Debt: & received from him an account of Interest paid to the Amt of $430,000, which had been made out for the Executive last winter. The Auditor informed me that the accountant at Washington had given him to understand that the claim had been, or would be rejected by the U. States Govt Presuming that that amount was due I entered into conferences with some of the friends of the Colleges and proposed that we should all unite in supporting a Bill giving half the amount to the University and the other half to the Colleges. I found great readiness in the friends of the two upper colleges. but one of the gentlemen from near Wm & Mary, was in favor of giving a 4th to the primary schools, & a 4th to the colleges in the form of a specifick appropriation. Thus it is, that even those gentlemen from that quarter who profess to be our friends, are as difficult to please as our open enemies. There seemed however to be less objection to this scheme than any other: and Mr Watson thought it would go down. Since the 10th I have discovered that the Auditor\u2019s statement embraced as well interest paid since the reimbursement of the principal by the general government, as interest paid anterior to that time. This will cause a heavy deduction. How much I do not know. It may reduce it by half: and if so, I must endeavor to obtain the consent of the College party to let it all go to the University. This may affect the extent & cordiality of their support, and possibly divide us. But I hope not, as Hampden Sydney and Washington Colleges have a particular bill under way, proposing to lend them a small portion of the principal of the Lit: Fund. The exclusive primary school party will oppose us in every case. A call has been made on the executive for information as to the state of our claim, preparatory to the bringing in of a bill. This is the present posture of affairs.I have had a very long interview with Mr Rice. He & myself of course differed on some points: but agreed in the propriety of a firm union between the friends of the University & the Colleges as to measures of common interest, and of postponing for future discussion & settlement points on which we differ. I think this safe ground. We shall be first endowed: & have the vantage ground in this respect. Accordingly I assented to the propriety of waiving all discussion about charters at this time. I am more & more convinced that it would be good policy to conciliate to a certain extent the clergy of the state. Is it not better to sail a little before the wind, than to risk all by struggling with the tempest? Hinc illae lacrymae. The clergy are alarmed for their footing in the state. The predominance of the Socinians at Cambridge, the appointment of Cooper to the south, of Holley to the west & the discovery by them that Tichenor & Bowdwitch are also Unitarians, give them great uneasiness. I had thought they concealed under pretended fear a desire to govern the University: but I begin to think their fears are sincere They have heard that you have said they may well be afraid of the progress of the Unitarians to the south. This remark was carried from Bedford to the Synod beyond the Ridge last fall. The Bible societies are in constant correspondence all over the continent & a fact is wafted across it in a few weeks. Thro\u2019 these societies the discovery of the religious opinions of Tichenor & Bowdwitch was made. Mr Rice assured me that he was a warm friend of the University: & that as a matter of policy he hoped the Visitors would in the early stages of its existence remove the fears of the religious orders. He avowed that the presbyterians sought no peculiar advantage, & that they & the other sects would be well satisfied by the appointment of an Episcoplian. I stated to him that I knew not what would be the determination of the Board: but I was sure no desire existed any where to give any preference to the Unitarians\u2014& for my own part I should not vote agt any one on acct of his being a Professor of Religion or freethinker.faithfully yoursJ. C. Cabell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-14-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2586", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to David Easton, 14 January 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Easton, David\nSir\nMonticello\nI am truly sorry it is not within my power to give you any information on the subject of the enquiries in your letter of the 9th during the revolutionary war Colo Harrison\u2019s services were employed in the army, mine chiefly in the cabinet and very much within my own state, so that I never had on opportunity of acquaintance with Colo Harrison. at the close of the war I was sent to Europe and did not return & join the government until Mar. 1790. in which month I believe Colo Harrison died. I recollect the general expression of regret on that event. I should have been much gratified by the communication of any thing within my knolege which might have been useful to his family and feel considerable relief that nothing could add to the weight of the testimony of the President & General la Fayette as to the facts they attend accept the assurance of my great respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-16-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2589", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Ellen Wayles Randolph Coolidge, 16 January 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Coolidge, Ellen Wayles Randolph\n I confess, my dearest Ellen, you have reason to think I have too long neglected the acknolegement of your letter of Dec. 12. which was 10 days on it\u2019s passage. but negligence has not been the cause of this tardy answer. I have waited in daily expectation of remitting you at the same time the money for the busts of the President and of mr Madison, which I will gladly take. the fact is that from a short time after you left this in Nov. to this day the cold has been such as to have kept our river constantly blocked up with ice. I have at this time a load of flour, sent off 3. weeks ago, and still ice bound in the river, and until I can replenish the hands of Colo Peyton, I have no right to draw on him even for small sums. the money however shall be remitted as soon as the river permits; and in the meantime I suppose there is no danger of losing the purchase.I am glad to learn from your mother that you are pleased with your visit to Washington. in the single case of disrespect shewn you, if it were really intended, it was of a littleness of character which acts only in the rebound: if not intended, it should have been explained. perhaps it has been, in either case it imposes double caution against all expressions personal or national which might be misconstrued into a feeling derogatory of self-respect. I trust I have still some old friends there who, by their attentions to you will prove that the friendships of those who love us as well as the enmities of those who hate, can descend from the fathers to the children of the 3rd and 4th generation. the conversations in French of the societies you frequent, will I hope encourage you in endeavors to speak it also. no end can be attained without a beginning.Were I to attempt, from our Eddystone to give you news at this season of it\u2019s insulation by winter weather and winter roads, I could only say that the Mountain stands where it did, with the house still on the top of it, and all it\u2019s appendages where you left them. there have been some marriages Etc. but your mother & Mary know more of them than I do. we have had very steadily the usual cold of this month, and even more than is usual. on the 5th our severest morning the thermometer was at 7\u00b0 above zero. what was it with you?I do not know that I have a right to ask a continuation of your letters; because I cannot promise a return of letter for letter. you know how cruelly I am burthened in that way. I had the curiosity, a few days ago, to count the letters I recieve in a year, taking one at random, it happened to be that of 1819. the number recieved was 1267; nearly, all requiring answers and a great part elaborate answers, and of much research. could I, be relieved from this oppression life would still have some comforts, some amusements for me; but the eternal drudgery of letter writing,\u2014the revolting sight of the mail packet every posting, & the heart-sinking reflection that all that is to be answered, embitters existence, itself to me. if you do not think the sacrifice too unequal, nothing would be so grateful to me, as the reciept of your letters.present my friendly and respectful compliments to your good aunt, and recieve into your own bosom the glow of my warmest affections.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-16-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2590", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Henry Alexander Scammell Dearborn, 16 January 1822\nFrom: Dearborn, Henry Alexander Scammell\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMuch respecd Sir,\nCustom House Boston\nYour Communication was received two days since & this morning. I received from Capt. B. Peyton a draft, on the U.S. Branch Bank in this town, four Dols.=78. 23/100, being the amount of the duties &c, on the articles, which came to my care, for You, from France.With the highest veneration, I have the honor to be, Sir, Your most Obt. Servt.H,A,S, Dearborn", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-17-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2591", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Wayles Eppes, 17 January 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Eppes, John Wayles\n I send a small cart and box for the books, state papers Etc you are so kind as to lend me. I possess the Journals of the old Congress; and I have no need of the public accounts mentioned in your list. the information I need is generally from 1789. to 1809. and nothing at all after 1809. I will specify at the end of my letter the particular titles of what I wish to recieve as they are expressed in your list; and whatever I recieve shall be carefully kept separate from my own and faithfully returned. but altho\u2019 I am proposing to myself to enter on this business, I have not much confidence that I shall be permitted to go through with it. age is an obstacle, but not the most formidable one. it is the oppressive correspondence with which I am so cruelly burthened, a correspondence in no wise concerning myself, or of any interest to me. I had the curiosity a few days ago to count the number of letters I recieve in a year, taking one at random. the number was 1267, nearly all requiring answers, and a great part of them elaborate answers & of much research. judge then what time these will allow me for what I propose, and that too in broken scraps, the mere offal of my time. still I will try to do what these will admit.Your proposition, dear Sir, of an exchange of territories is beyond the powers of my mind or body. it would be an enterprise too bold & gigantic for one near the entrance of his 80th year. to break up plantations move all hands, bag & baggage, stock and all, to a new & distant settlement, would be like beginning the world anew to one who is just going out of it. I should never live to see things under way again: and in the mean time crops would be lost which I could illy spare. I am without a fear, in the 1st place that you will live long enough to see your family of age to take care of themselves; & even should Francis\u2019s care be necessary for them, the communication between Bedford and Millbrook is so short & good as to make it quite easy. it is not more than 13. or 14. hours drive, say of a day & the piece of a morning or evening. I have conveyed too 4000. as of my land there in trust to the bank of the US. as a security for my unfortunate engagement for Colo Nicholas; and altho\u2019 I have pretty well founded expectations of being cleared of that, the liability of the land must continue until the actual discharge of the debt.\u2014I shall not be able to pay you your interest, now due, of the 1st year until I get my tobo down from Bedford which will not be until April. it shall then be paid by an order on RichmdI send mrs Eppes 2. trees of the most beautiful kinds known. the tallest is the silk tree from Asia. it will require housing about 2 years more & will then bear the open air safely. the mother tree growing here, about 15. years old and 25. f. high & still growing vigorously has stood winters which have killed my Azederacs & mulberries. the other is the celebrated Bow wood of louisiana which may be planted in the spring where it is to stand as it bears our climate perfectly. it bears a fruit of the size and appearance of an orange, but not eatable.Jan. 17. this letter has been written so far, many days, but the severe weather we have had has prevented my sending off the cart until now. with my respects to mrs Eppes accept my affectionate attachment and respect\n Journals of the Senate & H. of R. of the 8th 9th & 10th congresses.Public papers laid before the 8th 9th & 10th CongressesAmerican State papers 1789\u20131809.Documents on the subject of Foreign relationsAmerican Senator. Debates of 98.99.Any newspapers you may have from 1789. to 1809.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-17-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2593", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Jonathan Thompson, 17 January 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Thompson, Jonathan\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nYour favor of the 4th is now at hand, and I this day write to Colo Peyton, my correspondent in Richmond to remit you the sum of 15 D. 91 c amount of duties and charges on my books from Paris, which will be done with no other delay than may be necessary to procure a bill. he has not yet advised me of the arrival of the books, but have no doubt he will recieve them by the first conveyance. I repeat to you my thanks for these your kind offices and the assurance of my great esteem & respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-17-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2594", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jesse Torrey, 17 January 1822\nFrom: Torrey, Jesse\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,\nChambersburg.\nI am much gratified to learn by your favor of the 5th. inst. that you had read the first edition of the Moral Instructor, with satisfaction;\u2014and that you do not consider the second edition improved by the omission of the selections from the Law of Nature.\u2014But I hope, sir, that you did not derive an impression from my letter, that I could, by any means have it in view to obtain your opinion of that work for the purpose of publication. On the contrary I received what you said respecting it as perfectly confidential. I am well aware, that an attempt, by the emancipator of a nation from political oppression, to release it from the worse slavery of superstition, would be rewarded with resentment instead of thanks.\u2014From the deep interest I feel, however, in the welfare of mankind, as a parent and a member of the human family, I sincerely hope you will not retire from the world\u2019s stage, on which you have acted so conspicuous and useful a part, without bequeathing some explicit moments of your sentiments, whatever they may be, concerning religion and superstition. I beg you to be assured that my addressing you again; is not to draw you into a prolonged correspondence.In recurring to the copy of my first letter, I find that I had forgotten to ask your opinion of my plan of National Instruction, by the universal institution of gratuitous Libraries, as well as of the utility of a general circulation of the Moral Instructor. I have felt anxious to be favored with your sentiments on that subject ever since I devised the Project when a youth; and intended to have conversed with you about it, when I was at your residence, and should, if I had not observed that you was preparing to go from home.\u2014Indeed I attempted to write to you, when at the age of sixteen years, but could not compose a letter to suit myself, and dreaded the chagrin of not receiving an answer. Having lately concluded to recommence active endeavors to carry into execution my original project of free public Libraries, and conceiving that my success will be greatly accelerated by the influence and favorable opinions of individuals in whom the public confidence has been long concentrated, I should value the communication of your views on the subject, as an important benefit conferred on the community at large, and even on posterity, as well as on myself.\u2014If you do not recollect the particular detail of the plan, you will find it delineated in the second and third sections of the first part of the Moral Instructor, and in the Appendix.If you should be disposed to favor me with a brief expression of your opinion of the probable benefit of circulating the Moral Instructor, (as published in the 2nd edition) generally among the American youth, I would thank you to look it over a few minutes and you will find several articles not in the first edition; the chief of which are, extracts from Washington\u2019s Farewell Address, page 176 to 181. and from Franklin\u2019s Life and Essays, page 194, to 211.I hope, Sir, you will permit my anxiety to promote the public welfare, to be my apology for thus again subjecting you to the irksome fatigue of the writing table, or the not perhaps less unpleasant alternative of declining to reply;\u2014and in either result be assured of my great esteem and ardent friendship.Jesse Torrey, Junr\n From the age of ten to seventeen years, being employed, constantly except two or three months, in a plating manufactory, carried on my father and a partner, my opportunity for mental improvement, except by reflextion, was limited to sundays and evenings, which I devoted chiefly to reading.\u2014At seventeen, I was removed from the shop to a boarding school, through the patronage of Col. Henry Rutgers, of New York.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-19-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2599", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from W.A. Thompson, 19 January 1822\nFrom: Thompson, W.A.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nRespected Sir,\nNo 21. Cedar StNew York\nYour favour of the 10th inst, with Mr Coffee\u2019s letter enclosed came to hand yesterday; I with Pleasure hasten to comply with your request. I made inquiry concerning the prices of the several articles desired, and find them to be at present as follows viz:\u2014Dry puer white-lead$13 per 100 lbLinseed oil, raw per Gall:.75 centsDo\u2014Boiled\u2014do1.25Spirits of Tupentine per Gall:.40Double Tin per Box marked thus x and}$16containing 100 sheets 17 by 12Second quality and smaller size con-}13:50taining 225 sheets 10 by 13 and \u00bdThe smaller size, with two crosses thus XX, which denotes the quality of the tin, would be about $2 more per box.\u2014I made the preceding inquiry, of a man who carries on the tin business, in an extensive manner, and has covered a number of houses in this city: He appears to be a correct judge of the kind and quality necessary for that purpose; and says, the size and quality above mentioned, are the ones most commonly used in the covering of houses.\u2014I beg to add, that any service, I can be to Mr Jefferson, in the transacting of any business for him in this City, will be rendered with the greatest pleasure.With the highest sentiments of respect, I remain Mr Jefferson\u2019s very obedient and humble sevtW. A. Thompson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-19-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2600", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jesse Torrey, 19 January 1822\nFrom: Torrey, Jesse\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,\u2014\nChambersburg.\nPresuming that you will not have written an answer to my last letter, previous to the arrival of this, I beg permission to add a postscript, for two purposes:\u2014First;\u2014having entertained fears that I had invaded the rules of decorum in having named the writing table to you, after your having informed me that the task of writing is so painful and oppressive to you;\u2014besides recollecting that you mentioned it as the greatest plague of your life, in one of your letters to our friend Isaac Briggs, which he read to me in the year 1816, I could not set my mind at rest without adding a request, in case you should be disposed to favor me with a reply, that you will transfer whatever thoughts you wish to communicate, upon paper, through the medium of a pen held by some young person in your family.\u2014I make this request, (unless there is some obstacle that I am not aware of,) both with a view to exonerate you from the distress of writing and myself from the deduction of the pleasure of reading your letter, knowing it to be written at the expense of your happiness.\u2014In addition to these considerations, I should regret, extremly, that your useful counsels to our country, moral, library political and philosophical, should cease with your manual use of the pen.\u2014As one of the citizens of the present United States, I estimate the substantial and ultimate value of the political wisdom disclosed in your late letter to the Author of the Republican, to be superior to that of the acquisition of a new territory sufficient to form a state.\u2014For I do not conceive that tyranny is confined to Monarchy, I have cut that letter from a newspaper, and intend to preserve it carefully until I see it more permanently secured from oblivion.\u2014The second object of this supplement is, to inform you that, on further serious reflection, I have decided to omit incorporating the extracts from the Law of Nature, in the Moral Instructor; unless perhaps a few simple practical precepts, without allusion to the title of that work, and such as will not be exposed to the scrutinizing jealousy of Bigotry, whose empire is so extensive and powerful, as to be entitled to some concessions, on the score of policy, if not of truth and justice. Besides which I consider that the republication of that noble system of Ethics, complete, will accord more perfectly with the grand design of the great moral Luminary, who framed it, than if mutilated so as to defeat that design;\u2014which was, to present to his fellow man a rule of action and of belief, in short a religion, mild and uncostly, founded on reason and truth; as a substitute for a religion (if it deserves that little) of terror and vast expense, founded on fiction and delusion.\u2014My parents, although natives of Connecticut, the head quarters of Bigotry, having been fortunately early emancipated from its yoke, I have no recollection of ever having been one of its subjects from infancy;\u2014and hence when I gained possession of the Law of Nature, at the age of 12 or 13, I read it repeatedly, with the most exquisite ecstasy; and pledged myself to cause it to be republished, if it should ever be in my power, at a proper period of my life.\u2014And I have never concelled this pledge, notwithstanding my inserting only a part of the work in the first edition of the Moral Instructor.\u2014I fear I shall weary your patience, but I cannot repress my inclination to add, that I am probably indebted to the clear and conclusive demonstrations in the Law of Nature, of the absolute necessity of knowledge to the happiness of all men, for the result of my consequent reflections on the most practicable means of diffusing it: viz. Free Libraries, coextensive with elementary schools;\u2014which I reduced to experiment with the paramount and ultimate object of exhibiting practical proof of its utility for universal imitation.As it occurred to me since writing my last letter, that you might perhaps feel some reluctance to expressing your sentiments on the Moral Instructor, so explicitly under an impression that a portion of the writings of so unpopular an Author as Volney, would hereafter constitute one of its principal parts, as you otherwise would, I thought it proper to notify you of my charging my intention.Accept the renewed assurance of my affectionate regard and ardent FriendshipJesse Torrey, Junr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-20-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2601", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Bailie Warden, 20 January 1822\nFrom: Warden, David Bailie\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nParis,\nI have the Pleasure of forwarding to you a collection of the \u201cBibliographic de la France\u201d, and two or three catalogues of Books, which will give you some idea of french Literature.a geographical society has been lately established by the influence of members of the Institute and of the general government, which promises to be of great utility.The Linnean society is revived by subscription, as you will perceive by the inclosed letter, which announces your nomination as an honorary member.I am sorry to perceive by the Presidents\u2019 speech that there is little hope of a speedy arrangement between France and the united states. The opposition party in the House of Deputies have but all these influence. I am, dear sir, with great respect,Your most devoted SertD. B. Warden", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-21-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2602", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Carrington Cabell, 21 January 1822\nFrom: Cabell, Joseph Carrington\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nRichmond\nI thank you for your favor of 14th inst which arrived to-day, & has been shewn to Mr Johnson. The plan of suspending the interest would be practicable, if the income of the fund were not too low even to satisfy existing appropriations. The accountant\u2019s estimate makes the revenue more than $62,000: but the stocks are ascertained to be so unproductive, as to bring the income for this year below 60,000$. Since the date of my last, individual conferences have taken place, & from these I should judge there would be no difficulty in getting the arrears of interest due from the Genl Government. The members seem liberal in giving lands in the moon. From this I judge that the dread of the people, is at the bottom of most of the objections made to the appropriations: and the clergy have set the people against the University. Some of our friends are very dissatisfied with what is called the intended Dead Horse Bill. But all think it better than nothing: and the greater part of the leading friends of the Institution think that nothing better would go down. Whilst the Executive is preparing the account we shall hold conferences, & if any thing better can be done, you may rest assured, I will not hesitate to ask. I think it important to make no application that will be rejected: & if they will give us the arrears of interest, only, we shall seem to be under the patronage of the Legislature, & in the event of our failure at Washington, we can return here on equitable grounds. Mr Fenton Mercer has written to Mr Bowyer, who brought in the resolution respecting the arrears of interest. From this I judge he thinks still there is some plausability in the scheme. I shall soon see the letter, & will say a word about it in a postscript.Faithfully yoursJoseph C. CabellP.S. I have seen Mr Mercer\u2019s letter. He encourages Mr Bowyer to prosecute the subject, & says he has always thought the claim might be sustained at Washington. He beleives it to amount to $250,000. He blames a former Governor for inattention to this business.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-21-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2603", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 21 January 1822\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear SirRichd\n21 Jany1822.Agreeable to your request have this day fordd Check for $15.51 to Johnathan Thompson of New York on your a/c & will also send the acct of Mr Mc Cullock\u2019s bill of rendered\u2014The Books from New York are on the way round, those from Balto: are not get heard from, where they are recd no time shall be lost in forwarding them on to you\u2014I have not yet recd your Flour, or a remittance from Mr Pleasants, this tho\u2019 is no reason why I should not accept the dft: you speak of having drawn on me for $231 at 60 Days\u2014it shall be done with pleasure\u2014With great respect Dr Sir Your Mo: Obd: ServtBernard Peyton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-21-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2604", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Plumer, 21 January 1822\nFrom: Plumer, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear sir,\nWashington\nJanuary 21st 1822\nI have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your favour of the 13th instant on the subject of my Agricultural Address.I perceive from your letter that you supposed yourself writing to my father. It is perhaps vanity, as much as a sense of justice, which prompts me to disclaim the praise thus intended for another. I cannot however suffer the opportunity which it affords me of again writing you to escape, without informing you of the very great esteem & respect which my father often expresses of your character & conduct.I remain very respectfully Your obedient servantWilliam Plumer Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-22-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2605", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Pseudonym: \"D.W.\", 22 January 1822\nFrom: Pseudonym: \u201cD.W.\u201d\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,\nKentucky, Louisville\n22d Janry 1822\nAre not the best regulated universities in this Country deficient in not embracing the Elements of Military Science in thier courses of tuition? Persuaded that with me, you will answer this Question in the affirmative, I take the liberty to Suggest for your consideration the propriety of establishing for that purpose a professorship in the University of Virginia. The interest which I understand you take in, and the fostering care which you bestow on this Institution, will, I hope, be an apology for this intrusion.To attempt a justification of my project to one who is so capable of appreciating its merits as you are, would be an act of supererogation. With the most profound respect for you as a Philosopher & a Politician, altho\u2019 not personally acquainted with you, I am Sir,Yr. very Hble ServtD. W\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-22-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2606", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Wayles Eppes, 22 January 1822\nFrom: Eppes, John Wayles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nMill Brook\nJanuary 22. 1822.\nWe were much gratified in hearing of the health of yourself and all around you\u2014You will receive by the return of the Servant the Public documents a list of which I annex at the end of My letter\u2014With the single exception of my having no newspaper as far back as 1789: it appears to embrace every thing in your memorandom\u2014I feel in regard to this work a solicitude which I cannot easily express. A history of the eight years of your administration from your pen would be the most precious lega which you could leave to posterity\u2014Nothing in my opinion ought to be allowed to interfere with So important a duty\u2014of these 1267. correspondents who disturb the quiet of your remaining years I would rid myself in mass & devote the remainder of your life to completing a work which may at some future day become a school book in which our young men may learn the value of principles which terminated only with life\u2014I think too that such a work you owe in some degree to your future fame\u2014One book has been written (marshalls) for the express purpose of casting a cloud over some of the most important events of your life\u2014And although perhaps I may at present be too much in the habit of viewing the gloomy side of the picture I conscientiously believe that the principles of our Government are rapidly changing and that much of the value of the great revolution affected in 1800 is already lost\u2014Such a work as I have mentioned would bring us back to the true faith & preserve the principles of our Government until the people in this as in all other countries become corrupt\u2014we are yet in our infancy and no portion of the rapid deviations from principle can fairly be attributed to the body of the people\u2014For the proposition contained in my last, which you denominate as beyond the powers of your mind or body I can offer no better or other apology than to confess the fact\u2014It originated in one of those gloomy moments to which since my last attack I have been more or less subject\u2014The idea occurred to me after I had finished my letter & was I believe contained in a postscript\u2014My health has considerably improved since that period & although I have been confined to the house and yard a greater part of the winter I now hope that with the return of spring I may be again as well as usual\u2014I was in fact startled at my own proposition when brought home to me with your remarks\u2014It was made without consultation with any individual of the family and seemed not only to excite surprize but even alarm. It is well you did not accept as I should have been in a Minority of one in opposition to the rest of the family.The period you mention for the payment of the interest now due will answer my purposes just as well as at present\u2014Mrs Eppes has received the Trees you were so good as to forward and desires me to render her thanks and best wishes for your health\u2014Be so good as to present me affectionately to Mrs Randolph. I understand from the Servant she is going to Richmond. By taking our house in the rout she would extend a little her journey but have a much better road\u2014I need not add that to see her would afford me heart felt delight\u2014accept for your health & happiness my warm wishes\u2014Yours affectionatelyJno W EppesJournals the S. & H. of R. of the 8th 9. 10 congressPublic papers laid before the 8. 9. 10. congressAmerican state papers 1789. to 1810.7. vol.Documents on the subject Fo. relations\u20143. vol.American Senator3. vol.Batture1. vol.National Intelligencer from 1800. to 1809. bound-The box you sent being too small I have fixed the books in a Trunk\u2014I have fastened it with two screws so that to get at them it will only be necessary to cut the leather.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-22-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2607", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Paxton, 22 January 1822\nFrom: Paxton, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nA short absence, prevented my receiving your esteemed letter of the first of January. immediately on its arrival that part of the enclosed, intended for Mr Leyburn shall be handed him the first time I pass the natural bridge or sooner, should a safe conveyance offer.I verry much regret that my negligence in not sooner forwarding your Plat and certificate of survey, should have caused any fears or uneasiness.\u2014Since the time of making your Survey in Nov. Mr Ochiltree procured a copy of Greenlees Original Survey. (the same enclosed to Mr Leyburn) the lines of which are found as near the truth as old lines usually are, affording additional proof of the correctness of your boundiries as fixed in November. I had some difficulty in dissuading young Ochiltree from making a location on what he deemed vacant land between your, & their lines. not untill I told him I would feel bound in duty to inform you of his Survey when made & that a caveat would be filed to prevent his obtaining a Grant untill the matter was investigated, could I persuade him to be satisfied with their present bounderies. While examining the lines of Greenlees Survey I found the Old corner of your Grant, two Black Oaks at Station No 4. which we were led to overlook, by finding other B.Os marked near tho now apparently of later date. I traced the lines both to, and from this corner in Order that Patrick Henry, might be able to shew them if necessary. I surveyed at the same time the courses of the creek from whose it passes out of your land up the Salt-Petre cave: and would gladly have\n\t\t\t gone on quite through the survey, could I have induced my chain carriers to have continued with me, so that, that part of the creek from the cave to where the upper line crosses it, is laid down\n\t\t\t from\n\t\t\t a faint recollection of its bearings only.The table of Variations of the magnetic needle you were so kind as to annex, is to me truly unaccountable. untill now I had believed that the variation continually increased, tho in different ratios as to time, as well to the East as to the West, untill it arrived at its greatest elongation, and then receeded back untill the magnetic and true meridian were the same, But from your observations it would appear that the variation is continually vibrating from one point to another, as it were in confusion.From your letter to Mr Leyburn I find you purpose a visit to the Natural Bridge during the next Summer or Autumn it will be a pleasure I cannot deny myself, meeting you there can I asscertain the time of your visit.Permit me to tender you my thanks for the additional fee you sent me. It was my wish not to have made a charge in that case. For surely the recollection of having ever been able to render any service to one that had done so much for myself, and posterity, would more, much more than compensate for any thing I could do.I Pray you Sir to accept my best wishes.Wm Paxton.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-23-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2609", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Samuel Garland, 23 January 1822\nFrom: Garland, Samuel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nLynchburg\nYour esteemd favour of 18th inst covering a draught on Col Peyton of Richmond for $231\u2014is recd for which accept my thanks, inclosed I have you two bonds to Mr Hawkins recipient\u2014.Most Rispectfully Yr. obt. stS. Garland", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-23-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2611", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Melville, 23 January 1822\nFrom: Melville, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Venerable Sir,\nWashington City\nIt is with emmotions of extreme regret, that I am necessitated to trouble you with an inquiry relating to the causes of a phenomenon which has fallen under my observation, which I have not been able to account for satisfactorily to myself\u2014and which I have not been able to find any body who could account for it either to themselves or me, indeed the greatest number of those of whom I have made the inquiry, doubt the existance of the facts until they are made evident to them by actual experiment and then they have generally expressed their astonishment, without being able to explain the causes in nature which produces the effect.In order to explain my views in making the inquiry, perhaps interesting to myself alone, and to apologize in some degree for troubling you, I must enter into considerable detail, which I hope will not prove wholly uninteresting to you, Sir, since the object is to promote the public interest as well as my own.It is a fact, Sir, with which from your local situation you may not be acquainted, that the Light Houses on the Sea Coast of the United States are rendered almost useless in the Winter season, when they are most wanted, in consequence of the congealing of the oil, which frequently causes the lamps to go out\u2014and in consequence of the collection of frost on the windows, as well as of smoke and soot from the lamps and stoves, to the great annoyance of mariners, & the great loss of lives and property.\u2014To obviate these difficulties is a thing which has long been wished for, and which I have long made it my studdy to accomplish. An improvement I have made in the lamps at present used in the Light Houses by which the oil is kept warm by the heat communicated to it from the flame of the same lamp, which at the same time consumes its own smoke, while the stoves may be dispenced with, and air enough admited to prevent the collection of frost on the windows of the lanterns; thus remedying effectually every difficulty complained of, and ensuring a good and perfect light without intermission.\u2014It is very well known, and the reason is obvious, that humidity & frost will not collect on the inside of the lantern when by admiting the air, the internal, is kept nearly on an equality with the external temperature.The phenomenon I observed repeatedly during an experiment made with this improvement, and which is inexplicable to me, is as follows; when in consequence of the air-ports of the lantern being closed, the humid air had condensed and frozen on the windows as hard as the glass itself comparritively, and so thick that no object could be seen through it, by opening the air-ports, and permiting a current of cool air to pass through the lantern and out at the ventilator at top, the frost was disengaged from the windows in a short time, although it was cold enough for a tumbler of water to freeze solid in the lantern during the same period, and I have observed repeatedly that the dryer and colder the more spedily the frost was removed. I observed also that the frost was removed uniformly from the upper panes first, and from the upper part of each pane in succession from the upper to the lower part of the window.The phenomenon, and its natural causes may be familiar to you, Sir, and if so, you would greatly oblige me by giving me an explanation of it.If it is an operation of nature new to you, as it is to every one I have hitherto consulted on the sub-subject, you can satisfy yourself of the reality of the facts stated, by placing a vessel of hot water near to a north window, when the air is cold enough to condense the vapours arising from the water and freeze it firmly on the glass\u2014Then open the window one or two inches, and place a board on the inside; in such a manner as to give the current of air that passes in a cast upwards, and the frost will be removed from the glass in a short time. My desire to know the cause of the phenomenon, is to enable me to explain it to those to whom I state the fact, and for reasons that I nead not explain\u2014after informing you that my business, here is to endeavour to make a contract with the Government to introduce my improvement into the Light Houses generally\u2014upon which subject I have not yet made any overtures, in consequence of having been robed of my trunk on my way here, containing my papers for a renewal of which I am waiting.I am, Venerable, Sir, Your most Respectfull and Obedt ServtDavid Melville\u2014of Newport Rhode Island", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-25-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2614", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Joseph Carrington Cabell, 25 January 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cabell, Joseph Carrington\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nIn a conversation with mr Garrett after his return from Richmond a few days ago he mentioned to me that the general opinion in the circles there in which he was, seemed to be that we could not expect within any moderate time more than 100. students at our university. this wonderful error proceeds from a want of information even as to our own state. my position with respect to that institution occasions me to be the center of the enquiries & information on that subject, and those from our own state prove that that alone will immediately furnish far beyond that number. and the letters I have recieved from almost every state South of the Patomac, Ohio & Missouri prove that all of these are looking anxiously to the opening of our University as an epoch which is to relieve them from sending to the Northern Universities. and when we see that the colleges of those states considered as preparatory only for ours have 1.2. & 300. students each we cannot doubt that ours will recieve the double & treble of their numbers. I have not a doubt our accomodations for 218. will be filled within 6. months after opening and for every 50. coming afterwards we shall have to build a boarding house & 25. dormetories. immediately after my conversation with mr Garrett I happened to recieve the inclosed from Maryland, and I thought it not amiss to send it to you to be used as you please, except not to be published. I could send you a volume of such. I hope some means will be devised of suspending the actual payment of interest by the University for 4. or 5. years. it would be a real misfortune to let our workmen be dispersed before the whole buildings are accomplished. I have duly recd your favors of the 3d 7th 14th & 21st ever & affectionately yoursTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-26-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2616", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Alexander Keech, 26 January 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Keech, Alexander\nSir\nMonticello\nYour favor of the 12th has been duly recieved & I regret that it is not in my power to give you a definite idea of the time when our University may be expected to be opened. the buildings of accomodation for the Professors & Students will all be compleatly finished in the Spring or Summer ensuing. we have then a large building to erect with rooms for a library examinations Etc which will require two years for it\u2019s construction. but the funds destined for these objects have been so crippled by great losses, as to endanger a suspension of the works for a while. I hope it will be prevented; but still it places us at this moment under some uncertainty. we are anxious, as you are, to find an education for our youths nearer home and more homogeneous with the circumstances & character of our country. and our determination is to make it secondary to none; that whenever it commences, it shall be under Professors of the first order of science, on whatever side of the Atlantic to be obtained; in our own tongue, and on principles so liberal as to be worthy of all confidence. we shall be truly gratified should it become an instrument of nourishing those brotherly affections with our neighboring states which it is so much our interest and wish to strengthen.Your other enquiries would be a long task in writing for my slow and enfeebled hand. but it should have been undertaken, were it not that the matter requested is already in print. the extent & plan of our institution will be seen in the Report of the Commrs who were charged by the legislature with it\u2019s preparation in 1818. this was printed in the newspapers of the day, & is to be found in the Analectic magazine of Feb.1819. the Reports of the Visitors since published annually in the month of December, give the history of the progress of the institution, and the last particularly, it\u2019s present state & prospects. this was inserted at length in the Richmd enquirer of Dec.15. which can probably be found in Washington. whenever the epoch of opening the institution shall be ascertained it will be announced in the public papers some time previously, as until it is ascertained no measures can be ventured on for engaging Professors. with this imperfect information be pleased to accept the assurances of my respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-26-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2617", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Katherine Duane Morgan, 26 January 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Morgan, Katherine Duane\nMonticello\nJan. 26. 22.I have duly recieved, dear Madam, your favor of the 10th with the eloquent Circular and Address to your patriotic and fair companions in good works. I well recollect our acquaintance with yourself personally in Washington, valued for your own merit as well as for that of your esteemed father. your connextion too with the family of the late Colo Morgan is an additional title to my grateful recollections. he first gave us notice of the mad project of that day, which if suffered to proceed, might have brought afflicting consequences on persons whose subsequent lives have proved their integrity and loyalty to their country.The effort which is the subject of your letter is truly laudable and, if generally followed as an example, or practised as a duty, will change very advantageously the condition of our fellow citizens, & do just honor to those who shall have taken the lead in it. no one has been more sensible than myself of the advantage of placing the consumer by the side of the producer, nor more disposed to promote it by example. but these are among the matters which I must now leave to others. time, which wears all things, does not spare the energies either of body or mind of a presque Octogenaire. while I could, I did what I could, and now acquiesce chearfully in the law of nature which, by unfitting us for action, warns us to retire and leave to the generation of the day the direction of it\u2019s own affairs. the prayers of an old man are the only contributions left in his power. mine are offered sincerely for the success of your patriotic efforts, and particularly for your own individual happiness & prosperity.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-26-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2618", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Mann Randolph, 26 January 1822\nFrom: Randolph, Thomas Mann\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nRichmond\nJanuary 26th 1822\nThe House of delegates by resolution of January 19th called for information concerning \u201cthe title by which the commonwealth holds the land included within the limits of the Capitol Square\u201d. As yet I have been able to Procure none worth communicating and take it for granted that the papers, of whatever kind they were, must have been destroyed when Arnold ravaged the town. I find that six whole squares were appropriated for the publick buildings in 1778; five Directors for Public buildings appointed by joint ballot, and buildings of brick or stone, with Porticos prescribed. That the clerk of Henrico was required when called on by the directors. to issue a writ to the Sheriff, for summoning and empanneling 12 freeholders of the vicinage to value all the lots within the said squares. That there are now certain Writs and inquisitions, filed in the office of the Court of Hustings, which must have been transferred from the Henrico Court: the evidence derived from these shews that lots No 3911\u20143922.\u2014404 and 405 belonging to John Gunn, were valued on the 13th August 1784\u2014391 at \u00a3300\u2014392 \u00a3191\u201310. 404. at \u00a3600: 405. \u00a3191\u201310 current money. There is nothing at all in Henrico Court on the subject. Perhaps your memory may enable me to make a less meagre communication to the General Assembly, than I am now about to do.I am urging the friends of the University, who are all aback at this moment, to push for the interest claim, which after the dimination of unfair items here and unseasonable niggardly feelings they may make their good will worth $100.000; and then to get authority to borrow 500 bank shares from the Literary fund, to be replaced in kind to it, when the claim is allowed. The Banks will readily advance upon that pledge all that can be wanted to complete the buildings. The interest which the banks demand as the dividend they pay must still go to the fund will be lost to the university, as the claim on the U.S. does not bear interest. But the Institution will be in progress, and at last its debts must be spunged or it must sink altogether. Why should the commonwealth expect a rent from its real estate appropriated by law to the encouragement of learning and is not sent taken when interest on the paper funds which produced the real estate is demanded? the Legislature of 1817\u201318 ordered the erection of buildings for ten Professorships, and recognizes appurtinances, it certainly contemplated providing for the work, which otherwise at the prices of Most sincerely and affectionatelyYousTh: M. Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-26-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2619", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Henry R. Schoolcraft, 26 January 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Schoolcraft, Henry R.\nMonticello\nJan. 26. 22.Th: Jefferson returns his thanks to mr Schoolcraft for the Memorial he has been so kind as to send him on the fossil tree of the river des Plaines. it is a valuable element towards the knolege we wish to obtain of the crust of the globe we inhabit: and it\u2019s crust alone is immediately interesting to us. we are only to guard against drawing our conclusions deeper than we dig. Mr Schoolcraft is entitled to the thanks of the lovers of science for the preservation of this fact. he has those of Th: J. with his salutations of esteem and respect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-26-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2620", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jonathan Thompson, 26 January 1822\nFrom: Thompson, Jonathan\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nCustom House New York\nCollectors Office Jany 26th 1822\u2014\nI have rec\u2019d by the Mail of this morning from Mr Bernard Peyton of Richmond fifteen dollars & 91/100 being the amt of duties, freight &c on the case of books rec\u2019d per the Ship Imperial from France, I forwarded to him by your request.\u2014I, am sir respectfully Your Obt Servt\u2014Jonathan ThompsonCollector", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-26-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2621", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John D. Wolf, 26 January 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Wolf, John D.\n Th: Jefferson returns his thanks to mr D. Wolf for the discourse on Prejudice which he has been so kind as to send him. this great perverter of the human judgement, it is to be feared is too deeply rooted in the heart and affections of man to admit a hope that it can ever be eradicated. yet it\u2019s influence on the happiness of society, and the general good is so baneful as to give merit to every endeavor to impair it\u2019s power. mr D. Wolf\u2019s discourse is well calculated to have this effect. Th: J. owes his particular homage to the lady who has taken the kind trouble of copying this gratification for him.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-28-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2622", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Gorman, 28 January 1822\nFrom: Gorman, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nUniversity\nJnry 28th 1822\nMr Jefferson your man thrimpston Went away from me this Evening Without any reason only I Scolded him for Being out late the Night Before and for making Noise in the Citchen as it is under where I Sleep that I had to Get out of Bed to Stop his noise I likewise Told him he Should go Back to Sleep at the Shop whare he used to Sleep I Scolded him about his Work this four or six months Back as he Got Rather Careless: I thought By a little flatterey he might Do Better but to no purpose I Gave him a full Suit of Cloaths at Cristmas and he Promised to finnish his work Well But he told me yesterday If he wanted any Correction for any thing he would Go to you\u2014indeed mr Nelson and mr Dinsmore told me you Would send him Back very quick if he Went on that Prinsipal\u2014this Boy is able to Do Work By Good looking after But I Expected By the End of this year to have him able to Do a very good Days work at any Stonecutting that might Come in his way. I have a mind to learn him to build Stone mason work if you thought well of it Which if you wish it I would Be Glad to Know Soon as there is Some Jobs of that Sort that I can Get in this PlaceI will Be ready to Go to quarreying your Caps and Bases in march and If you Can let me have two Good hands I wish you would let me know By thrimpston as there is a man here that wants to Get Employment and I would hire him if you Could not Spare two from your Crop.I remain your Obledyed and humble ServantJno. Gorman", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-28-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2624", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Laval, 28 January 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Laval, John\n I did not recieve till yesterday your favor of the 5th & I have now to request you to send on the me the Dion Cassius. that our mail may not be burthened, be pleased to send 2. vols only at a time and the different envois a week distant from each other. they should be wrapped in strong paper, to avoid the injury of being rubbed in the mail. I salute you with esteem and respect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-28-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2625", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Maxwell, 28 January 1822\nFrom: Maxwell, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr Sir\nPhilada\nJany 28th 1822.\nYou last year mentioned you would pay my Agent in Richmond for the Literary Gazette. I am sorry to tell you I have no agent there this year a remittance by Mail of the Amt $6.00 is respectfully Requested by\u2014Your Obt SvtJas Maxwell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-31-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2627", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Mann Randolph, 31 January 1822\nFrom: Randolph, Thomas Mann\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n We have not had a meeting of the Board of the Literary Fund untill today. I have succeeded in geting a resolution passed which renders the completion of the loan very certain as soon as the Bond which is now returned can be again transmitted to this place with the Blanks in it filled as is required. It is understood that orders may accompany the Bond if circumstances should require it, as the money will be transferred at Bank immediately.Mr Cabell has informed me today, that Mr Johnson has suggested, and they are maturing, a plan for releasing the annuity of the University by requiring by law the P.& Vrs of the L. Fund to apply all the moneys they may receive hereafter to the discharge of the Bonds by the University, provided the income of the Fund be not thereby reduced. This will have the effect of increasing the annuity leaving the Bonds uncancelled, which could not be obtained, even if the income allowed of it, from this Legislature. It will be an object to interest the University in the claims on the United states. The Bill will probably be lost, notwithstanding, in the House of Delegates, but will be sent back from the Senate attached to the new appropriation of the derelict School portions of the 45,000$ annuity.very sincerely & affectionately", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-01-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2628", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph, 1 February 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Mann\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nYour favor of Jan. 26. did not get to hand till yesterday. my memory is so much in default on the subject of your enquiry that I do not believe I can recollect a single fact not known to yourself or those on the spot whom you have probably consulted, the act of 1779. for the removal of the seat of government provided that 6. squares should be located by the 5. directors of the public buildings whom they appointed June 24. 79. that these should be valued by a writ of A.2.D. on the return of which the grounds located should become vested in the public in absolute dominion. they were also to lay off 200. additional lots for the city. This was done in 1780. or 81. I furnished the Directors myself with the plan of locations and of the additional lots with the alphabetical and numerical names of the streets, and as they were ordered to return a plan and report with the A.2.D. to the court of Henrico, there is not a doubt it was done, and that, as Governor, I communicated a duplicate of the plan to the assembly. as mr Becklay got off the papers of the H. of D. before Arnold reached the city, it is probable that copy may be yet safe. if both are lost, there are 3. persons still living who I think can supply evidence. 1. Doctr Turpin the principal proprietor whose property was taken. 2. Wm Hay who acted as a Comnr from the beginning of the buildings to their completion. 3. Parson Buchanan, an antient inhabitant of the place and whose brother James was one of the Directors first chosen. you mention Gunn\u2019s lots as among those located; I do not remember that, but I well remember Turpin\u2019s & Marsden\u2019s.\u2014but should not this enquiry into title, which is merely a legal one, be referred to the A. Gl? if the testimony of record fails, the supplementory testimony of possession, general fame & notoriety Etc Etc would be proper matter of discussion for him.In mine of Jan. 6. I inclosed you my bond as Rector for 30,900.D. which I hope you recieved safely. our workmen are under pressing wants.\u2014I hope that some means will be found of at least suspending the payment of interest for 4. or 5. years, which would enable us to compleat the Library. it would be much to be lamented should our workmen disperse; we should not again be able to collect so excellent a set.The family is all well; but as they give you in their own letters more particular information I will only add assurances of my sincere and affectionate attachment and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-02-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2629", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Philip I. Barziza, 2 February 1822\nFrom: Barziza, Philip I.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nHnd: Sir\n May I once more intrude on your kindness and friendship to ask for some information, which I am induced to believe will be usefull in the settlement of my affairs in this country, which have been so long protracted. I believe from circumstances, which have recently came to Light, that my mother was a native born citizen of Virginia or of some one of the United States. My grand father I am informed came to this Country about the year 1771, and remained here perhaps until the year 1774, or 1775. My mother was married in 1787, at 1st; my wish is to ascertain this fact; and from your intimacy with the family, and my grand father I am induced to hope that your memory, or some Letter, or document in your possession will enable you to give me some informations on the subject. If I can ascertain that they were here in the year 1772 it would be evident that my mother was born here. I could find no evidence of her birth in England; while the Register of the birth of her sister is found there and all other circumstances necessary to be recorded concerning the family, and Dottr Bancroft informed me that he was under the belief that my mother was a native of this country.I trust, Sir, the natural claims which I have to the property of my grand mother, will be a sufficient excuse for the trouble I now give you.With my most sincere goood wishes for a continuation of health, and happiness, I remain with regard, and esteem Dr Sir Your Most Aff Ob Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-02-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2631", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James H. McCulloch, 2 February 1822\nFrom: McCulloch, James H.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr Sir\nCustom House Baltimo Colltr Offe\nI have taken my time to give you the further intelligence of your case of books necessary, as the season had arrested the vessel in which it was shipped for Richmond, & is only very lately relaxing so far as to permit some efforts for the prosecution of her voyage. There is some hope now that the books will be in a short time delivered to Collo Peyton, to whom I shall write by this mail.I had engaged another vessel to carry the box before I heard from you; but though the master called at the ship with my order, he was so much afraid of the gathering ice, as to have it & depart precipitately.The entry at this office made by my son, in submission to form & law, is as follows.1 box of books. value \u214c invo\u00a37.4.\u2013deduct disct & cost of box16.66.7.610 \u214cCt12.97.0.3or D31.00 @ 15 \u214cCtD4.65permit 20 cs\u2013blanks for entry 25 cs =\n\t\t\t Ds 40}=.70draya from ship25D5.35\n\t\t\t The box is shipped in the Schr Spartan, Capt Creighton, consigned to Collo Bernd Peyton Richmond.I have only to add my wishes for your constant health & peace, to the tender of any future services I may be permitted to render, & remain with unchanging sentiments of respectful gratitudeYour obt servtJas H McCullochP.S. If the papers you forwarded here, (of which only the invoe was necessary to us) are to be returned, please to inform me, when convenient.They are, beside the invo bill of ladg & duplica letter from Mr Rush.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-02-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2632", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Nathaniel Macon, 2 February 1822\nFrom: Macon, Nathaniel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nWashington\nYour letter of the 23. of last november was received soon after my arrival at this place, The answer has been delayed, under the belief, that the meeting of Congress, would add greatly to the number of your correspondents, & that it would be more acceptable, to wait till you had got clear of themThe plan of the federal court, seems to be to keep pace with Congress, The decisions do not go beyond, the system of internal improvements, which has often been before the national Legislature & receive the sanction of both branches . As Congress attempt to get power by stretching the constitution to fit its views, it is to be expected, if other departments do not check the attempt, that each of them, will use the same means to obtain power, & thus destroy any check, that was intended by the division of power in to three distinct & separate bodies; The Legislative, Executive & Judicial; The great principle of the American governments is election for short periods yet in most of them, it has been departed from in the Judiciary; this is attempting to mix principles, which cannot be united, that is to make men by the tenure of office, independent & upright, who are not so from nature or principle: The tenure of good behavior is a violation of the elective principle, it remains to be determined whether governments uniting two opposite principles will go on smoothly; Again in many of them, a check is intended by having two branches in the legislature, generally elected by the same electors, some requiring one qualification & some another for the elector, but not one of them, seem to me, to have followed the law of nature, in the requisites for the electors or elected, in some advances have been made toward it: That two branches are necessary in the legislature is not doubted, & that they ought to be elected for short periods, and that the executive should not be elected for a longer period than the legislative, & that Judges, ought not to hold their office during good behavior, but for a fixed time; but with great deference to the opinions of others; a plan will be stated, which has not that I know off been tried, it is this, Let the most numerous branch of the legislature be elected by all free whites of the age of 21. years, except paupers, lunatics, & those who have committed crime, & every elector be eligible, let the other branch be elected by the same sort of people above a given age; every elector as in the other case to be eligible, The age for this branch ought not to be less than 30 years, perhaps forty would be better; The right to vote for both branches would depend on age & moral character; The object to let every man have a part in the government, & one branch at an age beyond youthful heat; Pardon my troubling you, with my crude thoughts on this great subject, it is more pleasing to communicate them, than the doings of others, which have not been approved, I fear we are approaching the state, the Israelites were in a few years after the death of JoshuaThis letter is much longer than I expected when I begun, yet was I to follow my feelings, it would be longer; I know you do not wish to increase the number of your correspondents, & I would be the last man in the world to give you trouble, but while I live, I shall remainyour friendNathl Macon", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-02-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2633", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, 2 February 1822\nFrom: Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nRespected Sir!\nLexington Kenty Transylv. Uny\n 2d febry 1822\nI take the liberty to send you the Kentucky Gazette containing the first number of a series of Essays under the name of the Cosmonist, and shall regularly send you the other numbers; hoping that they will afford you some gratification.I am rather anxious to hear something precise concerning the University of Virginia, and my prospects relating thereto, since I have some expectation to be offered the Presidency of the Cumberland College of Nashville and the Western College of Kentucky seated at Hopkinsville; but although these situations will be highly honorable, the arduous duties belonging thereto would induce me to decline them, if my appointment to the Uny of Virginia was rather proximate and probable.I would consider it as a favor, if you could lay this topick before the Board of Trustees of the Uny of Virg. and in addition to what I have already stated at various times, please to acquaint them with the following facts and propositions.There is now for sale in this town, the valuable Museum of my late friend John D. Clifford, which contains about 8000 specimens of Indian Implements (many very rare), Minerals, fossils and animals, many of which are new, undescribed and unique. The price asked for it is $2000. If I should be appointed Professor in your University, I mean to purchase it at my expence and make a donation of it to the University. This united to my own Cabinet, which I have largely increased lately, containing now more than 4000 specimens of Minerals and Animals, and my herbaniums increased to 15000 American and european specimens, would form the basis of a respectable Museum of about 27000 specimens, which I offer to the Univy I would take charge of it, as keeper and Director and oblige myself to increase it annually by collections, exchanges, purchases &c with 2000 specimens at least, which would make your Museum rich of fifty thousand Specimens in ten years and seventy thousand in twenty, without any charge to the Uny, except providing the rooms and trifling incidental expences.Moreover should it be the intention and pleasure of the Trustees to have a Botanical Garden, I will take upon me the duties of forming and directing one, if a suitable ground is provided. I have now with me 3 or 400 kinds of seeds lately rec\u2019d from Europe and could annually receive from my friends 1000 species of seeds. I would pay all the expences attending this Garden except the buildings and salary of a working Gardener. I could therefore pledge myself to establish a Botanical garden degrees say in 3 or 4 years, for $1000 in buildings & walls and $2 or 300 annual contingencies & salaries.I hope that these propositions will meet your attention, and I trust that you will perceive the necessity of giving me a timely notice of their acceptance. Mr. Clifford\u2019s Museum may be sold away, if much delay is employed, and I require one year to prepare myself for and effect my removal should I become President of one of our Western College I must become engaged therein for two or three years at least.In the hope of soon hearing from you on this interesting subject, I remain meantime very respectfullyYours &cC. S. RafinesqueProfessor in Trany UnyPS. I sent you last fall a Prospectus of my Miscellaneous Works, I now send you a few copies to be given to some of your fellow Trustees, who are not perhaps acquainted with my scientific & literary labours\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-03-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2634", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Carrington Cabell, 3 February 1822\nFrom: Cabell, Joseph Carrington\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nRichmond\nI did not write you this day week because the posture of affairs had undergone no change, and I had nothing to communicate worthy of your attention. I thank you for your two favors of 14th & 25th ult: both of which I have shewn to many friends. Since the date of my last, Mr Johnson has suggested to me an expedient, perhaps freer from objection than any heretofore thought of since the begining of the session. It is, to leave the debt of the University as it now stands, and to ask for an additional appropriation out of the surplus revenue of the Literary fund, over & above the $60,000, already appropriated. I am inclined to think this a better scheme than the preceding: because it is free from the objection of touching or giving up any of the capital of the fund: from that of taxing the people; & from that of entrenching on existing appropriations. It is not more inconvenient to the college interest than the plan of cancelling the bonds, which Mr Griffin proposed: & it is equally as beneficial to the University except that, perhaps, if the bonds should be cancelled & the fund in its revenue fall short of $60,000, we might hereafter claim arrearages. It is better than an appropriation pro tanto out of the Interest claim, because it gives us the benefit of every addition to the fund. I should prefer the cancelling of the bonds, because I think a fair construction of the University act would give us the arrears as soon as the fund should be able. But Mr Morris told me to day he was so committed he could not support that measure: & probably Blackburn & many others would object, & the wavering would avail themselves of the pretext. Something will be attempted in a few days: & our election seems to be confined to these two measures. Your plan of suspending the interest seems to be regarded as equivalent to cancelling the bonds. I think we should get rid of the debt if possible. We could then go into operation without the Library or get it from the Annuity or other sources. I consider the cancelling the bonds, and the appropriation of $7,200, pr annum out of the surplus as substantially the same thing. The latter measure has the advantage only of relieving our friends from embarrassment. I fear nothing will be done: & that we shall be voted down promptly. I shall endeavor to enlist the speakers on our side, & there is my only hope.The subject of the Kentuckey mission is now before us, & likely to take up some time. That of state rights is also on the carpet. I think it would have been better postponed till the next session.faithfully yours.Joseph C. Cabell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-03-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2635", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph, 3 February 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Mann\nDear Sir\nMonto\nYour favor of Jan. 31. is this moment recd and without loss of time I have filled up the dates of the bond as required, reacknoleged it before witnesses & now inclose it. I have dated it on the 6th to remove ambiguity as to the commecmt of interest, because before you recieve it that date will have occurred. all here are well, and myself as ever affly yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-03-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2636", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Duncan Forbes Robertson, 3 February 1822\nFrom: Robertson, Duncan Forbes\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nHonoured Sir, Danville Ky, Feb 3rd 1822Yours of the 11th of Dec I received; words are wanting to express my gratitude for your kindness, a remembrance of which shall descend with me to the grave, although, I assure you, that a simple lock of your hair, whitened by the frosts of 79 winters, would have been received with equal respect, and a degree of veneration. I addressed you from pure motives, your receiving it as such, has rendered me superlatively happy, and could I believe as you do, that thousands have acted from the same disinterested motives, that have ever characterized your life, gladly would I, but I fear true patriotism will be lost in the death of Mr Jefferson. I will trespass no longer on your patience, (not to have returned you thanks, would have made me uneasy) but merely observe, that in the humble capacity of an Abecedarian, I obtain a competency, which is the height of my ambition, and that to the list of friends in the West, I may add the names of Joshua Fry Esqr and F F Maury formerly of Albemarle. May your few remaining days be tranquil and happy, and when the messenger of Death shall receive his mandate to part a final period to your earthly existence, may you pass without fear the glorious vale, that separates tim from eternity, and be cheered with the welcome sound, of well done thou good and faithful servant.with emotions too great for utterance I subscribe myself your sincere admirerDuncan Forbes Robertson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-05-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2637", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Henry Bry, 5 February 1822\nFrom: Bry, Henry\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nOuachita\n5th febry 1822\nHerewith you will find some cuttings of the Rosa sinica\u2014which I spoke to you of, in June last, when I had the honor to see you at Monticello; as a valuable acquisition for Hedges\u2014I could not get here a tin box as we are without mechanics of almost any kind, & I did not like to risk my ingenuity in making one the box would have been badly made with the precautions I have taken to wrapp each cutting in green spanish moss I hope they will succeed well\u2014I remain with the highest regard SirYour obt ServtH. Bry", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-05-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2638", "content": "Title: Virginia General Assembly: Resolution granting a loan to UVa, 5 Feb. 1822, 5 February 1822\nFrom: Virginia General Assembly\nTo: \n Resolved that the sum of $30900 be bound to the Rector & Visitors of the University of Virginia in pursuance of the provisions of the Act of Assy passed the 24 feby last, upon the said Rector & V. entering into bond according to Law to carry interest from the 5th day of Feby 1822J Brown Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-06-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2639", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Andrew Jackson, 6 February 1822\nFrom: Jackson, Andrew\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n While Doct. Thos G. Watkins resided in the state; there was a considerable difference between him & myself\u2014which I am informed has operated much to the Docts \u2014He called on me yesterday at my house for the purpose of reconcilliation He made such explanations as has induced me to restore him to the standing he occupied in my estimation before the unpleasant difference took placeAt his request it affords me pleasure to make this communication\u2014I am happy to learn from the Doctr that you continue to enjoy good health in your old age\u2014That your health & life may long be preserved for the benefit of society and the litterary world is the fervent wish of your friend & obt sertmay this long continue & your life be preserved many years for the benefit of society & the world is the fervent wish of your friend & obt srt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-06-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2640", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Cabell Rives, 6 February 1822\nFrom: Rives, William Cabell\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear sir,\nRichmond\nIt is a source of sincere gratification to me to be enabled to communicate to you the passage by both branches of the Legislature, of the Bill authorising a loan of sixty thousand dollars to the University. It passed our House by a majority of two to one, & the senate by a still more triumphant vote, leaving but three in the minority. This is certainly a most auspicious indication, & puts the University beyond the fear of future opposition. The difficulty in relation to the scale of the buildings, which has heretofore furnished the principal topic of complaint, is now overcome, & the measures necessary for putting the institution into operation will follow of course.\u2014Perhaps it might not be politic to attempt any proposition of this sort, during the present session, as there would be some danger of producing a revulsion of feeling in the Legislature by so quick a succession of calls upon their liberality. That an application will be made to the next Legislature for a remission of the loans, or rather for an assumption of the debts of the University by the state, is generally understood & expected, & will then excite neither surprise nor displeasure; but to make it now, I fear, might be considered as evincing too much avidity. Will the advantage to be gained justify the risk?\u2014The very flattering success of our application on behalf of the University is, in part, to be accounted for by the admission into our Bill of certain provisions to give more full affect to the system of primary schools. Until the junction between the University & the primary schools was assented to, the partizans of the latter presented a front of the most invincible hostility to the University, under the idea, no doubt, that we were inimical to their favorite branch of the system of public instruction. As soon, however, as their jealousies were lulled by some seeming concessions on our part, they united heartily with us, & contributed mainly to our success. I am, therefore, thoroughly convinced that the only mode of maintaining the popularity of the university is for it\u2019s friends to become the active allies & peculiar patrons of the primary schools. It is a mistake to suppose that the primary schools are under any degree of discredit with the Legislature. The recent reports from the school-commissioners shew that they are extending the sphere of their beneficence every day, & have tended very much to confirm, instead of weakening, the attachment heretofore manifested by the Legislature for this part of the system of public instruction. This state of things presents a most interesting consideration of policy to the friends of the University. If the present plan of primary schools is continued, & brought into general activity, five times the amount of the present appropriation will not be sufficient for the education of those who are the particular objects of it. You may, therefore, expect increased & increasing demands upon the Literary fund, from year to year, for the support of the primary schools, until the present system is changed. The only mode of arresting & limiting this demand will be to adopt a system, which shall render the public bounty auxiliary only to the resources of individuals, in establishing a general system of schools thoughout the state for the education alike of rich & poor. I do not believe that the present appropriation can be withdrawn, but there is no necessity for increasing it, if it be used as an inducement to individuals to contribute something from their private purses towards the establishment & support of common schools. I would do this by dividing each county into wards or school districts, apportioning the quota of the county among these wards, & authorising each ward to draw it\u2019s apportionment of the public fund, so soon as it should build a school house & raise a certain sum to be applied, together with the public money, in paying the salary of a teacher. The portion of the public fund, allotted to each ward, would be an enticement to the people to establish schools upon this system, & would promote the great object of the civil division of the state into small & organised districts, for which alone, if there were no other advantage in the plan, the annual expenditure of $45.000 would be but a moderate price.\u2014I have thus stated my views to you very frankly, because I consider the present plan of primary schools as a most wasteful & injudicious one, & because, bad as it is, I do not think that the friends of the University can venture to say any thing against it, without proposing, in it\u2019s place, another & more efficient system. I had intended myself, under the influence of your recommendation, & the conclusive reasoning of the Kentucky report, which you were so kind as to send me, to have offered such a system to the Legislature; but finding some difference of opinion among our friends here, as to the expediency of the step at this time, I had declined the intention, before I was favoured with your letter of 28th ult. The subject will, therefore, remain untouched for the present; but I am satisfied that every day\u2019s experiences will more & more evince the propriety of your original suggestion that the friends of the university should take the primary schools under their management, & propose some substitute for the present extravagant & all-absorbing system.\u2014In the earnest prayer that your health may be preserved to you, & that you may live to give the impression of your own mind to the noble institution, which has risen & flourished under your care, I remain, with sentiments of the most grateful respect & veneration, your obt. serv.W C Rives.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-07-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2641", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 7 February 1822\nFrom: Brockenbrough, Arthur S.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nUniversity Va\nPermit me to ask you when we shall probably get any more money, for our creditors here\u2014 I can assure I am harassed almost out of my life\u2014After deducting the following large debts there is but little left to pay to the undertakers. I have already accepted more of their drafts then there are funds in the bursars hands. debts now to be paidon. D. W & C Warwick for Tin$969.75To. John Van Lew & co for hardware717.20\u3003 B. & Harvie for Nails1197.00\u3003 E. Lowher for Painting & Materials say.500.00 \u3003 Bonds for hire laborers last year988.50\u3003 Blackford, Arthur & Co for Stoves & Weights30193$4674.38\u3003 Balance of the $8000 in Bursars hands3325.62$8000.00The above debts I suppose must be paid as most of articles were purchased at a specified time\u2014and is now due. for the undertakers I have accepted for lumber & work largely over the above balance of $3.325.62 not recollecting the amt I should have to pay for the above articles\u2014If it be practicable to get seven or eight thousand more in a short time it would be a great accommodation to the undertakers here I am Dr Sir yours most respectfullyA. S. BrockenbroughP.S.In order to \u00e6conomize I have directed the Hotels on the western street to be finished without internal Cornices or entablatures\u2014If you wish them otherwise you will please instruct me to that effect please let me hear tomorrow\u2014A. S B\u2014h.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-07-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2642", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Abner Kneeland, 7 February 1822\nFrom: Kneeland, Abner\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nPhiladelphia\nFeby 7th 1822.\nHaving long since learned from your Notes on Virginia, your liberality of sentiment in regard to religion, and having recently perceived, by a late petition to Congress, that you are placed at the head of a literary Institution, I have taken the liberty to send you this Prospectus for a Greek and English Testament; any encouragement which you may feel disposed to give to such a work, in any way which you may think proper, will be gratefully received by your, and the public\u2019s, very obedt and most humbl servtA. Kneeland.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-07-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2645", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Ellen Wayles Randolph Coolidge, 7 February 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Coolidge, Ellen Wayles Randolph\n Money, my dearest Ellen, is very hard to get in these times. no better proof of it than that it was not in my power till this day to remit you the inclosed sum of 50.D. which is in notes of the District where you are. it is to pay for the busts of messrs Madison and Monroe, & for their package, the balance for yourself for your commission on the transaction, or for your menus plaisirs if so best pleases you. the package should be extremely carefully made with fixtures within the box to hold the busts steadily in their place. when packed have it delivered to mr Barnes who will be so good as to have it put on board some Richmond vessel and addressed to Colo Peyton. all here are well. I have no other news for you but thermometrical, yesterday at the hour of dinner the mercury was 47\u00b0. this morning at 12\u00b0 being a fall of 35\u00b0 in 15. hours. very affectionately yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-08-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2646", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Philip I. Barziza, 8 February 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Barziza, Philip I.\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI recieved yesterday your favor of the 2d and should be very glad to bear witness to any truth which might establish your just claim to the property of your grandmother in this country. but I know nothing of any visit of your grandfather to it before the revolution, and unless you have very positive proof I should doubt it. because I was much in Williamsburg about that time. I should still much more doubt your grandmother\u2019s having ever been here from the time she left us with her father about 1750. until her final return after the revolution. accept my friendly and respectful salutations.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-08-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2647", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 8 February 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Brockenbrough, Arthur S.\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nOn Sunday last I recieved a letter from the Governor informing me the balance of the last loan, 30,900 D. was now ready for us and might be drawn for as soon as I should send a bond for it. I executed and inclosed the bond to him the same day, and I presume it went by Tuesday\u2019s mail; I am ready therefore to authorise any draught within that amount that the bursar chuses: and my opinion would be to draw for and pay every settled debt we owe in the world at once. our affairs would then stand on simpler ground.\u2014I think we should have cornices in all the rooms of the Western hotels. if Architraves & frizes would cost more than plaister, these may be omitted.I am anxiously waiting for weather & roads to go with mr Coffee to the University that he may see for what he can do the ornaments of the frizes in some of the best rooms. I salute you with friendship & respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-08-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2648", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Gorman, 8 February 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gorman, John\nSir\nMonticello\nYour letter should have been sooner answered but I have expected daily to go to the University, which weather roads have hitherto prevented. I gave Thrimston a proper reprimand for his conduct, and assured him I should place at your discretion his punishment if he should misconduct himself again. I have been anxious he should learn to lay stone, and shall be glad if you can engage him in as much of that kind of work as you can. I will furnish two additional hands for quarrying my work, and with that Thrimston should assist & learn that also. I salute you with friendly respectsTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-08-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2649", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to David Melville, 8 February 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Melville, David\nSir\nMonto\nYour favor of Jan. 23. was recd yesterday only. the facts mentioned in it had never fallen under my observn, and consequently had never been the subject of my considn. were I better acqd with the structure of light houses or of the lanterns used in them, of both of which I am entirely ignorant, yet I have been too long unfamiliarised with speculns of that nature and am too heavily pressed by the hand of age to hazard any hypothesis explanatory the facts. your idea of keeping the oil pilloried by the warmth of the lamp itself is ingenious plausible & valble and I wish success to the process you propose as well on your own account as that of the benighted mariner with assurances of my esteem & respect", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-09-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2650", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Nicholas Biddle, 9 February 1822\nFrom: Biddle, Nicholas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Andalusia Bucks Cy Penna\n Nicholas Biddle presents his Compliments to Mr Jefferson, and takes the liberty of sending to him an Address, the chief object of which is to satisfy the farmers of this country that instead of responding over the inevitable loss of\n\t\t\t foreign markets, they may repair it by improvements in their present husbandry.He will not intrude upon Mr Jefferson\u2019s retirement by a wish that he should read this paper. He only desires to add it to his library as a mark of just respect from an American gentleman to a retired states man whose life has blended with singular felicity the active employments of public service with the calmer pursuits of agriculture & philosophy.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-11-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2653", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Carrington Cabell, 11 February 1822\nFrom: Cabell, Joseph Carrington\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n In my last I informed you that we then contemplated the plan of asking the Legislature to give the University the surplus revenue of the Literary Fund to the amount of $7200, which would be equivalent to the release of the debt. Mr Johnson & myself had thought by this expedient we should get clear of the commitment of our friends in the House of Delegates against any scheme which would go to the diminution of the Capital of the Literary Fund. To my great regret however, I discovered that our friend Mr Morris of Hanover, chairman of the Committee of Schools and Colleges, would not support this measure. He assured Mr Johnson & myself that himself & Genl Breckenridge had been compelled by an express call from Mr Miller of Powhatan to get up on the floor of the House of Delegates at the last session, and pledge themselves to support the appropriation to the Colleges of the surplus of $20,000. And this pledge, ought in his opinion to debar him from voting for any measure which would go to the withdrawal of the surplus from that destination. It was vain for me to deplore the imprudence of such pledges. It was the price, he said, of the loan bill of the last winter. It being most clear that we could carry no measure on which the friends of the University should be divided, and it being every way important to have the support of Mr Morris, I was compelled to abandon that measure. My patience was nearly exhausted, and I felt an inclination almost irresistable to return to my family. I remembered the great interests at stake, & chided my own despondency. Somehow or other, we had taken up the impression that your proposition to suspend the payment of the interest of the debt, was equivalent in point of principle to cancelling the bonds. On a sudden, it struck me like a flash of light, that your suggestion might be viewed otherwise: & that it would at least serve as an entering wedge, and give time to rally the resources of the state. I hastened to Mr Morris\u2019s room, & invited him to unite with us in the support of the plan contained in your last letter. In stating it to him verbally, I mistook a suspension of payment for a remission of interest. Mr Morris objected to a remission of interest, as conflicting with his pledge of last winter. I handed him your letter, saying \u201cthat is my last hope: that being rejected, my heart fails me, & my hands fall.\u201d He read the letter again: & marked the distinction between a suspension, & remission of interest, which I had overlooked. He expressed himself entirely willing to support your proprosition. We discussed it at large in presence & with the aid of Doctor Cocke, and finally agreed to make your letter our rallying point. Mr Morris was to see Mr Johnson to procure his cooperation, which I expected as a matter of course, and was to prepare & bring forward the bill without delay. But unluckily the business of the Kentucky Commissioners just then was pressed before the Legislature, & has diverted the attention of the leading members from all other subjects. I am aware of the imminent danger of the delay which has taken place. But I have urged the subject by all the means in my power, and I assure you I have not been able to get it forward at an earlier day. Should the measure fail, I shall be blamed by certain persons for the failure, by the late period of bringing it forward: but I have been unable to procure cooperation & action at an earlier period. To-day I got Mr Morris & Mr Johnson together: when I found Mr Johnson very difficult to persuade to support your plan, on the ground that he did not wish to put the Institution so much in the power of the Assembly, or House of Delegates. However, at length I prevailed on him to unite, & at his instance agreed that the bill should contain another provision\u2014viz: a power to the President & Directors to apply any monies which they may receive from the Govt of the U. States on account of Interest to the reimbursement of the principal & Interest of the debt. Thus then the Bill is at length agreed upon\u2014& about the 13th or 14th or 15th inst it will come before the House of Delegates. Whether it will pass or not I cannot tell: but I hope it will. I shall immediately go around to enlist about a half dozen speakers from different parts of the state. I am inclined to believe the Institution is gaining ground. Would it be believed in future times that such efforts are necessary to carry such a bill for such an object!! In haste, & truth, faithfully yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-12-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2655", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Delaplaine, 12 February 1822\nFrom: Delaplaine, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nPhilada\nI by no means wish to trespass upon your time even for five minutes; but if there is any subject in which you may feel interested enough to see in the picture of the United States, in relation to your quarter, depend upon it I shall feel great happiness in its insertion.\u2014With great truth & regard,I am Dr Sir, Your obedt st,Joseph Delaplaine", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-12-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2656", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to David Higginbotham, 12 February 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Higginbotham, David\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI should have sooner answered your favor of the 17th but that I wished to direct one of my daily rides to Morven in order to give some explanations verbally on the subject of my debt to you in which you have hitherto indulged my necessities. but the roads and weather have hitherto prevented it. the sum however of them would have been that the crop of the ensuing year 23. will enable me, and is destined to pay that debt, wholly as I trust, but certainly and at most at two instalments. be assured that my anxiety to discharge it is constant and pressing on my mind. with my sense of your indulgence accept the assurance of my friendly esteem and respectTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-12-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2657", "content": "Title: Carey & Lea and Delaplaine: Prospectus for his Complete Picture of the United States, ca. 12 Feb. 1822, 12 February 1822\nFrom: Delaplaine, Joseph\nTo: \n H. C. CAREY & I. LEAintend to publish,A COMPLETE PICTUREof theUNITED STATES.THIS work is designed to comprehend the various subjects of population, (with a brief view of manners and customs,) soil, climate, lakes, bays, rivers, canals, and inland navigation generally. Mountains, bridges, roads, and antiquities.\u2014Natural and civil history, as far as the plan will permit;\u2014with an account of productions, animal, vegetable, and mineral. Constitutions of the States, and of the Unites States. The various institutions and establishments, literary, philosophical, legal, medical, agricultural, manufacturing, commercial, religious, benevolent, naval and military, monied, musical and patriotic. Embracing compendious information of their origin, improvements, present condition, and future prospects.\u2014Exhibiting detailed and comprehensive descriptions of the cities and principal towns, with their respective distances from the city of Washington.\u2014Describing accurately the various public edifices, hospitals, universities, churches, museums, academies of the arts, galleries of paintings, theatres, libraries, banks, asylums, prisons, dispensaries, alms-houses, exchanges, custom-houses, deaf and dumb schools, panoramas.\u2014Also the markets, military schools, navy yards, public walks, bathing places, mineral springs, &c. &c.\u2014Forming in a pocket volume of about 500 closely printed pages a Correct Guide for the traveller to every thing curious and interesting in the various sections of this extensive country.\u2014With appropriate tables, several maps, and views of some of the most important public buildings.Collected from authentic documents, or personal observations.\n BY JOSEPH DELAPLAINE.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-13-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2658", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Anthony Finley, 13 February 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Finley, Anthony\n Th: J. returns his thanks to mr Finlay and thro\u2019 him to the managers of the Apprentices Library for the valuable little book he has been so kind as to send him. he wonders how so excellent a production should have been so little known. it is certainly calculated to do much moral good, & the publicn of it will probably be the saving of many young men. with his thanks he begs leave to present his respectful salutns", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-13-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2660", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Pickering, 13 February 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Pickering, John\n I thank you, Sir, for your essay proposing an uniform orthography for the Indian languages. it appears to me judiciously combined for effect and practice. it would be fortunate could it become the commencement of an uniform orthography for the world. but I suppose we are to despair of seeing such a sacrifice by any one generation for the good of all succeeding ones. such an orthography would have added value to the Colossal vocabulary of Catharine, of which the work of Adelung the subject of your review seems to be a Sinopsis. his filiation of the languages of our own Indians strengthens our confidence in his other researches.I had not before known of the petition from Salem on the subject of the duty on books. about 4. years ago I made an attempt, through our delegates in Congress, to obtain a repeal of that duty, but without effect; and the lat report of the committee of the Senate on that subject does not augur favorably of the issue of the present combined effort. with my thanks for these communications be pleased to accept the assurance of my great esteem and respect", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-13-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2661", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Mann Randolph, 13 February 1822\nFrom: Randolph, Thomas Mann\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nRichmond\nWilliam L. Pogue Esqr of the state of Kentucky having expressed a desire to wait upon you, as he passes through your neighbourhood on his way home, I have given him this to inform you who he is; being alltogether a stranger among us. He brought me a letter from General Robert Pogue of Kentucky introducing him as his son, whom he had sent in upon his private business, which required an investigation, only to be made by access to the old papers relating to the Bounty, pay, emoluments, subsistence, transportation and supplies of George Rogers Clarkes command in the Virginian Army of the Revolutionary War. General Pogues letter contained one from Governor Adair speaking in strong terms of the high title of the General himself to notice in Virginia, but he was prevented from coming by indisposition.With very sincere attachment your &cTh M Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-14-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2663", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edward Everett, 14 February 1822\nFrom: Everett, Edward\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Permit me to offer You a Volume, lately written by my brother Alexander H. Everett, Charg\u00e8 d\u2019Affaires in Holland. The Prefatory letter gives the true account of its origin viz: in my Request to him last Summer to furnish me with an ac\u2019ct of the present State of National polites in Europe.\u2014I hope, therefore, it will meet Your indulgence, as a Work of hasty preparation.\u2014I have the honor to be, Sir, With high veneration, Yr truthful humble Servant,Edward Everett.of Cambridge (Mass)", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-15-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2664", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Bernard Peyton, 15 February 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Peyton, Bernard\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI was startled on reciept yesterday of yours of the 11th finding I had been off my guard as to the renewal of my notes. I now send them to you. I must pray you to remit to mr McCulloch without delay 5. D 35 C duties Etc on the books. were it not for these odd 35. cents I would have saved you this trouble by inclosing him a 5.D. bill. instead of the four barrels of Roman cement be so good as to send six barrels which I find that my cisterns will require.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-16-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2665", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Mitchell Mason, 16 February 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Mason, John Mitchell\n I recieved a few days ago a copy of your excellent Address delivd at Dickenson college, but from whom was not indicated. if from yourself, I thank you for it, if from another I avail myself of the occn it procures me of tendering my respects to you of assuring you of the pleasure with which I see literary institns arising & cherished in the US. and of holding out the hand of fellow ship to that over which you preside from that which I am endeavoring to bring into being. when this will be I know not but if in my time I shall endeavor to make it worthy of fraternity with the worthiest, and can promise that it shall rejoice as much in the success of yours & all similar instns as in it\u2019s own. our wish is that science, may be promoted without jealousy from that quarter or that instn it shall be affected. be pleased to accept the assurce of my high respect", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-16-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2666", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jedidiah Morse, 16 February 1822\nFrom: Morse, Jedidiah\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nWashington City\nI have the honor, in fulfilment of my Official duty, to transmit to you a copy of the Constitution of a Society, just established, which recognizes the general System of measures, or rather the spirit of them, which were pursued during your administration in reference to the Indian tribes in our country. From this consideration, I am permitted to indulge a confident hope, sir, that this Constitution, & the Office under it to which you are appointed by the Society, will meet your approbations & acceptance.With high consideration & respect, I have the honor to be, sir, your most obdt servtJedh MorseCor. Secy", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-18-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2668", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Garland, 18 February 1822\nFrom: Garland, John,Summers, George W.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,\nWashington College\nSome of the members of this institution having formed themselves into a Society, for their improvement in speaking, have taken the liberty of calling it the Jefferson Society, as a token of the high esteem and veneration, with which they regard your virtue and talent.We sir have the honour of being appointed a committee, to write you in order to, be informed what day & by claims the Glory, of having given Birth, to a statesman who is now the admiration of the world, and will one day rank with a Lycurgus and a Solon.We wish to be informed of this that we may hereafter celebrate that day, as the brightest era in the annals of our republic by answering this our humble request (and if you think proper) to send us any, advice which your superior wisdom may dictate, you will oblige us exceedingly.We have sir the honour of being your most obedient humble servants,Geo W. Summers}CommitteandJohn B Garland", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-19-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2669", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from H. Johnson, 19 February 1822\nFrom: Johnson, H.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n I have the honor to transmit you herewith a copy of the Partidas, translated by Messrs Moreau & Carleton distinguished Counsellors of the City of New-Orleans, who have requested me to present it to you. I hope, Sir, you will consider the work worthy your acceptance.I have the honor to be, with the highest consideration and respect, Sir, your obt servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-19-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2670", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Frederick A. Mayo, 19 February 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Mayo, Frederick A.\n The package which accompanies this is of the 2. first volumes of a work, of which I will send the two last by the next mail to avoid burthening it too much at a time. I like the stile of the last bindings you did for me from a plain yellow model I sent you, making the backs a little richer. be so good as to do these in the same way as expeditiously as is admitted by the solid pressing which I value and return them two at a time different mails. accept my friendly salutations.\n Th: Jeffersonpare the margins with freedom[notation by TJ:] Mar. 2. 22. wrote to him for Johnson & Warner\u2019s edn of 1813. of Johnson\u2019s dict.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-20-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2671", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Nicholas Biddle, 20 February 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Biddle, Nicholas\n Th: Jefferson returns thanks to mr Biddle for his very able and instructive address to an Agricultural audience, and is pleased to see the stores of science so happily blended with practice. it will surely produce a salutary excitement among our farmers and especially at a moment when the habitual\n\t\t\t Cannibalism of Europe promises a demand for bread with their blood. he salutes mr Biddle with assurances of his highest esteem & respect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-20-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2672", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Isaacs, 20 February 1822\nFrom: Isaacs, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Mr Jefferson will receive Mr Boy67\u00bd\u2114 Beef6\u00bc$4\u203322also a large Cake Tallow 30\u00bd\u2114 \u00a0\u00a05\u203308$9\u203330I hope the meat & Tallow will meet your approbationDavid Isaacs", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-20-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2673", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Abner Kneeland, 20 February 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Kneeland, Abner\nSir\nMo\nAltho it is too late in life for me to be subscribing for books, as having no right to expect a continuance of life until their publicn, yet I subscribe willing for your Gr. & Eng. New Testament because I think it wanting. a larger format and more distinct type would have better suited my years. my wishes for the success of your enterprise accept the assurance of my respect", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-20-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2674", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Richard Peters, 20 February 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Peters, Richard\nMonticello\nFeb. 20. 22Th: Jefferson returns his thanks to his friend Judge Peters for mr Biddle\u2019s instructive and well written Agricultural Address. it came to hand exactly as he was amusing himself with reading the\n\t\t\t agriculture of the Greeks in their Geoponics. mr Biddle has justly noticed their mass of excellent sense and admirable practice, disfigured by a fantastical mixture of superstician and\n\t\t\t empiricism, such as the recipe of the ass\u2019s head in the middle of the garden Etc these poor ignorant pagans seem not to have been aware that the privilege of producing ring-straked cattle by shewing them striped sticks did not extend to them.Th: J. renews affectionately antient recollections with Judge Peters and assures him of his constant esteem & respect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-20-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2675", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, 20 February 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel\nSir \n Monticello Feb. 20. 22.\nI recieved yesterday your favor of the 2d the accompaniments mentioned in it will probably arrive by another mail, and shall be disposed of as you request. the prospect of the opening of our University is at present but distant. we have incurred a great debt in erecting our buildings, on the hypothecation of our funds, to redeem which will employ the whole of them for many years, unless relieved by the legislature, of which there is little promise at present. in this state of things, it would be unjustifiable in me to say any thing which should prevent your accepting any offers which you might be disposed to listen to from other quarters.Our Visitors do not meet until April next, when I will lay before them your offers of subjects of Natural history, which they will doubtless consider as evidences of particular liberality.I pray you to accept the assurances of my great respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-20-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2676", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Lemuel Shaw, 20 February 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Shaw, Lemuel\nMonticello\nFeb. 20. 22.Th: Jefferson returns his thanks to mr Shaw for the report of the committee of the legislature of Massachusets which he has been so kind as to send him on the Maryland proposition to appropriate lands\n\t\t\t for the purposes of education. the Committee has certainly made a very strong argument against a measure which promised at first to be carried by acclamation. he begs leave to assure mr Shaw of his high respect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-21-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2677", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 21 February 1822\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear sir,Richd\n21 Feby 1822I have this day forwarded your four Casks Roman Cement, care William D. Fitch at Milton, the Boatman could not be prevailed on to take the Ton of Plaister, but will send it by the first opportunity.With great respect Dr sir Yours Very TruelyBernard PeytonOur mail from your county, due yesterday at 4 Oclock, has just arrivd, & by it I have yours covering Blanks for the renewal of your notes at Bank, & I am on the search for the Boatman who has on the 4 Blls of Cement, if he has not gone, will add two Blls: more to the quantity as directed\u2014& if he has gone, will send them by the next opportunity\u2014B. P.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-23-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2678", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Monroe, 23 February 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Monroe, James\n Dr Wallis of Fauquier with whom I think you are acquainted seems desirous as his years advance to associate with his medical pursuits or perhaps substitute for them some employment which might relieve or lessen their labors. in what character of business his choice or opportunity might lead him to engage I do not know; but his talents & informs qualify him for a large range and his integrity renders him worthy of any trust. it is happy for the govmt when such men can be procured to fulfill the various duties of the public service, and none I believe will do it more faithfully than he would. my long acquaintance with him would render it a gratification to me should any opening occur which might avail the public of his services and at the same time accomodate his views. I am happy on this & every occn of repeating to you the assurances of my affectionate respect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-23-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2679", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Westwood Wallace, 23 February 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Wallace, James Westwood\n your letter of the 10th has but just reached me, having loitered long on the way. still I hope this may find you in Phili if the mail does it\u2019s duty, of which the improvement of the season admits a hope. I send you with pleasure a lre to the President as you requested. but I am afraid you are proposing to yourself a life of their diet, that of living by the charities you may render to others. a thickening to your soup will certainly be needed from some other quarter. the govmt to whom you look is like a sow with more pigs than teats. I wish it may have a good one for you.I am glad to find you are still able to pay your annual visit to Philad I hear such wonders of it\u2019s increase and of that of N.Y. that I wish I could see their condn before I depart. I have friends too there whom it would delight me to see. but years & debility say no and I must acquiesce. long health & prosperity to you with the assurances of my great esteem & respect", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-24-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2680", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Roger Sherman Baldwin, 24 February 1822\nFrom: Baldwin, Roger Sherman\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nNew Haven\nFebruary 24th 1822\nAlthough I have not the honor of a personal acquaintance with your excellency, yet the knowledge that you were intimately acquainted with the public character of my late Grandfather Roger Sherman, and were associated with him on some of the most interesting occasions, during the early periods of our government, has induced me to take the liberty of addressing you in relation to him.A biography of the signers of the declaration of Independence having been undertaken in Philadelphia, the connections of his family have been solicited to prepare that of Mr Sherman; and one of them is now engaged in procuring the materials. Thinking it not improbable that some interesting facts in relation him, may be within the knowledge of your excellency I have ventured to solicit, if perfectly convenient, a short communication of your excellency\u2019s views of his character as a legislator and a Statesman.Hoping that this request will not be deemed an improper intrusion upon your excellency\u2019s retirementI am, with the greatest respect your excellency\u2019s most obedt servantRoger Sherman Baldwin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-25-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2681", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Carrington Cabell, 25 February 1822\nFrom: Cabell, Joseph Carrington\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nRichmond\nI am very sorry to inform you that the Resolution of the Committee of Schools & Colleges in favor of a suspension of the Interest of the University debt was this day called up & postponed in the House of Delegates by a vote of 86 to 66. The poor-school or arrearage bill is on the table of the Senate & we shall send them down an amendment. I fear we shall be compelled to vote for a modification going to put off the Library for the present. I am very much opposed to Mr Johnson on this point: but I fear I must give way. I wish I could have your advice on this point, but it will come too late. Never have we had such a set of Goths as we have this year. Mr Watson & Mr Bowyer are gone. It has been utterly out of my power to hasten Mr Morris & others. Mr Watson retires. But you would do well to get his friends in Louisa to open a poll for him. He would be a great loss indeed. He cannot now come unless the people chuse to send him, as he is committed. Could you not get Mr Taylor of Chesterfield to come. I have tried in vain. Six clever men in addition to our present friends would turn the tide. Morris retires also.Faithfully yoursJoseph C. Cabell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-25-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2682", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 25 February 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI have no doubt you have recieved, as I have done, a letter from Dr Morse with a printed pamphlet, proposing to us a place in a self constituted society for the civilization of the Indians Etc. I am anxious to know your thoughts on the subject because they would affect my confidence in my own. I disapprove the proposition altogether. I acknolege the right of voluntary associations for laudable purposes and in moderate numbers. I acknolege too the expediency, for revolutionary purposes, of general associations, coextensive with the nation. but where, as in our case, no abuses call for revolution voluntary associations so extensive as to grapple with & controul the government, should such be or become their purpose, are dangerous machines, and should be frowned down in every regulated government. here is one proposed to comprehend all the functionaries of the government executive, legislative & Judiciary, all officers of the army or navy, governors of the states, learned institutions, the whole body of the clergy who will be 19/20 of the whole association, and as many other individuals as can be enlistened enlisted for 5.D. apiece. for what object? one which the government is pursuing with superior means, superior wisdom, and under limits of legal prescription. and by whom? a half dozen or dozen private individuals, of whom we know neither the number nor names, except of Elias B. Caldwell their foreman, Jedediah Morse of Ocean memory their present Secretary & in petto their future Agent, Etc. these clubbists of Washington, who from their residence there will be the real society, have undertaken to embody even the government itself into an instrument to be wielded by themselves and for purposes directed by themselves. observe that they omit the President\u2019s name, and for reasons too flimsy to be the true ones. no doubt they have proposed it to him, and his prudence has refused his name. and shall we suffer ourselves to be constituted into tools by such an authority? who, after that example, may not impress us into their purposes? feeling that the association is unnecessary, presumptuous & of dangerous example, my present impression is to decline membership, to give my reasons for it, in terms of respect, but with frankness. but as the answer is not pressing, I suspend it until I can hear from you in the hope you will exchange thoughts with me, that I may shape my answer as much in conformity with yours as coincidence in our views of the subject may admit: and I will pray to hear from you by the first mail. ever and affectionately yoursTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-26-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2683", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James H. McCulloch, 26 February 1822\nFrom: McCulloch, James H.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,\nCustom House Balto Collts Offe\nI received this morning a letter from Collo B Peyton of Richmond enclosing a check on the Bank of Baltimo for five dollars thirty\u2013five cents, duties & expences on a box of books consigned to my care for you, & shipped hence in the schooner Spartan to Richmond the beginning of last month.The vessel has been detained by the ice till but has now proceeded to her destination, & I hope will have delivered the books safely to Collo Peyton, by the time you receive this.I beg leave to renew the assurances of sincere respect & the best wishes for your continued health & peace which are never wanting withYour obliged frd & ServtJas H McCullochP.S.Mr Rush\u2019s letter & the invo of books, shall be sent to Collo Peyton by first vessel.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-27-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2684", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Robert Smith, 27 February 1822\nFrom: Smith, Robert\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n You must know that me the Undersigned election for you in year 1800 on my own expencce I went to Annapolis and published a card that brought out Judge D\u00fcwald to write those essays which was the opinion of Mr Tucker of Philadelphia put you in as President of the U StatesYou must know I am now in distress and am under the necessety of asking of you for a Dollars you note sir that I have done a great deal of good\u2014I am know by Mr Gueder or Kerry who are Clerks in the department will you befriend me with a few Dollars by the return of Mail\n Robert Smithprivate\n I had hopes I should have never have occasion to call on you but so it is ordered", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-27-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2685", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Garland, 27 February 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Garland, John\nGentlemen\nMonticello\nI have recieved your favor of the 10th and am duly sensible of the honor done my name by it\u2019s association with the institution formed in your College for improvement in the art of speaking. the efforts of the members will I trust give ajust reputation to the society & reflect on it\u2019s name the honor which it cannot derive from it. in a country and government like ours eloquence is a powerful instrument, well worthy of the special pursuit of our youth. models indeed of chaste and classical oratory are truly too rare with us; nor do I recollect any remarkable in England. among the antients the most perfect specimens are perhaps to be found in Livy, Sallust and Tacitus. their pith and brevity constitute perfection itself for an audience of sages, on whom froth and fancy would be lost in air. but in ordinary cases, and with us particularly more developement is necessary. for Senatorial eloquence Demosthenes is the finest model; for the bar Cicero. the former had more logic, the latter more imagination. of the eloquence of the pen we have fine samples in English. Robertson, Sterne, Addison are of the first merit in the different characters of composition, Hume, in the circumstance of style, is equal to any; but history principles spread a cloud over his many and great excellencies. the charms of his style and matter have made tories of all England, and doubtful republicans here.You say that any advice which I could give you would be acceptable. but, for this, you cannot be in better hands than of the worthy professors of your own College. their counsels would, I am sure embrace every thing I could offer, it will not however be a work of mere supererogation if it will gratify you, and will furnish a stronger proof of my desire to encourage you in your laudable dispositions.Some 36. or 32 years ago I had a nephew, the late Peter Carry, whose education I directed, and had much at heart his future fortunes residing abroad at the time in public service, my counsels to him were necessarily communicated by letters searching among my papers I find a letter written to him and conveying such advice as I thought suitable to the particular period, of his age and education. he was then about 15. and had made some progress in classical reading. as your present situation may be somewhat similar, you may find in that letter some things worth remembering. I inclose you a copy therefore. it was written in haste, under the pressure of official labors, and with no view of being ever seen but by himself. it might otherwise have been made more correct in style and matter. but such as it is, I place it at your service, and pray you to recieve it merely as a compliance with your own request, and as a proof of my good will and of my best wishes for your success in the career of life for which you are to worthily and laudably preparing yourselves.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "02-28-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2687", "content": "Title: David Isaacs: Account with TJ, 28 Feb. 1822, 28 February 1822\nFrom: Isaacs, David\nTo: \n Thos JeffersonDt1822To D. IsaacsJany22To 16\u2114 Tallow 1/2.67Feby20To 67\u00bd\u2114 Beef 6\u00bc4.22\u3003To 30\u00bd\u2114 Tallow 1/5.08$11.97", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-01-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2689", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Mary Walker Lewis, 1 March 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Lewis, Mary Walker\nMar. 1. 22.Th:Jefferson asks mrs Lewis\u2019s acceptance of half a dozen bottles of wine, which is 5. or 6. years old and will he thinks be of service to the tone of her stomach. The bearer will bring the beans she was\n\t\t\t so kind as to offer, and any greens she has to spare without disfurnishing herself. he salutes her with antient and affectionate friendship, & wishes for her better health.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-02-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2690", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edward Everett, 2 March 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Everett, Edward\nMonticello\nMar. 2. 22.I am thankful to you, Sir, for the very edifying View of Europe which you have been so kind as to send me. tossed at random by the newspapers on an ocean of uncertainties and falsehoods, it is joyful at times to catch the glimmering of a beacon which shews us truly where we are de Praett\u2019s Europe had some effect in this way; but the less as the author was less known in character. the views presented by your brother unite our confidence with the soundness of his observation and information. I have read the work with great avidity and profit, and have found my ideas of Europe in general, rallied by it to points of good satisfaction. in the single chapter on England only, where his theories are new, if we cannot suddenly give up all our old notions, he furnishes us abundant matter for reflection and a revisal of them. I have long considered the present crisis of England, and the origin of the evils which are lowering over her, as produced by the enormous excess of her expenditures beyond his income. to pay even the interest of the debt contracted. she is obliged to take from the industrious so much of their earnings, as not to leave enough for their backs and bellies. they are daily therefore passing over to the pauper-list, to subsist on the declining means of those still holding up, and when these also shall be exhausted, what next? reformation cannot remedy this. it could only present it\u2019s recurrence when once relieved from the debt. to effect that relief I see but one possible and just course. considering the funded and real property as equal, and the debt as much of the one as the other, for the holder of property to give up one half to those of the funds. and the latter to the nation the whole of what it owes them. but this the nature of man forbids us to expect without blows, and blows will decide it by a promiscuous sacrifice of life and property. the debt thus, or otherwise, extinguished, a real representation introduced into the government of either property people, or of both, renouncing eternal war, restraining future expences to future income, & breaking up forever the consuming circle of extravagance, debt, insolvency, and revolution, the island would then again be in the degree of force which nature has measured out to it, of respectable station in the scale of nations, but not at their head. I sincerely wish she could peaceably get into this state of being. as the present prospects of Southern Europe seem to need the acquisition of new weights in their balance, rather than the loss of old ones. I set additional value on this volume in as much as it has procured me the occasion of expressing to you my high estimation of your character, the interest with which I look to it as an American, and the great esteem and respect with which I beg leave to salute you.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-04-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2693", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Samuel Maverick, 4 March 1822\nFrom: Maverick, Samuel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nRespected Sir\nMontpelier Pindleton District So: Carolina\nMarch 4th 1822\nI wrote you the Inclosed\u2014Letter 11th Augt last, but having in a few days after to go to Alabama; it was neglected, untill my return, & now take the Liberty to forward it, making enquiry respecting the Grape Vine.\u2014would not Tea plant & Bread fruit Tree be Valuable to those people who will indure the Long tedious warm Summers of Alabama &c there Cotton grows so Luxuriantly as to produce 6 to 1200lb & in some instancies 1500 to 2000lb Cotton in the Seed pr Acre (Green Seed)\u2014the Cultivation of the Vine has comenced on the Black warrior River by the Settlement of Frenchmen, but with what success I am unable to say, as I did not go so low by 70 Miles, I saw several of the frenchmen they appear Confident of sucess of the Vine,\u2014in So, Ca, at Charleston the olive Tree Looks helthy & well & some years produces fruit.\u2014any Idias respecting or on the Culture of the Vine, will be thankfully recdby Yours RespectfullySam: Maverick", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-04-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2694", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 4 March 1822\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,Richd\n4 Mar: 22I have been all anxiety to get your Corks off, but there has not been a Waggon down, that I have been able to see or hear of, since I recd your order\u2014to-day I have meet with Johnson, who promises to take charge of them: I have pressed him to take your Plaister also, but I fear he will not.\u2014I find greater difficulty in getting loading taken up by Boats this season than I have ever known before.Your Books from Balto: are not yet to hand, or heard from, the vessel is surely not yet detained by Ice\u2014I hope to see you at Monticello tomorrow week, mean time, remainsYours very trulyB. Peyton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-05-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2696", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Madison, 5 March 1822\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n This is the first mail since I recd yours of the 25 Ult: which did not come to hand in time for an earlier answer; having lain a day or two at Or: Ct House.Regarding the New Socy for the benefit of the Indians, as limited to their civilization an object laudable in itself; and taking for granted, perhaps too hastily, that the plan had not been formed & published without the sanction of the most respectable names on the spot; finding moreover that no act of Incorporation from the Govt was contemplated, I thought it not amiss to give the inclosed answer to Mr Morse. In its principle the association, tho\u2019 a great amplification, is analogous to that of the academy of Languages & Bellesletters.The project appears to me to be rather ostentatious than dangerous. Those embraced by it are too numerous too heterogenous and too much dispersed to concentrate their views in any covert or illicit object; nor is the immediate object a sufficient cement to hold them long together for active purposes. The Clergy who may prove a great majority of the whole, and might be most naturally distrusted are themselves made up of such repulsive sects, that they are not likely to form a noxious confederacy, especially with ecclesiastical views.On a closer attention than I had given to the matter before I recd your letter I perceive that the organization of the Board of Directors is a just subject of animadversion. The powers vested in it may devolve on too few to be charged with the collection & application of the funds. As the proceedings however will be at the seat of Govt and under the eye of so many of every description of observers there will be no little controul agst abuses. It is pretty remarkable that Docr Morse and one of his men have maybe \u2154 of a majority of a Board. This person has I believe lately returned from some Agency under the Govt along with Govr Cass, among the Northern Tribes of Indians; which makes it the more probable that his present plans are in accord with the ideas of the War Department at least.Had I not written my answer, I should be led by my present view of the subject to suspend it till more should be known of this project, and particularly how far the high characters named, on the spot or elsewhere had embarked in it.I find by a Gazette just recd that a member of the Senate here denounced the project in very harsh terms. He is from a State however not distant from the Indians, and may have opinions & feelings on topics relating to them not common to the members of the Body.always & affey yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-06-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2698", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from J. D. Goodman, 6 March 1822\nFrom: Goodman, J. D.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,\nCincinnati,\nMarch 6th 1822.\nThe first number of the Western Quarterly Reporter, is forwarded to you by the mail that conveys this. We should feel wanting in duty, if we neglected presenting to you by the first opportunity, an evidence that the western Country is appreciating the advantages of that free government for which you have so long, and so successfully labored. We hope that you will derive some pleasure, if not from the work itself, at least from the intentionsof your sincere admirers and very Hble. SertsJohn D. Goodman EditorJno P Foote Publisher of the Western Quarterly Reports", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-06-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2699", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Monroe, 6 March 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Monroe, James\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI do not know by what individuals the association was formed which is the subject of the inclosed letter to mr Morse. I suppose them to have been few and private, and that the undertaking must have been on too partial a view of the subject. I observe your name not on the roll, and for a reason too light to have been the true one: and I suspect therefore it has been refused for good reasons. be this as it may, I have thought it a duty to pass my answer to mr Morse thro\u2019 your hands, because I think you should know what passes on the subject, and the different lights in which it may be viewed, and because too, if you think my letter might do any harm, I would pray you to do me the kindness to suppress it, and to return it to me. otherwise, when perused, I will request you to stick a wafer in it, and have it put into the post office. for considerations respecting you as well as myself perhaps it may be as well that it should not be known to have past thro\u2019 your hands. but this as you please. ever respectfully and affectionately YoursTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-06-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2700", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Jedidiah Morse, 6 March 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Morse, Jedidiah\nSir\nMonticello\nI have duly recieved your letter of Feb. 16. and have now to express my sense of the honorable station proposed to my exbrethren and myself in the constitution of the society for the civilisation and improvement of the Indian tribes. the object too expressed as that of the association is one which I have ever had much at heart, and never omitted an occasion of promoting while I have been in situations to do it with effect. and nothing even now in the calm of age and retirement, would excite in me a more lively interest than an approvable plan of raising that respectable and unfortunate people from the state of physical and moral abjection to which they have been reduced by circumstances foreign to them. that the plan now proposed is entitled to unmixed approbation, I am not prepared to say after mature consideration, and with all the partialities which it\u2019s professed object would rightfully claim from me. I shall not undertake to draw the line of demarcation between private associations of laudable views and unimposing numbers, and those whose magnitude may rivalise & jeopardise the march of regular government. yet such a line does exist. I have seen the days, they were those which preceded the revolution, when ever this last and perilous engine became necessary. but they were days which no man would wish to see a second time. that was the case where the regular authorities of the government had combined against the rights of the people, and no means of correction remained to them but to organize a collateral power which, with their support, might rescue and secure their violated rights. but such is not the case with our government. we need hazard no collateral power which by a change of it\u2019s original views, and assumption of others we know not how virtuous or how mischievous, would be ready organised & in force sufficient to shake the established foundations of society, and endanger it\u2019s peace and the, principles on which it is based. Is not the machine now proposed of this gigantic stature? it is to consist of the Ex-presidents of the US. the Vice-president, the heads of all the Executive departments, the members of the supreme judiciary, the governors of the several states and territories, all the members of both houses of Congress, all the General officers of the army, the Commissioners of the Navy, all Presidents and Professors of Colleges and Theological seminaries, all the Clergy, of the US. the Presidents and Secretaries of all associations having relation to Indians, all commanding officers within or near Indian territories, all Indian superintendents and Agents; all these ex officio; and an many private individuals as will pay a certain price for membership. observe too that the Clergy will constitute nineteen twentieths of this association, and by the law of the majority, may command the 20th part, which, composed of all the high authorities of the US. civil and military, may be out voted and wielded by the 19. parts with uncontrolable power, both as to purpose and process. Can this formidable array be reviewed without dismay? it will be said that in this association will be all the confidential officers of the government the choice of the people themselves. no man on earth has more implicit confidence than myself in the integrity and discretion of this chosen band of servants. but is confidence or discretion, or is strict limit, the principle of our constitution? it will comprehend indeed all the functionaries of the government, but seceded from their constitutional stations as guardians of the nation, and acting, not by the laws of their station, but by those of a voluntary society having no limit to their purposes but the same will which constitutes their existence. it will be the authorities of the people and all influential characters from among them, arrayed on one side, and on the other the people themselves, deserted by their leaders. it is a fearful array. it will be said that these are imaginary fears. I know they are so at present. I know it is as impossible for these agents of our choice and unbounded confidence to harbor machinations against the adored principles of our constitution, as for Gravity to change it\u2019s direction, and gravid bodies to mount upwards. the fears are indeed imaginary; but the example is real. under it\u2019s authority, as a precedent, future associations will arise with objects at which we should shudder at this time. the society of Jacobins, in another country. was instituted on principles and views as virtuous as ever kindled the hearts of patriots. it was the pure patriotism of their purposes which extended their association to the limits of the nation, and rendered their, power within it boundless; and it was this power which degenerated their principles and practices to such enormities as never before could have been imagined. yet these were men; and we and our descendants will be no more. the present is a case where, if ever, we are to guard against ourselves. not against ourselves as we are, but as we may be, for who can now imagine what we may become under circumstances not now imaginable? the object too of this institution seems to require so hazardous an example as little as any one which could be proposed. the Government is at this time going on with the process of civilising the Indian on a plan probably as promising as any one of us is able to devise; and with resource more competent than we could expect to command by voluntary taxation. is it that the new characters called into association with those of the government are wiser than these? is it that a plan, originated by a meeting of private individuals is better than that prepared by the concentrated wisdom of the nation, of men not self-chosen but clothed with the full confidence of the people? is it that there is no danger that a new authority, marching independantly along side of the government, in the same line, and to the same object, may not produce collision, may not thwart & obstruct the operations of the government, or wrest the object entirely from their hands? might we not as well appoint a committee for each department of the government, to counsel & direct it\u2019s head separately, as volunteer ourselves to counsel and direct the whole in mass? & might we not do it as well for their foreign, their fiscal & their military, as for their Indian affairs? and how many societies, auxiliary to the government, may we expect to see spring up, in imitation of this, offering to associate themselves in this and that of it\u2019s functions? in a word, why not take the government out of it\u2019s constitutional hands, associate them indeed with us to preserve a semblance that the acts are theirs, but ensuring them to be our own by allowing them a minor vote only?These considerations have impressed my mind with a force so irresistable, that, (in duty bound to answer your polite letter, without which I should not have obtruded an opinion) I have not been able to withold the expression of them. not knowing the individuals who have proposed this plan, I cannot be concieved as entertaining personal disrespect for them. on the contrary, I see in the printed list persons for whom I cherish sentiments of sincere friendship; and others for whose opinions and purity of purpose I have the highest respect. yet thinking as I do, that this association is unnecessary, that the government is proceeding to the same object under controul of the law, that they are competent to it in wisdom, in means and inclination, that this association, this wheel within a wheel, is more likely to produce collision than aid, and that it is, in it\u2019s magnitude of dangerous example, I am bound to say that, as a dutiful citizen, I cannot in conscience become a member of this society, professing, as it does, my entire confidence in the integrity of it\u2019s views. I feel with awe the weight of opinion to which I may be opposed, and that, for myself, I have need to ask the indulgence of a belief that the opinion I have given is the best result I can deduce from my own reason and experience, and that it is sincerely conscientious. repeating therefore my just acknolegements for the honor proposed to me, I beg leave to add the assurances, to the society & yourself of my highest confidence and consideration.Th: Jefferson\n the Clergy of the US. may probably be estimated at 8000. the residue of this society at 400. but if the former number be halfed the reasoning will be the same.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-07-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2702", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from DeWitt Clinton, 7 March 1822\nFrom: Clinton, DeWitt\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nAlbany\n7 March 1822\nI have the pleasure of transmitting to you a report relative to the State of our Canals.I also take the liberty of enclosing two metallic pens made by the Shakers near this City: They can manufacture enough for the supply of the U.S.\u2014and their pens write better and are much cheaper than any imported.With entire respect I am Your most Obedt servtDeWitt Clinton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-09-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2705", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Cooper, 9 March 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cooper, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nYour favor of Feb. 14. came to hand on the 3d inst. with the address to the Medical board, which I read with the pleasure I recieve from every exhortation for the advancement of science. the other printed paper gave me deep concern. the first obstacle to science in this country is that the means of promoting it are at the sole disposal of those who do not know it\u2019s value. but a second, a greater, and a more desperate one, is in the spirit of insubordination and self will which siezes our youth so early in life as to defeat their education, and the too little controul exercised by indulgent parents.In this my own state our struggle as yet is with the first obstacle. all the buildings of accomodation for the Professors and Students of our University will be ready for habitation the ensuing summer. a building for a Library, exhibition rooms Etc is still wanting; but our efforts to obtain from our legislature sufficient funds for it\u2019s erection, have as yet been unavailing. we think it best to compleat all buildings before we open the institution, because, once opened the funds will all be absorbed by salaries Etc and nothing left to compleat the buildings. the moment therefore of going into operation is as uncertain now as it ever was; and we are sinking in science to the level of our Indian neighbors. in the mean time a lamp of light is kindling in the North which will draw our empire to it; for power attends knolege as this shadow does it\u2019s substance, and the ignorant will for ever be hewers of wood and drawers of water to the wise. ignorance is indeed a downy pillow of repose, and we seem disposed to slumber on it, until roused up by the whips of the driver. there is some flaw, not yet detected in our principle of representation which fails to bring forth the wisdom of our country into it\u2019s councils. it is impossible to foresee to what this will lead; but certainly to a state of degradation, which I thank heaven I am not to live to witness. your efforts I hope will retard that sorrowful hour, perhaps oppose the last barrier to it\u2019s advance. may those with whom you are duly estimate their value, and bestow on them the rewards they will have so truly merited. Accept assurances of my constant friendship and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-09-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2706", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Dabney Cosby, 9 March 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cosby, Dabney\nSir\nMonticello\nI did not answer your letter of Feb. 28 immediately on it\u2019s reciept because I knew that efforts were still to be made in the legislature in favor of the University. you have seen by the newspapers that these have all failed, & of course that nothing can be done as to the library this yearIf you will be so good as to let me know what I am in your debt for the bricks you furnished me, & the work done I will place the money in any hands you will name. I salute you with my best wishes and respects.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-10-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2707", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Carrington Cabell, 10 March 1822\nFrom: Cabell, Joseph Carrington\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n When I last wrote you, I forgot to enclose you the letters which passed between yourself and Mr Griffin of York relative to the University. I now enclose them to you by mail, least some unforeseen accident may prevent me from getting to the meeting on the first of next month. Information but recently received from my farm in Lancaster would render it highly important that I should go there without delay. But I shall not suffer this, nor any other cause, within my own controul, to prevent me from attending at the meetings of the Board of Visitors, as long as I continue to hold the appointment. I may be prevented hereafter, as I have been heretofore, by ill health. I have determined to remain here a week longer than I intended when I last wrote you, and now propose to leave this on 25th inst to arrive at Genl Cocke\u2019s on the saturday before the meeting, and to ride with him to monticello on the next day. I should be glad to see you before the meeting, but as it is impossible for me to do so, (as I shall travel in the stage) without setting out a week sooner than I wish to leave this place, and as I have written you very fully, I must be deprived of that satisfaction for this time. My object would be to consult yourself & Mr Madison as to the policy which, under existing circumstances, ought to be adopted in regard to the Central building. In my last letter I unfolded to you the difference of opinion between Mr Johnson & myself in regard to this subject, and the reasons which induced me to yield up the opposition which I contemplated to the restrictive amendment proposed by himself and Genl Blackburn. On this last point, I was perhaps not as circumstantial, as I might have been. When matters were rapidly hurrying on to a crisis, I was informed by Mr Carey of Fluvanna that Mr Brokenbrough (whom I had not then seen) had stated to him, that if you were in Richmond you would yourself support the Bill with the restrictive clause, sooner than lose it. There was not a moment to lose, & immediately on receiving this communication, I advised Mr Carey, and thro him, my other friends in the House of Delegates, to yield to the amendment. Under such circumstances I had not the courage or the rashness to array one part of the friends of the Institution against another, when you yourself would not do it were you present. Afterwards I saw Mr Brokenbrough, and was informed by him, that Mr Carey had misunderstood him. He doubted whether you would approve the course, but expressed it to be his opinion, that we had better pursue it.I never in my life felt more deeply convinced on any subject, than I am as to soundness of the policy of going on with the buildings, in preference to the plan of putting the Institution into operation with half the buildings finished. The President of this College and Judge Semple, in conversation with me, a few days ago candidly acknowledged the policy of our course in this respect. They observed that Virginians would never be pleased with any thing on a small scale. Judge Semple adduced a fact by way of illustration, which I was pleased to hear. Mr John Tyler of Charles City late member of Congress was formerly opposed to the Institution. In a trip which he made last year to the Springs, he called, and inspected the buildings; and the Judge assured me that Mr Tyler was so much impressed by the extent & splendor of the establishment that he has become an advocate for the University & would have voted last winter, had he been in the legislature, for cancelling the bonds. Mr Tyler is a candidate for the Assembly, & will doubtless be elected. From what the Judge told me, I suspect the opposition will attempt to fetter Mr Tyler by instructions. Doctor Crump of Cumberland was as much influenced by the sight of the buildings as Mr Tyler. He abandoned us last winter on other and very insufficient grounds. The opinion which I had previously entertained on this subject has been confirmed by many facts of this description.With every sentiment of respect for the judgment & services of our colleagues & particularly Mr Johnson, I cannot but deeply regret the views he has formed in regard to the Library. But for the weight of his own opinion, I think the opposition on that subject might have been disregarded. It is important to carry him along with us. How far this consideration, & the state of the funds, may induce us to put by the library for the present, I really feel very great doubts. About Richmond, and Staunton, and with the Federal Party, I observe the opposition to the Library to be strongest. I shall be mainly governed by the opinion of yourself & Mr Madison on this subject.faithfully yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-11-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2708", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Andrew Wills, 11 March 1822\nFrom: Wills, Andrew\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Sir,Fredericksburg\n11th March 1822Having been engaged, for some time, in the study of Scientific Grammar, I have experienced considerable obstruction from my unacquaintance with the Saxon language.\u2014Judging that you have a knowledge of that tongue,\u2014by recommending it, as a branch of study in the Virginia University; & knowing no other source, whence I could receive information on this subject, I have taken the liberty of soliciting your advice, in regard to the course to be pursued in the attainment of the language, & the books necessary to effect that object.\u2014The only apology, which I have to offer, for this obtrusion,\u2014arises from that zeal, which you have always manifested for the advancement of Science, and your constant disposition to encourage and assist it\u2019s humblest cultivatory\u2014I am, Sir, With sentiments of deep respect, your most obedt servtAw Wills", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-15-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2715", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Jefferson Randolph, 15 March 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Jefferson\nMar. 15. 22.Do not give up the bonds to Morrison. your right to them is sound.Colo Nicholas covenanted to assign certain bonds to morrison. until actual assignment the legal property remained in Colo N. and on his death that legal property vested in his execurs & in yourself as one. he was indebted to you and the law allows an exr to pay himself. Morrison can get no hold of these bonds at law. he must go into a court of chancery, and it is a sacred principle with the Chancellor never to take a legal advantage from one creditor to give it to another.The record of the Covenant is only additional evidence of there being such a covenant, but adds nothing to it\u2019s force, or to it\u2019s lien on the bonds. it is only an equitable lien which the Chancellor will not enforce against another creditor who has possession & legal right.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-16-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2717", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Isaacs, 16 March 1822\nFrom: Isaacs, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSirMarch 16th 1822\n\t\t\t I sent you all that was left of the hind quarters\u2014with the Shank weight 32\u2014ad 5 Cents $1.60 there is a fore qur yet left if you should want any of that you will Please to sent tomorrow morningyours &cD. Isaacs", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-18-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2718", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Lambert, 18 March 1822\nFrom: Lambert, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,\nCity of Washington,\nMarch 18th 1822.\nI have the honor to inclose herewith, two printed copies of a report made to the President of the United States, relative to the latitude of the Capitol in this City, and to its longitude from Paris and Greenwich observatories, in Europe; one of which is respectfully offered to your acceptance; the other, you will please to present to the president, or other proper officer at the Seminary of learning near Charlottesville, for the use of that institution.I have the honor to be, Your most obedt servant,William Lambert.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-18-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2720", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Vine Utley, 18 March 1822\nFrom: Utley, Vine\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLyme County of New-London Conn.\nMarch 18th 22.\nYou had the goodness in the year 1819. (by my request) to send me an account of your Physical habits.I have coppyed them in imitation of type and Put them into a handsome frame, with glass, and placed them on the walls of my house where it can be read by any person who enters the room. It is an example of strict temperant, and I believe it will be as beneficial to mankind, if published, as Dr Rushes moral and physical Thermometer.I have practiced bathing my feet in cold water for more than a year past every morning, as you have done for sixty years, and have not had any catarrh (ie) an effection of my lungs, since I commenced this practice of bathing my feet in cold water.I never escaped, what is commonly termed a bad cold, so long before. I must certainly impute this exemption from cough &c. to the effect of cold water. I now begin to recommend this salutary practice to others. I believe it will be of infinite benefit to the people in this nothern section of the United States, who are so subject to coughs and colds by the sudden changes of the weather in the winter season. I shall continue to bathe my feet in cold water every morning during life if I receive the same benefit it from it, that I have done for a year past.\u2014I believe I have neglected to acknowledge the receipt of your last letter, which was accompanied by two engravings of yourself taken by different hands. Please to aught my unfeigned thanks for the same, I have put them in handsome frames, and placed them on the walls of my parlour with the likeness of Washington & Franklin. The lines that accompanied your likeness, contained so much sound philosophy and cheerful resignation to the approach, if death, After being raised to the highest rank among mankind I took the liberty to enclose it in a frame, and placed it with the two engravings if yourself, that posterity may see the true likeness of the American Philosopher, long after his body has been consigned to the Tomb, and learn, by reading his own hand writing, his humble submission to the will of Deity in the last part of his life.With the highest respect I am Sir, your sincere friend.Vine UtleyP.S. I shall take the liberty to publish your Physical habits, if you have no objection\u2014some learned friends of mine, think it will be if much benefit to the public to set an example of temperance and good morals coming from such an illustrious character as Mr Jefferson, the great Statesman and Philosopher, who, (by being placed in the front ranks of Federalism) saved this great Republic, when it was on the brink of ruin by the cunning and powerful hand of Aristocracy.Sir, It would be gratifying to me to learn, whether you have made use if the warm bath to prevent the symtoms of old age. Dot. Franklin owed much of his cheerfulness and strength of intellect, for the last thirty years of his life, to the use of the warm bath twice a week. That Philosopher commenced the practice of warm bathing, at the time he began to feel the symtoms of old ageOn inanimate matter, warm water is relaxing; but on animate mater, (the living system) I believe it to be stimulating, and invigorating to elderly people. The degree if heat, to be regulated agreeable to the feelings of the person. say from 85\u00b0 to 92\u00b0 Farenheit\u2019s Thermometer.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-19-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2722", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to DeWitt Clinton, 19 March 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Clinton, DeWitt\nMonticello\nMar. 19. 22.I thank you, Dear Sir, for the elegant pens you have been so kind as to send me; they perform their office admirably. I had formerly got such from Baltimore, but they were of steel, and their points rusted off immediately.I rejoice sincerely in the progress of your Canal, and envy your location in a state wise enough to see that the common interest is individual interest, and rich enough to pursue it. while you get millions to employ so usefully, I am laboring for a few thousands to save my fellow-citizens from the Gothic barbarism into which they are sinking for want of the means of education. you are doing all the good you wish, I only that which I can. I salute you with great respect and esteem.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-19-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2723", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Monroe, 19 March 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Monroe, James\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nYour favor of Mar. 14. has been duly recieved. in that you ask if my letter to mr Morse may be communicated to the gentlemen of the administration and other friends. in the first place the former are entitled to it\u2019s communication from mr Morse as named members of his society. but independantly of that, a letter addressed to a society of 6. or 8000 people is de facto made public. I had supposed it possible indeed that the society or some of it\u2019s members might perhaps publish it in the only practicable means of communicating it to so extensive an association. this would be best, because mr Morse might otherwise consider it as done by myself, and that it was a guantlet thrown down to challenge him to the Arena of the public papers; and should he take it up, I should certainly be a recreant knight, and never meet him in that field. but do in this whatever you please. I abandon the letter to any good it may answer. With respect to Spanish America I think you have taken the exact point of time for recognising it\u2019s independance, neither sooner nor later. I give whatever credit they merit to those who are glorifying themselves on their premature advice to have done it 3. or 4. years ago. we have preserved the approbation of nations, and yet taken the station we were entitled to of being the first to recieve & welcome them as brothers into the family of nations. affectionate & respectful salutationsTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-19-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2724", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Horatio Gates Spafford, 19 March 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Spafford, Horatio Gates\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI duly recieved your favor of Feb. 28. and take a friendly interest in the good and the evil which you, as all our human brethren, have to encounter in the path of life. I hope your literary labors will prove advantageous to yourself and useful to the world. the occupation of the mind is surely that which brings most happiness. but with respect to your Apprentice\u2019s Spelling book, you could not have appealed to a more incompetent judge than myself. I have never in my life had occasion to attend to that elementary stage of education, nor to reflect at all on the different methods of conducting it to best advantage. this is a solid reason for my not undertaking to give an opinion on it, added to another which I have been obliged to lay down as a law to myself, of not usurping the right of saying to the public what is worthy or not worthy of their attention. this is the office of Critics by profession in whose line I am the least practised of all men living. with my regrets therefore that I can offer nothing but my best wishes for the success of all your literary and other labors, accept the assurance of my esteem & respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-20-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2725", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Christopher Rankin, 20 March 1822\nFrom: Rankin, Christopher\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir Washington March 20. 1822The enclosed was found by me, in a volume of state papers, formerly your property, now in the Library of Congress. The proclamations, by the Spanish government, referred to in this statement are exceedingly important, in support of the interests of many of the people I have the honor to represent in Congress, whose rights to land are jeopardised by claims derived from the British government. They cannot be found among the Records left us, by the Spanish government, at Natches. Presuming that you might possibly, on seeing this paper, still preserve some recollection of it which might lead to a discovery of the papers I have taken the liberty of interrupting your few hours of peaceful retirement from the service of your country, by a request, that you will have the goodness to make such communication of your knowledge of these papers, as your memory, at this distant period, can furnish. The enclosed you will please also return, that I may place it, in the library of Congress.I have the honor to be Yours very respectfullyChristopher RankinMem. of the H. of Reps Mississippi", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-21-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2726", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 21 March 1822\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nRich\u2019d\nYour dft: favor S. Garland for $231, was presented & paid this day, with the addition of $19.86 interest from 12 Oct.. \u201c20.\u201d\u2014say in all $250.86, which is at your debit.My Clerk informs me your Books from Balto: were fordd on the 18th: Inst:, by a careful Waggoun to the care of Jas Leitch Esqe of Charlottesville: for the future your small articles will be sent to the care of Messrs: Woffe & Raphael of that place, being more convenient to the road.I will write to Mr Pleasants by this day\u2019s mail on the subject you mentioned to me, & when I have recd his reply, will advise you accordingly.With sincere regard Dr Sir Yours very TrulyB. PeytonFlour $5\u215e @ 5 \u00beWheat 6/6 @ 6/9Tobacco $5 \u00be @ 10 general sales, 1 Hhd: $13P.S. After writing the above I recd the within notice, which I send, lest a copy of it may not have been forwarded to you. The Banks are alarmed at the rate of exchange, & have not only ceased to discount new, but have commenced a curtail upon the old paperB. P.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-22-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2727", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Ellen Wayles Randolph Coolidge, 22 March 1822\nFrom: Coolidge, Ellen Wayles Randolph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n I have delayed writing to you, from post to post, my dearest Grandpapa, always hoping that I should be able to announce to you, the conclusion of my bargain for the busts: they are at length deposited in the hands of Mr Barnes, and I have procured the engraving from Vanderlyn\u2019s portrait of Col. Monroe, which I shall carry home with me as you desired. the busts are second hand, and one of them somewhat soiled, but none others could be had. Mr Eugene Vail the son of a gentleman who was for a long time consul at L,Orient, and who has inherited from his father a very strong personal attachment to yourself, exerted himself to the utmost to procure better copies from Cardelli\u2019s originals; he searched every shop in the city and inquired wherever there was the smallest hope of success; but in vain. these copies have become very scarce, and are to be found only in private families, and Cardelli himself is believed to have left the country\u2014Mr Vail took charge of the two which you will receive, had them packed by the most careful hands and placed in charge of Mr Barnes by whom they will be forwarded to Richmond to the care of Col. Peyton, whenever a good opportunity should occur. these busts are uninjured except by the soils I have spoken of, but the artist who packed them, thinks that the necks are not very strong, and recommends that no attempt should be made to raise them by the heads, a precaution it was almost unnecessary to give, but which I have repeated as I received it. the lids of the boxes were screwed down to avoid the jarring of the hammer. It was also by Mr Vail\u2019s assistance that I procured the engraving, they were to be found at one shop only in Georgetown\u2014he is a great lover of the fine arts and seems perfectly \u201cau fait\u201d in every-thing that regards them, whilst his zeal for your service is almost unbounded. he came over to this country for the first time in 1816, and brought with him a letter of introduction to you from Gen. La Fayette, which he intended to deliver in person, this however he was prevented from doing, (I suspect by the pressure of his circumstances which were at that time very distressing,) the letter was therefore committed to the post, and he expressed to me a wish to know whether you had ever received it; I could not tell him at the moment, but determined to inquire of you upon the first occasion\u2014I heard from this gentleman that Gen. La Fayette had lately announced in a letter to Gen. Bernard, his intention of visiting this country probably in the course of the ensuing year.I have met with a good many of your old friends here, who have been very particular in their inquiries after you, and their attentions to me on your account. of the foreigners, M. de Neuville had been the most polite. I have reason to believe that the neglect I have experienced from Mr Canning has proceeded more from some absurd ideas of etiquette, than from any intentional disrespect. he is generally considered a man of amiable temper and manners, although devoured by hypochondria and constitutional melancholy. when we meet in society, we are always as sociable as he knows how to be. I think Washington is becoming more pleasant than I found it during the winter. the weather there has been so fine for some time past that I have been able to enjoy the benefits of fresh air and exercise; and my health is rapidly improving in consequence. I have now and then only, had it in my power to attend the congressional debates, but it is labour lost to go to the hall of Representatives, for you cannot from the galleries, hear one word in ten, there has been I believe even more than the usual quantity of empty declamation; the speeches I have heard thus far as I could judge from the little I did hear, have been literally \u201cfull of sound and fury, signifying nothing.\u201d some most indecent altercations have taken place, which the newspapers have not reported. I was witness to one myself, in which there were sometimes three members on the floor together bawling at each other. Mr Barber is said to want firmness to keep the house in order. Mr Randolph and Mr McDuffee of South Carolina had a furious contest; it was a quiver of poisioned arrowes against the club of Hercules, but Mr Randolph\u2019s sharp satire was unavailing against the strong coarse invectives of his antagonist; which appears to act like a battering ram and beat down all before it. Mr Randolph\u2019s mind has been in a very unsettled state for some time past; he is hovering on the verge of insanity and his embarking for England, appears to be the peak of a madman. Mr McDuffee has disappointed public expectation, raised perhaps too high by the injudicious panegyrics of his friends. he will probably be lost to them and to his country before his talents have had time to mature, being engaged to fight a duel within thirty days after the rising of Congress with a man who is said never to miss his aim. the quarrel was a political one, and the mutual animosity of the parties has baffled every attempt at reconciliation\u2014Mr Archer of Virginia who is in the habit of long speeches received a reproof the other day which excited a good deal of mirth in the House, he had spoken one whole day upon the Bankrupt bill, and rose the second day to continue his harangue. a member on the opposite side of the Hall quoted in an audible voice a line from Young\u2019s Night thoughts,Insatiate Archer could not one suffice?The debates of the Senate are more interesting, and the ladies are admitted on the floor of the Chamber; they certainly are better accommodated, but it produ an unpleasant effect see women mingling as it were in the counsels of a berative body and certainly distracting the attention of the Senators.\u2014Mr Josiah Meigs, and old friend I believe of yours, and who speaks of you with warm affection, furnished me with what he calls a meteorological register for the month of January by which I find the greatest degree of cold of this year was on the 14th when the thermometer stood at 4\u00b0 above zero. on the 5th it was at 6\u00b0 and on the 25th at 7\u00b0. the whole month of March so far has been delightful. I heard a gentleman say about a week ago that he had had a shad at his table that day.\u2014Adieu my dearest Grandpapa, I have written at intervals, constantly interrupted by the coming in of visitors. I am anxious to make a short visit to Baltimore and when that is over shall think only of returning home. Aunt Randolph desires me to present her respects to you, my love awaits all my family, and for yourself the assurance of my devoted and unchangeable affection.\n I am afraid it will be some time before Mr Barnes can find an opportunity to send the busts.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-23-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2729", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Daniel Brent, 23 March 1822\nFrom: Brent, Daniel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir Wastn, 23 March 1822.I have just had the Pleasure of receiving your favor of the 19th Instant, and I lose no time in complying with your Request, By sending you the documents which you mention, to which I have added some others, that I have thought you might like to be possessed of. I am, Dear Sir, with perfect Esteem and Respect, your ever faithful, obedt ServtDaniel Brent.Documents herewith sent, in separate packets.Census. (4th)Register for 1822Calendar for Do4 Messages of the President to Congress during the present session.Report of Patents &ca", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-24-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2730", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas G. Watkins, 24 March 1822\nFrom: Watkins, Thomas G.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n When I last had the happiness of being with you at Monticello, I left you under the pleasing expectation of meeting you soon again at the natural bridge on my way to this country but was painfully disappointed, by a very unexpected & heavy domestic affliction. but \u201ctempus edax rerum\u201d has also swept away my griefs\u2014and with my family I again enjoy a usual share of comfort in the circle of our friends. A day\u2014scarcely an hour goes by me without recurring an anxious desire to enjoy over again those departed moments of pleasure and improvement which the fireside of Monticello has so often afforded me. a feeling which must afford an apology, under so long a separation, for my temerity in thus sending you my hand to represent my heart. Next to the present prosperity and happiness of my country, my friends & myself, the prospects of succeeding generations claim my zealous consideration in passing along over the fertile regions which lie between the shores of the atlantic and the Mississippi, and I know how grateful it will be to your benevolence to hear, in relation to the first consideration, that very few circumstances present themselves, of a character unfavourable to the warmest hopes of Philanthropy. A people independent, intelligent, unreserved, hospitable and chearful\u2014afford the strongest proof of a gifted country, still under the influence of a good government! How long will this last? is a painful question, which the hystory of mankind is but too well calculated to suggest to the reflecting politician. And the half stifled complaints of federal assumptions of power, fluctuating degenerate currencies official extravagance & private voluptuousness, not less so to excite apprehensions, that the dangerous aberration from the first principles to ensure stability to our happy state of things is already begun. But trusting in the Power, the intelligence and the interest of the people, I will not indulge in gloomy anticipations. Federal Judicial encroachments upon state rights & the next presidential election\u2014The Pride, the splendour, the etiquette & extravagance of the heads of Government, with the hard times and pressure upon the people, are the most prominent subjects of discussion among the latter where I have passed along. With respect to the first \u201cstate rights\u201d the people all along through Virginia appear to understand the subject, to have settled their minds upon its merit and finally determined that the time has arrived when it is proper to commence the work of temperately but firmly and effectually arresting the course of the encroachments of the irresponsible federal judiciary upon the unalienated rights & sovereignty of the states. In the state of Tennessee the question has not yet been sufficiently stirred\u2014and the reasonings upon it are less understood\u2014indeed the opinions upon it if expressed at all were cheifly among the people, in reiteration of the sentiments promulged in the National Intelligencer. that it was much ado about nothing\u2014& that our confidence in the General government ought not to be shaken\u2014The federalists seem unanimous on this point, and it being a republican administration, at least one of republican creation\u2014the republicans are not prepared for hostile animadversion\u2014 of the more shrewd, old and well grounded republicans, however, although they say but little yet\u2014appear to be prepared with a proper understanding & disposition to meet the question in due time. And the Intelligencer is evidently falling from that high ground which it once deservedly occupied amongst the truest patriots as a text book of principle as well as fact and as soon as the people have time to learn, that it no longer retains the spirit but only the name of the good old republican oracle and organ of republican truth, they will abandon it & the arrogant asptions of the federal judiciary together. Some unexpected powerful influence may arise to avert this issue from its fruition. But I have seen & heard enough to warrant me in saying\u2014that at present this sentiment as to this quarter is not founded interily on my own wishes and sanguine hopes. communication of the Governor of Virginia overtook me above the blue ridge in Virginia\u2014and with the presidents address to congress sprung on before me through Virga & Tennessee. The remarks on both that I subsequently heard were generally complimentary\u2014but the greatest mete of applause was certainly awarded to the former, whether from the greater interest of the subjects embraced, or the superior style of their support I did not press the inquiry. but it was remarked of the latter, that the style was too much in detail, too argumentatively defensive of the measures adverted to, for the dignity of the occasion & the splendour of their author. With respect to the subject of the next presidential election, it is manifestly the Aarons serpent that swallows up all the rest\u2014Pointing to persons more than principles every one is busy in building up his fabric of hopes and fears upon its foundation\u2014touching \u201csectional\u201d (local) feelings, jealousies and interests\u2014it raises up an army of intrigues under the mask of patriotism, to embarrass the public sentiment, and advance their own selfish pretensions. To pass over every other view of this novel premature stir on such an occasion\u2014wherever the disrespect manifested in it to the present incumbent? Has he betrayed the confidence & the hopes of our party while he has failed to command the respect of the other? or has the imbecility or monotony of his course been such as not to furnish sufficient interest to confine them within the limited sphere of his operations\u2014that both shoud thus unite in transcending the bounds of his administration, and locate their plans in times beyond the reach of his influence. Is it more symptomatic of their more daring and dangerous ambitions or a just denunciation of his offensive & injurious aberration from a course more desired & confidently expected? On these topics the faithful old republicans array to stand astounded. They nothing approve\u2014but yet nothing reproach\u2014one looks significantly at another and all wait as if desirous to receive his neighbors estimate first\u2014a favourable state this among these people for the impressions of truth, and I augur from it a favourable issue. So far as I have been able to penetrate the views of the west\u2014through that cautious evasion of point on the subject, which manifestly pervades all classes\u2014Their is reason to believe, that they are determined to set up for themselves as soon as possible, and very many indulge the hope that the time is already arrived that promises them success. but the thing is to agree from the individual. Here but two names present themselves with any degree of force, Genl Jackson & Henry Clay\u2014and it wou\u2019d seem from the best information I can get. that if a sufficient portion of the atlantic, cou\u2019d be expected by the more discerning to join\u2014they wou\u2019d come to an agreement among themselves which of them to prefer\u2014but not as yet calculating sufficiently upon either\u2014there is an equal prospect for either Mr Crawford or Mr Adams\u2014and as yet no other from the atlantic. If ever the name of Tomkins is mentioned it is coupled with respect for his republican virtues & integrity\u2014but want of knowledge of, and, of course, confidence in his talents. The west appears to feel sensible of the correct and patriotic principles of Virginia & to admit her integrity and talents\u2014& advancing into speculations they say\u2014so far as her influence is best calculated to promote the interests & happiness of the Union\u2014it wou\u2019d best be suborned by her support of a western candidate, which wou\u2019d be something like a parent\u2019s transfering the government of his estate to a ripe & vigorous offspring, when any consideration shou\u2019d make it prudent for him to yeild up the direct management of it himself The old Federalists\u2014their leaders\u2014I discover to be unequivocally opposed to Mr Adams whether they cannot forgive his apostacy or whether without pointing out the individual\u2014they cherish hopes from the republican schims to slip in a true stock of the old federalism\u2014I cannot discover\u2014One thing I do discover\u2014Their meed of praise is liberally bestowed almost universally on you. whether with sincere devotion to your acknowledged virtues and usefulness or a selfish hidden object of their own, time only can reveal. since their overthrow I have seen them so often skulk behind the public voice, the easier to misdirect and convert its influence to their own latent and unhallowed purposes\u2014that while my principles are open to receive them as brothers upon a true foundation, I am forced to pause and say to myself, even when they are praising you, my Dear Sir,\u2014Times Dandos et dona ferentes. But as I wou\u2019d have my benevolence and sound policy, always to maintain the ascendant over my distrust or resentment\u2014these terms are cautiously whispered to myself\u2014while I hold out to them the hand of good fellowship, accompanied with professions that shall extend \u201cpari passer\u201d as far back from the teeth, as I discover their own to originate. I have some reason to believe that the pretensions of Mr Clay and Genl Jackson are both encouraged from the east & perhaps with the same view\u2014it is not likely from present appearances that the Genl wou\u2019d readily yeild his views to the support of Mr Clay\u2014he speaks with faint praise of Mr Adams but is very hostile as is all his party to Mr Crawford. He is very much dissatisfied with the president on many accounts. and will address the nation on some accounts he did not tell me what, if he is not better satisfied, soon. He professes the highest respect for you and all your family\u2014which I hope will continue even if you shou\u2019d not support his pretensions (if he has any not confided to me) for the presidency. All that I can hear from Ohio, & Virginia, is exclusively favourable to Mr Clay there\u2014Louisiana is divided for Clay or Crawford & Jackson\u2014and so of Alabama\u2014I must not forbear remarking on this subject, that a report prevailed through this country when Mr Lowndes\u2019 name was held up in S.C. that you by letter had designated him as a proper subject for the public confidence, & from the manner in which the fact was every where discredited, I infered enough to render me happy that no proof of the assertion was afforded\u2014However desirable it might be to the true friends of the old republican cause, to avail themselves as much as possible of your aid and advice on all momentous points\u2014your true friends if as discreet as true will never betray your confidence as to personal indications, if ever empowered, without your most deliberate assent to such a course. And it wou\u2019d be grievous to your friends and injurious to the general good of their cause, that your preference shou\u2019d be divulged, before the ultimate success of its object is secured. unless it cou\u2019d be insisted that without further interest or agency at least in the case\u2014you had at the appointed time gone to the poll and exercised no more than your common right of suffrage\u2014My Dear Sir, I am no flatterer\u2014I am your true friend and that of my countrys true interests, & so far as my limited means of judging enable me to discern what is best for either, I cou\u2019d not be made to depart from it. But neither wou\u2019d I, impelled by this or any other consideration\u2014be thought to presume further than was meet for one whose principal claim to your indulgence has been founded more on your voluntary goodness than his own merits. If therefore in the expression of any of my sentiments I may have seemed to forget the limits assigned by propriety\u2014the consciousness of this wou\u2019d render me most unhappy, did I not take at the same time consolation from my knowledge of the repeated instances of your charitable consideration, in cases not bottomed upon less exceptionable motives. The respect & veneration of the nation for your principles & person I have been led most sincerely to consider as one of the main pistons of the republican cause.\u2014it shou\u2019d not be weakened by the slightest touch of any unprosperous circumstance. The world judges by the event\u2014success is too much, now, the test of right\u2014and shou\u2019d any thing that you were known to intrust yourself in not be made ultimately to succeed\u2014it wou\u2019d be hailed by the enemies of popular power & liberty as an important breach in the great wall of their protection. With these impressions cou\u2019d I do otherwise than feel all alive, to the success of all your acts as well as principles\u2014While I am compelled to distrust the integrity or discretion of those, who wou\u2019d too frequently or incautiously involve your name? Few I think wou\u2019d more freely advocate, and act upon, the propriety of risquing all to save all than myself. The necessity of this course can rarely happen in reference to persons it should be reserved for the invasion of principles.\u2014I have spun out my remarks so far upon the two first objects of Republicanism as to leave little room for any thing to be said about the rest\u2014and indeed nothing new or interesting on those subjects has offered\u2014on the style &c at Washington the People of the West think & speak like Virginia. And the talk of hard times is commonplace\u2014any only evinces that the people disregard too much their real blessings\u2014while they conjure up imaginary hardships\u2014we cannot all maintain the style of Things and we might as well begin to learn to be contented to live as rational beings upon moderate means such as all may attain with industry and economy, regulated with propriety\u2014false legislation & partial combinations have brought on a considerable portion of our grievances, but private extravagance more. and as it appears that nothing can admonish us but experience I am glad that we have been made to suffer short of general ruin. I long most ardently to see you all at monticello where I hope to be before the first of may\u2014In the meantime Mrs Watkins Unites with me in sending our respectful and affectionate regards to yourself and each of the rest of the family", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-25-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2731", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 25 March 1822\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,Rich\u2019d\n25 Mar: 22I recd a letter this morning from Mr Pleasants, covering a check on the Branch Bank of the United States at this place for $118, which I have passed to your credit as directed\u2014The Ton of Leimp Plaistre you ordered, was ford on the 18th Inst: by Wren\u2019s Boats, care U. D. Fitch Milton, & I hope has reached you before this.With great respect Dr Sir Yours very TrulyB. PeytonI have not able to get the note discounted you gave me at Monticello\u2014B. P.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-26-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2732", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Barnes, 26 March 1822\nFrom: Barnes, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy Dear Sir\nGeorge Town Coa\nTis long since I had the Pleasure either, of addressing, or receiving a Line from you\u2014tho often\u2014inquired after your health & that of the good families\u2014mine\u2014has declined\u2014as reasonable to be, expected.\u2014is yet, I am truly thankful in Many respects good, Still Active as Usual\u2014but in point of hearing, much reduced. nor have I Ventured even to the City\u2013since last Novr tho. Chearfull and happy in receiving my friendly Neighbours and Others from distinct parts &c\u2013\u2014\u2014I now sir, Eagerly embrace the present Occasion to inclose Capt Burk receipt for two Boxes\u2013or Cases on Board the Sch John for Richmond assigned in case of Colo B. Peyton. to whom I have this day addressed & inclosed original reciept\u2014\u2014for a Continuance of your health & enjoyments of family & friends. the most Essential\u2014to yrs & their present happiness\u2013is the servent & very sincere wish & prayer of Dear Sir,Your most Obedt Obliged and gratefull servtJohn Barnes.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-27-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2733", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Richard Randolph, 27 March 1822\nFrom: Randolph, Richard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear SirRichmond\n27 March 1822The governor left town so immediately after my return from Monticello that I had only time to send you two small specimens of the shale; the one burnt. The other as it was taken from the earth. I now send by Mr Cabell some more pieces for your inspection, the difference of colour is produced by the degree of heat. The powder in the papers sent by the boat man are of the same material. The one marked \u201cBasalt Powdered\u201d contains the shale not well burnt. If you will take the trouble to have the specimens powdered, and mix 4 measures of the powder with five of quick lime powdered, make it moist, let it lay two days, and then bring it into order by a little more water, and a good deal of beating, I think that you will find it to answer well. The cement in the barrels requires to be treated in the same way.I shall be gratified to hear your opinion, after you shall have made some experiments.I am your most obdtRichard Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-28-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2735", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Breckenridge, 28 March 1822\nFrom: Breckenridge, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nAt Home\nI meant to have set out this morning for the university, but nearly at the moment of my departure I was arrested by some circumstances which put it out of my power to leave home at this time. I regret it very much indeed as I had a great desire to attend the ensuing meeting of the visitors to see whether any plan can be devised for sustaining the credit of the institution & proceeding with the buildings untill the meeting of the next Legislature.I am your Fd & SevtJames Breckenridge", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-29-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2737", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Chapman Johnson, 29 March 1822\nFrom: Johnson, Chapman\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nRichmond\nI am very sorry that is not in my power to be with you, at the meeting of the visitors, on monday next; I am unexpectedly spancelled, in a criminal prosecution here, from which I cannot be released\u2014Mr Cabell, however, who does me the favor to carry you this letter, will be able to give you more information than I should, as to the proceedings of the legislature and the temper of the members, on the subject of the University\u2014Will you allow me to make a suggestion to you, and through you, to the board, on one subject which will probably claim your attention at the approaching meeting\u2014the rotunda\u2014This building I regard as a necessary part of our plan, and sooner or later it must be erected\u2014But it does not appear to me to be indispensible to the commencement of the institution\u2014If however we had the funds for its immediate completion, I should not hesitate a moment, in thinking that we ought to build it without delay\u2014But in the present condition of our funds, and in the actual state of the public mind, in relation to our institution, I am thoroughly persuaded, that considerations of prudence and of sound policy absolutely forbid us, from contracting for the laying or the making of a single brick for this building at this time, and recommend the appropriation of all our means, to the completion of the buildings already undertaken, and to preparation for putting the University, into immediate operation\u2014If we could come before the legislature, at their next session, with information, that accommodations for ten professors and more than two hundred students were prepared,\u2014that if our debt were paid we should be prepared to open the institution\u2014that the building for the library and other useful purposes, which could be dispensed with in the commencement, would be indispensible in the progress of the institution, if it should prosper,\u2014and, that in that event, it would be necessary at some convenient time, to provide funds for it, I think it not improbable that the debt would be remitted\u2014if nothing more could be done\u2014But I do believe that if we persist in the erection of this building at this time, we put at great hazard the future patronage of the legislature\u2014and I am exceedingly afraid of exasperating public feeling upon this subject\u2014I know that Mr Cabell entertains the opinion that the erection of this building, at this time, is more generally approved than I suppose it to be\u2014This opinion, however, should be well examined, before it is adopted\u2014The indications of it are calculated to deceive\u2014Our rivals would advise it, to postpone the time of our commencement, and to multiply the chances of our defeat\u2014Our enemies would advise it for the same reasons;\u2014and many of our friends approve it, because, willing to go all lengths for us themselves, they hope that the legislature may be prevailed upon to sanction it\u2014But I do know that some of our warm friends are decidedly opposed to it;\u2014and depend upon it, we have not a single vote to lose\u2014On the contrary we must make friends, in order to gain the favor of the legislature\u2014Excuse me, if you please\u2014I will waste no more of your time\u2014very respectfully your obt. svtC. Johnson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-29-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2738", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Lambert, 29 March 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Lambert, William\nMonticello.\nMar. 29. 22.Th: Jefferson returns his thanks to mr Lambert for the two copies of the very able and learned pamphlet he has been so kind as to send him on the subject of the first Meridian, they shall be disposed of as he directed. he was pleased to see that the Legislature had considered this object as one of necessary attention, and is still more so to find it so accurately carried into execution. he salutes mr Lambert with assurances of his continued esteem and respect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "03-31-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2740", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Foote, 31 March 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Foote, John\n Th: J. returns his thanks to Messrs Godman and Foote for the Number of the Western quarterly reporter which they have been so kind as to send him. he is happy to see Science so far advanced in that quarter of our union as to produce so able a work. he has read it with great satisfn and with his thanks prays them to accept his respectful salutns", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-01-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2741", "content": "Title: Meeting Minutes of University of Virginia Board of Visitors, 1 Apr. 1822, 1 April 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nAt a meeting of the Visitors of the University of Virginia at the sd University on Monday the 1st of April 1822 present Thomas Jefferson Rector, Joseph C. Cabell and John Hartwell Cocke, who not being sufficient to constitute a Quorum for business they adjourned indefinitely.Th: Jefferson Rector.Apr. 1. 1822.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-03-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2742", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmund Bacon, 3 April 1822\nFrom: Bacon, Edmund\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDeare Sir.April 3rd 1822Inclosed is a paper which was given to me by Mrs Proctor. also an acct of Mr VestI would like to consult with you on the subjie of procuring graine both for bread and food. If Gill continues to consume oats in the extragant maner as he has done for some time past it will be hard to tell what potion is enough to ingage 50 bushels was delivered to him on the 13 day of march and on the 25th or 26th. 16 bushels more and on the morning of the first of April he called for more 56 bushels was on that morning sent up he has also had one thousand weight of hay more than his allowed quantity. we had from Mr Stout 400 25 pounds instead of 3600 as first agreed for.We lack 80 bushels of the 130 which was taken for seed. and I sowed 21 bushels out of the 350 bushels which was orderd to be bought instead of geting 350 only 335 bushels was bought the 80 taken by the plantations to sow. and the 21 which I sowed will make 101 bushels which is taken from the 335 bushels101234bushels for food instead of 350I had no chance to purchase at less than 3/ pr bushel on a credit of 90 days. if we have to pay 3/ the bushel for oats we had better buy corn. as well for food as for breadAfter a long and deficult trial I have got from Colo Monroe the graiter part of the sum due to me for the hire of my negroes he owes to me yet some thing like 260$ Mr Watson his agent tells me that he will sell a parcel of corn) if you chuse to take the corn I would take the money into your hands and you to allow me interest from the day of the purchase of the corn should one be made untill I want the money. we have remaining of the 40 barrils bought of Mr Carr. about 25 barrills which is all our present stock except what little we may get from the mill I imagin we might get nearly as much corn as would do both for bread and food. of this you can consider and decide in the way you chuse. if you dont chuse to take the corn I shall look out for some other purchaser as I am anxious to take some step to secure the geting my money when I may want it which will under all probality be about the end of Sumer.I have sent Jerry to Milton for 6 barrills more of cement which John Cradock has today braught up for you we are now suffering very much for the balance of the nails to be hauled to inclose the corn field. it is now time to think about planting corn and our field not fence\u2019d.I am yours &CE. Bacon", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-03-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2743", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Vine Utley, 3 April 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Utley, Vine\n Your favor of Mar. 18. is duly recieved. you have certainly attached more importance to my letters & likenesses than they merit. and I must still continue my earnest request that the letters be not published. I am old, anxious for tranquility and retiremt and unwilling to be brought before the public in any way. you ask whether I ever used the warm bath. twice in my life by prescription, but with most injurious effects. every one has some peculiarity of constn so that processes favble to one may be fatal to another. the great use of the warm bath among the antients proves it to be generally salutary. Accept my respectful salutons", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-05-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2745", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Westwood Wallace, 5 April 1822\nFrom: Wallace, James Westwood\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMr Jefferson, dear Sir,\nWashington\nApril 5. 22\nOn my return from New-York to Philadelphia I met your favor enclosing one to Mr Monroe which I yesterday delivered\u2014In October 1811, I was at Monticello and well remember your account of a Native grape like our common Fox grape, I have ever-since extended my inquiries and have only of late been able to procure some cuttings for you which I obtained in New-York under the Name of the blend grape, carried there from Philadelphia which floureshes equally well in either City\u2014To these I add some, given to me on the Delaware in the Steam boat, said to have been introduced by Joseph Bonaparte from France, called Muscatel\u2014the account of their qualities so exactly resembles the one I heard you give that I am induced to beleive tis a favorite grape with you, but, have no recollection of the name you gave it\u2014these will be given to Mr Nelson of Albemarle to whose politeness on this occasion their safe arrival will depend\u2014they I expect will be well secured\u2014God bless you and yoursJames W. Wallace", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-06-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2746", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Coskery, 6 April 1822\nFrom: Coskery, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nVenerated and Dear Sir,\nMiddleburg Frederick County Md\nApril 6th 1822.\nWith the greatest deference and respect I presume to approach the common Father of science and benefactor of man, with an humble solicitation that he will deign to bestow a reflection on the plan here exhibited for heating of stoves with much less fuel than at present required; this plan requiring no other alteration in the stoves in Common use, either Franklin, Rittenhouse or other stoves excepting the bottom plate, and that only to have a flue cast to it with the plate, will be attended with but little additional expense: I present two plans, thus.[GRAPHIC IN MANUSCRIPT] The holes No 1 are to be of about 1\u00bd inches diameter to admit cold air thro\u2019 the floor in a tube inserted one end inserted in the hole No 1 and the air passing through the flue will be discharged thro\u2019 the hole No 2. The effect seems obvious to me, but being diffident of my own Judgement, and honourd by your approbation emboldens me to hope on a condescension to give an Opinion of it.Indeed venerable Father, I feel awed in trespassing on your precious time by a letter from one of so little Consequence in comparison of other correspondents, but if the plan has merit, I know you will not only excuse my intrusion but approve it. Just now a difficulty has occur\u2019d, viz. how the sand will be got into the flue, especially of the stove where it passes along the middle of the bottom plate; this perhaps may be obviated by leaving the flue open at certain corners, which will be closed by the end and side plates when set up, or the flue may be cast separate as a groove, and riveted to the bottom plate, the only objection to this is that the rivets of wrought iron will burn out in time.I pray your Excellency to pardon the liberty I take and give the Subject some consideration. Your admiring friendJohn CoskeryP S. the mail is about closing or I would try to express myself clearer.J. C", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-07-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2747", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Barnes, 7 April 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Barnes, John\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nYour\u2019s of Mar. 26. is duly recieved and I am truly thankful to you for your kind attention to the busts, which I have no doubt I shall safely recieve through the hands of Colo Peyton. I learn with pleasure the continuance of your health. that bodily activity should decline with age is a law of nature. I am very little able to walk, but I ride daily and without fatigue, and otherwise enjoy a goodly health. in one week more I enter my 80th year. the most pleasing information of your letter is the continuance of your chearfulness and good spirits, for that, after all, is the essence of happiness, that this may continue to whatever length of days you wish is the sincere prayer of yours ever & affectionately.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-07-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2748", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Cramer, 7 April 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cramer, Thomas\n I recd on the 4th inst. your favor of Mar. 4. informg me of my nomination as an honorary member of the Agricultural society of the Valley, I accept with just respect the membership of the society, and am bound with peculiar sensibility to make my acknolmts for the very kind terms in which the nomination is expressed. I am indeed devoted, and ever have been, to the interests of Agriculture, but the heaviness of age disables me from all activity in it\u2019s service, and will of course render me a very useless member. it does not however lessen my thankfulness for the honor done which I pray you to communicate to the society with the assurance of my high respect and considn.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-07-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2749", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Theodore Hansford, 7 April 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hansford, Theodore\nSir\nMonticello\nI recieved yesterday your favor of Mar. 15. with the books\u2014stated in the catalogue it covered, and the natural substances accompanying them, and on behalf of the Visitors and of the University I return you thanks for this kind donation. they shall be carefully preserved, and faithfully delivered to that institution so soon as it opens. I hope it will become worthy of the favors of which you have set the example, and repay to the sons what their sires shall have liberally done to promote it. Accept the assurance of my great respect and consideration.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-07-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2750", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 7 April 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nYour favor of Mar. 29. did not come to hand until the 4th instant. only mr Cabell, Genl Cocke and myself attended. messrs Johnson and Taylor were retained in Richmond on Lithgow\u2019s case, and Genl Breckenridge hindered by business. it was not material as there was not a single thing requisite to act on. we have to finish the 4. rows and appendages this summer which will be done and then to rest on our oars. the question of the removal of the seat of government has unhappily come athwart us, and is the real thing now entangling us. Staunton & Richmond are both friendly to us as an University, but the latter fears that our Rotunda will induce the legislature to quit them, & Staunton fears it will stop them here. you will recollect that our brother Johnson has opposed constantly every proposition in the board to begin that building, and moved himself in the late session to suspend interest with an express Proviso that no money should be applied to that building; and mr Harvie one of the zealous friends to the University, in a Philippic against the Rotunda declared he would never vote another Dollar to the University but on condition that it should not be applied to that building.our opinion, and a very sound one; has been from the beginning never to open the institution until the buildings shall be compleat; because as soon as opened, all the funds will be absorbed by salaries Etc. and the buildings remain for ever incompleat. we have thought it better to open it fully, altho\u2019 a few years later, than let it go on for ever in an imperfect state. I learn from those who were present at the last proceedings of the legislature, that there was a general regret even with the opposition itself, when they found that they had done absolutely nothing at all for the institution. our course is a plain one, to pursue what is best, and the public will come right and approve us in the end. this bugbear of the seat of government will be understood at the next session, and we shall be enabled to proceed. the establishment is now at that stage at which it will force itself on. we must manage our dissenting brother softly; he is of too much weight to be given up. I enclose you his letter and two from mr Cabell which will inform you more particularly of the state of things. be so good as to return them when perused. ever & affectionately your\u2019sTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-07-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2752", "content": "Title: American Antiquarian Society: Proposal for Publishing Transactions and Collections, Before 7 Apr. 1822, 7 April 1822\nFrom: Bancroft, Aaron\nTo: \n PROPOSALforCONTINUING THE PUBLICATIONof theTransactions and Collectionsof theAmerican Antiquarian Society.THE work will be commenced as soon as sufficient encouragement is obtained, and continued at indefinite periods, as materials shall be collected.It will be published in numbers, of such a size as may be conveniently formed into volumes corresponding with that already published.The price will be the rate of Three Dollars for 400 pages, including Engravings.The Subscribers agree to receive for the number of copies set against their names respectively.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-08-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2753", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 8 April 1822\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nRichd\nYours of the 5th: curt is now before. Your two Boxes from Alexandria have arrived, & I have just engaged Johnson to take them up in his Boat, which is now here. The last note you sent me for the several of yours at the Virginia Bank, was filled up, payable to Th: J. Randolph, but he had not endorsed it, I however had a power of Atty from him, & endorsed it for him as such.I will cheerfully pay the small draughts you expect to draw, without regard to the balance due me on a/c, as rendd the 1st: Inst: Did you ever receive mine covering a notice from the Farmers Bank, of a curtail of $500 on your $4,000 note, when it next becomes due, to wit, on the 13th of May?With great respect Dr Sir, Yours very TruelyB. Peyton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-08-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2755", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Mr. Story, 8 April 1822\nFrom: Story, Mr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nWashington City April 8th 1822.Lieut. Story of the U.S. Corps of Engineers, presents his most respectful compliments to the Hon. Mr. Jefferson, transmits from this place the accompanying pamphlet, intrusted to his charge by the Salem East India Marine Society of which they beg Mr. Jefferson\u2019s acceptance. Lieut. Story regrets that no more appropriate method of delivery is in his power.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-09-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2758", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Carter Henry Harrison, 9 April 1822\nFrom: Harrison, Carter Henry\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nRichmond.\n9th April 1822.\nMy friends Mr Abbot & Mr Myers, gentlemen of the Richmond-bar, being about to take a ride into the upper country which will probably lead them through your neighbourhood, I take the liberty of offering them an introduction to you. Your reception of them will be a favour to me which will be gratefully remembered.I have been much concerned to hear of your bad health since the period of my residence in Albemarle, but from late accounts have reason to hope that you now enjoy more health and better spirits than usually belong to your time of life.Permit me sir, to use this occasion, to express what I have always felt\u2014the highest esteem and the purest friendship for you.Carter H. Harrison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-09-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2760", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 9 April 1822\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr Sir,\nRichmond\nApril 9th 1822\nBy Mr Johnson you will receive 2 Boxes Bursts which have been delivered to him in good order, if so delivered to you please pay Freight as is customary.2 BoxesVery respectfully Your Mo: Obt.Bernard PeytonBy Cesario Bias", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-10-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2761", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Abbot, 10 April 1822\nFrom: Abbot, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n I write to you on a subject which I think of great importance and because in your life I think you have done a great deal of good because you are in a situation to do much on the subject which I shall mention, and because I think you have been a friend to the people, in stead of favoring a chosen few\u2014You will not Sir, think this a piece of flatery; my situation forbids it\u2014but few Years have past away since the U,S, became a nation, and I venture to say no one has never increased so fast in population extravigance, debt, unnecessary expenses, and I think I may venture to say, iniquity in the administration of the government. The U,S, confederated for great purpose; but for but few the legislative powers given by the constitution are but few; yet we find congress imbrasing or acting on many subjects, not delegated by the constitution\u2014in time of war there might be much for congress to do; but in time of peace, can it be possible, that it is necessary that so many men, at so great and extravigant wages should be so long employed to do so little as there would be, to be done, if they kept strictly to the powers given by the constitution\u2014if because the constitution says the congress shall have power to provide for the general welfare &c, they have power to do everything they please then the power, the government and sovereignty of the states is completely gone\u2014if the clause gives any aditional power at all, then may congress dig canalls, make roads, establish schools coledges, appoint bishops, priests with a good sound salary, build churches meeting houses &c and call it providing for the general welfare\u2014there seems to be considerable said in congress about lessening the expences of government, but the business does not seem to be taken hold of in good earnest\u2014it seems to be much easier to borrow money than to abolish an unnecessary office, and take away the salary from an unnecessary officer\u2014amongst all the retrenchment of expences I hear nothing said about lessening the expence of the U,S, court. The judges marshals and incidental expences must be paid\u2014the marshal has a salary, (I think) besides his fees\u2014he also takes care to summon jurors. mostly his friends from distant parts of the State, and charges traveling fees for each; this alone amounts to a great sum\u2014it appears a little strange to me that the US, should be at so great expence to have so great so learned, so wise judges as the judges of the U,S, court, and then turn the business over to a panel of jurors\u2014if the jurors are more capable of deciding than the court, if not for court decision, yet for saving of expense let the judges stay at home\u2014if the court are to dictate or control the jury there is not nead of the jury\u2014if the jury are to act their own opinion there is no nead of those great judges to be talked to day after day, by lawyer kind, not to tell the truth, not to act fairly and honestly, not to do justice or to endeavor to get justice done to his client, but injustice; in fact to do every thing that their clients could or might do were they to plead their owen case, which would be, not to recover all which he conscientiously thought was due, but all that it was in his power to get, right or wrong\u2014but this is an old practice, and it is for the interest of lawyers it should be persued\u2014it appears to me that the government of the U,S, acts on many which does not come within the power delegated; but amongst all the appointments the U,S, court I think the most dangerous and the most usurping\u2014if you think as I do in this subject, I hope before you cease to be usefull you will give it your decided disaprobation\u2014a word from you would by the people be considered of great authority, or worthy of great consideration\u2014the judges of the U,S, see fit to destroy the laws of a state to imprison its citizens without form of law, to reverse the decisions of state courts, and even condemn people to the state prison; what they will soon undertake to do I know not\u2014yet if we look into the constitution to find their delegated powers, we find nothing said about it\u2014how the judges of the U,S, court came to think that they constituted a supervisery court, and had power to revers the decisions of the State courts, is a little strange and appears a little like arogance\u2014say they we will not take jurisdiction if we should not, that is, if we don\u2019t wish to we will not; or else they consider themselves the oracle incapable of error\u2014the power of the U.S. court is given by the constitution, the power of the State court is original\u2014is it possible that a man of as good sense and information as Judge Marshal wishes to be thought, could or should think that the states would submit to have the decisions of their courts set aside by the US, Court\u2014if there is any right belonging to either court to reverse the decision of the other it certainly belongs to the state courts\u2014the state courts act by original and unbounded power, that is by power given by an original government; but the U,S, court acts by powers delegated by the power which constitutes the state court therefore if the U,S, Court should undertake to destroy or disregard the laws of a state, or to imprison its citizens contrary to law, the State courts would have a right to revise and reverse their decision, and set the imprisoned free\u2014The court of the U,S, undertake to say and have so decided, that they are a tribunal constitute by the constitution to decide colisions which may arise between the US, government and the States\u2014if this is really the case than have the states by what is called cunning been cajoled out of their state rights and state soverignty\u2014but if we look into the constitution to find the power which the U,S, judges claim to be delegated, there is nothing of it to be found\u2014the judges say \u201cit must have been the intention of those who framed the constitution to vest the court with this power, otherwise say they a state court might punish by action of Congress a U,S, officer for acting under the revenue laws\u201d\u2014my god\u2014is it to be supposed that the great judges of the US, should cast such an imputation of partiality on the state courts\u2014may not such suspicious judges sometimes (inadvertently) act by the same motive which they suspect in others\u2014if the US may be suspicious of the intergrity of the state courts, the states may be suspicious of the US Court, especially when they take into consideration the very extraordinary decisions they of late have made\u2014The 3d article of the constitution says, the judicial power of the U,S; shall be vested in a supreme court &c what powers it is vested with or to be vested with is not mentioned, only it is to have jurisdiction in certain cases mentioned\u2014most constitutions providing for the judicial department provides that the powers of the courts shall be regulated by law\u2014but as this power could not with propriety, or was not delegated to the US government, because it would be too unlimited or undefined, a question arises, under what laws are those particular cases confided to the US court, to be adjudged and decided\u2014by the laws of the US, or by the laws of the states in which the cases occur\u2014then has the U,S, court a right to act under and put in force a law of a State; and has the U,S, court a right to sit and hold court in a state without its permission\u2014in fact the whole 3d article is so vague and undefined that it hardly contains any specified powers\u2014to permit the court to say such is the meaning of this article because such was the intention of the convention, would be absurd and dangerous; other judges may conjecture something else was their intention,\u201d; and when the times of the present life judges shall be out we may have other judges of different opinion than the present\u2014the advice of Mr Clinton was excilent it is not safe to exercise undelegated or doubtfull powers, because a remedy is at hand\u2014I should be much pleased to, but have no right to expect an answer, as I am an entire stranger, and as You probably have more correspondence than you can well attend toWith great respect and esteem I am ever Yrs &c", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-10-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2762", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George G. Leiper, 10 April 1822\nFrom: Leiper, George G.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nWednesday Noon 10 th April 1822\u2014\nGeorge, G, Leiper, Son of Thos Leiper of Phia Presents his Respectful Compliments to T. Jefferson Esqr and Requests the favour of a few Moments Private Conversation with him.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-10-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2763", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Richard Randolph, 10 April 1822\nFrom: Randolph, Richard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir/\nRichmond\n10th April 1822\u2014\nThe governor tells me that the cement which I sent you did not answer at all. From the circumstance of all our tryals with it being successful, and the very same material as that sent in the barrels, being considered equal to the imported cement, by the workmen on the canal at Columbia So Carolina; I am induced to believe that the failure was occasiond by the want of proper management in the preparation of it for use. In order to give it another tryal, I send you enclosed, written directions, which if attended to, will I am persuaded make a hard and durable water cement.I am with great respect your friend,Richard Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-10-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2765", "content": "Title: From Richard Harrison to Henry Williams Dwight, 10 April 1822\nFrom: Harrison, Richard\nTo: Dwight, Henry Williams\nSir\nTreasury Department Auditors Office\nApril 10th 1822.\n(Copy)In Answer to your letter of the 8th Inst, I have the honor to inform you that the Accounts of Thomas Jefferson Esqr as Minister to France, were finally settled and closed at the Treasury in the Month of October 1804; but they, with all the original papers & documents appertaining thereto, were destroyed in the Registers Office by the Conflagration of the public buildings in the Summer of 1814; and, owing to that occurrence, I cannot be so particular as I might otherwise be.The records of my own Office, however, enable me to state that, in the course of examination, I discovered that among his other bills on the Bankers of the United States at Amsterdam, Mr Jefferson had credited one dated October 21. 1789 for Guilders 2870 which had never been paid, or at least never charged to the United States, by the said Bankers. Although I had some reason at the time to suppose this bill had not been used by his agent, yet as it was still possible that it might have been negotiated, I deemed it my duty to hold Mr Jefferson accountable, and accordingly brought the amount to his debit provisionally; that is, without passing a corresponding Credit in favor of the Bankers, or any one else; and keeping the subject open for ulterior decision. Thus the matter rested untill the Month of March 1809, when, no claimant appearing, or being likely to appear (in fact none has appeared even to this day) and believing Mr Jefferson justly entitled to receive back the money with which he had been charged, but never paid, by the United States, I could no longer feel myself justified in the delay of an official act necessary to his reimbursement. For your further satisfaction I inclose Copies of the Statement & Certificate on which the repayment was made.I have the honor to be, with great respect,Sir Your obedt Servt(signed) R Harrison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-11-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2767", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Bernard Peyton, 11 April 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Peyton, Bernard\nColo Bernard PeytonMonticello\nApr. 11. 22.Pay to George G. Lieper or order seventy five Dollars for value recieved on account of Siryour humble servantTh: Jeffersonmr Raphael is requested to furnish mr Lieper cash for this.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-11-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2768", "content": "Title: George G. Leiper: Draft favor of Bernard Peyton, 11 Apr. 1822, 11 April 1822\nFrom: Leiper, George G.\nTo: \nMessrs Thos Leiper & Son,Charlottesville\n11th April 1822Will please pay to the Order of Bernard Peyton Seventy five Dollars for Value RecdGeorge G, Leiper,,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-14-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2769", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Nicholas Philip Trist, 14 April 1822\nFrom: Trist, Nicholas Philip\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nNatchez\nApril 14th 1822\nThis work has just made its appearance here, and I am confident You will not consider as thrown away, the time you will have spent in reading it.\u2014I leave this tomorrow, after a tedious stay of more weeks than, on my arrival, I expected to spend days.\u2014Browse writes that there are letters from Monticello waiting for me at home; From them, I hope to have the pleasure of Learning in a few days, that every thing there is as I could have wished, notwithstanding the earthquake the papers are frightening us with.Present me affectionately to the family and believe me yoursmost devotedlyNich: Ph: TristThe thermometer is at 35\u00b0, in a cool passage, peas in abundance, and strawberries beginning to ripen\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-15-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2770", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from D.B. Lee, 15 April 1822\nFrom: Lee, D.B.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Were I not perfectly convinced of your entire devotion to the welfare and honor of your Country, and the genuine patriotic zeal which you have heretofore displaying in fostering the rising genius of America; I should not dare solicit your patronage in the case which I am now going to lay before you\u2014But being penetrated with the most profound conviction, of your truly philosophic mode of deciding on any new theory: And knowning that you are too great a philosopher to suffer your mind to be bound in the vulgar fetters of prejudice which limits our researches for knowledge within the failing erected By our forefathers\u2014I shall (although not favored with the honor of your personal acquaintance) submit to you the outlines of the plan of a machine which I have invented for Navigating the Atmosphere and respectfully solicit your patronage\u2014The art of Navigating the atmosphere has been my constant study with little exceptions from my earliest childhood\u2014But being branded for a fool by every person to whom I revealed my project; I kept it almost an entire secret till early in the year 1819\u2014I had previous to that devised a plan by which I believed, and still do believe that a Balloon may be propeled and steered in any direction with considerable facility\u2014And likewise anothir plan of far greater importance by which a man can traverse the air in any direction at will, by mechanical power alone, in perfect safety, regardless of threatening clouds or stormy winds\u2014But having spent so much time and money in forming my plans and trying experiments, and not being one of fortunes favorites\u2014I had not the means of putting my plans in opperation\u2014But being determined to complete the business\u2014 I therefore at the time before mentioned (1819) applyed to several individuals for assistance, most of whom were so prejudiced against the very idea of flying that they would not even give me a hearing\u2014I however found one man who agreed to furnish money to construct a Balloon with the necessary apparatus to propel and steer it\u2014I took him at his offer, knowing that if I succeeded in that, I could then without difficulty raise the trifling sum necessary to complete my favorite object of constructing a machine to navigate the air on mechanical principles\u2014I constructed a Balloon with all the necessary apparatus for flying and fixed a day for my first aerial excursion, with the most sanguine expectations that I should soon soar in the uper regions of the atmosphere and shew to the world that the Americans could do that which other nations had attempted without success\u2014But I was doomed to a more luckless fate\u2014While inflating the Balloon, an accident happened to the apparatus for preparing the gas which delayed the opperation for several hours\u2014and some of the people who were assembled to witness the experiment being ignorant of the subject, and disappointed and dissatisfied with the delay\u2014rushed in upon the Balloon in a mob, and completely destroyed it\u2014This so discouraged my patron, that, notwithstanding he believed the thing practicable he would give me no more assistance\u2014Since that time I have mentioned my plan to different people but without success\u2014I have been rather unguarded in speaking publicly of the certainty of success, not thinking that I had a rival in the business till quite recently, when James Benets memorial to congress appeared in the News papers\u2014I then (as you perhaps already know) sent a memorial to congress in opposition to Benet\u2014Benet informs me that he has studied on the business several years, but I believe that his plan was not matured untill he obtained information from me\u2014But still from some circumstances I am induced to believe that he is not master of my whole plan, and I am doubtful whether he has a sufficient idea of it, so that he can succeed. for, could he do it, as he is rich, it would not be delayed.James Benet is an Irishman by birth, and has resided for many years in England\u2014I would therefore call your particular attention to the honor of the invention which he says in his memorial \u201cshall be confered on the United States\u201d\u2014Pray Sir, how can he confer this honor on the United States\u2014Congress can pass an act granting the right to him, and by that means confer the pecuniary emoluments on him\u2014But it is impossible for him to confer the honor on the United States, for should there be an act passed in his favor by which congress should declare to the world that he was the inventor\u2014that country which gave birth to his intelects, or that in which those intelects were matured and brought to perfection will claim the honor of all inventions made by him\u2014Benet expects soon to return to England, and what then, let me ask will he be to this country\u2014Is it possible that under such circumstances he can confer the honor of the invention on the United States\u2014Born in the British dominions, and residing there to the age of thirty, then coming to this country and spending some few years, then returning to England to spend the remainder of his days\u2014What is he at last but an Englishman\u2014England will claim, and on good ground, should an act be passed in Benets favor the sole honor of the invention.\u2014It is believed that Franklin made many discoveries on electricity in Europe, but notwithstanding that America claims all inventions made by him\u2014It will be the same in this case; if Congress pass an act in Benets favor the honor if there is any attached to it, is immediately confered on England or Ireland\u2014But it is doubtful whether congress make any grant to either of us until the machine is in actual operation\u2014Benet has a machine nearly finished, but as I have not seen it, I do not know whether it is on any plan that will succeede\u2014Had I the money necessary to construct a machine, I could build one and appear before Congress with it, before their session closes\u2014But for the want of three or four hundred Dollars, I shall be under the necessity of delaying the business\u2014and perhaps by that means loose my right to this machine which has already cost me several thousand Dollars\u2014And if Benet should take advantage of my poverty, and secure the right to himself, which I am confident he will\u2014the United States will surely loose the honor of the invention\u2014I estimate the expense of these Machines (of a size for one man) at from one hundred and fifty to two hundred Dollars\u2014but, as the first of any machines whatever always cost nearly double what they may be built for afterwards, I have calculated that it would require about three or four hundred Dollars to build the first\u2014I have made experiments at different times on this machine and from the result of those experiments I have not a doubt but it will opperate agreable to my wishes\u2014I have given you this brief account of my progress in this business that you might have some knowledge of the nature of my claim to the invention\u2014I likewise refered to the pedigree of Benet, not through any ill will to him on account of his being a forreigner\u2014but merely to appraise you of the danger there was of another nation claiming the honor of the invention\u2014and likewise to shew you the trick which he intended to have played upon our Government by making a pretence of confering the honor of this invention on the United States, when he must have known that if his petition was granted the honor of the discovery would have reverted to his native country\u2014I commenced this letter with an intention of giving you a succinct account of the form and opperation of this machine\u2014But having already nearly filled my paper I shall be under the necessity of dismissing the subject with a few remarks only\u2014In the first place I consider it as one of the great laws of nature from which there is not deviation, that all animal beings perform their visible functions on mechanic principles\u2014The nicer points, or what might be called invisible opperations, or first causes of visible actions, are not necessary to be discussed for the present purpose\u2014I presume Sir, you will consider with me when I say that all birds and insects fly on pure mechanic principles\u2014for it is found by a careful examination of the subject, notwithstanding there appears to be a considerable difference in the opperations of different insects, and birds, in flying, that they all fly on the same principle, with some verry trifling difference in the mode of application\u2014Having ascertained the precise form of a bird, and all its opperations in flying, in their nicest mannerism, we then have nothing more to do, to compleate the art of flying, than to copy this exactly by machinery\u2014But as there are some parts which I found verry difficult, if not impossible to imitate\u2014I have deviated in other points to endeavour to obviate the difficulties which at first appeared insurmountable\u2014One great difficulty is a want of strength sufficient to correspond with the weight of the man and machines\u2014But this difficulty I have in part obviated by a greater extension of surface, to rest on the atmosphere while the wings are ascending\u2014I have tried this machine in several different forms\u2014I have three distinct plans either of which may answer\u2014A superficial view of the one on which I rely with perfect confidence of success, would be as follows\u2014The body, or gondola, bears some resemblence to the shape of a boat\u2014the size about eight feet deep, three feet broad, and at top from sixteen to twenty feet long\u2014This is made of as light materials as possible\u2014in the middle where the Aeronaut stands, or sits, it is made sufficiently strong to support him and the machinery with which he the wings\u2014this is covered with silk except a window on each side near the middle\u2014On the top of this gondola, laying nearly horizontal, (but not perfectly, the front end being elevated, say five degrees,) is placed an Oval sheet of silk: enclosing a verry light frame\u2014this sheet or platform may be from ten to twelve feet broad and from twenty to twenty four feet long\u2014Across the center of this from side to side, the frame is sufficiently strong to support the wings, which are attached to each extremity or side\u2014this top part is braced down to the bottom of the gondola to keep it permanent together\u2014The wings for want of room to give a more perfect description I will compare, both in shape and motion, to the wings of an eagle\u2014the comparison would however been more accurate to have said the wings of a raven, which they verry nearly resemble, particularly in motion\u2014There is a ruder like the of a bird extending back from the top part or sheet, as I before called it, this is to steer it up or down\u2014There is another ruder extending from the back part of the gondola, by which it is steered to the right or left\u2014The description I have given is verry imperfect\u2014but if from the above outlines of the plan, you think the thing practicable\u2014or that the theory is sufficiently plausible to merit an experiment\u2014you are respectfully requested to patronize it, in such means as your wisdom shall dictate\u2014All favors received will be duly appreciated\u2014and (should I be enabled to compleate the business) amply repaid\u2014If you condescend to answer this, please direct to David B. Lee PhiladelphiaI am Sir, With Due Consideration of Respect, Your Obedient Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-15-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2771", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 15 April 1822\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,Richd\n15 Apl 1822Yours covering the dft: on the Messers: Leipers of Philada: has been recd, & is sent on to Philada: for payment, this day, should it be sent you will only have to pay postage going & advise of payment. \u2014I sent you this day by Mr \u2019s Boat, to Milton, a package from F. A. Mayo the Book binder here\u2014I am gratified to be able to inform you of Jefferson\u2019s success with the Literary fund to the amt of $17,500, which I hope will put him at ease in his circumstances.Very respectfully Dr Sir Yours very TruelyBernard Peyton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-18-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2772", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmund Bacon, 18 April 1822\nFrom: Bacon, Edmund\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDeare sir.April 18th 22After the President wrote to Mr Watson to Know if he could not sell some article from the farm to pay me it was supposed corn could be spaired he inquired if I would take corn on consulting you I agreed to take it. Watson then said that he would go up to Mr Monroes farm and see the overseer. I understand that they are debating whither the corn can be spared or not I had imajined this was assertained before he offerd me the corn I think it probable we shall not get it. corn is becoming scase and believing it best we should ingage it at once I have found another chance of geting at 3$ and very convenient it is Mr Rogers. he has about 50 barrills of corn and 20 or 30 bushels oats which he will take 2/ pr bushel he has also a very fine beef I think as good as I ever saw and I think will way 7 or 800. which he will sell all or a part at 5 cents the pound and wait for payment for all the articles untill the 9th of August I am shore we cannot buy corn nor neither of the articles cheaper. and not as neare home. I promised to give him an answer to dayI understand the coopers have been geting bark from their timber. we had as well get it before the coopers bishop wants 30 or 40 cords.I am yours &CE. BaconI never pretended to stop Isaac from hauling wood.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-19-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2773", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Leiper, 19 April 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Leiper, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nMr George Lieper your son has informed you that in his passage thro\u2019 the neighboring county of Orange he had the misfortune to lose his baggage. he called on me in distress and I was happy in the opportunity of being useful to him by giving him a draught negociable in Charlottesville for 75.D. the sum he asked and he gave me a counterdraught on you. on his return to Charlottesville he met with a neighbor who supplied his wants, and he reinclosed my draught in his favor without having used it. by the negligence of the tavernkeeper this letter laid a week in that place before I got it. in the meantime I had sent his draught on you to Colo Peyton my correspondent in Richmond, who had already transmitted it to you. I have immediately requested him to correct the error by replacing the money in your hands. I regret first the having lost the occasion of serving your son, and next the awkward error of the money having been drawn for you. nothing will give me more pleasure at any time than being useful to yourself or any one in whom you have an interest. I have thought this explanation necessary, and make it with the more satisfaction as it furnishes the occasion of assuring and respectTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-19-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2774", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Leiper, 19 April 1822\nFrom: Leiper, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhilada\nApril 19th 1822\nAnnexed you have a Copy of an order drawn on me for seventy Five Dollars by a certain George G Leiper on Thomas Leiper and son. we have no such firm here. My son George G Leiper being here I handed to him the order who afirmed he never wrote it indeed I could have certified this myself\u2014But how came your name to be on the back of the order from that circumstances I had got my consent to have paid the order but on second thought I had better not but I thought it necessary to give you this information. I received your letter by Mr Watson now Doctor Watson and wrote at the time and made very free with men and things but had not got my own consent to forward it\u2014I am with most esteem & respectYour most obedient servantThomas Leiper", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-19-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2775", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Bernard Peyton, 19 April 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Peyton, Bernard\nSir\nMonticello\nYour\u2019s of the 15th was recieved last night, and at the same time one from mr George Lieper dated Charlottesville the 11th informing he had on his return to that place met with a neighbor who supplied his wants, and therefore returned me my draught on you. we have consequently to correct the error having used his draught on his father, which I must pray you to do by returning him the money immediately. losses by exchange, postages Etc to be my expence. affectionately yours.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-21-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2776", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Pleasants, 21 April 1822\nFrom: Pleasants, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nWashington\n21st April 1822\nI enclose to you a statement of the balance of principal & interest due on Ronald\u2019s debt to you, with mr Peyton\u2019s letter acknowledging the receipt of a check therefore which has been received & carried to your credit. Being busy at the moment, I got one of the young men in the clerk\u2019s office to make the calculation of interest due on the two sums, and think it correct. You will be pleased to look over it, and if it is right forward to me Your receipt descriptive of the transaction, to enable me to make the necessary return, as surviving commissioner for executing the deed. I shall probably leave this place on or about the 8th of May, and a letter directed to me in Goochland, Beaverdam post office, will answer all necessary purposes.It was my intention to have answered at some length your obliging communication on the subject of the Judiciary &Ca but as I hope to have the pleasure of seeing you in a few weeks, a pleasure which I have long wished, I will postpone the subject. Suffice it to say at this time, that the temper of the present Congress has not been considered favourable to the expectation of their doing any thing efficient on the subject, and I think it by no means certain that such a congress can rationally be expected very soon.I was mortified at the situation in which the legislature left the University at the close of their late session, but hope the next will be more liberal towards an institution, calculated to reflect so much honor & benefit on our state. I am with sentiments of most sincere respect & esteem,yr Obt ServtJames Pleasants jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-22-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2777", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jerman Baker, 22 April 1822\nFrom: Baker, Jerman\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy Dr Sir\nRichmond\nTo ensure the prompt & safe receipt of the enclosed I have taken the liberty of sending it under cover to you\u2014which I feel confident you will excuse when my son apprises you of its contentsBe pleased to present us affectionately to your household & to accept the assurance of my sincere regard & respectYrsJerman Baker", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-24-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2779", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 24 April 1822\nFrom: Brockenbrough, Arthur S.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nApril 24 \u201922\nI send you the enclosed bond to get the favor of you to put your name to it as Rector of the U. Va Mr Garrett informs me he intend to Richmond probably tomorrow and will take this bond down, receive the renewed certificate and make sale of it for the use of the University\u2014I presume from what was said on the 1st of April by yourself and other visitors present on that day, it is intended that all the work including plastering painting &c is to be finished by the fall, if such is your intention I shall direct it accordingly\u2014I should like to have had your opinion yesterday on running serpentine wall on the rode side, back of the literary\u2014the object I have in view is to run (after the stone wall is up) a temporary plank fence from the end of the yard Walls of the Pavilions to the stone fence and take away the present plank fence from Pavilion 1 and 2 which is a great disadvantage to the looks of the place\u2014I am Sir most respectfully your Obt sevtA. S. Brockenbrough", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-25-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2780", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 25 April 1822\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nRichd\nI was duely favor\u2019d with yours of the 19th current: & should, have replied to it by last mail, but had not heard from the dft: for $75, on Th: Leiper & Son, which I had forwarded for payment; by last nights mail, however, recd it back again, the Messrs: Leipers declining to honor it, because they doubted the genuineness of it\u2014I now return it to you under cover\u2014you have been at no other expence with it than postages back & forward\u2014With great respect Dr Sir Yours very TruelyB. Peyton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-26-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2782", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Laval, 26 April 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Laval, John\nSir\nMonticello\nI am so well satisfied with the Leipsic Dion Cassius in 16o that I shall be glad to recieve also theHerodotus 3. v.Thucydides 2. v.Xenophon 5. v.Plutarch 6. v. all of the same format; and if you will send me at the same time my account I will remit the amount. these will be too much to load the mail with either in whole or detail. I must get you therefore to wrap them very securely against injury, and to forward them to Colo Peyton in Richmond. this may be done by a vessel coming to Richmond, or if you could find any gentleman coming by the stage to Richmond who would take them under his care, it would be safer, and Colo Peyton would pay the expences of transportation.I salute you with esteem & respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-27-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2783", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Willie Blount, 27 April 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Blount, Willie\nSir\nMonticello\nYour favor of Mar. 16 is recently recieved, and the object it proposes of an early initiation of our youth into the sound principles of our republican government is worthy of cordial approbation. I mean the pure and genuine principles of it\u2019s birth. my hope has been that systems of education, primary and ultimate would be carried into execution and that books would be composed for the use of our schools which would inculcate into the minds and affections of our youth the sound political as well as moral virtues. you have taken views of the subject more extensive and particular.\u2014but from all political pursuits I am necessarily withdrawn by the torpitude of age and it\u2019s irresistible devotion to tranquility and rest. the direction of the future belongs to the generation now on the stage. mine is past; and I resign to them with cheerfulness and confidence the care of themselves and posterity, a duty which I doubt not they will ably and faithfully fulfill. your letter is a proof that you will not be wanting on your part; and, with my hope that you will live to see it effectually provided for, accept the assurance of my best wishes and respects.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-27-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2784", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Samuel Kercheval, 27 April 1822\nFrom: Kercheval, Samuel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nNew Town Stephensburgh Frederick Cy\n27th April 1822\nA friend of mine, who is now engaged in erecting considerable buildings, has requested me, to apply to you, for information how to make, fire proof cement. He states to me that he has been lately informd; that you can furnish the information he desires, and that with your permission he will cause it to be made public, for the good of society. Pardon the liberty I have taken, and accept the assurances of my unprized regardSaml Kercheval", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-27-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2785", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to D.B. Lee, 27 April 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Lee, D.B.\nSir\nMonticello\nYour letter of the 15th is recieved, but age has long since obliged me to withdraw my mind from speculations of the difficulty of those of your letter. that there are means of artificial bouyances by which man may be supported in the air, the baloon has proved, and that means of directing it may be discovered is against no law of nature, and is therefore possible as in the case of birds. but to do this by mechanical means alone in a medium so rare and unresisting as air must have the aid of some principle not yet generally known. however I can really give no opinion understandingly on the subject and with more good will than confidence wish you success.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-27-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2786", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Leiper, 27 April 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Leiper, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nYour favor of the 19th is recieved, and I percieve I have been taken in, and it is not for the first time by strangers pretending to be the sons of my friends. in this case the statement by the applicant calling himself your son was that in passing thro the neighboring county of Orange, in the night, & embarrassed in deep roads, his trunk was cut from behind his gig, that he was on his way to Tennissee knew noby in this part of the country, but knew the intimacy subsisting between you & myself, and had no other source of relief. former duperies by which I had suffered suggested hesitations at first, but they were at once repelled by the consideration that I had rather risk the loss of 75.D. (the sum he asked) than the mortification of being wanting to a connection of your\u2019s in distress. further conversation removed all doubt. I asked him how you amused yourself now, as I supposed you had become tired of politics, as I was myself, he said you meddled little, and chiefly occupied yourself with your Crum-creek quarry. I knew you had such a one. I asked after mrs Lieper. he gave me such answers as a son would, and proved his intimacy with your family and affairs; and indeed I thought I discovered in his countenance some blended likenesses of mrs Lieper & yourself. he was a stout, fine looking young man. I gave him an order on a merchant in Charlottesville, and he gave me the draught which was presented to you. he returned the next day, informing me the merchant was from home on which I gave him a draught on Colo Peyton in Richmond and subjoined a request to another merchant in Charlottesville to give him cash for it. I heard no more for a week, when I recieved a letter from him returning my draught with information that on his return to Charlottesville he found there a neighbor and friend who had supplied his wants. your letter now proves he was not what he penated; yet his return of the draught gives reason to believe he had been led by distress to attempt a deception which ingenuossness of mind would not permit him to go through with and I have little doubt that had he received the money he would have returned it when able. his letter having laid in Charlottesville a week, I had in the mean time forwarded his draught on you to Colo Peyton. however all\u2019s well that ends well and I am glad you rejected the draught. I had endorsed it to prevent a doubt in the purchaser of it\u2019s solidity and the transaction has on the whole, the value of proving to you my constant friendship and respectTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-27-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2787", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Pleasants, 27 April 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Pleasants, James\nDear Sir Monticello Apr. 27. 22.Your favor of the 21st is recieved, and with it Colo Peyton\u2019s acknolegement of the reciept of the 118.D. balance due to me from Ronald\u2019s estate, of which he had before advised me.I am flattered with the promise of a visit from you, long desired, and very welcome whenever it can be made with your convenience. our University is in a state to compensate the trouble of such a journey, as no other within the extent of the US. could present you an object more worthy of being seen.Altho\u2019 I withdraw myself from politics almost entirely, I have not been able to see with insensibility the encroachments of the supreme court of the US. on those rights of the states which the constitution of the US. has left in independance on them. the principles of that court are leading us fast to consolidated government which will be a very corrupt one, and too extensive to answer the purposes of good government. in fact since the amalgamation of the parties of Republican and Federal, the most wholsome of any division which can ever exist in any government, Congress has gone more than half way to meet the Federalists: and if the doctrines of McD\u2014 are those of a majority, they are gone the whole way. accept my very affectionate and respectful salutations.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-27-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2788", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Mr. Story, 27 April 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Story, Mr.\nTh: Jefferson returns his thanks to Lt Story for the pamphlet from the Salem East India Marine society which he has been so kind as to forward to him, and to that society particularly for the attention with which they have been\n\t\t\t pleased to honor him, and he sees with great satisfaction the real prospect of additions to our science for which we are likely to be indebted to the extions of such public-minded individuals. he prays from Lt Story the acceptance for himself, and the conveyance to the society of his great respect.Monticello", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-28-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2789", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Benjamin Ruggles, 28 April 1822\nFrom: Ruggles, Benjamin\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir:\nSenate Chamber\nAccompanying this letter I transmit you a pamphlet containing a review of the Opinion of the Supreme Court of the United States in the case of Cohens vs. Virginia. This review was written by Charles Hammond Esqr a distinguished member of the Bar in Ohio. Believing the sentiments contained in the review would accord in some measure with your own on this subject, I have taken the liberty of sending one for your perusal.Very respectfully Your obt Servant.Benj. Ruggles", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-29-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2790", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Leiper, 29 April 1822\nFrom: Leiper, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nPhilada\nApril 29th 1822\nI have your letter of the 19th and your kind and affectionate attention to my son I esteem as a singlar favor for altho\u2019 he was not yet the favor was the same you believing him to be my son the favor confered on me was the same for which I return you my best thanks I wrote you a few days ago assigning my reason why I did not pay the draft and as metters have now turned out it was very well I did not I have made my business to enquire after your young friend F. Watson and for this purpose I applied to Doctor Chapman and he mentioned it to me and that I might mentioned to Mr Jefferson that he had past his examination much to the satisfaction of the Faculty and abstracted from that he was a correct young man and from my own knowledge and I may add that of my family we can bear the same record\u2014I have got a long letter for you which I manufactured sometime ago I have not as yet got my own concent to send it but I think I will I am with much esteem very Respectfully\n Thomas Leiper", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "04-29-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2791", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 29 April 1822\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sirs,Richd\n29 Apl 1822Mr Bias, who carries this, has been living in my Country House for a considerable time, & is now on his way to Staunton\u2014he feels a desire to take a view of Monticello on his way, & I have assured him he would be kindly recd by the familyWith great respect Dr Sir Yours very TruelyB. Peyton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-01-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2792", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Reuben G. Beasley, 1 May 1822\nFrom: Beasley, Reuben G.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nHavre,\nI send to the address of the Collector at New York a Box of seeds for you from the Garden of Plants in Paris.With great respect & Esteem your obedient Servant.R G Beasley", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-01-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2793", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Henry V. Bingham, 1 May 1822\nFrom: Bingham, Henry V.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nFranklin Howard county Missouri\n1st May 1822\nknowing your patriotism and firm attachment to our happy form of government; in which you bore such a disquingusd. part in the formation\u2014I have ventured to ask of you your opinion respecting the powers and duty of Courts; when a question is brought before them which originates under a law; that the Courts believe to be repugnent to the constitutionmy reason for troubling you with this enquiry; is; that our courts have decided the Replevin and property Law of this state to be unconstitutional; and directed the officers to proceed; as if the Law had never been enactedThe citizens of this state are in considerable ferment respecting these measures; those oposed to the Courts proceeding as they have done\u2014use as one of their strongest arguments\u2014An opinion expressed by your self in a letter to a Mr Jarvis respecting some Book he has publishedThe other party Rebutt that arguement by saying you did not intend to convey an Idea that the courts were not authorised to Judge of the Constituonallity. of a Law that would affect the the rights of any individual when fairly brought before them; but that you meant, that they were not the umpire by whom all constitutional questions were to be settled; as there might arise constitutional questions that would not Imediatly affect the rights of any individual but of the Republic in genneral; that being the case; such a question could not be brought before a Court; and in such cases the people must be the only. power to correct the evil Now. Sir in our present unsettled conditition (as it respects our Laws;) I hope you will be so good as to write and let us know your sentiments on these things (and I need not inform you) that you are here considered one of the best and greatest fathers of the American people and that your opinion has more weight than that of any other man in the United States; and we wish you in your Experience, and matured wisdom; to write to us and let us know you opinion Explicitly respecting the point in controversy excuse my presuming to write to you in my plain humble stile; (as I know you will when your Recollect that you are yourself one of the ablest advocates in favour of Genneral information and Equal liberty;) I am your Sincere friend tho unknown to you;Henry V. Bingham", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-03-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2795", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Benjamin Ruggles, 3 May 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Ruggles, Benjamin\nMonto\nTh: J. presents his salutations & thanks to the honble mr Ruggles for the pamphlet he has been so kind as to send him. he reads with comfort every thing which reprobates the apostatising heresies of the case of Cohens. according to the doctrines of the Supreme court in that case, the States are provinces of the empire: and a late pamphlet gives to that court the infallibility of the Pope. Casar then has only to send out his Preconsuls and with the sanction of our Pope, all is settled. but the battle of Bunker\u2019s hill was not fought to set up a Pope.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-04-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2796", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Leitch, 4 May 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Leitch, James\n Mr. James Leitch is requested to pay to Edmund Meeks or order 14 Dollars 71 cents on account of Th: Jefferson.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-07-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2800", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Waters Hickman, 7 May 1822\nFrom: Hickman, William Waters\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nHond Sir\nMonticelli\nThe few days since I have been priviledged to remain in your hospitable Mansion I am sensible that in my manners I have not manifested those external marks of respect & reverence in which I should blush to be thought wanting. which no real Virginian, no enlightened American Can be deficient in. My mind & spirits as you no doubt observe, have been depressed & my hopes in life discouraged from long conflict with adverse circumstances which the firmest nerves is sometimes happily brought to view as a Conciliatory chastening; and from that consoling reflection to acquiesce with patient resignation, though the influence of the pressure continues to be felt. I will proceed to mention the motive that has induced me to obtrude a few lines on your attention. As I observed in a former note, I am very desirous to prosecute a course of Theological Study if I can obtain the patronage of a Seminary recently instituted for that purpose in N. York. I should prefer rmaining in my native State if the same facilities to study were afforded. But unfortunately so lamentable an indifference to this subject has prevailed in Virginia that I believe there exists at this time no adequate fund. My reading for some years past has given my mind a strong propensity to this object. which I must prosecute or exist on the Theater of life to no other purpose than that of devoting my physical energies to procure their needful subsistence. And although my education was neglected in early youth, I am sanguine that I shall be able to reduce the time in some measure by close application\u2014even though I do not obtain a dispensation of the languages. As to talents\u2014I believe I possess imagination enough where it shall have become cultivated, & expanded by the influence of disciplined habits, and brought into vigorous exercise by that undefinable something which the French Form Une show\u2014by which I presume they mean that energised flexibility of feeling which the orthodox Creed of an Englishman teaches him in plain Scripture language to call the Vital Spirit of Truth; that reigns supernaturally in the Heart, fire\u2019s the whole inward man, & prompts the Tongue with an eloquence that no art can reach, no mental efforts alone however refined can imitate. This principle of action, this grand moving spring which alone gives efficiency to each Subordinate One, is happily within the reach of all who become duly Sensible of its value. As free as the breeze I inhale on your Mont: My own limited experience of the truth of the fact, is in Complete accordance with revelation. And from this reflection I derive encouragement, as well as from a maxim I have found on Your Shelf, that every Man of Common organization has the power of becoming a man of genius, if to this he add a passionate devotion to his profession. Be this as it may I for my part feel prompted by inclination, Duty, & every other Consideration that Can influence the Mind of Man, to aim at a Literary Course of life in Connexion with the Ministerial office in the Ch: of which I am a member\u2014if I can get aided in my attempts. And with this view, I have taken the liberty most respectfully to request your friendly aid. I have not the least doubt but a request from yourself would have a decisive influence with the Bishop, to have me sent on as a Candidate. I am informed the design of the Institution at N.Y. is to encourage & patronize indigent young Men & twenty Dolls would take me round from this place.Pardon the liberty I have taken in this CommunicationMost respectfully, I am Hond Sir, Yr Obt. hume ServtW. W. Hickman", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-08-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2802", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Waller Hening, 8 May 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hening, William Waller\nMonto\nMay 8. 22.Th: Jefferson returns his thanks to mr Hening for the copy of his New Virginia justice which he has just recieved through the channel of mr Mayo, a work of great utility for the public generally. he learnt with regret that the Legislature had not enabled him to publish the last volumes of his collection of the laws, a most invaluable collection, for which posterity must be for ever thankful. he has still some Mss vols of antiquities well worth culling and extracting, which will be at the service of mr Hening when he shall have leisure & disposition to make historical extracts from them he salutes him with esteem & respect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-08-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2803", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Charles Hudson, 8 May 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hudson, Charles\n Thomas JeffersonPltagainst} upon a writ of RightJohn Hudson & Charles HudsonDeftsandChristopher HudsonPltagainst} upon a writ of RightJohn Hudson & Charles HudsonDeftsThese causes are continued until the next Term On the motion and at the Plaintiffs Costs; And on the motion of the Defendants by their Attorney Commissions are awarded them to examine and take the deposition of Benjamin Lacy de be ne esse and Ann Copeland an aged woman upon giving reasonable Notice of the time & place of taking the same which deposition of Ann Copeland when taken is to be read in chief on the trial of this cause", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-10-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2804", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Bernard Peyton, 10 May 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Peyton, Bernard\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nJefferson has informed you that he accomodates me with 3000. D. I counted that this would be recieved very certainly this week, but it seems it awaits some paper which he sends by this mail. I proposed that of this sum you should first take for yourself the balance I owe you, and then pay the curtail of 500. D. to the Farmer\u2019s bank and my note of 350. D. to the Virginia bank; and I still hope you will recieve the money now immediately & meet these purposes, I shall say nothing as to the disposal of the residue until I hear that it is actually in your hands, except that I must draw on you for about 250. D. to pay the debt which was meant to be included in my note of 350. D to be paid on my way to Bedford and my expences to that place for which I shall set out on the 13th I will pray you immediately on the reciept of the money to write to me at Poplar Forest as I have other calls of exceeding pressure. I shall be there till about the 23d instan when I shall leave it on my return, ever & affectionately yours.Th: JeffersonP. I shall not draw on you till after the departure of tomorrow\u2019s mail, so that it will not be presented to you till the 17th", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-11-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2805", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Laval, 11 May 1822\nFrom: Laval, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,\nPhiladelphia\nThe Schooner Lydia Davis sails to Morrow, She is the first Opportunity that has offered, for Richmond, Since the receipt of your letter of the 26th ulto. Agreeably to your direction, I delivered, yesterday, to the Capt (Richard Davis) one Small Bundle, to your address & to the Care of Col. Peyton, Containing the Books you ordered,\u2014amounting, as per Bill in closed, to $26\u201360/100\u2014as Some of the volumes are rather thin, I put them, on an average, at $1.40 instead of $1.50 I charged for Dio Cassius\u2014you will observe that Plutarch is in 9 & not in 6 vols. the Error, in all probability, may be ascribed to my inadvertance in the Memorandum I sent youI have Pausanias 3 vols. (thick) Same Six Stereotyped$4.50 Polybius 4 dododo6.There was due to you sir your former remittance $1\u20133/100, which reduce the Balance in my favor to $31\u201357/100.I am with the highest Consideration & respect Your most obt ServtJohn Laval", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-11-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2806", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Laval, 11 May 1822\nFrom: Laval, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nPhiladelphia,\nMay 11, 1822.Thomas Jefferson, Esq.Bought of J. Laval, for the late concern of N. G. DufiefFeb. 2.Dio Cassius, 4 vols. 18o sewed. Ed. Leipsic. at 1,50$6.00May 9.Thucydides 2 vols. 18o DoDo}26.60Herodotus 3 vols. 18o DoDoXenophon 5 vols. 18o DoDoPlutarch 9 vols. 18o DoDo32,60C.r.Remaining due to you for the last remittance.1,03$31,57", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-12-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2809", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 12 May 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI thank you for the communication of mr Rush\u2019s letter which I now return. mr Bentham\u2019s character of Alexander is I believe unjust and that worse traits might still be added to it equally just. he is now certainly become the watchman of tyranny for Europe, as dear to it\u2019s oppressors as detestable to the oppressed. if however he should engage in war with the Turks, as I expect, his employment there may give opportunities for the friends of liberty to proceed in their work. I set out for Bedford tomorrow to be absent three weeks. I salute you with constant and affectionate friendship and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-13-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2811", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Francis Eppes, 13 May 1822\nFrom: Eppes, Francis\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n I merely write a few lines to inform you of the success of my negociation. Papa can only spare at present money for the purchase of two books, Bacons Abridgement, and Thomas\u2019s Coke Littleton, which I beg you will send for with yours. the money you have in your hands it will therefore be no trouble to retain a sum sufficient to purchase the books and pay their freight, and this my Father authorises me to say. I have a copy of Blackstone and a very good Law Dictionary and by the time that the others arrive will pirhaps be enabled to send for more. bad crops and bad prices, added to my Fathers ill health and the loss of 9000 wt. of tobacco by fire last winter have rendered it impossible to incur any other expences than those which are absolutely necessary. knowing these circumstances and moreover in conversation having discovered that he had otherwise appropriated the greater part of the money we had calculated on, I forbore to ask any thing more than what I conceived essentially requisite. I am pursuing the plan you advised and have already made some progress in my Lord Coke: I do not find him any thing like as difficult as I had anticipated, and presume from this circumstance that the almost insuperable obstacles encountered by others were owing entirely to the want of arrangement in the old editions. I have as yet met with nothing that a little more, than ordinary attention could not master.\u2014My Father is still in very delicate health and at present almost a cripple in consequence of a wound in the arm by an unskilful bleeder; he desires to be affectionately remembered to you and requests that you and Aunt Randolph will take Millbrook in your way on your return in which request I most sincerely join.\u2014accept the assurance of my constant affection", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-13-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2812", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson: Estimate of Bricks for 6 shafts of Doric columns, 13 May-31 Aug. 1822, 13 May 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n Estimate of bricks for 6. shafts of Dor. columnslarger diam 23. I. dimd do 20.1 IShaft about 14. f. clear of base and cap.16. headers lay a course}to be laid in alter-8. streachers lay a course-nate coursescall each third of the column 5. f. or 20. coursessuppose for the lowest & middle third, the large brickand the upper third the dimd bricksthe lower & middle 3d20. courses header \u00d716=320. headers20. do stretchers\u00d78=160. stretchersupper 3d10. do headers\u00d716=16010 do streachers\u00d78=80each column then will takelarge headers320}480. headerssmall do160large stretchers160}240. stretcherssmall do806. columns will takelarge headers1920}2880small do960large stretchers960}1440small do4804320say2200large headersto wit280. 5/7 are ones1100large stretchers1401100small headers140600small stretchers120500068043205000about 1000 common bricks to fill the hollows+4000do for cistern5000May 13. 22. wrote to J. Perry to provide them.common bricks broughtJune201400211400221400241822. Aug. 30. col. bricksJerryIsaacAug. 3052550050050031500500", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-13-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2813", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Richard Randolph, 13 May 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Richard\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nYour favor of Apr. 10. was recieved in due time as had been some time before the 6. barrels of water proof cement from you. I had already laid in as much Roman cement as did my 2d & 3d Cisterns, with a barrel surplus towards the 4th and last. the 2d and 3d were done under the superintendance of mr Coffee, and with perfect success. we opened a barrel of yours and he tried several fair and careful experiments according to the directions you had given. in every instance this cement dissolved on being put into water, while we saw that the Roman became immediately set and hard on being put into water. I have still one cistern to finish, but after the unsuccesful trials by mr Coffee who understood the manipulation of these things so much better than I do, I am afraid to risk it with yours. it would be giving up a finishing of the success of which we are certain for one which our experience teaches us to doubt at least. there is no call at the University for any thing of the kind nor could I recommend to that what I am afraid to try myself. in this state of things I will make any disposition of the 6. barrels you will direct. but seeing no probability of their being employed in this neighborhood, I think the best would be to send them down to you, which I will do if you think so also.I do not know whether you continue your pottory. if you do I will request of you 50. pots for the sea\u2013kale such as you saw here, which indeed are made on the exact model of mr Wickham\u2019s. if delivered packed in hogsheads to the order of Colo Peyton, he will, on sight of this letter, pay for them. accept the assurance of my great esteem and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-13-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2815", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Samuel Smith, 13 May 1822\nFrom: Smith, Samuel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n In Publick life those to whom we render the greatest service are little sensible of it. Those rendered to Colo Monroe the greatest service that could have been rendered to a President of the U.S. I have brought the Publick expenditures within the receipts for which I ought to have his thanks, instead of the hostility I fear he is certain to render me.In 1819\u201320 I was Chosen to be Chairman of the Committee of Ways & Means, my duty, (as assigned by the Rule of the House) was to examine into the publick expenditures\u2014The Try reported a deficit of five million, it was in truth Eight. a loan became indispensable, my object was to make that as Small as possible. On a better examination over those Printing Expenses that Reimbursements from the Estimate & the amount of two million, two hundred thousand dollars, could be made without injury to the publick service. they were opposed but the House sustained me\u2014At the session of 1820. 21. a deficiency of seven million, was reported by the Sec of the treasury. This caused a strict inquiry on the part of the Ways & Means, and we found a most prodigal expenditure of the publick money, especially on fortifications, and in consequence Purportive appropriations specifically to each fortification, and references to appropriate anything for Dauphaines Island. This gave great offence to the Secy of War, who made great exertions with the members individually and with the Senate. The House sustained neither service refused. but the House stood firm, and we had nearly lost the military app: Bills\u2014 Dauphain Island has already lost $254.000., and all they have to show is the foundation laid for the Off. Barracks and the British burnt\u2014It was intended to mount 116 Guns to to defend in part when at high water. there is only Eight & a half feet In stand defense the retrenchments made from the Estimates exceeded $2.200.000\u2014making a saving in two years of $4.400.000\u2014I asked the President at the beginning of the last session if the publick service had suffered by those deductions. he said,\u2014No\u2014I then said that if they had not been made he must have applied for another loan of five millions, which would have made his administration very unpopular and that by what I had done I had shown myself to be his best friend, altho: I believed I had made myself obnoxious\u2014he said\u2014No\u2014that I had acted the part of an honest impartial Representative of the people. and no one could or ought to censure me\u2014And those were probably the real sentiments of the moment.They were changed by the influence of the Secy of War, with whose Vision they united\u2014and by whom the President was induced to send his message respectg Dauphaine Island, but the reasoning of the Comm on Military affairs was such that no member of either House could be brought to move a cent for that silly object. It would have lost a million and have required 2000 Men in time of War to defend it\u2014During the last session the W bill reduced the Estimate $435.000\u2014But apps for new objects to nearly that amount were made\u2014I had hoped the President would have given me the mission to Lisbon, he has given it to General Dearborne who did not want it, He is in the receipt of $20.000 \u214c annum. his son is rich and his son in law worth $100.000\u2014Nothing but my poverty which is extreme, almost amounting to want, could have induced me to solicit an office\u2014I was further induced, by the President having assured me of his wish to serve me or bring me after my misfortune. He desired me in case I wanted an office to apply to him direct, and not thro: any of his secretaries\u2014I have troubled you with this detail to which an answer is unnecessary. and am, with the highest regardyour obed serv", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-14-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2816", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Waller Hening, 14 May 1822\nFrom: Hening, William Waller\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,\nRichmond.\nI am thankful for your friendly note of the 8th just received.It is much to be regretted that the state of our finances did not permit the legislature to enable me to complete the Statutes at Large without delay, instead of restricting the publication to one volume a year, according to the existing law.\u2014Notwithstanding the embarrassment which this arrangement necessarily produces, I published the 8th & 9th vols last year, and am about to commence the 10th so that I always have a large portion of my capital in stock perfectly inactive.\u2014The 8th volume terminated the laws under the colonial government; the 9th commences with the revolution, and comes down to the end of the year 1778.\u2014Being desirous to ascertain the precise day on which our governours were elected, I must trouble you for information as it respects your own election. The journal of the H. of Delegates, of the May session 1779, is unfortunately lost.I have now in the hands of the book-binder, the 8th & 9th Volumes, for your library; as well as a complete set for the University of Virginia; which will be forwarded by the first safe conveyance.\u2014I thank you for the offer of your old MSS, containing historical documents.\u2014I have it in contemplature to publish a supplementary volume consisting of historical documents only.\u2014With this view I have been making considerable collections.\u2014Judge Tucker has very obligingly furnished me with some my valuable old papers, which contain documents no where else to be found, by me. On this subject I ask your advice and assistance. I am particularly anxious to exhibit a connected view of the public papers, from the period of the stamp-act to the revolution:\u2014not only state-papers, properly so called, but the proceedings of public bodies, and periodical publications.\u2014Your friendly aid in not only directing me to such papers as fall within my plan, but pointing out where they may be obtained will be peculiarly acceptable.I am respy Yrs Wm W. Hening", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-16-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2817", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 16 May 1822\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nRichd\nI was favor\u2019d with yours on the subject your curtail, & the dft: of $250, which appeared yesterday, & was paid\u2014The curtail of $500 was due this day, & I was obliged to get the favor of the Directors to suspend it till your $2,500 note falls due there, which will be in a few days, when I told them it should be paid.\u2014The Cashier informed me it would be likely that a further sum of $250 would be asked on the $2500, as the $500 was intended to come off the $4000, & ten pr cent, or little upwards, is about the curtail they have ordered on each note\u2014I have not been able to get the money from the Literary fund yet for Jefferson, because unfortunately the deed of trust & Bond were represented in the former, to be of \u201cnew date\u201d, when in fact, one was dated on the 22d, & the other the 29th Apl, so that one or the other recent be altered\u2014I have sent both back to him, since when I have heard nothing from him\u2014I was without a note for the renewal of your $4,000, & was obliged to resort to your power of Atty, which shews the necessity of its existence\u2014in haste\u2014With great respect Dr sir Yours very Truly.B. Peyton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-17-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2818", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jeremiah Greenleaf, 17 May 1822\nFrom: Greenleaf, Jeremiah\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,\nPhiladelphia May 17 1822\nI have done myself the honour to transmit you a copy of the 3rd. Edition of \u201cGrammar Simplified,\u201d which I beg you will have the goodness to accept and give a cursory perusal.This work claims the merit of being more simple, and of being calculated to impart a knowledge of Grammar with more facility, and in a much shorter time, than any other system extant\u2014and should you think it redeems the pledge, given in the title, a few lines, expressive of your opinion, would be most gratefully received.Accept, Sir, my assurance of high consideration and respect,J. Greenleaf.Quondam Lieut. in the U.S. Army.P.S. You will probably recollect, that in 1819, I presented you a copy of the first Edition of \u201cGrammar Simplified,\u201d and that you excused yourself from examining it, on account of the \u201ctorpor of age and the drudgery of handwriting\u201d\u2014but I have lately been reading the Scriptures, from which I learn, that a certain woman was heard, on account of her much importunity. Perhaps I may be heard on the same account.J. G.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-20-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2819", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Charles Cocke, 20 May 1822\nFrom: Cocke, Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir.\nCharlottesville\nI take the liberty of submitting to your examination the accompanying address to the people of Albemarle, with a request that you will decide the question started in the letter of my friend Mr Gordon, which you will herewith receive.As soon as this paper was written, I laid it before a few of my friends, and the friends of the University, and desired them to say whether its publication could by any possibility prove detrimental to the interests of this institution\u2014or to suggest such alterations, or omissions as would effectually guard against a consequence which no selfish consideration could justify me to myself, in bringing about\u2014At their suggestion one or two trivial alterations were made, but none of the gentlemen seemed to apprehend any bad consequence to the University from the proposed publication\u2014Mr Gordon\u2019s letter, however, has not only brought me to weigh this subject more deliberately myself, but has also induced me to hold a second and more numerous council of my friends, to decide upon the propriety of giving this paper to the public\u2014Among them there was found to be some diversity of opinion\u2014I have therefore, determined to take the liberty of referring the question to your final decision\u2014for which liberty I shall make no apology\u2014perfectly assured that the deep interest your feel in the subject to which this question relates will prompt you without hesitation, to encounter any trouble which may be necessary to enable you to guard against danger, an enterprize which already owes so much to your fostering care\u2014I am sure I need not ask you to lay aside all delicacy towards me in deciding this question\u2014My first wish to the prosperity of this institution\u2014my next is to vindicate myself from a censure which I feel I have not deserved.May I ask you to favor me with as early an answer as will suit your convenience.With the profoundest respect and regard Yr: Obt: SertCh: Cocke", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-20-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2820", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Echols, 20 May 1822\nFrom: Echols, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nD Sir\nLunchberrg\nyour extensive\u2014Knowledge of mankind and your literary acquirements together with your Philantrophy induces me to disclose to you my Novel project hoping you will grant me (in confidence) your oppinion and advise on the Subject of my enquiry, the more fully to enable you to form an oppinion I will give you a sketch of my history. I am a Virginian by birth of Reputable but Rather obscure Parentage had no connection or friend in my youth of that Standing in life to forward me in my views, and although I had a Small\u2014patrimony (my Parents died before I was 12 months old) yet my Guardian neglected my education almost entirely I was permitted to go to School one year at the age of 14 in which time I acquired a Knowledge of the Arithmatick, and which constituted almost the whole of my education. at 17 I was turnd loose on the world to to shift. Since which time I have been engaged in trade & have Succeeded so well as that the income of my estate is at this time ample to Support myself & little family (having a wife & 3 children) in a Genteel or Respectable Style and be accumulating Something without my Personal attention to business\u2014and\u2014although I am now 33 year old I am Particularly desirous of Acquiring an education not only that I may Receive the enjoyment of it myself but that I may be more usefull to Society and more especially with a View to benefit my family. it seems however to be a novel undertaking and you will Greatly oblige me to give me your views on the Subject which I hope you will indulge me with and if you think it a Rational Scheme give me your advice as to The\u2014particular course I Should take, & what Schools you would Recommend to me\u2014I am of oppinion I could\u2014withdraw my mind from my family and business so as to Study as well as ever I could or I could with convenience I presume take my family with me. having only 3 children & 2 of which are of propper sizes to be at School.yours RespectfullyJoseph Echols", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-20-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2821", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Rhea, 20 May 1822\nFrom: Rhea, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nWashington\nplease to accept the inclosed Copy of a Circular Letter\u2014I have the honor to be with sincer esteem.Your obedt servtJohn Rhea", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-22-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2824", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Charles W. Goldsborough, 22 May 1822\nFrom: Goldsborough, Charles W.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir.Washn\n22nd May 1822.Entertaining for you, as I do, the most unfeigned respect & esteem\u2014feeling, in common with the virtuous part, at least, of the American family, & with those who desire the perpetuity of our republican institutions, gratitude to you for the many important services you have rendered to our republic, & the wise political maxims which you have inculcated by precept & by example: I Should do violence to my own sentiments & feelings, were I to forbear assuring you that I am one of the last men in existence, who would do or say any thing calculated in the remotest degree to disturb your tranquility even for a moment\u2014that I am one of the first who would use all moral & lawful exertions to put down the man who would attempt to assail your character:\u2014that I consider the character of our sages & patriots, as a species of holy national property, which every freeman & lover of his country should cherish & defend.When I assure you that I can lay my hand upon my heart &, in the sincerity of perfect truth aver, that I have never knowingly committed the slightest tresspass against these principles: you will, I know, readily acquit me of all authorship or agency in the unjust rude & vulgar production, which has lately appeared\u2014signed \u201ca nature of Virginia.\u201d I am utterly at a loss to conceive, upon what grounds, upon what act in my whole life, the imputation of my having been the author can have originated.It may appear presumptuous in me, but I have always honestly differed in opinion with you upon one point\u2014That is the extent to which the liberty of the press ought to be tolerated; & when I see the purest & most exalted characters of our country so grossly & unjustly attacked\u2014when I see the licentiousness of the press sacraligiously assailing virtuous venerable age\u2014I cannot refrain from wishing that the laws of the land interposed an effectual shield for it\u2019s protection.I offer You the homage of perfect respect & esteemCh: W: Goldsborough", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-23-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2825", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Joseph Echols, 23 May 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Echols, Joseph\nSir\nPoplar Forest\nI recieve here your favor of the 20th expressing your desire to enlarge your stock of knolege, than which nothing can be more commendable; but I should not think your purpose of attending an Instructor at all necessary. we have now such excellent elementary books in every branch of science as to make every subject as plain as a teacher can make it. in Natural philosophy we have Joyce\u2019s Scientific dialogues and Nicholson\u2019s Philosophy in Chemistry the Conversations in Chemistry.in Natural history Buffon.in Antient history the first 20. vols of the Universal history.Gillies\u2019s history of the world,Gillies\u2019s history of Greece.Livy, Sallust, Caesar, Taeches, SuadonursGibbons\u2019s decline of the Roman empirein Modern history Robertson\u2019s Charles V Russell Modern EuropeHallam\u2019s history of the middleages.in English history Rapin\u2019s history of England 15. v. 8voBelsham\u2019s histories of the 3 GeorgesBaxter\u2019s history of England. I omit Hume as too false in his matter, and too seducing in his style to be trustedin Astronomy Ferguson\u2019s Astronomy.in Mathematics and geometry alone I do not know what are the best English books. at your age I presume you do not propose to throw away 5. or 6. years in Latin and Greek. I am persuaded you will find science enough in the English language to employ your life and especially if you avoid washing time on books of little merit. I pray you to accept this short sketch as a proof of my respect for your request rather than as worthy your acceptance from one to whom writing is not easy and who tenders you respectful salutationsTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-24-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2826", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Samuel Smith, 24 May 1822\nFrom: Smith, Samuel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr Sir\nBaltimore\nThe Federal Republican Continues to wage War against you, and takes advantage because you have not explained the nature of your private account with m Grand, and with the credit given by you in your accounts, thus. \u201cBy Cash recieved from m Grand for Bill \u201d\u2014your explanation is full and complete as to the United States having no right to retain the money\u2014but I was just now stopt in the street by a firm friend of yours. who put the federal Repn of this morning into my hands and expressed his opinion. that some statement ought to have been made showing either that you have remitted the money to m Grand or that he had no Claim upon you\u2014I answered that the Publick had nothing to do with your account with your private Banker. That it was evident that m Grand had never recd the money. and that if you had been his Debtor, he knew where to find you, and no doubt would have Called on you for the amount long since, and the subject would more early have been Eliminated\u2014the appearance to be satisfied\u2014Mr Longhborough has declared to his Cousin Comptroller Anderson that he is not the Author\u2014Mr Wagner resides in Baltimore, and from some fact Stated. he may be the Author\u2014but he is a Pennsylvanian, and the Author asserts this morning that he is in truth a Native of Virginia\u2014I send you the paper and am with the sincerest regardyour Obed ServtS. Smith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-25-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2829", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Archibald Robertson, 25 May 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Robertson, Archibald\nDr Sir\nPoplar Forest.\nI find that my plantations here will be out of corn before harvest, and that I must provide it before I leave the county. I expect therefore to purchase of mrs Mosely. 30. barrels @ 4.D. which being to be paid in ready money I do it by a draught on Colo B. Peyton of Richmond, I now inclose one to you for 150.D. on which I am obliged to request you to advance the money as follows.to mr Goff for mrs Mosely120.D.to mr A. Bridgland who will call for it2.16to send me by the bearer Burwell, cash2784150.I learnt after I left you in Nov. that the wheat on which I gave you an order fell short of expectation nearly one half, and we shall be late in getting our tobo to market. as soon as it can be there and sold I shall send you an order, on Colo Peyton. I shall not be able to make up the Deficiency of that and my last year\u2019s account both, but I will do the most I can. I have made considble progress towds the discharge of my bonded debt to your late firm and a payment I shall make out of my tobo will bring it with in the reach of another years resources. in the mean time the kind forbearance of mr Barrett has spared me the pain of urgencies which would have been beyond my power. I find preparns here for a tobo crop of greater promise than I ever had. 300,000 hills of which four fifths are in newly cleared land, and nearly the whole already planted our wheat however is unpromising. kindly seasons may yet improve it I should have been very happy if your convenience would have permitted you to call and take a family dinner with us while here. my stay in the county has been too short to admit my visiting Lynchburg: but I shall be here again in a couple of months. in the mean time be so good as to furnish on the applicns of mr Coff the necessaries for the place as you have heretofore done to my preceding overseers, and accept the assurance of my great frdshp & respect.P.S. a striped blanket by the bearer. I inclose a letter of advice to be forwarded to Colo Peyton with the draught.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-28-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2832", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John F. Oliveira Fernandes, 28 May 1822\nFrom: Fernandes, John F. Oliveira\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir!\nLondon\nMy last respects to you, were dated in the latter part of June ultimo, in reply to your extremely obliging letter of the same month.Hopeful was I, at the time, to address you immediately after my arrival at Madeira; but anxious to pay my most sacred duty, both of respect and gratitude to His Most Faithful Majesty, I left the Island on the first of October for Lisbon, where I arrived on the 22d of the same.It was the King\u2019s Pleasure to Appoint me His Minister Charg\u00e9 d\u2019Affaires, for this Court, having hardly time to arrange my own small matters, I proceeded to Falmouth, where I landed on the 9th of last Decemr and entered London on the 11th.What different sensations and ideas came to my mind, combining my own feelings when introduced to you by my friends, the Honble Thomas Newton of Virginia, and the Honble Cocke Senator of Kentucky. I was so kindly received & treated by yourself (then President of the United States) in November 1803;\u2014with those, when presented by the Marquess of Londonderry to His Britannic Majesty! I leave it to your consideration, knowing, long ago, my ideas & sentiments.Owing, perhaps, to my inability of managing the Affairs, it has been His Most Faithful Majesty\u2019s Pleasure to remove me from this Court to that of Paris:\u2014I am, however, uncertain, whether I shall go or not.It was my decided intention to defer till then, the honor of addressing you; but the Chevalier Francis S\u00f3l\u00f4no Constancis, a particular friend of mine, being appointed our Minister Charg\u00e9 d\u2019Affaires to the Government of the U.S. I thought proper to write to you, begging to introduce him to your acquaintance & favour.He is a gentleman of great information and ability; and I have no doubt, that his efforts in procuring a lasting alliance between the two Countries, will be happily crowned; much more so, if seconded by your wisdom & philanthropy.Really and sincerely interested in the continuance of your precious life & health, I shall always feel delighted and extremely thankful to have the honor of hearing from you; being, with the highest respect and consideration,Dear Sir! Your most obedt ServantJohn F. d\u2019Oliveira Fernandes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-28-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2833", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Mantz, 28 May 1822\nFrom: Mantz, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nFrederick Town Md\nMy Son who now resides with mr Elijah Brown will hand you this and would be glad to know how you where pleased with the hide. Leather. tanned in wood I sent you in 1821and Should you want leather often tanned in the same manner of a Supperior quality than the hide sent you for your people please let me know and I will forward the same to you by mr. Browns Waggon at a Moderate price\u2014and remainyours respectfuly obt serJohn MantzPS\u2014I have also Superior quallity Spanish velvet Sole leather Steertshould you want any please let me knowJ M", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-29-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2834", "content": "Title: From Richard Harrison to Joseph Anderson, 29 May 1822\nFrom: Harrison, Richard\nTo: Anderson, Joseph\nSirAuditors Office\nMay 29. 1822.Agreeable to your request I now send you a Copy of my letter to the Chairman of the Committee on Public Expenditures, in answer to a call made by him for information on the Subject of a certain bill drawn by Mr Jefferson, as minister to France, on the Bankers of the United States at Amsterdam\u2014I also enclose a Copy of my Certificate, as recorded in Report Book O, on which the Value of said bill was refunded.\u2014I have not the means of furnishing further explanation of this transaction, unless a copy from my Records of the Report on Mr Jeffersons General Accot Curry in Guilders should be supposed to afford any that is material. In that Report he is provisionally charged with the bill in question.I am very respectfully Sir yr obed. ServR. Harrison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-30-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2835", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Richard Randolph, 30 May 1822\nFrom: Randolph, Richard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nRichmond\nThe six barrels of hydraulic cement were sent to you with a belief that they would answer the purpose for which it was intended, and be useful to you in the construction of your cisterns. I am sorry that you are affraid to hazard the success of it in the cistern, and request you to use them in any way that you may think proper. Perhaps you may have occasion to use it at the Mill. Majr Gibbon has a cistern laid, and lined, with that cement, which, after standing ten days, was filled, and is now getting quite hard, and holds water perfectly. I have given directions for your bleaching pots to be made, and as soon as they are done, shall be delivered to Colo Peyton.It will at all times afford me pleasure to render you any service in my power.I am, with very great respect your friendRichard Randolph.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-31-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2836", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson\u2019s Abstract of Documents in Nicholas v. Morrison and Owings, ca. 31 May 1822, 31 May 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n Abstracts from sundry Documents in thecases of the Exrs of W. C. Nicholaswith Morrisonand of the samewith Owings1799. Aug. 26.E. Randolph to W. C. Nicholas, stating the several characters of W. C. N.\u2019s claims on the estate of George Nicholas, then recently dead.1800. Aug. 4.Morrison & Daveiss, exrs of George Nicholas to Saml Smith & W. C. N. deed of conveyance (Original) of the lot in Lexington whereon G. N. lived, and a farm of 255. acres in the neighborhood in consideration of their assuming to to pay Reed\u2019s debt amounting with int. & costs to 2336\u00a3\u2013171802. Oct. 31. The opinion of J. Hughes that the mortgages by the exrs of G. N. and to Green are valid. that there being full proof of the engagement of G. N. to mortgage, Equity considers that as done which has been agreed to be done. a part of the property mortgaged to W. C. N. being slaves, and left in possession of the estate, the mge will operate on that only from it\u2019s date.1803. June 14:Articles of agreement between W. C. N. and Thos Dye Owings. W. C. N. sells to T. D. Owings all the property of the iron works (Bourbon) and as to 21/48 the property of G. N. he warrants against all persons claiming under G. N. Owings is to pay what remains unpaid by G. N. to the persons from whom he purchased these Iron-work lands. Owings agrees to pay to W. C. N. \u00a313,366. Kentucky money, which sum is to bear no interest till July 1. 1805. and if Owings annually pays up 6. p. cent int. thereon, the principal is not to be demandable until July 1. 1815. Owings is to exonerate the estate from all debts to which it is liable for the Iron-company. Owings is free to pay Bealle and Greenup whatever G. N. owed them, and if done within two years, he is to be credited for it. if the sale by the sheriff of Montgomery of the Iron-co\u2019s property should be set aside, then Owings is to repay to W. C. N. 1700. \u00a3 with interest from the date hereof. Owings agrees to mortgage the 21/48 to W. C. N. as security for the 13,366.\u00a3 and also the remaining 27/48 after they shall have satisfied a mortgage of them, to Beall. both covenant to execute all bonds, deeds Etc. necessary for compleat execution of these presents.1803. June 14.Thos D. Owings\u2019s [original] bond to W. C. N. for \u00a310,000. current money of Ky payable July 1. 1805. with an endorsement that if the interest on the bond is regularly paid annually, the principal is not to be payable till July 1. 1815. on the back of this bond is the name of W. C. N. in his own hand writing, but nothing written over it.1803. June 14.Thomas D. Owings to W. C. N. mortgage [original] duly proved and recorded, of the whole of the iron-works lands to secure the payment of 13,366.\u00a3 Ky for which he has this day executed his bonds to W. C. N. with a reservation of a right to mortgage 27/48 to Beall to secure a sum due to him, defeasible on payment according to his obligation, bearing equal date herewith. a statement in W. C. N\u2019s hand writing, without date. that on assurances given him by G. N. in his lifetime that he would mortgage certain property to him he advanced for G. N. 9. or 10,000.\u00a3 G. N. died without executing the mge. the exrs mortgaged to him the property as specefied in several letters of G. N. to W. C. N. part of the mortgage was of his rights in the Bourbon ironworks. the company owed debts, & G. N. still owed to some of the original proprietors for their interests not yet conveyed to G. N. while W. C. N. was foreclosing his mge, Williamson, a creditor of the co. obtained a judgment for 2000.\u00a3 which W. C. N. bought up, and under the execution levied on that judgment the whole property was purchased for him, which he sold to Thos D. Owings, and took his bonds for the purchase money, and a mge on the property. the mge of the exrs was foreclosed, the whole property included in it was sold under the decree and bought up for him. the mge included 21/48 of the Bourbon iron works. a considerable balance still remained due to him. Beall and J. C. Owings held the rest of the interest in the Bourbon iron works. he states that the lot in Lexington and farm had been mortgaged to a mr Read and his security Willis Green for 2000.\u00a3 from whom it was purchased by W. C. N. and Sam. Smith. [here follow some further matters, across which a pen has been struck, by way of erasure, to wit, instructions to Morrison to have a deed prepared conveying the property bought up for him under his decree, on certain conditions to mrs Nicholas and Children, and mentioning that two bonds were executed to him by T. D. Owings on the 14th of June last for 13.366.\u00a3 money of Kentucky. [this fixes the date of this statement nearly]without date W. C. N.\u2019s letter to Morrison. expresses his anxiety to take care of the widow & children. that, as things stand, this is contingent. if any accident happens to him, those who may have the direction of his affairs may not have the power or disposition to provide as well for mrs Nicholas and her family as he wishes to do. he has always considered the property sold under his mge, and bought up for him, and that conveyed by the exrs to S. Smith & himself as a pledge for the payment of Owings\u2019 obligations, if he should not be able to get the money from him or raise it on the property mortgaged by Owens to him, and as a pledge also for his warranty of the 21/48 to Owen, and of all other his claims against the estate. he states his intentions of settling on mrs Nicholas and her children any surplus remaining. after he is indemnified. he considers the claims of his brother\u2019s general creditors. they may amount to 6. or 7000.\u00a3 and must be postponed to his specific liens. Owings has declared he could make the contract void if he pleased. in that case he would have to pay to W. C. N. \u00a31700. with interest from June 1803. he wishes Morrison to convey to him all the interfering claims against which he is to secure Owings, in which case he will assign them to Owings, to remove that ground of contention: particularly Greenup and Beall. but unless he had paid them, and assigned their claims to him (W. C. N.) within 2. years from the date of the contract, he is not entitled to a credit for what is due to them. Owen\u2019s smaller bond for \u00a33366. is assigned to S. Smith he holds himself that for \u00a310,000. he is willing to take lands in payment of his bond, and supposes S. Smith would take his payment in the same way.1805. Dec. 1.1820. Apr. 1. Articles of agreement and Indenture between Wilson Cary Nicholas & Saml Smith on one part, and James Morrison on the other, recite that George Nicholas died indebted to W. C. N. largely, that he was also a partner in the firm of John Cockey Owings and co. which company was largely indebted to Dav. Williamson of Baltimore. that he by will empowered his exrs \u2018to dispose of his whole estate for the payment of his debts,\u2019 and made James Morrison and Joseph N. Daveiss his exrs. they, in conformity with a written engagement of G. N. mortgaged to W. C. N. sundry lands & slaves, which mge was afterwards fore-closed, the property sold, and W. C. N. became the purchaser. that Williamson sued the company, W. C. N. and S. Smith bought the judgment levied execution on the lands, iron works and other effects of the company, and W. C. N. became purchaser. that W. C. N. and S. S. purchased of Willis Green his mge on a house and lot of G. N. in Lexington, and a farm in the neighborhood, foreclosed & purchased in. that James Morrison is a considerable creditor, over and above the assets which have come to his hands: that W. C. N. and S. Smith employed Morrison to sell, manage and collect the property and proceeds for the following purposes.1. to satisfy themselves all purchase money, interest, costs, charges and expences:2. to pay Morrison for his trouble, advances, responsibilities of administration or otherwise.3. to the use of all the children of G. N.that Apr. 15. 1803. Wilson C. Nicholas sold to Thomas Dye Owings all the property sold under Williamson\u2019s judgment, and assigned one of the bonds of Owings to S. Smith who is not yet paid. that there has been no settlement between W. C. N. and T. D. Owings, that W. C. N. & S. S. have, out of the sales of the property, been paid their whole purchase money, interest costs and charges (except Owings\u2019s bond assigned to S. Smith) that W. C. N. and S. S. are willing to convey and assign Etc and the sd James Morrison to take, indemnify Etc. and the sd W. C. N. and S. S. do accordingly in consideration Etc. grant, bargain, sell convey, transfer and assign by these presents to the sd James Morrison, his heirs, exrs. admrs and assigns all the residue of the property, real and personal, purchased by them, or either as aforesd, all bonds Etc [a description including effectually all choses in action] relating to, due, founded on, issuing or growing from the same, including the sale to T. D. Owings, and the sd Articles of agreement relating to it, to have and to hold the premisses to the sd James Morrison, his heirs, executors, admrs and assigns, to the only proper use and behoof of him, his heirs, exrs Etc. and the sd W. C. N. and S. Smith the said premisses warrant and defend against themselves, their heirs executors Etc On trust 1. to pay all the sd claims agt the sd W. C. N. & S. Smith as above mentioned.2. the claims of Morrison for his trouble, advances, management, collection, responsibilities, transactions of administration Etc\n3. the surplus to all the children of G. N. in a specified way.\nAnd the sd James Morrison, as far as the conveyed premisses will extend, will indemnify the said W. C. N. and S. Smith against T. D. Owings under the Articles of agreement and all other purchasers from W. C. N. or S. S. of the aforesd property, and other transactions relating thereto [except from the wives of the sd W. C. N. and S. S.] they make Morrison their Attorney irrevocable, in his life by himself, or substitute, or by will to enter into and take possession of the premisses, and to demand, sue for and recover the same in trust for the uses aforesaid. In witness whereof Etc.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-31-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2837", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Richard Harrison, 31 May 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Harrison, Richard\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nYou have doubtless seen, under the signature of a Native Virginian a charge against me on the reciept of 1148.D. in 1809. which I had erroneously credited to the US. in 1789. on the presumption that a draught of mine, of that amount, in favor of Grand on their bankers in Amsterdam would be paid; which however miscarried, and of course was never paid. I stated in answer to this libellist what was the truth, shewing that as I had paid it to the US. and it had never been paid by them, it was just it should be returned to me, but the writer abandoning the charge of my having pilfered it from the Treasury, changes it to that of having twice recieved it, and to suggest this he falsifies that credit as entered in my account given in to you. I have the original now before me and it stands in these words \u20181789. Oct. 1. by my bill on Willinks V. Staphorsts and Hubbard in favr of Grand and co. for 2800.$ equal to 6250.\u2114 18.s\u2019 and I am certain that that I filed with you is in the same words, which he falsifies into these 1789. Oct. 1. \u2018by cash recieved of Grand for bill on Willinck Etc and on the single word \u2018cash\u2019 which he has interpolated, founds his whole charge of my having confessed that I recieved the money from the draught. whereas I recieved not a copper. it was drawn and inclosed to Grand to be credited in our private account, & I therefore credited it to the US. will you, Dear Sir, do me the favor to have my autograph account examined, and send me a certificate of the very words of this entry in my account, certified by the officer who has official custody of the paper or by yourself if within your line of office. and I must further request an immediate transmission of it to me, as it is not well to let these things take root in the public mind for want of timely contradiction. I am really happy in having occasion to recall myself to your recollection, and to renew to you the assurances of my real friendship and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "05-31-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2839", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson\u2019s Statement of the Case in Nicholas v. Morrison and Owings, ca. 31 May 1822, 31 May 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nThe case of the exrs of W. C. Nicholas with Morrison, and of the same with Owings.George Nicholas of Kentucky was, in his lifetime, indebted to Wilson Cary Nicholas between 9. & 10,000.\u00a3. Kentucky currency, for so much cash advanced for him; to secure which he promised, in writing, to mortgage certain property. he was also, with Willis Green as his security, indebted to John Read \u00a32336\u201317. current money of Kentucky, and was moreover a partner in the Bourbon iron-works (to the amount of 21/48 of them) with John Cockey Owings and Walter Beall, under the firm of John Cockey Owings and co. which company was indebted to David Williamson of Baltimore in the sum of \u00a32000. he owed to other creditors likewise between 6. and 7,000.\u00a3. George Nicholas died without having executed the mortgage to W. C. Nicholas, making James Morrison, and Joseph N. Daveiss his exrs, with power to dispose of his whole estate for the payment of his debts. the exrs mortgaged to W. C. N. the lands and slaves specifically engaged to him by George Nicholas, & his lot of 5. acres of land in Lexington, whereon he lived, and a farm of 255. acres in the neighborhood being under mortgage to Willis Green (his security to Read) but whether by his own deed or that of his exrs is not said, the exrs conveyed the same to W. C. N. and S. Smith in consideration of their paying \u00a32336\u201317 the debt due thereon to Read.W. C. N. and Samuel Smith accordingly paid the debt to Green, took assignment of his mortgage, foreclosed it, and bought the property. Williamson obtained a judgment against the Bourbon company, which judgment W. C. N. and S. S. purchased, and W. C. N. bought the whole 48. shares under execution. he foreclosed his own mortgage, and bought that property also under the decree of foreclosure. this mortgage had included the 21/48 of the Bourbon works.On the 14th of June 1803. W. C. N. sold the whole property of the Bourbon company, which he had purchased under the decree, by Articles of agreement, to Thomas Dye Owings, warranting only the 21. shares of G. N. and only against claims under G. N. Thos D. Owings executes two bonds for the purchase money, one of 10,000.\u00a3 Ky to W. C. N. the other of \u00a33366. to S. Smith. they are to bear no interest till July 1. 1805. and if he annually pays up 6. p. cent interest, the principal was not to be demandable until July 1. 1815. Owings exonerates the estate of G. N. from all debts to which it is liable for the Bourbon co. and is free to pay Beall and Greenup whatever G. N. owed them; and, if done within 2. years, he is to be credited for it. if the sale of the Sheriff of Montgomery of the Bourbon property should be set aside, then he is to repay to W. C. N. 1700.\u00a3 with interest from the date hereof. he is also to mortage the 21/48 to W. C. N. as security for the 13.366\u00a3 and also the remaining 27/48 after they shall have satisfied a mortgage of them to Beall. both covenant to execute the necessary bonds and deeds. he accordingly, on the same day, executed the two bonds as aforesaid and a mortgage for the 21. and 27. shares as agreed.W. C. N. in a letter to Morrison of 1805. Dec. 1. expresses his anxiety to take care of the widow and children of his brother; that, as things stand however, this is contingent, that if any accident happens to him, those who may have the direction of his affairs may not have the power or the disposition to provide as well for mrs Nicholas and her family as he wishes to do; that he has always considered the property he bought a pledge for Owings\u2019 obligations, and his warranties, and expresses his intentions to settle any surplus remaining on mrs N. and her children. as to his brother\u2019s general creditors, amounting to 6. or 7,000.\u00a3 they must be postponed to his specific liens; that he holds himself Owings\u2019 bond for 10,000.\u00a3 for which he is willing to take lands, as he supposes S. S. would for that also for 3366.\u00a3Nothing, but the death of mrs Nicholas, appears intermediate between this letter of Decr. 1. 1805. and Apr. 1. 1820. when in Articles of agreement of that date between N. & S. and Morrison it is stated that there has been no settlement between W. C. N. and T. D. Owings, that W. C. N. and S. S. have, out of the sales of the property, been paid their whole purchase money, interest, costs and charges (except Owings\u2019 bond to S. Smith) they therefore grant, bargain, sell, convey, transfer and assign, by these articles, to Morrison, his heirs, exrs, admrs, and assigns all the residue of the property, real and personal, purchased by them as aforesd, all bonds, debts, Etc [by terms reaching all choses in action] relating to, due, founded on, issuing or growing from the same, including the sale to D. Owings, and the Articles of agreement relating to it; To have and to hold the premises to the sd Jas Morrison his heirs, executors admnrs and assigns, to their only proper use and behoof; and the sd W. C. N. and S. S. the sd premisses warrant and defend against themselves their heirs, exrs Etc. In trust 1. to pay all claims against the sd W. C. N. and S. S. as above mentioned.2. the claims of Morrison for trouble, advances, management, collection, responsibilities, transactions of administration Etc.3. the Surplus to all the children of G. N. in a specified way.and Morrison warrants, as far as the premisses will go, to indemnify against T. D. Owings under the articles of agreement, and all other purchasers from W. C. N. and S. S. of the aforesd property, and other transactions relating thereto (except from the wives of W. C. N. and S. S.) they make Morrison their Attorney irrevocable, by himself in his life, or by substitute, or by last will, to enter into, and take possession of the premisses, and to demand, sue for and recover the same In trust for the uses aforesd.Samuel Smith, holding Owings\u2019s smaller bond, and satisfied with it as to all his claims not yet satisfied, severs himself from this case, and disclaims all further connection, interest, or concern in it.W. C. Nicholas did not compleat, by a delivery to Morrison the assignment of Owings\u2019 larger bond , but retained it in his own possession; and, consequently, the legal property in it remained in him until his death. which happened in Oct. 1820. and then became legally vested in the exrs appointed by his will, to wit his two sons Robert and Wilson Nicholas, and his son in law Thomas J. Randolph, in whose possession it still is. the death of W. C. Nicholas being in itself a revocation of the Attorneyship of Morrison, the exrs have to bring suit, in their own names, on the larger bond of Owings. Morrison cannot, on the sole ground of the Articles of agreement, because, on such suit, the original bond must be produced in court, as being the best, and therefore the only admissible evidence of it\u2019s existence and purport; and that the def. may crave Oyer of the condition, which can only be given on inspection of the bond itself, and this Morrison cannot produce.At this period he is bound to render to the exrs an account of his administration of their testator\u2019s affairs, to wit, to shew what sales he has made, or has still to make of the mortgaged property bought in and conveyed to him by Nicholas and Smith or either of them, to whom, and for how much; what monies he has recieved, or still has to recieve, from whom and how much; to whom, and for what he was paid these monies, the expence of his collection and administration, the trouble of his own service (not of any incumbent on him as exr of G. N. but) as the Agent of W. C. Nicholas for which a reasonable Quantum meruit may be claimed, Etc. Etc. Etc. this settlement is indispensably necessary, as well of general right, as to shew the Surplus, if any, of which, in these Articles of agreement, he was made a trustee for the assignment to him was not as of his own property, but in trust for the benefit of the children of G. N. as then intended, but now for that of the Creditors of W. C. N. whose rights as bon\u00e2 fide creditors, in whatever was the property of their debtor, are to be preferred to those of mere voluntary claimants: and the bond is a legal Asset to be administerd by the executors among them according to the dignities of their respective claims.The claim of one of these creditors; being under a peculiar protection of the law, against all others not of superior dignity, must now be stated. Thos J. Randolph, one of the exrs of W. C. N. was, in the lifetime of his testator, bound with him to John W. Eppes in 4. obligations amounting to 11,000.D. of this sum 10000.D. were the proper debt of W. C. N. for which T. J. R. was security only, and the remaining 1000. D. was the proper debt of T. J. R. for which W. C. N. was security only. at the death of W. C. N. a balance of 2750.D. with interest from the 1st of July 1819. remained due on these bonds for which suit was brought by the obligee against the exrs of W. C. N. & T. J. R. as security, judgment obtained exr levied on the property of W. C. N. to the amt of 900. or 1000.D. the residue paid by T. J. R. which,, after deducting his own portion of the debt, constituted him a creditor of W. C. N. forunder judgment.Besides this, the sd T. J. R. is at this time under obligation to the Branch bank of the US. at Richmond as a security for W. C. N. in a sum of 20,000.D. due to the sd bank from W. C. N. on a bond of his of 20,000. D. each, for the payment of which sum he is liable to be called on at every, and any moment at which the bank shall determine to withdraw it\u2019s indulgence. thus a creditor of the sd W. C. N. by judgment and bond to the amount ofand holding the possession and legal property in the sd larger bond of Owings, he claims a right to pay, out of the sd bond, his own debt first, on the principle of law that an exr may first pay himself out of the Assets of his testator, before any other creditor, not of superior dignity. and should Morrison, under the inchoate lien or assignment of that bond in the Articles of agreement, apply to a Court of Equity to compel a completion of his right by formal assignment and delivery thereof, the sd T. J. R. insists that his own equal equity as a creditor by judgment and bond, will balance and rebut that of Morrison\u2019s for services Etc. and having the advantage at law of the possession and legal right in the bond, a court of equity will not take that legal advantage from him, to bestow it on another, with whom he stands otherwise on equal ground at least. this would be, as the Chancellors have observed, in similar cases, to take away the plank which one has siesed in a shipwreck to give it to another. he claims therefore to retain his legal right to recover & recieve unobstructed the monies due from Owings, or so much thereof as may satisfy first his own just demands; not contesting however, at the same time, the right of Morrison to any surplus, beyond that, which his settlement shall shew to be justly due to him.Among the questions arising in this case, may be the following, in the preceding statement T. J. R. is called a creditor by judgment and bond. but how have been the decisions on this subject? on a judgment against Co-obligors, paid by one who was security only, does he thereupon stand ipso facto in the shoes of the obligee as a judgment creditor? or not until he has obtained a judgment, on his own suit, against his principal? Again, on the death of his principal before a suit brought, does his co-obligation make him, on payment, a bond creditor? or merely one by simple contract only?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-01-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2840", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, 1 June 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\nMonticello\nJune. 1. 22.It is very long, my dear Sir, since I have written to you. my dislocated wrist is now become so stiff that I write slow and with pain, and therefore write as little as I can. yet it is due to mutual friendship to ask once in a while how we do? the papers tell us that Genl Starke is off at the age of 93. Charles Thomson still lives at about the same age, chearful, slender as a grasshopper, and so much without memory that he scarcely recognises the members of his household. an intimate friend of his called on him not long since: it was difficult to make him recollect who he was, and, sitting one hour, he told him the same story 4. times, over. is this life?\u2014with lab\u2019ring step to tread our former footsteps? pace the roundEternal?\u2014to beat and beatthe beaten track? to see what we have seenTo taste the tasted? o\u2019er our palates to decantAnother vintage?\u2014it is at most but the life of a cabbage, surely not worth a wish. when all our faculties have left, or are leaving us, one by one, sight, hearing, memory, every avenue of pleasing sensation is closed, and athsimy, debility and mal-aise left in their places, when the friends of our youth are all gone, and a generation is risen around us whom we know not, is death an evil?When one by one our ties are torn,When trembling limbs refuse their weightAnd friend from friend is snatched forlornAnd films slow gathering dim the sight,When man is left alone to mourn,When clouds obscure the mental light Oh! then how sweet it is to die!Tis nature\u2019s kindest boon to die! I really think so. I have ever dreaded a doting old age; and health has been generally so good, and is now so good, that I dread it still. the rapid decline of my strength during the last winter has made me hope sometimes that I see land. during summer I enjoy it\u2019s temperature, but I shudder at the approach of winter, and wish I could sleep through it with the Dormouse, and only wake with him in spring, if ever. they say that Starke could walk about his room. I am told you walk well and firmly. I can only reach my garden, and that with sensible fatigue. I ride however daily. but reading is my delight. I should wish never to put pen to paper; and the more because of the treacherous practice some people have of publishing one\u2019s letters without leave. Ld Mansfield declared it a breach of trust, and punishable at law. I think it should be a penitentiary felony. yet you will have seen that they have drawn me out into the arena of the newspapers. altho\u2019 I know it is too late for me to buckle on the armour of youth, yet my indignation would not permit me passively to recieve the kick of an Ass.To turn to the news of the day, it seems that the Cannibals of Europe are going to eating one another again. a war between Russia and Turkey is like the battle of the kite and snake. whichever destroys the other, leaves a destroyer the less for the world. this pugnacious humor of mankind seems to be the law of his nature, one of the obstacles to too great multiplication provided in the mechanism of the Universe. the cocks of the henyard kill one another up. boars, bulls, rams do the same. and the horse in his wild state, kills all the young males, until worn down with age and war, some vigorous youth kills him, and takes to himself the Haram of females. I hope we shall prove how much happier for man the Quaker policy is, and that the life of the feeder is better than that of the fighter: and it is some consolation that the desolation by these Maniacs of one part of the earth is the means of improving it in other parts. let the latter be our office. and let us milk the cow, while the Russian holds her by the horns, and the Turk by the tail. God bless you, and give you health, strength, good spirits, and as much of life as you think worth havingTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-01-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2841", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette, 1 June 1822\nFrom: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n My dear Excellent friend I every day Lament the distance that separates me from You: it seems that at the actual period of the great Crisis which Has for near Half a Century worked Upon Both Hemisphers we ought to be near Each other as We Have Been in 81 at Richmond and in 89 in Cha\u00efllot. But You Have Remained on the good side of the Atlantic. there Liberty, dignity, prosperity are the Happy and Ever thriving lot of that part of Americn Which, as Citizens, We May Call our own. And now Besides those two and twenty United Republican States, there are Rising New Republican Constellations, on the true principles of Freedom, independance, and Equality, where it is to be Hoped Royalty, Heredity, and privilege shall never be admitted. I am Highly pleased with the Aknowledgement of the Commonwealth of Colombia as free and independant States and Would much Agree that difficulties should Arise in the Senate. The Right of Emancipation in the Colonies, under circumstances Which Have Been fully Evinced in South America, Has Been profitted and Asserted by the U.S. in Such a forcible and fundamental Series of Arguments and actions that their Conduct With Respect to other parts of America Has Become a Matter of Course. france Herself Commits a down Right impropriety in Hesitating on a point Which Has Been so Honourably Supported By Her professions and Her arms Under Louis the 16th\u2019s Reign. But Her Government Wants Nationality, and while the Ministers are Wavering and dumb on that Subject, the Commerce of paris and a few deputies Have, in a great dinner to M. Een, taken the liberty to Aknowledge a Representative of the Colombian Republic. Nor Have We thought that the fraternal ties Which Now Unite the patriots of Spain and those of france ought to deter Us from an Hommage due to the general doctrines which are above Momentary Considerations.While I feel an inexpressible delight in the progress of Every thing that is Noble minded, Honourable, and Useful throughout the United States, I find, in the Negros Slavery, a great draw-Back Upon My Enjoyments. it Raises a Sigh, or a Blush, according to the Company, American or foreign, Where I Happen to be. Let me Confess, my dear friend, I Have Not Been Convinced, and the Less as I think more of it, By Your Argument in favour of dissemination. One is, I believe, More Struck With the Evil When Looking Upon it from Without. as to the Remedies, they May be Better Ascertained from Within. this Wide Blot On American Philantropy and Civilisation is Ever thrown in my face When I indulge my Patriotism in Encomiums, otherwise Undisputable. to See that plague Cured, While I live, is here to impossibility, But I Would Like, Before I die, to be assured that progressive and Earnest Measures Have Been adopted to Attain, in due time, So desirable So necessary an object. prudence as Well as Honor Seems to me to Require it.the State of Eurpe is very Critical. When You Consider What is Called the Holy Alliance of all the dynastics, ministries, priesthoods, armies, and Administrations of Europe, Saving Spain and portugal, when it is a face that the League of all the Existing, past, and possible Aristocracies of this World know much Better their own intents, are more linked together, and Have much improved the Civil and Military, public and Secret means of oppression, it Seems that Europe is quite unable to Rise to freedom. Her Situation Seems the More Unretrievable as it is Universally aknowledged that Upon the liberties of france depend the Preservation of Spanish and portuguese Liberty and the possibility of italian Emancipation. add to this the Evident preference which Emperor Alexander gives to His Antiliberal duties as the Agammennon of the Saints alliance over the Wishes of His people and the Views of His predecessors, a disposition Which is Worked Upon by lo despots and lo Aristocrats By all the Means that a Cunning and Corrupt diplomacy Can Employ. in france, garantees Have Hitherto Been More Attacked than the Material Enjoyments of the Revolution. the Mass of the people are not sensible of the dangers that awa\u00eft them; the Horns of Counter Revolution are drawn in as Soon as they meet too great an obstacle. Bonapartian Experience Has Mingled With Emigrant pretensions; and on the patriotic Side, an other part of the Bonapartists, alive to their Remembrances, faithfull to imperial legitimacies and imperial Habits, stand in the Way of the pure friends of Liberty and Equality, Muster Against them all the Mistaken impressions Which an abuse of the Name of Republic Has left in the minds of the people, and are more apt to impede than Facilitate the Claims of National Sovereignty.However, on the other Hand, there is a patriotic fermentation in a great part of Europe. italy, the peninsula, and france as far as it formerly Was Extended to the Rhine, are in a state of Sympathy Which forebodes, in Case of Emancipation, Ready and powerful alliance in the great Cause of Right Against privilege. Signs of discontent, attempts to Route in Arms pop out in Several places and are a Motive or pretence for Severities Which do not tend to Soften the public Mind. There is in the french youth More knowledge, liberality, devotion to freedom, and patriotic activity than at any other period of our History. troops are not so firm in their obedience, they Have more of the Citizen than the Court Might Wish. There Exists particularly Among the Young Non Commissioned officers a More liberal Spirit than in the Remants of the imperial armies, and Learned Corps, Artillery and Engeneers are generally patriots, it Seems Government are aware of the Situation Mutually Critical Arrestations Have Been Made, Court Martials and Alliles on Treasonable pretences Have Been Held, and are now ordered in Several places, Namely in the department du Haut Rhin, Which Has Not deterred the electors from Returning my Son as a Member from What is Called the High College. The Regiments are marching from place to place and Severed from a free Communication With the Citizens; Impeachments Have been framed, Approved in Council, the last Session Against Some deputies, Your friend is the Head of them; Yet they Were not produced: Royalist papers Now Encourage the Court and Ministers to a Bold attack Upon us. I don\u2019t believe it. a New Session is to Be oppened on the 4th of June.We Have Been So often deceived in Speculations Upon the Eastern War that Nothing Remains But to Wa\u00eft the . there are ten fold the Materials Which at an other period Would Have precipitated Upon turkey, and all christian potentates Upon Each other. But the of Western Emancipation, and the Concerns of despotism and privilege Are foremost in all those legitimate and Aristocratic Heads. in the Mean While the Greeks are Making a Glorious Attempt to Emerge from Servitude; but at the same time that the Counter Revolutionary Costs of fanatical Millionaries is Carried in our towns and Villages Under the protection of Government, all the governments of the Saints alliance are Secret Ennemies to the liberal Costs of Grecian insurrection, not even Excepting Emperor Alexander, and Setting foremost the British Government While Conduct in that Respect Has Been Equally Cruel and infamous. it is However a fine purpose to foresee those old, Classical, Republican Names Moulded Again into a Confederacy With the immediate improvement of American institutions. How Honourable for france Had she Been in a Situation to Send a tricolored flag in the Archipelago with the Avowed purpose to protect Grecian Liberty! an other idea Has Veiled My fancy, and I have Several months Ago imparted it to the president and other friends in the Cabinet of Washington. it is the Wish that the flag of the U.S. Should Ride over these Seas, along those Coasts, yielding a Refuge Against Murder and persecution, Combining philantropic Measure With Such of the Naval powers, and france is Conspicuous Among them, Who far from lending their Assistance to acts of Cruelty, are disposed to protect Unarmed populations. But I Would Wish for Some thing more\u2014it is the positive intention to Advise and Assist the Greeks in their Exertions towards a Republican Confederacy Among their islands and such part of their Coasts as May Associate With them; nor do I doubt but When in a little time the Conduct of the Turks towards the American Navy would justify Any part she might please to take in the afair, and promote the advantages, moral, political, and Commercial that Would be therby provided for the U.S. as the Navies of Europe think themselves Called to A Cruise in the Archipelago. the flag of America is Cruising in the Mediterrarean, Where By the Bye I Suppose they should Be Rather friendly than Hostile, Nay, on occasion, as far as prudence permits, Really to the friends of liberty in italy. it Seems to me that Archipelago should also Be an object for A Cruise. inclosed You will find the Last proclamation issued at Epidaure on the 1st January. the Grecian Citizen Who Brouight it to me Enquired Whether I thought a Loan of A Million of dollars Could be procured in the U.S. My Answer, after Having Consulted With Mr Gallatin, Was that I dint think it possible to Succeed With Government, But as to the Second part of the Question, Whether a Loan might be obtain\u2019d from private Capitalists, on Conditions advantageous to them, I thought a trial Should Be Made, as it Was Nothing More than Sending a Confidential Traveller to Marse\u00eflles, and Hence to the U.S. Where I Would Be Happy to provide Him With My letters of introduction to Such persons as Could Be the Best judges and Advisers in the Business.My family are for the most part now with me at La Grange and Beg to Be most Respectfully Rememberd to You: the Eldest of my grand daughters, married to my Colleague Brigode, in the department du , has made Anastasia a grand mother By giving me a great grand daughter in addition to twelve grand children. I must leave that Company, my two daughters and a third one, Emily George\u2019s wife for a very tedious session at paris. my Son, now my Colleague, goes With me. How the meeting of the two parties in the House Will turn out I don\u2019t pretend to foretell. M. de tracy is in Good Health, But altho\u2019 He Has partly Recovered His Sight the Melioration does not go so far as to admit long Reading or writing: A few pages, one letter now and then is the most He Can Venture to do. it is a great pity His Studies Have Been thus Shackled; our Society, or more properly our Family at La Grange Has for Eight Months past Received the precious addition of two Amiable Young Ladies, Britons By Birth, Americans in their Heart, Whose Sympathies With us are never more Evident than in their Respect and Attachment to You. the Elder Miss Wright did for the first time Give me the pleasure to Read the praise of America from an English person that Ground began an Acquaintance which Soon Became Affectionate Mutual friendship. You Have No doubt Read Her letters on Society and Manner in the U.S. I recommend the Second English Edition where Some Errors Have Been Rectified, Some observations Explained to advantage, and a tale Relating to You, which she Had Heard at Newyork, and immediately Sacrificed the moment Was given on the Subject, I By a Very pretty Story Which she Had Reasons to Believe perfectly Correct. I much to know your opinion of that Work Which Has Been Translated in German, Spanish, french, and Modern Greek, and if favorable, as I Hope it Will Be the Case, I am Sure no greater gratification Can Be offered to my Young friend. I was pleased to See in the Second edition Severities Softened; a Sentiment in Which, no Spirit of party I know, prevent you from Agreeing. I Have Read in a letter of Jeremy Bentham this judgment on the Author \u201cShe is the Sweetest and Strongest Mind that Ever Was Cased in a female Body\u201d.I Beg You to present My Most Affectionate Respects to Mrs Randolph; My family Request to Be also affectionately Rememberd to Her and to You. I intend writing to our Excellent friend Madison. should time in this occasion, be deficient I depend Upon You to Hear of me and My of Affairs on this side of the Atlantic. The Recent Nomination of Mr freyllinions Celebrated for His public Conferences, and lately Made a Bishop in parishes, to the place of Grand Master of the University Could Suffice to Give You an idea of the actual plan of Education. it is to the doctrine of Jesuits and quite Opposed to the feelings of Young Generations. How Such discordance May Be Settled, time shall discover.Let me Hear from You, my dear Jefferson, Give me Every particular Respecting Your Health and Whatever Relates to You, family, friends, and Believe me, as I know You do, forever, Your Affectionate Grateful friend\n LafayetteI am Very Happy to Hear our Worthy and able friend Gallatin does not yet bear His Station in Which He is Very Useful, much liked and Respected, and Would Have, I think, Settled the Commercial differences More lately With Mr Pasquier than it Has Hitherto Been Possible to adjust them With Mr Hyde de Neuville.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-02-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2842", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmund Bacon, 2 June 1822\nFrom: Bacon, Edmund\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDeare Sir.June 2nd 1822.we are nearly out of grain only five or 6 barrills now on hand. consequently expect we must Purchase tomorrow. on that you will please to decide and let me no as to quantity and termsSome acquaintances of the neighbourhood say there will be no doubt but that the banks will be discounting so as to render it quite possible to obtain any sum required as to that you no doubt have or can obtain surfishent information. in addition to that chance there will be the wheat crop which may be sent to markit by the first of september or at least so much as would be surfishent to command the small sum due to me. I am very unwilling to be troublesome especially to you Sir. but haveing been for the last two years under a sort of preperation to procure a home I am still determined to put an end to the arrangement by either succeeding in the purchaseing some whare or giveing it out finally and how I can do with a family of 21 persons in number without a home is in my view quite impossible. under those circumstances is the only inducement of my being so troublesome. it seems that I shall be Obliged to go westward not finding any chance of Obtaining such land here as will produce a support for my family with the small sum which I could pay.with sencere esteem &CE: Bacon", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-03-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2843", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Richard Harrison, 3 June 1822\nFrom: Harrison, Richard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nWashington\nI have just had the honor to receive your letter of the 31st ulto, and I beg to assure you that it is a source of no little regret to me that I am unable to furnish the extract you require, as the original Account rendered by you of your pecuniary transactions of a public nature in Europe, together with the vouchers and documents connected with it were all destroyed in the Registers Office in the memorable conflagration of 1814. With respect, therefore, to the sum of $1148 in question, I can only say that, after full and repeated examination, I considered you as most righteously and justly entitled to receive it; otherwise it will, I trust, be beleived that I could not have consented to the repayment.I have never seen the last publication you refer to under the signature if \u201ca native of Virginia\u201d, but your answer to the first I think ought, and it doubtless will, satisfy every honest and honorable man in the nation; and if I could presume to offer an opinion, it would be that the subject is not worthy of further trouble or notice on your part.During the late Session of Congress I was called on by the Committee on Public Expenditures for information relating to this same bill; and as it may be agreeable to you to have a copy of my answer I do myself the pleasure to enclose one, although another has been made at the request of the Secretary of the Treasury, probably, also for your use.With Sentiments of very sincere respect and esteem, I have the honor to remain, always,Dear Sir Your obedt ServtR. HarrisonP.S. The \u201cNative of Virginia\u201d is no doubt apprized of the loss of your Accounts, or, it is to be presumed, he would not have ventured to vary the wording of his charge in the manner he has done.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-03-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2844", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 3 June 1822\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,Richd\n3 June 1822I am just favor\u2019d with yours of the 25th curt, & am pleased to be able to say, that I recd on friday last the money expected from the Literary fund\u2014$3,000 of which is at your credit\u2014I have this day pd your dft: favor A. Robinson for $150\u2014The coffee you write for shall be forwarded tomorrow, I send to-day, by Woods Boat a small bundle for you, from Philada, which I wish safe to hand\u2014he will probably leave it with Vest at Milton\u2014Jefferson is here, his Tobacco will be sold tomorrow, I hope at a long price\u2014say $5 @ 12 general sales\u2014I hope yours from Bedford will turn out better than last year\u2014I will do the best possible with it\u2014in hasteYours Very TrulyB Peyton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-05-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2848", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Charles W. Goldsborough, 5 June 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Goldsborough, Charles W.\nSir\nMonticello\nYour favor of May 22 is duly recieved and calls for my acknolegements of it\u2019s kind expressions towards myself. I assure you with truth that your disavowal of the slanders of the Pseudo-Native of Virginia was not necessary to satisfy me that you are free from that imputation. the real author is too exactly known to me from particular information, as well as from the internal evidence of his writings to seek his designation elsewhere. any difference between us in political opinion weighs no more with me in the estimate of character, than differences of opinion in law, religion, physics or on any other subject. if man is to separate himself from all who do not think with him in all points, he must stand alone and aloof from all society. for no two minds are alike in all things any more than two faces. with a perfect belief in the candor of your assurances, accept those of my entire good will and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-05-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2850", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Whittemore, 5 June 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Whittemore, Thomas\nMonticello\nJune 5. 22.I thank you, Sir, for the pamphlets you have been so kind as to send me, and am happy to learn that the doctrine of Jesus, that there is but one God, is advancing prosperously among our fellow-citizens. had his doctrines, pure as they came from himself, been never sophisticated for unworthy purposes, the whole civilised world would at this day have formed but a single sect. you ask my opinion on the items of doctrine in your catechism. I have never permitted myself to meditate a specified creed. these formulas have been the bane & ruin of the Christian church, it\u2019s own fatal invention which, thro\u2019 so many ages, made of Christendom a slaughter house, and at this day divides it into Casts of inextinguishable hatred to one another. witness the present internecine rage of all other sects against the Unitarian. the religions of antiquity had no particular formulas of creed. those of the modern world none; except those of the religionists calling themselves Christians, and even among these, the Quakers have none. and hence alone the harmony the quiet, the brotherly affections, the exemplary and unschismatising society of the Friends. and I hope the Unitarians will follow their happy example. With these sentiments of the mischiefs of creeds and confessions of faith, I am sure you will excuse my not giving opinions on the items of any particular one; and that you will accept at the same time the assurance of the high respect and consideration which I bear to it\u2019s author.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-06-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2851", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Jones, 6 June 1822\nFrom: Jones, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Collrs office Petersburg\n The Ship Scipio S Drummond Master, has arrived at this Port from Liverpool. In the Manifest of said Ship there is a Box containing a portrait, addressed to you; as I know of no agent of yours in this place, you will be so good as to advise in what way it may be forwarded.I am Sir, with great Respect your obt Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-07-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2852", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Anonymous, 7 June 1822\nFrom: Anonymous\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo Mr Jefferson.June 7. 1822.There is scarcely a young man in this United States, who is now desirous of having among his future recollections, that he has shown some mark of respect to the Patriot and Sage of Monticello. the person who takes the liberty of presenting to Mr Jefferson the accompanying little work, does it with no other view; and only regrets that his humble character + name obliges him to do it thus anonymously.It is not expected that the eye of aged wisdom will dwell even for a moment upon this simple text; but the illustrations; sanctioned by a known and respectable name, may afford some gratification to a mind, which has been accustomed in earlier years, to investigate the condition of our aborigines, with a deep & philanthropic interest.most respectfully written, with an earnest prayer for Mr Jefferson\u2019s continued health and happiness.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-07-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2853", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Alexander Garrett, 7 June 1822\nFrom: Garrett, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr Sir\nCharlottesville\n7th June 1822\nI am again out of funds to meet. the drafts of the Proctor of the University and the holders of a few, are pressing. I therefore enclose a check for three thousand dollars for your approval. I would come up to see you in person, but am detained by the court selling to day. I intend starting early tomorrow morning to Richmond and wish to take the enclosed check down with me.Respectfully Your Mo. Obt StAlex: Garrett", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-08-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2855", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Spencer Roane, 8 June 1822\nFrom: Roane, Spencer\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nSpring-Garden, near Hano Town\nI did not receive until yesterday, your favour of 31st ulto, with it\u2019s enclosures\u2014I learn with very great concern, that a pecuniary Embarrassment is hanging ever you, arising from your friendship for a man, in whom, at the time, we all had the highest confidence. all your friends take a deep interest in the serenity of the Evening of your life. I add my earnest prayer, that it may be as tranquil and as happy, as the meridian and progress of that life, has been useful and illustrious.With these sentiments, it gives me pleasure to say, that I see no reasonable objection to my yielding to your wish, on the case you have propounded. It Cannot be improper to pass an opinion upon a Case, which Can never come before me.\u2014yet I cannot, instantly, turn my attention to this Case, to my own satisfaction: nor, probably, until my return to Richmond, after Harvest, say in about three weeks from this time. I cannot do it sooner, for want of books, and from the present feeble state of my health. all my law-books are at Richmond, and it may be necessary to consult some of them, in forming the opinion requested. My health is, also, far from being good. It has been very delicate, and I have been reduced low: but, by attending strictly to my diet, in the Country, & taking exercise on horse back, it is greatly mended: and, unless I am overpowered by the warm weather, I hope it will be completely restored; or, at least, that I shall be rendered better able to attend to business, than at present.If this delay should not be inconvenient to you, I will, with pleasure, undertake the business on my return to Richmond. Under that idea I retain the papers: or, in the Contrary Event, I would promptly return them to you. A Notification to the last Effect, directed to Richmond, would speedily reach me.with the most sincere respect & Esteem, I am, Dear sir, your friend & Servant.Spencer Roane", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-08-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2856", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Benjamin Waterhouse, 8 June 1822\nFrom: Waterhouse, Benjamin\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nCambridge\n8th June 1822.\nI here send for your acceptance a copy from my last edition of the Lecture on the pernicious effects of Tobacco, and of the other strand, in the same cord, ardent spirits, on young subjects.You may notice in the introduction to this American edition, that I have had recourse to great names, in order to magnify my apostleship.Dr De Cano in Vienna, informed me that he found some difficulty in obtaining a license for his German edition of it, lest it might injure their revenue from Tobacco! This would doubtless create a smile in the cultivators of that popular plant in Virginia. I hope you will give the production a deliberate reading, and if I have preached a false doctrine to tell me so, that I may have time to report. It contains the sum & substance of all that I know of the origin of chronic disorders.\u2014I fear that this part of the union will, e\u2019re long, be the region of religious animosity. The more numerous \u201corthodox\u201d party have, by circular letters, recently organized a large convention of their ministers from all corners of the State, in Boston, probably 200. And they have appointed a committee of thirteen, 12 of whom are high toned Calvinists, to report at their next annual meeting an answer to this question\u2014\u201cWhat is a christian church, with whom they ought to hold communion?\u201d This is meant to excommunicate us Unitarians. Although they consider us as the \u201cgoats,\u201d we absolutely feed cloath & support these persecuting sheep. The whole orthodox flock are fed on goats-milk; for whereever there are meeting houses to be built, professorships established, or missionaries to be sent, they come with their empty pails to the goats, though browsing on the barren mountains of Satan, & after they have stripped them dry, they are left to be turned off on the left hand to everlasting perdition, while those on the right are basking in glory! As to argument or satire with such men, it is chopping a block with a razor.For more than a dozen years, have the pulpits of Massachusetts been chiefly filled with Connecticut ministers. They have more field-preaching-eloquence than ours, & in our democratical mode of settling a minister, they find a majority in their favour; and when once settled, these men soon drown the still, small voice of reason. In the pulpit, and at the bar, the New Hampshire & Connecticut gentlemen out-talk us. We have great writers & reasoners in Massts but the common people reap little benefit from their labours; for as Swift saysStars beyond a certain heightGive mortals neither heat nor light.Our legislature have imitated Congress in choosing a distinguished unitarian for their chaplain; and a worthy man, driven from his pulpit by an association of ministers in Connecticut, was selected to preach our annual election sermon It is these things that has roused the holy ire of the Calvinists. But it will probably end here, as at the reformation; the minority will ultimately triumph.While men are scowling on each other, Heaven continues to smile upon us. Our mountains & vallies our fields & our gardens bear no tokens of a wrathful God.\u2014That you may be long continued among us, a benefit & example to our nation, is the ardent desire of your steady friend & humble admirerBenjn WaterhousePost Scripture\u2014Almost all the Calvinistic ministers who now discredit Massts are from the Connecticut & New Hampshire colleges. Some from the New York & New Jersy seminaries\u2014states, full 50 years behind Massts in theological studies. Their preachers have a sort of methodistical eloquence, captivating to the multitude. And as our selection & ordination of ministers are perfectly democratical, they find no difficulty in creeping into most of our pulpits, excepting in Boston, & its immediate vicinity. There is a very richly endowed theological college established at Andover, less than 20 miles from this place, exclusively Calvinistic. An illiterate merchant of Newbury Port has already given it more than 120,000 dollars, and is able to give it as much more at his death. The buildings are extensive and the library encreasing, wc will infallibly make it unitarian within 40 years\u2014We have a monthly Review devoted to the cause of Unitarianism, conducted chiefly by my son in law Henry Ware, who is considered as a leader in the cause. We have also several news papers, & a tract society, supported by subscription, the great object of which is to republish & diffuse such productions as are best calculated to illustrate the doctrine of the One all perfect God. I enclose two numbers that happen to lay on my table without any reference to their contents, merely to show you how we Yankees violate that law of Moses, wc says, thou shall not mix linen & woolen, nor plough with an ox, and an ass.B. W.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-10-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2857", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Wayles Eppes, 10 June 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Eppes, John Wayles\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI have been so late in getting my tobo to market that I have not been able sooner to remit you the 1st year\u2019s interest. so dilatory are the means of the farmer & planter. Francis wrote me that you were willing I should import for him (with some books I am importing for myself from London) Thomas\u2019s Coke Littleton & Bacon\u2019s abridgment. these are dear books and with the loss by exchange, duties, freight & other charges will cost as follows. \u00a3 about.Bacon\u2019s abridgment 7. vols bound7\u20137Thomas\u2019s Coke Lit. 3 vols unbound \u00a34\u20134, binding 15/4\u201319DL12\u20136=54.67Exchange is I believe @ about 12\u00bd p.c.6.83duties & custom house charges about 18. p.c.9.84freight, port duties Etc about 10. p.c.5.4676.80order inclosed on B Peyton163.20240.according to this the Bac\u2019s abridgment costs 45.89 D it\u2019s American price is 50.D.the Coke Lit. costs 30.91 it cannot be bought in this country. according to the above statement I inclose you an order for 163.20 D on Colo Peyton which with the 76.80 cost of the books makes a year\u2019s interest. I hope the return of genial weather will reestablish your health present me respectfully to mrs Eppes and accept for yourself assurances of my affectionate friendship & respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-10-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2858", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Laval, 10 June 1822\nFrom: Laval, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,Philadelphia\nJune 10th 1822I delivered, on the 10th of May, to Capt Richard Davis of the Schooner Lydia Davis of Richmond, a small Bundle containing the Books you demanded by your letter of the 26th of April. I wrote, on the 11th of May, to Coll Peyton, to whom I addressed the package inclosing in my letter the receipt of Capt Davis. I wrote also to you, on the same day, to advise you of my having fulfilled your Order, & remitted my Account, agreeably to your request.As my letter has miscarried, though put into the Post-Office in my presence, as it appears by yours of the 5th instant just come to hand; I subjoin copy of said Letters & AccountI am with the highest consideration & respect Your very, humble ServantJohn Laval\nSir,\nDte Philada\nThe Schooner Lydia DavisSails to Morrow, she is the first opportunity that has offered for Richmond since the receipt of your letter of the 26th ulto according to your direction, I delivered, yesterday, to the Captain (Richard Davis) one small bundle, to your address, care of Coll Peyton, containing the books you Ordered.\u2014Herodotus, thucydides, Xenophon & Plutarch amounting, as per Bill inclose to $26..60/10as some of the volumes are Rather thin, I put them, on an Average, at $1.40/100 instead of $1.50/100 I charged for Dio Cassius\u2014you will observe that Plutarch is in 9 & not in 6 vols\u2014the Error, in all probability, may be ascribed to my inadvertance in the memorandum I sent to you\u2014I have Pausanias like 16o 9 vols thick$4.50Polybius do do4 dodto6they would add to your Collection\u2014I &cColl Peyton RichmondSir,Dte Philadelphia May 11th 1822I delivered, yesterday, to Capt Richard Davis, of whom I annex the receipt, One Small Bundle of Books for Mr Jefferson, Which he requested me to direct to your Care. Respectfully your\u2019sJ L Philadelphia May 11th 1822Thomas Jefferson, Esq. Bot of John Laval for the late Concern of N. G. DufiefFeby2dDio Cassius4vols16oSewed$6May9.Thucydides2vols dododo}19 vols. at $1.40/1026.60\u3003\u3003Herodotus3dododo\u3003\u3003Xenophon5dododo\u3003\u3003Plutarch9dododo$ 32.60there was due to you on your last remittance1.3Which reduces the Balance in my favor toDollars31.57", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-10-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2859", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Ritchie, 10 June 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Ritchie, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI have to return you infinite thanks for the kind interest you have taken in the late denunciation against me by a Pseudo-native of Virginia. and particularly for the proofs of it furnished thro\u2019 the hands of my grandson. it has been a rule of my life, steadily observed to take no notice of anonymous defamations. but I know that money imputations are more apt than others to excite suspicions and that suspicions are at this time every where abroad. I thought it therefore due to myself, and respectful to public opinion, to explain this case authentically, and under my own signature, and for the same reasons I give the 2d paper, now inclosed to you which will close my notice of this libeller.I have no right however, dear Sir, to occupy gratis, so much of your columns; for these two papers have become to let me pray you then to state to Colo Peyton what you deem a M compensation, and he will pay it on sight of this letter. I shall be particularly gratified by being permitted to discharge this debt to you and with this assurance be pleased to accept that of my great friendship and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-11-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2862", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Adams, 11 June 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\u2014 Montezillo June 11th 1822.Half an hour ago I received, and this moment have heard read for the third or fourth time, the best letter that ever was written by an Octogenearian dated June the 1st It is so excellent that I am almost under an invincible temptation to commit a breach of trust by lending it to a printer. my Son Thomas Boylston, says it would be worth five hundred dollars to any newspaper in Boston, but I dare not betray your confidence.I have not sprained my wrist, but both my arms and hands are so even strained that I cannot write a line\u2014Poor Starke remembered nothing and talked of nothing, but the Battle of Bennington. poor Thomson is not quite so reduced. I cannot mount my Horse, but I now walk three miles over a rugged rockey mountain, and have done it within a month; yet I feel when sitting in my chair, as if I could not rise out of it, and when risen, as if I could not walk across the room; my sight is very dim hearing pritty good, memory firm enough.\u2014I answer your question? Is Death an Evil. It is not an Evil. it is a blessing to the individual, and to the world. yet we ought not to wish for it till life becomes insupportable; we must wait the pleasure and convenience of this great teacher.\u2014Winter is as terrible to me, as to you, I am almost reduced in it, to the life of a Bear or a torpid swallow. I cannot read, but my delight is to hear others read, and I tax all my friends most unmercifully and tyrannically, against their consent. The ass has kicked in vain, all men say the dull animal has missed the mark.This globe is a Theatre of War, its inhabitants are all heroes I believe the little Eeels in Vinegar and the animalcule in pepper water, I believe are quarrelsome, the Bees are as war-like as Romans, Russians, Britains, or Frenchmen, Ants or Caterpilers and Canker worms: are the only tribes amongst whom, I have not seen battles, and Heaven itself if we believe Hindoos, Jews, and Christians, has not always been at peace. We need not trouble ourselves about these things now fret ourselves because of Evil doers but safely trust the ruler with his skies. Nor need we dread the approach of dotage, let it come if it must.\u2014Thompson it seemes still delights in his four stories. but Starke remembers to the last his Bennington, and exalted in his glory, the worst of the Evil is that our friends will suffer more by our imbecility than we ourselves.\u2014.Diplomatic flickerings, it seemes have not yet ceased, it seem\u2019s as if a council of Ambassadors could never agree.\u2014In wishing for your health and happiness I am very selfish for I hope for more letters; this is worth more than five hundred dollars to me, for it has already given me and will continue to give, me more pleasure than a thousand.\u2014Mr Jay who is about your age I am told experiences more decay than you do.\u2014I am your old friend\u2014John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-11-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2863", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Appleton, 11 June 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Appleton, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nMy last to you was of May 25. since which I have recieved yours of July 7. and Sep. 3. we have been in hopes of hearing from you of the shipment of the Capitels. without waiting for that however we now make a remittance of the conjectural balance on the following view.D.Proceeds of the bill remitted1680my part of it444the part of the university1239deduct for Raggi\u2019s (Giacomo) order200sum applicable to credit of the Capitels1039their whole cost on board ship estimated1900balance now remitted861[vertically in left margin:] 1st thro\u2019 S. Williams & B. Peytonwhich sum of 861.D. subject to loss or gain of exchange we now enable Colo Bernard Peyton of Richmond to remit by bill to mr Samuel Williams No 13. Finsbury square London, your correspondent. any small variation of final balance it will be an accomodation to settle thro\u2019 your friend in the US as suggested in your letter.The buildings for our University will all be compleated in the course of the summer except the Rotunda for the Library expected to cost 50,000.D. this sum the legislature refused at their late session to furnish, which of course suspends our commencement of this building until that body shall think better of it. the numerous changes made in the late elections are thought to hold out a hope that that which will assemble in December next will authorise us to proceed. we have power to suspend our proceedings in the mean time till that or some succeeding legislature shall be more favorable to the establishment; and so long also we must suspend our orders for the capitels which in my letter of Apr. 16. 21. I thought might be called for, for that buildingGiacomo Raggi left us at the close of his term, he had managed his affairs more prudently than Michael, as he recieved from us at his departure upwards of 1100.D. the savings of his 3 years service. he left us well contented and with an intention to be back in a year to settle. we have never heard whether Michael got back safely to his family. accept assurances of my constant friendship and respect.Th: JeffersonP. S. July 1. I inclose you in this my duplicate, a triplicate of the bill of Joseph Marx senr on Marx & Wheattal of London in favr of Samuel Williams for 293 \u00a3\u201312 s\u20136 d sterling equal at par to 1305.D. but costing here at the present rate of exchange 1422. D 45 c. I inclose it, by way of trial as to speed & certainty, thro\u2019 Messrs Dodge and Oxnard my correspondents at Marseilles, to which place it passes thro\u2019 the office of state under cover to mr Gallatin. we are now at the 1st of July without any information as to our Capitels later than yours of Sep. 3. which is a circumstance of uneasiness as the buildings wait for them.the original went thro B. Peyton to Saml Williams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-11-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2864", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Joshua Dodge, 11 June 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Dodge, Joshua,Oxnard, Thomas\nMessrs Dodge and OxnardMonticello\n June 11. 1822.My last to you was of the 19th of April of the last year. since that I have recieved yours of Sep. 24 and Oct. 1. 21. the articles by the brig Union were also recieved in good order and of approved qualities. I now make my annual request for the articles noted at the end of this letter, to meet which I remit with this letter to my friend mr John Vaughan of Philadelphia the sum of 180.D. which I am in hopes he will invest and forward to you in a bill of mr Girard\u2019s on Paris as usual. this, according to former prices, with the little balance in your hands, I suppose sufficient for the articles, and little balances either way may be settled in the next annual call. I wish you may recieve it in time to ship the articles in all September which is of importance towards their escaping the summer heats and winter storms & cold. if you will be so kind on reciept of the remittence to drop me a line, it will the sooner relieve suspence as to it\u2019s safe conveyance. I will thank you for information also of the price of the best brandies of your port. I salute you with great esteem and respect.Th: Jefferson100.bottlesof Ledanon.240.dovin rouge de Bergasse.125doMuscat de Rivesalte.100.dovin blanc de Limoux.36.dovirgin oil of Aix75lbmaccaroni.6.double bottles Anchovies.P.S. July 1. the inclosed letter to mr Appleton our Consul at Leghorn, being important, I have thought I could not adopt a safer conveyance than by asking permission to pass it in this my duplicate thro your hands. what it will cost you in postage you will place of course to my account.July 2. after I had sent my duplicate of June. 11. with a P.S. of yesterday to the Post office, I recieved a letter of June 24. from mr Vaughan informing me he had that day remitted you by duplicates mr Girard\u2019s bill for 960. franks: that my original to you which I sent to him was mislaid and praying me to send him 2 copies of it, which I now do.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-11-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2865", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Bayard & Co. LeRoy, 11 June 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: LeRoy, Bayard & Co.\nMessrs Leroy & Bayard\nMonticello\nAvailing myself as heretofore of your kind indulgence as to payment of the principal of my bond to Messrs V. Staphorsts and Hubbard, until it can be done without too great a sacrifice of property, I now desire my correspondent in Richmond Colo Bernard Peyton to remit you on my account the sum of 125.D the interest on it for the last year and salute you with great esteem and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-11-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2867", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Vaughan, 11 June 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Vaughan, John\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nThe season is come for paying you my respects of annual trouble. I have occasion to remit to messrs Dodge and Oxnard of Marseilles for wines Etc the sum of 180.D. clear of exchange. I now desire my friend & correspondent at Richmond Colo Bernard Peyton to remit to you that sum with whatever addition may be necessary on account of exchange\u2014if mr Girard indulges us as usual with his bill, it will be a security to me that I shall not the next year go without the wines to which I am habituated.Do you hear any thing from or of Correa? we know nothing of him since his arrival at London.Our University is thrown back for a year by the refusal of our late legislature to furnish money for the only edifice now wanting to compleat it & which will cost about 50.MD. we hope the next will be better advised and will set us a going again. ever & affectionately yoursTh: JeffersonP.S. I inclose my letter to messrs Dodge & Oxnard to be forwarded with the remittance.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-11-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2868", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Samuel Williams, 11 June 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Williams, Samuel\nSir\nMonticello in Virginia\nYour favor of June 12th was recieved in due time. having occasion now to remit to mr Appleton a further sum of 1305. Dollars I have desired my correspondent in Richmond Colo Bernard Peyton to procure a bill netting that sum in London, made payable to yourself according to his instructions. this sum I have to request you to remit to him with the inclosed letter which informs him of the disposition of the money. a line notifying me when you make the remittance will be thankfully recieved. Accept the assurance of my great respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-12-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2869", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Appleton, 12 June 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Appleton, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nFrom a desire that our letters respecting the affairs of the University, as being to be placed on their files may be kept distinct from what respects myself personally, I place in this letter separately the information that I have put into Colo Peyton\u2019s hands the sum of 444.D. for M. and Mde Pini, which he will include in the bill with the 861.D. for the University. I shall not lose sight. (as soon as it can be done without too great a sacrifice) of M. and Mde Pini\u2019s preference to have their capital remitted to them. in the mean time the punctual remittance of the interest, the higher rate of that interest here than there, and the less danger of revolution and it\u2019s uncertainties, will I hope reconcile them to a continuance of indulgence for a while. with my respects to them accept assurances of my great friendship and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-12-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2870", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Francis Eppes, 12 June 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Eppes, Francis\nDear Francis\nMonticello\nI recieved while at Poplar Forest your\u2019s of May 13. and am glad to learn that you find Coke Lit. not as difficult as you expected. the methodical arrangement of his work and the new notes and cases have certainly been a great improvement. according to your information I have retained in my hands enough to import for you this edition of Coke Lit. & Bacon\u2019s abridgment. the present high exchange, our enormous duties and other charges bring them very high. still I observe the Bacon will come at 45.89 D which is 4. D. less than the American price. the Coke Littleton being a new publication comes to 10. D. a vol. of which more than 1. D. a volume is our own duty. at the close of your reading of the 1st vol. we shall hope to see you. I suppose you have heard that the Trists have lost their mother.Ever & affectionately your\u2019sTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-12-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2871", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Samuel B.H. Judah, 12 June 1822\nFrom: Judah, Samuel B.H.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nRespected Sir\nNew York\nJune 12th 1822.\nI have the honour to present you a copy of a poem that has obtained some considerable celebrity in the country\u2014but be assured I have not the vainty of sending it thinking it worthy of your notice\u2014but it is forwarded to you as sincere testimony of the reverence an unknown youth holds the venerable patriot to whom his country owes so much I should never have presumed to forward it faulty as I feel it is but that being flattered by the favorable opinion of several of our most celebrated citizens\u2014I presumed that it might amuse you in an hour of leisure\u2014I beg of you not to judge of it by the severe rules of composition as it is the first work of the kind from the pen of a young men scarce sixteen years old\u2014who if it should be his fate to try his pen again feel assured that another production shall do himself and perhaps his country more honour than thisI have the honor to be Most obdt ServtSaml B. H. Judah", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-12-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2872", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Peter B. Read, 12 June 1822\nFrom: Read, Peter B.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSirJune 12th 1822You will please to send down your waggon or ox. cart for the purpose of moveing down, to shadwell. about halfe dozen, peices of this sawd, timber for, the posts of the Mill boalting chest, which will be all that, I shall want like wise, the grind stone, as we shall want to grind every day & the Cooper dont grind but once a week tharfer they can easily come Down to do it\u2014I cant think of crossing the river to eat or, sleep you will\u2014tharfer be so good, as to send, down with the waggon a straw bed, as I prefer it to feather one, & I will lodge in the counting room of the mill\u2014& informe me by the bearer, how I am to board, at shadwell the sooner the waggon or cart comes the better, as I want to get all arrangements made. my benchs &Ce fixd this evening ready to comence sunrise in the morningP. B. Read", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-13-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2873", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Adlum, 13 June 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adlum, John\nSir\nMonticello\nYour favor of the 5th has been duly recived, covering my two letters to you of Oct. 7. 1809. and Apr. 20. 1810. which I now return of these be pleased to make whatever use you think proper. but I should think the the first half of the last letter had better be omitted, as it would encumber mr Skinner\u2019s columns with matter entirely useless & uninteresting to his readers. I am very glad to learn that you are pushing that culture, and I hope you will particularly that of what I would call the Caumartin grape, as it\u2019s wine resembles so exactly that of the Caumartin Burgundy. I presume you know that a wine of remarkable merit is made in considerable quantities in a district of N. Carolina on Scuppernon creek. this wine, when it can be obtained unbrandied would be drank at the first tables of Europe in competition with their best wines. what of it however is sent to the general market at Norfolk is so brandied as to be unworthy of being called wine. to get it without brandy requires a troublesome correspondence & special agent. until the fatal error is corrected, the character of our wines will stand very low. Accept the assurance of my great esteem and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-13-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2875", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to DeBures Freres, 13 June 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Freres, DeBures\nMessrs De Bures freresMonticello\nJune 13. 22.Your favor of Aug. 24. of the last year was recieved on the 22d of December, the books came also in good condition. altho\u2019, at the date of that letter you had not recieved the 100. Dollars remitted for you thro\u2019 mr Vaughan, yet, knowing that the part of the same bill of exchange destined to another person, was recieved by that person Sep. 21. I took for granted you recieved your part about the same date.\u0192the balance for 1820. due to you was38.40the envoi of books. 1821. amounted to344.90placing me in your debt383.30the remittance of 1821 of 100. Dollars would overpay that sum as I suppose by about 140. to 150. francs.My demand of books for this year goes to London, so that I have nothing to ask of you for the present. it would indeed be very acceptable if, as far as the balance remaining in your hands will go you could send me the Dion Cassius of Sturtz named in my last Catalogue, the Trait\u00e9 elementaire d\u2019Histoire Naturille of Dumeril, and the Essai sur les moeurs et l\u2019esprit des Nations of Voltaire. I observe so many different editions of all Voltaire\u2019s works in 8 vo are in a course of publication that it is possible some one of the editors might be willing to detach this particular work, and sell it separately. This parcel, tho small, would come safely in a box to the care of mr Beasley Consul of the US. at Havre. for the present accept my salutations of esteem and respect.Th: Jeffersonthis was not sent till July 1. & then thro\u2019 office of State & mr Gallatin.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-14-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2879", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William John Coffee, 14 June 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Coffee, William John\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI am in the daily hope of hearing from you on the subject of the engraving of the ground plan of our University, as to price and any other particulars you would recommend.When in Bedford I examined the Doric entablature for which I should want ornaments, on the model of that of the Therm\u00e6 of Dioclesion, of which you took a note my room will require 16 of the human busts, 20. oxsculls entire, and 4 other oxsculls cut in halves & mitred for the 4. corners, to be of composition. the spaces for the metops are 15. I. high & 14. I. wide our 2d cistern answers well, having now 4f 3. I. water. the last (or 3d) has but 2 fet. altho it has exactly the corresponding and equal area of roof to supply it. I think the fault may be in the gutters conveying the water, and shall have that examined. I salute you with friendly esteem and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-14-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2880", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Joseph Jones, 14 June 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jones, Joseph\nSir\nMonticello\nI have to thank you for the notice you have been so kind as to give me in yours of the 6th of the reciept of a box with a portrait for me from Liverpool. I have no advice of such a thing nor knolege of or from whom the portrait is. I will ask the favor of you to draw on Colo Bernard Peyton my correspondent at Richmond for the amount of freight, duties & other charges on the article, to whom I write this day to pay your draught. I presume there are generally vessels passing from Petersbg to Richmond. if you will have the goodness to put it on board one of these addressed to Colo Peyton. he will pay the transportation and forward it to me. Accept the assurance of my great esteem and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-14-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2882", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Bernard Peyton, 14 June 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Peyton, Bernard\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nOn the 12th I drew on you in favr of John R. Campbell for 101.34 D and in favr of John W. Eppes for 163.20 D I shall postpone awhile as well as lessen my demand on London. mr Jones Collector of Petersburg informs me he has recd for me from England a box containing a portrait. I have desired him to forward it to you and to draw on you for the amount of freight, duty & charges. Mayo will deposit with you a small bundle of books, which be so good as to forward by a waggon to be left at Raphael\u2019s who will pay the carriage. so also as to the portrait. I must request you to send me in the same way 3. boxes of tin of the kind furnished to mr Brockenbrough for covering houses. I have lost sight of the dates of renewal of my several notes in bank. perhaps you can inform me of them. in the mean time I inclose you a set for fear of my being too late.affectionately yoursTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-16-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2886", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Samuel Smith, 16 June 1822\nFrom: Smith, Samuel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr Sir/\nBaltimore\nI had the pleasure to recieve your kind letter of the 10th Inst yesterday\u2014Mr George Hill is personally known to me. he is a good Democrat, of fair Character, and respectable. he is however One of those would be Politicians. to whom I would exercise your Answer to be in the general and referring to the Enquirer. he might wish by publishing to shew a correspondence with you, he is a political friend of mine. & Corresponds with me, whilst I am in Congress.I understand by a letter from Doctor Eustis. that Mrs Dearborn demurrs to going to Lisbon where she had formerly been with Genl Bowdoin (her former husband) if he does not accept. a letter from you to the might be of Use\u2014or I might go to Madrid in place of Mr Forsythe who means to come home. altho: I should not be so well pleased with Madrid as I will Lisbon. our affairs with spain are not on a pleasant footing\u2014I cannot ask Mr Madison, a letter from him would be importantI mentioned by a letter from Mr Crawford that the first quarter 1822 gives a Nett Revenue of $939.000 more than that 1821\u2014another amount to less than he had Contemplated\u2014I am Dr Siryour sincere friendS. Smith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-17-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2887", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Henry Charles Carey, 17 June 1822\nFrom: Carey, Henry Charles,Lea, Isaac\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Dear SirPhilada\nJune 17 1822We take the liberty of addressing you in consequence of having recd a letter from Mr J McKinnie proposing to supply him with Books for an establishment he is about to make in Charlottesville & shall be under obligations to you for any information respecting his present Situation & future prospects\u2014Mr McK mentions your name, among others, that he would refer us to as persons acquainted with his character &cHaving the utmost reliance on your informationWe remain yr Obt StsH C. Carey & I Lea", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-17-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2888", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson: Extracts from Letters & Accounts, 17 June 1822, 17 June 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n Extracts from the letters and accounts of Th: Jefferson relative to a sum of \u00a3394\u201310 which passed thro\u2019 his hands from Pendleton and Lyons. or rather thro\u2019 those of his correspondents Gibson & Jefferson.Geo. Jefferson to Th: Jefferson. Nov. 11. 1800 \u2018having been much engaged last night after the arrival of the post, I entirely forgot in my hurry to inform you that I recieved a few days ago of messrs Pendleton and Lyons 1315.D. on account of mr Short.Th: Jefferson to George Jefferson. Nov. 22. 1800 \u2018I would wish you to retain awhile the money you recieved from mr Pendleton. it is necessary for me to know from the Secretary of the Treasury whether he chuses to recieve the money, or to pass it as a payment to mr Short.\u2019do to do Jan. 5. 1801. \u2018I desired the Secretary of the Treasury to give orders on you for the monies last recieved from messrs Pendleton and Lyon, as they belong now to the US. and not to mr Short who looks to them for his money.\u2019Extract from the accounts of Gibson & Jefferson with Th: Jefferson1800. Nov. 7.By cash recd of Pendleton & Lyons on account of E. Randolph\u2019s order for the benefit of W. Short\u00a3394\u2013101801. Jan. 3.To cash paid J. H. to the order of D. Wolcott394\u201310June 17. 22. The above extracts are truly taken from my letters & accounts, and contain all the information I possess relative to the transaction which they concern.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-17-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2890", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmund Pendleton, 17 June 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Pendleton, Edmund\n It appears by an endorsement of Mr Jefferson on the assumpsit of Ed: Pendleton & Peter Lyons, that the following sums were recd by him on acct of Wm Short.viz:Nov. 21st 1798.\u00a3500Dec 3.300.1799. Jan: 14.400.It appears from the books of Gibson & Jefferson in the hand writing of Geo: Jefferson decd that in nov. 1800 Mr Pendleton paid 394 pounds 10. to Gibson & Jefferson for Thomas Jefferson esq. which was passed to his credit with them, & for this Robinson\u2019s exer now claims a Credit\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-18-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2891", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Duke, 18 June 1822\nFrom: Duke, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nMill Brook\nMr Kellis Hord, who by the request of my Brother Richd Duke came up for the purpose of seeing Mr Jefferson, relative to engageing with him as a mechanic, on which subject I have been inform\u2019d you requested my Brother to make Some enquiry, he however having left home the day before Mr Hords arrival here for Richmond This therfore will inform Mr Jefferson that Mr Hord has ample testimonials of his workmanship & skill & I have no hesitation in Saying he is deserving of the recommendations his neighbour has given him both as a Mill wrigh carpenter & wheel wrigh & am man of the utmost integrityRespectfully you Obt SertJames Duke[note by TJ at foot of text:]he has a small family.asks 300.D. a year & to be bound.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-18-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2892", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Johnson, 18 June 1822\nFrom: Johnson, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy dear Sir\nCharleston\nJune 18th 1822\nI have repeatedly heard you express the high Respect in which you held the late Genl Gadsden, and beg leave now to introduce to your Acquaintance a Grandson of his Mr John Gadsden a junior Friend of mine who proposes to pay his Respects to you during an Excursion for the Summer.Permit me to avail myself of this Occasion to renew the Assurance of the profound Respect and Esteem\u2014with which I subscribe myselfYour very humble SertWillm Johnson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-20-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2894", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Bernard Peyton, 20 June 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Peyton, Bernard\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nPresuming that herrings are now at market, I will thank you to send 6. barrels for me to Lynchbg, and 4. of herrings & 2 of shad to Milton. also a quarter ton of nailrod to Milton,to wit2. bundlesof 8d size2. doof 20d size6 doof the intermediate sizes.I must also request you to remit for me to John Laval Bookseller of Philadelphia 31. D 57 c when you procure a bill for the remittance to Williams of London, I should be glad to recieve a 4plicate to inclose to Appleton. affectly yoursTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-20-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2895", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joel Roberts Poinsett, 20 June 1822\nFrom: Poinsett, Joel Roberts\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nCharleston\nJune 20th 1822\nIt is so long since I had the honor of seeing Mr Jefferson, that I must appear almost a perfect stranger to him. This letter therefore will not only introduce to his well known hospitality Mr J. Gadsden the Attorney of the U. S. for this district, and my particular friend, but will serve to remind him of one, who is with great veneration for his Character and with the highest esteem his most Obt ServtJ. R. Poinsett", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-22-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2896", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Wayles Eppes, 22 June 1822\nFrom: Eppes, John Wayles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nYour letter of the 10th instant enclosing a draft on B. Peyton of Richmond for 163.20 cents was received by the mail on the 21st\u2014Being a farmer and planter myself I know from experience the uncertainty of their resources in point of time.I should feel much greater pleasure in furnishing Francis with the books necessary for his profession if I could induce myself to believe that he would ever practise law. I think however like most other young men who have something he will find home after marriage too comfortable to encounter the drudgery of practise. It was my wish at any rate that he should complete his law reading before he thought of a permanent settlement for life. To reason however with a man or boy in love is hopeless. He will now soon be of age after which I can exercise no controul over him exept so far as his respect for my opinions may induce a voluntary acquiesence on his part.There is only one circumstance in which I shall be pointed\u2014He must not marry until he gets possession of his property which cannot be until the end of the year. Every man who marries should in my opinion have a home whether he inhabits or not.In any other circumstances I should look forward with great pleasure to an event calculated to promote his individual happiness. I confess however as a parent I cannot but consider this premature marriage as death to his future prospects. To see him settle down as a mere Farmer and and planter with perhaps less skill and industry than his neighbours is so different from the course my partiality as a parent perhaps had marked out for him, that I cannot look forward to his marriage before he has completed his law reading with any feelings but those of heart felt sorrow and regret.To the young lady of his choice there can be from what I have heard no possible objection.But I should feel the same repugnance to the most angelic woman upon earth if his marriage was either to drive or charm him from the profession for which he is destined.I presume Francis has communicated to you his prospects and perhaps your views on the subject may differ from mine.Accept for your health & happiness my warm wishes and present me affectionately to all the family.yours sincerely.Jno: W: Eppes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-24-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2898", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Maury, 24 June 1822\nFrom: Maury, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy Dear Sir,\nLiverpool\nWhen my son James lately left this place it so happened that I could not write to you as I intended: he is gone out with the intention of remaining for good. I must promise to you that this son of mine has, for many years, labored under nervous affections to such a degree as greatly to have impeded his progress in acquirements equal to my original expectations: a circumstance which makes him appear to be what he really is not: he however is amiable and good: may I take the liberty to request you to favor him with your notice & kindness?You & I have lived to see many things come to pass, as well political as commercial, which, in this country, had for ages, been considered as next to impossible: a recent one just occurs, which you may read in this Newspaper: namely the passage in the Upper House of a bill for opening intercourse with the United States & their Colonies.Accept the best wishes of your old friendJames Maury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-24-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2899", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 24 June 1822\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear SirRichd\n24 June \u201d22Agreeable to the directions contained in your last, now before me, have this day fordd to Lynchburg, care Archibald Robertson, six Blls: Herrings, I will by the first Milton Boat, send you 4 Blls Herrings & two of Shad, & the Nail rods written for, if to be had.I have already fordd the 3 Boxes tin to Raphael at Charlottesville, you wrote for in a former letter; the package from Petersburg & from Mayo have neither come to my hands yet\u2014I will tomorrow for\u2019d the $31.57 to John Laval of Philada as requested & under cover you will find a triplicate of the bill for\u2019d Williams of London\u2014The remittance to Mr Vaughan of Philada: was rather too much he writes me\u2014In hasteYours very TrulyB. PeytonYour Bedford Tobacco not heard from yet\u2014B.P.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-24-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2900", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jonathan Thompson, 24 June 1822\nFrom: Thompson, Jonathan\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nCustom House New York\u2014June 24th 1822.\nInclosed is a bill of lading for a box of seeds received per the Ship Six Brothers, Williams Master from Havre the amount of expenses paid the Captain are as follows.Freight from Havre$1..\u2014Transportation from Paris paid by him1..242..24Primage 10 Per Ct23$2..47The box I have forwarded to the care of Mr Bernard Peyton, Richmond, Virginia\u2014There is no charge for expenses or duties here\u2014With great respect, am Your Obt ServtJonathan Thompson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-24-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2901", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Vaughan, 24 June 1822\nFrom: Vaughan, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nD SirPhilad\n24. June 1822Your favor was recd & I have procured from Mr Girard 960 Franks in Paris which I have remitted to M Dodge\u2014But during some serious indisposition of one of our family\u2014your letter for M Dodge is mislaid I regret the Circumstance & request that you will immediately send me another & Copy, one shall go from hence one from N York\u2014the Bill 1s & 2d went this dayI remain with respect & affection Y. friendJn VaughanThe outrageous attack of the Native Virgan has excited much indignation\u2014His malevolence at first & his weakness & piece have been made by you /", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-25-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2902", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William John Coffee, 25 June 1822\nFrom: Coffee, William John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nHonord Sir\nNew York\nThe receiveing a letter from you was a pleaseing favour which I had look\u2019d for some time, and in answer as relates to the Engraving of the ground plan of the University the letter that accompanys this will put you in possession of wat you request to know.Mr. M. is a Gentleman of the first Abilitys in that art in this City and the date of Estimate will show that I had not neglected the favour of your Commission, and the delay, has been from a wish to Inform you of my progress in the work for the University. as respects the ornaments for Bedford I shall promptly attend to them but must beg your politeness to give me the following Information for If I do understand your letter am suspicious of som mistake in the ornaments for the pavilion No 1. which must have happened through looking at the same order in the Portico at Monticello that a Note tells me of 30 Mettle Heads but no ox sculls. Should there be any sculls in the same frize with human heads, If there ought to be I am sorry having Cast in Mettle 12 human Heads for that Pavilion. In the example by Nicholson from the Baths of Dioclesian no ox scull is shown or can I find it so in any other work that I have looked at in fact this mistake of mine If it is one would Extend to Every frize of that order and Example, and therefore I see the Necessity of your opinion, the way I looked at the subject was that you Intended to ornament two rooms at Bedford One as in the North. Each Portico at Monticello the other as in your dining Room in which case it would be the human Bust alone in one entablature, and in the other entablature alternately an ox scull and pateras, as in Palladeos DoricIt is som wat painfull to think that your 3d cistern should be doubtfull it was my thoughts & hopes that it would prove the best of the three Cisterns, and If it should prove faulty it is most likely to be in the Bottom owing to thinness this will be soon remedyed by laying on \u00be of an Inch more on the old, but I should be Inclined to think the fault in the ConductorsFarther speaking of the Engraving I think the price a little High much more so then I had any Ideas, however nothing less will do have seen two artist (the first and the second) rate man the Price I found the same I tharfore had no doubt who should have the work should you Conclude to give an order it may be to me or to mr. M. or should you please to have the Drawing returned it is in my Possession. The time it would take by the Engraver would be about two monthsSir you will Please to receive myDutifully Respects and wishes for your good HealthW. J. CoffeeProgress of the work for the UniversityI find I have taken this worke much too Low I now think by $200. for have been obliged to model Every distinct ornament for the purpose the Last of theair models I have now in hand, I then have to repeat Each of them for the Quanity the Sz of the Entablatures thear the led Ornaments Verey Larg which is Verey difficult to Cast that difficulty however I have surmounted and the Casts of Boath Entablature and Just Brought in by the Founders Each distinct Cast of theas led ornaments Cost me 75 Cents the Founders Charge then thear has been my Attendance and the Modeling of the Alcove of Each ornament would be Eaquel to the Price I have afixed and agreed to take, I shall Endeavour to send them to the time apointed and when they are on the ground must Leave my under Value to your Judgment and the Honor of the ProctorN.B. in your letter you do not say that the mitard halves are for outer or iner angles or Boath will you be so good as to say\n for workman ship only with out its Led or the finishing them from the sand which I have to do my self", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-25-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2903", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bayard & Co. LeRoy, 25 June 1822\nFrom: LeRoy, Bayard & Co.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nNew York\nJune 25th 1822.\nA few days since we had the honor of receiving your valued letter of the 10th Inst and shortly after a remittance from Colo Bernard Peyton of Richmd for One hundred & twenty Five Dollars, the Interest due on your Bond\u2014By the Heirs of Mr VanStaphorst we are desired to inform you that a final Settlement of his Estate\u2014in now making, which renders it necessary that this bond should be paid, and we therefore with reluctance have to urge your early attention to the same, not wishing however that any sacrifice of property should be made to effect this object, we have stated that no payment can be effected sooner than Six months hence, which will we trust afford time to make the necessary provisionWith Respect Your Obedt Hle StsLeRoy Bayard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-26-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2904", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Loraine McKenney, 26 June 1822\nFrom: McKenney, Thomas Loraine\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nWeston-Heights of Geo. Town DC\nJune 26. 1822Tho L McKenney to Tho Jefferson\u2014greeting\u2014& begs leave to present him with a prospectus of the \u201cWashington Republican & Congressional Examiner,\u201d and to assure Mr Jefferson of his veneration for him.\u2014Tho L McKenney begs leave to add his best wishes for Mr Jefferson\u2019s happiness, present & future.\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-26-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2905", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Benjamin Waterhouse, 26 June 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Waterhouse, Benjamin\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI have recieved and read with thankfulness & pleasure your denunciation of the abuses of tobacco & wine. yet, however sound in it\u2019s principles, I expect it will be but a sermon to the wind. you will find it is as difficult to inculcate these sanative precepts on the sensualists of the present day, as to convince an Athanasian that there is but one God. I wish success to both attempts, and am happy to learn from you that the latter, at least, is making progress, and the more rapidly in proportion as our Platonising Christians make more stir and noise about it.The doctrines of Jesus are simple, and tend all to the happiness of man.1. that there is one God, and he all-perfect:2. that there is a future state of rewards and punishments:3. that to love God with all thy heart, & thy neighbor as thyself, is the sum of religion. these are the great points on which he endeavored to reform the religion of the Jews. but compare with these the demoralising dogmas of Calvin.1. that there are three Gods:2. that good works, or the love of our neighbor are nothing:3. that Faith is every thing; and the more incomprehensible the proposition, the more merit in it\u2019s faith:4. that Reason in religion is of unlawful use:5. that God, from the beginning, elected certain individuals to be saved & certain others to be damned; and that no crimes of the former can damn them, no virtues of the latter save.Now which of these is the true and charitable Christian? he who believes and acts on the simple doctrines of Jesus? or the impious dogmatists of Athanasius and Calvin? verily, I say that these are the false shepherds, foretold as to enter, not by the door into the sheep-fold, but to climb up some other way. they are mere Usurpers of the Christian name, teaching a Counter-religion, made up of the deliria of crazy imaginations, as foreign from Christianity as is that of Mahomet. their blasphemies have driven thinking men into infidelity, who have too hastily rejected the supposed Author himself, with the horrors so falsely imputed to him. had the doctrines of Jesus been preached always as purely as they came from his lips, the whole civilised world would now have been Christian. I rejoice that in this blessed country of free enquiry and belief, which has surrendered it\u2019s creed and conscience to neither kings nor priests, the genuine doctrine of one only God is reviving, and I trust that there is not a young man now living in the US. who will not die an Unitarian.But much I fear that when this great truth shall be re-established, it\u2019s Votaries will fall into the fatal error of fabricating formulas of creed, and Confessions of faith, the engines which so soon destroyed the religion of Jesus, and made of Christendom a mere Aceldama: that they will give up morals for mysteries, & Jesus for Plato. how much wiser are the Quakers, who, agreeing in the fundamental doctrines of the gospel, schismatise about no mysteries, and keeping within the pale of Common sense, suffer no speculative differences of opinion, any more than of feature, to impair the love of their brethren. be this the wisdom of Unitarians; this the holy mantle, which shall cover within it\u2019s charitable circumference all who believe in one God. and who love their neighbor.\u2014I conclude my sermon with sincere assurances of my friendly esteem and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-26-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2906", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas G. Watkins, 26 June 1822\nFrom: Watkins, Thomas G.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nGlenmore\nSince last Court when, at Charlottesville, you desired me to send in my account\u2014one circumstance or another has occured to prevent my attention to the subject untill now,\u2014I send it enclosed.I am with the greatest respect your most Obdt ServtTho G Watkins", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-27-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2907", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, 27 June 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nYour kind letter of the 11th has given me great satisfaction for altho\u2019 I could not doubt but that the hand of age was pressing heavily on you, as on myself, yet we like to know the particulars and the degree of that pressure. much reflection too has been produced by your suggestion of lending my letter of the 1st to a printer. I have generally great aversion to the insertion of my letters in the public papers; because of my passion for quiet retirement & never to be exhibited in scene on the public stage. nor am I unmindful of the precept of Horace \u2018solvere senescentem, mature sanus equum, ne peccet ad extremum ridendus.\u2019 in the present case however I see a possibility that this might aid in producing the very quiet after which I pant. I do not know how far you may suffer as I do, under the persecution of letters, of which every mail brings a fresh load. they are letters of enquiry for the most part, always of good will, sometimes from friends whom I esteem, but much oftener from persons whose names are unknown to me, but written kindly and civilly, and to which therefore civility requires answers. perhaps the better known failure of your hand in it\u2019s function of writing, may shield you in greater degree from this distress, and so far qualify the misfortune of it\u2019s disability. I happened to turn to my letter-list some time ago and a curiosity was excited to count those recieved in a single year. it was the year before the last. I found the number to be 1267. many of them requiring answers of elaborate research, and all to be answered with due attention and consideration. take an average of this number for a week or a day, and I will repeat the question suggested by other considerations in mine of the 1st is this life? at best it is but the life of a mill-horse, who sees no end to his circle but in death. to such a life that of a cabbage is paradise. it occurs then that my condition of existence, truly stated in that letter, if better known, might check the kind indiscretions which are so heavily oppressing the departing hours of life. such a relief would to me be an ineffable blessing. but yours of the 11th equally interesting and affecting, should accompany that to which it is an answer. the two taken together would excite a joint interest, and place before our fellow-citizens the present condition of two antient servants, who having faithfully performed their 40. or 50. campaigns, stipendiis omnibus expletis, have a reasonable claim to repose from all disturbance in the Sanctuary of Invalids and Superannuates. but some device should be thought of for their getting before the public otherwise than by our own publication. your printer perhaps could frame something plausible. C. Thomson\u2019s name should be left blank, as his picture, should it meet his eye, might give him pain. I consign however the whole subject to your consideration, to do in it whatever your own judgment shall approve, and repeat always with truth the assurances of my constant & affectionate friendship and respectTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-27-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2908", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Henry Charles Carey, 27 June 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Carey, Henry Charles,Lea, Isaac\nMessrs Cary & Lea\nMonticello\nIn answering the enquiries of your letter of the 12th I must first observe that what I shall say is on the report of my neighbors, & not of my own knolege. the mr McKennies (for there are two brothers of them) came to Charlottesville some two or three years ago, & set up a weekly paper on a small scale, at 3.D. a year. it was understood that they had little capital, and they did the whole business themselves, as well manual as editorial. they are considered as very industrious, honest and correct men. I have never heard a word to their prejudice.Charlottesville at present is a poor stand for book-selling. the neighborhood is of plain industrious farmers; the town of merchants & mechanics, of about 250. free inhabitants. the merchants sometimes have a shelf or two of books, but they are of very slow sale. whenever the University opens, it will probably be an excellent station for classics & books of the sciences which will be taught there. it will require a correspondence with the continent of Europe, particularly with Paris & Amsterdam, the best and cheapest editions of Classics coming from Germany. but the time of opening the University is entirely uncertain. this is as good an account of the place persons & prospect as I am able to give you, and with it be pleased to accept the assurance of my respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-27-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2910", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Bernard Peyton, 27 June 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Peyton, Bernard\nTh: Jefferson to Colo PeytonI am in hopes you will have discovered that the triplicate of the bill to Williams was omitted to be inclosed in yours of the 24th as therein supposed, and that it is now on the way to me, as I withold the duplicate of my letter to Appleton in order to inclose it to him. affectionate salutations.P.S. do not forget my quarterly acct ending with this month.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-28-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2912", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Lambert, 28 June 1822\nFrom: Lambert, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,\nCity of Washington,\nJune 28th 1822.\nThe method of determining the longitude of any place by occultations, and solar eclipses, has been, and perhaps, always will be considered among the best for that purpose. It must be acknowledged, that the process is tedious and laborious, but the accuracy of the results, when due care is taken in the operation, will amply compensate for the trouble of computing the necessary elements. In this method, particularly, we have it in our power, by a proper reduction of the latitude of the place, and of the Moon\u2019s equatorial horizontal parallax, to find the longitude, allowing for the spheroidal form of the Earth, which, by other methods, susceptible of less accuracy, is seldom taken into view. The rough draft herewith inclosed, is intended by its author, for the use of the seminary near Charlottesville, in your neighbourhood; and I shall be gratified to learn, that the rules and process therein exhibited, have been, or may be serviceable in promoting a competent knowledge of that branch of science, with which they are connected.I have the honor to be, with great respect, Your most Obedt servant,William Lambert.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-29-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2913", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Vaughan, 29 June 1822\nFrom: Vaughan, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nD Sir\nPhilad.\nOn 24. I remd to M Dodge & Girards Bill for 960fr at 520 for which I paid him 184.61I recd from Mr Peyton a remittance of 19620which leaves a balle in your favor of11.59I advised that the letter for Dodge was mislaid$196:20It has since been found & goes tomorrow via Havre\u2014In future it would be well to send a Duplicate of the Directions when one might accompany 1 & 2nd BillI remain with respect D Sir your friendJn Vaughan", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "06-01-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2915", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmund Bacon, June 1822\nFrom: Bacon, Edmund\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n with considerable deficulty I have ingaged the 20 barrills corn at 20/. per barril the price is from 4$ to 4$ 50Cts Mr Rogers would not take less than 4$ 50. the payment for the 20 barrills is to be made at August Court. I could not get any longer timeThare is at charlottesville a horse drover immediately from Missouerie with some chickasaw horses and one young mule he offers to take fifty dollars for the mule it is a tollerable good one, not of the smallest nor of the largeest Kind to its age it is 3 years old and well made for service.I forgot to inform you that I have administrated on the estate of John Bacon whom I bought the negroe of above nine years sence he has never been herd of sence the perchase is presumed he must be dead and his estate seems to belong to his heirs which is his brothers. I expect it will soot for the paymt of the bond which was put into Mr Dawsons hands to come in with the amount which will de due to me at the fall. I believe the amount of sd bond is between 3 & 400 dollars besides interest.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-01-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2917", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William H. Keating, 1 July 1822\nFrom: Keating, William H.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir.\nPhiladelphia\nJuly 1st 1822\nAlthough I have not the honour of your acquaintance, I take the liberty, of trespassing upon your time, to offer you the enclosed pamphlet, which Contains, I believe, the description of the first new American mineral, discovered and described by Americans\u2014In dedicating it to you, Mr Vanuxem and I have gladly Seized the first opportunity of manifesting the feelings of veneration, which we, in Common with all the people of these States, experience for one, who, in his exalted Station, has by his pursuits and patronage of Science Contributed So much to raise the Scientific Character of our Country, both at home and abroad\u2014I remain very respectfully Sir Your most obedt ServtWillm H. Keating Professor of Mineralogy and Chemistry in the Univy of Pennsa", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-01-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2918", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 1 July 1822\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear SirRichd\n1 July 1822My last letter will carry you the bill of exchange, which I carelessly omitted in the one preceding it. I hand herewith your a/c Current to date, agreeable to your request, which I have no doubt will be found correct.\u2014Your last dft: favor A Robertson per $66 has not yet appeared, nor has the bundle or bill from Petersburg yet appeared.\u2014I have found no Boat to take your Herrings Shad & Nail Rods to Milton, & of course have not purchased them\u2014they will be sent by the first Boat\u2014In hasteVery respectfully sir Your Mo Obd SevtB Peyton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-02-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2919", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Taylor Barry, 2 July 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Barry, William Taylor\nSir\nMonticello\nYour favor of the 15th of June is recieved, and I am very thankful for the kindness of it\u2019s expressions respecting myself. but it ascribes to me merits which I do not claim. I was one only of a band devoted to the cause of independance, all of whom exerted equally their best endeavors for it\u2019s success, and have a common right to the merits of it\u2019s acquisition. so also in the civil revolution of 1801. very many and very meritorious were the worthy patriots who assisted in bringing back our government to it\u2019s republican tack. to preserve it in that, will require unremitting vigilance. whether the surrender of our opponents, their reception into our camp. their assumption of our name, and apparent accession to our objects, may strengthen or weaken the genuine principles of republicanism, may be a good or an evil, is yet to be seen. I consider the party division of whig & tory, the most wholesome which can exist in any government, and well worthy of being nourished, to keep out those of a more dangerous character. we already see the power, installed for life, responsible to no authority (for impeachment is not even a scare-crow) advancing with a noiseless and steady pace to the great object of consolidation. the foundations are already deeply laid, by their decisions, for the annihilation of constitutional state-rights, and the removal of every check, every counterpoise to the ingulphing power of which themselves are to make a sovereign part. if ever this vast country is brought under a single government, it will be one of the most extensive corruption, indifferent, and incapable of a wholesome care over so wide a spread of surface. this will not be borne, and you will have to chuse between reformation & revolution if I know the spirit of this country, the one or the other is inevitable before the canker is become inveterate, before it\u2019s venom has reached so much of the body politic as to get beyond controul remedy should be applied let the future appointments of judges be for 4. or 6. years, and renewable by the President & senate. this will bring their conduct, at regular periods, under revision and probation, and may keep them in equipoise between the general and special governments. we have erred in this point, by copying England, where certainly it is a good thing to have the judges independant of the king. but we have omitted to copy their caution also, which makes a judge removable on the address of both legislative houses. that there should be public functionaries independant of the nation, whatever may be their demerit, is a solecism in a republic of the first order of absurdity and inconsistence.To the printed enquiries respecting our schools, it is not in my power to give an answer. age, debility, an antient dislocated, and now stiffened wrist, render writing so slow and painful that I am obliged to decline every thing possible requiring writing. an act of our legislature will inform you of our plan of primary schools and the annual reports shew that it is becoming compleatly abortive, and must be abandoned very shortly after costing us to, this day 180,000. D. and yet to cost us 45,000. D. a year more until it shall be discontinued, and if a single boy has recieved the elements of common education, it must be in some part of the country not known to me. experience has but too fully confirmed the early predictions of it\u2019s fate. but on this subject I must refer to others more able than I am to go into the necessary details; and I conclude will the assurances of my great esteem & respectTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-02-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2920", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to J. A. Bingham, 2 July 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Bingham, J. A.\nSir\nMonticello\nJuly 2. 22\nYour favor of June 24 is recieved. age, debility and the manual difficulty and pain of writing, have obliged me to withdraw from every thing possible which requires writing, and especially from every thing political; on which subject I read nothing, but leave the future to the generation which it concerns. they are to feel the good and the evil of measures, and therefore have alone the right to direct them. these considerations will, I hope excuse me from saying any thing on the subject of the Prospectus you were pleased to inclose. Accept the assurance of my great respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-02-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2922", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Lambert, 2 July 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Lambert, William\nMonticello\nJuly 2. 22.Th: Jefferson returns his thanks to mr Lambert for the paper he has been so kind as to inclose to him for the University of Virginia, which shall be taken care of for that Institution. as to himself he\n\t\t\t has long since withdrawn his mind from all attention to difficult subjects, finding that lighter reading is more congenial with the quiet & repose which age and debility now render his summum\n\t\t\t bonum. he desires mr Lambert to be assured of his great esteem & respect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-02-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2924", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 2 July 1822\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n It has been a long time since I have had this pleasure. It was on the 5th of Decr in acknowlejement of your kind & friendly favor of the 24th Novr I here agreeably to your request give you some account of your old friend Charles Thompson. I have accidentally within a few days spoken with a gentleman who went to pass a day with him, & I availed myself of this to make further enquiry for your information.A stranger who was here & who wished much to have a sight of the historical personage, prevailed on Colo Pickering to accompany & introduce him. They went & dined & passed the day, & I learn from Colo Pickering that although he found him in excellent bodily health & good spirits, evidently happy, yet his mind is so completely gone that he, Pickering, is not certain that he was recollected & could not discover whether he was really known to him, during the whole of the visit. He talked a great deal & with a loud & firm voice\u2014but with a total loss of memory, so that he would repeat the same story, again & again without the least recollection of having told it before. The group which the visitors found there was the Patriarch in his ninety second year, a maiden sister above eighty & perfectly deaf, with a baptist preacher totally blind, who had come there on a visit also\u2014As the visit lasted only a certain number of hours, Colo Pickering says they found it interesting.\u2014but that the mind of Charles Thompson is too far gone to admit of any resourse from it.On the whole I think the loss of this venerable man an enviable one, considering he is deprived of what we are told is the greatest solace of age, children to continue us after our death. He has good bodily health, is free from that gloom so generally attendant on years, & probably with no anxiety as to the future. There is nothing, as I understand, either peevish or fretful in his deportment, & his life is a kind of gentle & regular vegetation, which, if without many charms, is at the same time free from many pains.Your letter gave me much pleasure, both relative to your own health & to the progress of the University. All your friends in common with myself are much pleased indeed to learn that you were able without inconvenience to be so much on horseback. It is said here that a disposition hostile to the University is growing up in the State, principally from the increasing influence of the Presbyterian preachers: & that they have established a periodical work in Richmond for the purpose of making more effectual their attacks on the University. I hope this is not so, or that they will not succeed.Although again disappointed in my hopes of going this year to pay my respects to you & visiting this fine monument of architecture, in a country where the genuis of this art had certainly \u201cshed its malediction\u201d\u2014yet I will never abandon the hope of enjoying this pleasure more than once. I am resolved to commence again the journey I mentioned to you having undertaken last year completing it. I must have expressed myself badly if I gave you to understand that these Canada lands were a speculation. A speculation for a single man is always unwise, but a speculation in land would be the most unwise of all. Indeed of all the great land speculators that I have known in this part of the world, & of whom many were thought to be prencipalities for their children, I can at this moment bring to my recollection only one who has made any thing in that way.The most remarkable whom I have known is the rich David Parish, who with Gerard of City, enabled our government to make its first war loan. His investments in the St Lawrence Country, to put into calculation the interest on those investments, amounted on an exact calculation made three years ago to eleven hundred thousand dollars & some fifty or sixty above. This immense investment so far from bringing him any interest is an annual of expence to him for taxes & other charges. Fortunately he has had a back strong enough to bear this so far. He is now established as one of the court Bankers at Vienna\u2014& should war take place I should not be surprized if he should find that land too heavy for him, Atlas as he is.As for my lands in that quarter they are a mere microscopic object\u2014but yet too great for me to neglect altogether. Thus far they have been to me only a source of constant expence, & I am told will continue so until I shall go there & put them in some other train. They were forced upon me by a speculator, who had mortgaged them to me for the security of money loaned. He soon failed, & when these lands were sold they did not bring the amount of my debt by several thousand dollars, which I was advised I could secure by purchasing the land & selling it to . I have learned many years ago that it would have been much better to have put up with the heavy loss of that time, as the purchase I made has increased it much since.How does it happen that the Presbyterians are acquiring such influence in Virginia at the very time that they are losing daily the smaller former favorite region? At Boston the consolation in this respect seems to be complete. There is scarcely a man or woman there of information or fashion, who is not professedly unitarian Even Cambridge has been taken complete possession of by the new school, who affirm however they they are the oldest of the Christian sects, & that the idea of the trinity an interpetation only after some centuries. The principal of Harvard University & all the Professors are unitarian\u2014And from this source teachers of the doctrine are dispersed throughout the United States. A gain more without directly that the Chaplain, chosen last year by the house of representatives, is one of them. And such an instinctive turn of this institution now exists among all the other Christian sects, that they have all buried the hatchet hitherto raised against each other, & have become a band of brothers to combat this next enemy, the most dangerous probably they have ever had.Your old friend Majr Butler, as you know, is no more. He wasted away gradually & by degrees also saw him to rest. It is said, but is report, as the will has not yet been recorded, that he has left one of his daughters, a maiden lady of much worth & accustomed for some years back to transact his business, his sole Executrix. For a long time he has not been on speaking terms with his only son in law\u2014& it is thought there was no cordiality with his son. He was in Europe at the time of the fathers death; & returned to this City only yesterday.An abortive attempt has just been made here to find subscribers for a most important work, a canal from the Chesapeake to the Delaware. It has fallen completely through. $400000. only were attempted to be raised, & not a tenth part I believe was subscribed. The house of representatives of this State voted $75000. last winter towards this undertaking, which the Senate in their stupid wisdom rejected. This, together with the learned lucubrations of Mr Monroe on internal improvements, has cast a blight on the business. It seems to me that first & foremost the Congress ought to have seen this canal as an item of public defence, more important certainly than any of those fortifications they have been erecting at a much greater expence\u2014The Congress failing, this State ought to have done it, and lastly they failing, the City of Philada ought to have done it as a source of great prosperity to their commIn the mean time exertions are making & with every prospect of success to make the River Schuylkill navigable from its source, so as to bring to the City the fine coal with which its borders are furnished in inexhaustible quantities\u2014& also a canal is making to connect the Susquehanna with the Schuylkill at Reading.My paper warns me that I have already taken up too much of your time\u2014but I cannot end my letter without renewing the assurances of these sentiments of attention to & devotion, which you have so long known, & with which I shall ever be, dear Sir, your affectionate friend", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-02-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2926", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Vaughan, 2 July 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Vaughan, John\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI recieved yesterday your favor of June 24. and I now inclose you two copies of my letter to Dodge which I hope he will still recieve in time to have my wines here before the winter storms set in.\u2014can you tell me any thing of Correa? I salute you with thanks for your kindnesses and assurances of my constant friendship and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-03-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2927", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 3 July 1822\nFrom: Brockenbrough, Arthur S.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,July 3d 1822I have fallen short about 60 sheets of Tin of the quantity wanting, if you will be so good as to loan me that quantity I will return it, as soon as I can get a box from Richmond, by leting it come in your cart that comes for the Cuting machine you will oblige Sir your obt SevtA. S Brockenbrough", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-03-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2928", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 3 July 1822\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr Sir\nRichmond\nJuly 3d 1822\nBy Mr Harlow\u2019s boats you will receive 4 Blls. herrings, 2 Bundles 20d nail rods 2 do. 8d & 6 Bundles of the sizes between making in all 10 Bundles if delivered in good order pay frght: as customary\u2014Your Obd: SevtB PeytonBy N. N. WilkinsonP.S. I could find no Shad but those with heads on, I therefore bought none\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-04-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2930", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Charles Yancey, 4 July 1822\nFrom: Yancey, Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy dear Sir,\nBuckingham\nJuly 4th 1822\nyour highly esteemed favor of July last enclosing a draft for our Court house was duly recieved, and I owe an apology for not answering it earlier, which is as follows\u2014upon the Submission of your plan to the board of commissioners, it was disapproved, much to my mortification. and a plan adopted similar to the Albemarle Court house, I still indulged the hope that before the work progressed too far to make a Change of the plan, that the strong objections to the plan would be manifested, and fortunately two of Our commissioners were called over to Charlotteville last month, while there they saw & heard from the members of the Court & bar the strong objections to the plan of your Court house, that they have Changed their opion, & on Saturday last I obtained a board, when your plan was adopted entire with one dissintient only,\u2014we have directed a wing on each Side, of 16 feet Sqr attached to the main building by an entry of eight feet with an Arch on each Side, flat roof & Colums to the wings, the propriety of which I doubt as thy will not finish well to the porticoe of the main building, & being so much lower will obstruct air &c\u2014their being no partion wall to Support the Outer walls we have thought it best to make the latter two bricks thick\u2014Mr Brookes a tinner at the university has offered to do our roof, but having heard you had dismissed him for extravagance in price although a good tiner; we returned him for Answer that, we Would employ him to do our Court house if he would submit the price of the work to you, in his proposals I think he offers to do the work for about $6.30. a Sqr the roof-guttering piping &c another Charge but I do not recollect the prices\u2014we have determined to cover with Sir, as you advised, & any information you may choose to afford us, sir in relation to Mr Brookes, the price of such work, & whether other persons than Mr Brooks, equally skilled in Tining Cannot be had; will be thankfully received by me who has already tresspased too much on your valuable time, patience & goodnesswith real & sincere regards yr H. Serv.Charles Yancey\u2014P.S. the wings are intended for the offices of the Clk of the Superior & County Courts", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-05-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2932", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson: Estimate for Milldam, ca. 5 July 1822, 5 July 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nEstimate for milldamstretchers. 10. of 40 f. each reach across the river8. tier of them (4. on each side)80. treestiers 50. to each course x 4 courses200. tyerseach of the 80 stretchers will give 1.80120. more f long, 5. to a tree120.24. trees200.104. treesthestone pens10. f. wide, 4 f. deepinter dam2. f12. f. or 4 yds wide.each yard running measure =5\u2153 yards133. yards66644710 cubic yds stone", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-05-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2933", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Bayard & Co. LeRoy, 5 July 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: LeRoy, Bayard & Co.\nMessrs Leroy and Bayard.\nMonticello\nYour favor of June 26. is just now recieved. after the delays of my last bond with which I have been indulged I consider it my bounden duty to obey the call for the principal whenever required. this delay was at first made convenient by the great revolution which took place in our circulating medium some time past; and the continuance of low markets since that period has not yet relieved the scarcity of medium so far as that fixed property can command even the half of what is it\u2019s value in regular times. my own annual income arises from the culture of tobacco and wheat. these articles, from the interior country cannot be got to market till the spring of the year ensuing their growth; and at that season alone the culivator can pay from his produce. still if the earlier term of 6. months be necessary for the affairs of the heirs of mr Van Staphorst, it shall be complied with by a sale of fixed property, altho\u2019 it will double the debt. if on the other hand, consistently with their convenience, the indulgence can be continued until the ensuing spring, (say all May) it can then be paid without loss, and shall certainly be paid. this however is left to your kind consideration, and your final determination shall be my law, at any loss whatever. with the just acknolegement of the past indulgencies accept the assurance of my great esteem and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-05-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2934", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson: Measures of a Roof for Estimating Tin, 5 July 1822, 5 July 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n Measures of the roof for estimating tin July 5. 22.N.E. quarter beginning with the piazzo roof, 5 planes to N.E. Brh\u2019stop linebottom linehalfheightsq. fsquaresboxes tin1.21\u201369\u2013015\u2013311\u20132170.251.702.9\u201307\u201328\u2013117\u20133140.1.403.0\u201307\u201303\u2013620\u2013471..714.29\u2013627\u2013628\u2013616\u20130456.4.565.25\u2013011\u2013618\u2013314255.2.55boxDD10.928x13=104boxsquaresthe 4. quarters of roof11x4=44the dome3\u00be=3\u00beboxesDD.47\u00be=32@13.=416Note a box of tin contains about 225. sheets 13\u00bcI by 10\u215bI=11/12 of a footDome.top linebottomhalfheightsq. fsquaressquaresboxes sides.7\u2013211\u201379\u20134\u00bd6\u2013054..54x2=1.086. sides5\u201369\u201337\u20134\u00bd6\u2013044.25.44\u00bcx6=2.65.3.732\u00bd", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-06-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2936", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Lambert, 6 July 1822\nFrom: Lambert, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,\nCity of Washington,\nJuly 6th 1822.\nIn reply to your friendly and much Valued note of the 2d instant, received this morning, I request you to be assured, that it is not my intention to fatigue you unnecessarily with the investigation of astronomical rules and process connected with the report made in November last, relative to the longitude of the Capitol in this City; but it appears a duty incumbent on me to explain such parts of that work as are given in abstract; to shew its nature and extent; and to furnish, from time to time, to mathematical students at the principal seminary in my native state, the methods best adapted to ensure accurate calculations of solar eclipses and occultations of fixed Stars by the Moon, which they may hereafter apply to a correct determination of the geographical position of their University, or such other places in Virginia, as may be deemed expedient. It will be gratifying to me to know, that any future Communications of the like tendency, if they should be made, may, with propriety, be inclosed to you.I have the honor to be, with great respect, Your most obedt servant,William Lambert.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-06-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2937", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Laval, 6 July 1822\nFrom: Laval, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,Philadelphia\nJuly 6th 1822I have received from Coll Peyton, your Correspondent in Richmond, a draft on the Bank of U.S. for thirty one dollars & fifty seven cents which I have placed to your Credit.I am With the highest Consideration & respect Sir, your most obedt ServtJohn Laval", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-08-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2938", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 8 July 1822\nFrom: Brockenbrough, Arthur S.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Extract from the agreement entered into between the Proctor of the University of Va & W. J. Coffee for the composition ornaments for the Entablatures of the drawing rooms &c at the U. VaVizIonic with modilions in Pavilion No 3\u2014Frize 4 1/2 inches wide at 36 cents per ft\u2014flower in pannels 6 cents each Egg & anchor 12 cents pr foot\u2014Ionic from the Temple of Fortuna Virilis in Pav: No 1 Frize 6 inches wide at 36 cents per foot\u2014 Dear SirAbove you have the cost of Frize ornaments as agreed on with Mr Coffee. the bearer of this will bring the Tin which you so good as to loan memost respectfully yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-08-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2939", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 8 July 1822\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nThomas Jefferson EsqrTo Bernard PeytonDr1822 Richd2d JulyTo cash pd for 10 Bundles 559lbs assorted Nail rods at 8\u00a2.$44.72\u3003 \u3003 \u3003for 4 Barrels herrings at, $4\u00bc17.00\u3003 \u3003 \u30030.00\u3003 \u3003 \u3003Canal toll, Drge: & Commision on the above2.17at debit T.J.$63.89E.E.B. PeytonBy N. N. Wilkinson\nDear Sir\nRichd\nThe above articles were forwarded several days ago by Brice Harlow\u2019s Boat, & hope they will reach you safely, there is not a Bll: of nice clipd shad in the place, they have been quite scarce and very deer all the spring\u2014as, I could not get them really good, thot it best to send none\u2014The Nail Rods were the best assorted I Could find in the place, they are also scarce\u2014I recd to=day a small Box seeds, from New York for you, which shall go by the first good opportunity\u2014there are however no Waggons at present\u2014Nothing yet recd from Petersburg or from F. A. Mayo for you\u2014Yours Very TrulyB. Peyton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-08-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2940", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Spencer Roane, 8 July 1822\nFrom: Roane, Spencer\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nRichmond,\n8th July \u201922.\nI arrived here, about a week ago, much fatigued; and have been, since, much oppressed by the heat of the weather. As soon as I got rested, I turned to the authorities applying to your Case, and the result is herewith Submitted. I only regret that I had not more time, and more strength:\u2014but I beleived it might be important to you, to receive back the papers as Early as possible. I have also feared that my opinion might be swayed by my wishes, on the occasion; but I beleive & hope it has not.You will please to observe that my opinion is bottomed upon the principles of the English & Virginia decisions. I know nothing of those of Kentucky: but I presume they will respect those of the parent-State. I presume, also, that the federal courts will, as they have often professed to do, respect the principles of decision, adopted in the several States.With true respect & Esteem, I am, Dear Sir, your friend & Servant,Spencer RoaneP.S. I have submitted the state of the Case, and my opinion, in Confidence, to my particular friend, Wm Brockenbrough\u2014undoubtedly, one of the soundest & ablest judges, in Virga, and he entirely concurs with me in my opinion.S. R.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-10-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2943", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William John Coffee, 10 July 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Coffee, William John\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nYour favor of June 25. is just recieved. on consideration of mr Maverick\u2019s proposals for the engraving of the University I conclude that it be done in what he calls the line manner, which he says will cost 112.D. and continue good for 6. or 8000 impressions. I will therefore ask the favor of you to engage him to do it in that way and when done to have 250. copies struck and forwarded to me by water thro\u2019 Colo Peyton. he asks on what kind of paper? of the names and qualities of the different kinds of paper I am ignorant, and must leave it therefore to him to have it done on what is very good. he might send me a proof sheet in a letter by mail. the cost of the plate & impressions shall be remitted him on reciept of his bill. I would wish him to retain the plate until called for because if we find the impressions sell readily we shall call for more.Your are right in what you have thought and done as to the metops of our Doric pavilion. those of the baths of Diocletian are all human faces, and so are to be those of our Doric pavilion. but in my middle room at Poplar Forest, I mean to mix the faces and ox-sculls, a fancy which I can indulge in my own case, altho, in a public work I feel bound to follow authority strictly. the mitred ox-sculls for my room are for it\u2019s inner angles.The other room in that house of which I meant to ornament the frize, is the Ionic of the temple of Fortuna virilis. my frize is 5. I. wide, very nearly, I believe, of the breadth of those of the Ionics you have to do for some of the rooms of the Pavilions. I will request you to make for me 80. feet, running measure of that, of composition.If there has been any error in your estimate of the leaden ornaments, I have no doubt the Proctor will do what is reasonable and right, as it can never be a duty to injure another.I shall be glad to recieve the ornaments for my rooms early in September when my workman will go to Poplar Forest. it is very desirable that those for the University, and the engravings also should be done with as much expedition as may be to be forwarded by water thro\u2019 Colo Peyton. when you forward my parcel, be so good as to send me the bill of cost thro\u2019 the mail and it shall be remitted without delay. I salute you with friendly esteem & respectTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-10-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2944", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Maria Hadfield Cosway, 10 July 1822\nFrom: Cosway, Maria Hadfield\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n I have at last finished all the affairs which have kept me here after the loss of poor Mr Cosway and am returning to the tranquillity, good climate & favorite as well as usefull occupation of my dear College at Lodis. I promised in my last to acquaint you of my destination that I might have the pleasure of hearing from you, little did I expect I should be detaind so long.\u2014In appearance Mr C. passed for being very rich, but in reality was far from it, little had but what depended on the Sale of his valuable & immense Collection & that sold for very little, the times are bad here, all complain for want of money, and it is too natural every one will deprive themselves of the Superfluos, and only in that the Colection Consisted, However, if what I have is not Sufficient for this Country where I am going I shall be Comfortable and at ease. My activity requires some occupation & what I have chosen is a glorious one, & every Circumstance does incourage me to it, particularly its happy Success. I have lost many valuable old friends and at my Age & my sentiments new ones I little care for. Children are growing tender plants, & by planting virtues in their hearts & minds, affection & gratitude reward & console my assiduity & labours, and is a Constant Succession of Satisfaction & enjoiment.\u2014But, as this is about my self; permit me to be anxious about you, & to enquire the state of your health, happy you will ever be, because you know too well in what best happiness Consists, after all it much depends on the choice we make; & in what we make it Consist, and yours must be Successfull.\u2014The whole world is a good lesson, all in trouble, all at work, for what! in constant ambitious Struggles, aiming at impossibility to obtain, & end on a road in the middle of the Seas.\u2014I wish I could see you, or your charming Monticello! Could I drop back some of my years I should be happy to pay you a Visit. I have visited Scotland & have been delighted, the Scenery beautifull & the nation brave; Constant & faithfull to the Sentiments of their forefathers of whom they inherit the characteristic Virtues. How this nation triffles itself away!\u2014I hope to hear from you, a letter addressed to Lodi via Milan will find your ever obliged & sincerely affte\n I beg to be remembered to your daughter. Can you tell me where my brother (George Hadfield) is, & what he is about?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-10-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2945", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bayard & Co. LeRoy, 10 July 1822\nFrom: LeRoy, Bayard & Co.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo His Excellency Thomas Jefferson Monticello\nNewyork\nJuly 10th 1822,\nBy this mornings mail we were honored with your reply to our respects of the 26h UltoThe delay required for the payment of the Bond most Cheerfully do we accord & sooner than expose the author of the Declaration of Our Indepence, to unnecessary sacrifice of property It would afford us pleasure by advancing the amount ourselves.But we feel convinced that the heirs of Mr Vanstaphorst will be gratified by this opportunity of testifying their respect, to that of their Fathers\u2019,We shall advise them that the payment is deferred until may next, With Sentiments of high regard We beg leave to Subscribe your Obed. SertLeRoy Bayard & Co", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-10-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2946", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Caesar Augustus Rodney, 10 July 1822\nFrom: Rodney, Caesar Augustus\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Honored, Revered & Dear Sir,\n It is with deep regret I have observed a malevolent attempt, to disturb the repose of your old age, by obtruding on the tranquility of your retirement, with an attack as unfounded & untrue, as it is unjust & ungenerous. Such is the full Hydra of party, that all its heads cannot be rendered inoffensive, tho\u2019 they may be harm less. In this instance (as in all others) you have obtained a complete triumph over the calumniator, who subscribes himself A native Virginian. With the exception of two newspapers printed out of this State, & a contemptive once published here, said to be owned by one of a family indebted to your liberality, for the continuance of his father in the office of Collector, all the papers of the U. States, have with one voice espoused your cause. A just tribute paid to of worth & virtue.There is one point of view, however, in which I have not yet seen the subject placed, & which appears to me in a legal or mercantile light, to be conclusive to shew, that no money could have been received by you, for the Bill drawn in favor of Le Grand, at Paris. He was not at Cowes to give the money to you for the draft, nor would you have received it from any third person, for the Bill was payable to Le Grand, & not to any other individual. If you had been promised the money for it, you must have made it payable to the person from whom you received the cash, & who in the ordinary course of business would have been paid by the bill in his favor, when he got the money for the business. But the simple fact, that it was drawn in favor of an absent man, who was not present to give you the cash for it, not merely negatives the idea that any money was received by you at the time, the Bill was drawn; but proves conclusively, that none could have been received, from the very nature of the transaction.I was about to notice this in our Republican paper; but I considered the slander as amply reputed & put at rest already. Please to remember me particularly to Mr & Mrs Randolph, & to believe me with every sentiment of respect affection & gratitude,Yours Most Sincerely & truly", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-11-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2947", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Lambert, 11 July 1822\nFrom: Lambert, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,\nCity of Washington,\nJuly 11th 1822.\nHaving in the last communication I had the honor to make to you, explained the motive which induced me to transmit sundry astronomical calculations for the use of the University of Virginia, the inclosed is offered to their acceptance, thro\u2019 you, for the purpose of promoting the knowledge of a branch of science, which, if properly attended to, may hereafter be beneficial to the American community, in ascertaining with precision, the longitude of such points as may be considered material, particularly those within my native State, for which, it will be confessed, I have always had, and still retain a partiality. I am well aware, that much study and labor are required to make any person a master of this subject; and that few in any country, comparatively speaking, turn their attention to it; but I shall not think myself unprofitably employed, to aid those few, while I have leisure, at such seminaries of learning in the United States, as I may prefer, with rules and process founded upon correct principles, which may be interesting for them to know, and may, at some future period, be usefully applied. Another reason which more immediately concerns myself, has led to this communication. Not having time during the last fall and winter, to examine and revize the calculation founded on the Solar eclipse of August, 1821, and suspecting that some errors might exist in the elements, especially in the Moon\u2019s parallaxes, the work has been undertaken, and the results are tested by such methods and process of computation, as cannot fail to ensure their accuracy.I have the honor to be, with great respect, your most obedt Servant,William Lambert.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-12-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2948", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Adams, 12 July 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nQuincy Montezillo\nJuly 12th 1822\nYours of the 27th June is received with pleasure, for the free air of it delights me.Your number of 1267. letters in a year, does not surprise me; I have no list of mine, and I could not make one without a weeks research, and I do not believe I ever received one quarter part of your number. And I very much doubt whether I received in the same year one twelfth part; There are reasons enough for the difference.I hope one day your letters will be all published in volumes. They will not always appear Orthodox, or liberal in politicks; but they will exhibit a mass of Taste, Sense, Literature and Science, presented in a sweet simplicity, and a neat elegance of Stile, which will be read with delight in future ages. I think that when a people turn out their old servants, either by legal suffarages, or from complaisance to a vulgar opinion, they ought to grant them at least, an outfit; for by making them conspicuous, and multiplying their acquaintances, they expose them to expences heavier than when in office. Your stationary bill alone for paper, Quills, Ink, Wafers, Wax, Sand and Pounce, must have amounted to enough to maintain a small family.\u2014I never can forgive new york, Connecticut, or Maine for turning out venerable Men, of sixty, or Seventy; from the seats of udgement, when their judgement is often the best, to turn out such men to eat husks with the prodigal, or Grass with Nebuchadnezzar ought to be tormenting to the humanity of the Nation; it is infinitely worse than saing \u201cgo up thou bald Head.\u201d For my part, my blindness and Palsy lay me under a necessity of neglecting to answer many letters, and other kind civilities which otherwise I should delight to acknowledge. I believe it will be best to brave it or it will be impossible to conceal anything.\u2014I am your friend of forty seven years Standing.\u2014John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-12-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2949", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joshua Dodge, 12 July 1822\nFrom: Dodge, Joshua\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nEsteemed Sir\u2014\nNew York\nI take the liberty of informing you of my arrival in this place on the 10 inst from Marseilles, via Paris, London, & Liverpool; family business, which required my presence in my native town, rendered it necessary that I should make a temporary visit to Salem for which place I leave tomorrow, & should consider it a high honor to have the pleasure of hearing from you during my stay there. It having been very necessary that I should arrive at Salem as soon as possible, I had not time to await the Presidents permission. I sincerely hope he will excuse my having so done, I shall hold myself ready at his orders to depart for marseilles at a moments warning, & I should esteem it a very high favor if you would write to him on the subject; I have wrote to the secretary of State concerning same & have forwarded him a letter from Mr Gallatin respecting it; during my temporary absence from Marseilles, Mr Thomas Oxnard a native of Portland & nephew of the late Commodore Preble is encharged with my procuration for conducting the Consular business. I am in hopes to obtain permission from the President to remain a few months in the United States, & if so, I shall do myself the pleasure of paying you my personal respects, an event which I very much desire. I yesterday recd your esteemed letter of 11 ultmo addressed to me at marseiller, which I shall forward to my house by first opportunity, probably next weeks, & you may depend that immediate attention shall be paid to its contents; the price of our Brandy was, when I left, at about 300 frs per pipe of 120 Gall. the quality is very good particularly that of Cette of which we make considerable shipments from our Port, half pipes or quarter pipes could be had, costing perhaps a little extra, on it could be bottled; it would be necessary to know the colour that would be wanted; whether dark as light. I forward by this days post a pamphlet which our Consul at Paris requested me to send you\u2014I have the honor to remain very respectfully, Sir, your most Obedt ServtJosha Dodge", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-12-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2950", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from N.H. Loring, 12 July 1822\nFrom: Loring, N.H.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nCharlestown Massachtts\nJuly 12th 1822.I take the liberty of enclosing a copy of an address delivered in this town, before the Citizens, on the Anniversary of National Independence.At the same time I desire to express my profound veneration for your character, and gratitude for those great benefits which, in common with all Americans, I have received at your hands.N: H: Loring:", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-13-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2953", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Andrew Dunlap, 13 July 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Dunlap, Andrew\n I thank you for your Oration of the fourth of July 1822. It is so intelligent, eloquent, and pathetick that no ancient eyes can read it without being suffused with tears, and no ancient ears could hear it without a throbing bosom. I remember not to have read any one with more delight; you have made one mistake however Jefferson and Adams were never rivals, it was Hamilton that was the rival of Jefferson.I am Sir your obliged friend and humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-16-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2955", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Louis Petit, 16 July 1822\nFrom: Petit, Louis\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Tr\u00e8s Honorable Seigneur\n J\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019exposer bien humblement, \u00e0 Sa Gra\u00e7e, que mon P\u00e8re \u00e9toit Negociant de Lyon en France, et qui ayant \u00e9t\u00e9 Compris par le gouvernement dans des affaires politiques, a \u00e9t\u00e9 non Seulement oblig\u00e9 de quitter le pays Natal, mais d\u2019abandonner tous ses biens meubles, et immeubles, qui depuis plusieurs ans de travaux et industrie avoit accumul\u00e9 pour le soutient d\u2019une nombreuse famille, lui ayant \u00e9t\u00e9 le tout Confisqu\u00e9, et d\u2019une r\u00e9spectable Situation, a \u00e9t\u00e9 reduit a la plus grande d\u00e9tr\u00e9sse. Le C\u0153ur Doux, et Bienfait de Sa Gra\u00e7e, se laissera attendrir sur le funeste Sort de Cette infortun\u00e9e famille, touch\u00e9 d\u2019un Evenement si facheux. Sa Gra\u00e7e, ne se refusera pas de lui accorder les devoirs de toute \u00c2me Sensible. En cet espoir je prie, Sa Gra\u00e7e, \u00e0 agr\u00e9er d\u2019avance ma plus vive reconnaissance, et Croire, que je ne Cesserai d\u2019adresser mes plus fervides V\u0153ux \u00e0 l\u2019Eternel pour la Conservation de ses pre\u00e7ieux jours ; ainsi que de Ceux de toute sa tr\u00e8s respectables dinastie, et je suis avec le plus profond respect le tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s obeissant Serviteur\n Louis Petit Editors\u2019 Translation\n I have the honor to expose very humbly to His Grace that my Father was a Merchant in Lyon, France; having been Included by the government in political affairs, he was not only forced to leave his Native country, but also to abandon his personal estate and his real estate, which after several years of work and industry he had accumulated for the support of his numerous family; everything was confiscated, and from a respectable Position, he was reduced to the greatest distress. His Grace\u2019s Tender and Good Heart will let itself be moved by the disastrous fate of This unfortunate family, touched by such a distressing Event. His Grace will not refuse to grant it what any sensitive Soul would owe it. In this hope, I beg his Grace to accept in advance my strongest gratitude, and to believe that I will never Cease to address my most fervent Wishes to the Eternal Being for the conservation of his Grace\u2019s precious days; as well as the Days of all his very respectable dynasty, and I am with the most profound respect, the very humble and very obedient Servant, ", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-17-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2956", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Walker C. Buckner, 17 July 1822\nFrom: Buckner, Walker C.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear sir,\nJuly 17th 1822.\nMy name is Buckner, I am a wayfaring man at present, and am in great necessity. I keep my accompts regularly inserted, and am reputed to be a man of as much veracity, and have as good credit as any man in the state of Virginia. I Would wish to borrow thirty dollars of you, and I would make a point of paying you in the fall. I have an estate of two thousand dollars coming to me in the fall, (in September.) I heir of my brother Horace Buckner, who was a surgeon in the peace establishment. He died Without making a will. I received an elegant education, learning the Greek and Latin, and turning out to work was disagreeable to me. I retain the Latin perfectly. I translated The first page of Ovid\u2019s metamorphoses, and an excellent Latin teacher affirmed that the translation was more elegant than the translation which the translator gave who translated The book page for page. I retain it in memory, and as I have heard that you are very fond of elegant belles-lettres, I will give it an insertion in my letter. It is as follows,Animus fert dicere formas mutatas in corporaNeva. D\u00ee, (nam veset medastisillas,) coeptisAdspirate meis, deduciteque carmen perpetuumAb origine mundi primo ad tempora mea.Translation.My muse induces me to sing of metamorphoses.Ye gods, (for ye also have transformed the bodies,)Inspire me in my essays, and spin out one continued story From the first beginning of the world down to the present time.Give my compliments to your family. I am, dear sir, With great respect,Walker C. BucknerP.S. I would be very much obliged to you, sir, if you Would send me an \u2014answer, and should you think proper, you will oblige me very much if you would send me some money as a loan inclosed in the letter, and I will pay you again in the fall.W. C. B.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-18-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2957", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Gardiner, 18 July 1822\nFrom: Gardiner, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nWashington\n18th July 1822\nI presume to address you at this time because I believe it will be in your power to save a Man (who was once highly respectable & respected) from utter ruin, & because I believe it will give you pleasure to do so.Your friend Mr Gallatin did, about the year 1808 or 1810 introduce into the Treasury department a Swiss named Fredk Tschiffely de Wangan, he was born a patrician of the City of Berne, served in the Army of his Country as Captain, fell in love with a plebeian married her, thereby displeased his friends, came to America, suffered great privations, & in his distress was placed by Mr Gallatin in Mr Nourses office (at the very lowest salary then given in the Treasury $300. p Ann,) with this remark by Mr Gallatin, \u201cI have hied your foot into the Stirrup you must help yourself into the Saddle.\u201d In the course of 10 or 11 years Mr T rose gradually from $300 to $1400 p Ann. in the General Land office, but was about 18 months ago dismissed by Mr Crawford. The cause of his dismissal shall be related when I have finished the history of the unfortunate Tshiffely. When he was dismissed he had a wife & six or eight Children, he travel\u2019d to the western country to look for a Clerkship in the Land offices, but found not an office there who would employ a Clerk who had been dismissed from the General Land office\u2014he betook himself to the bottle for relief\u2014he returnd home, & has since been wandering in Virginia seeking employment as a Clerk, or as a teacher of the French & German Languages, but without success; & it is due to you that I should say, I fear his want of success has been, at least in part, owing to the habit of seeking that temporary relief from his woes. An incoherent letter which I received from him yesterday states in one place \u201cI shall leave Fredericksburgh to go I know not where, I have lived for the last three days on three biscuits per day.\u201d In another place he says, \u201cI may perish on the road, but I will see Mr Jefferson and Mr Madison, & you shall hear no more of me till I am happier. His respect for your Character & person & for that of Mr Gallatin are such that I hope his intemperate habits may be overcome, were he within the occasional reach of your Eye, on your farm, or in your house, or in your Manufactory. I have been told that you have an extensive nail factory. The recovery of steady habits will I think be a great object with Mr T\u2014 & the certainty of your reporting, justly of his conduct will be a strong stimulus to reform. His friends here aid his wife to support her numerous family\u2014Mr Wirt & his family are very kind & I am persuaded Mr Wirt will use all his influence to restore Mr T\u2014 to the Public service if the fascination of the bottle can be destroyed.The cause of Mr T\u2014\u2019s dismissal arose thus. When Mr Tiffin was Commissr of the General Land Office, he directed that a favourite Clerk should print for the office its Patents &c. When Mr Meigs became Commissr he directed that Mr Tschiffely should have half the printing of the office, at the same price; they continued to print the patents till last year, when Mr Tschiffely was dismissed\u2014the other Clerk was retained, but I was dismissed because I had procured parchment from them, though I did so with the knowledge& consent of the CommissionerUnfortunately we were not native Citizens the other Clerk was, & had friends in Congress from the State of OhioI have written with the hope that you may be able to save a most unfortunate man from ruin & transform him into a useful member of Society & remain with the most perfect venerationSir your obedt servtJohn Gardiner", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-18-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2958", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William H. Keating, 18 July 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Keating, William H.\nMonticello\nJuly 18.22.I thank you, Sir, for the Account of the new mineral discovered by yourself and mr Vanuxem, of which you have been so kind as to send me a copy, and more particularly for the honor done my name by the appellation given it. age and a decayed memory have very much weakened my attention to the physical sciences, but nothing can ever weaken my affection to them, and the pleasure with which I observe so many of my young countrymen pursuing them with an ardor & success equally honorable to themselves & our country. permit me to place here my friendly recollections of mr Vanuxem with assurances to yourself of my high esteem and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-18-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2959", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Spencer Roane, 18 July 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Roane, Spencer\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nYour favor of the 8th is duly recieved, and will, I fear, add years to my life, if sound sleep contributes to health, and health to the continuance of life. it lifts a burthen from my breast which was oppressing me night & day. I have a numerous family of grandchildren, who are as children in my affections, having been brought up in the house with me; and altho\u2019 my property is considerable while together; yet when divided into a dozen parts it will be barely a subsistence to each.I learn with great regret the state of your health. and that it is the visceral complaint which seems peculiar to the tidewaters. Girardin, who contracted it in Richmond came up to Milton where he lived 2. years & was perfectly restored, and thence removed to Staunton. and continues in sound health. but the great Sydenham found nothing to be relied on but long journies on a hard trotting horse, and that he found infallible. when threatened with a complaint of this kind while I lived at Washington Dr Eustis referred me to Sydenham, corroborated by his own experience, and a couple of hours riding every day relieved me from a case tolerably manifest, altho but incipient. I should be, much gratified to hear of your visiting Kentucky on a Coach-horse. we look to you as the bulwark of our political state, and from public as well as private affections have great anxieties. for your health. with the most fervent prayers for it\u2019s restoration accept the assurance of my affectionate friendship and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-18-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2961", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Jonathan Thompson, 18 July 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Thompson, Jonathan\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nYour favor of June 24. was recieved in due time, and I have ever since been endeavoring to get an US-bankbill to cover the disbursements you were so kind as to make for me for the box of seeds. the bills of that bank, being the only form of remittance of small sums which we can make by mail are very rarely to be had in our inland situation. I have at length got a 5. D. bill which I inclose. the surplus is not worth noting, or may meet some similar & future incident. with my thanks for your kindness, accept the assurance of my great esteem & respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-19-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2964", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from F.D. Tschiffely, 19 July 1822\nFrom: Tschiffely, F.D.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nRespected Sir,Having an impediment in my speech, permit me to have the honor of addressing you in writing.Not to intrude too long on your time, Sir, I shall be brief & concise.In 1808 I was introduced in Public Office by Mr Gallatin, with a salary of $310 pr annum; from that I rose gradually to one of $1,400. On the 15th of March 1821, the Commissioner of the General Land Office dismissed me, by order of the Secretary of the Treasury, & thereby deprived 8 children, soon a ninth one, and a wife of bread.No reason or Cause have ever been assigned for this harsh treatment.Mr Meigs\u2019s letter of dismissal is one of recommendation.My respectful, twice repeated, applications to the President of the United States, for an investigation or redress, have not even been attended to.Unable to Procure any longer employment in the City of Washington, I left my family 3 \u00bd months ago, in search of bread & in order to lessen the expense at home.Some friends have taken care of 4 of my children\u2014my wife Supports the others by needle work.I have not succeeded in my Pursuit\u2014have no hope left, & travelling on foot & often destitute of food, my existence is truly a wretched one.The french and german languages, arithmetic &c. are familiar to me. I wish but for the means to earn an honest living.Would you, Respected Sir, be pleased to honor me with your Counsel & advice?I have the honor to be, very respectfully, Sir, your obdt servant,F. D. Tschiffely", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-19-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2965", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Benjamin Waterhouse, 19 July 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Waterhouse, Benjamin\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nAn antiently dislocated, and now stiffening wrist makes writing an operation so slow and painful to me that I should not so soon have troubled you with an acknolegement of your favor of the 8th but for the request it contained of my consent to the publication of my letter of June 26. No, my dear Sir, not for the world. into what a nest of hornets would it thrust my head! the genus irretabile vatum, on whom argument is lost, & reason is, by themselves, disclaimed in matters of religion. Don Quixot undertook to redress the bodily wrongs of the world, but the redressment of mental vagaries would be an enterprise more than Quixotic. I should as soon undertake to bring the crazy skulls of Bedlam to sound understanding, as to inculcate reason into that of an Athanasian. I am old, and tranquility is now my summum bonum. keep me therefore from the fire & faggots of Calvin and his victim Servetus. happy in the prospect of a restoration of primitive Christianity, I must leave to younger Athletes to encounter and lop off the false branches which have been engrafted into it by the mythologists of the middle & modern ages.I am not aware of the peculiar resistance to Unitarianism which you ascribe to Pensylvania. when I lived in Philadelphia there was a respectable congregation of that sect, with a meeting house and regular service which I attended, and in which Dr Priestley officiated to numerous audiences. Baltimore has one or two churches, and their Pastor, author of an inestimable book on this subject, was elected Chaplain to the late Congress. that doctrine has not yet been preached to us: but the breeze begins to be felt which precedes the storm; & fanaticism is all in a bustle, shutting it\u2019s doors and windows to keep it out. but it will come, and will drive before it the foggy mists of Platonism which have so long obscured our Atmosphere. I am in hopes that some of the disciples of your institution will become missionaries to us, of these doctrines truly evangelical, and open our eyes to what has been so long hidden from them. a bold and eloquent preacher would be no where listened to with more freedom than in this state nor with more firmness of mind. they might need a preparatory discourse on the text of \u2018prove all things, hold fast that which is good\u2019 in order to unlearn the lesson that reason is an unlawful guide in religion. they might startle on being first awaked from the dreams of the night, but they would rub their eyes at once and look the spectres boldly in the face. the preacher might be excluded by our hierophants from their churches and meeting houses, but would be attended in the fields by whole acres of hearers and thinkers. missionaries from Cambridge would soon be greeted with more welcome, than from the tritheistical school of Andover. such are my wishes, such would be my welcomes, warm and cordial as the assurances of my esteem and respect for you.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-20-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2966", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Peter Minor, 20 July 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Minor, Peter\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nThey tell us, and rightly, that one good turn deserves another. on this authority I ask the acceptance, by your son, of a keep-sake from me. it is an article of the tackle of a gun-man, offering the convenience of carrying the powder & shot together. I presume he is a gun-man, as I am sure he ought to be, and every American who wishes to protect his farm from the ravages of quadrupeds & his country from those of biped invaders. I am a great friend to the manly and healthy exercises of the gun. will you be so good as to be the channel of my conveying to him this offering, and of my thanks for the elegant and comfortable hat he was so kind as to send me, and to accept for yourself the assurances of my great friendship and respectTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-22-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2967", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Frederick A. Mayo, 22 July 1822\nFrom: Mayo, Frederick A.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nHono: Sir\nRichmond\nthe 22 July 1822\nI am some what at the loss, respecting the small Vols now on hand, as your Honors directions mention (letter all the Vols of Plutarch as each is now letterd on the back) and so as it respects the rest, it certaintly can be done, but will not the title be very large & crowded, at least much longer than common, as the piece of morroco on the back must be the Size of two titles to contain the same, and the Vols have become considerable smaller, but should it be your hono: wish, not to shorten the titles, the Vols shall be done in that way; and I hope I will be partend for having inquiret, as your Hono: Orders had been plainly given before\u2014Your humble ServantFrederick Mayo", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-25-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2970", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from A. H. Brooks, 25 July 1822\nFrom: Brooks, A. H.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\u2014\nStaunton\nyou will please to Excuse me for wrighing to you also Excuse the many faults that will be in this letter as I have had only about three quarters scooling. I was informed last fall that you said that a tin roofe Could be put on for the same pric that a Joint shingle roofe was done for, which is $2..50 per squaire. I find it is likely to keep me from getting the Covering of the buckenham Court house which endes me to make so free as to lay down a rule by which you will be the better able to make up your mind 1 Joint Shingle will make 4 Inches by 6 the Carpenter has to take up one shingle and lay it down and take up 1. naile and drive it and then done. but the tinner has to take up one pice and slip it under the Edge of the other and then and then hammer it Smooth the length of ten Inches and then take up the punch and make three holes lay back the punch and get three nailes drive them turne the tin over the heads and hammer severel time over to get it Smooth and to lye I think the tin will make 5 ft by 8 Inche when you take it into Consideration you will think quite differently also when I informe you that I beleave that myself and apprentice can put on more tin than any three me in the same time and I also beleve that a man well acquainted with working tin will save a box in Every 8 squaire. owing to the wet weather while I worked at your office I had to work verry hard when the weather would admit so that I think it would not be fair to Judge from my work while under your inspection persons are frequently rong in making up there minds as Mr Brockenbrough was about Cuting Tin he brought me from two a box to one Shortley I hired a Journeman his wages board and washing Cost me a bout $27 pr month and he Could not Cut and machine 1 box a day you will see there was a little loss to me. but my apprentice Could Cut nearley a box and half a and machine itas to the Covering there Should be a good price for it it is ingeoreous to the Eyes and very disagreable work especeley in hot weatheryourse RespectfuleyA H BrooksI hope you will do me the favour to send me a few lines", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-26-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2971", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from P.W. Sproat, 26 July 1822\nFrom: Sproat, P.W.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,\nPhilada\nJuly 26th 1822\nI Enclose you by this days Mail a Copy of the Savage Beauty a Novel recently written by me as a specimen of American Writing,Please Sir to Accept of my great Respect and best wishes for your vaunted felicity in the serene evening of your days,P W Sproat.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-28-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2974", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Wayles Eppes, 28 July 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Eppes, John Wayles\nDear Sir\nMonticello July 28. 22.\nI learn with sincere regret the continuance of your ill health, placing at the same time much reliance on the vis vitae at your time of life, which is quite sufficient to promise a restoration of order to the system. the benefit you recieved from the springs the last year encourages confidence in a repetition of the experiment.I think with you that it has been unlucky that Francis so early adopted views of marriage. the European period of full age at 25. years is certainly more conformable with the natural maturity of the body and mind of man than ours of 21. the\n\t\t\t interruption of studies, and filling our houses with children are the consequences of our habits of early marriage. yet, being a case not under the jurisdiction of reason, we must acquiesce and make\n\t\t\t the best of it. he could at no period have chosen a more amiable companion, or one better educated, and he gives me strong assurances that it shall occasion but little interruption to his studies. he will be accomodated, whenever he pleases with the house at Poplar Forest and a plantation around it sufficient for the force he may have; stating to him at the same time that I must make no deed of any part of my property, while my commitment for mr Nicholas is hanging over my head: as the indulgence of the bank would probably be withdrawn were their security in the extent of my possessions to be brought into suspicion. the land which I\n\t\t\t formerly proposed to you, with which I was not then acquainted, I found on subsequent examination was very inferior. a little of it was good but the main body of it run down into the barrens of\n\t\t\t the\n\t\t\t water-lick. that now destined for him is a part of the old Forest, and every part of it good. indeed the house itself is worth more than the whole of the other land. I have thought it a matter for consideration with Francis, whether he had not better\n\t\t\t divide his time among his friends for the first twelve month, in order to get a year before hand to have a crop, stock and provisions Etc before he incurs the expences of house keeping; assuring him that the greater share he gives us of his time, the greater will be our gratification. yet all this must be left to the\n\t\t\t inclinations of the young people themselves, and our affections will of course bend us to their gratification. with my respects to mrs Eppes, and sincere prayers for the restoration of your health, be assured of my constant & affectionate attachment.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-28-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2976", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Oldham, 28 July 1822\nFrom: Oldham, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n I expect to se Mr Mechick tomorrow or the day after, and if he has any Plank that will anser your memorandum. I will get it brought in immediately. and inform you of it.With Grate Respect I am Sir your Obt Sevt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "07-29-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2977", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Oldham, 29 July 1822\nFrom: Oldham, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nUniversity\nI have examened the Lumber at the Mills of Jonethan Mechick, Jesse Garth, J. Owens and John Rodes, nether of these have any Lumber on hand that would sute your perpose, this day week being Court day will be an Opertunity to asertain if any can be gotten which I will be certain to attend to.With Grate Respect I Am Sir Your Obt ServentJ: Oldham", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-01-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2980", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Anonymous, 1 August 1822\nFrom: Anonymous\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir.\u2014The maker of the enclosed Speech, accompanied Lewis & Clark when he was an uneducated boy, over the Rocky Mountains. The sentiments contained in it, are so much like your own, that a person unknown to you, is tempted to forward it to you, and it is without mr Ls knowledge. I ought perhaps to add, that he accompanied the party of Pryor with the Mandane Chief up the Missouri afterwards, and lost one thigh by reason of a wound which he recd in the action that produced the retreat of that party.\u2014With the highest respect for you I am &c", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-02-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2981", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmund Bacon, 2 August 1822\nFrom: Bacon, Edmund\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDeare SirAugust 2nd 22.I would be obliged to you to no what you are willing to take for the carriage. in a note last yeare you proposed to take what the carriage maker would think it worth of Charlottesville. I am intirely willing to allow you the value of the article but consider the carriage maker of Charlottesville an unfit person to fix the price on it we all no that his work is more deare than at any other place in all my acquaintance besides when ever he sells a Job of work it is for some sort of trade scarsely any cash we find when any article of property is offerd at public sale for cash it sells cheap. I should be willing a person that is a good Judge of the article should value it. I considerd Mr Randolph as good a Judge as any he has often seen such articles sold I got him to inquire at Richmond what a carriall could be bought at he tells me a plenty can be bought at from 35 to 50$ they are often braught to Charlottesville and sold for about the same I consider yours worth some more than a common carriall some parts of it is far from being as good as new which you can see on examinationMr Th J Randolph mentioned to Mr E Randolph yesterday conserning my Joining him in the mill his reply was that he was on a treaty with Read and that he thaught the trade would be closed he had much better Kept Colclaser than read. in my Opinion I calculate to leave verginea in the next month.I am yours sincerelyE: Bacon", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-03-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2982", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from D. A. Bartow, 3 August 1822\nFrom: Bartow, D. A.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,\nRichmond\nAugt: 3rd 1822\nYours of the 26th ult: has been duly received and is now before me; so far as I am informed there is no edition of the translated classics going on in England upon an extended scale, some new translations of individual authors or works have lately been given to the world, and occasionally a new edition of translations heretofore published\u2014translations of, Aristotles rhetoric by Crimmon 1 vol 8vo of Aristophanes by Mitchell in 2 vols 8vo, Quintus Curtius by Pratt 2 vols 8vo and some others, have lately appeared\u2014some of these I have now on sale, and can readily procure any work as I regularly import direct from London\u2014I have no printed catalogue of my books but will do myself the pleasure of transmitting to you by the earliest opportunity some of the english catalogues with which I am regularly furnished by my London correspondentsRespectfully yours &cD A Bartow", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-03-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2983", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Nicholas Philip Trist, 3 August 1822\nFrom: Trist, Nicholas Philip\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLa fourche\nAugust 3d 1822.\nIf Mrs Randolph had not fortunately mentioned that you had written to me, I should not probably, have had the pleasures of receiving your kind favor at all, owing to this, however, it has only been a few weeks longer in reaching me than if it had stopt at Donaldsonville. You had the kindness to furnish me with the list of law-books, before I left Monticello: but as I knew it would be useless to search for the new arrangement of Coke Littleton in this country, I procured Hargrave and Butler\u2019s edition of the original work, with Jacob\u2019s Law-dictionary, as I passed through Louisville, intending to send to New-orleans for the 2d Inst. as soon as I should want it. This has not yet happened; owing to the continual interruptions I have experienced; and all I hope to accomplish this year, for I shall again have to leave home in November, will be a second reading of Co. Lit., after which the new arrangement will be read with the more pleasure.I am happy to hear of the change in our Legislature, as I should never have permitted myself to hope for any thing in favor of the university, from the same spirit which appeared to rule there last session: It is strange it should be so different from that which seems to pervade every other state in the union. Even in New-orleans, they are making great exertions for the promotion of education, and have now got at the head of their college, a man (Mr LaKanal), who would do honor to any institution; at least, if we may judge of him by the letters he produced from the most distinguished Literary and scientific men in France, in which he is addressed as the father of some of their first institutions. I suppose however, you are acquainted with him, as he had an introduction to you from the Marquis La-fayette.The people are certainly much in want of these exertions, especially the lower and by far most numerous class; for it is impossible to conceive of greater ignorance than theirs. On this bayou, for instance, the banks of which are settled like a village for thirty or forty miles, by spaniards and acadians, there is certainly not more than one out of five voters who knows what he votes for, or has any conception of the government he is under. They are plundered by their justices of the peace; and their most obvious rights are trampled on by every daring adventurer who can shove himself into any petty office over them: Besides, the almost impossibility of convicting even notorious offenders against the Laws, especially of the U.S., proves them to be totally deficient in that public spirit and honesty which must exist to render a people worthy of such a government. I shall conclude these remarks, which probably inform you of nothing you do not already know, with the two following facts that will give you an idea of the present state of things in the city: Mr Grymes was lately reelected to the Legislature, by a majority over every other candidate, although he had not long before exerted all his talents and influence in opposition to the proposed Laws against gaming, and in favor of the old practice of farming out the right to sell licenses for \u201ctripots,\u201d when every street was full of them.\u2014Mr Mazureau, a lawyer of eminence, and the head of the european and St Domingo french party, was in the same election made a member of the Legislature, and still retains his office of attorney-General, in spite of the constitution and all that is said about it.My correspondents in the family can easily save you the trouble of writing to me, which I hope you will not take again, as I know how overcharged you are with such business.\u2014Browse is well, and desires me to join the assurance of his affectionate remembrance to that ofYour very devoted servtNichs Ph: Trist", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-05-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2984", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 5 August 1822\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,Richd\n5 Augt \u201d22I recd some, days ago, five Hhds your Bedford Tobacco, & finding the River so very low as to render it doubtful when the balance could reach here, tho\u2019t it best to dispose of those, without waiting for the balance, as this is the shipping season, & not much time to be lost.\u2014I have done so & enclose a/c sales here with, which I hope will be satisfactoryWith great respect Dr Sir Yours very TrulyB. Peyton Wheat 1/3 declining\u3003 Flour $6\u00bc do", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-05-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2985", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 5 August 1822\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Sales 5 Hogsheads leaf Tobacco by Bernard Peyton for a/c Mr Thos Jefferson1822 Richd2d August\u2014To sundry persons for Cash 5 Hhds: Viz:T.J.T HNo1 = 1900 = 130 =1700\u3003\u30033 = 1782= 132 =16503420tbs:to Gray & Pankeyat$7.20= $246.24\u3003\u30035 = 1847= 130 =1717\u3003todo.at5.7598.73Refused\u30036 = 1476====1356\u3003to Mr Brander\u30034.4560.34Refused\u30037 = 1723====1590\u3003to R. Anderson & Co\u30033.5556.458083$461.76ChargesTo Cash pd freight 8083 tbs: nett at 25\u00a2 = $20.20}Do for notes at 50\u00a22.50$22.70Canal toll do. at 2/6 $2.08 Drayage at $0.632.71Commission at 2\u00bd pr cent11.54$36.95Nett prcds: at Cr T Jefferson$424.81E.E.Bernard PeytonBy \n N. N. Wilkinson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-06-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2986", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Ritchie, 6 August 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Ritchie, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nIf you have on hand any more of the Reports of the Commrs of Rockfish gap on the subject of the Univty I will thank you for half a dozen. repeated applicns to me from other states for the scheme of educn proposed for our Univty I generally answer by a copy of that. I take for granted you present your acct for these things with that of the Enquirer to Colo Peyton for payment at the periods which suit you. I would be obliged to you to send me also copies of the sessions acts of our legisl. subsequent to that of 1815. 16. that is to say of the last 6. sessions, and should be glad to be set down as an annual subscriber for them if you have any number of the Rockfish reports remaining they would sell very rapidly if deposited at the Univty, as every body almost who comes to see it, asks for the plan of it. the ground plan (as communicated to the last legislature) is in the hands of the Engraver, and will soon be for sale at the Univty to those who visit it. I salute you with constant friendship & respectTh:J.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-06-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2987", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Samuel Williams, 6 August 1822\nFrom: Williams, Samuel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,\nLondon,\n6th Augt 1822\nI have duly received your Letter dated the 11th of June, and from Colo Bernard Peyton, of Richmond, agreeably to your directions, a Remittance of \u00a3293..12..6\u2013 for the use of Mr Thomas Appleton of Leghorn, to whom I have remitted the Net proceeds, at the Exchange of 48d\u00bcI have the honour to be respectfully Sir, Your obedient ServantS. Williams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-06-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2988", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson: Calculations of hours worked by slaves, 6-29 Aug. 1822, 6 August 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n 1822.WormlyJerryIsaacNedtotal.Aug. 6242223239278715816201713669}3434101218181324241413191775630515212110267816201528268917202020218119192020208032820171835211111181959222082221712320112019702418181919743092616191449271992018662820202021812915151515602561198the whole interruptions amount to about 4. days work of the 4. carts; and leave 17. days for the performance of the work. there were 2 mulecarts with 2. mules in each, & 2. oxcarts with a yoke in each: and 4. small boys & girls assisted loading. nearly the whole stone was furnished by the hill above the cooper shop.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-08-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2989", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Francis Glass, 8 August 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Glass, Francis\nSir\nMonticello\nYour letter of July 16. is duly recieved, and not holding a ready Latin pen, I must acknolege it in humble English. I doubt whether in this country we have Latin readers enough to make a life of Washington, in that language, a saving enterprise. it would be more read in foreign countries, and especially in the Northern ones of Europe. however, on this you would of course take the previous advice of your bookseller. I wish it were in my power to yield the pecuniary accomodation which your letter mentions as necessary to that enterprise. but at the general crush of credit which overwhelmed so many 3. or 4. years ago, I was among the great sufferers, as endorser for a friend who failed at that time. this places me under such embarrasment as to have no command even of small sums. I hope the neighborhood from which you write, and to which your situation will be known will be a more successful resource for the aid you require. with my regret that my situation refuses me that gratification accept the assurance of my respectsTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-08-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2990", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to N.H. Loring, 8 August 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Loring, N.H.\nMonticello\nAug. 8. 22.Th: Jefferson returns his thanks to mr Loring for the copy he has been so kind as to send him of his eloquent oration of the 4th of July last. he sees with gratification the principles of pure republicanism which breathe thro\u2019 the whole and especially those which respect the Ark of our covenant the union of these\n\t\t\t states. it\u2019s preservation depends mainly on the restraint of the public functionaries of the General as well as State governments to the exercise of that portion only which, in the distribution\n\t\t\t the powers of government the people have ascribed to them respectively. that balance is the basis of our compact of union, and when broken the compact, and with it the Union is gone. the sleepy\n\t\t\t indifference of the nation to incipient usurpations, I fear, make the bed of their repose the bed of death to this sacred and blessed bond, the perpetuation of which should be our first & last\n\t\t\t prayer. he presents to mr Loring his most respectful salutations.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-09-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2992", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Samuel Garland, 9 August 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Garland, Samuel\nSir\nMonticello\nYour favor of the 1st is duly recieved. on reciept of a letter of Feb. 6. of the last year from mr William Barrett of Richmond informing me that he was in prosession of my bond to Robertson & co. I stated to him that I believed I could make him semi-annual payments of 750.D. each until a full discharge of the debt. I made him two payments amounting to 1250.D. but failed entirely in my third of March last. the 4th which will be due the next month will be made at the stated time, as will those also of the ensuing year, except that that of March next may not be exactly to the day, as tobacco from Bedford can rarely be got to Richmond quite so early. I doubt if I shall be able to make good the omitted instalment the next year. if I do not, I must sollicit a delay of the final extinction of the debt another half year. I have deferred writing to mr Barrett only until I could accompany it with my remittance. Accept the assurance of my great respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-12-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2993", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Bernard Peyton, 12 August 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Peyton, Bernard\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nYours of the 5th is recieved anouncing the sales of 5.hhds of my tobo. my confidence in you always satisfies me that the sales have been as good as the market would admit. this is one third of the crop, the whole being 15.hhds, and these having netted 8083\u2114 we may presume the whole will nett about 24,000 and will be down without delay. I was obliged to draw on you on the 9th in favor of Wolfe & Raphael 180.D. and of John Rogers 93.33 D both of which draughts probably go by the present mail. will you be so good as to send me 4. barrels of Roman cement by the first boats. ever & affectionately yoursTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-16-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2994", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Bernard Peyton, 16 August 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Peyton, Bernard\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nMy last notes for renewal were sent June 14. and the inclosed I presume will be in time.In the last account recieved from you I am properly changed 1822. May. 28. my note at Virga bank discounted 330.D. but I see no Credit for that sum recieved at the bank. is this an emission in the account, or a proof of my ignorance. ever and affectionately yoursTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-18-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2995", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Skidmore, 18 August 1822\nFrom: Skidmore, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,\nNewyork\n18th Augt 1822.\nTo know how to achieve the grandest object that the mind of man can contemplate, and not to have the means of achievement; to speculate on the sublimest spectacle as a mathematical certainty, & and to want the aid that can make it a physical one, appreciable by the proper senses of our race, as well as by persons of refined intellect; such a situation is, surely, not to be envied, if, indeed, it is not to be commiserated. Feelings which I will not attempt to describe, but which originate from a mind placed in such circumstances, and which I believe you will justly estimate, prompt me to lay before you the elements of a discovery, which I think I have made, in the construction of telescopes, and to which I conceive, the whole history of man, in point of importance, or of magnificence of result, is unable to furnish us with a parallel.I know that your advanced age, and the retirement from the world which the infirmities it usually brings along with it, have made sacred and inviolable, ought to admonish me to abstain from this intrusion;\u2014but how should I pardon myself for saving to you the trouble of the perusal of this letter, and the reflections to which it may give origin, if, as the prices of this forbearance, so great a delay should (possibly) arise, in the accomplishment of my (perhaps well founded) views, as to postpone to a period beyond the termination of your life, the completion of an instrument so dear to a philosopher as that must be, which could exhibit to his astonished eye, the physical properties of the moon, and even of the most distant planets and their satellites, in as distinct, and clear, and true a light, as if they were actually brought within a few yards or even a few feet of our naked eyes?And I trust that this invasion, which I now take the liberty of making upon your retirement, will find, if not the forgiveness, at least, the palliation, of your judgment, in what you will discover to be the fact, that the principle on which the truth of the supposed discovery rests, are very few and extremely simple, and also in the familiar acquaintance you probably have, with the principles themselves.If the conception of an optical machine which is supposed to be capable of producing such extraordinary effects, originate in the mind of one who has no resources with which to verify, physically, the truth of such conception, there seems, for him, but one alternative, and that consists in exhibiting it, intellectually, to those whose mental qualities are such as to enable them to predict, from its conformity or non-conformity with truths already demonstrated, how far it may be proper to afford to it, approbation or patronage. The realization, then, in my own instance, of this alternative, forms a prominent motive of the freedom I have taken in forwarding to you this communication, &, if the circumstances, before mentioned shall not have made it improper in me, I cannot but hope, that, directly, or indirectly, the effort I am making in behalf of my proposed instrument, will not have been made, if worthy of it, without some success.Let me proceed, then, to explain the principles of the proposed instrument. It is a telescope entirely of the reflecting kind. It is therefore; totally exempt from the evils, always more or less formidable, attendant upon refraction. It may then be expected that if the image be made upon the retina of the eye, from a surface of the proper curvature and truth of figure, we shall see our object as it actually is. This, you will agree with me, is a great desideratum.But, I should preface my description, with a simple statement of what all optical writers, from the predecessors of Sir Isaac Newton, down to the present time, agree upon, as facts established by experience.The eye, say they, is so constituted, that at a certain distance, say from 6 to 10 or 12 inches from it, (different in different persons), an object, for instance a page of printed letters, appears to give the greatest ease and perspicuity of vision. At a greater distance the object becomes indistinct; at a nearer distance, the letters appear to be doubled or blurr\u2019d, as the common expression is. No other than the most advantageous is considered as the natural distance; and this latter distance is made, when they speak of the powers of magnifying instruments, the standard of comparison.Thus, in the adjacent figure, [GRAPHIC IN MANUSCRIPT] let C and arrow AB, be supposed to be equal to the natural distance of some certain person, say 10 inches. Now, were the constitution of the eye, such as to allow the arrow at AB, to be brought to DE, say 5 inches from the place of the eye, C, & still to afford distinct and clear vision, this arrow, would appear to be of double the length which it has at AB. The angle ACB, is said to be the angle of vision under which we view the arrow, at 10 inches from the eye. The angle DCE, would also be the angle of vision of the same arrow, when placed between DE, if distinct vision could be had of it there. Remove the arrow now to, between FG. 2\u00bd inches from the eye C, &, as before, if distinct vision could be had of it there, it would have a length compared to the same arrow at AB, as 10 inches are to 2\u00bd inches, that is as 4 to One; since it is 4 times nearer to C, than is AB. Its angle of vision also, would correspond with the apparent increase of its length, as is shewn by the letter FCG. Again, place the arrow between HI, half as far from C, as FG is, that is, 1\u00bc inches. The apparent length of the arrow in this position, will be to the same arrow, when at AB, the natural distance, as 10 inches are to 1\u00bc inches; that is, as 8 to 1: and the angle of vision, if it could be distinct under such circumstances, would be shown by the letters HCI, corresponding to the enlargement of the arrow in its present position. Last of all, remove the arrow to between KL, taking again half the last distance from the eye C, that is, at \u215dths of an inch from it, and the arrow, in its new position, if it could be clearly seen there, would appear to be magnified above its natural size, in the ratio of 10 inches to \u215d of an inch; that is, as 16 to 1; so that, if the arrow were actually an inch in length, in its natural view under the present, or a similarly magnified aspect, it would appear to be 16 inches long. And, if we consider the arrow as having breadth or thickness also, the same ratio of enlargement would take place.One thing, in this little sketch of elementary principles is quite obvious; and it is to this obvious fact, that I beg your particular attention. It is this, that when the arrow is removed from AB to DE, or to FG, or to HI, or to LK, an enlargement of the angle of vision, also takes place, concurrently with & inseparably from an increase in the length of the arrow; and that one event cannot take place without the other; and that whereever a augmentation of the angle occurs, we may without mistake or fear of mistake, infer that a corresponding increase of the length and breadth of an object which stretches across the said angle of vision, will also take place. So, again, whenever an apparent enlargement of the dimensions of an object takes place, it is equally fair, to infer that this enlargement is produced by viewing it, under an enlarged angle of vision.It will be obvious, therefore, other circumstances being equal, that this will be the greatest magnifier, which causes the rays of light flowing from an object, to converge the fastest, or what is the same thing, with the greatest angle. Thus, an object seen distinctly, under the angle DCE; will magnify more than when the same object is seen under the angle ACD\u2014and will be doubly magnified, since it is only half as far from the eye C. An object seen under the angle FCG, will also be magnified more than when seen under the angle DCE and in the inverse ratio of their distances from the eye C. So will it be of the same object when seen (distinctly) under the angle HCI, which being greater than FCG, produces corresponding augmentation of the object. The angle HCL, being an angle still greater than any of the proceeding, affords an increase of magnifying power corresponding with the law already named. Lastly the greatest angle under which it is possible to view any object is that of two right angles, that is, a right line, and in this case, that right line is, NCM.It is plain, to a mathematical mind, that, the arrow in all its various positions, is the chord of the angle which it subtends; or in other words, the chord of the angle of vision. And the same mind would probably prefer, to the rule already laid down for ascertaining the ratio of apparent magnitude, a rule something like this. As the Co-sine of half the greater of the two angles of vision, is to the Co-sine of half the smaller angle of vision, so is the natural distance (say 10 inches) to the ratio of magnitude, or in other words, to the magnifying power.\n *To wit, that belonging to the natural distance.\nAll this is predicated upon the supposition that the naked eye is possessed of properties, different from what is known to be the fact. Now, optical instruments, it is well known, all possess their valuable properties, in the one fact, that they cause the rays of light to converge very fast, that is, under great angles; whereby they are enabled, readily to enter the pupil of the eye, under such circumstances as to produce the most distinct vision.But every optical instrument, now known, from the microscope with its spherule eye-glass , in some instances, of 1/200th part of an inch in diameter, to the telescope of Herschell, have, in their very structure, and ever must have, as any one may convince himself, by reading optical works, only moderately large angles of vision. Their magnifying power is therefore very much circumstanced; and for this very obvious, and (in the present state of the science of vision,) invincible reason, to wit, that they can never cause the rays of light, which, originally flow from luminous bodies in right parallel lines, ultimately to converge geometrically to the centre of a sphere, there forming a focus, and at the same time, permit the eye to approach and occupy that focus. Such an instrument has never been made; such an one I think I know how to construct. Let me proceed.A concave spherical reflector does not converge the rays that fall into it, parallel to its axis, to the centre of the sphere, nor, indeed, to any other point or geometrical focus. They are more or less dispersed, as you are no doubt aware. It is the concave parabolical reflector, that possesses this property, and it is no other. But as there are a great variety of parabolas, as many indeed as there are cones to cut them from, their foci are in different relative positions. Some have (the focus) within the concavity of the parabola, and, in the line of its axis, more or less distant from the vertex of the axis. One there & one only is which has its focus, neither within nor without the cavity of the parabola, but in the plane, which may be supposed to cover its mouth, and therefore between the two. Others again have it without the parabola\u2019s cavity, more or less remote from the vertex of the axis, as the axis itself is shorter or longer. To exemplify: A parabola, cut from a sharp cone, as the one at our right, [GRAPHIC IN MANUSCRIPT]which is elongated in the direction of its axis AB, may have its focus, say at \u2609, to which point all the rays, that fall into it in this usual manner, will be converged, take radii to the centre of a sphere, or a greater portion of a sphere.Another parabola, cut from a cone of a smaller relative height than the preceding, and also exhibited at our right, [GRAPHIC IN MANUSCRIPT] may have its rays converge to a point, \u2609, in the axis \u2609C, where this axis meets the line AB, which last is at right angles with the former; and to this point all the rays of light that enter the concavity, when the axis is in a line coincident with the line of sight to, the luminous object, will be converged.This, then, I conceive is the long sought optical machine. It is this machine which can converge, to a point the rays, in the open air, (a medium more fit, than any we know, for the per-transmission of light), where we can have full and free access to it, as at \u2609; and where their convergency to that point, is evidently in the same as if they proceeded at right angles from all parts of the represented semi-sphere DCE, whose radius of curvature is \u2609C.It is therefore to the point \u2609, that the eye is to be applied when the greatest magnifying power which is possible, is to be sought; and the effect of such an application, if I have taken true facts, and reasoned justly from them, can amount to neither more nor less than this, that it annihilates all distance between our eye and the object we behold! This will appear not to be doubted, when it is considered, that the co-sine of half the angle of vision (to wit; the angle or rather right line A\u2609B in the above figure\u2014or 180\u00b0) is equal to nothing, or in other words has vanished. The ratio therefore of a vanished quantity, for nothing, to 10 in. when the distance of natural distinct vision, is infinite\u2014or what amounts to the same thing, the apparent remoteness of the observed object is annihalated.Let the eye be now placed within the concavity of the reflector, and occupy a point in the axis, that point for instance where the two lines F and G meet it near the point \u2609. The angle of vision in such case, would be contained between the lines F near \u2609, and G near to \u2609, so to speak, which is an angle much less than the angle A\u2609B. So that in this new position of the eye, the rays that are converged towards \u2609, between A and F and between G and B are lost, since they do not enter it; and as a legitimate consequence, the magnifying power would be considerably diminished. This diminution it will be apparent, will be more or less, as the eye is carried more or less, within the concavity of the reflector.It need scarcely be said that when we use this telescope, the back of the observer, as in Herschell\u2019s, is towards the object viewed. It should therefore be made so large that the light intercepted by the observer\u2019s head and the upper portion of his body, should be inconsiderable, when compared to the area, of the mouth, so to speak, of the reflector; the diameter of that of Herschell\u2019s being four feet. This, from his experience, has been found sufficiently large, to allow a quantity of light to strike the eye, sufficient for the purposes of distinct vision. I infer, that under precisely similar circumstances, the same would take place in mine.Now, as to the execution. To obtain the perfect parabolic form or curve, has been thought to be extremely difficult, and perhaps impossible. Mr Herschell is stated to have discovered a very useful method of obtaining the curve of the parabola, which he used; And that he keeps it a secret. For my own part, I would ask, what can be more easy, after ascertaining the kind and magnitude of the cone wanted, than to construct it very carefully conformable thereto, and as carefully also, to cut away, parallel to one of its sides in the proper point, all save the smaller portion, which will be possessed of a perfectly plane surface bounded by the parabolic curve wanted\u2014copies of which can easily be obtained, by placing the said plane surface upon another plane surface and with a pointed instrument marking around the margin of the preserved conical fragment?I confess that I think that where a thread or silk string, is used to obtain this curve, (as is the fact sometimes), that success is not to be expected for obvious reasons\u2014but in such a mode as this, I discover no source of greater error or uncertainty, than there would be in attempting to draw a true circle, with a good pair of compasses. There is more labor in the process, to be sure, and that is all.It seems evident to me, then, that the means are at hand, of obtaining the true figure. The converging of the rays, geometrically true to their common focus, may confidently be expected, as it is certainly very much to be desired where we want a perfect image. At least, I submit it to your judgment, if I am wrong.As to the material. It may be of glass; but then it would require, before silvering, to have, both concave and convex surfaces ground parallel to each other, and this, tho\u2019 by no means an impracticable achievement, would yet be attended with some danger of being broken. It would be exposed to the same contingency afterward. In its favor it may be urged, that it reflects extremely well; and that it is not subject to be tarnished.We may use the speculum composition of Sir Isaac Newton. But this must then be made very heavy, for purposes of strength; it is also liable to tarnish. The weight of Herschell\u2019s is stated at 2118\u2114. This is an evil which should remedied if possible.Cast-steel, too, I think might be used. I would cause enough to be melted, under proper chemical circumstances, to make a reflector, of 4 feet diameter and \u00bd an inch in thickness, with a short hollow stem on the back of it, to receive an iron or other strong rod, to be used to elevate it at any angle of the horizon, and point it to the object. The weight of a cast steel one, would then be about 300\u2114\u2014a seventh part of that composed of what is called the speculum-metal.Silver and platina, every thing considered, might perhaps be entitled to preference, over all I have mentioned, but the high price of the first, and the great difficulty there would be in procuring and fabricating the other, probably will place them out of consideration.But the cast-steel one, and the speculum-metal one, are liable to tarnish. Let us take a clear transparent circular glass plate, large enough to cover the mouth of the reflector and let us cement its external edge, air-tight, to it. Let there be, however, in the centre of this glass plate, a circular hole large enough to admit so much of the head as to enable the eye of the observer to be placed even a little within the focus\u2014and let this hole be closed again, by cementing into it a hollow glass semi-globe, thro\u2019 which the rays shall pass freely, and without refraction, since they fall on its surface at right angles. The concavity of the reflector is now filled with common air, which contains oxygen gas, a prolific source of injury to the surface of metallic mirrors. Let it be further supposed that two small holes are made into some (immaterial it is, what) part of the reflector, by means of which and other contrivances, with the injection of dry hydrogen or nitrogen or other suitable gas, the common air is driven out of the reflector\u2019s cavity, the substituted gas, occupying its place. Any effects that might be apprehended from a variation of the pressure of the atmosphere, may be obviated by causing the contained gas, to have communication, thro\u2019 one of the aforesaid orifices, the other being closed, with the cavity of a bottle of elastic gum or caoutchoue; which, when the internal exceeds the external pressure, will, if it be thin, as it should be, expand; and when the case is reversed, will collapse.It is understood, probably, that the telescope I have projected requires no inclosing tube, as in the case of Herschell\u2019s is in dispensible. This is no trifling advantage. The weight of his, made of rolled iron, could not, from the data I calculate from, be less than about 7,000\u2114.There is one instance however, in which it might possibly, be desirable to use a tube with my telescope. When it is said, that an optical instrument magnifies to infinity, it is saying all that can be said. But if the whole moon, for instance, be magnified to infinity\u2014it is equally certain that a part of her surface may also be so magnified\u2014and who will say that a portion or part being made larger to such an extent, is not more magnified, than when the whole only experiences such an enlargement?When a portion only of a luminous object is to be magnified, the remainder of it is to be excluded by some opake material and this material may be, for the tube chiefly canvass, and for the covering of the end of the tube, metal, in the form of a circular plate, with a small hole cut into its centre into which might be inserted a double concave glass, in order to give such divergency to the incident rays as to cause them, (in manner the same as when the entire luminous object is viewed) to strike upon and spread over the whole surface of the mirror, which, by the by, under such circumstances, would require a trifling alteration of its curvatures. But so perfect, I apprehend would be the telescope in its most simple form, that I imagine that this modification would seldom be resorted to.It would become necessary, in directing this telescope to the sun, to guard the eye against its power as a burning mirror. This protection would be afforded by colored glasses of various shades, large enough to cover the reflector\u2019s mouth\u2014as is now practised on many occasions of a similar kind.It is probable that I have been tedious, and I know I have been unscientific in my mode of exhibiting the principles of optics in connection with my telescope. Nor have I explained them at all, under any apprehension that they were not much better understood by yourself than by me: but it was necessary to take some standard and acknowledged facts, and by applying them legitimately, and in a manner as extensively as the limits of a letter would allow, to ascertain if I may not have discovered a valuable combination (if combination that can be called which has intrinsically but one piece or part) of the elements of optical science.The subject of the absolute cost, for which such a telescope can be constructed, I confess myself inadequate to do justice to, be the mode pursued, what it might. But from the fact, that it consists, as it were of a single piece\u2014that it will be very light\u2014that consequently little and simple mechanism would be wanting to enable the user to give it any direction that might be desired, I am of opinion, that tho\u2019 the gigantic one of Herschell\u2019s required and obtained the patronage of George the Third, and cost a great deal of money, yet that this could, without inconvenience, be embraced by the finances of many private gentlemen in this Country, to say nothing of the State or General Governments\u2014and that after a first and successful effort should have been made, all the most respectable seminaries of science in this or any other country could command the means to purchase one. I desire you to judge how happy for our national science will that day be, when such an event is consummated.One remark more I may make, and, I trust, with propriety; and it is this, that it may seem to be more proper to have consulted the science of this City, before consulting strangers who are remote. I propose to avail myself of both resources; but, since the yellow fever, in some measure, prevails here at present, most of our professors and other enlightened men are absent\u2014and therefore inaccessible to me at present. To other men of science, in the various states, as I happen to know them by reputation or otherwise, I shall take the same liberty that I have taken with you, that of making known my views\u2014and I beg that you will also make them known to any one you think proper; and I beg this, under the expectation, that ultimately, some individual or government, if my views shall be deemed to be correct, will not hesitate to bestow on the world on himself or itself, and on myself a very great benefaction; a benefaction, which, it cannot be possible to fail justly appreciating, when it is considered that if the optical machine is actually found to possess the great magnifying powers which I attribute to it, the problem, long contested among astronomers, of the moon and other heavenly bodies, being inhabited by animated beings, must be conclusively decided.I have, the honor to be, Sir, with the greatest esteem & respect your Most obt stThos Skidmore43 Hester stN. York\n This figure appears like the section of an oblique angled cone, which is not the fact. The cone is right angled. I was in too much haste.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-19-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2996", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from B. B. Breedin, 19 August 1822\nFrom: Breedin, B. B.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nMobile\n19h August 1822\nThe interest, for the new College in Virga, which has been ascribed to you, induces me to take this liberty; and my anxiety for the education of a Son, who I have every desire to see at school in my native state, must be my appologySo little is said in the news papers on the subject of that establishment, that we, in this Country, are in total ignorance as to the Period at which a Commencement will be made, and, as to the rules which will be adopted in relation to the age, advancement in learning or other qualifications of the applicants for admissionIf there had been a prospect of obtaining this information at other hands, it would have spared me the Pain of taking a liberty with you, but deprived me of the pleasure of having it from yours.\u2014Respectfully.B. B. Breedin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-19-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2997", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 19 August 1822\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nRichd\n19 August 1822\nThe balance of your Tobacco is now all here, say ten Hhds:, in addition to the five before advised of, & will be sold tomorrow\u2014by the next mail you will receive the a/c sales\u2014The River is so extremely low, that Boats can scarcely pass, particularly up the Rivanna, this has prevented my sending earlier, the stone ware left with, & pd for by me, to Richd Randolph, for you, & will probably prevent the 4 Casks Roman Cement, ordered, from reaching you soon by that mode of conveyance, the first that offers however shall be embraced\u2014Your dfts: to W. & Raphael & Rogers, advised of, have neither appeared, when they do, the money will be paid.Your favor of the 16th:, Reached me this morning, covering blanks for the renewal of your notes at Bank, which shall be attended to. I am sorry there should have been a doubt, even for a moment, on your mind, about $330 entry in my last a/c current & am pleased you have mentioned it:\u2014on reference to your a/c rendered up to the 1st of April, you will find, that you have credit, on the 27th March, for $326.48, being the nett proceeds of the $330 note now in question, which was discounted on that day, & fell due on 28th May, when it was taken up by me, & properly entered to your debit the same date\u2014Judge Green & myself have it in contemplation to visit you, from the 1st to the 10th: next Mo: month, provided it suits your annual visit to Bedford, which we would not on any account interfere with, but would make it to suit your convenience, at a later period.\u2014Judge G. is anxious to form an acquaintance with the person he has ever most admired & reverenced, politically, & in his public character generally, & I am pursuaded you will be pleased with him, as a man of Roman virtue, fine Talents & character, but of most unsightly appearance\u2014With sincere regard Dr Sir Yours very TrulyBernd Peyton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-20-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2998", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmund Bacon, 20 August 1822\nFrom: Bacon, Edmund\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n The Paper containing a settlement of accounts dated January 28th 1821. saying all accts up to the first day of that month say Jan:y 1st.. 1821. was settled and on that day was due me $634..71.Jany 1st your acceptance of Meeks order. in favour of my son12..wages of 1821 to sepr 22nd166..67Wages of 1822. to sepr 22166..67.$980..05The above sums with the interest on each as intitled is a correct statement as far as I now recollect.respectfully yours\n E: Baconat this time I cannot say whither or not it will soot me to remaine untill christmas. I shall immediately inquire into the chance of my geting a corner of the Presidents land could you inform me who to apply to to no the terms of sale. I would Gladly perchase 300 acres if I could get it at about $4000 as he ows me money", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-20-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2999", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joshua Dodge, 20 August 1822\nFrom: Dodge, Joshua\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nRespected Sir\u2014\nSalem\nI have had the pleasure of recg your esteemed letter of 19 ultmo & beg you to accept my sincere thanks for your kind attention to my wishes & I sincerely hope that I shall soon have the pleasure of thanking you in person.It was near seven years that I had been absent from my native country & the pleasure I felt in revisiting it was indescribable; absence had served to impress more deeply in my Memory the scenes of my youth & still more deeply in my heart did I feel the proud satisfaction of being a Citizen of the United States\u2014the more we see of foreign countries the more we become attached to our own, and consequently our attachment becomes still greater to those liberties which the Fathers of our Revolution have blessed us with & which in the immortal declaration of our Independence are so admirably set forth; the getting that declaration by heart should be the first lesson given to our youth\u2014I have wrote to Marseilles respecting the addition of the Brandy to your order & you may depend it will be attended to\u2014I sincerely thank you for your kind offer of letters, to your friends at Richmond, they will be to me of the greatest use\u2014I have recd an answer from the Department of State approving of my absence\u2014I have the honor to remain with sentiments of the highest esteem your most Obedt Servt\u2014Josha Dodge", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-20-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3000", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Rawlings, 20 August 1822\nFrom: Rawlings, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nOffice of the Mutual Asse Sy Richmond\nBearing in mind unpleasant occurrence caused by Mr Kinsolving in 1820 and wishing to avoid in future a similar one, I have not placed in the hands of any Agent or collector the subsequent claims of the mutual Assurance Society on you for the Insurance of your property, but have kept them back in this Office with a view to their collection directly here\u2014.I now annex a statement of the claims of this society on your property at Monticello, and also their claims on the remaining property at Milton purchased by you of Henderson\u2019s legatees\u2014.The claims on the latter property were at the sale of $911/100 Pr Annum as heretofore advised, but have been rescinded except as to $154/100 Pr annum under the information contained in your favour in 1820.Will you be pleased to remit the amount of these claims to me by check, drft, or otherwise as may be most convenient & much obligeyr most ObJames RawlingsP. Asma SyDue on property at MonticelloQuotas of 1821 & 1822 & Quota of deficiency @ $17.96 each year $53.88.Interest on 17.96 from 1t Apl 1821 to 1t Sepr 1822 1.53. $55.41Quotas of the years 1809. 1810. 1811. 1812. 1813. 1814. 1815. 1816. 1817 1818. 1819. 1820 1821 & 1822. @ $154/100 ea yr $21.56.Interest on the same to 1t Septr 1822. 7.43 28.99whole amount due$84 40", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-22-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3001", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 22 August 1822\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,Richd 22d Augt \u201822.I Take leave to introduce to your acquaintance my particular friend Colo John Campbell of the Executive Council, who will hand you this, & who it is only necessary to know, to highly esteem.I solicit for him your civilities, and am,With great respect Yours very TrulyB. Peyton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-22-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3002", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 22 August 1822\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nRichd\nI hand herewith a/c sales your ten Hhds: Tobacco, at the best prices I could obtain, in presence of a large company of purchasers\u2014Eccept Nos 2. & 4. of the T.H. Tobacco, every Hhd: was too soft, & had a funky smell, the Tobacco was also short, with the above exception, & some of it poor, & deficient in substance\u2014the B.C.\u2019s were by no means as well managed as the TH\u2019s, but neither as well assorted as they might have been, but still there is a great improvement upon last year, & I hope by the next crop, there will be no fault in management or order.I forwarded by a Waggon yesterday, to the Care of Messer: Wolfe & Raphael Charlottesville, a bundle of Books from Mr Ritchie of this City, which I wish safe to hand.The Canal is now so low that an empty boat cannot pass\u2014With great respect & regard Yours very TrulyB. PeytonSales 10 Hogsheads Tobacco by Bernard Peyton for a/c Thomas Jefferson Esq:1822 Richd22 August, To sundry persons for Cash 10 Hhds: Tobacco Viz:\u2114sLeaf.\u2014{T.J./T.H.No2 = 1740 = 140 = 1600nett,to Gray & Pankeyat$7.20$115.20\u3003\u30034 = 1872 = 142 = 1730\u3003,to J. & W. Gilliat\u30037.00121.10T.J./B.C.\u30031 = 1700 = 138 = 1562\u3003,to Suke & Sizer\u30035.6588.25\u3003\u30032 = 1765 = 135 = 1630\u3003to D. Barclay\u30035.7593.72\u3003\u30033 = 1687 = 137 = 1550\u3003to Suke & Sizer\u30035.5586.02\u3003\u30034 = 1770 = 138 = 1632\u3003to J. & W Gilliat\u30036.0598.73Refused.{\u3003\u30035 = 1505 = 135 = 1370\u3003to Suke & Sizer\u30033.8552.74\u3003\u30036 = 1596 = 136 = 1460\u3003do.do.\u30033.8556.21\u3003\u30037 = 1842 = 142 = 1700\u3003to D. W. & C. Warwick\u30033.5059.50T.J./T.H.\u30038= 1386 = 126 = 1260\u3003do.do.\u30033.6545.99$817.46Charges.\u2014\u2114sCashpaidfrght:13,864at 20\u00a2$27.72Do\u3003\u30031630\u300325\u00a24.07Do\u3003for notes at 50\u00a25.00$36.79To Canal toll do. at 2/64.17To Drayage $1.34, Comssn at 2\u00bdpr $20.4421.78$62.74Nett proceeds at Cr Th: Jefferson Esq.$754.72E. E.B. PeytonBy N. N. Wilkinson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-24-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3003", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Lewis de Belair, 24 August 1822\nFrom: Belair, Lewis de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nRespected Sir\nPhilada\nAugust 24th 1822\nPermit me through your Goodness to Inclose the Within Small Package for your Friend Captain Philip Slaughter of Culpepper County Virginia, It is a Small Book \u201cthe Imitation of Christ a Kempuis Which Mrs Slaughter Expressed a Desire to have, all tho Scarce In English I have Procured it, and now Take the Liberty to Present it to her as a mark of my Great Esteem and Friendship,It is more than three months Since I have had it and for the Want of a Safe Conveyance It has been Detained In my hands, I Therefore take This Liberty and Desire your Indulgence?Permit me at the Same time to Tender you the assurance of my Great Respect, and of the pleasure I should have to be Informed of the State of your health, and of the Progressed State of your University \u201cThat most Splendid Edifice!, I had the Honor to Call at your mansion, In march Last, but unfortunately you was not at home, I was on my Return from the French Settlement in AlabamaI am Sir With Respect your Humble ServtLewis D BelairForeign Bookseller", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-28-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3007", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Robert Mills, 28 August 1822\nFrom: Mills, Robert\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy dear Sir\nColumbia\nPermit me to enclose you my pamphlet on the Internal Improvement of South Carolina, with the expression of the sincerest esteem and the highest respect for your exalted character.\u2014Should your leisure at any time admit of your perusing it, I shall be gratified, and I trust that I shall have written nothing but what will meet with your approbation\u2014If I shall appear to be too sanguine, attribute the warmth to the best of motives the love of country\u2014The pamphlet was hastily written with the view to affording some general light to our citizens but you will examine it with the eye of a friend.\u2014It is a source of much pleasure to me to learn of your continued health; may this blessing my dear Sir, continue with you thro\u2019 life, and the sincere prayer of my heart is that when it pleases God to call you from your useful labors here, he may call you to rest in the bosom of his love,\u2014Mrs Mills joins me in this expression of respect & esteem.\u2014I salute you dear Sir affectionatelyRobt MillsPS. I have been now nearly two years in the service of my native state. Should it not be too fatiguing to you will you favor us with a line?\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-28-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3008", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Bernard Peyton, 28 August 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Peyton, Bernard\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nAt the time of writing my letter of the 16th I expected I was wrong as to the 330.D. and had I thought of looking to the preceding quarterly account, I should have seen that I was wrong however all is now right. I inclose you a check on the Farmer\u2019s bank for 1059. D 66 c which please to recieve and place to my credit in your account. I shall within a few days have to draw on this deposit as well as on the fund of my tobacco, which will be enlarged by shipments of flour by the first tide, our wheat being actually in the mill and it\u2019s grinding to commence tomorrow. I mention this as supplementary for meeting the draughts I shall make and paying up your balance.I must ask the favor of you to send me 8 boxes of tin by the first waggon, as we are now waiting for it. also to send me by the first boat from mr Andrew Smith a box to contain 50. panes of glass 12. by 18. I. and 50 panes 12. I. square.affectionately yoursTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-29-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3009", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Bernard Peyton, 29 August 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Peyton, Bernard\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI find that in my letter of Yesterday I omitted to notice the paragraph in yours which promised me a visit from judge Greene and yourself. nothing can give me greater pleasure than such a visit. altho not personally acquainted with the judge, I have been taught to revere him for every good quality, and to consider him as one of the sheet anchors of our republican bank. I shall be at home all September, & ready to recieve the visit with distinguished Welcome. present me to him with all respect, and accept for yourself the assurance of my affectionate esteem.Th: Jefferson[note on PoC by TJ:] wrote P.S. for 3. bundles 150\u2114 spike-ironn by 1st waggon.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-29-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3010", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Skidmore, 29 August 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Skidmore, Thomas\nMonticello\nAug 29. 22You must be so good, Sir, as to excuse me from entering into the optical investigation which your letter of the 18th proposes. the hand of age presses heavily on me. I have long withdrawn my mind from speculations of that kind my memory is on the wane I am averse even to close thinking, and writing is become slow, laborious & painful. I will make then but a single suggestion on the subject of your proposition, to shew my respect to your request.to distinct vision it is necessary not only that the visual angle should be sufficient for the powers of the human eye, but that there should be sufficient light also on the object of observation. in microscopic observations, the enlargement of the angle of vision may be more indulged, because auxiliary light may be concentrated on the object by concave mirrors. but in the case of the heavenly bodies, we can have no such aid. the moon, for example recieves from the sun but a fixed quantity of light. in proportion as you magnify her surface, you spread that fixed quantity over a greater space, dilute it more, and render the object more dim. if you increase her magnitude infinitely, you dim her face infinitely also, and she becomes invisible. when under total eclipse, all the direct rays of the sun being intercepted, she is seen but faintly, and would not be seen at all but for the refraction of the solar rays in their passage thro\u2019 our atmosphere. in a night of extreme darkness, a house or a mountain is not seen, as not having light enough to impress the limited sensibility of our eye. I do suppose in fact that Herschel has availed himself of the properties of the parabolic mirror to the point beyond which it\u2019s effect would be countervailed by the diminution of light on the object. I barely suggest this element, not presented to view in your letter, as one which must enter into the estimate of the improved telescope you propose. you will recieve from the professional mathematicians whom you have consulted remarks more elaborate and profound, and must be so good as to accept mine merely as testimonies of my respectTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-31-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3012", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Henry Dearborn, 31 August 1822\nFrom: Dearborn, Henry\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nLisbon\nAugust 31t 1822\nKnowing me so well as you do, you could not have contemplated my present situation and especially at my time of life, no one better knows my deficiencies for my present situation than your self, the very perticular and flatering manner that my nomination, and notification of it was made, opperated as the strongest inducement for my accepting the appointment. it being intirely unsought and unexpected on my part or by any of my friends. the very flatering notice of it from the President placed me in a situation very difficult for me to discribe. but here I am, and not without hopes of being of some service to my Country. thus far, appearences are favourable, and if I should succeed in healing some old bruses, and in establishing a friendly intercourse on fair and reciprocal principles, I shall I hope, return home with satisfaction to my self and to my Government and friends. no exertions of such abilities as I possess shall be wanting in effecting the wishes & expectations of the President. I trust that my stay here will not extend over two years at farthest, Mrs Dearborn is with me and also a grand-Daughter. Mr Thos Brent Secretary of Legation arrived two days since from Madrid. the account he gives of the affairs in Spain shews a want of confidence in the King, with great struggles for overseting the present sistem of Government. great hopes are now entertained by the friends of the present Government from the recent change of the Ministry, the new Ministers are considered sound & true.\u2014an Election for a new Cortis has been made here since I arrived, it was attended with no turbelence, but was carried through very quietly.\u2014with sentiments of the highest respect and esteem I am Sir your sincere friend and Humble ServtHenry Dearborn", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "08-01-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3013", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George F. Hopkins, August 1822\nFrom: Hopkins, George F.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,\nState of New York,\nI submit to your candid examination the Observations which accompany this letter. They had for their basis the quotations from the Notes on Virginia which are prefixed to them. This valuable work I read many years since with delight and edification; and the estimation in which it is held among men of sense and letters, must insure to it a durable fame.Whatever may be the worth of the observations, there is no person to whom they can be submitted with so much propriety as to yourself. The reasons for this it were unnecessary to enumerate. Should it be your opinion, after you have given the humble performance a perusal, that it possesses sufficient merit to entitle it to publicity, I beg permission to add to it such remarks as you may think proper to offer in relation to it.I am aware that I have undertaken to treat of subjects that are better fitted for men of infinitely higher qualifications than those to which I can make pretension. Believing, however, that the explanations I have given are founded in truth, I submit them respectfully to your examination; conscious, as I am, that notwithstanding the defects with which the performance will be seen to abound, it will receive such commendation from an enlightened mind as it may be justly entitled to. More cannot be expected.As I must presume that in some instances at least, and perhaps in many, appropriate terms may not be made use of, I have left a margin on each page, in order that more correct words or phrases may be substituted. In this respect, permit me to request of you to make such corrections as may appear to you expedient and proper.If the attempt receives your sanction, I propose to commit it to press as soon as it shall be returned to me; but this will be done anonymously, as I have powerful reasons for choosing such a course.With the highest respect, I am, Sir, Your most hum. ServtGeo. F. Hopkins.N.B. Please direct to me at the New York post office.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-01-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3014", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Frederick A. Mayo, 1 September 1822\nFrom: Mayo, Frederick A.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Springhill Bindry near \n I have this Day delivered the Books to Capt Peyton and sinerely hope they may soone be received by your Honour,\u2014The same time take the liberty of forwarding my AcountYour humble Servant.\n The Hono: Thomas Jeffersonto Frederick A Mayo 7.to binding in extra Calf 4 Vols Dion Cassius @ 75.$3\u3003April 12to Ditto 2 Vols Edingburg Review @ 751.50to 3 Vols Montagne in extra calf\u2014@ 1253.75Sept 1.to binding 9. Vols Plutarch in extra Calf @ 756.75to Ditto 3 Vols Herodotus\u2014do2 .25to Ditto 2 Vols Thucydides\u2014@ 751.50to Ditto 5 Vols Xenoph\u2014@ 753.75to Ditto 2 Vols Biblia\u2014@ 751.50$24.00NB. I am realy sorrow that I have not yet been able to obtain the Dictionary before ordered, as it appairs to be out of print, the only chance will be, to get a Second hand Copie.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-02-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3015", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 2 September 1822\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nRichd\n2d Septr. 1822\nI was favor\u2019d last evening with yours covering chk: on Farmers Bank for $1059.66 which is at your credit in a/c as directed\u2014Any dfts: you may have occasion to draw will be honor\u2019d as heretofore\u2014I have this morning procured the 8 Boxes Tin, 3 Bundles spike Rods, & 1 Box Glass 12/18, but could not find, at Smith\u2019s, or any where else, 12/12 Glass, he is good enough to say he will order it immediately, from Boston.\u2014the Tin & Rod I have directed to go by the first Waggon for Charlottesville & the other articles by the first Boat for Milton, there are none of either here just now tho\u2019, & suppose there will be no boat for a considerable time, as the River is uncommonly low\u2014Waggons have been more scarce this summer than I ever knew them, I hope tho\u2019 one will soon be found\u2014I shall leave here tomorrow, pass thro\u2019 Culpepr, & hope to reach Monticello about Saturday or Sunday next, accompanied by Mrs Peyton & Judge Green, mean time, remain,With sincere regard Dr sir Yours very TrulyB. Peyton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-02-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3016", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Eston Randolph, 2 September 1822\nFrom: Randolph, Thomas Eston\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear SirShadwell Mill\n2nd Septr 1822I have been grinding all day, altho\u2019 to a very great disadvantage\u2014the works are badly constructed but I trust a remedy may yet be found\u2014I saw Mr Read at Court\u2014and he has promised to be here tomorrow and to bring Mr Ligon with him\u2014very respectfully yrsThos Eston RandolphI shall be glad if you will direct Mr Meeks to fix the partition for the midling room\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-03-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3017", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George W. Erving, 3 September 1822\nFrom: Erving, George W.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nRespected Sir\u2014\nWashington\nSep. 3d 1822. (at Col Bomfords)\n one of my first duties after my return home, & my greatest pleasure is a pilgrimage to Monticello, & I had arrived thus far on my way when Mr Monroe informed me that you did propose to make a distant journey, & may have actually commenced it;\u2014he encourages me to ascertain the fact by writing to you,\u2014if you shoud still be at Monticello & will allow of my visit I will leave this immediatelyWith very sincere respect & grateful attachment Your very obliged & obt StGeorge W. Erving", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-03-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3018", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Samuel Overton, 3 September 1822\nFrom: Overton, Samuel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr Sir\nNashville Tenn:\n3rd Sept. 1822\nI do with confidence write you as a Gentn, to recommend me to some person in Urope or the U S A that you have confidence in as a Vintner\u2014I have no doubt but the Latitude of this place answers with that of France where some amongst the best of Wine is made\u2014I have nothing more than hoping the fiw remaining days of your life may end in peace with yourself & God together with a good conscience let me hear from you on the rest of this\u2014yrs &\u2014Saml OvertonP. S. the people here are in great distress on acct of yr exchange of paper Currency &cS O", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-04-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3019", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Alexander Garrett, 4 September 1822\nFrom: Garrett, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr. Sir\nCharlottesville\n4th Sept. 1822\nI send for your approval the check of two thousand dollars enclosed; besides several drafts which have been presented for payment (& which I could not pay for want of funds) Mr Peyton has sent me his account for the purchase of the bill of exchange on Leghorn. by which the University is in his debt about $100. and which I wish to send him by the return mail,I would have wrode up to see you in person but business prevents,Respectfully Your Mo ObtAlex: Garrett", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-04-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3020", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Bernard Peyton, 4 September 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Peyton, Bernard\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nPresuming that in addition to the proceeds of my Tobo you have recieved the amount of the check on the farmer\u2019s bank for 1059. D. inclosed in my letter of Aug. 29. I yesterday drew on you in favor of Wolfe and Raphael for 103.84 and this day in favor of James Lietch for 908.47 & of Martin Dawson for 49.54 and I shall be obliged to draw in a few days for D750. and one or two smaller draughts. to assist in meeting these & to make up my balance to you I only await a tide in the river to ship flour, and the coming in of a balance of about 1200. D from my mill tenants. the former however is a sure and early reliance. affectionately yoursTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-05-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3022", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Barret, 5 September 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Barret, William\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI failed wholly in the payment to mr Miller which I should have made in March last, from circumstances it was not in my power to controul. that due this day shall be made within a very few days by an order for 750. D. on Colo Bernard Peyton. I have no reason to doubt that I shall be able to make good the succeeding payments as stipulated; except that the next, due in March next, cannot be made to the day. my reliance for it is on my Bedford tobo which never gets to market till May. the omission of the last instalment may oblige me to ask a delay of the ultimate extinguishment perhaps a half year beyond that before proposed: but it is equally possible that I may be able in the present or ensuing year to discharge the whole at a single payment. I can assure you that I have not another more anxious wish than the final discharge of this debt, and that my mind will remain justly impressed by the kindness of your indulgence, and more strongly urged by a just sensibility of it to hasten the moment by every means in my power. Accept esteem & respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-05-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3023", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Patrick Gibson, 5 September 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gibson, Patrick\nSir\nMonticello\nI recieved a few days ago your favor of Aug. 27. & have this day written to the President on it\u2019s subject. he had left our neighborhood two or three weeks ago. I sincerely wish he may find it practicable to comply with your request, and assure you that nothing will gratify me more at any time than to be useful to you, and that I retain for you constant sentiments of friendship & respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-05-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3024", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George F. Hopkins, 5 September 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hopkins, George F.\nSir\nMonticello\nYour letter of Aug. \u2014 was recieved a few days ago. of all the departments of science no one seems to have been less Advanced, for the last hundred years than that of Meteorology. the new Chemistry indeed has given us a new principle of the generation of rain by proving water to be a composition of different gasses, and has aided our theory of Meteoric lights. electricity stands where Dr Franklin\u2019s early discoveries placed it, except with it\u2019s new modification of Galvanism. but the phenomena of snow, hail, halo, Aurora Borealis, haze, looming Etc are as yet very imperfectly understood. I am myself an empyric in Natural philosophy, suffering my faith to go no further than my facts. I am pleased however to see the efforts of hypothetical speculation because by the collisions of different hypotheses truth may be elicited and science advanced in the end. this sceptical disposition does not permit me to say whether your hypothesis for looming and the floating volumes of warm air occasionally percieved may or may not be confirmed by future observations. more facts are yet wanting to furnish a solution on which we may rest with confidence. I even doubt as yet whether the looming at sea and at land are governed by the same laws. in this state of uncertainty I cannot presume either to advise or discourage the publication of your essay. this must depend on circumstances of which you may be abler to judge your self; and therefore I return the paper as requested with assurances of my great respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-05-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3025", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Samuel McKay, 5 September 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: McKay, Samuel\n I thank you, Sir, for the copy of your Oration of the 4th of July, which you have been so kind as to send me, and I have noticed with satisfaction the observations on political parties. that such do exist in every country, and that in every free country they will make themselves heard, is a truth of all times. I believe their existence to be salutary, inasmuch as they act as Censors on each other, and keep the principles & practices of each constantly at the bar of public opinion. it is only when they give to party principles a predominance over the love of country, when they degenerate into personal antipathies, and affect the intercourse of society and friendship, or the justice due to honest opinion, that they become vicious and baneful to the general happiness and good. we have seen such days. may we hope never to see such again! accept the assurance of my respect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-05-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3026", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Monroe, 5 September 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Monroe, James\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI have made it a rule, and have pretty steadfastly ob observed it, not to permit myself to be used as an instrument to trouble and embarras the government with sollicitations for office. now & then however a case occurs which from peculiar circumstances, cannot be declined. still I wish it always to be understood that I ask no departure from what justice, or the necessary rules of government may require. a year or two ago, in a letter to mr Secretary Thomson, I seconded the application of mr Gibson of Richmond for the reception of his son into the corps of Midshipmen. the father is a most worthy man, was jointly with my late friend and relation George Jefferson, for 20. years my correspondents in business in Richmond, of the purest integrity & personal worth. he is one of those who suffered in the general catastrophe of commerce which took place two or three years ago, has a numerous family, and is rendered helpless by the deplorable state of his health. I inclose you a letter lately recieved from him, with the expression only of the gratification I should feel should the necessary rules of the government now admit his request. accept assurances of my constant and affectionate esteem and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-06-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3027", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Johann Friedrich Daniel Lobstein, 6 September 1822\nFrom: Lobstein, Johann Friedrich Daniel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nHonorable and Respected Sir!\nLebanon Pa\nSeptember 6. 1822.\nTwo years ago I took the freedom to send you by Mr. Belair Bookseller in Philadelphia a Prospectus of a work entitled: Topography of Philadelphia etc. which work I had intend to Publish on a Subscription in this Country, and you had the goodness to Subscribe for a Copy, which flattered me very much, than what could be more honorable to me, than to have the Name of the\u2014celebrated and distinguished Jefferson in the list of my Subscribers\u2014whereas I have since sending you a Prospectus been buisy with endeavours to complete the Work as much as possible, and have now finished the manuscript, and have a Specification of the contents printed in german, for distribution in Germany, and whereas I understand that you Respected Sir are a protector of the german language, have in your possession many distinguished german works, and can speak the Language; I therefore take the Liberty to send you honorable Sir a Specification of my work in Germany. I Should flatter myself very much, and think it a Particular honor to recieve your sentiment of the work, wheter you think this work worthy of Publication, your sentiment I shall recieve with estimation as all your advise respecting my work\u2014not with standing the number of Subscribers for my work, the expence of publication is to extravagant. so that I am compelled to send the work to Europe for Publication, which I am sorry to do, for my Circumstances, will at present not admit it\u2014.You will pardon Respected Sir, that I took the freedom to send you a prospectus of my work as rememberance untill I may have the Pleasure to do the same of my work as soon as printed, it will therefore give me great Pleasure to hear the sentiment of so honorable a Person as Jefferson of my contemplated work.I have the honor to remain with sentiments of the highest esteemYour most humble obedient servantLobstein M.D.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-07-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3028", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Pseudonym: \"The Querist\", 7 September 1822\nFrom: Pseudonym: \u201cThe Querist\u201d\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Hond Sir\nWilliamsburg\nSepr 7th 1822.\nHaving had my curiosity excited on a few questions which I consider may be explained by those who are conversant with philosophy and Science in general; I have from a knowledge of your extensive researches, taken the liberty to request of you a Solution of the following queries\u20141st Why is the savage state called a state of nature? considering that Adam was the first man & he a perfect one?2d Why does vegetable matter when decayed enrich the ground on which it was produced?These are not idle questions Sir, intended to give pleasure to the writer while proposing them to you, but questions about which he has had frequent conversations of which he is anxious to get satisfactory solutions. Your speedy answer will be received with gratitudeby yr most Ob St\u201cThe Querist\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-08-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3029", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Eston Randolph, 8 September 1822\nFrom: Randolph, Thomas Eston\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\n\t\t\t Sunday\u20148th Septr 1822Your favor dated Septr22. by some accident did not reach Milton before yesterday, and as I was confined at the Mill until nearly midnight, I only received it this morning\u2014The articles of agreement drawn by you in 1817, were returned to you unexecuted, and the objections to them, altho\u2019 not very important, were then explain\u2019d to you; you did not record them, nor did I ask it, conceiving, that in the absence of a new contract, the former one (which was well understood by members of your family) would be obligatory on both parties\u2014With regard to my expecting a suspension of part of the current rent, I am not aware of ever having spoken of it\u2014and in truth I deem\u2019d it totally unnecessary even to hint it to you\u2014it being a matter not novel to us, and must I suppose be well understood, both by Landlords and Tenants of Mills\u2014If during a Lease, the repairs to be made by the Landlord are not Executed in time, by which delay the tenant sustains considerable loss, surely the least he can expect is a deduction of Rent\u2014I say nothing about damages\u2014because in affairs of business, as on all other occasions, I wish to be govern\u2019d by liberal principles, and your example has been worthy of imitation.\u2014This however is not a continuation of an old Lease, but is the commencement of a new one, and I will only observe, that as you assured me the Mill should be ready for the first of the grinding season (and it assuredly might have been so) I cannot conceive it unreasonable that I should expect the Rent to commence only from the time of the Mill being in a condition to perform regular work\u2014I am Yrs with perfect EsteemThos Eston Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-09-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3031", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Runnels, 9 September 1822\nFrom: Runnels, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n The homage, Sir, which is induced by a Superior Virtue, and transcendent talents, is as honourable to them who bring, as to them who receive it. You have filled so large a space, not alone, in your own Country but in the world, that it would be difficult to determine which is most indebted to you. And you have, involuntarily levied a contribution upon the suffrages of mankind, which, though always payable can never be paid, but will descend, not as an incumbrance but, as a privilege to posterity which it may be proud to own, and to exert itself to liquidate.When I look back upon that revolution by which, fraught as it was with promise, more has been achieved for the happiness of Man, than was at first contemplated or foreseen\u2014when I remember that while I was lisping the alphabet at an ordinary day-school, from a little horn-book, better fitted for a plaything than a vehicle of instruction, You with other associates as dignified as yourself were engaged in asserting and promulgating, to an admiring world, maxims and precepts that lay buried in a long and dark night of superstition\u2014or was silenced by the iron hand of power\u2014when I look around and see these same precepts, now distinctly understood, maintained and practised throughout the great empire of which you are at once a founder and a citizen, I think I may, not unjustly, consider myself liable to be envied by those who are to come after me, for having lived and been a contemporary with them and with you: And for having been a witness to the most important transaction of any times\u2014a transaction by which Life, Liberty and the pursuit of happiness were (:If I may so say:) discovered not to be any otherwise dependent upon human institutions, than as these can give security to the enjoyment of them.When I come down to a later and more active period of my life, and return to an accident by which in the first year of the french revolutionary wars, I was introduced to your notice as claiming restitution of a property detained within the jurisdiction of the U.S. contrary to the stipulations of your early treaties with France\u2014I close with these cheering recollections as with so much of what remains to endemnify me for the rigour of my subsequent fortunes. And I conclude you will admit them, in the place of better, as apologies for obtruding, unknown as I am to you, save what remembrance of me the incident just quoted may furnish, upon your time and attention.That I admire you as a public benefactor\u2014or that I hallow your pre-eminent talents and endowments, as a scholar, Philosopher and Statesman, can add nothing to your fame; while the gratuitous confession that I do both the one and the other, may draw down upon me a charge of presumption, and of arrogating a competence to judge of the great qualities by which you are distinguished; and which, alone, can justify that admiration.I came into the world while you, Sir, and other great assertors and vindicators of your political liberties were engaged in the momentous and arduous struggle of that period. I could very little more than read, and I had not maturity of intellect or judgement to appreciate the motives or examine the provocations which, in justification of your proceedings on that occasion, are recited and embodied in that singularly happy, and, if I dare indulge my own taste, matchless compendium of natural and political rights and duties, penned, I believe, by yourself \u201cthe declaration of American independence.\u201dThat independence, embracing, virtually, more than the emancipation of your own happy country from european domination, was achieved while I was yet a very young, though not a very heedless, observer of what was doing in the world. And I was not a little vain of what I then believed was my own discovery \u201cthat it was accomplished less by the prowess of Arms, than the might and power of intellect and mind, that were engaged in furthering it.\u201dI have lived, Sir, to see you grow, within the limits of my short life, into one of the most powerful empires of the earth! And I actually see concentrated in your civil and political institutions, all of wisdom and of equity (:with none of the infirmities:) recorded of old\u2014or to be found in modern use and practice. And when I reflect upon the virtues and talents by which all this must necessarily have been achieved, I am smitten with admiration of them, and exult in these triumphs of reason over error and prejudice\u2014and I feel an irresistable desire of presenting to you, who sustained so signal a part in the attainments of your own Country, and the ameliorations which are, under your own eyes and observation, growing out of her example, my humble but devout Congratulations.They will not be the less acceptable to you for coming under a name that has no claims to renown, and is no otherwise distinguished than by the defeats which have followed all the owners of it, in the ordinary industrious pursuits after fortune.If you discover some vanity associated with the desire of tendering to you this homage of my most Profound respect\u2014you will perceive, too, that it is tempered by an honest solicitude to bring my little mite to the stock of universal acknowledgement for the eminent services you have rendered mankind.The just and laudable views of others, are never indifferent to the Philanthrope. It is by this general feeling and on this principle that I presume to bespeak an interest with you in behalf of my only Son, who went, in the beginning of last spring to N. York for medical relief from a disease that had baffled the remedies in use in these Countries. Recent accounts from him make him much better\u2014and hold out reasonable expectations of his eventual recovery; So that he may be soon able to resume his former pursuits.He had been, some years ago, engaged in a Course of medical studies in the University of Pennsylvania under the late Professor Barton\u2014but was obliged to discontinue them on account of a derangement in my pecuniary affairs. His education has not been neglected; Nor was he slow in acquiring useful knowledge. His moral principles are sound & good.Under the late exactments of the British Government, and especially that one of them, which opens the ports of her colonial possessions to the Trade of the U.S. these will, perhaps, be occasion for the presence of commercial Agents to watch over the interest of their citizens. If such an appointment could be obtained for him at Trinidad, St Vincents, St Lucia, or St Kitts, he would Zealously exert himself to do the duties of it, and to justify the personal confidence which the appointment would necessarily imply. Dare I, Sir, to ask your notice of him? This Letter will find him in New York and will be transmitted to you with his address. So that should you conclude to countenance his application to the competent department of your Government, you may know how to trace him. If I Should be so fortunate to raise an interest with you, the desire to know something about me will, necessarily, follow. I might, therefore to provide for such an event, by offering you a reference, that might satisfy your enquiries in that respect. Baron Stackelberg the Minister plenepotentiary of Sweden at the Seat of your Government, will have no reluctance to furnish what information you may take the trouble to require about me\u2014And though there are occasions, when it is not forbidden to speak honestly of ourselves, I should prefer that Gentleman\u2019s account of me to any I can give of myself, as not liable to the suspicion of selfishness.You see, Sir, how regardless I have been of forms, and of conformity to exteriour decorum, when I have dared to address you with a freedom which scarcely any thing but long acquaintance or old friendship, if not your own magnanimity, can excuse.Whatever impediment a just preference for applications from your own citizens may raise to the success of the personal object of this letter, I shall be, nevertheless, consoled to know that you have bestowed some regard on the general purpose of it. And I shall preserve with a religious feeling whatever evidence you may afford me that you have done so. I am aware, Sir, that you are in the shade of retirement, concluding a life in which, even, the Savage, with one single approach to civilization, has an interest. But I trust the effort you may be induced to make in support of my views as to my Son, will be no infraction of any rule you may have laid down for yourself to abstain from public concerns. And I shall be contented to have it considered as a private benefaction to him and to me. If I shall ever know that I have been admitted to a place, even at the foot of the list of names that have communicated with you; I shall think my own, not undignified by it. For I am with very great deference and respectSir your very obedt H: St", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-10-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3032", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Philip Pendleton Barbour, 10 September 1822\nFrom: Barbour, Philip Pendleton\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,\nSept. 10th\u201422.\nI beg leave to introduce to your acquaintance Mr John Fray. & William Wright of Madison, who have some idea of renting your mill. I am acquainted with them both; I consider them gentlemen of great respectability of character, and of entire sufficiency, to meet any engagement which they may make in relation to the renting of the property.I am resply your\u2019s &CP. P. Barbour", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-10-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3033", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George W. Erving, 10 September 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Erving, George W.\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI recieved yesterday your favor of the 3d & hasten to say that I shall be at home during the whole of this month and shall be happy to recieve the visit with which you promise to honor me, whenever most convenient to yourself; and to express to you in person the pleasure which such a favor will ever give me. with this assurance be pleased to accept that of my great esteem and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-10-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3034", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Hadfield, 10 September 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hadfield, George\n I had the pleasure, a few days ago, of recieving from your sister, mrs Cosway, a letter dated London July 18. covering that which I now enclose you. she was shortly to leave London for Lodi her future residence. I shall write to her very soon at that place. should you have no better means of conveying a letter to her than under the cover of mine, I shall forward it with pleasure, and be glad to be enabled to inform her that you are in health & doing well. accept my friendly and respectful salutations.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-10-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3035", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Eston Randolph, 10 September 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Eston\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nYours of the 8th was duly recieved. on the question of any suspension of current rent the facts are very simple. the sinking of the floor of the mill house which was within my care and responsibility having deranged the boulting geer which was under yours, I thought myself bound to repair it and accordingly Gilmore, at my expence, put it into as perfect order as it ever had been, and I stood then clear of all future charge on that score. in like manner the sinking of the forebay deranged a water wheel. altho a question might well have been made and the wheel might have been repaired I undertook to have a new one made. this I could easily have had done during the season that grinding is suspended but you expressed an anxiety to have the boulting geer entirely changed, & constructed on a different plan which you thought would improve the mill. I was under no obligation to make any such improvement, nor did I understand it, yet I told you I would do it, and employed mr Read to do it, entirely on your recommendation of him. but I observed to you, & to him in your presence that as I was bound to make the wheel, he must do that first that I might not fail in my obligation and he might make such change in the boulting geer afterwards as you desired. you said however that you had rather have the boulting geer first done because that would enable you to set one pair of stones agoing, and you were willing to wait for the 2d wheel. as I wished the wheel done first only to clear my liability to you, I acquiesced, considering that a postponement at your request, and for your convenience, not mine, was a compleat dispensation, and release of my obligation in point of time and certainly I could not have supposed that a delay asked by yourself could be imputable to me. it was a mere accomodation to yourself & which I verily believe has left the mill in a worse state. but if you think I have incurred liability to you by yielding to your request in every thing, let us leave it to arbitration at once & know where we stand.You do not say in your letter whether you consider the form of lease I sent you as correct. if you doubt it we can easily compare it with Shoemaker\u2019s lease and the explanations in the Governor\u2019s handwriting when he and you took the mill. if it is correct I will make a fair copy for signature. ever & affectionately YoursTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-10-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3036", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Justin Pierre Plumard Derieux, 10 September 1822\nFrom: Derieux, Justin Pierre Plumard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Il n\u2019y a que la crainte de vous importuner qui m\u2019a priv\u00e9 depuis tant d\u2019ann\u00e9es de vous presenter les nouvelles assurances de mon respect, et celle des sentiments de ma reconnaissance pour vos anciennes bont\u00e9s, et J\u2019ose esperer que vous voudr\u00e9s bien me pardonner la libert\u00e9 que j\u2019en prends aujourdhui, en consideration de L\u2019occasion qui y donne lieu.Mon plus Jeune fils, qui depuis quelques ann\u00e9es fut nomm\u00e9 Deput\u00e9 Greffier de la Comt\u00e9e D\u2019Essex en Virginie, est devenu (par un mariage avantageux quil a fait \u00e0 Tappahannock,) proprietaire d\u2019une bonne Terre avec plusieurs negres; il m\u2019ecrivit dernierement pour me demander un peu de l\u2019espece du Bled dont j\u2019eus l\u2019honneur de vous envoyer un Epi, Lorsque je residois \u00e0 Raleigh, mais, n\u2019ayant eu depuis aucune occasion de Le cultiver, j\u2019ai tout \u00e0 fait n\u00e9glig\u00e9 de le conserver. oserois-je vous prier, Monsieur, de vouloir bien me faire le plaisir de m\u2019en envoyer quelque grains. Vous me demandates dans le tems Les avantages que ce bled avoit sur celui de ce pays. J\u2019en ay depuis trouv\u00e9 la relation suivante, dans une publication anglaise.\u00ab The Stems of the Egyptian Wheat are remarkable Stout, and from the extremity of each stem, shoot three Ears triangularly; This Wheat is not only fine in quality, but extremely abundant in produce. It was Last year sown by way of experience by some few Farmers, near London, and it has exceeded all their expectations; a single grain produced from 60 to 77 stalks, and the Ear of each stalk is six sided, each side containing from 14. to 16. grains, the result of which was, that a single grain produced 6468.Mde Derieux a L\u2019honneur de vous presenter son respect, et j\u2019ai celui d\u2019\u00eatre, Monsieur, Votre tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s obeissant Serviteur\n Peter Derieux Senr Editors\u2019 Translation\n Only the fear of being importune has kept me for so many years from presenting to you the renewed assurance of my respect, and of my feelings of gratitude for your former kindness, and I dare to hope that you will be willing to forgive the liberty I am taking today, in consideration of the opportunity that gave rise to it. My youngest son, who a few years ago was nominated Deputy Clerk of the County of Essex in Virginia, has become (through an advantageous marriage in Tappahannock) owner of a good piece of Land with several negroes. He wrote to me recently to ask me for a little bit of the kind of Wheat of which I had the honor of sending you an ear, when I lived in Raleigh; but, since then having had no opportunity to cultivate it, I failed to keep it. Would I dare ask you, Sir, to be willing to do me the pleasure of sending me a few grains of it. You asked me a long time ago what advantages this wheat had over the wheat of this country. Since then, I have found the following information, in an English publication: \u201c The Stems of the Egyptian Wheat are remarkable Stout, and from the extremity of each stem shoot three Ears triangularly. This Wheat is not only fine in quality, but extremely abundant in produce. It was last year sown by way of experience by some few Farmers, near London, and it has exceeded all their expectations. A single grain produced from 60 to 77. stalks, and the Ear of each stalk is six sided, each side containing from 14. to 16. grains, the result of which was, that a single grain produced 6468.\u201dMrs. Derieux has the honor of sending you her respects, and I have the honor of being, Sir, Your very humble et very obedient Servant.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-11-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3037", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmund Bacon, 11 September 1822\nFrom: Bacon, Edmund\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDeare Sir.11th Sepr 1822In my arrangements of my moove I have considerd to make you a propersition respecting the money due to John Bacon. I have a waggon and several horses to buy, and altho I should be Obliged to pay a much higher price than if I had cash to perchase with yet for your accomodation I expect I can procure those articles by giving orders on you payable in as short a time as can be Possible for you to appoint. the sooner you can pay the cheaper. I can purchase. I had it in contemplation before I received your note yesterday to ask you to let Joe Iron a waggon for me which Would be worth $40 which he & his striker could do in 10 days and that You could also furnish the Iron on terms of 12 months credit. this would enable you to pay 80 or 100$ of the above bond. I dont wish to be troublesome to you in the least. I only propose Such things as I consider to Your interest. and confess it. is more sootable to get so much of my arrangements done at home as I can than to go else whare. I am to see a man to day about a waggon & team and would tharefore be very thankfull if you could say the earliest hour you could enable me to draw on You on acct John Bacons bond on you. I am really disposed to do nothing against Your wish & interest. but if I leave any of my affairs unsettled here it may cost me more trouble than my situation will admit. all my relations even my old mother is going with me.Sincerely Yours &cE Bacon", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-11-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3038", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmund Bacon, 11 September 1822\nFrom: Bacon, Edmund\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDeare Sir.11th Sepr 22I am sorry to be under the necessaty of troubling you so often especially when I no you are busiyly ingaged but Such is my necessaty as to inforce me to be troublesome. Joe says by his haveing Davy that he can make the spiker for the dam and Iron the waggon in 10 or 12 days. if you can have it done I will let the man no that I will take it. he is Obliged to no this evening whither I want the waggon or not. if it was not for that I would not think of troubleing you with two applications a day on the same subject e time is very short that I have to make arrangements for my Journey indeed I aught to be gone in a few days. hope tharefore sir that you will excuse my being so troublesomeI will get from the Blacksmith in charlottesville a statemt of his Price for Ironing a waggon and will give it to you so that you can charge the same amount against John Bacon\u2014bond and you can furnish me the Iron to be bought on 12 Months Credit say 500 pounds @ what ever they ask for Iron and the man who has the wood works of the waggon asks for it. 30$ in any store you may chuse so that you will get a yeare on the whole. Mr Dawson of Milton has such Iron as will do. I dont no that Mr Leitch has the right sort.those amounts with the 75$ for the coache will be a smart Payment towards the bondsay500lbs Iron @ 7$735 Order in store for the wood30Ironing the waggon40Cocke75180If one hundred and fifty dollars more could be paid. any times Could be had for the balance till next June certainlyYours &CE. BaconI would also be glad to get a set of harness which you uld get from Watson or Bishop without money", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-11-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3039", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Griffin, 11 September 1822\nFrom: Griffin, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo the Right Honourable JeffersonSept 11th 1822Worthy Sr, for these two Reasons to wit I Was lately at the agency in the Chicksaw Nation & as Mr R. C. Nichols Knew I was about Erecting or trying So to Do an Establishment in that Nation he askd Me if I ever had Read the acts of Congress Concerning of Any ones A Comeing into any of the Indian Nations for any persons who had it under Contemplation of Coming in or Having any thing to Do with any of the Nations I Replyd I had Not I askd him if he had Such a law I askd him to let me See it he let me have it I Read It all over found it of A Date Somewhat older than the present plan Calld the Missionary Sistem also Ratifyed by your Honour is the first Reason the Second is I Said in the first of March A paper from Boston At Mr Cyrus Kigsburys Mahew establishment Choctaw Nation which Informd me of A Formidable Board of Our Most Respectablest Charactors in the United States of Haveing formd A Board for Civilizeing of all the Indian Tribes in the United States also has Seen another at the Revd thos C r Stewats Est: Chicksaw Nation (S. C. Int) gave Me the Same account it grievd My Soul to find Out that god has Said in his Gospel that it Should be Preachd to all Nations then the end of this world Should Come Mathew 24 & 14 also glory be to Him who liveth for ever & ever he is Now about to bless the poor Children of Abraham that thro the lines of Ishmael Descending thro Hagar the egyptian Woman Genesis 12 & 2 they are Now about to obtain the blessing of Abram gensis 28 & 4 Chapter 21 & 13 again 1 epistle peter 2 Ch 10 which in time past were not APpeople but are Now become the people of god I See Now that the prayers of My brethren The Baptist that were Made & put up to god forty years ago is Now about to be Answerd which was for his word to run & be gloryfyd & let his truth Spread From Sea to Sea & from the Rivers to the end of the earth yes Honourd Sr I say those great & precious promises are Now about to be fulfilld also those prayers Heard altho Made & prayd So long ago Many of those My Dear brethren has fell as less & Some others have Run into the Melstrum and errors of predistination whose Lamps have No oil & Snuffs are burnt up I always Did oppose & trust I shall always oppose that soul Killing God Dishonouring Damnable Heritickcal Doctrine of particler Election in A word May it please your Honnour I always did Believe ever since I had A KnowLedge of what believing was that the gifts & callings Of god was freely Communicated by the Holy Spirit to all individuals without their Repentance according as its laid Down by Our lord in St Johns Gospe1 Chapt 4 & 9 verses in him was life & that life was the light of Men that was the true light which lighteth every Man that cometh into the World that Christ Came not for our Sins to die for a part only but also for the Sins of the Whole World, 1 epist of John 2 & 2 And he is not the propition for Our Sin only but For the Sins of the whole world 3 & 16 for god so loved the world that he gave his Only begotten Son &c 17 for god Sent Not his Son into the world to condem the World but that the world thro him Might be Saved 18 & he that believeth &c St John 16 Chapt begining at the 7 verse Down &c for if I go not away the Comforter will Not come but if I go away I will Send him &c & on the Day of penticost that Holy & Heavenly Moniter & comforter enterd on the work of his office in fine I believe that Jesus Dyed for all & that every Son & Daughter born from Adam Has all got A Day of Visitation that the Holy Spirit will lead guide all that will Repent by forsakeing all Sin Loathing of it in thought word & action that in their accepted time can turn from Sin but if they turn not that god will take his Spirit from them & they are given up to a hard heart & Reprobate Mind & as the wicked is the Sword of God he lets them live here to fill Up the Measure of their iniquity & goes on like paul lays them Down in 1 Chapt Of his epistle to the Romans 28 verse Down please worthy Sir to excuse me For troubling thy attention with A Switch of my faith as I Do not believe that the Complyance of any external act can Justify any Man or Mortal But only faith that works by love I have left what I have in view by this Communication & must Return while I Relate Some of My late impressessions to your Honour I enterd the Cherokee Nation on the 12 Day of June 1820 without Makeing any applycation for any assistance to any Source or power only what I was Moved by the Holy Spirit as I Sot out from within \u00bd Mile of the Salt Seas to preach to those people of the forrest for whose Salvation my Bowels have often yearnd & got about half way before I knew that there was A Missioner teacher or preacher amongst any of them & since I have been A travailing amongst them I have My Compassions enlarged For their Salvation I have travailed thro & thro the Cherokees Choctaw & the Chicksaws A Studying over those poor Children of the forrest State & have Concluded the Method of Civilizeing of them would be Much to the glory Of god also conducive to their Salvation for I Never Saw any poor creature As Hungry for Religion learning & Civilization as they are for they have got to See already how much better they would be off if Rightly taught In those great Matters I on last evening Crossd over tombeckba at the the Cotton ginn town it being the third time I,ve travaild over & over their land A Studying over the best plan to begin on the Civilization of them I travaild in too Days about 65 Miles thro the excellentest large leavels Of the Richest Land I ever Saw & the onliest Range that Rich land can Produce I rode A Creature Ive rode 8 years Next December Near 16 hand High & the grass in Many places was higher than it & so thick that I Could Scarcely See A Spot of the earth as big as my hand unless I was in A trace & it appeared to be Richer than any Soil I ever Saw & in the I only saw 7 settlements & how far across I cant So well tell but expects It the Same & in all that expanded glory of land but little water for Man or beast there Can Never be water Mills erected nor yet water to Supply the Nessary Uses of the Husband Man what little water I Saw I tasted of it & it Seemd to look like chalk & water I allowd the fiftieth part was silt Mud or Chalk I,ve Concluded the best Method to Civilize them to Send for the Indian Cheifs to Congress & See if they will be wiling to have their lands laid Out into Range lines & then Divided into Section & for every 16 Sect to be for Schools & at the Corner where 4 Range lines Meet to have thro their expence horse Mills Erected which will be Sufficient for 4 townships & Men of ingenious talents to attend on teaching & Makeing the Indian Men Laibour in the farms And the females to Spin weave & Cook &c they Seem very ingenious & Atentive to Learn I have talked with Several of their Head Men & they Seem to approve of the plan Id beg that government Would take My Case into consideration & grant me the Reliefe I have sent On for to the presbiterian Board of Missions at Boston the which applecation was Made to Mr Jerimiah Evarts No 22 pinkney Street Boston Also to Mr Samuel T. Armstrong Cornhill No 50 Boston but Have found Out as Im Not of their order Ill not probably Succeed I am Sr in all Humble Submission your Most obedient And Very Humble Servt &cWilliam GriffenSr A Very great Desire to be Adopted one of the Civilizers & Also all kinds of Michanical Businesses, A set of the best men selected for the Purpose with this foundry", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-12-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3040", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmund Bacon, 12 September 1822\nFrom: Bacon, Edmund\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDeare Sir.Sep 12th 22as time with me is short to do what is before me will You give me the order. to the store for the Iron say 500 Pounds. which I expect will do. if it. should not I can get more. Also the order. in the store for thirty dollars to William Bacon for the wood. the waggon will be here this morning and I Would like to give him the order on delivery of the waggon. Also will You lend me the bedford cart to bring the Iron home to day it. shall be sent back the moment it returns.Sincerly Yours &cE Bacon", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-14-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3042", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Patrick Gibson, 14 September 1822\nFrom: Gibson, Patrick\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nWoodville\n14th Septr 1822\u2014\nI have just received a letter from my Son in Richmd transmitting the purport of one you have had the goodness to address me in answer to my last, for which accept my sincere thanks\u2014I trust you will not deem it an abuse of your kindness, if I again trouble you with a further request, that, should my present application meet with no better success than it did last year, you will still aid me in procuring for my Son a birth at West Point, which I understand to be a school for the Naval as well as Military profession\u2014A mr Allen of Richmond has lately obtained one for his son, by an application to the President\u2014It is reported here that the bench has lost one of its brightest ornaments in the death of Judge Roane\u2014Accept the assurance of sincere respect and esteem\u2014:Patrick Gibson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-14-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3044", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Howe Peyton, 14 September 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Peyton, John Howe\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nYour brother Colo Bernard Peyton informed me that he had a friend, mr Greene, going immediately to Kentucky, who would be sure to call on you on his way, and who would be so kind as to take charge of the inclosed packet to mr Miller, if I should lodge it with you. it\u2019s safe carriage to it\u2019s address is of the greatest importance to me, and I therefore ask the favor of you to recieve & hold it up and deliver it to mr Greene on his arrival with you. accept the assurance of my great esteem & respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-14-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3045", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Benjamin Waterhouse, 14 September 1822\nFrom: Waterhouse, Benjamin\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nNewport Rhode Island\nSepr 14th 22.\nI read your letter of the 19th July with pleasure, and though at first disappointed, I cannot wonder at your reluctance to its publication seeing, as I find by your letter, that our brethren in the South are yet slumbering from the opiates of past ages. As times change how some sort of men change with them! Less than 20 years ago, those who governed our University quarrelled with me, & finally cut me off from among them because I Would not join them in abusing, & accusing of atheism the then President of the U.S. and now those very men desire above all things to make public use of the sentiments & opinions of that personage to give popularity to their views of the christian religion! Neither Theophilus Parsons, Geo. Cabot or John Lowell expressed so virulent a spirit as Jonathan Jackson. His son was my immediate successor in the chair of the theory & practice of physic. Some person, with no bad intention, quoted from memory a passage of your letter, which caused me to have it corrected, as in the enclosed extract. The calvinistic newspaper remarked upon it, that they were very glad to find Mr J. had arrived, at what Mr Willberforce calls \u201cthe half way house\u201d. I was startled a year or two since on hearing that Dr Pettigrew in his memoirs of Dr Lettsom of London had inserted a dozen or more of my letters to that gentleman, even to my poetry!!As you will only have the trouble of reading this, for I am not so unfeeling as to expect a return, unless it should be at the rate of exchange between the value of your letters & mine, at the rate of what we used to call here \u201cold tenor\u201d, (when a dollar was eight pounds) and sterling. I may possibly this once, amuse you by writing, without exacting a return. im to give you a just idea of our religions, & perhaps political condition at Cambridge, & of course Boston.\u2014Between my house & the colleges is a level piece of ground of 20 acres. About 100 yards from my door is the episcopal church: 50 yards farther is the University chapel or unitarian church, where go my wife\u2019s family, her father & sister: an 100 yards beyond that is the old calvinistic meeting house, erected 150 years ago, in which the \u201ccommencement\u2019s, & public instalations of the University are always held. Except now & then, when we attend the episcopal church, we pass by the two first every week, & attend the services in the old calvinistic meeting house whereof A. Holmes. DD. & LL.D, author of the American annals, is pastor. We do this from respect to the man, an old friend, & a very worthy character. As his congregation is dwindling, my leaving it, would be removing a single brick, that would loosen several others near it. As we are known to differ in sentiment, we never dispute, nor even mention the public controversy. Intimate as he has always been in my family, he never asked me why I never offered my children to any one for baptism, & I never ask him how he can believe in Calvin\u2019s five points\u201d. Dr H. is an honest man, born & educated in Connecticut, & by far the richest clergy man in New England, and may give 50,000 dollars to his favorite Andover. In case of sickness, or absence of Dr Holmes, Dr Ware, the Profr of Divinity & the great champion of unitarianism preaches for him, while the calvinistic Dr occasionally officiates in the University, or unitarian chapel. & the President preaches in the old meeting house. The sunday before I left Cambridge\u2014H. Ware Junr my son in law, preached in the unitarian episcopal church, built in Boston, by royal patronage & called the Kings chapel, while its pastor, Dr Freeman, preached in my sons church being the very structure wherein Cotton Mather, of magnalic celebrity, poured forth the troubled stream of his eloquence, in the 17th century. What will be the end of this theological net-work? Add to this Mr Holley, Prest of the Transylvania college is now in Boston, preaching long & loud in a stile that puzzles people to know whether he incline most to Socrates or Jesus. I asked one who had attended him, what he said of the latter, he replied nothing at all yet have his admirers in Boston, subscribed 20,000, dollars to build him a church, so easy are those people carried about by every wind of doctrine. A Bostonian is \u201cfull of notions\u201d, and to be found on the top of every wave. While these efforts are the day time, a very eloquent & newly imported methodist collects a vast crowd in the evening, & it is not long since they a camp-meeting. It is remarkable that there is not a single quaker in Boston & but one Jew.The writer of the journal of the Dartmore prisoner, in his definition of a New England man, calls him \u201ca go to meeting animal\u201d, You would think so, were you to attempt to ride through the streets of Boston of a sunday, at the hour, when the Churches are just out. The side walks, or bricked way cannot contain the people. This is a matter of curiosity to strangers, especially when they take into the account the remarkably well dressed people, which has given rise to the remark of strangers, that \u201cBoston has no rabble.\u201d\u2014In this state of things & condition of the people, is the Religion of reason raising her head in the midts of a sensible race. It is next to impossible that fanaticism, or calvinism can maintain its footing here, especially while the preachers of the \u201cone all perfect God\u201d retain their present great weight of character. The Roman catholics have a vast congregation in Boston, & over them a Bishop of inestimable worth, & prudence. No clergyman is there more respected, for his learning, eloquence & goodness. His removal would be a public loss.That you may see what sort of sermons the people of Boston & Cambridge listen to, I send you a copy of one preached by the younger Mr Ware, and written while on a visit to New York, where his younger brother is settled, in a new and tasteful structure, built, almost entirely by New England men & their descendants I contemplate the improvement of education with pleasure. When I was a young man, I had not any acquaintance of 26 years of age, who could, away from his own study, on a visit in a distant city, write such a sensible discourse is that on three important questions relating to the christian name & character. some of his discourses are more brilliant, but none less sensible. From such a specimen in such young men, you can judge of the effects 50 years hence. The Apostle at Baltimore, the chaplain of Congress, who is now preaching in Boston, is under 30 years of age. The famous Osgood, who is certainly a very able & eloquent man, & who is now probably on his death bed, is well aware that he will be succeeded by an unitarian. He, as well as his coadjutor, Parish have undergone a great change since President Monroe visited Boston. Both of them have confessed some of their political mistakes, & partly atoned for their abuse. It is remarkable that both of them disapprove the high handed conduct of the calvinistic convention, and have predicted the consequences. Even Andover groans out loud at the prospect around her. She dreads the effect of reason. It is somewhat remarkable that even here on Rhode Island, they almost shudder at the name of an unitarian. Although the founder of the Sect of Hopkinsians issued all his dogmas from this town, where he had little or no influence yet I could have hardly imagined that every pulpit on this Island is shut against every man bearing the name of unitarian. The Episcopal church is here the most numerous, next the quakers; then the Baptists, with a few methodists and Moravians. The Jews are become extinct & the lamp of their Synagogue gone out. I remember them here very numerous; in general rich & respectible. On the approach of war, & decay of trade, they fled. They follow not the usual laborious trades of the christians, but pursue those callings which are generally exercised in secret among themselves. Twenty years ago, one of their tribe commanded a very handsome military company, or corps of volunteers, in Boston.As to politics, the notorious federalists in Boston very generally, talk & act like republicans, while most of the republicans talk as the federalists once did. They speak of Our administration in a stile that proves their ignorance, and of the navy, & some of its officers as worse than useless. The fact is, the parties are so nearly amalgamated, that the great brawlers on both sides have lost their usual stimulus, and having no longer occasion to rave at the opposite party they have now turned upon their own. A middling interest is rising out of the extremes of these associations; but they are all so languid that nothing very honorable will come of it. When a people \u201care full of idleness & full of bread,\u201d it does seem as if the whale they constitute, stand in need of some tub to play with. The Bostonians must have military parades, cattle shows\u2014agricultural projects, great personages, or sea serpents, or religions controversies, or a great conflagration to keep them from looking sour and making faces at one another. But enlist them very heartily in any cause, and they can hate, or be benevolent equal to any set of men upon earth.Being on a visit to my native place, I cannot employ the forenoon of a rainy day more agreeably than by recording a few particulars of my natale sollon. Is it truth, or am I blinded by partiality when I say that this small state of Rhode Island has been fertile in events, and by no means destitute of distinguished characters.Between the years 1720 & 25, this Island was the residence of the famous Dean Berkley, afterwards Bishop of Cloyne. It is even said that he wrote his immortal work in this Island The house he built, called Whitehall, still remains, & is shewn as the Dutch shew that of Erasmus at Rotterdam. This celebrated philosopher & his companions left behind them traits of their brilliant characters. The Dean left his library to Yale college, as well as the estate he possessed here, where Mr Keyes erected & endowed a Latin school for youth of the Episcopal church. You doubtless recollect that Berkley & his associates came out to establish a college at Bermuda, for the conversion & education of our North American Indians; but they could not find the summer Islands, or mistooke Rhode Island for Bermuda.About the year 1754 Abraham Redwod a benevolent & oppulent gentleman of the Society of Quakers, established a public library, containing the best English books, & Latin classics of that day\u2014accessible on very easy terms to every inhabitant. The structure is, at the moment, one of the best copies of Grecian architecture I ever saw in America When the Redwood Library was founded, there were but two colleges in New England, one at Cambridge, the other at New Haven. A college in Rh. Island was not then contemplated. The very learned President Stiles was Librarian of the Redwood collection nearly thirty years; and he has often declared that he owed his great attachment to literature, which was extraordinary to that fine library.It was \u201cthe Redwood Library\u201d that rendered reading fashionable throughout the little Community of Rh. Island during 70, or 80 years, wc advantage was not then enjoyed in Massts New Hampshire, or Connecticut. It diffused a knowledge of general & particular history, geography, ethics, & poetry & polite literature. It opened to the youth of both sexes an acquaintance with antiquity: it gave them a knowledge of Greece & Rome of Asia, modern Europe, the English classics & belles lettres. It sowed the seeds of the science and rendered the inhabitants of Newport, if not a learned, yet a better read, & inquisitive people than any other town in New England. When the British army occupied Rh. Island, they, in a manner, destroyed the Redwood Library, by carrying off books of entertainment as English poetry, voyages & travels; all the books on medicine, leaving behind little else than folios in serious subjects. So much we owe to Abraham Redwood, the William Logan of Newport. He first establishd a fine garden here well stored with curious foreign plants in hot houses, green houses, & extensive open grounds for indigenous ones. Nor was his liberality confined to such things;\u2014industrious young men struggling on to obtain comfortable livelihoods, were objects of his benevolence. I am now writing this in the house of his grand daughter, Mrs Champlin, the seat of elegance & oppulence.Next to Dean Berkley, we must mention Callender in the line of theology, who wrote the best account of the colony of Rh. Island & Providence Plantation. Then comes Dr Stiles afterwards President of Yale college; nor must we pass over Dr Hopkins founder of the sect called after him Hopkinsians\u2014Dr Authur Browne who died President of trinity college Dublin, was born, and receieved the ground work of his education in this town, where his father was episcopal minister\u2014In the department of physic, it behoves us to record that the first public lectures ever given in North America on anatomy, physiology & surgery, were by Dr Wm Hunter, in the court house of Newport, father to the gentleman of the same name, now in the Senate of the U.S.\u2014This was prior to the existence of the medical school of Philadelphia.In experimental, or mechanical philosophy, the name of Joseph Brown can never be forgotten here. This self taught genius, amongst other useful things, constructed and put into complete operation the British invention of the steam engine for freeing a mine, belonging to his family from water. Nor ought we to pass over, in our catalogue of eminent men his friend Stephen Hopkins the Samuel Adams of Rh. Island, whom you knew in Congress, & who is immortalized by his signature.Among military commanders, our little state may boast of General Green, and of Oliver Hazard Perry, whom Nelson, were he living, might envy. We can almost boast of Decature, for his father and mother were born here\u2014In the \u201cfine arts,\u201d so called, we enumerate my old friend & school fellow Gilbert Stewart who everybody knows, stands preeminent as an Head painterAfter thus boasting of our great men, before the braggadocio spirit evaporates entirely, I must speak of the Island itself. I have seen not a little of other countries, but I never saw any Island that unites finer views rendered pleasant for variety, of hill & vale, rocks, reefs beaches, Islands, & perennial ponds than this. Until I saw other parts of the world, I did not sufficiently appreciate this. I have always heard it praised by strangers, and long remember it the resort of the opulent invalid, since I can remember any thing, but I never duly estimated its beauties until this visit; when I have explored it from shore to shore in every direction, & cease to wonder at its celebrity. Before the discovery of our mineral springs Rh. Island was in one view the Bath of the American world; & the lumber room of the colonial faculty. What they could not cure they threw in a heap here. This and \u201cthe Redwood library\u201d gave it both a literary & a genteel air; and rendered it the best bred society in N. England But\u2014alas!\u2014how changed!\u2014The British destroyed, for fewel, about 900 buildings, of be sure the poorer sort; yet it has never recovered the delapidation. The town of Providence has risen to riches & elegance from the ruins of this once beautiful spot; while Newport resembles an old battered shield\u2014The scars & bruises are deep & and indeliable. Commerce, & all the Jews are fled. The wharves are deserted & the lamp in the Synagogue is extinct; and the people are now so poor, that there are not more than 10, or a dozen people who would have the courage to invite a stranger to his table. General Dearborn has demonstrated to me that it never can be a safe naval station; and that it never can be so fortifyed as to resist a powerful attack by sea. They must therefore stick to the spirit of their ancient motto\u2014\u2018In Domine Speravimus\u2019You owe to an easterly storm of rain the tedious task of reading this long epistle. Should I keep it till tomorrow I shall probably burn it, from a second thought, of why should I impose such a task as reading this upon a person who may loathe the sight of another letter from any one? Its preservation from the flames now arises only from the reflection, that reading a letter is somewhat different from being obliged to notice it by any sort of acknowledgement or answer.\u2014I consider the effects of an old dislocation, & that gradual but very natural irksomeness of arranging & committing thoughts to paper, at a period of life when a man ought to be relieved from every labour but thinking\u2014What a life the antient Patriares, must have led!\u2014So many years old\u2014000,000,! and no books, and if they had, no spectacles\u2014no telescopes\u2014no tobacco\u2014no rum\u2014wine like our cider\u2014no commerce\u2014no post office\u2014outlived love & fighting, their vale of life must have been what we in this day of the shadow of death! But how blessed are you? How differently situated & circumstanced? a mind stored from reading and every convenience from art to aid declining nature and with this consolatory reflection, that you have not served an ungrateful public: That your rewards may encrease, until you receive that great one, in another & a better world is the prayer ofB. Waterhouse", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-16-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3047", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Caesar Augustus Rodney, 16 September 1822\nFrom: Rodney, Caesar Augustus\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Honored Revered & Dear Sir,\n The infirm state of my health, since the two severe attacks of fevers at Washington, last winter, has rendered exercise & relaxation, necessary to its restoration; and I had, in view, for some time, the position of visiting Monticello, or I should have returned an earlier answer to your acceptable favor of the 26. of July last. I need not add, what heartfelt pleasure it would have given me to have seen you once more, & to have taken by the hand the distinguished friend to whom I am so completely indebted; and to whom my dearest country owes so much.I think decidedly with you an impenetrable silence should be observed towards the importunate calumniators of your blameless character. Your triumph is complete. A sound victory over a prostrate antagonist would indeed be humiliating.It is probable that I should go to B. Ayres, with the approbation of the Senate; but when I may depart is uncertain. Your great & good soul & character are well known in that country, & they will daily become more familiar, as it prospers in the enjoyment of civil & religious freedom. I dislike with you Princes & Kings. At this side of the Atlantik they can not flourish. The climate & the soil are equally unpropitious to them. I regret extremely that has taken a Course so impolitic, & so hostile to the first of all legitimate governments. His friends say he will relinquish, in due time, the title & the power. ; but I apprehend he will attempt to excite a new dynasty. May I be mistaken Liberty will cease immediately,\u2014, & truth .With warm sentiment of respect, gratitude & affection yours most Sincerely & truly", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-19-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3049", "content": "Title: Ennion Williams: List of claims for improvements at Monticello, 19 Sept. 1822, 19 September 1822\nFrom: Williams, Ennion\nTo: \nEmmion Williams\u2019s Claims for Improvements1. A semicircular Instrument\u2014Radius\u201412 Inches\u2014Needle 24 Inches}Telescope 11 Inches\u2014with a Nonius attachd.2. A DraftingInstrument\u2014Semicircular\u2014Radius. 7 Inches, with diagonals crossing Ten circles, showing tenths of the Degrees\u2014also a Scale of equal Parts on the Diameter, and a Centre Pin conveniently seen and may be set readily on any Line or Point of a draft\u2014of a Survey or others\u2014The Course & distance shown at same time on the Instrumt\u2014no dividers necessary\u20143. ASliding Meridian, to be used on an inclined Plane, to which his drafting Instrument may be set, and moved to any Part of the draft, and the Course & Distance seen\u2014without the aid of dividers\u20144. A Set of Tables, showing Interest at 5.6.7 & 8 \u214cCt and Commiss from 14 \u214cCt increasing by \u00bc \u214cCt to 23 \u214cCent, on every sum from one dollar to 10.000 dollars\u2014for 3 years, 11 mos & 29 days, condensed on fifty Pages, and shown by Indentment on the exterior of the Leaves more expeditiously than an alphabet to a Ledger, would show the Names of the Accounts; because the order is regular and numericalMonticello", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-22-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3050", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Hadfield, 22 September 1822\nFrom: Hadfield, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nWashington\nI had the honor to recieve your letter of the 10, instant, and am greatly indebted to you Sir, for your kindness in sending me the enclosed from my sister, and also for the one in Sepr last.I avail myself of your kind offer and enclose a letter for Lodi: and am much obliged to you Sir, for the wish you express to inform my Sister that I am in good health and doing well: the former thanks to providince, I enjoy, as to the latter I cannot say much; there is here a stagnation in the building line, owing to the scarsity of money, that is very ingureous both to Architects and mechanics, I have for two preceding seasons been occupied in the building of the City Hall, the south half of the general plan of which has been raised to its full height and covered with slate, and the west part of it, containing the offices of the Corporation, finished and occupied by that body since June last, the progress of this building is Suspended for the present until funds arising from the lottery or other sources, can be obtained. be pleased to accept my good wishes for a long continuance of your health and happiness.Geo. Hadfield", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-24-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3051", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, 24 September 1822\nFrom: Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nRespected Sir! Lexington Ky\u2014 24th Sept. 1822I beg leave to send you, by mail together with these lines, 6 pamphlets, contg a Dozen Memoirs of mine published in Europe in French on Zoology and Botany, and forming the beginning of a long Series of similar Tracts which are sent printing, forwarded or in preparation.\u2014Such is the state as yet of Natural Sciences in our Country that I have reluctantly been compelled to send my labours this far to be published, and only receive them again after a couple of years and travelling 10000 miles! The sequel will be sent to you when it reaches me.Amongst my numerous botanical Discoveries this year in Kentucky, I have found a new, rare and valuable Tree belonging to the genus Virgilia, but different from the virgilutea of the Mountains of Georgia. It is 30 to 40 feet high, with broad leaves, like ash-leaves, and it dies a beautiful yellow like the V. lutea & V. aurea. I call it Virgilia fragil in vulgar language Yellow Lucent, the country people had no name for it. It grows scantily in the bottom of the River Kentucky, and will grow well in Virginia. I send you therefore inclosed several pods, which you may raise yourself or present to your Agricultural friends. It grows quick, has a fine foliage and bloom, but the branches are exceedingly brittle.I have not heard as yet when the University of Virginia is to go in operation\u2014Not having heard from you I suppose that my liberal offer was not accepted, and my endeavours to stimulate by my exertions the Study of my favourite sciences will not succeed. I wish that passive talents may not be prefered to ardent zeal and knowledge without hoping it.\u2014Meantime I am on the point of endowing Transylvania University with all my past Collections amounting to about 30000 specimens of plants, animals & minerals, as soon as the Trustees will be able to enter into some needful arrangements in the Subject, in which case I shall not be able to renew my offer to the Univy of Virga\u2014when it might be convenient to accept it.I wish you health, prosperity, a long and happy life, Meantime remaining respectfullyYour obedt ServtC. S. RafinesqueProfr &c", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-24-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3053", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Eston Randolph, 24 September 1822\nFrom: Randolph, Thomas Eston\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear SirShadwell Mill\n24th Septr 1822I do not wish to trespass again on your patience, and therefore in replying to your favor of this morning I will only observe, that a difference of opinion on the subject of the lease of Shadwell Mill is provided for in your agreement with Jonn and Isaac Shoemaker; and to do away any difficulty occasion\u2019d by our disagreement in fact, as mention\u2019d by you, I am willing that the proof shall rest with me, for I think I can produce such corroborative evidence to support all that I have asserted, as will be satisfactory to you\u2014With respect to the insufficiency of the Dam, I beg leave to quote the words of that agreement\u2014\u201cand that he will maintain the body of the Dam (except against Public authority) and the pier head in sufficient condition\u201d\u2014on that clause principally, I rest my claim for a deduction of Rent\u2014There are many difficulties to a discontinuance of the lease, so suddenly and unexpectedly; nevertheless, if a Tenant can be procured who will be agreable to you, and who will take the lease subject to all my engagements, I will make no difficulty in yielding the premises\u2014the advanced season of the year, the little progress made in grinding, and the present condition of the Dam, renders such event at least improbable\u2014But to remove every impediment in my power, I will propose, that full Rent shall be calculated from the day that there is water enough to run both pair of Stones\u2014and in the mean time, the amount of Rent shall be determined by the quantity of work performed, calculating at 45 barrels \u214c day for two pair of Stones\u2014which is the smallest quantity we ever grind with a sufficient head of water\u2014say 270 barrels \u214c week\u2014The Millwrights who have been at work here can prove that not one hour has been lost when we could grind and we have some times ground to a disadvantage rather than be still\u2014Permit me to assure you that I wish for no advantage, but to do equal justice to you and to myself\u2014when your new Dam is finished, if made tight, every difficulty will be removedWith great respect, and affectionate regards YoursThos Eston Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-24-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3054", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Eston Randolph, 24 September 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Eston\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nYour letter of the 18th recieved on the 21st shews that our recollections differ very considerably; but it proves also that we do not agree on the conditions of leasing the mill I offer it on the terms expressed in the lease, according to my understanding of them, and according to the understanding and practice on them by all the tenants heretofore. you will not consent to them but on a different understanding consequently we do not agree in our terms, and there the negociation would naturally break off. but I presume it would be injurious to you at this season of the year, and with all your arrangements made for grinding the year out, to discontinue the lease suddenly and unexpectedly, I consent therefore to it\u2019s continuance another year (to the last day of June next) on the conditions as you understand them, and making whatever suspension of rent you think right, without the trouble of an arbitration, which indeed becomes impracticable by our disagreement in facts. but at the end of the present grinding year, we must consider the lease at an end, and that I am free in the meantime to look out for another tenant, to take place then. in expectation that we should have agreed I have declined two or three offers on which there was not the least intimation that any of the conditions would be objected to. but should you, before I shall have committed myself by any other offer, become willing to accede to my terms (which I shall never change) I shall certainly give you a preference, being sincerely disposed to prefer your accomodation to that of any other person and to prove to you at all times my sincere affection and respect.Th: JeffersonP. S. should this proposition for the present year be accepted, I shall be glad to know immediately what suspension of the rent I am to give credit for.In a letter from mr Coffee he desires it to be mentioned to you that he has not forgot your painting.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-25-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3055", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to B. B. Breedin, 25 September 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Breedin, B. B.\nSir\nMonticello\nYour letter of Aug. 19. was recieved on the 20th instant. I am sorry it is not in my power to inform you at what point of time our university may be opened. all our buildings are compleated except one, and when that will be done depends on the disposition of our state legislature to furnish the means. the general belief is that the last elections to that body have been favorable to the institution; and my own expectation is that we may open it, either at the close of the ensuing year, or within a year or two after that, according to the dispositions of the next or future legislatures. whenever it shall be opened we mean that it shall be under professors as eminent in their respective lines of science as can be procured on either side of the Atlantic, and no endeavours will be spared to give a participation of it\u2019s benefits to students from our sister states equally with those of our own. Accept the assurance of my great respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-25-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3056", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Justin Pierre Plumard Derieux, 25 September 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Derieux, Justin Pierre Plumard\n Your favor of the 10th was not recieved till the instant, and I regret that it is not in my power to send you the Egyptian wheat which is the subject of your letter. I recieved it while I lived in Washington, and having no means of taking care of such things there, I generally sent them to some one of my careful neighbors. I do not recollect to whom of them I sent this particular article, but I remember that the result was that it was not of advantageous culture in our climate & was therefore abandoned. with my regrets for this incident accept for mrs Derieux & yourself the assurance of my esteem & respect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-25-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3058", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Chiles Terrell, 25 September 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Terrell, Chiles\nSir\nMonticello\nI recieved on the 20th your letter of the 13th on the question what is an East and West line? which you say has been a subject of discussion in the newspapers. I presume however it must have been a mere question of definition, and that the parties have differed only in applying the same appellation to different things. the one defines an East and West line to be on a great circle of the earth, passing thro\u2019 the point of departure, it\u2019s nadir point and the center of the earth, it\u2019s plane rectangular to that of the meridian of departure. the other considers an E. & W. line to be on a small circle of the earth passing thro\u2019 the point of departure, and preserving in every part of it\u2019s course, it\u2019s rectangularity with the axis of the earth, or, a line which, from the point of departure passes every meridian at a right angle. each party therefore defining the line he means, may be permitted to call it an East & West, one, or at least it becomes no longer a mathematical, but a philological question of the meaning of the words East and West. the last is what was meant probably by the E. & W. line in the treaty of Ghent. the same has been the understanding in running the numerous E. and W. lines which divide our different states. they have been run by observations of Latitude at very short intervals, writing the points of observation by short direct lines and thus constituting in fact part of a polygon of very short sides.But, Sir, I do not pretend to be an arbiter of these learned questions. age has weaned me from such speculations, & rendered me as incompetent as unwilling to puzzle myself with them. your claim on me as a quondam neighbor has induced me to hazard thus much, not indeed for the newspapers, a vehicle to which I am never willingly committed, but to prove my attention to your wishes, and to convey to you the assurance of my respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-27-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3062", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Bernard Peyton, 27 September 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Peyton, Bernard\nDear Sir,\nMonticello\nMr Raphael could furnish the 1000. D by piecemeal only. he furnished to-day 300. D. requiring however a draught for it to go by tomorrow\u2019s mail, which I gave him and will consequently be upon you 2. or 3. days earlier than I had expected. he will furnish another sum 3. days hence and the balance in the course of a week. my further draughts will be made accordingly. affectly yoursTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-27-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3063", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Eston Randolph, 27 September 1822\nFrom: Randolph, Thomas Eston\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear SirShadwell Mill\n27th Septr. 1822I certainly cannot withdraw from Shadwell Mill at the end of this year without loss, because I have paid considerable sums for repairs, and to render the place more comfortable, under the expectation of holding the premises five years\u2014which would have been unnecessary, had I withdrawn last June\u2014If however I can Procure a Tenant who will be agreable to you, and will release me from my engagements, it will give me pleasure, and I have written to Madison this day on that occasion\u2014With respect to the allusion in your letter of yesterdays date, \u201cthat the clause of arbitration in the lease was a sufficient provision between Shoemaker, and Mr Randolph & McKinney and yourself, because understood every part in the same way, but that you and myself differ so materially, and in so many points &c\u201d\u2014I must in justice to myself ask leave to state, that there is but one part of that agreement with Shoemaker (a copy of which is now before me) wherein we disagree, and that disagreement is occasion\u2019d by the condition of the Dam, a subject which at so early a period as that when Shoemaker or even when Randolph & McKinney held the premises could hardly it may be presumed, have offer\u2019d occasion for a difference of opinion\u2014the bad condition of the Dam was known three years ago\u2014and Colclaser possitively refused to work upon it, which Jefferson Randolph was informed of, and Mr Bacon must recollect it\u2014the latter can tell you that the logs or Sills in a part of the Dam which he repair\u2019d next to the Canal\u2014were completely decayed, that decay was the cause of the leak in the Dam, and render\u2019d it as I before stated insufficient for the purposes of the Mill\u2014I cannot therefore Sir conceive that there is any thing so very unreasonable, in any proposition which I have express\u2019d; nor that an arbitration could have been attended with any of the consequences apprehended by you\u2014I sincerely hope I shall succeed in my endeavours to arrange this matter entirely to your satisfaction\u2014and pray you to accept assurance of my respect and esteemThos Eston Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-27-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3064", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Wilkinson, 27 September 1822\nFrom: Wilkinson, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Respected & dear friend\n Should this letter reach your hands, it will be through the medium of his Excellency Don Jos\u00e9 Sosaya, Minister Plenipotenciary from this Empire to the United States.This gentleman, a native Mexican of Castilian descent, is highly respected by his Countrymen for his intelligence & amiable dispositions, & he enjoys the entire confidence & esteem of his majesty the Emperor; I know your Philantropy will incline you to receive with cordiality, the Representative of the youngest nation of the Earth, our near neighbour, adjunct in limits, united by nature & connected by obvious political interestsIt is with lively satisfaction I am able to assure you, that Mr Sosaya visits the United States, with prepossessions the most favourable to our Country & dispositions the most amicable to our Government; I hope he may be met at Washington with correspondent\u2014Sympathies, & that a Sincere alliance may be formed by the two great North-American Nations, as firm & durable as the high Hill on which you have fixed your abode, or the Stupendous mountains, which encircle this Capital.Several important events have succeeded my arrival here on the 6th of May last, which will probably reach you through the Mists of prejudice or ignorance; for our Countrymen, generally, who pressed forward to this region under the sordid impulse of Commercial cupidity, have been disappointed in their Golden prospects, view every thing of course with jaundiced eyes, and cannot consent that an independent People Should regulate their \u201cown affairs in their own way.\u201d But I, whom you know &, who came to this Salubrious place, solely in quest of health & to indulge an irresistible curiosity, have been an impartial & attentive observer of incidents as they passed, and can declare it as my opinion, that to Iturbide the Generalissimo on the 18th & 19th of May, & to the Emperor Augustin 1st on the 26th of the past Month, the people of this Empire are indebted for their safety from Civil War, anarchy & blood-shed, transending the most frightfull scenes in revolutionary France, during the reign of Robespierre, & before Bonaparte stifled the conflicting factions & stopt the effusion of blood.To go into detail would exceed the compass of a letter, I shall therefore postpone a narrative of facts to some future occasion, when a respect for truth & Justice may\u2014induce me, to expose the misrepresentations which I anticipate in our licentious Gazettes, many of whose editors feed on slander & fatten on defamationI thank God I have recovered my health, & in a few weeks shall return to the bosom of my family in New Orleans, there & every where I beg you to be assured of my high respect & Sincere attachment", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-29-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3065", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Antrim, 29 September 1822\nFrom: Antrim, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n having been absent from home from fryday untill Satturday Night\u2014Your message did not reach me in time for me to meet you as requested, at your Mill as I understood, If you will name any other time I will with pleashure meet youYours Respectfully", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-29-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3066", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Cutbush, 29 September 1822\nFrom: Cutbush, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir.\nWest Point\nSeptember 29th 1822\nFinding that we laboured under many difficulties for want of a text book on Military Pyrotechny, as works on that subject are principally in French, I was induced from that consideration to compile a complete system for the use of our Chemical department to be used in conjunction with the usual Chemical class books.As to Chemical instruction, we have two classes; the first and second. To the latter general, experimental, theoretical, and practical chemistry, in a series of lectures, are given; and to the former as it constitutes the last years course, the Applications of Chemistry to the Arts, manufactures, pyrotechny, &c. &c. are particularly attended to. Some of the last June graduates are, in that study, and in Minerology very able, and I have no doubt will be eminently useful in the Army.I am, very respectfully, Your Obedt StJas Cutbush", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-30-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3067", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Patrick Gibson, 30 September 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gibson, Patrick\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI recieved yesterday the inclosed letter from the President removing further suspense as to the application for your son, and inclose it to you with sincere pleasure and the assurance of my great esteem and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "09-30-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3068", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 30 September 1822\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,Richd\n30 Sepr 1822I am safely at home again thank God\u2014Your note for $1,000 will be offerd for dist tomorrow, & whether done or no any dfts you may draw shall be honor\u2019d, I hope & believe however there will be no difficulty in getting the disct by assuring the Directors no renewal of the note will be asked or expected, which you authorised me to do\u2014 I hope you had enough of the recent copious rains to raise your river sufficiently to send off loaded Boats, here, the water has not risen an inch yet, in consequence, & but small loads can pass the main river even\u2014consequently, but little produce of any kind is coming in\u2014present price $6 \u00bc for Flour, wheat 117 @ 120\u00a2, scarce, & in demand\u2014corn $4 \u00bc\u2014The Bundle of Books not present when I was with you, were fordd on the 13th Inst by a Mr. Estes\u2019s Waggon, care Mr Raphael\u2014I have delivered the message you requested to Mr. Barrett, who seems content\u2014God bless you & all your good family your fd mo: sincerelyB. PeytonI have today pd a dft: for $50 90/100, drawn by T. J. Randolph, in Bedford, on your a/c, which is at your debit\u2014B. P.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-01-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3070", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Bernard Peyton, 1 October 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Peyton, Bernard\n $1000.Sixty days after date, I promise to pay to Bernard Peyton or order, without offset, negotiable and payable at the Farmers Bank of Virginia, one thousand Dollars, \u2014 Cents.Value received.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-03-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3071", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Carrington Cabell, 3 October 1822\nFrom: Cabell, Joseph Carrington\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nEdgewood.\nGenl Cocke will inform you that the cause of my failure to attend at the University on yesterday, was that I had not sufficiently recovered from the severe & tedious illness by which I have been unhappily visited. My convalescence is much slower than I expected, and is further prolonged by successive relapses. Some days past, I was taken with the ague & fever, which often follows in the rear of the bilious fever. For two days I have been taking bark, and its salutary effects, induce me to hope, I shall miss my ague to-day. If I should be so fortunate as to escape a return, & the weather should be favorable, I think of setting out in a carriage on saturday, so as to get to Monticello on sunday or monday to-dinner. If I should not come, you may conclude that my state of health forbids the Journey: for I never am absent from your meetings but with the greatest reluctance, and, on this occasion, feel a particular desire to be present. I ardently hope that Mr Dawson has reached the end of his labours, and found all things to come out clear & satisfactory. Genl Cocke seemed reluctant to commence the inspection of the books without an associate. I should think, however, that with Mr Dawson\u2019s assistance it would be an easy task. He is now, probably, in Albemarle, on his way to fulfill this duty. Should I not attend, be pleased to remember me kindly to all the gentlemen of the board. I remain, Dr Sir, faithfully yr freindJoseph C. Cabell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-03-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3072", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 3 October 1822\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nRichd\n3d October 1822\nI have tried your $1000 note at all three of the Banks, & not one of them would discount it, being obliged, they say, to curtail, of which you will soon receive a notice from the U.S. Bank, I understand\u2014I return the note to you, under cover herewith.Your dft: favor Wolfe and Raphael, for $300, has been presented & paid. Not a Milton Boat is yet down, by which I can send your Current, Glass &C: &C:, some are no doubt on the way, as the river is smartly up, if so, will endeavour to get them off.The last Fed: Repulican insolently proclaims there is no \u201dpress copy\u201d in existence, & charges falsehood upon Ritchie, who has seen it, & is most perfectly satisfied of the correctness of every statement you have made in relation to it, (as is Judge Green, & one or two others, to whom alone I have shewn it,) & takes leave to mention the simple fact, of that right, in tomorrow\u2019s paper, which I hope will not be unacceptable to you:\u2014I had doubts, whether you would approve his noticing it at all, in the Enquirer, but he seemd to think it necessary, & what he intends to say will be perfectly harmless\u2014Yours very TrulyBernard Peyton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-07-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3075", "content": "Title: From Alexander Garrett to William Mitchell, 7 October 1822\nFrom: Garrett, Alexander\nTo: Mitchell, William\n Recieved this 7th October 1822 of William Mitchell by Mr Jefferson fifty dollars account his subscription to the Central College.Alex: Garrett B U Va", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-07-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3078", "content": "Title: Meeting Minutes of University of Virginia Board of Visitors, 7 Oct. 1822, 7 October 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nAt a meeting of the Visitors of the University of Virginia at the said University on Monday the 7th of Oct 1822.Present Thomas Jefferson Rector, James Breckenridge, Joseph C. Cabell, John H. Cocke and James Madison.Resolved that the Proctor be instructed to enter into conferences with such skilful and responsible undertakers as he would approve, for the building of the Library, on the plan heretofore proposed, and now in his possession, and to procure from them declarations of the smallest sums for which they will undertake the different portions of the work of the said building, each portion to be done as well; in materials, manner and sufficiency, as the best of the same kind of work already done in the preceding buildings, or as well & sufficiently as shall now be agreed on; that (omitting the capitels of the columns, which would be procured elsewhere) the several other portions be specified under such general heads and details as may be convenient to shew the cost of each, and by whom undertaken, fixing also the time within which each portion shall be compleated: and that his agreements be provisional only, & subject to the future acceptance or refusal of the Visitors.Resolved that the Committee of Superintendance be authorised to employ a Collector to proceed to the collection of the monies still due on subscriptions, under such instructions and agreemeent as they shall approve.Resolved that the examination and report of the accounts of the Bursar of the University of Virginia, from the 1st day of Octob. 1820. to the 31st March 1821. and from the 31st March 1821. to the 27th day of November 1821. made by John H. Cocke, at the request of the Rector, by his letter of the 1st of December 1821. be hereby ratified as done under authority of this board; and that the said John H. Cocke be, and he is hereby appointed to examine & verify the accounts of the said Bursar, from the 27th of November 1821. to this date and make report thereof to this board.Resolved that George Loyall esq. now a member of this board, appointed on the resignation of Robert B. Taylor, be added to the Committee for settlement of the Bursar\u2019s and Proctor\u2019s accounts, with authority to the Committee to act singly or together, as convenience may admit.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-07-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3079", "content": "Title: From University of Virginia Board of Visitors to Literary Fund Board, 7 October 1822\nFrom: University of Virginia Board of Visitors\nTo: Literary Fund Board\nThe following Report was then agreed toTo the President and Directors of the Literary fund.In obedience to the act of the General assembly of Virginia, requiring that the Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia should make report anually to the President and Directors of the Literary fund [to be laid before the legislature at their next succeeding sesson) embracing a full account of the disbursements the funds on hand, and a general statement of the condition of the University the said Rector & Visitors make the following Report.The Vistiors considering as the law of their duty the Report of the Commissioners of 1818. which was made to the legislature, and acted on by them, from time to time subsequently, have compleated all the buildings proposed by that Report, except one; that is to say, ten distinct houses or Pavilions containing each a lecturing room, with generally four other apartments for the accomodation of a Professor & his family, and with a garden and the requisite family offices; six Hotels for dieting the Students, with a single room in each for a Refectory, and two rooms, a garden and offices for the tenant; and an hundred and nine Dormitories, sufficient each for the accomodation of two students, arranged in four distinct rows between the Pavilions & Hotels, and united with them by covered ways; which buildings are all in readiness for occupation, except that there is still some plaistering to be done, now in hand, which will be finished early in the present season, the gardens grounds and garden walls to be compleated, and some columns awaiting their Capitels not yet recieved from Italy. these buildings are mostly paid for by the monies which have been recieved, and it is still expected they would be compleatly so, by the subscriptions due, were they in hand. but the slowness of their collection will render it necessary to make good their deficiencies, in the first instance, out of the annuity of the ensuing years, to be replaced to that fund again by the subscriptions as they come in.The remaining building, necessary to compleat the whole establishment, & called for by the Report of 1818. which was to contain rooms for religious worship, for public examinations, for a Library, & for other associated purposes, is not yet begun for want of funds. it was estimated heretofore by the Proctor, according to the prices which the other buildings have actually cost at the sum of 46,847. Dollars. the Visitors, from the beginning, have considered it as indispensable to compleat all the buildings before opening the institution; because, from the moment that shall be opened, the whole income of the University will be absorbed by the salaries of the Professors, and other incidental and current expences, and nothing will remain to erect any building still wanting to compleat the system. they are still of opinion therefore that it is better to postpone, for a while, the commencement of the institution, and then to open it in full and compleat system, than to begin prematurely in an unfinished state, and go on, perhaps for ever, on the contracted scale of local academies, utterly inadequate to the great purposes which the Report of 1818. and the legislature have hitherto had in contemplation. they believe that, in that imperfect state, it will offer little allurement to other than neighboring students, and that Professors of the first eminence in their respective lines of science, will not be induced to attach their reputations to an institution, defective in it\u2019s outset, and offering no pledge of rising to future distinction. yet the Visitors consider the procuring such characters (and it will certainly be their aim) as the peculiar feature which is to give reputation and value to the Institution, and to constitute it\u2019s desirable and important attractions. but the present state of the funds renders the prospect of finishing this last building indefinitely distant! the interest of the sums advanced to the institution now absorbs nearly half it\u2019s income. a suspension of interest indeed, for three or four years, would give time for erecting the building with the established annuity; but the subsequent repayment of the principal from that annuity would remove the opening of the Institution to a very remote period.On this view of the condition of the University, the Visitors think it their duty to state that, if the legislature shall be of opinion that the sums advanced to the University, in the name of loans, from the general fund for education, have been applied to their legitimate object, and shall think proper to liberate the annuity from their reimbursment, it will suffice in three or four years to compleat the last building, and the institution may be opened at the end of that term. and further that if the requisite sum can be supplied from the same or any other fund, then the University may be put into as full operation, as it\u2019s income will admit, in the course of the year ensuing the present date, and while the remaining building will be proceeding on such supplementory fund. this however, or whatever else their wisdom may devise, is subject to their direction, to which the Visitors will in willing duty conform.In the same Report of the Commissioners of 1818. it was stated by them that \u2018in conformity with the principles of our constitution, which place all sects of religion on an equal footing, with the jealousies of the different sects in guarding that equality from encroachment or surprise, and with the sentiments of the legislature in favor of freedom of religion, manifested on former occasions, they had not proposed that any professorship of Divinity should be established in the University; that provision however was made for giving instruction in the Hebrew, Greek, and Latin languages, the depositories of the Originals, and of the earliest and most respected authorities of the faith of every sect, and for courses of Ethical lectures, developing those moral obligations in which all sects agree. that, proceeding thus far, without offence to the Constitution, they had left, at this point, to every sect to take into their own hands the office of further instruction in the peculiar tenets of each.\u2019It was not however to be understood that instruction in religious opinions and duties was meant to be precluded by the public authorities, as indifferent to the interests of society. on the contracy, the relations which exist between man and his maker, and the duties resulting from those relations, are the most interesting and important to every human being, and the most incumbent on his study and investigation. the want of instruction in the various creeds of religious faith existing among our citizens presents therefore a chasm in a general institution of the useful sciences. but it was thought that this want, and the entrustment to each society of instruction in it\u2019s own doctrines, were evils of less danger than a permission to the public authorities to dictate modes on principles of religious instruction, or than opportunities furnished them of giving countenance or ascendancy to any one sect over another. a remedy however has been suggested of promising aspect, which, while it excludes the public authorities from the domain of religious freedom, would give to the Sectarian schools of divinity the full benefit of the public provisions made for instruction in the other branches of science. these branches are equally necessary to the Divine, as to the other professional or civil characters, to enable them to fulfil the duties of their calling with understanding and usefulness. it has therefore been in contemplation, and suggested by some pious individuals, who percieve the advantages of associating other studies with those of religion, to establish their religious schools on the confines of the University, so as to give to their students ready and convenient access and attendance on the scientific lectures of the University; and to maintain, by that means, those destined for the religions professions on as high a standing of science, and of personal weight and respectability, as may be obtained by others from the benefits of the University. such establishments would offer the further and great advantage of enabling the Students of the University to attend religious exercises with the Professor of their particular sect, either in the rooms of the building still to be erected, and destined to that purpose under impartial regulations, as proposed in the same Report of the Commissioners, or in the lecturing room of such Professor. to such propositions the Visitors are disposed to lend a willing ear, and would think it their duty to give every encoragement, by assuring to those who might chuse such a location for their schools, that the regulations of the University should be so modified and accomodated as to give every facility of access and attendance to their students, with such regulated use also as may be permitted to the other students, of the library which may hereafter be acquired, either by public or private munificence. but always understanding that these schools shall be independant of the University and of each of each other. such an arrangement would compleat the circle of the useful sciences embraced by this institution, and would fill the chasm now existing, on principles which would leave inviolate the constitutional freedom of religion, the most inalienable and sacred of all human rights, over which the people and authorities of this state individually and publicly, have ever manifested the most watchful jealousy: and could this jealousy be now alarmed, in the opinion of the legislature, by what is here suggested, the idea will be relinquished on any surmise of disapprobation which they might think proper to express.A committee of the board was duly appointed to settle finally the accounts of all reciepts and disbursements, from the commencement of the Central college, to the entire completion of the four ranges of buildings of the University. they found it necessary to employ a skilful Accountant to make up a compleat set of books, in regular form, wherein all the accounts, general and particular, should be stated, so as that every dollar might be traced from it\u2019s reciept to it\u2019s ultimate expenditure, and the clearest view be thus exhibited of the faithful application of the monies placed under the direction of the board. this work has taken more time than expected; and altho\u2019 considerably advanced, is not entirely compleated. until it\u2019s completion however, the committee cannot proceed on the final settlement with which they are charged. the Bursar\u2019s accounts for the year preceding this date are rendered herewith; as are also the Proctor\u2019s for the first six months; but his books and papers being necessarily in the hands of the Accountant, his account for the last half year could not as yet be prepared. the settlement by the committee, when made, will be transmitted, as a supplementory document, to the Literary board, as well for it\u2019s regular Audit by their Accountant, as to be laid before the legislature.And the board adjourned without day.Th: Jefferson RectorOctob. 7. 1822.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-09-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3080", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Cutbush, 9 October 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cutbush, James\nMonticello\nOct. 9. 22.Th: Jefferson has recieved from Dr Cutbush the communication of the prospectus of his system of Pyrotechny. writing is become so slow and painful to him, that he can only make his acknolegements for this mark of attention,\n\t\t\t express his wishes for it\u2019s success, and assure Dr Cutbush of his great esteem and respect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-09-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3082", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson, Order in Case of TJ vs. John Hudson & Charles Hudson, 9 Oct. 1822, 9 October 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n Thomas JeffersonPlt}upon a writ of RightagainstJohn Hudson & Charles HudsonDeftns&Christopher HudsonPlt}upon a writ of RightagainstJohn Hudson & Charles HudsonDeftnsBy Consent of the parties by their attornies, leave is given either party to examine and take the affidavits of Benjamin Lacy and Ann Copeland which affidavits so taken is to be read in chief on the trial of these Causes.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-09-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3083", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Bernard Peyton, 9 October 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Peyton, Bernard\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nIn mine of the 7th I mentioned that the sheriffs of Albemarle and Bedford would soon be on us for our taxes. the former at court on the same day presented my bill for 130.90 for which I shall be obliged to draw on you. I am in hopes he may not go down till late in the month. John Wood told me but one of his boats got down and I do not know whether that was for Jefferson or myself. not a drop of rain yet, and the mill floor piled up with as much flour as ought to be laid on it. my anxiety is great for as much rain as will relieve you & us. I salute you with constant friendship and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-09-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3084", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, 9 October 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel\nSir\nMonticello\nYour favor of Sep. 24. is recieved, and I thank you for the seeds it covered. too old to plant trees for my own gratification, I shall do it for my posterity. the pamphlets therein mentioned will probably come by subsequent mails, tho\u2019 those mentioned in your letter of Feb. 2. did not come. the preference given to letters sometimes occasion the Postmasters to omit printed papers. you mention not having heard from me in answer to that letter. I answered it however the day following it\u2019s reciept in these words. Feb. 20. \u2018Sir, I recieved yesterday your favor of the 2d the accompaniments mentioned in it will probably arrive by another mail and shall be disposed of as you desire. the prospect of the opening of our University is at present but distant. we have incurred a great debt in erecting our buildings on the hypothacation of our funds; to redeem which will employ the whole of them for many years, unless relieved by the legislature of which there is little promise at present. in this state of things it would be unjustifiable in me to say any thing which should prevent your accepting any offers which you might be disposed to listen to from other quarters.\u2019So far my letter of Feb. 20. to which no change of circumstance enables me to add any thing more definite. I may say further that the torpor of age has nearly extinguished my attention to scientific subjects, and the same cause, with a stiffened wrist, renders writing so slow and painful as to disable me from executing the duties of correspondence. I pray you to accept the assurance of my great respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-09-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3085", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Chiles Terrell, 9 October 1822\nFrom: Terrell, Chiles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nRichmond;\nOct 9th 1822\nI received your favour of the 30th Ulto, in reply to my communication, on the difference, between lines due East and West, and parallels of Latitude, commencing from the same point. The apprehension of intruding upon your quiet & Retirement, made me hesitate, in sending you the demonstration, which I forwarded; and the same apprehension, confirmed, by the tenor of a part of your letter, determined me, to offer nothing farther on the subject; But upon reflection, I have thought it might be proper, to make a few remarks, by way of reply, knowing, that if I trespass in so doing, it will be without ing to you, and with impunity to myself.\u2014You think the question, depends on definitions, and that it is rather philological than Mathematical.\u2014Grant, that it does depend on definitions, and that it may be philological as well as mathematical.\u2014The result is the same. The Cardinal points, of East and West, have each a precise definition, in which Astronomers, Geographers, and surveyors essentially concur,\u2014admitting it to be perfect. According to these definitions, the lines due East and due West, (whether curve or direct) of any place, or rather point, on the Earth, between the Equator and the poles, will leave the Meridian of that point, (which you appropriately call the Meridian of departure) at right angles. This point is necessarily supposed to be in the Zenith, or to speak more precisely, immediately under it, on the top of the upper hemisphere of the Earth. The parallel of Latitude passing through this point, will leave the same meridian, of acute angles towards the nearest pole, and hence it cannot coincide with the lines due East and West, commencing from that point. Therefore Mathematically and philologically, we should not say, in the words of the Treaty,\u2014\u201cThence (from the middle of Connecticut River) due west on the parallel of 45\u00b0\u2013North,\u201d but, Thence, westerly on the said parallel.\u2014Mr. Campbell, professor of Mathematics in Wm & Mary, College, in a friendly letter, says, that he concurs with me, in every thing, except that part of the theory, relating to sailing, and the interpretation of the words of the Treaty, quoted above. He has calculated the deviation of the parallel of 45\u00b0 from the due East or West line, for the distance of one mile, and adopted a method of describing a parallel on Land, and of corting the deviation of the parallels of Latitude from lines due East and West, which he proposes shortly to publish. But, from what he admits, I know, that he can offer nothing in opposition, except that which is supported, either by prescription or authority, founded upon a want of precision, and if allowed at all, to be allowed only through courtesy.If you think it will answer an useful or agreeable purpose, and if it should be consistent with your sense of propriety, I should be pleased for you to offer this curious and interesting subject, to the consideration of the Emperor Alexander, and the Grand Turk, in order that we may learn their opinions, or the result of their investigations of it.However, I leave this, as all things else, entirely with you, and will offer no other apology for this communication, than, that the freedom with which it is written, is connected with the highest respect for your Taste, Judgment, & Character. And were I to particularize on these points, I might imitate a part of the dedication, written a hundred years ago, to the Duke of Chandos by Heill: Who says, \u201cYou, my Lord, are the publick and standing mark of all men\u2019s admiration, the beautiful pattern, which all desire to imitate, tho\u2019 few can hope to equal. In publick affairs, what statesman more able? In domestical management, what private man move expert? In the constant stating and ing of accompts, no Body more provident Body more frugal. In expenses, no Body more liberal: In Largesses, no Body so magnificent. To which, on the present occasion, he would add, In taste, no Body more exquisite.yrs sincerelyChiles TerrellN.B. I presume the State lines were incorrectly delineated. I never doubted the practicability of tracing parallels of latitude. I think it would be an improvement, in the maps of particular countries, or States, to have a small space in each margin, outside of the numbers which express the Latitudes, for dots or marks to express the due East and West courses of the intersecting points of the parallels of Latitude, with the principal meridian.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-10-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3087", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 10 October 1822\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear SirRichd\n10 Octr 1822Agreeable to your request hand herewith statement: your a/c to 10th Inst:\u2014which I have no doubt will be found correct\u2014With great respect Dr Sir Yours very TrulyB. PeytonFlour $6 @ 6\u215bWheat 120\u00a2", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-11-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3088", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Quincy Adams, 11 October 1822\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir.\nWashington\n11th October 1822.\nI have taken the liberty of transmitting to you a pamphlet which I have felt a necessity of giving to the public. So far as it involves a mere personal controversy I should not have thought it worthy of being presented to you. Thus much of it I would request of you the favour to overlook. Nor after the recent manifestation of the public sentiment on this subject would this collection of documents have appeared, but for the questions of general interest to the Union implicated in the discussion, and which as affecting the welfare of our Country, I know can never be objects of indifference to you. It is from this motive that I am induced to ask your acceptance of the volume, and avail myself of the occasion to renew the tender of my sincere veneration.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-11-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3089", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 11 October 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Brockenbrough, Arthur S.\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI transcribe for your information a resolution of the Visitors of the University entered into at their late meeting, to which they recommend your early attention. also a copy of an advertisement to be published in the Enquirer and Central gazette. accept the assurance of my friendship and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-11-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3090", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson: Advertisement for the Enquirer and Central Gazette, ca. 11 Oct. 1822, 11 October 1822\nFrom: Brockenbrough, Arthur S.\nTo: \nAdvertisement for the Enquirer and Central gazette.University of Virginia.The subscribers to this institution (commenced under the name of the Central college, but called afterwards the University of Virginia, with the approbation of a Majority) are informed that in the course of the ensuing month of November they will be applied to by a Collector for the arrears of their subscriptions. while the buildings could be carried on from other resources, it was left to the subscribers to pay at their convenience, and much has been paid. but the state of the funds of the University, and the wants of the workmen now render a call necessary on those who have not yet paid up their whole instalments. it is hoped therefore that the same liberality, and zeal for providing the means of education within our own state which induced them to promise contributions for this purpose, will lead to the fulfilment of their engagements now when become absolutely necessary to do justice to those who have yielded their services on the faith of these engagements.A. S. Brockenbrough. Proctor.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-11-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3091", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Monroe, 11 October 1822\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\u2014\nHighland\nIt would be very gratifying to Mrs Monroe & myself, to dine with you & your family tomorrow, were we not under an engag\u2019ment to pass the day with my brother, who is in a very critical state. Col: Bankhead & Mr Taliaferro left this, yesterday. Such are the calls on me at washington, that I shall be compelled to set out on my return back, on sunday, if it shall be possible for me to arrange my affairs here, in the interim; which, by the bye, are in the utmost disorder. I mention this to explain to you & to Mrs Randolph, the reason, why it will not be in our power, to pass a portion of our time with you while in the county, as we wishd & intended.With great respect & regard I am dear sir your friendJames Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-12-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3093", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Gough, 12 October 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gough, William\nSir\nMonticello.\nMy business here has rendered it impossible for me to visit Poplar Forest as yet; in the mean time my taxes are becoming due in Bedford, and not knowing their amount, to prevent difficulty I inclose an order on Colo Bernard Peyton of Richmond in favor of the Sheriff of Bedford, naming one hundred Dollars but leaving a blank after the hundred for you to fill up with the additional odd dollars and cents, whatever they may be. I write to Colo Peyton to inform him of this draught and that the odd Dollars & cents will be filled up by another hand. accept of my best wishes.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-15-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3094", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Adams, 15 October 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir.\nMontizello\nOctober 15th 1822\nI have long entertained scruples about writing this letter, upon a subject of some delicacy. But old age has over come at last.You remember the four Ships, ordered by Congress to be built, and the four Captains appointed by Washington\u2014Talbot & Truxton & Barry &ca to carry an Ambassador to Algiers and protect our Commerce in the Mediterranean. I have always imputed this measure to you: for several reasons. First, Because you frequently proposed it to me while we were at Paris, negotiating together for peace with the Barbary powers. 2dly Because I knew that Washington and Hamilton, were not only indifferent about a Navy, but averse to it. There was no Secretary of the Navy; only four heads of Departments. You were Secretary of State; Hamilton Secretary of the Treasury, Knox Secretary of War; and I believe Bradford was Attorney General. I have always suspected that you and Knox were in favour of a Navy. If Bradford was so, the majority was clear. But Washington I am confident was against it in his judgment. But his attachment to Knox and his deference to your opinion, for I knew he had a great regard for you\u2014might induce him to decide in favour of you and Knox, even though Bradford united with Hamilton in opposition to you\u2014 That Hamilton was averse to the measure, I have personal evidence for which it was pending, he came in a hurry and a fit of impatience, to make a visit to me. He said, he was like to be called upon for a large sum of money to build Ships of war, to fight the Algerines and he asked my opinion of the measure. I answered him that I was clearly in favour of it. For I had always been of Opinion, from the Commencement of the Revolution, that a Navy was the most powerful, the safest and the cheapest National defence for this Country My advice therefore was that as much of the Revenue as could possibly be spared, should be applied to the building and equipping of ships\u2014 The conversation was of some length, but it was manifest in his looks and in his air\u2014that he was disgusted at the measure as well as at my opinion, that I had expressed.Mrs Knox, not long since, wrote a letter to Dr Waterhouse, requesting him to procure a commission for her Son, in the Navy; that Navy, says her Ladyship, of which his Father was the parent, for, says she, \u201cI have frequently heard General Washington say to my husband; the Navy was your Child.\u201d I have always believed it to be Jefferson\u2019s child, though Knox may have assisted in ushering it into the world. Hamilton\u2019s hobby was the Army. That Washington was averse to a Navy, I have full proof from his own life\u2014in many different conversations, some of them of length, in which he always insisted that it was only building and arming ships for the English.Si quid novisti ister\u2014Candidus imperti\u2014Si non\u2014his estere mecum\u201dIf I am in error in any particular\u2014pray correctYour Humble ServtJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-17-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3097", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Appleton, 17 October 1822\nFrom: Appleton, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Your letter of the 11th of June, reach\u2019d me on the 4th of Septr at the Same time I reciev\u2019d from Samuel Williams of London, an exchange on this place, on account of the capitels, and for yourself, which produc\u2019d here, in Spanish dollars, One thousand three hundred & Seven & 75cts of which, 444. are carried to the credit of your private account, and the balance to the credit of the Capitels.\u2014This letter will be deliver\u2019d to you, by Giacomo Raggi, whose ardent desire to return to the U: States, has overcome all the ties of Affection and friendship that he found in his native place: I hope his determination may prove useful to yourself and to him.\u2014It was my very earnest wish, that he might accompany the capitels, but as they will not be ready to embark, but towards the close of the ensuing month of november, he thought this delay, might be Somewhat prejudicial to his interests, and he now takes his passage for new-York.\u2014The architect who sculpters the capitels, is his particular friend, and among the most distinguish\u2019d artists of Carrara.\u2014The procrastination has been occasion\u2019d from various causes, and a principal one was the jealousy & intrigues of Michael Raggi, whose pride was wounded, that he could not procure the Commission; but the truth is, he has neither the abilities, nor the means, to have executed it.\u2014I will not trouble you with the detail of his unworthy behaviour, for the Same inquiet and uneasy temper governs him, whether at home or abroad.\u2014Giacomo Raggi, is greatly esteem\u2019d by all who know him, and will inform you, that the capitels are now, very near their conclusion.\u2014they are work\u2019d in the highest perfection of the art, and of a marble, that is nearly Statuary.\u2014It was the desire of the artist, that they should all be from the same quarry, this also has tended to prolong their completion.\u2014The cases are already made, and of the Strongest materials.\u2014by the first vessel Afterwards for new York, they will be convey\u2019d to the care of the Collector of the port; and as the architect will accompany them from Carrara to this port, he will assist at their storage on board.\u2014I have thought that the delay was not material for your edifices, and would be abundantly compensated, by the Singular beauty of the marble, and the perfection of the work.\u2014Should you order the capitels for the other columns contemplated, no delay will take place, and will be Sculptur\u2019d with equal attention and perfection.\u2014accept the assurances, Sir, ofmy constant esteem & respect", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-17-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3098", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Henry Alexander Scammell Dearborn, 17 October 1822\nFrom: Dearborn, Henry Alexander Scammell\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMuch respected Sir,\nCustom House Boston\nThe enclosed letter was received this morning from Messrs. Dodge & Oxnard of Marseilles, by the Brig Bad.I shall with great pleasure take charge of the articles & will ship them to your agent in Richmond, to whom the former were sent, by the first vessel that leaves here. As soon as the freight bill has been presented & the amount of duties ascertaind I will forward the amount.With sentiments of the highest respect, your most Obt. Sevt.H. A. S. Dearborn", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-17-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3099", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 17 October 1822\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear SirRichd\n17 Octr 1822Since my last respects, have for\u2019d by B. Harlow\u2019s Boat to Milton; your 12 x 12 Box Window Glass, & a Hill side Plough, recd from Fdksburg, for you, some days ago\u2014Your dfts, to the amount of $1250, have been presented & paid since my last\u2014The only Boat load of Flour yet recd from Shadwell Mills this season, was for Th: J. Randolph; (64 Blls:) the one for 50 Blls, for you, is not yet to hand\u2014when it is, will dispose of it to the best advantage for your interest, of which you shall be advised.With great respect Dr Sir Yours very TrulyB. Peyton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-18-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3100", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Cooper, 18 October 1822\nFrom: Cooper, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nColumbia South Carolina\nOctr 18th 1822\nI spent the three months of vacation at this College, in an excursion to various parts of the State of Pennsylvania, chiefly for the purpose of attending to some land concerns in which I am interested. I write to you now, for the purpose of giving you some idea of the progress of fanatacism, which I could not have figured to myself if I had not had the advantage of extensive personal observation. When I lived at Northumberland with Dr Priestley, a more social place could not well be imagined. the harmony of private society was hardly interrupted by politics, and not at all by religion. Presbyterians Methodists, seceders, Baptists unitarians and Episcopalians lived together, and mixed freely in society. At present, owing to the predominent influence of the Presbyterian preachers, over the women particularly, whom they tempt out to nightly Sermons & prayer meetings, I was invited to, and compelled to visit my old friends not collected in social parties, but in detail. The heads of families of one sect, keep aloof from those of another; and the bitterness & intolerance of theological hatred reigns in full force. I found this the case, at Northumberland, at Sunbury, at Reading, at Harrisburgh, and in every place without exception, whereon I enquired into the fact. At Harrisburgh, these religious parties occupy every evening, and the meeting houses are crowded with women, while the taverns are equally crowded with their husbands, as revolt at these works of Supererrogation. Judge Franks, who boarded at the same tavern at Harrisburgh that I did, ( for he was there holding his courts at the time) told me, that he was induced not merely to subscribe to each of these fanatics, but to attend frequently their meetings, lest a character irreligion should attach to him as Judge. He told me, that a short time before I saw him, he had heard a sermon one evening at Harrisburgh, from a Mr DeWitt, a presbyterian clergymen from New York; in which the Preacher declared, that a man might be a good Citizen, a good father, a good husband, a good neighbour\u2014charitable, benevolent, and observant of every moral duty\u2014nay, he might sedulously & conscientiously attend all the ordinances of religion is a member of saving grace\u2014but if he were not one of the elect according to the foreknowledge of God before the foundations of the world were laid, all his endeavours were not only unavailing, but savoured of sin. I well know this is in conformity with puritan orthodoxy, and is to be found in the articles of the Church of England as well as among the colonistic presbyterians, but if there be any doctrine calculated to demoralize society\u2014to make the good bad, and the wicked worse, it is such a doctrine as this.The same tenets and the same practices, prevail all through North Carolina, & the upper parts of this State, and very strongly indeed in the town of Columbia where I live. Our College has 2 presbyterian, and one roman catholic professor, and I go regularly to the Episcopal Church with my family. But because the Professors here live in mutual tolerance and harmony, this College is openly, and publicly denounced as void of all religion. Yet I know not where prayers are more enforced morning or evening among the Students, or attended more regularly by the faculty. I go now to prayers every morning, but not in an evening, as my lectures are not over till 3 oClock in the afternoon.I find in New York State every where, where I have been or from whence I have received information, that their is a public avowed persevering attempt among the Presbyterians to establish a system of Tythes; this is brought forward in many publications: at Utica in N. Yk State, and in South Carolina, as well as intermediate places. Equally decided and persevering, is the attempt of the same sect to acquire the command over every Seminary of education; and finally to attempt in favour of the Presbyterians, a Church establishment. of these designs on the part of that sect, I am as fully persuaded, as I am of my own existence; and what is worse, I greatly fear they will succeed. The people not aware of the frauds committed, are the gross dupes of missionary societies, bible societies, and theological seminaries; and every head of a family of a religious town, or in any way connected with that sect, must submit to the power these persons have acquired; acquired, by making the females of the families which they are permitted to enter, the engines of their influence over the male part. I foresee another night of superstition, not far behind the inquisition: for so rancorously is every opponent calumniated, that the persecution becomes gradually irresistable, and the men who hate these impostors & their frauds, are actually compelled to bow down to them. I look around me, and knowing as I do, the general prevalence of liberal opinions on religious subjects, among well educated men, I regard with absolute horror the system of simulation and dissimulation which they are compelled to adopt; and I cannot help exclaiming with LucretiusTantum hoc religio potuit suadere malorum!In the College here, the industry of the faculty is exemplary\u2014their competence undeniable\u2014but the cry is gone forth, \u201cthere is no religion among them,\u201d & I greatly fear it will make the College totter to its fall: for utterly false as it is, the want of prayer meetings and religious revivals will be accepted as undeniable evidence of the charge. In hopes of hearing that things are not quite so bad in Virginia, I sit down to communicate my fears and forebodings. In the State of Pennsylvania I see no prospect of amendment, for the prevailing doctrine is, that a collegiate education is good only for the rich, and they ought to obtain it at their own expence without any legislative aid.M. Correa, I find is compelled to fly to Paris, being too much attached to the royal cause. for the present crisis. I hope your health keeps yet good, and that you still enjoy enough of life to make it desireable. May God bless you.Thomas Cooper. S. Carolina College.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-18-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3101", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from N. Herbemont, 18 October 1822\nFrom: Herbemont, N.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nRespected Sir,\nColumbia S. Carolina\nI take the liberty of sending you a small tract which I have just published. Its object is to induce the increase of the white population in the southern state; but particularly in S. Carolina. The means proposed are the cultivation of the Olive, Grapevine, Sheep & Silk worms. I should not have troubled you with it, but for this, that I know this subject far from indifferent to you, & that any thing by which the prosperity of our country is promoted, is sure to meet with your warmest approbation. These are subjects which you have yourself recommended, & no doubt, at this juncture, your expressed approbation would promote the execution of the plan. These are the apologies I have to offer for this intrusion. I rejoice also in having this opportunity of assuring you at my most sincere respect, & that I am truly, Sir,Your obedt servtN. Herbemont Prest of the board of public works of South Carolina", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-18-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3102", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Runnels, 18 October 1822\nFrom: Runnels, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir!\u2014\nN York,\n18th October 1822\nAccompanying this you will find a letter from my Father\u2014in which I am highly . I should be happy to know of its safe arrival, & pray you so far to condescend as to write me a few lines on the of it\u2014I am with profound Respect. Yr Hbl & Ob StG Runnelsplease address\u2014G Runnels\u2014at Mr Reg\u2019s\u2014Bloomingdale Road\u2014NYork", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-19-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3103", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Short, 19 October 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Short, William\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI have waited for a frost to announce to me your return to winter quarters; and altho\u2019 we have as yet had none here, I presume they must have reached you, in their advance towards us, by this time, and that I may now acknolege your letter written on your departure for Canada. altho\u2019 that trip disappointed us of the expected visit to your native state, yet I hold on to the promise, as a thing due, and to happen. our University still wants the key-stone of it\u2019s arch, the Rotunda; but even in it\u2019s present state it is worth a visit, as a specimen of classical architecture which would be remarked in Europe. our last legislature has acquired the immortal title of Parliamentum indoctissimum, by it\u2019s refusal to do any thing towards compleating and bringing this establishment into use. this would require a further sum of 50,000. Dollars in addition to the 200,000. it has already cost. the late elections are believed to have been favorable to it, and that a very general disapprobation of their conduct has been excited even among the people. our enemies are in the vicinge of Wm & Mary, to whom are added the Presbyterian clergy, this is rather the most numerous of our present sects, and the most ambitious, the most intolerant & tyrannical of all our sects. they wish to see no instruction of which they have not the exclusive direction. their present aim is ascendancy only; their next exclusive possession and establishment. they dread the light which this University is to shed on the public mind, and it\u2019s obstruction to their ambition. but there is a breeze advancing from the North, which will put them down. Unitarianism has not yet reached us; but our citizens are ready to recieve reason from any quarter. the Unity of a supreme being is so much more intelligible than the triune arithmetic of the counterfeit Christians that it will kindle here like wild-fire. we want only eloquent preachers of the primitive doctrines to restore them to light, after the long night of darkness under which they have been hidden. such would gather into their fold every man under the age of 40. female fanaticism might hold out awhile longer.I wish with you that Congress had the power of expending our surplus monies (if ever we are to have them) on public improvements, and have long wished for such an amendment to the constitution, with the condition expressed that the federal proportion of each state should be expended on improvements within the state. otherwise all, like our lighthouses Etc would go to New England.My health, after which you kindly enquire, is entirely reestablished. I am very weak indeed and daily getting more so, insomuch that I do not walk into my garden without feeling it sensibly. yet I ride without fatigue 6, 8, or 10. miles every day, and a few days ago 20. miles without suffering. I hope you preserve your health, and may long do so, & I salute you with assurance of my constant & affectionate friendship.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-20-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3104", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Bernard Peyton, 20 October 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Peyton, Bernard\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nSince my last which was of the 9th yours of the 7th and 10th have been recieved. the things sent by Wood\u2019s boats are arrived at Milton. on learning the fate of my note I settled otherwise the balance due to Bacon and for which I had not yet drawn on you. but I was obliged to draw on you, as mentioned in mine of the 9th in favor of the sheriffs of Albemarle & Bedford for my taxes. in the meantime, I have been able to get down 50 + 33 + 12 say 95. barrels of flour only, and such is the obstinacy of the drought that we can fix no time for relief from it. my uneasiness is not only on your account but of mr Barrett to whom, more than a month ago I thought myself certainly within a week of being able to make a remittance of 750.D. I have now in the mill ready for going off 255. Barrels of flour which with the 95 already gone will make 350. and mr T. E. Randolph assures me he will pay up the balance of his rent at Christmas which will then amount to 250. Barrels more. a sixty days accomodation of a bank would have enabled me to anticipate this fund, to observe all my engagements and left me under a certainty of refunding it when due counting on the river tides in good time, I had been tempted by the offer of 4. of the finest mules I have ever seen from Kentucky offered me at 75.D. a piece to give to a mr Sims my note for them for 300.D payable at your counting house on the 17th of November. surely I shall be able before that time to get down my flour.I planted in Bedford the last year 300.M tobo hills, two thirds in fresh land, \u2153 in that of the 2d year; and here 100,000. in similar lands. from these Jefferson assures me I shall have 60M weight of tobacco. but this will not get to market till May & June. I shall not sleep soundly till then. affectionately adieu.Th: JeffersonP.S. I inclose my Notes for renewal.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-20-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3105", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Rawlings, 20 October 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Rawlings, James\nSir\nMonticello\nI recieved in due time your favor of Aug. 20. informing me I was indebted to the insurance company 84.40 D I am only waiting for the return of rains to render our river boatable, to get down flour now waiting in my mill for tides, so as to place some funds in Richmond, on which you may rely for a draught as soon as they can be got there. accept the assurance of my great respectTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-21-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3106", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Cornelius C. Blatchly, 21 October 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Blatchly, Cornelius C.\nSir\nMonticello\nI return thanks for the pamphlet you have been so kind as to send me on the subject of Commonwealths. it\u2019s moral principles merit entire approbation, it\u2019s philanthropy especially, and it\u2019s views of the equal rights of man. that, on the principle of a communion of property, small societies may exist in habits of virtue, order industry and peace, and consequently in a state of as much happiness as heaven has been pleased to deal out to imperfect humanity, I can readily concieve, and indeed have seen it\u2019s proofs in various small societies which have been constituted on that principle. but I do not feel authorised to conclude from these, that an extended society, like that of the US. or of an individual state, could be governed happily on the same principle. I look to the diffusion of light and education as the resource most to be relied on for ameliorating the condition, promoting the virtue and advancing the happiness of man. that every man shall be made virtuous, by any process whatever, is indeed no more to be expected, than that every tree shall be made to bear fruit, and every plant nourishment. the briar and bramble can never become the wine and olive; but their asperities may be softened by culture, and their properties improved to usefulness in the order and economy of the world. and I do hope, in the present spirit of extending to the great mass of mankind the blessings of instruction, I see a prospect of great advancement in the happiness of the human race; and that this may proceed to an indefinite, altho\u2019 not to an infinite degree. wishing every success to the views of your society which their hopes can promise, and thanking you most particularly for the kind expressions of your letter towards myself, I salute you with assurances of great esteem and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-21-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3107", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Hartwell Cocke, 21 October 1822\nFrom: Cocke, John Hartwell\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nBremo\nThis will be handed to you by my friend Mr Maxwell of Norfolk.He calls at Monticello for the double purpose of paying his respects to you;\u2014and understanding more fully, the footing upon which the Board of Visitors in their last report, have proposed to the Legislature, to place the Theological Schools at the University.Mr Maxwell is on his way to Staunton to attend a Synod of the presbyterian Church. of which he is a member\u2014and thinks the information he may obtain from you, may possibly lead to the adoption of some measures, upon the part of his brethern in relation to the foregoing subject\u2014With best wishes for a continuation of your health I am with high respect & Esteem Yours trulyJohn H. Cocke", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-23-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3108", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Quincy Adams, 23 October 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\nMonticello\nOct. 23. 22.Th: Jefferson returns his thanks to mr Adams for the copy of the Ghent Documents which he has been so kind as to send him. so far as concerns mr Adams personally, the respect and esteem of the public for\n\t\t\t him was too firmly and justly fixed, to need this appeal to them. but the volume is a valuable gift to his fellow citizens generally, and especially to the future historian whom it will enable to give correct ideas of the views of that treaty and to do justice to the abilities with which it was\n\t\t\t negociated. he begs leave to salute mr Adams with assurances of his highest esteem and respect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-23-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3109", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Charles Willson Peale, 23 October 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Peale, Charles Willson\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI could never be a day without thinking of you, were it only for my daily labors at the Polygraph for which I am indebted to you. it is indeed an excellent one, and after 12. or 14. years of hard service it has failed in nothing except the spiral springs of silver wire which suspend the pen-frame. these are all but disabled, and my fingers are too clumsy to venture to rectify them, were they susceptible of it. I am tempted to ask you if you have ever thought of trying a cord of elastic gum. if this would answer, it\u2019s simplicity would admit any bungler to prepare & apply it.It is right for old friends, now and then, to ask each other how they do? the question is short, and will give little trouble either to ask, or answer. I ask it therefore, observing in exchange that my own health is tolerably good; but that I am too weak to walk further than my garden without suffering, altho\u2019 I ride without fatigue 6. or 8. miles every day, and sometimes 20. I salute you with constant and affectionate friendship & respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-23-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3110", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Stackelberg, 23 October 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Stackelberg\nSir\n Monticello\nI have recieved a letter from a mr Runnels of Saint Bartholomew\u2019s asking from me some attention to the wish of his son, now in New York, to be appointed Consul or Agent of the US. to the islands of St Vincent\u2019s, St Lucia, Trinidad or St Kitt\u2019s. the style of the letter itself sufficiently indicates the high respectability of the writer, but, being personally unknown to me, he requests me to apply to yourself particularly for any thing you may be pleased to say of himself or his son. it is on the authority of this request only that I take the liberty of saying that I shall willingly be the channel of communicating to our government any testimony you may be so good as to give on the subject either of the father or son. I avail myself with pleasure of the opportunity thus furnished of tendering you the assurance of my high respect & considerationTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-24-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3111", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Maria Hadfield Cosway, 24 October 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cosway, Maria Hadfield\nMonticello\nOct. 24. 22.I duly recieved, my dear friend, your favor of July 10. and made it my first duty to forward the letter you inclosed to your brother and to request him to make me the channel of your hearing from him. I now inclose you his letter, and with it the assurance that he is much respected in Washington, and, since the death of Latrobe, our first Architect, I consider him as standing foremost in the correct principles of that art. I believe he is doing well, but would he push himself more, he would do better.I learn with great pleasure that however short of expectation mr Cosway\u2019s affairs left you, they are still sufficient to place you in comfort. and this will be much improved by the change of your residence from the eternal clouds and rains of England, to the genial sun & bright skies of Lodi. I was in that place in 1786. with a good friend, the Count del Verme of Milan. and past a whole day, from sunrise to sunset, in a dairy there, to see the process of making the Parmesan cheese. it\u2019s situation is truly wise of your choice.The sympathies of our earlier days harmonise, it seems in age also. you retire to your College of Lodi, and nourish the natural benevolence of your excellent heart by communicating your own virtues to the young of your sex who may hereafter load with blessings the memory of her to whom they will owe so much. I, am laying the foundation of an University in my native state, which I hope will repay the liberalities of it\u2019s legislature by improving the virtue and science of their country, already blest with a soil and climate emulating those of your favorite Lodi. I have been myself the Architect of the plan of it\u2019s buildings, and of it\u2019s system of instruction. four years have been employed on the former, and I assure you it would be thought a handsome & Classical thing in Italy. I have preferred the plan of an Academical village rather than that of a single, massive structure. the diversified forms which this admitted in the different Pavilions, and varieties of the finest samples of architecture, has made of it a model of beauty original and unique. it is within view too of Monticello, So it\u2019s most splendid object, and a constant gratification to my sight. we have still one building to erect, which will be on the principle of your Pantheon a Rotunda like that, but of half it\u2019s diameter and height only. I wish indeed you could recall some of your by-past years and seal it with your approbation. you have two friends here, still living, Trumbull & myself to whom such a visit would be real beatitude.I enjoy good health, altho now octogenary; but am too week to walk further than my garden; but I ride daily and without fatigue. my elder daughter, mrs Randolph, and greets you kindly. she has given me 11. grand-children, of whom 9.live with me, and all make me contented in the prospect of the worth and good qualifications. my happiness is greatly increased too by the prosperity of our country, and it\u2019s exemption from the oppressions & eternal wars of Europe. that your days may pass in peace, in health and comfort. are the fervent prayers of your sincere & constant friend.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-24-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3113", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 24 October 1822\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nRichd\nI am favor\u2019d with yours covering a set of notes for the renewal of yours all the rural Banks, which shall be attended to.I have recd 93 Barrels your flour from shadwell Mills this season, not one Barrel of which have I yet been able to dispose of, owing to the entire absence of demand for the article\u2014I will however embrace the earliest favorable opportunity of effecting sale the whole, of which you shall be advised; the present nominal price is $6\u2014Wheat 120 @ 125\u00a2, scarce & in demand\u2014Corn $3\u00bd \u2014The dft: to Sims of $300, of which you advise, shall be paid at maturity\u2014all those heretofore spoken of, have been presented & paid.With great respect & regard Dr Sir Yours very TrulyB. PeytonJudge Green has examined \u201cThe Press Copy,\u201d & pronounces it utterly impossible for you to have recd the money for the bill on Grand Ho, from the face of the a/c, I would gladly write an explanation of it, for the Enquirer, if he could lay his hands on the charges preferred by \u201cthe Native of Virginia,\u201d on the subject, in his Pamphlet, which is not to be had here: have you it?\u2014B. P.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-25-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3114", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Dabney Carr Terrell, 25 October 1822\nFrom: Terrell, Dabney Carr\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLouisville.\nI received but yesterday your letter of the 28th of Aug. with the inclosed papers, supposing you must feel anxious from the length of time they have been on the road, I hasten to inform you of their safe arrival. I hope Sir, it is needless to say that it affords me the greatest satisfaction to have it in my power to be in anywise useful to you; and I am truly flattered that you confidence of this should have furnished me with the present opportunity.When I was last in Virginia Mr Randolph explained to me the nature of this business, and requested me to communicate to him such information of the situation and intentions of the parties as I might be able to procure. All that I have learned amounts to this, that Owings is immensely involved, that his property is covered in various ways, that he is utterly unable to fulfill his engagement even if he were disposed to do so and that is doubtful. The lien however on the iron works in Montgomery, renders these circumstances unimportant, and the value of that property, even at the present depreciated price of lands in this country, will be sufficient to shield you from loss as the endorser of Col. Nicholas, should the right to the proceeds of Owing\u2019s bond be awarded to Mr Randolph as one of Col. Nicholas\u2019 executors. I have some reasons for believing that Col. Morrison will claim no personal interest in Owing\u2019s bond; in this however I may be mistaken.\u2014The District Court of the U.S. sits some time next month, and that no time may be lost, I shall set out for Lexington tomorrow. Mr Clay\u2019s health has for some months past been wretched which together with the circumstance of his having been again elected to Congress, renders it probable that he will not resume the practice of the law, or at least that he will be prevented from engaging in new cases. Should it prove so, or should he be preengaed, the gentlemen indicated by Mr Leigh will constitute as able counsel as any in this state, if not the ablest. As soon as the case is commited to them and the action commenced I will let Mr Randolph know it, together with any additional information I may receive while at Lexington. Mr Green paid me $100, which shall be applied as you have directed.\u2014I have been so fortunate as to be among the few who have entirely escaped the pestilence which has raged here for some months, and has deprived us of many of our citizens. I am delighted to hear that you enjoy your usual excellent heath, and heartily pray that this first of blessings may long be yours. Be so kind as to present my affectionate salutations to every member of your family, and permit me to embrace this opportunity of expressing the sentiments of profound gratitude with which I amDear Sir most respectfully and affectionately Your\u2019sD C Terrell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-26-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3115", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Elbridge Gerry, 26 October 1822\nFrom: Gerry, Elbridge\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n The warm interest which you have always manifested, in the advancement of literature, has induced me to intrude upon your valuable time, & to solicit your attention for a moment, to a subject, connected in its nature, with the history of our country.Mr Sanderson of Philadelphia, having with laudable zeal, commenced publishing a biography, of the signers of American Independence, to enlighten posterity, with a correct history, of the distinguished persons, whose names are attached to that memorable instrument, has applied to me, to furnish materials, for the life of my honored father, the late Elbridge Gerry, which pleasing duty I have engaged to perform, & have persuaded James T. Austin Esquire, my brother in law, to compile such, as I may be able to collect from his papers, & from the intelligence of his contemporaries.From your having participated so largely, in the establishment of our liberties, and from your knowledge of the characters and events most prominent in our revolution, I have ventured to apply to you for assistance, & to request any information, which you may be disposed to contribute, to the attainment of my wishes.The disposition and mind of man, is frequently exhibited in a strong light, by various anecdotes, to which he has given birth, and which none but these persons, who have been intimately connected with him, in public or private life can relate. If any such anecdotes have come within the sphere of your observation, & are familiar to your memory at this late period, they will be an invaluable addition and gratefully received.His mission to France in 1797 constitutes an important period in the history of his life, & if there are in your possession, any private letters or information, relative to that subject, which you think proper to communicate, it would render a tribute to his disinterested and persevering exertions, in effecting the objects of his instructions, & of the preservation of his countries peace.I find much difficulty in discovering the existence or the residence of gentlemen, where personal acquaintance with Mr Gerry, in his early political life, might place it in their power to aid me, in completing the objects of my research. Should the names of any such persons occur to your mind, you will confer a great favor, Sir, by mentioning them to me.If your attention is called to subjects, which you shall feel, to be of more importance, than the present, I beg, Sir, that you will not suffer me to impose upon your goodness, by the freedom which I have used towards your liberality. my only apology is, the ardent desire I feel, in seeing justice rendered to the memory, of a parent, and of a Patriot.If you think proper to entrust me with letters, of my father or individuals, which may be of value to his biography, they shall receive the greatest care, & be returned within a short period.May you long continue to enjoy the love and veneration, which every one of any consideration, entertains towards you, & which posterity will inherit.I have the honor, to subscribe myself, Sir, with the greatest respect, your most obedient & very humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-27-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3118", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Johnson, 27 October 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Johnson, William\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI have deferred my thanks for the copy of your Life of Genl Greene until I could have time to read it. this I have done, and with the greatest satisfaction; and can now more understandingly express the gratification it has afforded me. I really rejoice that we have at length a fair history of the Southern war. it proves how much we were left to defend ourselves as we could, while the resources of the Union were so disproportionately devoted to the North. I am glad too to see the Romance of Lee removed from the shelf of History to that of Fable. some small portion of the transactions he relates were within my own knolege; and of these I can say he has given more falsehood than fact; and I have heard many officers declare the same as to what had passed under their eyes. yet this book had begun to be quoted as history.Greene was truly a great man. he had not perhaps all the qualities which so peculiarly rendered Genl Washington the fittest man on earth for directing so great a contest under so great difficulties. difficulties proceeding not from luke-warmness in our citizens or their functionaries, as our military leaders supposed; but from the pennyless condition of a people, totally shutout from all commerce & intercourse with the world, and therefore without any means of converting their labor into money. but Greene was second to no one in enterprise, in resource, in sound judgment, promptitude of decision, and every other military talent. in addition to the work you have given us, I look forward with anxiety to that you promise in the last paragraph of your book. Lee\u2019s military fable you have put down. let not the insidious libel on the views of the Republican party, and on their regeneration of the government go down to posterity so hypocritically marked. I was myself too laboriously employed, while in office, and too old when I left it, to do justice to those who had labored so faithfully to arrest our course towards monarchy, and to secure the result of our revolutionary sufferings and sacrifices in a government, bottomed on the only safe basis, the elective will of the people. you are young enough for the task, and I hope you will undertake it.There is a subject respecting the practice of the court of which you are a member, which has long weighed on my mind, on which I have long thought I would write to you, and which I will take this opportunity of doing. it is in truth a delicate undertaking, & yet such is my opinion of your candor and devotedness to the Constitution, in it\u2019s true spirit, that I am sure I shall meet your approbation in unbosoming myself to you. the subject of my uneasiness is the habitual mode of making up and delivering the opinions of the supreme court of the US.you know that from the earliest ages of the English law, from the date of the year-books, at least, to the end the IId George, the judges of England, in all the self-evident cases, delivered their opinions seriatim, with the reasons and authorities which governed their decisions. if they sometimes consulted together, and gave a general opinion, it was so rarely as not to excite either alarm or notice. besides the light which their separate arguments threw on the subject, and the instruction communicated by their several modes of reasoning, it shewed whether the judges were unanimous or divided, and gave accordingly\u2014more or less weight to the judgment as a precedent. it sometimes happened too that when there were three opinions against one, the reasoning of the one was so much the most cogent as to become afterwards the law of the land. when Ld Mansfield came to the bench, he introduced the habit of caucusing opinions. the judges met at their chambers, or elsewhere, secluded from the presence of the public, and made up what was to be delivered as the opinion of the court. on the retirement of Mansfield, Ld Kenyon put an end to the practice, and the judges returned to that of seriatim opinions, and practice it habitually to this day, I believe. I am not acquainted with the late reporters, do not possess them, and state the fact from the information of others.to come now to ourselves I know nothing of what is done in other states; but in this our great and good mr Pendleton was, after the revolution, placed at the head of the court of Appeals. he adored Ld Mansfield, & considered him as the greatest luminary of law that any age had ever produced, and he introduced into the court over which he presided, Mansfield\u2019s practice of making up opinions in secret & delivering them as the Oracles of the court, in mass. Judge Roane, when he came to that bench, broke up the practice, refused to hatch judgments in Conclave, or to let others deliver opinions for him. at what time the seriatim opinions ceased in the supreme Court of the US, I am not informed. they continued I know to the end of the 3d Dallas in 1800. later than which I have no Reporter of that court. about that time the present C. J. came to the bench. whether he carried the practice of mr Pendleton to it, or who, or when I do not know; but I understand from others it is now the habit of the court, & I suppose it true from the cases sometimes reported in the newspapers, and others which I casually see, wherein I observe that the opinions were uniformly prepared in private. some of these cases too have been of such importance, of such difficulty, and the decisions so grating to a portion of the public, as to have merited the fullest explanation from every judge seriatim, of the reasons which had produced such convictions on his mind. it was interesting to the public to know whether these decisions were really unanimous, or might not perhaps be of 4. against 3. and consequently prevailing by the preponderance of one voice only. the Judges holding their offices for life are under two responsibilities only. 1. Impeachment. 2. individual reputation. but this practice compleatly withdraws them from both. for nobody knows what opinion any individual member gave in any case, nor even that he who delivers the opinion, concurred in it himself. be the opinion therefore ever so impeachable having been done in the dark, it can be proved on no one. as to the 2d guarantee..personal reputation, it is shielded compleatly. the practice is certainly convenient, for the lazy the modest & the incompetent. it saves them the trouble of developing their opinion methodically, and even of making up an opinion at all. that of seriatim argument shews whether every judge has taken the trouble of understanding the case, of investigating it minutely, and of forming an opinion for himself instead of pinning it on anothers sleeve. it would certainly be right to abandon this practice in order to give to our citizens, one and all, that confidence in their judges which must be so desirable to the judges themselves, and so important to the cement of the union. during the administration of Genl Washington, and while E. Randolph was Attorney General, he was required by Congress to digest the judiciary laws into a single one, with such amendments as might be thought proper. he prepared a section requiring the Judges to give their opinions seriatim, in writing, to be recorded in a distinct volume. other business prevented this bill from being taken up, and it passed off. but such a volume would have been the best possible book of reports, and the better as unincumbered with the hired sophisms and perversions of Counsel.What do you think of the state of parties at this time? an opinion prevails that there is no longer any distinction: that the republicans & Federalists are compleatly amalgamated but it is not so. the amalgamation is of name only, not of principle. all indeed call themselves by the name of Republicans, because that of Federalist was extinguished in the battle of New Orleans, but the truth is that finding that monarchy is a desperate wish in this country, they rally to the point which they think next best, a consolidated government. their aim is now therefore to break down the rights reserved, by the constitution, to the states as a bulwork against that consolidation, the fear of which produced the whole of the opposition to the consititution at it\u2019s birth hence new republicans in Congress, preaching the doctrines of the old Federalists; and the new nick-names of Ultras and Radicals but I trust they will fail under the new, as the old name, and that the friends of the real constitution and union with prevail against consolidation, as they have done against monarchism. I scarcely know myself which is most to be deprecated, consolidation, or dissolution of the states. the horrors of both are beyond the reach of human foresight.I have written you a long letter; and committed to you thoughts which I would do to few others. if I am right, you will approve them; if wrong, commiserate them as the dreams of a Superannuate about things from which he is to derive neither good nor harm. but you will still recieve them as a proof of my confidence in the rectitude of your mind and principles, of which I pray you to recieve entire assurance with that of my continued and great friendship and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-28-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3119", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Nelson Barksdale, 28 October 1822\nFrom: Barksdale, Nelson\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir28th Octo 1822Mr Brokenbrough & my self wishing to settle & close all my acct with the Central College & university think it would be expedient to settle for my services as proctors (for the last 18 mts of service) which has not been done we are not of an opinion as to the Value of services therefore must appeal to you for some instructions on the subject my Idea was that I was to be paid a reasonable salary for such services as was requird. for the first year I agreed to settle at 200$ as the Institution was poor not intending that to be a fixd sallery for the future my calculation was that the services at the University & collection &c should be considerable more you will please drop me a line on the subject. & your opinion will be Intirely satisfactor from yours very respectfullyNelson Barksdale", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-28-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3120", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette, 28 October 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nMonticello\nOct. 28. 22.I will, not, my dear friend, undertake to quote by their dates the several letters you have written me. they have been proofs of your continued friendship to me, and my silence is no evidence of any abatement of mine to you. that can never be while I have breath and recollections so dear to me. among the few survivors of our revolutionary struggles, you are as distinguished in my affections, as in the eyes of the world, & especially in those of this country. you are now, I believe, the Doyen of our military heroes; & may I not say, of the soldiers of liberty in the world? we differ in this. my race is run; while you have three good lustres yet to reach my time; & these may give you much to do. weighed down with years, I am still more disabled from writing by a wrist & fingers almost without joints. this has obliged me to withdraw from all correspondence that is not indispensable. I have written, for a long time, to none of my foreign friends, because I am really unable to do it. I owe them therefore apologies, or rather truths. will you be my advocate with those who complain and especially with mr Tracy, who I hope is in the recovery of health, & enabled to continue his invaluable labors.On the affairs of your hemisphere I have two reasons for saying little. the one that I know little of them: the other that, having thought alike thro\u2019 our lives, my sentiments, if intercepted, might be imputed to you, as reflections of your own. I will hazard therefore but the single expression of assurance that this general insurrection of the world against it\u2019s tyrants will ultimately prevail by pointing the object of government to the happiness of the people and not merely to that of their self-constituted governors.on our affairs little can be expected from an Octogenary, retired within the recesses of the mountains, going nowhere, seeing nobody but in his own house, & reading a single newspaper only, & that chiefly for the sake of the advertisements. I dare say you see & read as many of them as I do. you will have seen how prematurely they have begun to agitate us with the next presidential election. many candidates are named: but they will be reduced to two, Adams & Crawford. party principles, as heretofore will have their weight. but the papers tell you there are no parties now. republicans and federalists forsooth are all amalgamated. this, my friend, is not so. the same parties exist now which existed before. but the name of Federalist was extinguished in the battle of New Orleans; and those who wore it now call themselves republicans. like the fox pursued by the dogs, they take shelter in the midst of the sheep. they see that monarchism is a hopeless wish in this country, and are rallying anew to the next best point, a consolidated government. they are therefore endeavoring to break down the barriers of the state rights, provided by the constitution against a consolidation. hence you will see in the debates of Congress these new republicans maintaining the most ultra doctrines of the old federalists. this new metamorphosis is the only clue which will enable you to understand these strange appearances. they will become more prominent in the ensuing discussions. one candidate is supposed to be a consolidationist, the other a republican of the old school, a friend to the constitutional organisation of the government, and believing that the strength of the members can alone give real strength to the body. and this is the sentiment of the nation, and will probably prevail if the principle of the Missouri question should not mingle itself with those of the election. should it do so, all will be uncertain. this uncertainty however gives me no uneasiness. both are able men, both honest men, and whatever be the bias, the good sense of our people will direct the bowl ultimately to it\u2019s proper point.I learn with great pleasure that you enjoy good health. mine is also good, altho\u2019 I am very weak. I cannot walk further than my garden without fatigue. but I am still able to ride on horseback, and it is my only exercise. that your life may be continued in health and happiness to the term of your own wishes is the fervent prayer of your constant and affectionate friend.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-29-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3121", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 29 October 1822\nFrom: Brockenbrough, Arthur S.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Recd of Mr Jefferson seventeen dollars 70 cents for a keg of Nails, Waggonage & a parcel Nails by Mr Brooks\n A. S. Brockenbrough P\u20149\u00bd ce Nails for Mr JeffersonCt1 Keg Nails139\u201311\u201315.\u20139Keg2525$15.54Waggonage1.11\u00bc$16.65\u00bc", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-29-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3123", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Albert Gallatin, 29 October 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gallatin, Albert\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nAfter a long silence I salute you with affection. the weight of 80. years pressing heavily on me, with a wrist & fingers almost without joints, I write as little as possible, because I do it with pain and labor. I retain however still the same affection for my friends, and especially for my antient colleagues, which I ever did, and the same wishes for their happiness. your treaty has been recieved here with universal gladness. it was indeed a strange quarrel. like that of two pouting lovers, and a pimp filching both. it was nuts for England. when I liken them to lovers, I speak of the people, not of their governments. of the cordial love of one of these, the Holy alliance may know more than I do. I will confine my self to our own affairs. you have seen in our papers how prematurely they are agitating the question of the next President. this proceeds from some uneasiness at the present state of things. there is considerable dissatisfaction with the increase of the public expences, and especially with the necessity of borrowing money in time of peace. this was much arraigned at the last session of Congress, & will be more so at the next. the misfortune is that the persons most looked to as successors in the government, are of the President\u2019s Cabinet; & their partisans in Congress are making a handle of these things to help or hurt those for or against whom they are. the candidates, ins and outs, seem at present to be many; but they will be reduced to two, a Northern & Southern one, as usual. to judge of the event, the state of parties must be understood. you are told indeed that there are no longer parties among us. that they are all now amalgamated, the lion & the lamb lie down together in peace. do not believe a word of it. the same parties exist now as ever did. no longer indeed under the name of Republicans and Federalists. the latter name was extinguished in the battle of Orleans. those who wore it finding monarchism a desperate wish in this country, are rallying to what they deem the next best point, a consolidated government. altho\u2019 this is not yet avowed (as that of monarchism, you know, never was) it exists decidedly, & is the true key to the debates in Congress, wherein you see many, calling themselves republicans, and preaching the rankest doctrines of the old federalists. one of the prominent candidates is presumed to be of this party; the other a republican of the old school, and a friend to the warrior of State rights, as provided by the constitution against the danger of consolidation, which danger was the principal ground of opposition to it at it\u2019s birth. Pensylvania & N. York will decide this question. if the Missouri principle mixes itself in the question, it will go one way; if not, it may go the other. among the smaller motives, hereditary fears may alarm on one side, & the long line of local nativities on the other. in this division of parties the judges are true to their antient vocation of sappers and miners.Our University of Virginia, my present hobby, has been at a stand for a twelve month past, for want of funds. our last legislature refused every thing. the late elections give better hopes of the next. the institution is so far advanced that it will force itself through. so little is now wanting that the first liberal legislature will give it it\u2019s last lift. the buildings are in a style of purely classical architecture, and, altho\u2019 not yet finished, are become an object of visit to all strangers. our intention is that it\u2019s professors shall be of the first order in their respective lines which can be procured on either side of the Atlantic. sameness of language will probably direct our applications chiefly to Edinburgh.I place some letters under the protection of your cover. you will be so good us to judge whether that addressed to Lodi will go more safely thro\u2019 the public mail, or by any of the diplomatic couriers, liable to the curiosity & carelessness of public offices.Accept the assurances of my constant and affectionate friendship & respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-29-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3124", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Patrick Gibson, 29 October 1822\nFrom: Gibson, Patrick\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nRichmond\n29th Octr 1822\nAfter the kindness you have shown to me in behalf of my Son Alexander, I am apprehensive I shall be consider\u2019d as trespassing by another application to you on my own Account, but my situation compels me to put your goodness to another trial. The Office of Agent to the Penitintiary Store has become vacant, the appointment of a successor is to take place next Friday by the Governor and Council, may I beg the favor you will state in any manner you may think proper, the length of time you have known me, and as far as your own knowledge extends, or what you may have learnt from others, my compitency to transact business like,\u2014I regret that I was not sooner informd of the vacancy as the time is so short but my Son Henry who is the bearer hereof insits that he can easily accomplish it. Permit me the liberty of introducing him to your acquaintance and accept the assurance of my sincere respect & esteem.Patrick Gibson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-29-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3125", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Charles Willson Peale, 29 October 1822\nFrom: Peale, Charles Willson\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia\nYour favor of the 22d instant I received yesterday, and devolving in my mind what I could best do to serve you, determined to take the springs from my traveling Poligraph, made of Brass wire, which perhaps are better than those made of Silver, unless the silver should have considerable of Alloy, and the wire drawn very hard. I believe I have some of the Wire left of which your springs are made, perhaps sufficient to make a sett for your Poligraph, which I promise myself to do as soon as I can make the apparatus for winding the wire, as in the revolution of things in the Stadt-house; the work-shop pulled down to please some discontented members of the Corporations (I should not blame more than two of that body, at least all the others appeared friendly to my labours) all my tools are scattered and many lost. so much for being under obligations to public Bodies, but I forbear to trouble you with my complaints and suffering.\u2014The Elastic-Gum hardens with the change of weather, but what is worse it becomes very hard by age, other wise it might be cut into a long string by circular cut of an Elastic bottle. The brass wire springs will last a great length of time provided no crease touch it. If by accident the springs are stretched too long, by giving the whole band a turn or two the evil is remedied, but why should I be thus particular to a gentleman of your mechanical resources its unnecessary.I am rejoised to hear of your good health, I remember that when you gave me your Pedometer, you told me that you should not use it, on account of a complaint of you hip. I am a poor Phisician, yet I want no aid of medical men; I trust to the aid of nature, giving her fair play, to cure every evil happening to me. I must tell you that for the good use of my limbs I make it my constant practice to rub all my mustles togather with all my strength, not with a Brush, but with my hands. this I concieve removes all obstructions. for the purpose I take this exercise naked. and I am at this moment as active as ever I have been when younger;\u2014I never miss a meal, but eat only what I conceive is best to promote good health. My Eye sight is improving. I paint without spectacles\u2014but my hearing is bad, perhaps injured by some of my experiments to get relief. although I loose some enjoyments, yet I need not hear any thing disagreable.Having obtained an act of Incorparation of the Museum my mind is releaved about the disposal of it at my decease. it can not be divided, but the profits of Income I can give to my children as I please\u2014All of them are married, I board at present with my youngest son, Titian. And my son Rubens having purchased Rembrandts\u2019 Museum at Baltimore, the Management of the Philada Museum (such I have named it) devolves on me, and I have taken the aid of my sons Franklin & Titian to make it deserving of public favor.The Trustee\u2019s of the Museum having requested me to paint a whole length Portrait of myself to be placed in the Museum. I have made the design as I have conceived appropriate. with my right hand I raise a curtain to show the subjects of natural history arranged in the long Room of the Stadt-house\u2014Standing at the east end of the room, the range of birds westward in their classical arrangement, The Portraits of the revolutionary characters over them. My Pallet & pencils on a table behind me. As the bones of the Mammoth first gave the Idea of a Museum, I have placed a number of them on the floor by the Table, and instead of the Mineral Casses on the northside of the Room I have given a faint Idea of the Skeleton of the Mammoth beyond it quadrupieds\u2014A large wild Turkey (dead) laying on a tool box, with an open drawer showing preserving tools, this in on the foreground, the bones & this in my best finish, at the further end of the room is a figure with folded arms in meditation. nearer is a gentleman instructing his son, who holds a book, still nearer is a quaker lady in asstonishment, looking at the Mammoth Skeleton; with up lifted hands.The light I have choosen for my Portrait is novel; and before I made a begnining of the large picture, I made a tryal on a small canvis to know if I could make the likeness sufficiently stricking. My back is towards the light, so that there is no direct light except on my bald-pate, the whole face being in a reflected light. you may readily conceive that it required a considerable knowledge of middle tincts to make a striking likeness\u2014and whether it is Novelty of this mode of Portrait painting that captivates the Connoisours of the Art, but so it is, that I have great on the work. from Artists as well as others.The springs I have enclosed with the hope that they will relieve you rist of its burden\u2014and let me add that I shall ever be happy to assist you by any thing I can do to make you comfortable, as I well know that you freely give your labours for the benifit of Mankind\u2014believe me with very great respect yo. friendC W Peale", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-29-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3126", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Stackelberg, 29 October 1822\nFrom: Stackelberg\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Je m\u2019empresse d\u2019accuser la reception de la lettre que Vous, Monsieur le President, a bien daign\u00e9 m\u2019adresser en date du 23eme courant, relativement aux informations que vous avez bien voulu me demander consernant le Pere & fils Runnells de l\u2019Isle St. Barthelemy.J\u2019ai l\u2019avantage de connoitre Monsieur Runnells le Pere tr\u00e8s particulierement, et il me fait un plaisir infini d\u2019avoir l\u2019honneur d\u2019assurer qu\u2019il est un homme de la plus grande respectabilit\u00e9, et de talent dont vous, Monsieur le President, jugera beaucoup mieux que moi par la lettre qu\u2019il a eu l\u2019honneur de vous \u00e9crire. Son fils qui \u00e9toit fort jeune pendant mon sejour a St. Barthelemy, donnoit les plus belles esperances, et j\u2019ai tout lieu de croire qu\u2019il se rendra digne de la haute protection que son Pere a supplie pour lui.Daign\u00e9 me permettre, Monsieur le President, d\u2019exprimer combien je me trouve heureux d\u2019avoir l\u2019honneur de vous temoigner mes tr\u00e8s humble homages, et l\u2019assurance de la tr\u00e8s haute consideration avec laquelle j\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre, Monsieur le President,Votre tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s Obeissant Serviteur\n Stackelberg Editors\u2019 Translation\n I hurry to let you know I have received the letter that You, Mister President, has deigned send to me, dated the 23rd of this month, regarding the information you were kind enough to ask me with respect to the Runnells Father & son, from the St. Bartholomew Island.I have the advantage of knowing Mister Runnells Senior especially well, and it is a great pleasure for me to have the honor to assure you that he is a most respectable man, very talented, and whom, Sir, you will judge much better than I do through the letter he has had the honor of writing to you. His son, who was quite young at the time of my stay at St. Bartholomew, was full of promise, and I have good grounds to believe that he will show himself worthy of the high protection his Father provided for him.Deign allow me, Mister President, to express how happy I am to have the honor of expressing my very humble respects, and the assurance of the very high consideration with which I have the honor to be, Mister President, Your very humble and very Obedient Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-30-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3128", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Bernard Peyton, 30 October 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Peyton, Bernard\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nMy former shipments: of flour were 33. & 50. barrels and by a waggon so a fortunate rain enabled me to ship the day before yesterday 235. more. altho this may not place enough in your hands to pay mr Barret 750.D. yet I must pray you to do it as soon as the flour is sold. I do not draw an order, but I write to inform him that you will do it as soon as my flour is sold, and he will call on you accordingly. I must be in your debt, until mr T. E. Randolph can send you his arrearages to me which will be between this and Christmas 250. Barrels more. ever and affectionately yoursTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-31-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3131", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Henry Dearborn, 31 October 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Dearborn, Henry\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nYour letter of Aug. 31. dated so soon after your departure gave me hopes that the sufferings at sea of mrs Dearborne and yourself, if any, had been short. I hope you will both find Lisbon a pleasant residence. I have heard so much of it\u2019s climate that I suppose that alone will go far towards making it so; and should the want of the language of the country lessen the enjoyment of it\u2019s society, this will be considerably supplied by the numbers you will find there who speak your own language. take into the account also that you will escape the two years agitation just commencing with us. even before you had left us our newspapers had already begun to excite the question of the next president. they are advancing fast into it. many candidates are named, but they will settle down, as is believed, to Adams & Crawford. if the Missouri principle should mingle itself with the party divisions the result will be very doubtful. for altho\u2019 it is pretended there are no longer any parties among us, that all are amalgamated, yet the fact is that the same parties exist now that ever existed; not indeed under the old names of Republicans and Federalists. the Hartford Convention and battle of New Orleans extinguished the latter name. all now call themselves republicans, as the fox when pursued by dogs takes shelter in the midst of the sheep. finding monarchy desperate here, they rally to their next hope, a consolidated government; and altho\u2019 they do not avow it (as they never did monarchism) yet it is manifestly their next object. hence you see so many of these new republicans maintaining in Congress the rankest doctrines of the old federalists. the judges aid in their old way as sappers and miners. one of the candidates is supposed to be a Consolidationist, the other for maintaining the barrier of state rights as provided by the constitution against the fear of Consolidation.Our Virginia University is now my sole occupation. it is within sight of Monticello, and the buildings nearly finished; and we shall endeavor, by the best Professors either side of the Atlantic can furnish to make it worthy of the public notice. strange as the idea may seem, I sincerely think that the prominent characters of the country where you are could not better prepare their sons for the duties they will have to perform in their new government than by sending them here where they might become familiarised with the habits and practice of self-government. this lesson is scarcely to be acquired but in this country, & yet without it, the political vessel is all sail and no ballast.I have a friend, of Portugal, in whose welfare I feel great interest; but whether now there, or where, I know not. it is the Abbe Correa who past some years in the US. and was a part of the time the Minister of Portugal at Washington. he left it under an appointment to the cabinet-council of Rio Janeiro, taking his passage thither by the way of England. while at London or Paris he would have heard that the king & court had returned to Lisbon; and what he did next is unknown here. he writes to none of his friends, & yet there is no one on whose behalf his friends feel a more lively solicitude or wish more to hear of or from. if at Lisbon, and it should ever fall in your way to render him a service or kindness, I should consider it as more than if done to myself. if things go unfavorably to him there, he would be recieved with joy into our University, and would certainly find it a comfortable & lucrative retirement. should he be in Lisbon, be so good as to say so to him. say to mrs Dearborne also how much she possesses the affection & respect of the whole family at Monticello, and accept for yourself the assurance of my constant friendship & respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-31-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3132", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Henry Alexander Scammell Dearborn, 31 October 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Dearborn, Henry Alexander Scammell\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI have just recieved your favor of the 17th informing me of the arrival of my stores from Marseilles & that you will be so kind as to ship them by the first vessel to Colo Bernard Peyton my correspondent at Richmond. to this favor be pleased to add that of forwarding me by mail a note of the duties, freight and other charges which shall be immediately remitted to you.Presuming you must have the best opportunities of communication with your father at Lisbon, I take the liberty of requesting you to give conveyance to the inclosed letter to him and pray you to accept the assurance of my great esteem & respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-31-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3133", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Francis Eppes, 31 October 1822\nFrom: Eppes, Francis\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy Dr GrandFather\nMillbrook\nI have been waiting several weeks to hear of your leaving monticello for Bedford intending to meet you there, but as the trip seems protracted and I know not the reason, or how long it may continue, I have determined to write, not to redeem my credit as a regular correspondent (for that I fear is past redemption) but to assure you of my constant and lively affection. I would have written sooner but the interruptions to which I have been almost continually exposed straitened my time exceedingly and caused me to hope, that in consideration of this circumstance, and that of my writing occasionally to my cousins, you would be disposed to indulgence.\u2014To the plan which you advised me to pursue, there is an obstacle of which I myself am just apprised. on coming to an explanation with my Father I find that he does not intend (and indeed he says it is out of his power) to afford me any pecuniary aid in settling my plantation. I shall therefore be compelled to go in debt for Horses, farming utensils, corn, meat, and every necessary expence immediately. these at a moderate calculation will take 12, perhaps $1400; and as the expence of House keeping will add only a hundred more, or at least something trifling in comparison to this will it not be better as my interest must be promoted by personal attention, to incur that likewise. with good security which I can give, the money may perhaps be obtained in Richmond on condition of its being returned in two years, one half the principal with interest the first, the remainder the next.\u2014Besides this, there is one other shift. my Father proposes that I shall join hands & work a plantation of his in Cumberland sharing the profits in proportion to the force of each. this would free me it is true from present expence, but reckoning on good prices, will yield only $800 which will not come to hand till april twelvemonth, besides the loss of labour in clearing anothers land while my own is lying idle, or yielding little profit. These are the circumstances to which I am reduced; & the different considerations which attend on either step appearing equally advantageous have brought me nearly to a stand. In this dilemma I apply to your better judgement & experience, & am determined to be guided by your advice. My Father had a severe attack on his journey, but in consequence of not being bled as the Physicians say, recovered speedily. he returned in much better health then when he left us and with his memory considerably improved. He is at present in Amelia, but expected back tomorrow. I obtained from Col. Burton the addresses of several gentlemen who make the Carolina wine. He was much opposed to giving the information being willing & indeed anxious to procure it for you, but upon my insisting told me that Thomas Cox & co. Commission Merchants Plymouth, would be more likely to please than any others. The makers of the wine are persons in easy circumstances, who do not care to oblige, generally keeping the best for themselves. it was from Cox that your last & (I believe) my Fathers which you admired, were obtained. In case however, that you might still prefer the wine makers themselves, he informed me that Ebinezer Pettigrew P.O. Edenton, & George E. Spruel P.O. Plymouth make the best. the former will not always sell being very wealthy, the latter is not in as good circumstances, and owns the famous vine covering an acre of ground. Col. B. informed us that the vine does not grow from the slip, which accounts for the failure of yours.\u2014If you can conveniently, I wish you would answer this as soon as it comes to hand. I am compelled to go down to Richmond on the 17th of novr at fartherest, which will leave me two mails, the 14th & 16th.My time since I saw you, which I know you care most about, has been as well employed as circumstances would allow. I am just making up my mind to attack my Lord Cokes master peice, the Chapter on Warranty which from all accounts will be a good winters campaign.My warmest love to yourself, Aunt Randolph, & family affectionately yoursFrans Eppes.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "10-01-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3135", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Campbell Preston, October 1822\nFrom: Preston, William Campbell\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n I take the liberty of sending you herewith a newspaper containing a defence of Genl Wm Campbell against imputations which have recently been made upon his revolutionary services, I am emboldened to do this, by the beleif that you have a distinct recollection of the event to which the discussion refers and that you will take some interest in the vindication of a revolutionary soldier\u2014the most distinguished act of whose life was, I beleive, during your administration of the state government\u2014Another reason of this boldness is the opportunity it affords me of assuring you of the profound respect and veneration with whichI am SirYour most obt Sert", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-01-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3136", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, 1 November 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI have racked my memory, and ransacked my papers to enable myself to answer the enquiries of your favor of Oct. 15. but to little purpose. my papers furnish me nothing, my memory generalities only. I know that while I was in Europe, & anxious about the fate of our seafaring men, for some of whom, then in captivity in Algiers we were treating, and all were in like danger, I formed undoubtingly the opinion that our government, as soon as practicable, should provide a naval force sufficient to keep the Barbary states in order, and on this subject we communicated together as you observe. when I returned to the US. and took part in the administration under Genl Washington I constantly maintained that opinion, and in Dec. 90. took advantage of a reference to me from the first Congress which met after I was in office to report in favor of a force sufficient for the protection of our Mediterranean commerce, and I laid before them an accurate statement of the whole Barbary force, public and private. I think Genl Washington approved of building vessels of war to that extent. Genl Knox I know did. but what was Colo Hamilton\u2019s opinion I do not in the least remember. your recollections on that subject are certainly corroborated by his known anxieties for a close connection with Great Britain, for which he might apprehend danger from collisions between their vessels and ours. Randolph was then Attorney General; but his opinion on the question I also entirely forget, some vessels of war were accordingly built and sent into the Mediterranean. the additions to these in your time I need not note to you, who are well known to have ever been an advocate for the wooden walls of Themistocles. some of those you added were sold under an act of Congress passed while you were in office. I thought afterwards that the public safety might require some additional vessels of strength to be prepared and in readiness for the first moment of a war, provided they could be preserved against the decay which is unavoidable if kept in the water, and clear of the expence of officers & men. with this view I proposed that they should be built in dry docks above the level of the tide waters, and covered with roofs. I further advised that places for these docks should be selected where there was a command of water on a higher level, as that of the Tyber at Washington, by which the vessels might be floated out, on the principle of a lock. but the majority of the legislature was against any addition to the navy, & the minority, altho\u2019 for it in judgment, voted against it on a principle of opposition. we are now, I understand building vessels to remain on the stocks under shelter until wanted, when they will be launched & finished. on my plan they could be in service at an hour\u2019s notice. on this the finishing, after launching will be a work of time. this is all I recollect about the origin & progress of our navy. that of the late war certainly raised our rank & character among nations. yet a navy is a very expensive engine. it is admitted that in 10. or 12. years a vessel goes to entire decay; or, if kept in repair costs as much as would build a new one. & that a nation who could count on 12. or 15. years of peace would gain by burning it\u2019s navy and building a new one in time. it\u2019s extent therefore must be experienced by circumstances. since my proposition for a force adequate to the pyracies of the Mediterranean, a similar necessity has arisen in our own seas for considerable addition to that force. indeed I wish we could have a convention with the naval powers of Europe for them to keep down the pyrates of the Mediterranean, and the slave ships on the coast of Africa, and for us to perform the same duties for the society of nations in our seas. in this way those collisions would be avoided between the vessels of war of different nations, which beget wars and constitute the weightiest objection to navies. I salute you with constant affection & respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-03-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3140", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Runnels, 3 November 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Runnels, George\nSir\nMonticello\nI duly recieved your favor of Oct. 18. with the letter of mr Runnels therein inclosed, & since that a duplicate. I made the application desired to the Baron de Stackleberg, and have this day communicated the result to the Secretary of state, and pray you to accept the assurance of my great respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-04-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3143", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 4 November 1822\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSales 255 Barrels Superfine Flour by Bernard Peyton1822 Richdfor a/c Mr Thomas Jefferson2d NovembrTo Robert Abbott Jr & Co for Cash 235 Blls: on Basin Bank & 20 Blls: in Store (viz:)235 Blls: superfine Flour at $5.93\u00be$1395.3120do.do.do.\u3003$6.00120.00$1515.31Charges.to Cash pd frght: at 2/6\u2014$106.25$106.25\u3003 Canal toll $26.56 Drayage (20 Blls.) 38\u00a2.26.94\u3003 Storage (20 Blls:) $1.60, Inspection $5.106.70\u3003 Cooperage 50\u00a2. Comisn at 2\u00bd pr ct $37.8838.38$178.27Nett prcds: at Cr T. J.$1337.04E.E.Bernard Peytonby N. N. Wilkinson\n Above I hand a/c sales your last parcel 235 Blls: flour, & 20 Blls: of the former parcels, sold on the best terms I found it practicable to make, which hope will be agreeable to you\u2014 The money for the 235 Blls: is payable tomorrow, when I will call on Mr Barrett, & pay the $750 to him you wish\u2014Flour continues extremely dull & it is with difficulty sales can be effected at-all\u2014Wheat 125\u00a2 brisk\u2014Yours very Truly", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-05-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3145", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Henry Alexander Scammell Dearborn, 5 November 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Dearborn, Henry Alexander Scammell\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI recieved yesterday your favor of Oct. 29. informing me of the shipment of my stores to Colo Peyton; and I have this day desired him to remit you immediately the 73D.93C amt of freight, duties & other charges, which I trust will get safely to hand, and with my thanks for your kindness be pleased to accept the assurance of my great esteem and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-06-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3146", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Quincy Adams, 6 November 1822\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n DEPARTMENT OF STATE, Washington,\n I have forwarded to you a Copy of the Additional Census of Alabama, in virtue of an Act of Congress of the 7th of March last; the receipt of which you will be pleased to acknowledge.I have the honour to be, very respectfully, Sir, Your obedient and very humble servant,\n J. Q. AdamsA Copy has also been sent for the University of Virginia.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-06-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3147", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Frederick A. Mayo, 6 November 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Mayo, Frederick A.\nSir\nMonticello\nI recieved in good order and bound to my mind the 21\u2013vols petit format which you bound last for me, and I this day desire Colo Peyton to pay your bill which be pleased to present to him. I have mislaid for the moment that you sent me and therefore could not name to him the exact sum. Accept the assurance of my respect and best wishesTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-06-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3148", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Nelson Nicholas, 6 November 1822\nFrom: Nicholas, Nelson\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,\nLexington\nEnclosed you will find some free commentatries, on certain political principles which you have inculcated, which I have submitted to the consideration of the people of Kentucky. Much mischief has been occasioned here by your letters to Jarvis & to William T. Barry, the latter of which, though it has never been printed, has been extensively published, & has been the more influential in our controversies, because its private character has precluded those public commentaries necessary to expose the improper uses which have been made of, & the unwarrantable conclusions which have been drawn from it. I trust, sir, that I have not been guilty of misrepresenting your sentiments, & that you will not feel disposed to censure me for the use which I have made of your name, to arrest the mad career of my Country, to expose the artifices of the demagogues who have betrayed her to ruin & disgrace, & to reston the ascendancy of, what I consider, sound & honest principles.With sentiments of profound respect I subscribe myself your humble servant.Nelson Nicholas.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-06-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3149", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Bernard Peyton, 6 November 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Peyton, Bernard\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nNot doubting that the 235. Barrels of flour sent off in a good tide 10. days ago are now in hand, I am obliged to make some calls on you for current purposes. I have therefore drawn on you this day in favor of Wolfe & Raphael for 220. D. I have also recieved notice from mr Henry A. S. Dearborne, Collector of Boston, that he has forwarded to you my wines & stores lately arrived there from Marseilles, on which he has paid for me for freight, duties and other charges D73.C93 which, being a debt of honor, I must pray you to remit him immediately. I am indebted also to F. A. Mayo for binding 21. vols for me I have mislaid the account he sent me, but I have authorised him to call on you for it\u2019s amount whatever it is I shall have occasion to call on you for little more until Christmas when mr T. E. R\u2019s payment will enable me to pay up what I may then be in your debt. affectionate salutations.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-07-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3150", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Daniel Brent, 7 November 1822\nFrom: Brent, Daniel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nWashington,\n7th November 1822.\nI have just received your favor of the 31st Ult, enclosing a Letter for Mr Gallatin, which I will take great Pleasure in forwarding, with the first Despatches of the Department of State.From an impression that you would be not a little interested and gratified by the reading of them, I had the satisfaction, some time ago, as soon as they came from the Press, to transmit to you, under a Blank Cover, a Collection of Papers in relation to the Fisheries and Mississippi.I remain, Dear Sir, with perfect Esteem and Respect, your faithful, obdt servtDaniel Brent.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-10-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3153", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John H. Huffman, 10 November 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Huffman, John H.\nSir\nMonticello\nI have duly recieved your favor of the 4th expressing a wish to purchase a part of my land at the Natural bridge. having no disposition to part with any portion of it, I comply with your request of a speedy answer, and tender you my respects and best wishes.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-10-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3154", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Oxley, 10 November 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Oxley, Thomas\nSir\nMonticello\nI duly recieved your favor of Oct. 26. proposing to deposit the models of your land-clearing machine either in the Museum of the University, or with myself for safe keeping. no apartment is yet ready in the University for recieving such articles, and I would recommend to you to reconsider the proposition as to myself. my advanced age renders of course the continuance of my life very uncertain, and the security of a deposit with me more liable to accident. the Museum of Richmond would have the advantage of presenting the machine to the visitors of that institution; and many younger persons merit equally the confidence you are pleased to repose in me, and would promise a longer term of attention to the deposit. I leave therefore to yourself to decide, on reconsideration, whether your first choice, or one of the depositories I recommend, shall meet your final preference; and pray you to accept the assurance of my respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-10-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3155", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Vaughan, 10 November 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Vaughan, John\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nYour favor of Oct. 31. is just recieved. certainly no service which I can ever render to any member of the Family of my deceased friend Doctr Wistar shall be witheld. the only access to employment in our navy is thro\u2019 the grade of Midshipman; and so numerous are the aspirants for admission to that, that it is long before the turn of a new one comes about to entitle him to a warrant. if this delay will not be incompatible with the impatience of young mr Wistar, and his friends concur in it, application becomes necessary to the Secretary of the Navy to place his name on the roll of candidates, and satisfactory documents of correct character, & requisite qualification, particularly in Arithmetic. altho\u2019 I have not the honor of a personal acquaintance with that officer, I will chearfully contribute whatever weight my application might have with him, on your informing me that this course will meet the views of his friends.Mr Dodge arrived at New York on the 12th of July, on a visit to his native country, and there happened to recieve my letter which you had been so kind as to forward. the articles written for arrived at Boston on the 17th of Oct and are now on their way to Richmond. mr Dodge has promised me a visit before his return to Marseilles. ever & affectionately yours.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-11-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3156", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Annesley, 11 November 1822\nFrom: Annesley, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nAlbany\nNovr\u201411th 1822\nInstantly on the publication I forwarded to You by this favor of Mr Rush (addressed to Commodore Porter) a Copy of my System of Naval Architecture.From its brevity, simplicity, and being occupied principally with facts, I hope for the favor of your perusal as it so far establishes your Observation on its first essay of its,, being plausible, and especially promising strength of construction,,. Altho Sir the minute parts of Nautical Science has been foreign to your great pursuits, its principles, as connected with general knowledge, is by You well understood, so far I am most desirous of having your judgment on this work, from your public estimation and high extended Character, as a means of bringing it into early and general practice in the United States.As I feel ambitious to contribute in raising still higher the superiority of the United States Navy (especially in Strength & Duration) I have in a letter of the 9th Inst. respectfully offered my services to the Commissioners of the Navy to attend them and if they please to have a vessel constructed of any description or Tonnage I will pay the utmost attention to it.I have since my Arrival here Octr 2d formed two Models according to the best of my judgment; founded on experiment and Facts, one for general proportion, to exhibit in competition with any of the same weight for direct velocity, Stability and keeping a direct course on a wind,the other for an Ocean Steam vessel of the same proportions as the one described in the Work built at Debtford, on which plan a dispatch vessel, and for European commercial Intercourse might be built, and as the extent of building on this plan is unlimited the most formidable moving Batteries may be constructed\u2014The Importance of the subject and advantage of its early adoption, attended with no resque (it having been already practised in upwards of fifty vessels, in England & Ireland consisting of 2 ships, several schooners & Sloops & Submarine vessel of 30 tons two Steam packets several sailing Barges Canal boats Ship de Yauls & Wherrys) may allow me to speak confidently without presumption for believe me Sir I have been more anxious to complete than publish this SystemI am Sir with the highest Esteem and respect for your Character your Most Obedt and as an American Citizen Your greatly Obliged ServtWm AnnesleyP.S. Sir if you honor me with a reply please address Wm Annesley Albany", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-12-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3158", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Peter Maverick, 12 November 1822\nFrom: Maverick, Peter\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nEsteemed SirNew York\nNovr 12th 1822The order received last Summer by the hand of Mr Coffee could not be completed earlier than this time on account of the prevailing sickness, which Caused me to remove from the city for several weeks, I now hasten to forward you an impression of it.The proof is not perfect, but could not get a better one without delaying, it 2 or 3 days longer hope the execution will prove satisfactory.You will please instruct me as to the number of impressions you require to be printed and of the quality of paper (that is to say whether it must be sized or unsized, thick or thin)I am Sir with much esteem and veneration your obedient ServtPeter Maverick", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-12-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3160", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 12 November 1822\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhilada\nSince my return from my Canada expedition I have had the very sincere & great Pleasure of recieving your kind & friendly letter of the 19th ulto I cannot express to you all the gratification it afforded me to learn from you that your health was perfectly re-established. I still bear a grudge against those waters & that noble bath to which I was before so partial. They made the first serious attack I have ever known on your constitution\u2014Yet I feel a confident hope from its soundness & from your mode of life on one, certainly among the most healthy spots of these U.S. that you will be the surviving tontinier of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. This is as it should be that its real father should remain the longest with it. Besides the advantages above mentioned, you have also that of age\u2014Mr Carrol, I understand, is six years, & Mr Adams eight years, older than you.I have by no means given up the intention of paying you my visit. I anticipate also much real pleasure in seeing the edifice of the University even in its unfinished state. Your expectation that the next legislature will be cast in a more favorable mould, gives me hope\u2014& I adopt this hope le confiance; as being much more agreeable to me than any I could derive from my own, since as to what may be expected from popular assemblies in furtherance of public education; particularly when the assembly is well impregnated with the principles of Presbyterianism. I once considered the Presbyterians as the Jansenists of Protestantism\u2014but they have now united in themselves the two most opposite, sects of Catholicism, & have become Jesuits as well as Jansenists\u2014& of course will oppose all systems of education not confided exclusively to them. Their meeting must be now near at hand; & I shall follow the Richmond papers with a good deal of anxiety during the sessions. I pray that their deliberations may be such as you would wish.Unitarianism has already had the effect in Boston which you expect from it in Virginia. The University of Cambridge which was founded principally for the education of what they concieved to be orthodox ministers, is now altogether in the hands of Unitarians\u2014The President & every Professor of this establishment is openly & avowedly Unitarian. The most literary, the most wealthy & most fashionable society of Boston are also Unitarian\u2014but some of the individuals, I believe, are yet a little timid & shamefaced on the Subject; so that they would not openly & in words acknowlege themselves anti-Unitarian, although they belong to & support for instance, the stone chapel & Dr Freeman its preacher, who is considered the Pope of the Unitarians.My visit to Virginia which I still look to with pleasure, would have taken place before this, if it were not that during the summer & early autumn, the only season in which I can travel, I have been obliged to devote to some tracts of land in which I have had the misfortune to be involved in the distant parts of the State of New York. I had no alternative but to give then up altogether, at least to give up all hopes of deriving any advantage from them, or to be personally present on them & give directions concerning them. There is something as I have found, in what La Fontaine calls l\u2019oeil du maitre, that is most official. Until I visited these lands & as if were took possession, they remained stationary in the hands of agents, & moreover I was obliged every year to pay heavy taxes on them: They appear now to be getting under way, & I hope will hereafter at least pay their own taxes & charges, & with that I shall be perfectly satisfied. Such has been the revolution in the value of this kind of property that I know several persons, who when I first arrived at New York, were considered among the most wealthy there, & who are now ruined men: they had Purchased whole regions of country on speculation, & have been since that time paying interest on the debt, under the idea that the land would rise faster than the interest. The bubble has now burst: land has fallen instead of rising & the interest has been found to have consumed the capital.One of the tracts that I visited, lying on the borders of the St Laurence, I found when there, that the easiest & shortest mode of getting back would be to go down the river & through the rapids to Montreal & then up Lake Champlain to Whitehall. When at Montreal it was so easy to get to Quebec by the steamboat that I made this little excursion, merely to be on a footing with other tourists\u2014for I have no longer any curiosity, at least not enough to make me get over my aversion to travelling. My journey led me in the first instance to Sackett\u2019s harbor where there is a steamboat that carries you to Ogdensburgh at the mouth of the Oswegatchie. There the steamboat navigation ceases until you arrive at Montreal. From the time of your arriving on the Lake, every thing you meet with seems to be cast in a gigantic mould. To begin with the harbor there is there a ship, which is said to be the largest that has ever been built by the hand of man. The lake is a sea & the St Laurence is a giant among our giant rivers\u2014& the vast countries bordering it are in the same proportion.Canada seems to be exactly in that state where government is most efficient & cheapest\u2014The country is not yet rich enough to attract the attention of the Metropole & therefore no taxes whatever are called for in a direct form. This state of things is so agreeable to our Yankees that great numbers of them pass over & acquire fortunes there; as all the arts of industry & all the ideas of speculation founded on a prospective increase of value, are exclusively in their hands. The Canadian qui ont tr\u00e9s bovin\u00e9 thinks the world will go on as it has done; they follow the routine of their fathers, & seem to think it would be a sin to do otherwise. As far as I had an opportunity of observing the inhabitants generally are most kindly treated by their superiors in authority. Indeed it was very evident to me that these Subjects of a Monarch are much less idolatrous as to men in power than are most zealous Republicans, Particularly those who have a disposition, (pro bono Publico however) to partake of the loaves & fishes of the Republic. I once saw on board of one of our steamboats a connexion of a man who was then only a candidate for the Presidency\u2014& it is certain there was much more fuss made about him & il faisait lui-meme son embarras to a much greater degree than was done with the Governor general of Canada, the Earl of Dalhousie, who happened to be on the same steamboat on which I came up the St Laurence. Now that we have so many candidates for the Presidency it would hardly be possible to be in our steamboats without meeting with some connexion proximate or remote of one or the other of them, & I really feel for those who should be obliged to be witnesses of this scene, so well calculated to excite disgust.I saw lately a letter from a person who is much with Correa at Lisbon. I infer from it that Correa is in favor with the Court, but out of favor with the Cortes\u2014who are now as you know much the most important branch of the government. I hope this new Emperor of Brazil will give these gentlemen a lesson that shall teach them that any & every part of America is capable of existing without the kind favor & protection of their European metropoles. As we are the oldest I wish that we should take by the hand our younger brothers & sisters\u2014but I hardly expect this for Brazil as they have retained a monarchical government, & above all, with one of the old regime as their head. What have we to do with this? All that we should ask is that they should enter in to the American system by shaking off the European yoke. I have hardly room left to tell you that I am ever & faithfully dear Sir,Your friend & servantW Short", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-13-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3161", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Campbell Preston, 13 November 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Preston, William Campbell\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nAt the same time with your favor on the subject of the late Colo Wm Campbell I recieved one from mr John Campbell of Richmond, and to him, as nearest at hand I addressed my answer. observing to him that writing was painful to me from a disabled wrist, I prayed him to consider the answer as intended for you as well as himself. I have since that however got it copied by another hand and inclose it with the assurance of my high esteem & respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-14-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3162", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 14 November 1822\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSales 73 Barrels Superfine Flour by Bernard Peytonfor a/c. Mr Th: Jefferson.\u20141822 Richd12th NovembrTo Lewis Ludlam & Co In store at 60 Days73 Barrels Superfine flour at $6.00$438.00ChargesTo Cash paid freight 63 Blls: at 2/6 & branding 6\u00a2.$26.31\u3003Canal toll on 63 Blls: $6.56. Drayage $1.31\u3003\u30037.87\u3003Storage 73 Blls: $5.84. Inspection $1.46\u30037.30\u3003Commission at 2\u00bd pr ct:\u300310.95$52.43Nett prcds: at Cr T. J.$385.57E.E.Bernard PeytonBy N. N. Wilkinson\nDear Sir,\nRichd\nFlour is so extremely dull this Fall, that it is scarcely possible to get it off on any terms, was therefore glad to dispose of balance yours, & several other parcels, at $6, sixty days credit, as per a/c sales above\u2014several small sales have recently been made at $5\u215e, & I wish it may not get lower, when the River rises to the winter level, & will admit the free passage of Boats up & down.Mr F. A. Mayo presented me an a/c yesterday, for binding upwards of 30 Volumes for you, instead of 21, as specified in your letter, I declined to pay for more than 21 Vol; which he received, say $15.75, & said he Would write in regard to the balance\u2014if the whole a/c is just, & you direct it, I will pay the balance at any time\u2014Yours very TrulyB. Peytonyour Wines from Boston are just at Rocketts\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-15-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3163", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Nicholas Johnson, 15 November 1822\nFrom: Johnson, Nicholas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n In consequence of our Small acquaintance, I have taken the liberty of addressing thee on the subject of appointmentsBy an act of congress, passed Last session, An additional Land office will be established with in this State, and of course a Register and Receiver, will be appointed to manage the same; I am told, that many applicants are already attached to the list, and that my friend Col Thomas Brown is one; he is a man well acquainted with Public Business, hath occupyed a variety of honorable stations under the executive of this State, both civil and military, has been for Three years past engaged in the public surveys under Genl Tiffin of Chillecothe, And he now informs me that his health is so much impaired by ha in the woods that he has been under the necesssigning his office as deputy Surveyor, and his friends for a little more sunshine. I presume that no man in this State will produce a more Substantial recommendation to the proper department, And if thy feelings could be inlisted on this occasion, I have no doubt but that his appointment (to one or the other of Sd offices) will be secured, to the great satisfaction of his numerius friends, and I do believe to the great promotion of the public goodWith sentiments of high esteem I have the honor to be My Friend Thy Most Obt &c.Nicholas Johnsonformerly of Bedford County VaI have lived a nigh neighbour to Thos Brown for near two years.N. JohnsonIf the above may have any weight please to use thy influence.N. J.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-18-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3164", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 18 November 1822\nFrom: Brockenbrough, Arthur S.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nUniversity Va\nIn settling some business with Mr Garrett to day I find (for the first time I have known it) $200\u2014 paid to Mr Giacomo Raggi which is that amt more than he should have recieved\u2014- In your statement (to Mr Garrett) of Mr Appletons acct May 8h 1822. You state it thusProceeds of former remittance$1239.00to be paid to Giacomo Raggi200 .00applicable to the capitals$1039.00Whole cost of Capitals1900bal: to be remited clear of}861ExchangeMr Garrett called on me for a draft for seven hundred dollars which was given Without showing me your statment, Consiquintly I did not know of Mr Appletons being directed to pay $200 to Giacomo Raggi, therefore never charged him with it I give you the earlyest information I have of it that the error may be corrected if practicable - by Mr Appletons with holding it if he has not paid it hoping you are in a fair way of recovering from the effects of your fall I am Sir respectfuly yoursA. S. BrockenbroughNote This bal: 161$ was not drafted for untill today", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-19-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3165", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Radford, 19 November 1822\nFrom: Radford, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nBedford\nHaving had some conversation with your grandson Mr Thomas J Randolph, respecting the title to the land conveyed, to Mr Yancey and myself, by you and Mr Bankhead, and not understanding precisely how the title has been deduced, I have taken the liberty of writing to you upon the subject, for the purpose of obtaining from you such information, as may apprise us of the true state of our right\u2014I have understood that the land originally belonged to Mr Wales, and that the title came to you by marriage with his daughter, but in what manner, I have not been informed. If the legal title be in yourself, then there can be no difficulty, but if it was in Mrs Jefferson, it would then vest in your daughter Mrs Randolph and your grandson Mr Eppes, from whom, releases could be obtained if necessary. Feeling entire confidence in yourself I have never thought it necessary to investigate the title to the land and only ask now for information on the Subject, being satisfied, that everything right and proper, has been, or will be done by you. I was much concerned to hear by Mr Randolph the accident that has befallen you and hope that you may speedily recover from it. As soon as your health and convenience will permit, you will much oblige me by writing to me on the above subject Be pleased to accept the assurance of my highest rispectWm Radford", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-19-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3166", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Francis Vacher, 19 November 1822\nFrom: Vacher, Francis\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nHarsimus N.J.\n19th. November 1822.\nAn application made to me, to call upon the \u201cU. S.\u201d for a large Sum of Continental money, in the possession of the Applicant, as well as the benefit of others, induces me to address you, that I may receive that proper information, as a guide for its payment; I need not appeal to that saved Instrument, farther then to recall your memory to its resolns:\u2014, its causes, and its effects; And now its Consequences. That famous Declaration of Independence, Whereby an appeal was made to the omnipotent and also to earthly beings for the truth, appears to me to be Conclusive that the U.S. are in duty bound to discharge those debts which were made to \u201ctry men\u2019s souls\u201d Under every policy of sanction, I deem it Sir, necessary as well as dutiful, for the U.S. to redeem it\u2019s credit and that no limitation under premature & unforeseen occasions could permit it\u2019s delay. Your opinion Sir directed to me on this effect, will be most gratefully recieved and will unquestionably add another truth to the many great good and virtuous actions of your public as well as private lifeRespectfullyFrancis Vacher", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-20-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3167", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Annesley, 20 November 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Annesley, William\nI duly recd the copy of your late pamphlet on shipbuilding, and your favor of the 11th is now at hand requesting \u2018my jdmt on it as a means of bringing it into early & genl practice in the US.\u2019 born & bred among the mountains, and scarcely knowing the head from the stern of a ship it would be great presumption in me to offer to my f.c. a jdmt on a subject on which they know that I must be so ignorant. you must then be so good, Sir, as to excuse my declining this, as indeed I do every other applicn for opins on any subject to be given to the public. with a body & mind in the wane of 80. y. retiremt is equally my duty & wish. your applicn to the Comrs of the navy places the proposn before it\u2019s proper judges & those within whose province it will be to give effect to your invention if approved. with this apology accept my wishes for it\u2019s success & the assurance of my respect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-20-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3168", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Cooper, 20 November 1822\nFrom: Cooper, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n I am much obliged to you for your letter. Our town here is crouded with Presbyterian parsons; they are a systematic and persevering sect, and while they have the address to cajole the people out of their money, their power will encrease. he who has any regard for the peace of himself & his family can venture to stem this tide of fanaticism? About 20 Years hence the prevailing sect among the better informed people, will be the Unitarian. I have drawn up the history of the argument on the miraculous conception, with an accurate arrangement of the authorities, but I can never venture to publish it. Even the Unitarians are sectarians, with the sectarian spirit about them; but I agree with you they will gradually cast out the more ignorant fanatics, except the methodists. These last addressing the passions, will keep fast hold of the multitude; more especially from the erotic language of their devotional poetry. Rousseau long ago observed that devotion had borrowed the language of love; and I am persuaded this class of associations has its full effect on the female part of the sectarians, who are not affected by mere argument or sound reasoning.The plan your visitors have adopted, appears to me excellent; but you will have no theological professorships from any sect. To my astonishment, our College here, has suddenly come into vogue. The severities of last year have had a decidedly beneficial effect; and I have reason to believe we shall have as large a number of new Students enter with in a month, as have ever come to this college at the same period before. Our young men are now (that is as yet) studious, civil, orderly: & if no change for the worse takes place, I am satisfied. Our trustees propose revising their code of Laws, which when published I will send to you. Health and peace to you for many years.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-20-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3169", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from H. Cormlibe, 20 November 1822\nFrom: Cormlibe, H.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n FLORAE CERERIQUE ET POMONAE S.LA SOCI\u00c9T\u00c9 ROYALED\u2019AGRICULTURE ET DE BOTANIQUE,\u00c9RIG\u00c9E A GANDVotre nomination comme membre de cette Soci\u00e9t\u00e9, faite probablement \u00e0 votre ins\u00e7u, tient au congr\u00e8s de Gand; ce titre n\u2019astreint \u00e0 aucun devoir de la part des membres; ce n\u2019est qu\u2019un fleuron de plus qu\u2019a voulu Se donner la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9, en inscrivant au nombre des Soci\u00e9taires, un homme qui jouittant de dans le \u00e0 tant de dignit\u00e9 dans le caract\u00e8re, et dont le nom est plus Europ\u00e9en encore qu\u2019il n\u2019est Am\u00e9ricain.En parcourant les notices ci-jointes, vous verrez, Monsieur, que la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 vous a compris au nombre des membres en l\u2019honneur de qui elle se fait elle-m\u00eame un devoir d\u2019exposer des fleurs; cette Soci\u00e9t\u00e9, comme vous le verrez, ne ressemble \u00e0 aucune autre; telle qu\u2019elle est, elle a m\u00e9rit\u00e9 de Servir de mod\u00e8le, et deja Sept villes nous ont imit\u00e9s dans les deux parties de notre ro\u00ffaume.Cette lettre vous Sera remise par M. Rottiers, d\u2019Anvers, membre de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9, et que des affaires particuli\u00e8res, appellent aux Etats-Unis; il est lui m\u00eame botaniste et \narcheologiste connu, a\u00ffant deja fait deux vo\u00ffages Scientifiques et litteraires vers le littoral du pont Euxin, les iles de la Gr\u00e8ce, et \u00ab les champs o\u00f9 fut Tro\u00ffe.J\u2019estimerais M. Rottiers tr\u00e8s heureux s\u2019il pouvait vous voir, et vous exprimer les sentimens que vous inspirez ici; recevez de ma part l\u2019hommage du plus respectueux d\u00e9vouement, et acceptez quelques bagatelles qui me tombent sous la main et qui concernent la botanique ou les arts.Le Secr\u00e9taire- de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de GandH. Cormlibemembre de l\u2019institut des Pays-bas et de l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie des Sciences et belles lettres de Bruxelles Editors\u2019 Translation\n Gand, Kingdom of the Netherlands\n FLORAE CERERIQUE ET POMONAE S.THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF AGRICULTURE AND BOTANYERECTED IN GANDYour nomination as member of this Society, probably made without your knowledge, at the Congress of Gand; this title does not compel members to any obligation; it is only another feather in the cap of the Society, that it gave itself by inscribing among the number of its Members a man who in the of dignity of character, and whose name is even more European than it is American.In perusing the enclosed notes, you will see, Sir, that the Society included you among its members in whose honor it will make a point of exhibiting flowers; this Society, as you will see, does not resemble any other; such as it is, it has deserved to be used as a model, and already cities have imitated us in both parts of our kingdom.This letter will be handed to you by Mr. Rottiers, from Anvers, a member of the Society, who is called to the United-State by personal affairs; he himself is a well-known botanist and archeologist, who already had made two Scientific and literary trips towards the shore of , the Greek islands, and \u201cthe fields where Troye was.I would find Mr. Rottiers to be a very happy man if he could see you, and express to you the feelings you inspire here; receive from me the homage of my most respectful devotion, and please accept a few trifles that are falling into my hands, and that have to do with botany or the arts.The Secretary of the University of GandH. Cormlibemember of the institute of the Netherlands and of the Academy of Science and humanities of", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-20-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3170", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to T. Maxcy, 20 November 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Maxcy, T.\nSir\nMonticello Nov. 20. 22.\nI have duly recieved your letter of the 8th and with it a copy of your pamphlet on the Maryland resolutions. it is a subject admitting much to be said on both sides, and it is ably advocated in the tract you are so kind as to send me. the mode of execution you suggest will relieve weighty difficulties.With a body and mind in the wane of 80 years it is my duty as well as inclination to retire from the controversies of the world, leaving the choice of measures to those who are to live under them, and confidently trusting that they will do ultimately what is for the best. the enterprise in which I am engaged on behalf of science for my own state is perhaps beyond what, at my age, I ought to have undertaken. but I have able coadjutors on whose shoulders I can safely rest it when my own fail. the advancement of science is my first wish, and I am sure we are not the people we should be, had we more of it among us. with my thanks for the favor of your pamphlet accept the assurance of my great respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-20-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3171", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Frederick A. Mayo, 20 November 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Mayo, Frederick A.\nSirWhen I desired Colo Peyton to pay your account I had mislaid it & only recollected the last 21. vols. your letter of the 12th instant brings to my mind the vols previously done. on your presenting this lre to Colo P. he will pay up for me what his former paimt wanted of 24.37 \u00bd the whole amount. accept my frdly salutns", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-20-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3172", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Vaughan, 20 November 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Vaughan, John\nDr Sir\nSince my lre of Nov. 10. I have learnt that a new reguln has been adopted in the Navy deptmt, by which no person can recieve a Midshipman\u2019s warrant unless they have been on some actual service at sea 6. mo. at least. it was further observed that a considble proportion of the applicants within that period become so disgusted with sea-service as to relinquish their intentions altogether, mr Wistar will therefore have to go thro this noviciate before his applicn will be recd. I write under the pain of a recently fractured arm, which happd the 2d day after I had written to you. it is the Radius of the left arm a little above the small bones of the wrist & is doing well. I salute you with consd. frdsh. & esteem", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-20-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3173", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Peter Maverick, 20 November 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Maverick, Peter\nSir\nI have duly recd your favor of the 12th with the proof sheet of the plan of the University of Virga. you enquire whether the paper for those to be struck off is to be thick or thin? sized or unsized? as to the 1st question the paper of the proof sheet which you sent me appears to me proper. the 2d question sized or unsized? I am not able to answer, not knowing the nature & object of the opern. perhaps you can decide what is best on my information that the prints are intended for frames. be pleased to strike off 250. copies & forward them by water to Colo B. P. at Richmond, retaining the plate till further orders. send me your bill by mail and the amount shall be remitted thro\u2019 Colo Peyton without delay. accept the assurance of my respect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-21-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3174", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 21 November 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Brockenbrough, Arthur S.\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nThe error of account with Giacomo Raggi may easily be corrected if he should return to this country. but this being doubtful, it may be proper for you to give me a copy of his account as settled and signed by him which I can transmit to Appleton who knows of the payment of the 200.D. and will see that it was not credited in the account.Can you now furnish me with your last half year\u2019s account (to Oct. 1.) to be given in with our Report which I shall transmit within a few days to the Literary board for the legislature. I lent you one of mr Garrett\u2019s accounts which I must pray you to return.I inclose you the order for 150.D. for the hoisting machine signed, to vouch that article in your account.Accept my friendly & respectful salutationsTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-21-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3175", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas J. Johnston, 21 November 1822\nFrom: Johnston, Thomas J.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nVenerable Sir,\nOakland, Breckinridge County K\u2019y\nThe familiar acquaintance you have with the subject upon which I wish to consult you, & the honor I have of bearing your name, must furnish me with an apology for addressing a letter to you. Those of her sons upon whom nature has lavished the treasures of mind are under a sort of obligation to communicate a portion of their advantages to those who shall come after them, if not (the rule of the ancients that every citizen is public property being reversed,) to their contemporaries, & to exhibit some of that elevation of soul displayed by the general man, who, upon his father\u2019s death, being left here to his estate, nobly resolved to divide with his brother whose entrance into life was not then anticipated, what ought to have been their common patrimony. The enlarged ideas generated by the transcendant dignity of the study & practice of legal science warrant us in looking to the accomplished advocate for the most consummate display of the Nobleness of human nature. Generously to point out to youth & inexperience the road that leads to interest & honor\u2014to exalt, enlarge & correct the intellectual faculties\u2014to expand & purify their moral views, & wash away the asperities with which the path of study is strewed & fulled\u2014these are objects for the promotion of which the truly American lawyer & statesman experiences a more-than Roman intensity of feeling.With these views & under these impressions, I make this intrusion upon your retirement, (consecrated by the distinguished services you have rendered your happy country & the gratitude of your countrymen, commensurate with these services) to solicit your advice & the assistance of your opinion in the direction of my legal Studies.After forming the resolution of entering upon the Study of the law & making it my destination in life, I have oscillated between opposite views. On the one side, that a theoretical may precede a practical knowledge, it would seem proper to go back & delve in the mines of Coke; on the other, to take up Blackstone as the best Geographer of the Law, and, with a knowledge of the statute law & state Decisions of the residence & contemplated place of practice of the student as a clue to the labyrinths to be explored, going back, commence with the period when English legislation breaks off\u2014Resolve these doubts\u2014et eris miki magnus Apollo.You will have the goodness to point out the connection & indicate the bearing (& the writers most proper for the novitiate to consult) of Politicks, Ethicks, Oratory, Criticism, Belles Lettres & Composition; and are these not subjects to diversify agreeably & usefully the student\u2019s career in the prosecution of legal science\u2019\u2014to recreate & cheer one\u2019s ascent up the steep leading to the Temple of the Goddess who is the Object of devotion.\u2019Will you give me some idea of the course to be pursued, with regard to Admiralty & Ecclesiastical Law, the law of Nations & the Roman Civil Law, the authors to be perused, & the order & method to be observed in perusing them?You are beginning to think, by this time, that the province I have assigned to your patience is a pretty wide one, & the demand not to be satisfied \u2018currente calams\u2018\u2014And I have said nothing at all about Note books, Debating Societies, which must be resorted to where nature has been parsimonious; nor the means of infusing strength, quickness, versatility, & elegance into the intellectual Gladiator\u2014These are topicks with regard to which the measure of instruction you afford, must depend upon your clemency; indeed, I must put an end to this tiresome scroll, by begging pardon for the liberty I have taken & requesting you to consult your own convenience & not my wishes in the answer you shall make.Accept the expression of my warm veneration for your character,Th: J. Johnson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-21-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3176", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Mann Randolph, 21 November 1822\nFrom: Randolph, Thomas Mann\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n I have just received a letter from Mr John Campbell Councillor of State of Virginia inclosing a copy of one from you to him of the 10th inst. on the subject of the late endeavour in the Western States to degrade the memory of Campbell of Kings Mountain, one of the heroes of the revolution. As I could not undertake to advise him either to publish or to abstain from publishing your letter, along with other documents collected by him with the view to repell the attack on the reputation of his deceased Kinsman, I could not refuse, at his request, to ask your permission for him to use the letter in that way. After that, my own reputation at this most critical juncture of circumstances important to me in the most Serious and most lasting degree, requires that I should beg of you to give some explanation of this sentence in your letter to the Councillor, now under my eyes in a copy certified by himself. \u201cI have no papers on this subject in my possession, all such received at that day having belonged to the record of the Council.\u201d This is enjoyed as a great triumph over me, for the Council is thereby said to be acknowledged as a Body distinct from, and independent of the Governour, while I have contended that they formed together the Executive Department, and that the Governour was the sole organ of communication with that department, untill duly pronounced by a competent authority to be incapable or absent from the Government; unless in the case where he chose to acknowledge the disability himself. I had prevailed so far as to have a majority of the Councillors at last willing to acknowledge that the Governour had a right to inspect their journal and even to see that the entries in it accurately recorded the substance of the advice upon which he was about to act, both of which more stoutly denied by most of them for a long time. The term record of the Executive Department is now familiar to them and used by themselves instead of records of the Executive Council, allthough papers are yet addressed to them alone, under that title, by a few who have warmly taken their side. Yet those persons, none of them, support their pretension to the right of meeting whenever the Governour is out of view, and of revising, rescinding, abrogating and annulling whatever may have been advised at the last meeting when he was present; even allthough he may have given the proper instructions for the execution thereof in the meantime. The right to give the casting vote upon an equal division, I never have abandoned, allthough in complaisance to them I have allways consented to receive a vote of one of them changed to the contrary side, or to wait the arrival of another Councillor sent for on the occasion, or even to allow a short adjournment of the question to give time for a fuller meeting. The words used by you \u201cat that day\u201d imply, it is said, that papers are retained by the Governor at this day which belonged to the Council as distinct from him at a former period. Now I have kept none but those relating to certain cases of appointments of Tobacco Inspectors, to the fullfillment of the Charters of Turnpike Companies, the appointment of Militia officers in concurrence with the County Courts, matters of the Board of Public Works and the Literary fund, and all those to be turned over to my successor, or lodged with the clerks of the different Boards when I had done with them. I have indeed contended that letters addressed to the Governor out of Council, ought properly to be returned to him after they were recorded in the letter Books of the Executive Department, allthough they they treated of public matters only. All letters whatsoever with the word \u201cCouncil\u201d or Executive\u201d superscribed, and others with whatever superscription, which did not come by mail, but by private hand, and were declared to be on public business by the bearer, authorized by the Writer to say so, or were laid on the table of the Council Chambers as public communications, I have ever admitted to be public, and liable to be opened without impropriety. I have stoutly declared that I would impeach the honour to the last extremity of any member of the Executive Body who should violate the sanctity of private correspondence, unless the case came within the above exceptions and yet the matter was not of a public nature, which might lead to an excusable mistake. It may be absurd for creatures ready to fall into dust, and of whom in a few years, months, or days perhaps, not a trace will remain, to be so pertinacious; but the Commonwealth is lasting, and whatever is believed to concern it materially ought to be thought about and spoken of to the last breath. The weight of your opinion would silence either side at once. For my own part I could flee to the grave with determined mind, to escape from such hatefull sophistry & such unprincipled conduct and opinions as I have been compelled so long to witness and to hear. With unfeigned veneration and heartfelt desire for your long life & continued happiness yours &C", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-22-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3178", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 22 November 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nThe person who hands you this letter is an interesting subject of curiosity. he was taken prisoner by the Kickapoos when he supposes he must have been about 3. or 4. years of age, knows not whence taken, nor who were his parents. he escaped from the Indians at about 19. as he supposes, & about 7. years ago. he has applied himself to education, is a student of Medecine, & has assumed the name of Hunter as the translation of that given him by the Indians. to a good degree of genius he adds great observation and correct character. he has been recieved with great courtesy at N. York & Philada by the literati especially and also by the gens du monde. he has been long enough in this neighborhood to be much esteemed. he is setting out for the Medical lectures of Philada & asked me to give him a letter to you which I do, satisfied that the enquiries you will make of him, and to which he will answer with great willingness will gratify you to the full worth of the intrusion. he has prepared a very interesting book for publication.ten days ago I incurred the accident of breaking the small bone of the left fore-arm, & some disturbance of the small bones of the wrist. Dr Watkins attended promptly, set them well and all is doing well. he tells me I must submit to confinement till Christmas day. I had intended a visit to you shortly, but this disappoints it. Dawson has finished the account books very ably. Genl Cocke has been 3. days examining them. the vouchers wanting are reduced to about 4000.D. which can be got immediately, the persons being in the neighborhood. he thinks there will be scarcely a dollar unvouched. I salute mrs Madison and yourself with constant affection and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-23-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3181", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Elbridge Gerry, 23 November 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gerry, Elbridge\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nYour favor of Oct. 26. was 3. weeks on it\u2019s passage to me, which, with indisposition, must apologise for the delay of this answer. I had the happiness of an intimate and friendly acquaintance with the late mr Gerry your father. we served together in the Old Congress; again in that of Annapolis, & lastly, altho\u2019 in different functions, in the present government. the harmony of our political principles was a source of great gratification to both & of equal confidence. our services keeping us together mostly, there was little room for epistolary correspondence. I recieved from him however some letters while I was in France, which I now inclose you. they are proofs of his great and general attention to the public interests.I have one other letter, begun under the date of 1801. Jan. 15. and concluded under that of Jan. 20. too interesting and valuable to true history to be parted with. it is in 7. sheets of letter paper, & contains a justification of the part mr Gerry bore in the mission to the French government, of which mission he was a member. his conduct in it is too important a circumstance to omit it\u2019s justification in any life which may be written of him. that it inculpates others should be no obstacle to the justice due him. you have probably a copy of this letter, or of a similar one to some other friend, or some other paper prepared by himself to preserve the memory of the transaction. if you have not, I will send it to you, in full confidence of your retaining it only long enough to be copied. I could send a copy but it would want the authentication of his own handwriting.As to anecdotes, my memory is too much decayed to be appealed to or trusted. with this imperfect communication be pleased to accept the assurance of my esteem and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-24-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3182", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph, 24 November 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Mann\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI certainly had not the most distant thought of bearing on any controverted question, when, in my letter to mr Campbell, I used the unweighed expression of \u2018papers belonging to the records of the council.\u2019 but my meaning will be best explained by stating the practice of the time to which that letter referred. all letters and official papers on Executive business were regularly addressed to myself, while governor, with rare exceptions. when casually however to any member of the council, he delivered them to me, to be brought on in the order which the respective urgencies of the cases before the Executive might in my judgment require. when done with, these papers were left with the clerk of the council to be filed among the records of the executive department confided to his care and keeping. but I exercised my own judgment whether a paper was official and belonged to the executive records, or private and to be retained among my own papers. I probably recieved a letter or report from Colo Campbell of the battle of King\u2019s mountain. if I did (for I do not remember) considering it as official, and belonging to the executive records, I consigned it to them, and thus, not now in possession of it, I could not quote it to Mr Campbell.With respect to the request of permission to publish that letter, altho\u2019 always unwilling to take any part in controversies of any kind, or to be brought into question befor the public, yet if my testimony of the general impression of the day can have any weight, Colo Campbell\u2019s merit, and my high sense of it, entitles him to that testimony from me, which I gave without any sentiment but of the highest respect and veneration for Govr Shelby, whose letters have been intended for the bosom of a friend, and not for the public.The family is well. I congratulate you on the approach of your retirement to it\u2019s bosom, and the exchange of official troubles and jealousies for family love, peace and comfort; and I salute you with cordial affection and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-25-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3183", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Henry Alexander Scammell Dearborn, 25 November 1822\nFrom: Dearborn, Henry Alexander Scammell\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nRespected Sir, Custom House Boston Nov 25. 1822\u2014Col. Peyton has remitted me the amount of the expenses on the stones, which come for you from France, & in conformity to Your request, I have forwarded the letter you sent, to my father.I have the honor to be your most obt sevt.H,A,S, Dearborn", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-25-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3184", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Monroe, 25 November 1822\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nWashington\nNovr 25th 1822\nWe have all been very much distressd, of the accounts recently receivd, of the misfortune you have Sustaind, in the fracture of your arm, or at least of one of its bones. We hope that it has not been so Serious, as has been represented, & that you are rapidly recovering from it\u2014This is a moment, as you well know, when, in addition to the heavy cares which bear on me, the calls of the Members of Congress, which cannot be resisted, & of others, absorb my whole time; tho\u2019 in truth I have little interesting to Communicate to you. the enclosed letter will give the most recent & authentic accounts from Mexico. they are however of a distressing character. return it to me under a blank cover after perusing it.A warrant has been sent to Mr Gibson for his son. very sincerely & affecy. your friendJames Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-25-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3185", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Horatio Gates Spafford, 25 November 1822\nFrom: Spafford, Horatio Gates\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nEsteemed Friend,Thomas Jefferson:\u2014\nTroy, N.Y.\nAfter 20 odd years of investigation as an operative Chemist, I have succeeded in demonstrating the truths of a philosophical theory, which enables me to make the very best of Cast-Steel, (a Pure carbonate of Iron,) with such facility as to make the manufacture easy & sufficiently profitable. The Steel has been severely tested by the best artisans & mechanics, & is pronounced absolutely superior to the best specimens ever imported. The theory embraces the making of Iron also, & assumes the principle that Iron, pure, is of one quality, uniformly good; that good Iron, sufficiently & equally carbonized, becomes good Steel:\u2014& all this is amply proved by the practise of making, & its results. The system is a broad one, all entirely new, & is secured to me by two Patents. A company is formed, to go extensively into the manufacture of Steel, men of business, with an ample capital.Now,\u2014all this I was anxious to let thee know, in gratitude for the kind attentions with which thou hast ever honored me. I also beg leave to say that as the discovery, to be made profitable to me, (and it has cost me a great deal of time, thought & money,) must be kept a secret, I contemplate trying the Congress for a special act of permission to let my specifications remain sealed Papers in the department of State, for the term of 14 years. I am ready to show that body that all I state is reality, proved in practise;\u2014& I pray thee to favor me with thy opinions, whether, having done this, such an Act would be consistent & right, & likely to be granted by the National Legislature?Or,\u2014were our Government disposed to be wise, & reasonably liberal, I would sell the right for a fair & just sum, to the government, for the benefit of the Country.In our country such are the habits of our people that no manufacturing establishment, employing a number of hands, can hope long to keep & enjoy any valuable secret process. Still, with a law to authorise a deposit of my specifications, sealed, for 14 years, in the department of State, I can sell my discovery in the art of making Steel, alone, far an annuity of 5000 dollars per annum, for 14 years.A little more, (for I trouble thee with as little as possible,) & I then beg leave to ask thy advice. I make Cast Steel, of the best quality, from the Ore of Iron, from Pigs, Bar Iron, &c., all uniformly good, at such a rate as to afford at least 100 per cent clear profit. From Iron Ore of a good quality, I absolutely make it for less than the common selling prices of Bar Iron, made in the old way:\u2014& Iron is made pure & good, for about half the expense of making it, by the usual processes known to artists in the old way. Admitting all this,\u2014& I can prove it all, by persons of high respectability, & by actual experiment, anywhere, in a few hours, what had I better do with it? I hate lawyers & lawsuits, & I know the cupidity that would rob merit & ingenuity of their reward. My desires as to money are moderate. But nothing will ever tempt me to fail of having the Iron & steel bear the stamp of my name, let the world call it vanity, or what it will. I wish the Government would stipulate this much, & pay me for the discovery a sum equal to one third of what good judges should say the exclusive right, perfectly secured, for 14 years, would be worth, & let the lawyers & lawsuits sleep & die, or be taken care of by the government at its discretion.Have the goodness to excuse this intrusion on thy retirement, well earned & well merited by a long life devoted to thy country\u2019s service. Should I go to Washington this winter, as I now propose, it seems to m most likely that I shall pay my respects to thee Monticello, if a kind Providence permit. Heaven grant thee its choicest blessings, thou venerable Father of the Republic, & fill thy evening of life on earth with the consolations of peace, preparatory to a happy immortality in the regions of eternal blessedness. With great regard & affection, thy friend,Horatio Gates Spafford.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-26-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3186", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Vaughan, 26 November 1822\nFrom: Vaughan, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nD Sir\nPhilad\nYour favor of 20. has much relieved me the Gazette has just announced the accident, & caused much anxiety to your friends, accept my congratulations that you are doing well & my wishes that your useful life may be prolonged\u2014Judge Tilghman & Mrs Wistar are much obliged to you for your kind attention to their wishes\u2014Young Wistar has at length relinquish his views of going into the Navy which will relieve you from being further calld upon\u2014The new regulation alluded to by you is a very proper one\u2014none should enter it, without a decided predilection for it on trial.\u2014We propose printing a 2 Vol of New Series & I shall as heretofore take the liberty of putting down your name on the list of Subscribers\u2014I do not now recollect whether you took more than one Copy.I remain Yours most sincerelyJn Vaughan", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-29-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3187", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Lambert, 29 November 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Lambert, William\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nYou have often gratified me by your astronomical communications, and I am now about to amuse you with one of mine. but I must first explain the circumstances which have drawn me into a speculation so foreign to the path of life which the times in which I have lived, more than my own inclinations have led me to pursue.I had long deemed it incumbent on the authorities of our country to have the great Western wilderness beyond the Missisipi explored, to make known it\u2019s geography, it\u2019s natural productions, it\u2019s general character and inhabitants. two attempts which I had myself made formerly, before the country was ours, the one from West to East, the other from East to West, had both proved abortive. when called to the administration of the General government, I made this an object of early attention, and proposed it to Congress. they voted a sum of 5000.D. for it\u2019s execution, and I placed Capn Lewis at the head of the enterprise. no man, within the range of my acquaintance, united so many of the qualifications necessary for it\u2019s succesful direction. but he had not recieved such an Astronomical education as might enable him to give us the geography of the country with the precision desired. the Missouri and Columbia, which were to constitute the tract of his journey, were rivers which varied little in their progressive latitudes, but changed their longitudes rapidly and at every step. to qualify him for making these observations, so important to the value of the enterprise, I encouraged him to apply himself to this particular object, and gave him letters to Doctr Patterson and mr Ellicott requesting them to instruct him in the necessary processes. those for the longitude would of course be founded on the lunar distances. but as these require essentially the aid of a time keeper, it occurred to me that during a journey of 2. 3. or 4. years, exposed to so many accidents as himself and the instrument would be, we might expect with certainty that it would become deranged, and in a desert country, where it could not be repaired. I thought it then highly important that some means of observation should be furnished him, if any could be, which should be practicable and competent to ascertain his longitudes in that event. the Equatorial occurred to myself as the most promising substitute. I observed only that Ramsden, in his explanation of it\u2019s uses, and particularly that of finding the longitude at land still required his Observer to have the aid of a timekeeper. but this cannot be necessary. for the margin of the equatorial circle of this instrument being divided into time by hours, minutes & seconds, supplies the main functions of the time keeper, and for measuring merely the interval of the observations, if such as not to be neglected, a portable pendulum, for counting by an Assistant, would fully answer that purpose. I suggested my fears to several of our best astronomical friends, and my wishes that other processes should be furnished him, if any could be, which might guard us ultimately from disappointment. several other methods were proposed, but all requiring the use of a time keeper. that of the Equatorial being recommended by none, and other duties refusing one time for protracted consultations, I relinquished the idea for that occasion. but, if a sound one, it should not be abandoned. those deserts are yet to be explored, and their geography given to the world and ourselves with a correctness worthy of the science of the age. the acquisition of the country before Capt Lewis\u2019s departure facilitated our enterprise. but his time keeper failed early in his journey. his dependance then was on the compass, & log line, with the correction of latitudes only, and the true longitudes of the different points of the Missouri, of the Stony mountains, the Columbia, and Pacific, at it\u2019s mouth, remain yet to be obtained by future enterprise.The circumstance which occasions a recurrence of the subject to my mind at this time particularly is this. our legislature, some time ago, came to a determination that an accurate map should be made of our state. the late John Wood was employed on it. it\u2019s first elements are prepared by maps of the several counties. but these have been made by chain and compass only, which suppose the surface of the earth to be a plane. to fit them together, they must be accomodated to it\u2019s real spherical surface; and this can be done only by observations of Latitude and Longitude, taken at different points of the area to which they are to be reduced. it is true that, in the lower and more populous parts of the state, the method of lunar distances by the circle, or sextant and timekeeper, may be used; because those parts furnish means of repairing or replacing a deranged timekeeper. but the deserts beyond the Alleganey are as destitute of resourse in that case, as those of the Missouri. the question then recurs Whether the Equatorial, without the auxiliary of a time-keeper, is not competent to the ascertainment of longitudes at land, where a fixed meridian can always be obtained? and Whether indeed it may not, every where at land, be a readier and preferable instrument for that purpose? to these questions I ask your attentions: and to shew the grounds on which I entertain the opinion myself, I will briefly explain the principles of the process, and the peculiarities of the instrument which give it the competence I ascribe to it. and should you concur in the opinion, I will further ask you to notice any particular circumstances claiming attention in the process, and the corrections which the observations may necessarily require. as to myself, I am an astronomer of theory only, little versed in practical observations, and the minute attentions and corrections they require. I proceed now to the explanation.A Method of finding the longitude of a place at land, without a time keeper.If two persons, at different points of the same hemisphere, (as Greenwich and Washington, for example) observe the same celestial phaenomenon, at the same instant of time, the difference of the times marked by their respective clocks is the difference of their longitudes, or the distance between their meridians. to catch with precision the same instant of time for these simultaneous observations, the moon\u2019s motion in her orbit is the best element; her change of place (about a half second of space in a second of time) is rapid enough to be ascertained by a good instrument with sufficient precision for the object. but suppose the Observer at Washington, or in a desert, to be without a time keeper; the Equatorial is the instrument to be used in that case. again we have supposed a cotemporaneous Observer at Greenwich. but his functions may be supplied by the Nautical Almanac, adapted to that place, and enabling us to calculate for any instant of time the meridian distances there of the heavenly bodies necessary to be observed for this purpose.The Observer at Washington, chusing the time when their position is suitable, is to adjust his Equatorial to his meridian, to his latitude, and to the plane of his horizon, or if he is in a desert where neither meridian, nor latitude is yet ascertained, the advantages of this noble instrument are, that it enables him to find both in the course of a few hours. thus prepared, let him ascertain by observation the right ascension of the moon from that of a known star, or their horary distance; and, at the same instant, her horary distance from his meridian. her right ascension at the instant thus ascertained, enter with that the Nautical Almanac, and calculate, by it\u2019s tables, what was her horary distance from the meridian of Greenwich at the instant she had attained that point of right ascension, or that horary distance from the same star. the addition of these meridian distances if the moon was between the two meridians, or the subtraction of the lesser from the greater, if she was on the same side of both, is the difference of their longitudes.This general theory admits different cases, of which the Observer may avail himself, according to the particular position of the heavenly bodies at the moment of observation.Case 1stwhen the moon is on his meridian, or on that of Greenwich.2.when the star is on either meridian.3.when the moon and star are on the same side of his meridian.4.when they are on different sides.for instantaneousness of observation the Equatorial has great advantage over the Circle or Sextant: for being truly placed in the mereidian beforehand, the telescope may be directed sufficiently in advance of the moon\u2019s motion for time to note it\u2019s place on the Equatorial circle before she attains that point. then observe, until her limb touches the cross hairs; and in that instant direct the telescope to the star; that compleats the observation, and the place of the star may be read off at leisure. the apparatus for correcting the effects of refraction and parallax, which is fixed on the eye-tube of the telescope, saves time by rendering the notation of altitudes unnecessary, and dispenses with the use of either a time keeper or portable pendulum.I have observed that, if placed in a desert where neither meridian nor latitude is yet ascertained, the Equatorial enables the Observer to find both in a few hours.For the Latitude, adjust by the cross levels the azimuth plane of the instrument to the horizon of the place. bring down the Equatorial plane to an exact parallelism with it, it\u2019s pole then becoming vertical. by the nut & pinion commanding it, and by that of the semi-circle of declination, direct the telescope to the sun. follow it\u2019s path with the telescope by the combined use of these two pinions, and when it has attained it\u2019s greatest altitude, calculate the latitude as when taken by a sextant.For finding the Meridian, set the Azimuth circle to the horison, elevate the Equatorial circle to the complement of the Latitude, and fix it by the clamp & tightening screw of the two brass segments of arches below. by the declination semicircle set the telescope to the sun\u2019s declination of the moment. turn the instrument towards the meridian by guess, and by the combined movement of the Equatorial & azimuth circles direct the telescope to the sun then, by the pinion of the Equatorial alone, follow the path of the sun with the telescope. if it swerves from that path, turn the azimuth circle until it shall follow the sun accurately. a distant stake or tree should mark the meridian to guard against it\u2019s loss by any accidental jostle of the instrument. the 12. aclock line will then be in the true meridian, & the axis of the Equatorial circle will be parallel with that of the earth. the instrument is then in it\u2019s true position for the observations of the night. to the competence & the advantages of this method, I will only add that these instruments are high-priced. mine cost 35 guineas in Ramsden\u2019s shop a little before the Revolution. I will lengthen my letter, already too long only by assurances of my great esteem and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-30-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3188", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Barnes, 30 November 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Barnes, John\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nYour favor of the 22d is but just recieved, and I am able to answer myself your very kind enquiries after my health, the fracture I met with was as slight a case of the kind as could happen. how fortunate, for example, that it was neither a leg nor a thigh: that it was not my right arm: that, of my left, it was the smallest bone, and that a skilful Surgeon attended promptly. you see therefore, even in our misfortunes, and among so many chances of better or worse, how many consolations we have that it was the slightest of the chances that might have happened. the bone was well set, is doing well, free from pain, and for three days past I have begun to take my habitual exercise on horseback. still, slight as it is, I pray you may be guarded against all such accidents, and may enjoy unbroken health during life, without which life is not worth enduring.Ever and affectionately yoursTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-30-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3189", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Law, 30 November 1822\nFrom: Law, Thomas,Cutting, John Browne\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nWashington\n30 Novr 1822Thomas Law Esqr from bodily infirmity has devolved upon Mr J. B. Cutting the grateful task of inclosing to Thomas Jefferson late\u2013President of the United States a recent essay upon a complicated subject.Mr Cutting for himself, tenders Mr Jefferson his most respectful recollections and good wishes\u2014accompanied with regret for the accident that has lately befallen him; from the effects of which Mr C\u2014 (in common with thousands of his fellow citizens) hopes Mr Jefferson may soon recover.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "11-30-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3190", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Radford, 30 November 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Radford, William\nDear Sir\nMonto\nThe enquiries you make in your favor of the 19. are perfectly proper, and I am happy in the occasion they furnish me of explaining to you the solidity of the titles of the lands of Poplar Forest conveyed to you.I have in my possession mr Wayles\u2019s land books in which are recorded the title papers of all the lands he owned, from the patent thro all the subseqt conveyances down to himself. the title to the Pop. For. is short. it was patented by parson Wm Stith descended on his youngest & only surviving daughter and child Mrs Pasteur, who sold it to Colo P. Randolph who sold it to mr Wayles and all in correct form. on his death and the partition of his estate (which was made under the orders of Charles city court) between his 3. daurs mrs J. mrs E & mrs S. the Pop. For. was among other lands allotted to mrs Jefferson. we afterwds joined in a deed of settlement the object of which was to secure these lands to her issue and on failure of that only the remr to myself. the trustees were Nicholas and Charles Lewis, both of this county the one of whom died soon after, the other about 15. or 20. y. ago. the decd is long, providing for several contingencies which never happened, but of the part of it providing for that which did happen & which governs the property I now inclose you a copy. you will percieve that in the case of my being the survivor it authorises me to convey the land in any parts or proportions, and on any condns to any descendant of hers. I conveyed first 1000. & then 400. as to my daur Randolph. these are the lands which are held under her deed by mrs Mosely mr Yancey & yourself. of the piece lying between those lines & Bear branch which I conveyed to make up Bankhead\u2019s agreement with yourself and mr Yancey I kept a copy of my deed, but it is not here. it is among my papers in Bedfd & I do not recollect whether my convce was to my grand daur Anne C. Bankhead or directly to yourselves. it being notoriously intended as an advancement for her and sold for her benefit to you I may have made the convce direct to you. but I do not expect I did. if however I did so, and the purpose does not appear sfftly to bring it within my regular authority it shall be made good in form as well as substance by a convce to my grson and a reconveyance from him to the deed for the lands I pledged to the bank US for mr Nicholas\u2019s debt my gr. son is a party. the only case in which this formality has not been observed is in that of mr Johnson with whom I exchanged 10. or 15. as for his convence. I had no grand child then of age, and as a present security to him I made it a deed of exchange in which case as you know the lands given & taken in exchange stand mutually pledged by law to warrant each other on eviction of title and I always intended as soon as my gr. son T. J. R. shd come of age to confirm the title thro him. I have often mentd it to him but it has so happened that we were never there together for any time & I have not the papers to draw the deed here. but my first visit to that place shall certainly close this case also the only one not in full form. the accident of a fractured arm is to confine me till Xmas day as my physician tells me. it will then be too cold for me to go to Bedfd until the spring. in April I shall go to settle my gr. son Fr. Eppes at the Pop. For. he will then be in place to become the channel of correcting any defects of form not observed. he was married two days ago and in his newly acquired spouse will add to your nbhood a most amiable and valble member. with my friendly respects to enquiring neighbors there accept assurances for yourself of my great esteem and attachmentTh: J", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-01-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3191", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Monroe, 1 December 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Monroe, James\n I thank you, Dear Sir, for the opportunity of reading mr Taylor\u2019s letter, which I now return. news that one can rely on from a country with which we have so little intercourse, and so much mutual interest is doubly grateful. I rejoice to learn that Iturbide\u2019s is a mere usurpation and slenderly supported. altho we have no right to intermeddle with the form of government of other nations yet it is lawful to wish to see no emperors nor kings in our hemisphere, and that Brazil as well as Mexico will homologize with us.The accident to my arm was slight; it is doing well, and free from pain.I thank you sincerely for your favor to Gibson. he is a worthy but unfortunate man. ever & affectionately yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-02-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3192", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Adams, 2 December 1822\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir.\nMontezillo\n2d December. 1822\nI have been deeply afflicted with the account of your accident\u2014At first your leg was broke\u2014I shuddered, I feared that I should have no more letters from Monticello\u2014Next came the account that it was only a small bone in the Arm. My hopes revived the difference between the leg and the Arm was immense. To illustrate this difference, and for your consolation and amusement; I will give you an egotistical anecdote; When one of the Comets was here in our neighborhood I went out one evening into my Garden to look at the wandering Star\u2014with four or five Gentlemen. we returned through an alley over which my Men had placed a strong stake to prevent a peach tree from breaking down with its load of fruit\u2014In the dark I blundered against this stake broke its fastness\u2014it fell and I with it on the sharp edge of a knot in it\u2014I felt a sharp cut but thought it had only broke the skin, I scampered up and returned to the house with the other Gentlemen\u2014my Daughter Smith cried out Sir, what has happened to you, your Leg is all bloody, I striped off the stocking and low a gash from half an inch, to an inch deep cut by the sharp knot bleeding profusely my Daughter cried out bring me some Landanum I knew no better, her Mother always had an Apothecarys Shop in her closet instantly brought a Bottle they poured a quantity of it into the wound and washed the neighboring flesh with it. bound a bandage around it, but it produced an inflamation which cost me a confinement for two months several surgeons came to see me and all agreed that neither the genius nor experience of Philosophers, Physicians nor surgeons had heitherto invented any means of preventing the humours falling down into a wound in the Leg but by holding it up, they accordingly compelled me to hold mine almost perpendicularly oftener lieing on my back on a Sofa oftener at an angle of forty five but never lower than an horizontal line\u2014in this manner they made me vegitate for two months suffering continual twinges on the shin, the Bathes, tents and bandages and lotions I pass over\u2014I verily believe that if nothing had been done to it but washing in warm water it would have been well in three days\u2014you may console yourself with the hope that your arm will soon be well; you will not be obliged to hold your arm up pointing to the skies\u2014If your cannot write yourself may the fair lovely and accomplished Miss Hellen Randolph to write a line to inform me of your recovery\u2014your affectionate friend\u2014John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-02-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3193", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George F. Hopkins, 2 December 1822\nFrom: Hopkins, George F.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,Decr 2, 1822.The person who submitted to you certain observations on Electricity, Looming, &c. recieved the manuscript with your remarks. He now does himself the farther honour to send you a copy of the same in print, and requests your acceptance of it for what it may be worth.P.S. As Mr. Jefferson is the only Gentleman who possesses the name of the writer, he has to request that it may be known no farther.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-03-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3198", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Lambert, 3 December 1822\nFrom: Lambert, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,\nCity of Washington,\nDecemr 3d 1822.\nOn a further examination of your communication of the 29th ulto I observe that you state\u2014\u201cIf two persons at two points of the same hemisphere, (as Greenwich and Washington, for example) observe the same celestial phenomenon at the same instant of time, the difference of the times marked by their respective clocks, is the difference of their longitudes, or the distance of their meridians\u201d. This principle is perfectly correct, when referred to the center of the Earth under those meridians; but not so, when referred to the two points on its surface. This is evident in cases of occultations, and solar eclipses. For instance, the immersion of \u2648\u2649, on the 12th of January, 1813, happened at 12h 43m 39sec P.M. at Greenwich, and at the place of observation in Washington, at 5h 46m 49s P.M. appt time. The difference of these times, 6h 56m 50s., as marked by their respective clocks, would be = 104\u00b0 12.\u2032 30\u2033, of longitude; but we find by calculation, that the time at the center of the Earth under the meridian of Washington, when the immersion happened at Greenwich, was 7h 35m 49sec nearly, which subtracted from 12b 43m 39sec, gives 5h 7m. 50sec, in time, = 76.\u00b0 57.\u2032 30.\u2033 W. of Greenwich. The place of observation was 1.\u2032 49.\u2033 75dec of longitude West of the Capitol.Whatever, therefore, may be the kind of observation taken, and particularly any position of the Moon compared with that of another object, it is always to be understood, that reference should be had to the Center, and not to the surface of the Earth. The Nautical Almanac, or Connaissance des Terns, gives us the Moon\u2019s longitude, latitude, right ascension, and declination, not as seen from the surface, but as viewed from the Center of the Earth, under the meridian of Greenwich, or Paris; and if we would find the difference of meridians, by either the Moon\u2019s longitude or right ascension, we must, by having its apparent position at any instant of time, find its true place at the same moment.I may not have clearly understood your meaning in this respect; if not, you will please to set me right in any communication you may hereafter make on this subject.With regard to the object of exploring the western country, and ascertaining the latitude and longitude of its prominent points, I think the object worthy of your patriotism and enlightened views.\u2014I am apprehensive that Congress will take no further measures to establish a first meridian at the seat of the national government. Having sent Copies of my report to the President, to various sections of the U.S. and to Europe, I expected, \u2018ere this, to have been favored with the opinions of scientific men on the work, and that Congress would, in some way, or other, sanction what has been done by some declaratory act in relation to the result which has been found. As I have been already been, and may be further disappointed in this expectation, I should willingly undertake the calculation of the latitude and longitude of places in the w region of the U.S. provided I could in every ca be furnished with observations and data that could be relied on. It would not suit me now to travel there, or undergo the fatigues and hardships of an actual observer.I have the honor to be, with great respect, Your most obedt servtWilliam Lambert.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-03-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3199", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from A. McCall, 3 December 1822\nFrom: McCall, A.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nGibraltar\n3d December 1822\nI have the honor to enclose a letter to your address received yesterday under from Cadiz\u2014I am with the highest Respects and Consideration Sir Yr: Mo: Obt: ServtA: McCall", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-07-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3201", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Peter Maverick, 7 December 1822\nFrom: Maverick, Peter\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMuch esteemed SirNew York\nDecr 7th 1822I have this day as pr direction forwarded by water to Richmond to Col Peyton a Box cont 250 impressions of the Plan of the Universityhope the whole execution will meet your entire satisfaction. The Plate I have retained as pr yr advice\u2014subject to future order.I am Dear Sir your oblige & humbl ServtPeter MaverickThe Honble Thomas Jeffersonto Peter MaverickDCTo Engraving a Plan of the Univerity of Virginia112.\u3003 Printing 250do @$1025.\u3003 Paper fordo12.\u3003 Box & cartage1.$150\u2013\u2013New York\nDecr 7th 1822", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-08-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3202", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Smith, 8 December 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Smith, James\nSir\nMonticello\nI have to thank you for your pamphlets on the subject of Unitarianism, and to express my gratification with your efforts for the revival of primitive Christianity in your quarter. no historical fact is better established than that the doctrine of one god, pure and uncompounded was that of the early ages of Christianity; and was among the efficacious doctrines which gave it triumph over the polytheism of the antients, sickened with the absurdities of their own theology. nor was the unity of the supreme being ousted from the Christian creed by the force of reason, but by the sword of civil government wielded at the will of the fanatic Athanasius. the hocus-pocus phantasm of a god like another Cerberus, with one body and three heads had it\u2019s birth and growth in the blood of thousands and thousands of martyrs. and a strong proof of the solidity of the primitive faith is it\u2019s restoration as soon as a nation arises which vindicates to itself the freedom of religious opinion, and it\u2019s eternal divorce from the civil authority. the pure and simple unity of the creator of the universe is now all but ascendant in the Eastern states; it is dawning in the West, and advancing towards the South; and I confidently expect that the present generation will see Unitarianism become the general religion of the United States. the Eastern presses are giving us many excellent pieces on the subject, and Priestly\u2019s learned writings on it are, or should be in every hand. in fact the Athanasian paradox that one is three, and three but one is so incomprehensible to the human mind that no candid man can say he has any idea of it, and how can he believe what presents no idea. he who thinks he does only decieves himself. he proves also that man, once surrendering his reason, has no remaining guard against absurdities the most monstrous, and like a ship without rudder is the sport of every wind. with such persons gullability which they call faith takes the helm from the hand of reason and the mind becomes a wreck.I write with freedom, because, while I claim a right to believe in one god, if so my reason tells me, I yield as freely to others that of believing in three. both religions I find make honest men, & that is the only point society has any authority to look to\u2014altho\u2019 this mutual freedom should produce mutual indulgence, yet I wish not to be brought in question before the public on this or any other subject, and I pray you to consider me as writing under that trust. I take no part in controversies religious or political. at the age of 80. tranquility is the greatest good of life, and the strongest of our desires that of dying in the good will of all mankind. and with the assurances of all my good will to Unitarian & Trinitarian, to whig & tory accept for yourself that of my entire respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-10-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3203", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Johnson, 10 December 1822\nFrom: Johnson, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Few Occurrences could have afforded me more Pleasure than the Receipt of your kind and friendy Letter. I had for some Days previous been writhing under the profligate Attack made on me in the No American Review, & had just got over the Vexatious incident to publishing the Notice I though it incumbent on me to take of it in the City Gazette of the 15\u201320th ult. Since that Time I have been constantly engaged in Court or in the Studies incident to it, or I should have made an earlier Acknowledgment of the Favour I feel conferred upon me, both by the kind Sentiments expressd in Your Letter, and the\nConfidence\twhich I feel reposed in me by its Contents.\nNor are there wanting other Grounds of self-gratulation. I was really apprehensive that Virginia would espouse the Cause of Coll Lee, and that I should receive from my Friends in\nthat quarter a less favorable Decision than you have conferrd upon me. Nor was I without a Fear that the impudent Falsehood\nof the No American Review, in charging me with drawing Comparisons\nbetween the Troops of Carolina and Virginia unfavorable to the latter, would be suffered to pass, upon the Credit of the Writer. Nothing could have been farther from my Intention, & I trust there is not a Passage in the Book that can be\ntortured to such a Meaning. But there was still another and a greater Ground of Consolation. By convicting Gouverneur Morris of Monarchical Opinions & intimate Connexions in the Newberg Conspiracy, I have unfortunately verified the Observation \u201cthat Party-hatred may doze but never dies.\u201d The whole Remains of the Federal-party are in Arms against me, & joind to the numerous Connexions & more numerous Admirers of Col Lee, they have caused me sensibly to feel, that I never stood in greater Need of the Countenance of my Friends. Yet I think I have conducted myself in such a Way, that those who identify themselves with Morris\u2019s Views or Lee\u2019s Fame must acknowledge that it is of their own invoking.I agree with you most unequivocally in the Opinion that Genl Washington was the only man who could have conducted us through the War of the Revolution. There was a Momentum necessary, which he alone could have given to the Mighty Operations then going on. I trust I have faithfully persisted in the Acknowledgment of his Preeminence. And yet even here I have not been so fortunate as to avoid giving Offence. But you know the characteristic Selfishness to the Eastward; it would grasp in its Embrace Wealth, Fame, Dominion, every thing. I am told I have even given Umbrage by asserting (& proving) that we to the South had asserted the Principles of the Revolution near a Century before they have been supposed to have been given Birth to in Boston. The North-American Review of my Work, you will observe, speaks of Greene as the most extraordinary Man of the Revolution.You are pleased to express a Hope that I will give to the Public the Work on the History of Parties to which I allude in the last Paragraph of my second Volume. But what Inducement, my dear Sir, can I have to proceed with that Undertaking? My recent Experience of the Hostility which such a Work must certainly bring upon me, of the poor Return that national or\nparty Gratitude would make for the Vexations which certainly arise from the making of Enemies; of the feeble Patronage\nwhich the American People as yet bestow upon American Productions; of the Mortification inseparable from the Carelessness or Ignorance of Printers, and the Vilainy & Extortions of Book Sellers; all conspire to deter me from publishing, tho\u2019 I should proceed to complete another Work. I have advanced far in it, & my Notes & Extracts by far the most laborious Part of the Undertaking would enable me to finish it the next Summer. But I acknowledge, when I reflect on the impudent Outrage that I have received in ye No A. Review, & see it quietly tolerated by the American People, I am half inclined to think that they have pronounced me inadequate to such an Undertaking. I was also informed by Judge Todd at the last Session, that Mr Madison was engaged on some Work on that Period, which I have flattered myself was upon the same Subject, or some one intimately connected with it. If so, it would be presumptuous in any other to attempt it. He is now, except yourself the only Man living who could do Justice to it. I regret exceedingly that it has not occupied your Hours of Retirement hitherto; for believe me, we have been all looking up to you for the Vindication of the Purity of our Intentions & Patriotism of our Efforts. We were always under the Impression that you would not publish any Work on the Subject; but, while we should piously deprecate the Event that put us in Possession of it, you cannot be insensible that we have looked up to you as our common Father and will believe me when I assure you that we have hoped for a rich Legacy of History from your Pen. I have been informed, and I hope still it may be time, that you have kept a Journal from the earliest Time of your public Career. If so, pray bequeath it to some Friend who will fearlessly do Justice to the Part you have\nacted, and vindicate us along with you, from the foul Imputations\nwhich have already pass\u2019d into History against us. It is indeed astonishing that we have so long been indifferent to our Vindication against the insidious Libel you allude to. But having falsified it in the Minds of the American Public, we have never turned our Thoughts to the Opinions of Posterity. It was that Libel, that first suggested to me the Attempt at a public Vindication, and to my shame I acknowlede, that I had given the Volume that contains it so cursory a Reading, that it was not until I came to study it attentively with a View to my Work, that I felt the full Force of its Insinuations.Let who will undertake the Task of vindicating us, the\nWork must be incomplete without the Aid of yourself & Mr Madison; & even there I fear official Delicacy will\ndeprive us of a vast deal of the most essential Information.With regard to the Subject of the Supreme Court, I really am happy to be favoured with an Excuse for expressing myself freely and confidentially to you. Be assured that my Situation there has not been \u201ca Bed of Roses.\u201d But it partakes in so many Respects of the Nature of a Cabinet that a Degree of Circumspection is indispensable in lifting the Curtain; and often, very often, have I wishd for some one whom I could consult on the Course proper to be pursued in\tdischarging the Duties which devolved upon me there. But unfortunately I have never had a single Individual on the Bench with whom I could confer with unlimited Confidence. One thing however I resolved on at a very early Period\u2014to let no private or party Feeling run counter to the great Interests of the United\nStates. If an executive, a legislature and judicial Department, are necessary to the well-being of the Community, it behoves those who fill those Departments always to have an Eye to the Importance of giving a Character to those Departments of preserving that Respectability without which they would cease to answer the Ends proposed in their Institution.\tWhile I was on our State-bench I was accustomed to deliver my seriatim Opinions in our appellate Court, and was not a little surprised to find our Chief Justice in the Supreme Court delivering all the Opinions in Cases in which he sat, even, in some Instances when contrary to his own Judgment & vote. But I remonstrated in vain; the Answer was, he is willing to take the Trouble, & it is a Mark of Respect to him. I soon however found out the real Cause. Cushing was incompetent, Chase could not be got to think or write\u2014Patterson was a slow man & willingly declined the Trouble, & the other two Judges you know are commonly estimated as one Judge. Some Case soon occurred in which I differed from my Bretheren, & I thought it a thing of Course to deliver my Opinion. But, during the rest of the Session I heard nothing but Lectures on the Indecency of Judges cutting at each other, and the Loss of Reputation which the Virginia appellate Court had sustained by\tpursuing such a Course &ca. At length I found that I must either submit to Circumstances or become such a Cypher in our Consultations as to effect no good at all. I therefore bent to the Current, and persevered until I got them to adopt the Course they now pursue, which is to appoint some one to deliver the Opinion of the Majority, but leave it to the Discretion of the rest of the Judges to record their Opinions or not ad Libitum. And I presume it must be known to you, that to enforce a different Rule now, would be attended with just the same Difficulties as existed when I first came on the Bench. If it would compel incompetent Men to quit the Bench I would say enforce it; but I know that it would not, for others would write their Opinions merely to command their Votes.And now Sir permit me to unfold to you the real Evil that exists in the Constitution of that Court. We are too numerous. Among seven Men you will always find at least one Intriguer, and probably more than one who may be acted upon by Intrigue. There will be Cabals; and unfortunately they cannot be exposed. No appellate Court ought to consist of more than four, & it is a theoretical Folly to have a greater number. I would alter the present System thus. Let the US be thrown\ninto a Southern a Western a Middle and an Eastern Division, & have a Judge appointed to the Se Court from each\u2014Give them, Circuit Jurisdiction to the District Court, with a direct Appeal to the Se Court\u2014Make us hold two Sessions pr. An. & confine us to the Duties of the Se Court. Let the Salaries of the three Judges who would be suffered to die or retire, be divided among the District Judges or even a little more, & I think you would have a System cheap, adapted to our Growth, & safe. Then the seriatim Opinions might be required with safety. Whoever\nmay be our next President, he will confer lasting Benefit on the Community by recommending such a System.\nBut there is a strange Habit now growing upon Congress,\nof wasting their Time in set speeches, & neglecting the great Interests of the Country. For any of us to recommend the Change, would be to expose ourselves to the Imputation of a Design to curtail our Labours. To me the Consequence would\nbe much the Reverse. My circuit duty is nothing in comparison with a second Session at Washington.There is no Subject on which I feel myself more at a Loss than that of the present State of Parties. Here we are all in Confusion. The Victory is gained and the Troops are scattered over the Field stripping the Slain. For the\nSpolia opima\nthere is a portentous Contest impending among ourselves. This is a Crisis in the Affairs of the United States. I was in hopes that the late War wd have elicited Characters so commanding as to have directed our Choice of a President for many Years to come. But it has not done so & we are left to a Choice among Men who boast of neither Scars nor Triumphs, Men who with all their Merits, are not sufficiently removed beyond the Pretensions of those who elect them. I look forward with trembling Anticipation, to the Time when a Multitude of Competitors shall start up for the high Office. It is disgusting to read the Calumnies which are already finding their Way into the Papers against some of the\nCandidates. But what are these to the Broils and Intrigues and\nCompromises to which these Struggles seem to be drawing?When the Population of a free State has been once divided into two Parties by an acknowledged Line of Demarkation, the Annihilation of one Party seems necessarily to imply the Extinction of the other. Yet it is impossible for things long to continue in that State. New Parties must arise & indeed ought to be desired. The Office of good Men is to temper their Zeal and direct it to useful Purposes. Along with the Monarchists and Consolidators who calld themselves the Federal-party, there were always a great many good Men, who seriously had the best Interests of the Country at heart, & who would never have gone into the Excesses to which their Leaders may have been disposed to carry them. These Men abandoned their Party in Disgust during the late War, &\nmany others did the same from a Desire to claim a Participation in the Credit which many Incidents and Consequences of the War gave to the Party that had declared it.Their Leaders then found themselves so decidedly in the Minority, that they appear to have abandoned the Struggle in Despair, & manifested a great Desire to make themselves agreeable to their former Opponents. But, altho\u2019 the Seceders on Principle have been cordially received, I agree with you that there has been no Amalgamation; & tranquil as the Mass of Federalism appears; it exists separately and will shew itself on the first Occasion. The next presidential Election is looked to anxiously as the Occasion that is to bring them\nagain into Notice\u2014perhaps into Power. Should they ever again be\nable to give a Tone to the Measures of Government, I cannot\nanticipate what Course they will pursue. The Acquisition of Louisiana in my Opinion put down among the thinking ones, all Idea of ever establishing a general Monarchy; the Extent of our Territory and the Scope given to the Propagation of that Class of Men who never can be yoked to the Car of Despotism,\nought to have satisfied them that such a Project was ridiculous. The same Cause also, I am inclined to think, produced an Abandonment\nof the Project of general Consolidation; and I fear caused the Adoption of a Plan as pregnant of Evil as either of the others\u2014A separation of the States, as the only Means of restoring the Predominance of Massachusetts with in the section that she might draw off with her. Hence the unprincipled and ungrateful separation of her Views and Interests during the late War,\u2014cappd by the Hartford Convention. Here again Louisiana seems to me to have saved us; for its rich Commerce and vast carrying Trade were not to be surrendered\u2014If Great Britain had succeeded in possessing herself of that Country, perhaps it would not have been. The Mississipi Manouvre succeeded; a measure which besides throwing into the Hands of the white Population of the East the Tillage of our Lands, the Building of our Houses, and finally all the Wealth of our Country, secured the Trade of the Mississipi by associating the States North of the Ohio in the Interests of the East. It was a cold hearted, selfish, ungenerous Effort. Thank Heaven it was successfully resisted; and it is a happy Omen, that the good Sense of the People appears already to have overcome the Impulse that was given to these Passions by a Measure so insidiously masked under the best Feelings of our Nature.\nFrom these Considerations I am inclined to think that if\nthe Monarchists and Consolidaters should, through our Dissensions, again get into Power, their Projects can only be pursued through the Medium of a separation of the States, & that they have already seen it & acted upon it. I feel it my Part to endeavour to persuade every one that whatever be the Result of the ensuing Contest, it is the Duty of every good Citizen, freely to resign himself to the public Will constitutionally expressd. But I see a curious Game going on around me, which I may one Day amuse you with a Development of.It is very unfortunate for us, that some recent Movements\nof some of the States, have exhibited such Symptoms of antifederal Feeling, as to alarm the Fears of some of those who feel most sensibly for the Preservation of the Union in the pure Spirit\nof the Constitution. The Conduct of Massachusetts was unequivocal; Georgia, sometime since levelld a Provision of one of her stop-laws at our Marshall; Pensylvania openly by Law instructed all her public Officers to resist the United States; the recent Manouvre of Kentucky to force her depreciated Paper upon Creditors, and evade the Article of the Constitution which prohibits the States from making any thing but Gold and Silver a legal Tender, would have disgraced the Times of our paper Money. These Occurrences & a variety of others that I could mention, have actually converted some of our best Republicans into qualified Federalists. Or, if any Amalgamation does exist, it is between the pure Men of both Parties, who never were in Principle, very far removed from each other. Hence, too much leaning to that Bane of our civil Tranquillity\u2014the assertion of implied Powers.\nI wish the People of the United States would feel as\nsensibly as I do, the Necessity for a calm and patient Review of those two Articles of the Constitution which relate, the one to the Obligation of Contracts, and the other to the general legislating Power of Congress. We should have very little to be uneasy about if those two Clauses could be adequately explained and modified. But it is in vain to hope to bring any human System to Perfection. Our Security must\nbe found at last, in the Virtue and Intelligence of the People,\n& in the Firmness & Purity of their RulersI fear, my dear Sir, that you will repent having drawn upon you the Visitation of this very long Letter; but I pray you to remember it is not often that I am permitted to loiter in such Company. I have now pass\u2019d my Half-century, and begin to feel lonely among the Men of the present Day. And I am sorry to tell you particularly so in this Place. This last Summer has furnished but too much Cause for\tShame and Anguish. I have lived to see what I really never believed it possible I should see,\u2014Courts held with closed Doors, and Men dying by Scores who had never seen the Faces nor heard the Voices of their Accusers. I see that your Governor has noticed the Alarm of Insurrection which prevailed in this Place some Months since. But be assured it was nothing in Comparison with what it was magnified to. But you know the best way in the World to make them tractable is to frighten them to Death; and to magnify Danger is to magnify the Claims of those who arrest it. Incalculable are the Evils which have resulted from the exaggerated Accounts circulated respecting that Affair. Our Property is reduced to nothing. Strangers are alarmed at coming near us; our Slaves rendered uneasy; the Confidence between us and our Domestics destroyed\u2014and all this because of a trifling Cabal of a few ignorant pennyless unarmed uncombined Fanatics, and which certainly would have blown over without an Explosion had it never come to light. Our Governor has so represented it in his Message No 2. but the Shame of some and the Interests of others will I expect prevent its Publication.When the Court of Magistrates & Freeholders who tried the Slaves implicated were pursuing that Course of sitting in Conclave & convicting Men upon the secret exparte Examination of Slaves without Oath, whose Names were not I believe revealed even to the Owners of the accused, the Governor, whose Feeling revolted at this unprecedented & I say, illegal mode of Trial, consulted the Attorney General (the Gentleman lately elected Senator) on the Legality of their Proceedings, and you will be astonished to hear that he gave a direct Opinion in Favour of it. If such be the Law of this Country, this shall not long be my Country. But I will first endeavour to correct the Evil.And now my dear Sir, permit me to close this unmerciful Letter, by rendering you my sincere Thanks for the very friendly Sentiments with which you honour me. And as there is no one existing whose good Opinion I value above yours, so no one can more sincerely subscribe himselfYours with every Sentiment of Veneration & Friendship", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-10-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3204", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Robert Walsh, 10 December 1822\nFrom: Walsh, Robert\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia\nDecember. 10th 1822\nI venture to intrude to the extent of a single page on your kind attention.The place of Civil Engineer to the Board of Public Works of Virginia is vacant; and Major S. H. Long, resident in this city and belonging to the United States corps of Topographical engineers, is a candidate for that place. I know that Major Long is held to be eminently qualified for it, by the gentlemen of this city whose studies and professions render them competent judges in the matter I have had, myself, good opportunities of becoming acquainted with his general information and capacity, his habits of application and exertion, and his moral principles and social manners. In all these respects he appears to me entitled to the highest esteem and confidence.I write upon the presumption that you feel an interest in the election in reference to the good of the State.Always, with Veneration, Your Faithful servantRobert Walsh Jr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-12-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3205", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 12 December 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Brockenbrough, Arthur S.\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nIn inclose you a letter recieved yesterday from our engraver in New York. I shall write to Colo Peyton how to dispose of the prints, in the meantime I shall be glad have a remittance of the 150.D. made to mr Maverick which I promised should be done as soon as I should recieve his bill.I am waiting for your acct Apr. to October, to send our Report to the legislature, as also the estimate of the probable cost of the library. friendly salutationsTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-12-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3206", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to DeWitt Clinton, 12 December 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Clinton, DeWitt\nMontiello\nDec. 12. 22.I thank you, Dear Sir, for the little volume sent me on the Natural history and resources of N. York. it an instructive, interesting and agreeably written account of the riches of a country to which your great canal gives value and issue, and of the wealth which it creates from what without it would have had no value. Altho\u2019 I do not recollect the conversation with Judge Firman referred to in page 131. I have no doubt it is correct; for that I know was my early opinion, and many, I dare say still think with me that N. York has anticipated by a full century the ordinary progress of improvement. this great work suggests a question both curious & difficult, as to the comparative capability of nations to execute great enterprises. it is not from a greater surplus of produce after supplying their own wants, for in this N.Y. is not beyond some other states. is it from other sources of industry additional to her produce? this may be. or is it a moral superiority? a sounder calculating mind as to the most profitable employment of surplus, by improvement of capital instead of useless consumption? I should lean to this latter hypothesis were I disposed to puzzle myself with such investigations. but at the age of 80 it would be an idle labor, which I leave to the generation which is feel it\u2019s effects, & add therefore only the assurance of my great esteem and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-12-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3207", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Browne Cutting, 12 December 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cutting, John Browne,Law, Thomas\nMonticello\nDec. 12. 22.Th: Jefferson salutes Dr Cutting with antient & friendly recollections, and with a mind which does not easily part with early impressions. he hopes the years which have intervened since they last saw each other\n\t\t\t have been to Dr Cutting years of health and pleasantness, & that he yet has many such to come.Marching abreast with mr Law in the Calender of time, it is his particular lot to suffer by two dislocated wrists now stiffened by age, and rendering writing slow, painful, and all but impossible. he is happy to find by the pamphlet mr Law has so kindly sent him, that his mind is still equal to the continuation of his useful labors, and that his zeal for the general good is unabated. where they are next to meet, in this, or some other untried state of being, he knows not, but if we carry with us the affections of this world he shall there greet mr Law with unchanged esteem and respect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-12-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3209", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Benjamin King, 12 December 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: King, Benjamin\nSir\nMonticello\nI have duly recieved your favor covering the drawing of your equilateral level. I think it ingenious and likely to answer well the purposes proposed, and especially that of ascending roads. if your strawcutter answers well and is cheap, it will be in demand. we have a patent one, most excellent for it\u2019s purpose, but so dear that no one buys it. I wish you success with both and hope that the time since I witnessed your useful labors at the navy yard has been agreeably & profitably spent to you.having this occasion of writing to you I will trouble you with an enquiry. you know the hoisting machine which mr Latrobe used for raising great weights at the public buildings. it was what is called the axle in the wheel, being an axle about 8. I. diameter, and an iron spur wheel at the end of about 4. f. diam. the hoisting rope wrapped round the axle. the wheel was moved by a toothed pinion with a double handle. I procured one at Washington for my own use, but our University having need of it I let them have it for what it cost me at Washington. but what that was I cannot now find. I therefore ask the favor of you to inform me of the cost of such a one there. it was compleated fensed for use, all the wooden work compleat, but without a rope. it had a spur wheel at one end of the axle only. some of them have two. your information will enable me to settle with the University and greatly oblige me. accept my best wishes and respectsTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-12-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3211", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 12 December 1822\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,Richd\n12 Decemr 1822I yesterday recd bill of lading from Peter Maverick of New York, for 1 Box, containing 250 impressions of a plan of the University of Virginia\u2014 on the arrival of the Box, would you allow me to take a copy out of it for myself?\u2014 I think it would have a good effect to distribute a few amongst the members of the Assembly\u2014 but you know best as to that:\u2014 I should be glad of one to keep myself\u2014I am much pleased indeed to hear of your rapid recovery from the fracture you lately met with\u2014 I trust by this time you are perfectly well again.With great respect Dr Sir Yours very TrulyBernard PeytonFlour $6Wheat 125\u00a2", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-13-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3213", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 13 December 1822\nFrom: Brockenbrough, Arthur S.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,Your letter of the 21st Nov. was not recd untill wednesday last, Genl Cocke by whom it was sent not recollecting it untill after he got home. I will make out Giacomo Raggis acct in a few days & send it to you\u2014My acct to the 23 Nov: will be sent you in a day or two\u2014I have been waiting for the bills of undertakers that I might show the balance that will be due to them, they also promise to hand in the estimate of the probable cost of the Library by the last of this week you may calculate on recieving it by Monday in time for the tuesdays mail\u2014I am sir respectfully your obt sertA. S. BrockenbroughP.S. Mr Garrett will hand you a draft for 150 dollars for Mr Maverick you will please send me a receipt for it\u2014A. S B\u2014h.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-14-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3214", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Francisco Solano Const\u00e2ncio, 14 December 1822\nFrom: Const\u00e2ncio, Francisco Solano\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,\nPhiladelphia\nDecr 14th 1822\nIt was my intention on coming to the United States, to have been myself the bearer of the two enclosed letters, but having by unavoidable business been prevented from going this Season to Virginia, I am forced, although with great reluctance to postpone till the ensuing year my journey to Monticello, and the Satisfaction of becoming personally acquainted with one of the most respectable and worthy founders of the Liberty of his country, and who has so powerfully and effectually contributed to consolidate and to perfect its institutions.By the letter of our illustrious friend, the Marquis de la Fayette, you will see that I had many years ago formed the project of coming to Settle as a physician in Some part of the Union. I now come in the quality of Charge d\u2019Affaires from regenerated Portugal, my native country, for whose liberty I have constantly and strenuously pleaded in my writings. It was highly gratifying for me to have been chosen to represent my nation, at a moment when it had So nobly so courageously and So calmly reassumed its rights, near the government of the only people that has since its independence, enjoyed in its full extent, civil and political liberty. I am only Sorry that the distance between Monticello and my actual place of residence, deprives me of the advantage of conversing with you on politics, and of learning much from So able and experienced a StatesmanI read Some time ago in the Newspapers, and with great concern, that you had been Severely hurt by a fall, but I am happy to learn that you are in a fair way of recoving, and hope to hear Soon that you are perfectly restored to health.I remain, with the Sentiments of the highest consideration and of the greatest respect,Sir your Sincere admirer and most humble ServantFrancisco Solano Constancio", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-14-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3215", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette, 14 December 1822\nFrom: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy dear friend La Grange 8h April 1809While You Are Enjoying the peice of private Life I am Sure You Will Not be disturbed By the introduction of Such an Acquaintance as doctor Constancio. He is a portuguese, Has Long Been in Great Britain and france, and to His Natural Accomplishments Has Joined Acquired ones Both of Which insure to Him, wherefore He Will Be known, a More Agreable Reception. I Have Not Had Myself the pleasure to Enjoy His Society But His Known Character Makes me Happy in the Opportunity He Gives me through Common friends to present Him With Some Letters for America. Nothing from You, My dear friend, Has Reached me Since the Verbal Message delivered By Mr Short. Nor Can I as You, Notwistanding our Exertions and our Hopes, inform You of the Conclusion of the Measure You Have Recommended. Mr and Mde de Tess\u00e9, and My Children are in Good Health. Two of them, My daughter in Law, and Virginia are Going to increase the family. Most Affectionately, My dear JeffersonYour old loving friendLafayettedoctor Constancio Has remained two years Longer in Europe. permit me to renew this introduction to you.April 1812", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-16-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3216", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 16 December 1822\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n I am favor\u2019d with yours of the 12th: curt, & will attend particularly to your wishes, in relation to the sale of the 8 suites you speak of.\u2014I wrote you on this subject by last mail, suggesting the propriety of allowing the Legislature to see them, which I am glad to find was your object.\u2014I will put a parcel at two of the Book Stores, & offer some in the Lobby of the House of Delegates.\u2014The balance will send on to you as directed\u2014Neither Mr Johnson or Mr Cabell are here yet, & the former will not be probably, before 1 Jany, owing to ill health\u2014The amt recd for sales the Prints in question, shall be credited to the proctor of the University\u2014I have recd a letter to-day, from Mr A. S. Brockenbrough, covering check for $150, which he says you desire may be ford to Mr Peter Maverick of New York, to pay for these prints\u2014which shall be done, & on the best terms possible\u2014& supposing $150 is the sum you wish remitted, will send a dft: for that, charging the university with the prentn on the dft,: which will not be less than 1 Pr Ct\u2014du haste\u2014With great respect Dr Sir Yours very TrulyB. Peyton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-17-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3217", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 17 December 1822\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhilada\nVery soon after the departure of my last letter, I learned through the newspapers, the accident which had befallen you. I felt much anxiety on account of it notwithstanding these papers gave a favorable account of the turn which the disorder had taken. I wished much for more detail & for a more recent account, & was prevented from troubling you with a letter to that end, only from my unwillingness to add to your trouble in any way, & particularly in the way of writing, which I knew to be painful to you, before I saw it confirmed by a late letter from you to Mr Adams, which has been published. I recollect, as if it had taken place yesterday, the dislocation of the wrist you complain of, & the bungling manner in which the Surgeon Louis, so much celebrated for his general skill, treated that particular case. I am sorry to learn that it should still make you feel the effects of his failure.I am not the only friend here, where you have a great many, who desire much to know the present state of this accident. The last account which we have, is by Mr Walsh from J. Q. Adams at Washington, who informs him that you are doing well & that no bad consequences are apprehended, & that it is not doubted, that in a short time you will be again in statu quo ante. It would be much more satisfactory to us to know this more directly, if it were possible. Yet I will not ask you to write; but if, as I cannot doubt, you have conveniently at your disposal, some other hand, it would be really a great relief & gratification to me if you would dictate the present state of your wound.I am sure I need not add here that, of which you have had such long & invariable proof, I will not (as so many of your correspondents have done & of which you so justly complain) blazon your letter forth in the newspapers.I am always apt to forget myself when writing to you, & thus prolong my letter perhaps beyond your patience\u2014Not to encounter this risk at present, I will stop here, only adding the assurance of those sentiments of affectionate respect with which I have ever been & shall ever be, dear Sir,your friend & servantW: Short", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-18-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3218", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Alexander Garrett, 18 December 1822\nFrom: Garrett, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nWednesday morning 18th Decr 1822.\nThe child of my daughter Southall, died in yesterday. she is desirous it should be burried by the side of the one you were so good as to permit my wife and self to deposit in your grave yard some time past. If it is not askeing too much of you, I should be greatly obliged by your permission to gratify my daughter in her wish.RespectfullyAlex: Garrett", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-18-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3219", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Arthur Middleton, 18 December 1822\nFrom: Middleton, Arthur\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nWashington\nHere is the work, which, some months ago, you gave me permission to send on to you. And to do this, I should have been happy to have seized an earlier opportunity: but became engrossed on my return to Washington with such absorbing cares, as left little room in my attention even for the most important duties. My distresses continued without respite, & ended at last with the heaviest of all afflictions.Heavy indeed are most of the calamities which Fate lets fall on our luckless race: we recover from her blows but slowly, while life & nature are consuming fast\u2014Few escape from all the storms of life unwrecked; but fewer are cheered amid the tempest with the hopes of such a haven as that which you have reached.\u2014A retirement consecrated to wisdom, & graced by the love of an admiring people\u2014A Lot which Kings would envy, if they could appreciate it.With best wishes for your speedy recovery from the late accident, & compliments to your family, I remain Sir, with the highest Respect,Yr Obt ServtArthur Middleton.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-18-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3220", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Richard Emmons, 18 December 1822\nFrom: Emmons, Richard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nBloomfield, Nelson County Kentucky,\nWith a peculiar feeling of veneration, I have taken the liberty to send you a part of my epick poem on the late war.\u2014My mind has for some time vacillated upon the propriety of transmitting to you this canto in the present form, or wait till I should correct, and send you this, or some other in manuscript. To save time I have inclosed the pamplet.\u2014Residing upwards of fifty miles from Lexington, I have not had the opportunity of correcting the proof sheet as I could wish; in consequence of which, I have run it hastely over, and corrected some of its errors on the margin. The printer has taken the liberty to alter some of the verses, but it strikes me that his alterations have not been of any real improvement; For instance; verse 34th And bends elastick o\u2019er a noble mind. The M.S. reads And bends elastick o\u2019er his head behind, servants, for subjects. &C. Through carelessness I perceive, that in this block, I have rhymed the word heath too often. I find but little difficulty, however, of transposing the language, whenever I discover those verbal inaccuracies.\u2014Perhaps a brief history of the poem would not be unacceptable.\u2014The first composition I ever wrote in verse was in Feb. 1819\u2014I commenced the present form in Jan. 1820. Hence you will perceive that I have hardly been engaged three years, .\u2014I composed the whole outline of the work in ten months, since which time I have been correcting and transcribing. What satisfies me at one time, I obliterate at another. When I began the poem, I was entirely ignorant of criticism and consequently of the difficulty of the undertaking. Doctor Johnson in his life of Milton was the first, who enlightened me upon the subject. But notwithstanding his appalling description, as I had already composed two books entirely fiction, I was determined to proceed. With history for my guide, I was encouraged to believe, that I should advance with greater facility.\u2014But history has often trammeled my imagination.\u2014I gave myself no time to choose my subject, but commenced the poem in three hours after I had conceived the design. But I am confident that no subject would have inspired me with greater interest.\u2014I have interwoven the politicks of the times in order to show the hateful effects of disunion.\u2014I was in my thirteenth year when you came to the Presidency; and although a native of Boston, I have ever felt ardently for the cause of Republickism, too much so for my private interest.\u2014I would keep my poem longer on hand, for every day adds some improvement to it: but my pecuniary situation is poetical, and consequently pressing and demands dispach.\u2014As this, perhaps, may be the last communication, which I may have the honour of transmitting to you, you will be pleased to accept of a heart glowing with gratitude for the many exalted services you have rendered the Republick, which while letters shall remain and virtue be revered, will be cherrished in the bosom of every freeman.With great solicitude for your welfare, and that your valued life may be preserved many years,Your Obedient ServantRichard EmmonsP.S. Any communication that you should be pleased to send to me, you will have the goodness to inclose and superscribe it to Samuel McHay P.M. Bloomfield, Nelson County Kentucky.R. E.Dcr 21\u2014The eastern mail having past before I sent the letter to the office (I reside 2 miles from Bloomfield) it has given me an opportunity of correcting some of the verses\u2014R. E.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-19-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3222", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Cabell Rives, 19 December 1822\nFrom: Rives, William Cabell\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear sir,\nRichmond\nDecember 19th 1822.\u2013\nIt affords me great pleasure to inform you that the temper of the present Legislature, so far as it can be collected from conversation with its members, is one of improved liberality towards the University. The great difficulty we have to encounter is a repugnance on the part of many gentlemen, otherwise friendly to the University, to undertake, at this time, the erection of the additional building. I enter myself entirely into your views on this subject, & have endeavoured to impress on all of my acquaintances here the exceeding impolicy of putting an institution, from which so much has been expected at home & abroad, into operation; in a half-formed & unfinished state.\u2014In asking for an appropriation, we must either abstain from indicating, with particularity, the purposes to which it is to be applied, leaving this consideration to the discretion of the visitors, or we must display the utility & importance of those purposes, in the most advantageous points of view. If the latter course should be deemed the proper one, I think a recommendation, from the visitors, of the proposed building would have a favorable effect, as it would carry with it an intrinsic weight of authority, which, I am sure, would influence the sentiments of many.\u2014If the objections which are now felt to the additional building should not yield to the influence of more liberal sentiments, we may find ourselves under the necessity of temporising a little, in order to acquire, at once, the means of erecting it; that is, it may be expedient to postpone, until a future session, an application for the remission of the debt now due, & to limit our demands, at present, to the aid necessary for the accomplishment of the additional building. I think this aid may be obtained, either in the form of an absolute donation, or at least, as a loan. It appears from the accounts of the Literary fund lately communicated to the Legislature, (a copy of which I send you,) that there is now in the Treasury the sum of $66.663.79, being unappropriated capital belonging to that fund, which is to be lent out, or otherwise invested. I think we may, at least, hope to borrow this money, which would enable us to finish the proposed building; & when that is done, nothing would be wanting to put the institution into operation but a remission of the loans, which being asked for, under those circumstances, could not be refused.\u2014If we should not be able to obtain, at present, both a remission of the loans & a farther advance of money, the question arises which of these objects it would be best to secure, the remission, or the advance of money? Your views of this question would guide us to a correct conclusion The report of the visitors is frequently enquired for. I think it is desirable to send it in, as soon after the Christmas holidays as possible. Mr. Cabell is now here & Mr. Johnson will, no doubt, arrive by that time. The sooner we can bring the subject to the view of the Legislature, the better will be our chance of success\u2014This day was fixed for the consideration of the petitions for the removal of the seat of government, but, unfortunately, the House agreed to postpone it until the 10th of January.\u2014We shall endeavour to keep the university free from entanglement with this troublesome question. My own opinion decidedly is that we ought to adhere to old virginia, upon this questionI trust your health continues good, as when the pleasure of seeing you, & that you have at length recovered from the effects of your accident. I beg you to be assured, at all times, of my most grateful & cordial respect, and of the sincere interest I feel in your personal happiness, & the accomplishment of your generous plans for the good of your country.\u2014W C Rives.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-19-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3224", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 19 December 1822\nFrom: Brockenbrough, Arthur S.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n I send you the proctors acct for sums paid from april to october last. also a statement of what is due from the University Va to Undertakers for Nov: 1822 and all New proposals I have received for the work of the Library as yet. Messrs Dinsmore & Neilson I suppose will hand in proposals for all the woodwork:\u2014I have had some conversation with F & Chamberlain the Philadelphia brick layers relative to the laying the bricks provided we can have them made, which I think we can do upon as good terms as other persons for brick work done in that way will not cost perhaps as muchas Perry asks & I am satisfied it more to my satisfaction\u2014if I have any thing to do if any thing more is wanting please drop me a line by the boy I am Sir respectfully your Obt Sevt\n A. S. BrockenbroughP.S. Mr Garretts acct that you Co I sent to Mr Dawson with all he has promised to return it by the first opportunity which I will send it you A. S. B\u2014hIf you think proper you can return the proposals for the Library", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-21-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3228", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Charles Yancey, 21 December 1822\nFrom: Yancey, Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nRichmond\n21st Decr 1822\nI take the liberty of enclosing for your perusal the prospectus of a Newspaper about to be printed here by Mr Crawford a gentleman well recommended; I have lately enclosed one to the President, and have received for answer \u201cto which as I approve it, you will subscribe my name\u201d will you be so good as to write me if the paper may be sent to you. you\u2019ll please to accept assurances of my great regard and believe me to be your unfeigned friend.Charles Yancey\u2014ofRichmond Va", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-23-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3230", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Carrington Cabell, 23 December 1822\nFrom: Cabell, Joseph Carrington\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nRichmond\nMr Gordon & Mr Rives left this for Albemarle on yesterday and will not probably return for eight or ten days. The latter went for his family, & the former to visit Mrs Gordon in her distress for the loss of a child. I am very sorry that they were obliged to leave town, as we want the aid of all our friends at this time.Mr Gordon shewed me on saturday, a letter which he had just received from Mr Dinsmore, stating that the undertakers had ascertained that they could not afford to build the Library for less than $70,000. At my instance, Mr Gordon threw the letter in the fire. My object was to prevent it from being made an improper use of, in the event of its being seen by our enemies. I have spoken with one or two friends confidentially on this subject, and we all agree that if the price of the undertakers should rise above $50,000, & more especially if it should reach $70,000, it would be better to abandon the project of a conditional contract on their parts, and leave us at large. In our opinion, we should not ask for more than $50,000, for the Library, suggesting that if the Job should be put up to the lowest bidder among the workmen of first rate ability in the U. States, that sum would probably suffice, & if it should fall short, the deficiency could be made up from the Annuity or from some other source. At all events we would hope not to trouble the Legislature again on that subject. If matters have not gone too far, we would prefer that no such document as one calling for $70,000, for the Library, should be sent here. It would probably blow up all our plans. Perhaps a conditional contract for $60,000, might not do harm, as it would bar the door to all doubt about the price of the House. But if $70,000. should be asked for, I fear we shall be totally overthrown. Could you not reject the offer of the undertakers on the ground that we may be able to get better terms & authorize me by letter to ask for $50,000, for the Library? I suggest these ideas with deference to your better judgment.\u2014I should observe to you, that even now there is great hesitancy in the ranks of our friends as to the propriety of building the Library at this time: this too, whilst the belief is that it would cost at most about $50,000. One or two of my best friends in the Assembly tell me, they think that many who would vote for cancelling the debt would oppose any further appropriation for building. I am endeavoring to remove the objections, but am uncertain how far I shall be able to succeed.What I think of at present is to ask for the 1st proposition in my last letter: that is to cancel & appropriate both. The ways & means which I now contemplate are to ask for a loan of $50,000, out of the surplus capital on hand, to build the Library; and to put the whole debt of the University, then augmented to $170,000, along with the other debts of the state, under the operation of the sinking fund. I have latterly struck on this plan on consultation with your grandson, who suggested the idea of resorting to the sinking fund. I have mentioned it to Mr Loyall, Mr Bowyer, & Mr Hunter, who all, in first view, highly approve it. On the best reflection I can give the subject, it is the best plan we can adopt. We had better let the Literary fund stand as it is\u2014not intermeddle with the provision for the schools, on the surplus appropriated to the colleges. Let us have nothing to do with old balances, or dead horses, or escheated lands, but ask boldly to be exonerated from our debt by the powerful sinking fund of the state. This is manly & dignified legislation, & if we fail, the blame will not be ours. Such are my present views. Some there are who think we had better ask for the Loan only, at this time, and leave the debt for another session. There are arguments for & agt this course. It would lessen the present demand. But it would leave the door open for future applications & postpone the time of our commencement. The public mind seems impatient for a commencement of the operations of the institution. My present impressions are in favor of asking for the whole.\u2014I think it would be important to shew that if we could finish the buildings & get rid of the debt, we could go on without troubling the Assembly again. There are some who say, \u201cyou will want a Library & apparatus, and you will be obliged to come here for more money, & is it not better to expend the $50000 in that way, than in building?\u201d I am taking this ground\u2014that no doubt occasional gifts from the Legislature for the purchase of books & apparatus would be of service\u2014nay of great importance: but that we could get along without them, by appropriating half the fees of tuition to that object, & that we have already adopted a resolution whereby half the fees will go into the coffers of the Institution: and that we had rather have $50,000, to finish the buildings, than to purchase books & apparatus. I should wish to be corrected if I err on any of these important points.I have very great confidence in Mr Hunter. Last night he pressed me to write for the Report. He says members will take time to consider the subject, and there is no time to lose. Unfortunately the question abt the seat of govt is fixed for the 10th Jan. It is to be regretted that they could not be separated by a greater interval. I think we should bring our business forward early in January. The prints will be kept back till the Report is made.\u2014I am very happy to hear from Mr Garrett that the Proctor\u2019s accounts are satisfactorily settled. I am, Dr Sir, ever faithfully yoursJoseph C. Cabell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-23-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3232", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 23 December 1822\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n The Engravings of the University have arrived, & on consultation with Mr Cabell, have not offered any yet for sale, as he thinks they had better be distributed about the time the question, in relation to the University, comes before the House; when that period arrives, will do with them as you before suggested\u2014I remitted a dft: at sight, for $150, agreeable to Mr Brockenbrough\u2019s desire, to Mr Maverick of New York, to pay for these engravings\u2014the dft cost 1 pr Ct premium, say $151.50, which is at the debit of the university, & it is credited with Mr B\u2019s remittance of $150.\u2014I wish the University question would come up earlier in the session than heretofore, I am sure it has been always injured by delay\u2014I have recd a Bottle Wine for you from T. M. Randolph Jr of Norfolk, which I am at a loss how to convey to you safely, probably Col Randolph can take it.With great respect Dr Sir Yours very TrulyB. PeytonP.S. I return you the \u201cPress Copy\u201d by this Mail\u2014B. P.Dont forget to send blanks for the renewal of your notesB. P.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-23-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3233", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Pleasants, 23 December 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Pleasants, James\nSir\nMonticello\nDecember 23. 1822.\nAccording to the requisitions of the law, I now transmit to the President and Directors of the Literary fund, for communication to the legislature, the annual Report of the Visitors of the University of Virginia, bearing date the 7th of October last. at that date the regular books were not yet compleated which were under preparation for the purpose of exhibiting a clear and methodical view of the application of all the monies which have been recieved and employed in this institution. from the best view which, before that time, had been taken of the affairs of the University it was expected, as is stated in this Report, that the buildings now prepared would be compleatly paid for by the subscriptions still due. these books have been since compleated, and the result (as appears by the certificates herewith inclosed) is that the institution has recieved from the beginningDCto the 23d of the last month, in the whole, & from all funds, the sum of199,159.98\u00bdand is still to recieve the subscriptions unpaid18,343.43\u00bd217,503.42that there has been paid, within the same periodfor the purposes of the institution the same sum of199,159.98\u00bdand there remains to be paid of debts settled & unsettled about27,001.63226,161.61\u00bdbeing more than the arrearages of subscription will pay by8,658.19\u00bdwhich sum must therefore necessarily come from the annuity of the ensuing year. some finishings, of small amount, to the garden walls & pavements also are still wanting, and there will be some loss of subscriptions by bankruptcies and removals, though not considerable in proportion to the whole sum subscribed. a Collector employed some time since, gives reason to believe that the arrearages which are sperate will be generally paid up in the course of the ensuing spring.The accounts of the Bursar and Proctors have been examined, from the beginning to the same date of November 23, by a member of the board of Visitors, appointed a Committee for that purpose, have been tested by their vouchers, and the result certified in the books by the Committee as is shewn by the certificates, copies of which accompany this Report. from these it will appear that, in a course of so great expenditure, every article (a single one excepted of 75. cents only) has been satisfactorily vouched as faithfully applied to the purposes of the institution, with the sanction of the Visitors. the Bursar and Proctor will proceed without delay, with their accounts and vouchers, to settle with the public accountant the trust which they have so far and so correctly executed. the Proctor\u2019s last semiannual account, not ready at the date of the Report, is now transmitted.An estimate made by the Proctor at an early period, supposed that the last building called for by the Report of 1818. and not yet executed, would probably cost the sum of 46,847.D. but this did not include two considerable appendages necessary to connect it with the other buildings. an estimate, including these, now recently made by the principal undertakers and executors of the other buildings raises it\u2019s amount to about one third more.It is by instruction from the Visitors that I communicate facts which resulting from investigations not concluded at the date of their Report, and consequently not known to them, constitute an important supplement to the matter of their report; to which I add the assurance of my high consideration.Th: Jefferson Rector", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-25-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3235", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Giacomo Raggi, 25 December 1822\nFrom: Raggi, Giacomo\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n I arrived at this place on the 11th Instant. I did not immediately send you the enclosed, because I thought before this to have seen you, but I have been awaiting the arrival of a Ship from Livourne with some of my work in marble on board. I. think that all the marble caps will be in the first ship which arrives here.After the marble pieces arrive & the season becomes fine I shall be with you.Mr Appleton particularly requested me to take care of our articles upon their arrival.Mr A. wished many kind things to Mr J.\u2014Very Respectfully Your. Humble Servant.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-25-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3236", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Zollickoffer, 25 December 1822\nFrom: Zollickoffer, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n It has always afforded me an infinite source of pleasure, to have it in my power, to present literary Gentelmen, with Such information, as I conceive of practical utility: as relates to the alleviation of the sufferings of mankind, induced by diseases:\u2014and under the influences of an impression of this kind, I do with the greatest of pleasure, forward on to you, four copies of a little treatise on the use of Prussiate of Iron in intermitting and remitting remitting fevers; which you will doubtless receive at the time this letter reaches you\u2014I shall consider myself highly honoured by receiving a few lines from you, by way of acknowledging, that they have come safe to hand\u2014I have the honour, to be, Respected Sir, Your most, obt sert\n William Zollickoffer", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-26-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3237", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Radford, 26 December 1822\nFrom: Radford, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nBedford\nDecr 26th 1822\nI received your letter of the 30th ulto, explaining the nature of the title to our land in the poplars forest, for which I beg leave to tender you my thanks. You state in your letter that you had conveyed to Mrs Randolph first 1000 a. and afterwards 400. a. I find the deed recorded in Bedford Court for the 1000. a but not for the 400. a. instead of which latter, I find a covenant executed by you bearing date the 29th day of October 1810, in which you engage to convey to Chas L. Bankhead 500. a. in his own right and 500. a. in right of his wife. I have thought it possible that you may have mistaken this covenant for the deed to Mrs Randolph for the 400. a. as this covenant purports to be, \u201cfor good considerations engaged to convey to the said Thos M & Martha another parcel of the same tract of poplar forest adjacent\u201d &c. This agreement I saw for the first time two days ago at Bedford court, and supposed at the time it was the conveyance alluded to by you. You will find inclosed a copy of it. The deed for the additional quantity, lying near bear branch, is made directly from yourself to Mr Yancey and myself, and will require the formality of an intermediate conveyance in order to pass the title to us. I inclose you the original of this deed in order that you may have the whole subject before you at once; and that you may be enabled to take such steps to perfect the title as you may think most advisable. If no deed has been made to Mrs Randolph for the 400. a. it would seem to me that the same ought to be concluded in the conveyance with the additional quantity on bear branch either to herself or to such of her issue as you may select for that purpose. I suppose as this was intended as an advancement to Mrs Bankhead, it would be most proper that the conveyance should be made to Mrs Randolph & that the same should be reconveyed to us from Colo Randolph and herself\u2014I submit this however to your better judgment. I would prepare the necessary conveyances myself and save you the trouble, but as you understand the subject so much better than I do, and probably would prefer writing them, I will take the liberty of imposing it upon you, whenever your health and convenience may permit . I would have waited until you came to Bedford in the spring, but Mr Yancey and myself wish to make partition of our respective parts, which cannot well be done until our title is completed.Whether you should make Mrs Randolph or your grandson the medium of conveyance, a commission is not now necessary to take the privy examination of the wife of the party, but a certificate on the back of the deed by two justices of the peace in the form prescribed in pa. 365. 1. vol. new revised code\u2014will be sufficient. It is with much reluctance that I impose on you so much trouble in this business. but as it may be the means of preventing much greater to those who may come after us, I hope I shall be excused by you\u2014You will be kind enough to send up the original deed when you shall have done with it\u2014The trial of Billy, Hercules and Gawin took place at Bedford court on monday last\u2014Billy was found guilty of stabbing & was sentenced to be burnt in the hand and whipped\u2014The other two were acquitted, there being no positive proof of a conspiracy. They were defended by Mr Clark who was employed by me to defend them at the request of your grandson\u2014Be pleased to accept my best wishes for your health and happinessWm Radford.P.S. I have enclosed extracts from the deeds Randolph & wife to Bankhead, & Bankhead & wife to Radford & Yancey, giving a description of the quantity and bearings of the land conveyed &cW R.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-28-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3238", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Joseph Carrington Cabell, 28 December 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cabell, Joseph Carrington\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nYours of the 19th was recieved some days ago, those of the 23d the day before yesterday. at the same time with the former I recieved one of the same date from mr Rives, proposing a question to me, which, as he is absent, I will answer to you. it was, If the remission of the principal debt, and an accomodation of the cost of the library cannot both be obtained, what would be most desirable? without any question, the latter. of all things the most important is the completion of the buildings. the remission of the debt will come of itself. it is already remitted in the mind of every man, even of the enemies of the institution. and there is nothing pressing very immediately for it\u2019s expression. the great object of our aim from the beginning has been to make this establishment the most eminent in the United States, in order to draw to it the youth of every state, but especially of the South and West. we have proposed therefore to call to it characters of the first order of science from Europe as well as our own country; and, not only by their salaries, and the comforts of their situation, but by the distinguished scale of it\u2019s structure and preparation, and the promise of future eminence which these would hold up, to induce them to commit their reputations to it\u2019s future fortunes. had we built a barn for a College, and log-huts for accomodations, should we ever have had the assurance to propose to an European Professor of that character to come to it? why give up this important idea, when so near it\u2019s accomplishment that a single lift more effects it? it is not a half-project which is to fill up the enticement of character from abroad. to stop where we are is to abandon our high hopes, and become suitors to Yale and Harvard for their secondary characters, to become our first. have we been laboring then merely to get up another Hampden Sidney, or Lexington? yet to this it sinks if we abandon foreign aid. the Report of Rockfish gap, sanctioned by the legislature, authorised us to aim at much higher things; and the abandonment of the enterprise where we are would be a relinquishment of the great idea of the legislature of 1818, and shrinking it into a country academy. the opening of the institution in a half-state of readiness would be the most fatal step which could be adopted. it would be an impatience defeating it\u2019s own object, by putting on a subordinate character in the outset, which never would be shaken off, instead of opening largely and in full system. taking our stand on commanding ground at once, will beckon every thing to it, and a reputation once established will maintain itself for ages. to secure this a single sum of 50. or 60.M Dollars is wanting. if we cannot get it now, we will at another or another trial. courage and patience is the watchword. delay is an evil which will pass; despair loses all. let us never give back. the thing will carry itself, and with firmness and perseverance we shall place our country on it\u2019s high station, and we shall recieve for it the blessings of posterity. I think your idea of a loan and placing it on the sinking fund an excellent one.Dinsmore\u2019s 70.000.D. evidence only the greediness of an Undertaker. he declined communicating the details of his estimate lest their exaggeration should be visible. from other undertakers we have the following offers.thethe brickwork compleat including columns11,300.Perrystonework3,940.Gormancarpentry & joinery of the lower rooms12,000.Oldham27,240there remain the inside work of the upper room, the roof & the two Appendages, or covered ways in the flanks to connect with the other buildings, of which we have no estimate but they cannot cost as much as all the rest of the building. I asked at what they had estimated the stonework? the answer was 6000.D. I knew at the same time that Gorman must do it for them, and would do it for 3,940.D. so that 50. p.cent was laid on this article for their gains, and probably like advances on the other articles. mr Brockenbrough\u2019s original estimate was carefully & minutely made, and allowing for the two covered ways we are safe in saying that another loan of 60.000.D. will place us beyond the risk of ever needing to ask another Dollar on that account.You propose to me to write to half a dozen gentlemen on this subject. you do not know, my dear Sir, how great is my physical inability to write. the joints of my right wrist & fingers, in consequence of an antient dislocation, are become so stiffened that I can write but at the pace of a snail. the copying our report and my letter lately sent to the Governor, being 7. pages only, employed me laboriously a whole week. the letter I am now writing you has taken me two days. I have been obliged therefore to withdraw from letter-writing but in cases of the most indispensable urgency. a letter of a page or two costs me a day of labor, & a painful labor. I have few now to live. should I consign them all to pain? I ought, if I could to write to yourself, to mr Johnson, mr Rives, mr Gordon, and to mr Loyall too, now one of our fraternity. but what I say to one you must all be so indulgent as to consider meant for the whole. be so good as to express to mr Loyall my gratification at his being added to our board, and my hope that he will make Monticello his headquarters whenever he comes up. our meetings you know are always on Mondays, and the stage passes us the Saturday evening. this gives an intermediate day for rest, enquiry and consideration.ever and affectionately yoursTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-28-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3239", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Arthur Middleton, 28 December 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Middleton, Arthur\nMonto\nDec. 28. 22I thank you, Dear Sir, for the work of M. de Pradt which you have been so kind as to send me. I have made progress in it, and find his views to be really enlarged; he is eloquent too but his style a little too hyperbolical, too figurative for the sober conceptions of politics. still he is consolatory under the obstacles opposed to the amelioration of the condition of man.I heard of your misfortune with real grief. exercised myself in the school of affliction by every form of domestic loss which can rend the heart of man, I have learnt to estimate & sympathise with the distresses of others under such trials. but I have learnt also that time & silence are the only medecines which bring relief, that expressions of condolance do but renew our griefs and re-open wounds which had better be left undisturbed to the process of nature. on that subject therefore I cease. should health or any other motive lead your footsteps again into our quarter, our family as well as myself, will always be gratified by recieving you at Monticello and with this assurance I tender you that of my great esteem and respectTh:J.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-29-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3240", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Francisco Solano Const\u00e2ncio, 29 December 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Const\u00e2ncio, Francisco Solano\nMonto\nDec. 29. 22.I congratulate you Sir on your safe arrival in the US. and hope your passage has been as agreeable as the elements to which you were committed of wind and water could make it. I congratulate you also & especially on the regenern of your govmt and the prospect it exhibits of going thro\u2019 it soberly and wisely. it is a debt which I owe to truth to say that in the course of a public life of some length I have ever found the govmt of Portugal the most uniformly just and courteous of any one with which I have had occn to communicate. The representative principle now common to both govmts by it\u2019s engraftment into hers becomes an element the more of friendly attachment. and I confidently trust that the liberal principles which have merited to you the confidence of your country will be cordially employed in cherishing the harmony and friendly intercourse so interesting to both nations.I learn with great pleasure that the merits of my friend Dr Fernandes have obtained from the regenerated govmt proofs so distinguished of it\u2019s favble disptons.Should curiosity ever lead you to visit this part of our Union, I shall be happy to recieve you at Monto & to assure you in person of my high respect & considn.Th:J.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-29-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3241", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Samuel Crawford, 29 December 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Crawford, Samuel\nSir\nMonto\nColo Yancey has been so kind as to inclose me the prospectus of a paper proposed to be published by you under the name of the Virginia times. age and retirement from the affairs of the world have reduced me to the reading of a single newspaper only, the Enquirer which I have taken from it\u2019s first origin. willing however to encourage a paper of promise at it\u2019s outset I subscribe to yours in it\u2019s semi-weekly form for one year, after which I pray you to consider my subscription as discontd on presenting this letter to Colo Bernard Peyton he will pay you in advance for the paper which be pleased to forward by the Charlottesville mail and to accept my respectful salutnsTh:J.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-29-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3243", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Short, 29 December 1822\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Short, William\n I have duly recieved your favor of the 17th with it\u2019s kind enquiries as to the state in which my late accident has placed me. the fracture was of the most favorable character, of the smaller bone of the left fore-arm, without, as is still hoped, deranging those of the wrist. it was promptly and well set by a skilful surgeon, has been constantly doing well, without incurring any accident, and has given me not much pain. it hinders me from nothing which can be done with one hand, and I have been able to ride out since the 2d week. the only disadvantageous circumstance is the sloth with which old bones knit. a younger person would have been clear of his sling in 6. weeks. I am now in the 7th and have neither use nor motion of that hand; and I would willingly compromise with my sling for 3. weeks more. it adds much to the difficulty and awkwardness of writing, which a crippled right hand and wrist had before brought on me. while this will lessen the frequency of expressing my attachment to my friends, it will not lessen the warmth of my feelings towards them, and especially the sincerity of my affectionate friendship to yourself.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-30-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3244", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Carrington Cabell, 30 December 1822\nFrom: Cabell, Joseph Carrington\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nRichmond.\nI am happy to inform you that Mr Gordon & Mr Rives arrived in town last evening, & have attended the House to-day. Mr Gordon called on me this morning, when I disclosed to him, what I had done in his absence, and my present views & prospects. I have conferred with Mr Hunter, Mr Carey, Mr Bowyer, Mr Taylor of Botetourt, Mr Baldwin, &c and the almost unanimous opinion of us all, is, that we should ask for another loan to finish the buildings, and to leave the debt untouched for the present. We propose to move for one object at a time in order not to unite the enemies of both measures against one bill. Should we succeed in getting the loan, we may afterwards try to get rid of the debt. But the general impression is that we cannot carry both measures at this session. I presume I am clearly right in the assurance which I give to our particular friends, nay to every body, that if both measures cannot pass, the Board of Visitors would prefer the Loan, to the cancelling of the bonds. It gives me heartfelt pleasure to inform you that the intelligent members generally express the opinion that the Institution should be finished. This confirms the propriety of the course we have taken. of the propriety of that course, you know, I never have doubted. And I may be allowed to feel the gratification natural on such an occasion. Last winter I had to encounter a mingled host of friends & enemies, on this point, and yielded the point from a mistake existing between Mr Brokenbrough & Mr Carey. Now the leading members generally say, the Institution should be finished. Mr Baldwin has assured me of his hearty cooperation to this effect. From himself, & from Mr Taylor of Botetourt, I hear that Mr Sheffey will go with us. Mr Doddridge, I expect will do the same. Mr G. of Amherst has twice announced to Mr Carey, on being consulted by him, that he would oppose any further building. Yet Mr Gordon thinks he may be brought over. Mr Watkins of Prince Edward has gone home. The President of Hampden Sidney is here making interest for that Institution. I am on good terms with him. He is very friendly to the University. To-day he advised me to aim only for a loan, & said he was confident from what he had heard among the members, that the debt should be left untouched for the present. I advised him to take care that his friend Mr Watkins will not kindle a flame against his college, by throwing himself athwart the course of the friends of the University. He observed that Mr W. had not made up his mind finally how he would vote on a bill authorizing us to finish the buildings of the University: but he believed that unless the Bill for Hampden Sidney should be supported Mr W. would oppose us. I advised him to remonstrate with his Delegate as to the propriety & policy of that mode of legislation, & cautioned him not lightly to depart from the system of voting for every measure on the foundation of its own merits. I hope Mr W. may be prevailed on to relinquish his opposition. I am now in more dread of Mr Johnson\u2019s coming to town & advocating the doctrine of curtailing the building, than I am of any other danger. But as the popular prejudice on that subject has abated, I hope he would go with us.\u2014The Report was in town on friday. Mr Daniel told me he was waiting for Governor Pleasants to communicate it. The Governor will probably be in town this evening. The Report will probably be made to-morrow. As soon as it is printed, I will get Capt: Peyton to exhibit the prints of the plan of the University. In a few days thereafter our bill will be brought in. I have a loan bill ready drawn. The subject of interest is somewhat embarrassing. We shall be obliged to lose the Interest. I conclude it is better to do so, than stand in our present situation. We must limit the time of our election on the subject of the loan to some short period to avoid the loss of interest to the fund. Such a proviso will help to carry our bill. There shall be no difficulty on that score about a board. If the bill passes, I will come up immediately in the stage, & I make no doubt Genl Cocke & Mr Loyall will also attend. I still think a conditional contract on the part of the Undertakers for $70,000, would do more harm than good. But if they will engage for $60,000. to finish the building out & out, I would rather have the Contract than not. If they will not, I will ask for 50\u2014perhaps, 60, thousand dollars. The year before last we estimated the Library at $40,000. Last year at $45,000. as well as I recollect. Should I now rise to $60,000, some reason will be asked for the difference in the estimates. I have heretofore grounded myself on Mr Brokenbrough\u2019s estimates. If no other document can be furnished, I would support the propriety of your writing a short letter to some one here, asking for such sum as you may think proper for the object. The sooner it comes the better. The affair of the Proctor\u2019s accounts seems to be unknown here. I am happy to hear from Genl Cocke that that business has been satisfactorily adjusted. I write in great haste, and remain Dr Sir, ever faithfully yoursJos: C: Cabell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-30-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3245", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 30 December 1822\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,Richd\n30 Decr 1822I hand herewith statement your quarterly a/c, to date, as heretofore directed, which I hope & believe will be found correct.I recd to=day yours covering blanks for the several your notes at Bank, which shall be attended to\u2014By Woods I sent the Bottle of Wine, reced for you, from Mann Randolph, of Norfolk, which he promised great care of\u2014With great respect Dr sir Yours very TrulyB. Peyton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-30-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3246", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 30 December 1822\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Cash Act.Dr$C.1821.JanTo Amount due last year3263\u3003\u3003To Richard Walker. Amt his Act1425\u3003\u3003To Joel Yancey658March\u3003To John Gills in part3\u3003To James Cox in part3\u3003May\u3003John Wall. in part5\u3003John Gills15012To so much recd of Dudley for Wheat100\u3003JunestTo Salana in full of Dudley for the Wheat.4380To Mr Jefferson Dft in on Peyton in favour of Johnathan Bishop13648To ditto do\u2014 on do. in favour of J. Yancey135\u3003forwarded48124CrFeb\u3003By cash paid Wilkerson in part for season\u3003of four mares11\u3003May\u3003By Cash paid James Cox. over chage B. smithe Act.254By ditto for potatoe seed\u300350\u3003By ditto paid Cheatwood for coopering in part5\u300312By cash paid Butler for wheels15\u3003\u3003By cash paid Butcher Lynchburg for Beef for Mr Jefferson3\u3003\u3003By do paid Doct Streptoe7043\u3003By do paid John Burton for corn2957\u3003By do paid J Yancey for wheat furnished at Martins Mill July 181935\u300320By do paid for carriage son salt from Lynchburg \u300350June1stBy do paid Wm Cheetwood for 10\u3003By do paid Butler in full for cast Wheels10\u2014By ditto do Cheetwood for cooperingBy cash paid Dr Davies for Medecine & prescription10By do paid J. Burton \u214c receipt50\u3003forwarded25225Dr$C.July16thTo Amt brought forward4124To James Howard \u214c Wm Thompson2\u3003To James Howard \u214c Mr Bobock5\u3003June18To Refused Tobaco1394SeptTo ditto ditto8781822To John Watts \u214cMr Robertson14\u3003Jan6To Richard Walker amt his Act537.431250To 17. bushels of wheat at 1.D.To Dr Steptoe 6.57 Early 2/92923To paid the University his 4th instalment due Apr. 1. 1821.50balance due him639.722826July11By Amount brought forward25225By Cash paid Bishop \u214c receipt.13648By ditto paid Wilkerson in full \u214c receipt5\u3003Sep1stBy cash paid Johnson Bocock for fixing cradles \u214c receipt 11\u30034By ditto paid James Howard for corn5\u3003\u3003By ditto paid Robert Yancey for corn (8 barrels20\u3003OctBy do J Yancey for corn (8 barrels)1250By do ditto for corn1250July16By cash paid Goggins & Irvine for pork for Bishop44\u3003By cash paid Burton for horse33\u3003June1By ditto paid Cockram for horses100\u30031822By do Johnson Bocock in full7\u300363972.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "12-01-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3247", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, December 1822\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Sales 5 Hogsheads leaf Tobacco by Bernard Peyton for a/c Mr Thos JeffersonTo sundry persons for Cash, 5 Hhds: Viz:T. J.T HNo1 =1900 =130 =1770\u3003\u30033 =1782 =132 =16503420 lbs:to Gray & Pankeyat$7.20 =$246.24\u3003\u30035 =1847 =130 =1717 \u3003todo.at5.75 \u201398.73Refused\u30036 =1476 =====1356 \u3003to Mr Brander\u30034.45 \u201360.34Refused\u30037 =1723 =====1590. \u3003to R. Anderson & Co\u30033.55 \u201356.45$461.76ChargesTo Cash pd freight 8083 \u2114s nett at 25\u00a2$20.20Do for notes at .50\u00a22.50= $22.70Canal toll do. at 2/6 $2.08 Drayage at 9d $0.632.71Commission at 2\u00bd pr cent\u201411.54$36.95.Nett prcds: at Cr T Jefferson\u2014$424.81E.E.Bernard PeytonBy W. W. Wilkinson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-01-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3248", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Richard Rush, 1822 to 1823\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Rush, Richard\n your favr of Oct. 9. was recd in due time, and the last envoi of books mentd in it from Lackington came safely to hand. having occn for another call of that kind, to save you trouble I address it to him. directly so as to require from you only the having the lrs put into his hands but I leave it open, lest any thing should have intervened to render any other address more eligible. and for that reason leave not addressed the remittce of \u00a345. sent to him directly, but to yourself, your kind offers of service having encouraged me to leave that article of confidce still wth you.The buildings of our University for the accomodn of Professors & students are, we may say compleated: & there remains only a single one for more general purposes to erect before we might open our instn. but our last legislre refused the money for that, abt 50.MD it was remkble as more truly a parliam. indent. than was ever before assembld in our State. the late elections, making favble changes gives us hopes that the next session will set us a going again. in the mean time we are suspended, and so must be our applicns to your isld for Professors.Our country is rising very slowly indeed out of the catastrophe of 1820. since that time we have had poor crops and poorer prices. whether the Russians & Turks will open a market for our produce you will know before we shall. an internecine war between these two sets of barbarians scarcely interests humanity while it opens a prospect of the liberation of Greece. the dissoln of the holy alliance & employmt for the industry of better people. the general distress of our country has become sensible to our treasury. the annual exp. of the govmt exceeding our annual income has produced a good deal of dissatfn thro\u2019 the country of which you will have seen strong indicns in the last Congr. it will perhaps oblige the admn to slacken their system of fortifns & naval constrns, so as to proceed no faster than we can pay. this discontent has in a considble degree been artificially excited, by those who have so prematurely & indecently commencd electioneering operns for the next Presidt the proceedings of the last Congress were disagreeably tinctured by the spirit of the different partisans. many names are mentd for the future choice, but Adams, Crawford, Calhoun, & perhaps Clay are those out of which the choice will probably be made. the Missouri question seems at present as dead as if it had never existed,. yet a spark will revive it, and that of this election is quite strong enough for that purpose. this great contingency is in favr of the Northern candidate. the character of the highest promise in our country mr L. we are likely to lose by a pulmonary complt his abilities informn integrity & amiable disposn had attracted universal favor altho\u2019 too young for a present candidate. our 5. first presidts have all gone out of office or will do so in their 66th year. if this singular coincidence were to be regarded mr A. would be nearest to it. he will be about 60. in the year 24.The most serious uneasiness wh is among Country men a present is the steady march of our Judiciary towds a consolidated govmt and the drawing all powers within the pale of the genl one. many instances of this might be cited, but two among them are the most remkble. 1st in the case of Maryld which ld a very moderate tax too on the property held within the state in the form of U.S. bk stock. the decision of the sup. ct is considd as exempting from state taxn that particular and very extensive description of property, while the constn exempts none a proprietor converting his bds & other property into bank stocks no longer contributes a cent to the support of govmt2. the 2d case decided 1. that a state can be brot before the US. Judiciary even at the suit of one of it\u2019s own citizens. & 2dly that Congress can delegate to the corporn of Washn a power to pass laws superceding the state laws within the state. this was a law passed by the state for the suppresstn of gamblg and forbidding und a penalty the sale of lottery tickets. no controul over such a law is given by the constn to Congress itself. the dissensions produced by the Missouri question, rather smothered than extinguished, prevent for the present any concerted action of the states towds affecting a more practicable responsibility of the judges than the bug-bear of impeachmtOur present wheat crop is most unpromising. great preparns for tobo are making within this state. but it has to encounter the casualties of the moment knowing how desirble in your situan, informn from your own country must be, these general observns are hazarded by a recluse who is truly among those who knows most imperfectly what is passing, you will be so good as to accept them as mere tokens of good will & with them the assurances of my affectte esteem & respect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-01-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3249", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmund Bacon, 1822\nFrom: Bacon, Edmund\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDeare Sir. I think that Davy could be spaired to smite for Joe in one hour. Joe can make as many Spikes as would be surfishent. to nail on the faceing of the dam of three or four days length. which the hands can put down & fill with rock in that way. I should think the Job. I want done could be done but certainly you no best. what soots you.\u2014my arrangements has been indeavouring through the benefits of the sum due to John Bacon to carry a poor & unforchinate sister and four small children to a part of the world whare they could more easey procure their support. she married a man who is of no sort of Benefit to his family. each of John Bacons brothers & sister being intitled to an equil potion of his estate. I had concluded to let my sister have the benefit of her own part and four others to Obtain the necessary means to moove for this purpose the waggon is intended. but whither I can be able to obtain those articles on the terms of payment in June next is quite doubtfull. I had a hope that you could have found it convenient to have fixed a time of Payment in 90 or 100 days which would enable the above arrangement to be carried into effect. but Your good treatment ever shewn to me forbids my further presing You\u2014and the intention of this note is to communicate to You my reason for haveing so far bothered you on the subjie. If 250 or 300$ could have been raised conveniently. I expect the above Object could have been made otherwise must faile the situation of my sister is such as not for me to leave her if I can help it.I am Yours &cE Bacon", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-01-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3251", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Dabney Carr Terrell, 1822\nFrom: Terrell, Dabney Carr\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSonnet to Mr Jeffersonwritten in 1822Immortal man! not only of thine ownThe best and greatest, but of every age;Thou whose meridian strength was prompt to wageFor liberty the war against a throne!When thy gigantic mind had plac\u2019d thee loneAnd high, thou didst controul the wildest rageOf rival factions\u2014scorning to assuage;To thee all Nature\u2019s mysteries are known:Oh! how shall we of less etherial mouldAddress our souls to thine? thy greatness weigh\u2019dOur love were too familiar and too bold;Thy goodness, admiration were too cold;But both united in men\u2019s hearts have madeA monument whose glory shall not fade.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"created_timestamp": "01-01-1822", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-3252", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas G. Watkins, 1822\nFrom: Watkins, Thomas G.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Th. Jefferson Esqr To T. G . Watkins1822to1823Visit reducing fractured arm& attendance for the cure &c old rule,\u00a35.0\u20330Equal to $16.67.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1822}, {"language": "fre", "scanningcenter": "capitolhill", "sponsor": "The Library of Congress", "contributor": "The Library of Congress", "date": "1822", "subject": ["Religion", "Astronomy", "Sun worship", "Mysteries, Religious", "Mythology", "Zodiac", "Religion -- Early works to 1800", "Astronomy -- Early works to 1800.", "Dandara (Egypt)"], "title": "Abre\u0301ge\u0301 de l'Origine de tous les cultes", "creator": "Dupuis, 1742-1809", "lccn": "18020565", "collection": ["library_of_congress", "americana"], "shiptracking": "ST000457", "identifier_bib": "0013653953A", "call_number": "6375320", "boxid": "0013653953A", "possible-copyright-status": "The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright restrictions for this item.", "publisher": "Paris, Chasseriau", "mediatype": "texts", "repub_state": "4", "page-progression": "lr", "publicdate": "2013-10-28 18:30:16", "updatedate": "2013-10-28 19:40:05", "updater": "associate-caitlin-markey@archive.org", "identifier": "abregedelorigine00dupu", "uploader": "associate-caitlin-markey@archive.org", "addeddate": "2013-10-28 19:40:07.850825", "scanner": "scribe5.capitolhill.archive.org", "notes": "No copyright page found.", "repub_seconds": "3527", "ppi": "600", "camera": "Canon EOS 5D Mark II", "operator": "volunteer-allen-kendrick@archive.org", "scandate": "20131216191002", "republisher": "volunteer-allen-kendrick@archive.org", "imagecount": "598", "foldoutcount": "0", "identifier-access": "http://archive.org/details/abregedelorigine00dupu", "identifier-ark": "ark:/13960/t6060078h", "ocr": "ABBYY FineReader 9.0", "scanfee": "100", "sponsordate": "20131231", "backup_location": "ia905709_2", "external-identifier": "urn:oclc:record:1038771779", "republisher_operator": "volunteer-allen-kendrick@archive.org", "republisher_date": "20131217143045", "ocr_module_version": "0.0.13", "ocr_converted": "abbyy-to-hocr 1.1.7", "page_number_confidence": "94.80", "description": "p. cm", "creation_year": 1822, "content": "[ABR\u00c9G\u00c9 DE L'ORIGINE DE TOUS LES CULTES by Dupuis, Third Edition, Paris: Imprimerie de Goetschy, Rue Louis-le-Grand n\u00b0 27. ABR\u00c9G\u00c9 DE L'ORIGINE DE TOUS LES CULTES, followed by Dupuis' Dissertation on the Zodiac of Dendera and the accompanying gravure of the astronomical monument. For sale separately: the Zodiac of Dendera gravure or the dissertation with the accompanying plate. This allows anyone to easily obtain the missing addition to their copies for a modest fee.\n\nPREFACE.\n\nSeveral persons have expressed a desire that I make the abridgement of my work available to the public. ]\ngrand ouvrage sur V Origine des Cultes, j'ai \ncru ne devoir pas diff\u00e9rer plus long-tems \nde remplir leur attente. Je l'ai analys\u00e9 de \nmani\u00e8re \u00e0 pr\u00e9senter le pr\u00e9cis des principes \nsur lesquels ma th\u00e9orie est \u00e9tablie, et \u00e2 \ndonner un extrait de ses plus importans \nr\u00e9sultats, sans m'appesantir sur les d\u00e9tails, \nque l'on trouvera toujours dans le grand \nouvrage. Ce second ne sera point inutile \n\u00e0 ceux qui ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 le premier, puisqu'il \nles dirigera dans la lecture de plusieurs vo- \nlumes qui, par la nature m\u00eame du travail, \nplacent le commun des lecteurs au - del\u00e0 \ndu cercle des connaissances ordinairement \nrequises pour lire avec fruit et sans trop \nd'effort un ouvrage d'\u00e9rudition. Ils y trou- \ny\u00efij P K \u00c9 \u00ef A C B. \nveront un r\u00e9sultat succinct de leur lecture > \net pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment ce qui doit rester dans la \nm\u00e9moire de ceux qui ne veulent pas se \n[Jeter dwells in the in-depth study of anti-J, and those who desire to know his religious spirit. As for those who have not acquired the large edition, they will find in this abstract an extract of the principles of the new system of explanations, and a detailed table of discoveries to which it has led, as well as an idea of those which it may still lead for those following the newly opened path to the study of antiquity. He will offer to some and to others new pieces which are not in the large work. I have removed, as much as the matter allowed, the high erudition, in order to make it accessible to the greatest number of men. It would be possible; for instruction and labor similar to these have been and will always be the goal of my works.]\nChapitre 1er. Le Univers - Dieu et de son culte Page i\nChapitre II. Universalit\u00e9 du culte rendu \u00e0 la nature, prouv\u00e9e par l'histoire et par les monuments politiques et religieux\nChapitre III. De l'univers anim\u00e9 et intelligent\nChapitre IV. Des grandes divisions de la nature en causes actives et passives, et en principes, lumi\u00e8re et t\u00e9n\u00e8bres\nChapitre V. Explication de Ph\u00e9racl\u00e9ide ou du po\u00e8me sacr\u00e9 sur les douze mois et sur le soleil, honore sous le nom d'Hercule\nChapitre VI. Explication des voyages d'Isis ou de la lune, honor\u00e9e sous ce nom en \u00c9gypte\nChapitre VII. Explication des Dionysiaques ou du po\u00e8me de Nonnus sur le soleil, ador\u00e9 sous le nom de Bacchus\nChapitre VIII. (Les Argonautiques.J\u00cf.' Loi)\nChapitre IX. Explication de la fable faite sur le soleil, ador\u00e9 sous le nom de Christ ...\nChapitre X. (Missing)\nChapter X. Of the cult and religious opinions, in their relations to the duties of man and his needs *\n\nChapter XI. Of Mysteries - 424\nChapter XII. Abreviated explanation of a work apocalyptic of the initiates on the mysteries of light, and of the sun adored under the symbol of the lamb of spring or the celestial ram. - 509\n\nObservations on the Zodiac of Dendera, by M. Dupuis, member of the class of ancient history and literature of the Institut - 533\n\nEnd of the table of chapters.\n\nABBREVIATED ORIGIN\nOF ALL CULTS.\n\nPRELIMINARY CHAPTER.\n\nOf the Five Universal-God and his Cult.\n\nThe word God seems designed to express the idea of the universal and eternally active force which imparts movement to all nature, following the laws of a constant and admirable harmony; which develops in the various forms of:\nprend la mati\u00e8re organis\u00e9e; qui se m\u00eale h tout, anime \ntout, et qui semble \u00eatre une dans ses modifications \ninfiniment vari\u00e9es , et n'appartenir qu'\u00e0 elle-m\u00eame. \nTcile est la force vive que renferme en lui l'uni- \nvers ou cet assemblage r\u00e9gulier de tous les corps \nqu'une cha\u00eene \u00e9ternelle lie entreux, et qu'un mou- \nvement perp\u00e9tuel roule majestueusement au sein \nde l'espace et du temps sans bornes. C'est dans ce \nvaste et merveilleux ensemble que l'homme, du \nmoment qu'il a voulu raisonner sur les causes de \nson existence et de sa conservation, ainsi que sur \ncelles des effets vari\u00e9s qui naissent et se d\u00e9truisent \nautour de lui , a du placer d'abord cette cause s\u00abu- \n2 ABR\u00c9G\u00c9 DE l'\u00fbRIGINE \nvera\u00eenement puissante qui fait tout \u00e9clore , et dans \nle sein de laquelle tout rentre pour en sortir encore \npar une succession de g\u00e9n\u00e9rations nouvelles et sous \nThis God, in various forms, was regarded as either God or the supreme and universal cause of all effects in the world, of which man is a part. This is the great God, the first or rather the Punic God, who revealed himself to man through the veil of matter that he animates, and who forms the immense body of the divinity. Such is the meaning of the sublime inscription of the temple of Sais: I am all that has been, all that is, all that will be, and no mortal has yet lifted the veil that covers me. Although this God was all and bore a character of grandeur and perpetuity in this eternal world, man sought him preferentially in those elevated regions where the powerful and radiant star seems to pour out the floods of its light upon the universe and through which it exercises its power.\nThe earth, the most beautiful and benevolent act of the divinity. It is on the azure vault, set with shining fires, that the very high one appeared to have established his throne; it was from the summit of the heavens that he held the reins of the world, that he directed the movements of his vast body, and that he delighted in the forms as varied and admirable as those in which he ceaselessly changed. \"The world?\" said Pliny, \"or what we call the sky, which in its vast flanks embraces all beings, is an eternal God, immutable, who has never been produced and will never be destroyed. Seeking something beyond is a useless task for man and beyond his reach. This is the truly sacred Being, the eternal, immense Being, who contains all in himself.\"\n\"In every way, or rather, he himself is all. Eleven is the work of nature, and nature herself. Thus speaks the most philosophical and learned of ancient naturalists. He believes he must give the world and sky the name of the supreme cause and God. According to him, the world works eternally in itself and upon itself: it is at once and the worker and the work. It is the universal cause of all effects it contains. Nothing exists outside of it; it is all that has been, all that is, all that will be, that is, nature herself or God. By God we understand the eternal, immense, and sacred Being who, as cause, contains in itself all that is produced.\" - Pliny, referring to the world as the great God, outside of whom nothing else should be sought.\nThis doctrine dates back to the highest antiquity among the Egyptians and Indians. The Egyptians had their great Pan, who embodied all the characteristics of universal nature and originally was only a symbolic expression of his fertile force.\n\n4. ABSTRACT OF THE ORIGIN\n\nThe Indians have their god Vishnu, whom they often identify with the world itself, although at other times they only consider him a fraction of the triple force that makes up the universal force. They say that the universe is nothing other than the form of Vishnu: that he carries it within himself; that all that has been, all that is, all that will be is in him; that he is the principle and end of all things; that he is all; that he is a unique and supreme being, who appears to us under thousands of forms. He is an infinite being, adds the Bagavadam.\nqui should not be separated from the universe, for he is essentially one with it; for, the Indians say, Vishnu is all, and all is in him. This is perfectly similar to the expression used by Pliny to characterize the Universe-God or the world, the supreme cause of all effects produced.\n\nIn the opinion of the Brahmas, as in that of Pliny, the worker or the great Demiurge is not separated or distinguished from his work. The world is not a foreign machine to the divinity, created and moved by it and outside of it; it is the divine substance's self-manifestation, a form in which God appears to us.\n\nThe essence of the world is one and indivisible with that of Brahma, who organizes it. He who sees the world sees God, as much as man can see him; like him who sees the body of man and its forms.\nWe see the man as much as he can be seen of all the cults. (5)\nHe, although the principle of his movements, life, and intelligence remains hidden under the veil that the hand touches and that the eye perceives.\nThe same is true of the sacred body of the divinity or of the universe-God. A place exists only in him and through him; outside of him, all is nothing or abstraction.\nHis force is that of the divinity itself. His movements are those of the great being, principle of all others; and his admirable order, the organization of his visible substance and of the part of himself that God shows to man.\nIt is in this magnificent spectacle that the divinity gives herself to us, that we have drawn our first ideas of God or the supreme cause; it is on him that the gaze of all those who seek him have been fixed.\nThose who have sought the sources of life for all beings. These are the diverse members of this sacred body of the world whom the first men adored, not weak mortals carried away by the torrent of the centuries. And what man, in fact, could ever have borne the parallel that one would have wanted to establish between him and nature?\n\nIf you claim that it is by force that you first erected altars, what mortal's force could be compared to that incomparable force spreading throughout the world; which develops under so many forms and by so many varying degrees; which produces such marvelous effects; which holds the Sun at the center of the planetary system, pushes and holds the planets in their orbits, unleashes the winds, raises the seas or calms the tempests?\nlance la foudre, displaces and upends mountains through volcanic explosions, and maintains an eternal activity throughout the universe? Do we believe that the admiration this force inspires in us today did not also seize the first mortals who contemplated in silence the spectacle of the world, and sought to discern the powerful cause that set so many forces in motion? Had the son of Alcmene replaced the Universe-God and made it forgotten? Is it not simpler to believe that man, unable to depict this force of nature through images as weak as himself, sought in that of the lion or in that of a robust man the figurative expression he intended to awaken the idea of the world's power? It is not man or Hercules who have risen to the level of divinity; rather, it is the divinity that has been lowered to his level.\nl'homme qui manquait de moyens pour la pein- \ndre. Ce ne fut donc point l'apoth\u00e9ose des hommes, \nmais la d\u00e9gradation de la divinit\u00e9 par les symboles \net les images, qui a sembl\u00e9 d\u00e9placer tout dans le \nculte rendu \u00e0 la cause supr\u00eame et \u00e0 ses parties, et \ndans les f\u00eates destin\u00e9es \u00e0 chanter ses plus grandes \nop\u00e9rations. Si c'est \u00e0 la reconnaissance des hommes \npour les bienfaits qu'ils avaient re\u00e7us, que l'on croit \ndevoir attribuer l'institution des c\u00e9r\u00e9monies reli- \nDE TOUS LES CULTES. \ngieuses et des myst\u00e8res les plus augustes de l'anti- \nquit\u00e9, peut-on penser que des mortels, soit C\u00e9r\u00e8s, \nsoit Bacclius, aient mieux m\u00e9rite de l'homme que \ncette terre qui de son sein f\u00e9cond fait \u00e9clore les \nmoissons et les fruits que le ciel alimente de ses \neaux , et que le soleil \u00e9chauffe et m\u00fbrit de ses feux? \nQue la nature, crui nous prodigue ses biens, ait \nThe forgotten one, and only remembered by a few mortals who taught its use? To think so is to know little of the worst that nature has always inflicted upon man, whose gaze she keeps turned towards herself through the effect of the sentiment of her dependence and needs.\n\nSometimes, bold mortals have tried to dispute the true gods' incense and share it with them; but this forced cult lasted only as long as flattery or fear had interest in perpetuating it. Domitian was no longer than a monster under Trajan. Augustus himself was soon forgotten; but Jupiter remained in possession of the Capitole. The old Saturn was always respected by the descendants of the ancient Italian peoples, who saw in him the god of time, as well as\nJanus or the genius who opens the way to his sons. Pomone and Flore kept their altars, and the different stars continued to announce the feasts of the sacred calendar, because they were those of nature.\n\nOrigin of Worship\nThe reason for the obstacles that the cult has always encountered in establishing and sustaining itself among its peers is rooted in man himself, compared to the great being we call Puniverse. In man there is weakness; in the universe, there is greatness, power, and might. Man is born, grows, and dies, and barely lasts an instant in the eternal duration of the world, of which he occupies an infinitely small point. Born from dust, he returns to it just as soon, while nature alone remains with its forms and its permanence, and from the debris of mortal beings, she recomposes.\nThe universe, according to Ocellus of Encartes, considers in its entirety, reveals nothing of an origin or a destruction. We have not seen it born, grow, or improve; it remains the same, eternal and immutable. The ideas of birth, growth, aging, and death are foreign to the universal nature and belong only to man and the other effects it produces. \"The universe, it is said, reveals nothing of its origin or destruction in its entirety. We have not seen it born, grow, or improve; it remains the same, eternal and immutable.\"\n\"mani\u00e8re, toujours \u00e9gal et semblable \u00e0 lui-m\u00eame. A thus spoke one of the most ancient philosophers whose writings have reached us, and since then our observations have not taught us anything more. The universe still appears to us as it did then. This characteristic of perpetuity without alteration, is it not that of deity or the supreme cause? What would God be if he were not all that we seem to be, the nature and internal force that moves it? Shall we seek this eternal and unproduced being, whose existence is not attested to us, outside of the world? Shall we place ourselves in the class of effects produced by this immense cause beyond which we see nothing but the phantoms that it pleases our imagination to create? I know that the human spirit, which nothing stops, \"\nXi went beyond what his eye saw, crossed the sacred barrier that nature had placed before his sanctuary. Xi replaced the cause he saw acting with a cause he did not see and was superior to it, without worrying about proving its reality. He asked who made the world, as if it had been proven that the world had been made; and he did not ask who made the God, a stranger to the world, firmly believing that one could exist without having been created; this is what philosophers have effectively thought about the world or the universal cause. Man, because he is only an effect, wanted the world to be an effect as well; and in the delirium of his metaphysics, he imagined an abstract being called God, separated from the world and the cause.\nThe world, placed above the immense sphere that encircles the universe's system, was the only one to ensure its existence; thus, man created God. But this audacious hypothesis was not his first step. The power of the visible cause over him was too great for him to consider withdrawing from it immediately. He believed in the testimony of his eyes for a long time before surrendering to the illusions of his imagination and losing himself in the unknown world of the invisible. He saw God or the great cause in the universe before seeking it beyond, and he circumscribed his worship within the sphere of the visible world, before imagining an abstract God in an unseen world. This abuse of reason, this refinement of metaphysics, is of very recent date.\nThe history of religious opinions, and perhaps, can be considered an exception to the religious unity that had the visible nature and the active and intelligent force appearing to be widespread in all its parts, as historians testify and monuments political and religious of all ancient peoples do.\n\nCHAPTER II.\n\nUniversality of the cult rendered to nature, proven by history and monuments. No longer by reasonings will we seek to prove that the universe and its parts, considered as so many portions of the great cause or the great being, have attracted the attention and homages of men. It is by facts.\nIn the history of all peoples, we can demonstrate that what was believed to be god was in fact the natural world and its most active and brilliant parts: the world itself, the sky, the earth, the sun, the moon, the planets, the stars, the elements, and in general, anything that possesses the character of cause and perpetuity in nature. To contemplate and sing the praises of the world and its operations was once to paint and sing the divinity.\n\nRegardless of where we cast our gaze, in the old or the new continent, nature and its primary agents had altars. It is its august body, its sacred members that have been the object of veneration.\nThe text describes the beliefs of ancient Egyptian priests, as reported by others. They believed that only the sun, moon, planets, stars in the zodiac, and those that mark divisions and their subdivisions, the horoscope and presiding stars, should be considered gods. They explained their religious fables primarily through these celestial bodies.\nThe following gods were believed to be the supreme arbiters of fate by the ancients, as attested in our grand work. They were honored with sacrifices and images in Egypt. Animals, even those consecrated in their temples, represented the various functions of the great cause and were related to the sky, the sun, the moon, and the divisions of time in their two parts. One was affected by day and the other by night, as well as by the Nile and various physical causes.\nDifferent constellations, as Lucien well observed. Thus, the beautiful star Sirius or Canicule was honored under the name Canubis, and in the form of a sacred dog fed in temples. The hippopotamus represented the sun, the ibis the moon, and astronomy was the soul of the entire Egyptian religious system. It was to the sun and moon, adored under the names Osiris and Isis, that they attributed the governance of the world, as two primary and eternal deities, upon whom depended the great work of generation and vegetation in our sublunar world. They built, in honor of the star that distributes light to us, the city of the Sun or Heliopolis, and a temple in which they placed the statue of this god. It was gilded, and represented a young man without a beard, whose arm was raised, and who held in his hand a Nile papyrus.\nFouet, in the attitude of a chariot driver; in his left hand was lightning and a bundle of ears of corn. Such was how they signified the power and benevolence of the god who ignites the fires of lightning, and who pours out those which cause grains to grow and ripen.\n\nThe Nile river, from whose annual flooding comes the fertility of Egypt's lands, was also honored as a god or one of the beneficial causes of nature. It had altars and temples at Nilopolis or in the city of the Nile. Near the cataracts, above Elephantine, there was a college of priests devoted to its cult. The most pompous festivals were celebrated in its honor, particularly when it was about to spread its waters over the plain and fertilize it annually. They would promenade the statues of this god.\ndans les campagnes sa statue en grande c\u00e9r\u00e9mo- \nnie ; on se rendait ensuite au th\u00e9\u00e2tre; on assistait \n\u00e0 des repas publics ] on c\u00e9l\u00e9brait des danses , et \nPon entonnait des hymnes semblables \u00e0 ceux qu'on \nadressait a Jupiter, dont le Nil faisait la fonction sur \nle sol d'Egypte. Toutes les autres parties actives de \nla nature re\u00e7urent les hommages desEgyptiens. On \nlisait sur une ancienne colonne une inscription en \nl'honneur des dieux immortels , et les dieux qui y \nsont nomm\u00e9s sont le souffle ou l'air, le ciel, la \nterre, le soleil, la lune , la nuit et le jour. \nEnfin le monde , dans le syst\u00e8me \u00e9gyptien , \n\u00e9tait regard\u00e9 comme une grande divinit\u00e9 , com- \npos\u00e9e de l'assemblage d'une foule de dieux ou de \ncauses partielles , qui n'\u00e9taient autre chose que les \ndivers membres du grand corps appel\u00e9 inonde ou \nde l'Univers-Dieu. \nLes Ph\u00e9niciens, qui, avec les Egyptiens , ont le \nThe influence of other peoples' religions, which spread their theogonies throughout the universe, attributed divinity to the sun, the moon, and the stars, considering them the only causes of the production and destruction of all beings. The sun, known as Hercules among them, was their greatest deity. The Ethiopians, the ancestors of the Egyptians, living under a scorching climate, did not fail to worship the sun deity, and especially the moon goddess, who presided over the nights, whose sweet freshness forgot the heat of the day. All Africans sacrificed to these two great deities. It is in Ethiopia that Ton found the famous sun table. The Ethiopians living above Meroe acknowledged eternal and incorruptible gods, as Diodorus tells us.\nIn this ancient Cyr\u00e9naica, the sun, moon, and entire universe or world were considered gods, similar to the Incas of Peru. They regarded themselves as children of the sun, whom they considered their first father. Persina was a priestess of the moon, and her royal husband-priest was of the sun. The Troglodites had dedicated a fontaine to the sun god. Near the temple of Ammon, a rock was consecrated to the midday wind, and a sun fontaine was visible. The Blemmves, located on the borders of Egypt and Ethiopia, sacrificed human victims to the sun. The rocks Ragia and File Nasala, located beyond the territory of the Ichtyopliages, were dedicated to this star. No man dared approach this island, and the tales of the Elfrayans kept even the boldest mortal from setting foot upon it.\ny avait un rocher sur lequel personne ne pouvait \nsans crime porter la main : il \u00e9tait consacre au \nvenc d'orient. \nLes divinit\u00e9s invoqu\u00e9es comme t\u00e9moins dans Je \ntrait\u00e9 des Carthaginois avec Philippe, fils de D\u00e9m\u00e9- \ntrius, sont le soleil, la lune , la terre , les rivi\u00e8res, \nles prairies et les eaux. Massinissa , remerciant les \ndieux de l'arriv\u00e9e de Scipion dans son empire , \ns'adresse au soleil. \nEncore aujourd'hui les habitans de l'\u00eele Socotora \net les Hottentots conservent l'ancien respect que \nles Africains eurent toujours pour la lune, qu'ils \nregardaient comme le principe de la v\u00e9g\u00e9tation \nsublunaire ; ils s'adressent \u00e0 elle pour obtenir \nde la pluie, du beau temps et de bonnes r\u00e9colles. \nElle est pour eux une divinit\u00e9 bienfaisante , telle \nque T\u00e9tait Isis chez les Egyptiens. \nTous les Africains qui habitaient la c\u00f4te d'An- \nThe Congolese and the inhabitants of T\u00e9n\u00e9riffe revered the sun and the moon. The Arabs considered the moon as their great divinity. The Sarrasins gave it the epithet of Cabar or Cabir. The religious men of the Turks exalted it under the sign of the bull. The principal festivals of the Sarrasins and the Arab Sabaeans were dedicated to this exaltation. Each Arab tribe was under the invocation of a star: the Hamyar tribe was dedicated to the sun; the Cennah tribe, to the moon; the Misa tribe, to Aldebaran; the Ta\u00ef tribe, to Canopus; the Ka\u00efs tribe, to Sirius; the Lacliamus and Idamus tribes honored the planet.\nThe tribe Asad, that of Mercury and others, each revered one of the celestial bodies as their tutelary genius. Atra, an Arabian city, was dedicated to the sun and contained rich offerings deposited in its temple. The ancient Arabs often gave their children the title of servants of the sun.\n\nThe Kaabah of the Arabs, before Muhammad, was a temple dedicated to the moon; the black stone that Muslims kiss with great devotion today is, according to legend, an ancient statue of Saturn. The walls of the great mosque of Kufah, built on ancient foundations, are adorned with figurines of planets artistically sculpted. The ancient Arab religion was Sabianism, a religion universally spread in the East: the sky and the stars were its primary object.\nCette religion \u00e9tait celle des anciens Chald\u00e9ens, \net les Orientaux pr\u00e9tendent que leur Ibrahim ou \nl8 ABR\u00c9G\u00c9 DE L'ORIGINE \nAbraham fut \u00e9lev\u00e9 dans cette doctrine. On trouve \nencore \u00e0 Hell\u00e9 , sur les ruines de l'ancienne Baby- \nlone, une mosqu\u00e9e appel\u00e9e Mesched Eschanis, ou \nmosqu\u00e9e du soleil. Cest clans cette ville qu'\u00e9tait \nl'ancien temple de Bel ou du soleil, la grande di- \nvinit\u00e9 des Babyloniens ; c'est le m\u00eame dieu auquel \nles Perses \u00e9lev\u00e8rent des temples et consacr\u00e8rent des \nimages sous le nom Mithra. Ils honoraient aussi \nle ciel sous le nom de Jupiter , la lune et V\u00e9nus, \nle feu, la terre , l'air ou le vent , l'eau , et ne \nreconnaissaient pas d'autres dieux d\u00e8s la plus haute \nantiquit\u00e9'. En lisant les livres sacr\u00e9s des anciens \nPerses, contenus dans la collection des livres Zends, \non trouve \u00e0 chaque page des invocations adress\u00e9es \nTo Mithra, the moon, the stars, the elements, the mountains, the trees, and all parts beyond nature. The ethereal fire, which circulates throughout the universe, and whose most apparent source is the sun, was represented in the Pyrenees by the sacred and perpetually maintained fire in the hands of the magicians.\n\nEach planet, which holds a portion of it, had its Pyre or temple, where incense was burned in its honor: one went to the Sun's chapel to render homages to this star and celebrate its festival; in that of Mars and Jupiter, and so on, to honor Mars and Jupiter, and so for the other planets. Before coming to hands with Alexander, Darius, king of Persia, invoked the Sun, Mars, and the eternal sacred fire. Atop his tent was an image of this star, enclosed within it.\nAmong the ruins of Persepolis, the figure of a king on bended knee before the sun image can be distinguished; close by is the sacred fire kept by the magi and said to have been brought down to earth by Perseus. The Parsis, or descendants of the ancient disciples of Zoroaster, still address their prayers to the sun, the moon, the stars, and especially to fire, as the most subtle and purest of elements. This fire was mainly kept in Paderbighian, where was the great Pyre of the Persians, at Asiac, in the land of the Parthians. The Greeks established at Surate carefully preserve in a remarkable temple the sacred fire which Zoroaster taught the cult to their fathers. Puerburd saw one of these fires where it is said that\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in French with some English words interspersed. I have translated the French parts into English as faithfully as possible while keeping the original meaning. However, since the English words do not seem to be part of the original text but rather added by the modern editor, I will not attempt to correct or translate them.)\n\n\"Among the ruins of Persepolis, the figure of a king on bended knee before the sun image can be distinguished; close by is the sacred fire kept by the magi and said to have been brought down to earth by Perseus. The Parsis, or descendants of the ancient disciples of Zoroaster, still address their prayers to the sun, the moon, the stars, and especially to fire, as the most subtle and purest of elements. This fire was mainly kept in Paderbighian, where was the great Pyre of the Persians, at Asiac, in the land of the Parthians. The Greeks established at Surate carefully preserve in a remarkable temple the sacred fire which Zoroaster taught the cult to their fathers. Puerburd saw one of these fires where it is said that...\"\nThe fire has been preserved for over two hundred years without ever going out. Alarasaces built a temple to Armavir in ancient Phasiane, on the banks of the Araxes, and there he consecrated the statues of the sun and the moon, divine entities once worshiped by the Iberians, Albanians, and Colchidians. The last one was particularly revered in this part of Asia, in Armenia and Cappadocia, as well as the god Moon, whom the moon gave birth to through her revolution. All of Asia Minor, Phrygia, and the surrounding regions were covered in temples dedicated to the two great natural torches. The moon, under the name of Diana, had a magnificent temple in Ephesus. The god Moon had his own near Laodicea and in Phrygia. The sun was worshiped at Thymbra in the Troad under the name of Apollo.\nThe island of Rhodes was dedicated to the sun, to which a colossal statue was erected, known as the Colossus of Rhodes.\n\nIn the north of Asia, the Turks established near the Caucasus had great respect for fire, for water, for earth, which they celebrated in their sacred hymns.\n\nThe Abasges, relegated beyond the Black Sea, still, in the time of Justinian, revered the woods, the forests, and made trees their principal deities.\n\nAll the Scythian nations wandering in the vast lands to the north of Europe had the same principal deity, the one they drew their subsistence from, themselves and their herds; they made her wife of Jupiter or the sky, who poured rain upon her and made her fertile.\n\nThe Tartars who dwell to the east of the Imaus adore the sun, light, fire, earth, and other deities.\nThe Massagetes offered the beginnings of their nourishment to their unique deity, the sun, whom they sacrificed horses to. The Derhices, a people of Cithyrcania, paid homage to the earth. All Tatars in general held the sun in the highest regard, considering it the father of the moon, which borrowed its light from it; they made libations in its honor, as well as that of the fire and water. The Yotials of the Orenbourg government worshipped the earth deity, whom they called Monkalzin; the god of waters they named Vou-Imnar: they also adored the sun, as the seat of their great deity. The Tatars of the Oudiusk territory's mountains worshipped the sky and the sun. The Muscovites sacrificed to a supreme being.\nThe Chouvaches worshipped Sclikai, named thus in the heavens. When they prayed, they gazed towards the east, as did all Chudic peoples. The Chouvaches counted the sun and the moon among their deities; they sacrificed to the sun at the beginning of spring, during the semes, and to the moon with each renewal. The Toungouses revered the sun and made it their primary deity, representing it through the emblem of fire. The Huns adored the sky and earth, and their leader took the title of Tanjaou or Son of the Sky. The Chinese, placed at the eastern end of Asia, revered the sky under the name of Tien, signifying, according to some, the celestial spirit; according to others, the material sky: it is Uranus.\nThe Phoenicians, Atlantes, and Greeks revered the supreme Being, referred to as Tien or heaven, and Cliang-Tien, the supreme heaven, in the Chou-King. The Chinese believe this heaven to be all-encompassing and omniscient.\n\nChina houses temples for the sun, moon, and the northern stars. Thail-Tcoum offers a holocaust to both heaven and earth. Similarly, sacrifices are made to mountain and river deities.\n\nAgoustha pours libations to the august heaven and the reigning earth.\n\nThe Chinese erected a temple for the great being resulting from the assembly of heaven, earth, and elements, a being responsive to our world, which they call Tay-Ki. The Chinese pay homage to this being at the two solstices.\n\nThe Japanese people worship the stars.\nThe inhabitants of Ye\u00e7o suppose they are animated by intelligences or gods. They have a temple beyond the splendor of the sun; they celebrate the festival of the moon on the 7th of September. The people spend the night rejoicing in the light of this star.\n\nThe inhabitants of the Earth of Ye\u00e7o worship the sky. There are not yet nine hundred years since the rise of ALL CULTURES.\n\nThe inhabitants of Formosa knew no other gods but the sun and the moon, which they adored as two supreme deities or causes, an idea absolutely similar to that which the Egyptians and Phoenicians had of these two stars.\n\nThe Arrakanois have erected in the island of Munay a temple to light, under the name of the temple of the atoms of the sun.\n\nThe inhabitants of Tunquin revere seven celestial idols, which represent the seven planets, and five terrestrial ones consecrated to the elements.\nThe sun and moon have worshippers on the island of Ceylon, known as Taprobane to the ancients; there, too, other planets are paid homage. The first two celestial bodies are the only deities for the natives of Sumatra; they are the same gods honored in Pile Java, in Celbes, in the islands of the Sonda, in the Moluques, in the Philippines.\n\nThe Talapoins or Siamese priests hold the greatest reverence for all elements and for all parts of nature's sacred body. Indians hold a superstitious respect for the waters of the Ganges river; they believe in its divinity, like the Egyptians do for the Nile.\n\nThe sun was one of the great deities of the Indians, according to Clement of Alexandria. Indians, even the spiritual ones, revere these two great beacons of nature, the sun and the moon.\nThe Aboriginal People called the sun \"the two eyes of the divinity.\" They celebrated an annual festival in its honor on January 9th and acknowledged five elements, elevating five pagodas to them. The seven planets are still worshipped in Nepal today under different names, and sacrifices are made to them each day. Lucian claims that the Indians paid homage to the sun by turning towards the east and maintaining deep silence, forming an imitative dance of the sun's movement. In one of their temples, the god of light was depicted riding a chariot or quadrige pulled by four horses. The ancient Indians also had a sacred fire, which they drew from the sun's rays on the summit of a very high mountain they gazed upon.\nThe central point is Le Tinde. The Brames still exist today on Tirounamaly mountain, a fire for which they have the greatest reverence. They go, at sunrise, to draw water from a pond, and they throw some of it towards this altar, to show their respect and gratitude for what it has wanted to reappear and dispel the night's darkness. It is on the sun god's altar that they light the torches they carry to Phaot\u00e8s, their new king, to receive.\n\nThe author of the Bagavadgita recognizes that various Indians address prayers to fixed stars and planets. Thus, the cult of the sun, stars, and elements formed the foundation of religion in all of Asia, that is, in the habitats of the greatest and oldest civilizations.\nThe plus wise nations, among those influencing the religion of Western peoples and Europe in general, report our gaze to this occidental part of the ancient world. Here we find Sabianism or the cult of the sun, moon, and stars, also widespread, albeit often disguised under other names and forms that have made them unrecognizable to their worshippers.\n\nThe ancient Greeks, as Plato relates, worshipped no other gods but those adored by the barbarians during Plato's time, and these gods were the sun, moon, stars, sky, and earth.\n\nEpicharmus, a disciple of Pythagoras, called gods the sun, moon, stars, earth, water, and fire. Orpheus regarded the sun as:\n\n\"The ancient Greeks, as Plato relates, worshipped no other gods but those adored by the barbarians during Plato's time, and these gods were the sun, moon, stars, sky, and earth.\"\n\n\"The ancient Greeks, according to Plato, worshipped only the gods adored by the barbarians during Plato's time, which were the sun, moon, stars, sky, and earth.\"\nplus grand des dieux, et montant sur un lieu \u00e9lev\u00e9, il y attendait l'apparition de cet astre pour lui rendre des homages.\n\nAgamemnon, in Homer, sacrifices to the sun and the earth.\n\nLe ch\u0153ur, in Sophocle's Oedipus, invokes the sun,\nas being the first of all the gods and their chief.\n\nThe earth was worshiped on the island of Cos: it had a temple at Athens and at Sparta; its altar and its oracle at Olympia. Delphos was originally consecrated to it. In reading Pausanias, who gave a description of Greece and its religious monuments, one finds traces of the cult of nature everywhere; one sees there altars, temples, statues dedicated to the sun, to the moon, to the earth, to the Pleiades, to the charioteer, to the she-goat, to Poseidon or to Galystes, to the night, to rivers, etc.\nIn Laconian lands, seven columns were raised at seven planets. The sun had its statue, and the moon, its sacred font at Thyia, in the same country. The inhabitants of Megalopolis sacrificed to Boreas, and had planted a sacred grove for him. The Macedonians worshipped Hestia, the fire, and addressed prayers to Lydia or to the element, water. Alexander, king of Macedonia, sacrificed to the sun, the moon, and the earth.\n\nThe Oracle of Dodona, in all its responses, demanded that Ton sacrifice to the river Achelous. Homer gives Fepithites as sacred to the waters of Alpheus. Nestor and the Pylians sacrificed a bull to the river. Achilles let his hair grow in honor of the Sphercius; he also invoked the wind Boreas and Zephyr.\n\nAll the Cults. 2\\.\n\nThe rivers were reputed to be sacred and divine, just as...\nDue to their perpetual courses, as they nourished vegetation, watered plants and animals, and because water is one of the first principles of nature and one of the most powerful agents of the universal force of the great-being. In Thessaly, sacred ravens were nourished in Flionneur of the sun. This bird is found on monuments of Mithra in Persia.\n\nThe temples of ancient Byzantium were consecrated to the sun, the moon, and T\u00e9nus. These three stars, as well as the Arcturus or the beautiful star of the bull, the twelve signs of the zodiac, had their idols there.\n\nRome and Italy also preserved a multitude of monuments of the cult rendered to nature and its principal agents. Tatius, coming to Rome to share the scepter of Piomulus, built temples to the sun, the moon, Saturn, light, and fire. The fire\n\u00e9ternel ou Testa \u00e9tait le plus ancien objet du culte \ndes Pvomains : des vierges \u00e9taient charg\u00e9es de l'en- \ntretenir dans le temple de cette d\u00e9esse, comme les \nmages en Asie dans leurs Pyr\u00e9es; car c'\u00e9tait lem\u00e9me \nculte que celai des Perses. C'\u00e9tait, dit Jornand\u00e8s , \nune image des feux \u00e9ternels qui brillent au ciel. \nTout le monde conna\u00eet le fameux temple deTellus \nou de la terre , qui servit souvent aux assembl\u00e9es \ndu s\u00e9nat. La terre prenait le nom de m\u00e8re , et \u00e9tai\u00ees \nregard\u00e9e comme une divinit\u00e9 avec les m\u00e2nes. \n28 ABR\u00c9G\u00c9 DE l'\u00fbRIGINE \nOn trouvait dans le Lalium une fontaine du \nsoleil , aupr\u00e8s de laquelle \u00e9taient \u00e9lev\u00e9s deux \nautels , sur lesquels En\u00e9e , arrivant en Italie , \nsacrifia. Romulus institua les jeux du cirque en \nhonneur de Pastre qui mesure Pann\u00e9e dans son \ncours , et des quatre \u00e9l\u00e9mens qu'il modifie par \nson action puissante. \nIn Rome, Aurc'lien built the temple of the sun god, enriching it with gold and jewels. Before him, images of the sun and moon had been brought from Egypt and adorned his triumph over Antoine and Cleopatra. The moon had her temple on Mount Aventine. In Sicily, we see cattle consecrated to the sun. The island itself bore the name Island of the Sun. The cattle that the companions of Ulysses found there upon arrival were also consecrated to this star. The inhabitants of Assora worshipped the river Cryssas, which flowed beneath their walls and watered them, having built a temple and statue for it. At Enguyum, they worshipped the mother goddesses, the same deities honored in Crete, that is, the Great and the Little Bear. In Spain, the B\u00e9tique peoples had temples for the goddesses.\nBuilt a temple in honor of the morning and evening star. The Acetians had erected a statue to the Sun god, under the name of Mars, whose radiant head expressed the divinity of this deity. In Cadix, this same god was honored under the name of Hercules since the earliest antiquity. All the northern European nations, known collectively as the Celtic peoples, paid a religious tribute to the god of the water, the air, the earth, the sun, the moon, the stars, the sky, the trees, the rivers, the springs, etc.\n\nThe conqueror of Gaul, Julius Caesar, asserts that the ancient Germans worshipped only visible causes and their primary agents; that the gods they saw and felt the influence of were the sun, the moon, fire or Tulcus, the earth under the name of Herta.\nIn Gaul of Narbonne, a temple was found for Circius, purifying the air. A temple of the sun existed in Toulouse. In the G\u00e9vaudan, there was the lake Helanus, to which religious honors were paid.\n\nCharlemagne, in his Capitularies, prohibited the ancient practice of placing lit candles beside trees and fontains to give them a superstitious cult.\n\nCanut, king of England, forbade in his states the sun, the moon, the fire, the rivers, the forests, etc., the cult that Ton rendered to them.\n\nThe Franks, passing through Italy under Theudibert's leadership, immolated the women and children of the Gauls and made offerings to the Po river, as the beginning of the war. The Germans, according to Agatias' report, immolated offerings.\nchevaux aux fleuves et les Troyens au Scamandre, en pr\u00e9cipitant ces animaux tout vivants dans leurs eaux. Les habitans de File de Thul\u00e9 et tous les Scandinaves placentaient leurs divinit\u00e9s dans le firmament, dans la terre, dans la mer, dans les eaux courantes, etc.\n\nOn voit par ce tableau abr\u00e9g\u00e9 de l'histoire religieuse de l'ancien continent que n'y a pas un point des trois parties de l'ancien monde o\u00f9 l'on ne trouve \u00e9tabli le culte de la nature et de ses agents principaux, et que les nations civilis\u00e9es, comme celles qui le \u00e9taient pas, ont toutes reconnu l'empire qui exer\u00e7ait sur l'homme la cause universelle visible, ou le monde et ses parties les plus actives.\n\nSi nous passons en Am\u00e9rique, tout nous pr\u00e9sente sur la terre une sc\u00e8ne nouvelle, tant dans l'ordre physique que dans l'ordre moral et politique.\nTout est nouveau : plants, quadrup\u00e9des, arbres, fruits, reptiles, oiseaux, m\u0153urs, usages. The religion is the only thing that remains the same : it is still the sun, the moon, the sky, the stars, the earth and the elements that are worshiped. The Incas of Peru considered themselves sons of the sun; they built temples and altars for this star and instituted festivals in its honor: it was regarded, as in Egypt and Phoenicia, as the source of all the blessings of nature.\n\nLa lune, associated with its cult, was considered the mother of all sublunary productions; she was honored as the wife and sister of the sun. Venus, the planet most brilliant after the sun, also had its altars, as well as meteors, lightning, and especially the brilliant comets.\nIris or Parc-en-ciel. Virgins were in charge, as at Rome with the Vestals, of tending to the perpetual sacred fire. The same cult was established in Mexico, with all the pomp that a learned people give their religion. The Mexicans contemplated the sky and gave it the name of Creator and Admirable; there was no part of the universe among them that did not have its altars and worshippers. The inhabitants of Panama's isthmus, and all that is called mainland, believed in a god in the sky, and that this god was the sun, husband of the moon: they worshipped these two stars as the two supreme causes that govern the world. It was the same for peoples of Brazil, the Caribbeans, Floridians, Indians of the Cumana coast, savages of Virginia, and those of Canada and Hudson Bay.\nThe Iroquois call the sky Garonhia; the Hurons, Sironhiata, and others adore it as the great genius, good master, and father of life. They also grant supremacy to the sun. The natives of northern America do not make a treaty without taking the sun as witness and guarantee, as we see Agamemnon did in Homer, and the Carthaginians in Polybius. They make their allies smoke the calumet, and blow its smoke towards this star. The Panis, who inhabit the banks of the Mississippi, are said to have received the calumet from the sun, according to the tradition of these savages.\n\nThe natives of the Isle of Gayenne also worshiped the sun, the sky, and the stars. In short, wherever Ton found traces of a cult in America, it was recognized as directing itself towards some-\nThe cult of nature should be considered the primitive and universal religion of both worlds. Evidence from the history of peoples of the two continents, as well as their religious and political monuments, divisions and distributions of the sacred order, and social order, their festivals, hymns and religious chants, and opinions of their philosophers, all join this.\n\nOnce men ceased to gather on the summit of high mountains to contemplate and worship the sky, the sun, the moon, and other stars, their first deities, and they were reunited in temples, they wanted to find within this narrow enclosure the images of their gods and a regular representation of this entirety.\nThe famous labyrinth of Egypt represented the twelve houses of the sun, to which it was consecrated by twelve palaces, communicating with each other, and forming the mass of the temple of the star that engenders Pannees, the seasons, by circulating in the twelve signs of the zodiac. In the temple of Heliopolis or the City of the Sun, there were twelve columns charged with symbols related to the twelve signs and elements.\n\nThese enormous masses of stones dedicated to the sun god had a pyramidal figure, the most suitable to represent the sun's rays, and the form under which the flame rises.\n\nThe statue of Apollo Agyeus was a column topped with a point, and Apollo was the sun. The care of representing the images and statues of the gods was taken.\nThe gods in Egypt were not abandoned to ordinary artists. The priests gave the desins on spheres, that is, according to the inspection of the sky and its astronomical images, they determined the forms. In all religions, the numbers seven and twelve, of which one recalls that of the planets and the other that of the signs, are sacred numbers that reproduce in various forms. Such are the twelve great gods; the twelve apostles; the twelve sons of Jacob or the twelve tribes; the twelve altars of Janus; the twelve labors of Hercules or the sun, the twelve shields of Mars; the twelve brothers Arvaux; the twelve goddesses Consentes; the twelve members of the Ionian Light; the twelve governors in the Manichean system.\nThe text appears to be in French with some references to ancient cultures. Here's the cleaned text:\n\nLes douze provinces d'Inde; les douze aztecs des Scandinaves; la ville aux douze portes de l'apocalypse, avec ses douze quartiers, selon le plan de Platon; les quatre tribus de Th\u00e8nes, sous-divis\u00e9es en trois fraternit\u00e9s, suivant la division faite par C\u00e9sar; les douze coussins sacr\u00e9s sur lesquels est assis le Cr\u00e9ateur dans la cosmogonie des Japonais; les douze pierres du sanctuaire du grand-pr\u00eatre des Juifs, rang\u00e9es trois par trois, comme les douze saisons; les douze cantons de la ligue \u00e9trusque, et leurs douze lucumons, ou chefs de canton; la conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration des douze villes d'Ionie, celle des douze villes d'Eolie; les douze Cheou en Chine, o\u00f9 Clun divise la Chine; les douze r\u00e9gions entr\u00e9es lesquelles les habitants de la Cor\u00e9e partagent le monde; les douze officiers charg\u00e9s de tracter le sarcophage dans les fun\u00e9railles du roi de Tunquin.\nchevaux de main, the twelve elephants, etc., conducted in this ceremony. It was also the case for the number seven. Such a seven-branched candelabra, which represented the planetary system in the Temple of Jerusalem; the seven enclosures of the temple, those of the city of Ecbatana, likewise numbering seven, and DE TOUS LES CULTES. 55\n\ncolors assigned to the planets; the seven doors of Mithra's lair or of the sun: the seven levels of Babylon's tower, topped with an eighth representing the sky and serving as a temple for Jupiter; the seven gates of Thebes, each named for a planet; the seven-piped flute held by the god representing the All or nature, Pau; the seven-stringed lyre touched by Apollo or the sun god; the book of fate.\nThe seven tablets; the seven prophetic rings of the Brahmans, on which the name of a planet was engraved; the seven consecrated stones in Laconia for the same planets; the division into seven castes adopted by the Egyptians and Indians since ancient times: the seven idols that the Bones carry every year in seven different temples; the seven mystical vowels forming the sacred formula pronounced in the temples of the planets; the seven pyres or altars of the Mithra monument; the seven Amshaspands or great gods invoked by the Persians; the seven archangels of the Chaldeans and Jews; the seven resonating towers of ancient Byzance; the week among all peoples, or the period of seven days dedicated to a planet; the period of seven times seven years among the Jews; the seven sacraments among the Christians.\nIn the astrological and cabalistic book, known as the Apocalypse of 36, the numbers twelve and seven are repeated at every page. The first test is fourteen times, and the second is twenty-four times. The number three hundred sixty, which is the number of days in a year, was also traced by the three hundred sixty gods acknowledged by Orphic theology; by the three hundred sixty cups of water from the Nile, which priests poured daily into a sacred tonneau in Thebes; by the three hundred sixty Eons or generations of the gnostics; by the three hundred sixty idols placed in the palaces of the Da\u00efri in Japan; by the three hundred sixty little statues surrounding that of Hobal or the sun god, Bel, worshipped by the Chaldeans.\nThe ancient Arabs built three hundred and sixty chapels around the magnificent mosque of Bafk, cared for by the chief of the Barmecide family. Three hundred and sixty geniuses, who seize the soul at death according to the Christian doctrine of St. John, also resided there. Three hundred and sixty temples were built on Mount Lowham in China. A wall of three hundred and sixty stades surrounded the city of Beius, or the City of the Sun, the famous Babylon. All these monuments depict the same division of the world and the circle divided into degrees that the sun traverses. The division of the zodiac into twenty-seven parts, representing the lunar stations, and thirty-six, was also an object of these cults. The cult of the decans was similarly the focus of political and religious distributions.\nThe beautiful star of the goat, placed in the heavens in the constellation of Capricorn, had a bronze statue of it in the public place of the Phliasians. Capricorn itself had its temples, statues, tombs, and mysteries in Greece, and it was honored under the names of Myrtile, Hippolyte, Sph\u00e9r\u0153us, Cillas, Erecth\u00e9e, etc. One could also see the statues and tombs of the Atlantides or the Pleiades, Sterop\u00e9, Ph\u0153dra, etc. Near Argos was shown the mound covering the head of the famous Medusa, whose type is in the heavens, under the feet of Perseus. The moon or the Diana of Ephesus was depicted with her bare breast.\nThe figure of cancer, one of the twelve signs and the domicile of that planet, had temples in Arcadia for the celestial bear, adored as Calysto, and the bull, known as Arcas. The same bull had an idol in ancient Byzance, as did Orion, the famous Nembrod of the Assyrians; his tomb was at Tanagre in Beotia.\n\nThe Syrians consecrated images of fish, one of the celestial signs, in their temples. The constellations Nesra or the eagle, Aiyuk or the goat, Yagutho or the Pleiades, and Suwalia or Alhauwaa, the serpent bearer, had idols among the ancient Sabians. These names are still found in Hyde's commentary on Ulug-Beigh.\n\nThe religious system of the Egyptians was entirely based on the sky, as we believe.\nLucien in general, the entire sky was descended upon the Greek and Egyptian lands to paint themselves and take on bodies in the forms of both living and inanimate gods. Most cities were built under the inspection and protection of a celestial sign. Their horoscopes were drawn from this, and the images of the stars were imprinted on their medallions. Those of Antioch on the Orontes depict the bull with the crescent of the moon; those of the Mamertines, the image of the bull; those of the kings of Komagene, the type of the scorpion; those of Zeugma and Anazarba, the image of Capricorn. Almost all celestial signs can be found on the medallions of Antoninus; the star Hesperus was the public seal of the Locrian Ozoles and Opuntians. We also notice similarly that the festivals were...\nAncient festivals are linked to great eras of nature and the celestial system. Everywhere, one finds the cults of all kinds. Three of them stand out: the solstice and equinox festivals. The solstice festival of winter is particularly notable: it is then that the sun begins to be reborn and resumes its journey towards our latitudes. At the same time, the equinox festival of the seasons occurs: it is then that it brings long days and the active and productive heat that sets the vegetation in motion, develops all germs, and matures all the earth's productions. Christians, adorers of the sun under the name of Christ, substituted for that of Mithra, offer proof of this among us. All peoples had their festivals.\nThe ancient Chinese established sacrifices for the four seasons or the four temples. These can be found even among the Chinese. One of their earliest emperors, Fohi, established sacrifices with celebrations fixed at the two equinoxes and the two solstices. Four pavilions were erected for the moons of the four seasons,\n\nThe ancient Chinese, as Confucius said, established a solemn sacrifice in honor of Chang-Ty at the winter solstice because it is then that the sun, after passing through the twelve palaces, begins anew to shine upon us with its beneficial light.\n\nThey instituted a second sacrifice in the spring season to thank it specifically for the gifts it bestows upon mankind through the earth.\n\nThese two sacrifices can only be offered by the emperor of China, the son of heaven.\n\nThe Greeks and Romans did the same.\npeu pr\u00e8s pour les m\u00eames raisons. \nLes Perses ont leur Neurouz ou f\u00eate du soleil \ndans son passage sur le b\u00e9lier ou sous le signe de \nl'\u00e9quinoxe du printemps , et les Juifs leur f\u00eate du \npassage sous l'agneau. Le Neurouz est une des plus \ngrandes f\u00eates de la Perse. Les Perses c\u00e9l\u00e9braient \nautrefois l'entr\u00e9e du soleil dans chaque signe , au \nbruit des instrumens de musique. \nLes anciens Egyptiens promenaient la vache \nsacr\u00e9e sept fois autour du temple , au solstice \nd'hiver. \u00c0 F\u00e9quinoxe du printemps ils c\u00e9l\u00e9braient \nl'\u00e9poque heureuse o\u00f9 le feu c\u00e9leste venait tous les \nans embraser la nature. \nCette f\u00eate du feu et de la lumi\u00e8re triomphante , \ndont notre feu sacre' du samedi saint et notre \ncierge pascal retracent encore l'image , existait \ndans la ville du Soleil , en Assyrie , sous le nom \nde f\u00eate des b\u00fbchers. \nLes f\u00eates c\u00e9l\u00e9br\u00e9es par les anciens Sab\u00e9ens en \nThe planets were fixed under the sign of their exaltation; sometimes under that of their domicile, such as Saturn among the Romans, which was in December under Capricorn, its domicile. All the feasts of the ancient calendar of the pontiffs are linked to the rising or setting of some constellation or star, as DE TOUS LES CULTES. One can ensure this through the reading of Ovid's fastes.\n\nIt is especially in the circus games, instituted in honor of the god who distributes light, that the religious genius of the Romans and the relationships between their feasts and nature manifest. The sun, the moon, the planets, the elements, all were represented there by analogous emblems to their nature.\n\nThe sun had its horses, which, in the Hippic games, represented it.\nThe fields of Olympus were represented by a vast arena dedicated to the sun. In the midst of it, the sun god had his temple, topped with his image. The limits of the sun's course, east and west, were traced and marked by borders placed at the arena's extremities. The courses were run from east to west, for seven tours, due to the seven planets.\n\nThe sun and the moon had their chariot, as did Jupiter and Venus. The chariot drivers were dressed in robes of color analogous to the various elements. The chariot of the sun was harnessed with four horses, and that of the moon with two.\n\nThe zodiac was figured in the arena by twelve gates: the movement of the circumpolar stars or the two bears was also retraced there.\nIn these festivals, everything was personified: the sea was Neptune, the earth was Ceres, and so were the other elements. They were represented by actors who disputed the prize in these combats.\n\nThese combats were, it was said, invented to retrace the harmony of the universe, of the sky, the earth, and the sea.\n\nRomulus is attributed with the institution of these games among the Romans, and I believe they were an imitation of the chariot races of the Arcanum Hippodrome and the games of Telus.\n\nThe phases of the moon were also the object of festivals, and especially the new moon or the new light that the planet assumes at the beginning of each month; for the god Month had his temples, his images, and his mysteries. The entire ceremonial of the procession of Isis, as described in Apuleius, relates to nature and retraces its various parts.\nThe ancient sacred hymns share the same objective, as seen in those that have survived, and are attributed to Orpheus. Regardless of the author, it is clear that he sang only of nature. One of the earliest Chinese emperors, Chun, commissioned a large number of hymns addressed to the sky, the sun, the moon, the stars, and so on. The same is true of almost all Persian prayers contained in the Zend books. The poetic songs of ancient authors, from whom we derive the known theogonies under the names of Orpheus, Linus, Hesiod, and so on, relate to nature and its agents. \"Sing, Muses, immortal gods, 'children of the earth and heaven, starry gods, born 'from the womb of Night, and nourished by Ocean.\"\nThe stars shine, the immense vault of heaven and the gods born from it; the sea, rivers, and so on. The songs of Iopas, during the feast that Dido gives to the Trojans, contain the sublime lessons of the wise Atlas on the course of the moon and the sun, on the origin of men, of animosities, and so on. In Virgil's pastorals, the old Silenus sings of chaos and the organization of the world; Orpheus does the same in the Argonautica of Apollonius, book 5, concerning the cosmogony of Sanchoniaton or that of the Phoenicians, which, under the veil of mythology, reveal the great secrets of nature, which were imparted to initiates. The philosophers who succeeded the poets in the pursuit of philosophy divided all the parts of the universe and sought the gods mainly in the members of the great god or the great whole.\nPythagoras believed that celestial bodies were immortal and divine; that the sun, moon, and all stars were as many gods, abundant with heat, the principle of life. He placed the substance of divinity in the ethereal fire, of which the sun is the principal source.\n\nParmenides imagined a crown of light enveloping the world; he also made the substance of divinity from this light, of which the stars were the manifestation. Alcmeon of Croton placed the gods in the sun, in the moon, and in the other stars. Antisthenes recognized only one divinity, nature. Plato attributed this.\nXenocrates and H\u00e9raclide of Pont admitted the divinity of the world, the sky, the stars, and the earth. Xenocrates acknowledged eight great gods: the heaven of fixed stars and the seven planets. Theosophus gave the title \"first cause\" to the stars and celestial signs. Zenon called P\u00e9ther, the stars, time, and its parts gods. Cleanthes admitted the doctrine of the universality of divinity, particularly of the ethereal fire that envelops the spheres and penetrates them. The entire divinity, according to this philosopher, was distributed among the stars, as depositories of so many portions of this divine fire. Diog\u00e8ne of Babylon attributed all mythology to nature or physiology. Chrysippe recognized the world as god. He located the divine substance in the ethereal fire, in the ether, in the sun, in the moon, and in the stars.\nAnaximandre considered stars as gods; Anaximenes gave names to earth and air; Zenon, to the world in general and the sky in particular. We will not delve further into the dogmas of ancient philosophers to prove they agreed with ancient poets, theologians who composed the first theogonies, legislators who established religious and political order, and artists who erected the first temples and statues to gods. It is demonstrated, based on what we have said, that the universe and its parts, that is, nature and its principal agents, were not only adored as gods but were effectively so.\nune consequence necessaire, savoir : que c'est par la nature et ses parties, et par le jeu des causes physiques, que l'on doit expliquer le systeme theologique de tous les anciens peuples; que c'est sur le ciel, sur le soleil, sur la lune, sur les astres, sur la terre et sur les elements que nous devons porter nos yeux si nous voulons retrouver les dieux de tous les peuples et les d\u00e9couvrir sous le voile que l'all\u00e9gorie et la mystique ont souvent jet\u00e9 sur eux, soit pour picoter notre curiosit\u00e9, soit pour nous inspirer plus de respect. Ce culte ayant \u00e9t\u00e9 le premier et le plus universellement r\u00e9pandu, il en r\u00e9sulte que la m\u00e9thode d'explication qui doit \u00eatre employ\u00e9e premi\u00e8rement et le plus universellement, est celle qui porte tout enti\u00e8re sur le jeu des causes physiques et sur le m\u00e9canisme de l'organisation du univers.\nAll that which will receive a reasonable meaning, considered from this perspective; all that, in ancient poems about gods and the sacred legends of various peoples, contains an ingenious picture of nature and its operations, is supposed to belong to that religion which I call the universal religion. All that which can be explained without effort by the physical and astronomical system, should be regarded as part of the fictitious adventures introduced by allegory in the songs about nature.\n\nThis is the basis for the entire system of explanation that we adopt in our work. We did not adore, we did not sing, we did not paint anything but nature; therefore, it is by her that everything must be explained: the consequence is necessary.\n\nOF ALL CULTS. 4?\nCHAPITRE III. \nDe l'Univers anim\u00e9 et intelligent. \nAvant de passer aux applicatioiis de notre sys- \nt\u00e8me et aux r\u00e9sultats qu'il doit donner , il est bon \nde consid\u00e9rer dans l'univers tous les rapports \nsous lesquels les anciens Font envisag\u00e9. \nIl s'en faut de beaucoup qu'ils n'aient vu dans le \ninonde qu'une machine sans vie et sans intelli- \ngence, mue par une force aveugle et n\u00e9cessaire. La \nplus grande et la plus saine partie des philosophes \nont pens\u00e9 que l'univers renfermait \u00e9minemment \nle principe de vie et de mouvement que la nature \navait mis en eux, et qui n'\u00e9tait en eux que parce \nqu'il existait \u00e9ternellement en elle , comme dans \nune source abondante et f\u00e9conde dontles ruisseaux \nvivifiaient et animaient tout ce qui a vie et intelli- \ngence. L'homme n'avait pas encore la vanit\u00e9 de \nse croire plus parfait que le monde , et d'admettre \nIn an infinitely small part of the vast whole, that which he refused to the great whole itself, and in the transient being, that which he did not grant to the perpetually subsisting being. The world appeared animated by a principle of life that circulated in all its parts, and which held it in eternal activity. Therefore, it was believed that the universe lived like a man and the other animals, or rather that these did not live except because the universe, essentially animated, communicated to them for a few instants an infinitely small portion of its immortal life which it poured into the inert and gross matter of sublunary bodies. If he took it away from them, man and animal died, and the universe alone, eternally living, circulated around the debris of their bodies through its perpetual movement, and organized itself.\nThe new beings. The active fire or the subtle substance that animated it within its immense mass, was its universal soul. This doctrine is contained in the Chinese system, regarding Wang and Yin, of whom one is celestial matter, mobile and luminescent, and the other terrestrial matter, inert and dark, from which all bodies are composed.\n\nThis is the doctrine of Pythagoras, expressed in the beautiful verses of the sixth book of the Aeneid, where Anchises reveals to his son the origin of souls and their fate after death.\n\n\"You must know, my son, said he, that the sky and earth, the sea, the shining globe of the sun, and all the stars, are moved by an internal principle of life that perpetuates their existence; that there is a great intelligent soul, spread out...\"\nIn all parts of the vast universe, which intermingles with all, agitates with an eternal ethernal movement. It is this soul that is the source of human life, as well as that of cattle, of birds, and of all monsters dwelling in the seas. The living force that animates them emanates from this eternal fire that shines in the heavens, and it develops in the gross matter of bodies only to the extent that the various mortal organizations allow. At the death of each animal, these particular seeds of life, these portions of the universal breath, return to their principle and to their source of life that circulates in the spherical heaven.\n\nTim\u00e6us of Locri, Plato, and Proclus, have written on this matter.\nfait un traite' sur cet \u00e2me universelle, appel\u00e9e \u00e2me \ndu monde , qui , sous le nom de Jupiter , subit tant \nde m\u00e9thamorplioses dans la mythologie ancienne, \net qui est repr\u00e9sent\u00e9e sous tant de formes emprun- \nt\u00e9es des animaux et des plantes dans le syst\u00e8me des \nEgyptiens. L'univers fut donc regard\u00e9 comme un \nanimal vivant , qui communique sa vie \u00e0 tous les \n\u00eatres qu'il engendre par sa f\u00e9condit\u00e9 \u00e9ternelle. \nNon-seulement il fut r\u00e9put\u00e9 vivant, mais encore \nsouverainement intelligent, et peupl\u00e9 d'une foule \nd'intelligences partielles r\u00e9pandues par toute la na- \nture , et dont la source \u00e9tait dans son intelligence \nsupr\u00eame et immortelle. \nLe monde comprend tout, dit Tim\u00e9e; il est \nanim\u00e9 et dou\u00e9 de raison : c'est ce qui a fait dire \n\u00e0 beaucoup de philosophes que le monde \u00e9tait \nvivant et sage, \n50 ABREGE DE l'oRIGI\u00ceTE \nCl\u00e9anthe, qui regardait l'univers comme Dieu ou \ncomme la cause universelle et improduite de tous les \neffets, donnait une \u00e2me et une intelligence au monde, \net c'\u00e9tait \u00e0 cette \u00e2me iutelligente qu'appartenait \nproprement la divinit\u00e9. Dieu, suivant lui, \u00e9tablissait \nson principal sie'ge dans la substance \u00e9th\u00e9r\u00e9e, dans \ncet \u00e9l\u00e9ment subtil et lumineux qui circule avec \nabondance autour du firmament, et qui de l\u00e0 se r\u00e9- \npand dans tous les astres, qui par cela m\u00eame parta- \ngent la nature divine. \nDans le second livre de Cic\u00e9ron sur la nature \ndes dieux, un des interlocuteurs s'attache \u00e0 prouver \npar plusieurs argumens que l'univers est n\u00e9cessai- \nrement intelligent et sage. Une des principales rai- \nsons qu'il en apporte , c'est qu'il n'est pas vraisem- \nblable que l'homme , qui n'est qu'une infiniment \npetite partie du grand tout, ait des sens et de l'in- \ntelligence, et que le tout lui-m\u00eame, d'une nature \n\"Superior to that of man, in this regard is he deprived. The same kind of souls, as Marc-Aurele says, have been distributed to all animals devoid of reason, and an intelligent spirit to all rational beings. Just as all terrestrial bodies are formed of the same earth, and all that lives and breathes sees but one same light, and receives and renders one same air, so there is but one soul, though it may distribute itself in an infinite number of bodies organic.\"\nThe universe is composed of a universal matter, of which the souls and particular intelligences are generalized into a universal soul and a universal intelligence. These move and govern the immense mass of matter that forms the body of the world. Thus, the universe is a vast body moved by a soul, governed and conducted by an intelligence, which have the same extent and act in all its parts, that is, in all that exists, since there is nothing outside the universe, which is the assembly of all things. Reciprocally, just as the universal matter takes on an infinite multitude of particular forms, so too does the universal soul and intelligence take on a particular character of life and intelligence in the bodies.\nde vases divers qui les re\u00e7oivent. Telle la masse \nimmense des eaux , connue sous le nom d'Oc\u00e9an , \nfournit par l'\u00e9vaporat\u00eeon les diverses esp\u00e8ces d'eaux \nqui se distribuent dans les lacs, dansles fontaines, \ndans les rivi\u00e8res , dans les plantes, dans tous le* \nv\u00e9g\u00e9taux et les animaux , o\u00f9 circulent les fluides \n5^ ABREGE DE L'ORIGINE \nsous des formes et avec des qualite's particuli\u00e8res , \npour rentrer ensuite dans le bassin des mers, o\u00f9 \nelles se confondent en une seule masse de qualit\u00e9 \nhomog\u00e8ne. Voil\u00e0 l'id\u00e9e que les anciens eurent de \nl'\u00e2me ou de la vie et de l'intelligence universelle , \nsource de la vie et des intelligences distribu\u00e9es dans \ntous les \u00eatres particuliers , \u00e0 qui elles se communi- \nquent par des milliers de canaux. C'est de cette \nsource f\u00e9conde que sont sorties les intelligences in- \nnombrables plac\u00e9es dans le ciel, dans le soleil, dans \nThe moon, in all stars, in elements, in the earth, in waters, and generally wherever the universal cause seems to have fixed the seat of some particular action, and one of the agents of the great work of nature. Thus composed was the court of the gods who dwell on Olympus, those of the air, of the sea, and of the earth; thus organized was the general system of the world's administration, whose care was committed to intelligences of various orders and different names, whether gods, genies, angels, or spirits celestial, heroes, irids, azes, etc.\n\nNothing was executed in the world by physical means, by the mere material and the laws of movement: all depended on the will and orders of intelligent agents. The council of the gods regulated the destiny of men.\nTheology presents itself under this form among all peoples with a regular and rational cult. It is under this form that the nature, subject to its laws and guided by its wisdom, is decided. This is how it appears.\n\nUnder all cults. (53)\n\nThe savage still places life wherever he sees movement, and intelligence in all causes of which he is ignorant, that is, in all of nature. From this comes the opinion of animated stars and guided by intelligences; an opinion widespread among the Chaldeans, Persians, Greeks, Jews, and Christians. The latter have placed angels in each star, in charge of conducting celestial bodies and regulating their movement.\n\nThe Persians also have their angel Chur, who directs the course of the sun; and the Greeks had their Apollo.\nIon, who had his seat in this star. The theological books of the Persians speak of seven great intelligences under the name of Amschaspands, which form the retinue of the god of light, and which are nothing other than the genies of the seven planets. The Jews have made their seven archangels from them, always present before the Lord. These are the seven great powers that Avenard tells us were appointed by God to govern the world, or the seven angels in charge of conducting the seven planets; they respond to the seven oupiaques, who, according to the doctrine of Trismegistus, preside over the seven spheres. The Persians, Arabs, Mahometans, Copts, and others have conserved them. Thus, among the Persians, each planet is watched over by a genius placed in a fixed star: the star Tas is in charge of the planet Tir or Mercury.\nThe angel Tiriel, referred to as Mercury's intelligence by cabalists, is identified with the star Haftorang, responsible for the planet Behram or Mars. The names of these stars are today the names of angels among modern Persians. Among the seven planetary spheres, the sphere of the fixed stars and the terrestrial circle were added, resulting in the system of nine spheres. The Greeks attached nine intelligences to these, known as muses, whose songs formed the universal harmony of the world. The Chaldeans and Jews placed other intelligences there, under the names of cherubim and seraphim, among nine choirs, who rejoiced the eternal one with their concerts. The Hebrews and Christians admit four angels in charge of guarding the four corners of the world. Astrology assigned this surveillance to them.\nThe Persians recognized four planets; the Persians, with four great stars placed at the four cardinal points of the sky. The Indians also had their genies, presiding over various regions of the world. The astrological system had submitted each climate, each city to the influence of an astre. One substituted its angel, or the intelligence that was supposed to preside over this astre and be its soul. Thus, the sacred books of the Jews admit an angel guardian of Persia, an angel guardian of the Jews.\n\nThe number twelve or that of the signs gave rise to all cults. One could imagine twelve great guardian angels of the world, of whom Hyde has kept the names. Each division of time into twelve months is its angel, as are the Eleans. There are also angels who preside over the thirty days of each month. All things in the world, following the Persians, are admitted.\nThe Nistrees were guided by angels, and this doctrine originated with them from a higher antiquity. The Basilidians had their three hundred and sixty angels, who presided over the three hundred and sixty heavens they had imagined. These were the three hundred and sixty Enons, of the Gnostics.\n\nThe administration of the universe was divided among this multitude of intelligences, some angels, some gods, some heroes, some genies, some gines, etc. Each of them was in charge of a certain department or particular function: the cold, the heat, the rain, the drought, the production of earth's fruits, the multiplication of herds, the arts, agricultural operations, etc. All was under the inspection of an angel.\n\nBad, among the Persians, is the name of the angel who presides over the winds. Mordad is the angel of death. Aniran presides over marriages. Fervardin is the name of the angel who presides over...\nFange de l'air et des eaux. Curdat, the name of the angel of the earth and its fruits. This theology passed among Christians. Origen speaks of the angel of the Gentiles' vocation, the angel of grace. Tertullian, of the angel of prayer, of the angel of baptism r.\n\nAbstract of Origen:\ndes anges du mariage, de l'ange qui pr\u00e9side \u00e0 la formation du f\u0153tus. Chrysostome and Basile celebrated Fange de la paix. The latter, in his liturgy, mentions the angel of the day. We see that the fathers of the Church copied the hierarchical system of the Persians and Chaldeans.\n\nIn Greek theology, it was supposed that the gods had divided among themselves the various parts of the universe, the different arts, the diverse labors. Jupiter presided over the sky, Neptune over the waters, Pluton over the underworld, Vulcan over fire, Diane\n\n(Note: The text appears to be a fragment of an ancient theological text discussing the role of angels in various aspects of the universe and religious practices. The text has been translated from an ancient language into modern English, and some corrections have been made to improve readability. However, the text has been left largely unaltered to preserve its original meaning and context.)\nIn ancient mythology, Ceres ruled the earth and harvests, Bacchus the vineyards and grape harvest, Minerve the arts and crafts. Mountains had their Orides, rivers their Naiads, forests their Dryades and Hamadryades: it's the same doctrine under different names. Origen, among Christians, held the same opinion when he said: \"I will boldly affirm that there are celestial virtues which govern this world: one presides over the earth, another over plants, another over rivers and springs, another over rain, winds.\" Astrology attributed a part of these powers to the stars, such as the Hyades ruling rain, Orion tempests, Sirius great heat, the constellation of the Ram the flocks, etc.\n\nThe system of angels and gods distributing themselves:\n\n1. Ceres: earth and harvests\n2. Bacchus: vineyards and grape harvest\n3. Minerve: arts and crafts\n4. Mountains: Oreades\n5. Rivers: Naiads\n6. Forests: Dryades and Hamadryades\n7. Celestial virtues: preside over the earth, plants, rivers and springs, rain, winds\n8. Hyades: rain\n9. Orion: tempests\n10. Sirius: great heat\n11. Constellation of the Ram: flocks.\nAmong them were various parties of the world and their different operations of the great work [of nature. This is nothing other than the ancient astronomical system, in which the stars exercised the same functions as angels or genies now perform. Proclus presided over a pleiad for each sphere: Celeno presided over Saturn's sphere, St\u00e9rop\u00e9 over Jupiter's, and so on. In the Apocalypse, these same pleiades are called seven angels, who strike the world with the seven last plagues. The inhabitants of the island of Thul\u00e9 worshipped celestial, aerial, terrestrial genies; they also placed them in the waters, in rivers and springs. The Sinthovites of Japan revered divinities distributed among the stars, and spirits who presided over the elements, plants, animals, and various events of life.\nThe Chinese have their tutelary gods, who are the deities of a province, a city, a village, etc. The Chinese pay homage to spirits placed in the sun and the moon, in the planets, in the elements of water and those who preside over the sea, rivers, springs, woods, mountains, and those who correspond to the Nereids, Naides, Dryades, and other nymphs of Greek theogony. All these spirits, according to the letters, are emanations of the supreme ultimate, that is, of the sky or of the universal soul that moves it. The gods, among the Chinese of the Taoist sect, form an administration of spirits or intelligences ranked in different classes, and charged with different functions in nature. Some have jurisdiction over the sun, others over the moon.\nThe Siamese admit, like the Persians, augurs who preside over the four corners of the world. They place seven classes of angels in the seven heavens: the stars, winds, rain, earth, mountains, cities, are under the surveillance of angels or intelligences. They distinguish males and females among them: thus, the female guardian angel is beyond the earth. It is through a sequence of the fundamental dogma that places God in the universal soul of the world, that the Indians revere the elements and all the great parts of the body of the universe, as containing a portion of the divinity.\nIn the people, the cult of subordinate deities arose, as Indians, in their Vedas, trace the divinity or universal soul in all parts of the earth. Therefore, they admit, in addition to their trinity or triple power, a multitude of intermediary deities, angels, genies, patriarchs, etc.\n\nThey honored Vayoo, god of the wind: he is the Eole of the Greeks, Agni, god of fire; Varuna, god of the ocean; Sasanko, god of the moon; Prajapatee, god of all the deities.\n\nGod of nations: Cubera presides over riches, etc.\n\nIn the Indian religious system, the sun, moon, and stars are as many dewatas or genies. The world has seven ages, each surrounded by its sea and has its genius: the perfection of each genius is graded like that of the ages.\nThe ancient Chaldean system was about the great sea or firmament and the various inhabited skies with angels of different natures, forming a hierarchical graduation.\n\nIndra, who among the Indians presides over the air and wind, also presides over the lower sky and the subordinate deities, numbering three hundred thirty-two millions. These subordinate deities are further divided into various classes.\n\nThe superior heaven also has its deities; Aditya conducts the sun; Nishagara, the moon, etc.\n\nThe Chingualais attribute divinity to places: the entire island of Ceylon is filled with tutelary idols of the cities and provinces. The prayers of these insular inhabitants are not directly addressed to the Supreme Being but to his lieutenants and the inferior gods holding a part of his power.\nThe Moluccans have their gods, subject to a superior chief they call Lanthila. Each city, each village, each hut has its Nitos or tutelary deity; they give the name Lanitho to the genius of the air.\n\nIn the Philippines islands, the sun and moon cult, beyond 60 degrees, is accompanied by that of subordinate intelligences, some of whom preside over seeds, others over fishing, some over cities, others over mountains, etc.\n\nThe inhabitants of Formosa regarded the sun and moon as two supreme deities, imagining that the stars were semi-gods or inferior deities.\n\nThe Parsis subordinate seven ministers to the supreme god, under whom are ranked twenty-six others who share the government of the world. They pray to them to intercede for them.\nThe Sabians considered intermediaries between man and the supreme god, whom they referred to as lords of lords. They placed angels, whom they called mediators, between the supreme god and themselves. The inhabitants of Madagascar, in addition to the sovereign god, admit intelligent beings that move and govern celestial spheres; some have jurisdiction over the air, others over meteors, and others over waters. Those last ones watch over men.\n\nThe inhabitants of Loango have a multitude of deities who share the world among themselves. Among these gods or geniuses, some preside over winds, others over lightning, others over harvests: these rule over the fish of the sea and rivers, those over forests, etc.\n\nOF ALL CULTS,\n\nThe Celts admitted various gods.\nThe first beings are said to have spread throughout all parts of matter to animate and guide it. They united the cult of various parts of nature and elements with the genies believed to reside there and have their conduct. According to Peloutier, they supposed that each visible part of the world was united with an invisible Intelligence that was its soul. The same opinion was widespread among the Scandinavians. Mallet said, \"Of the supreme divinity, which is the animated and intelligent world, an infinity of subordinate deities and genies, according to these peoples, resided in each visible part of the world; not only did they reside there, but they also directed its operations. Each element had its own intelligence or divinity.\"\nIn the earth, in Peau, in the fire, in the air, in the sun, in the moon, in the stars. The trees, the forests, the rivers, the mountains, the winds, lightning, the earth itself, contained them and merited a religious cult.\n\nThe Slavs had Koupalo, who presided over the earth's productions; Bog, god of waters. Lado or Lada presided over love.\n\nThe Bourkans of the Kalmucks reside in the world they adopt and in the planets; they occupy celestial territories. Sakji-Mouni dwells on earth; Erlik-Kan rules in the underworld.\n\nThe Kalmucks believe that the air is filled with genies; they give the name Tengri to these aerial spirits: some are benevolent, others malevolent.\n\nThe inhabitants of Tibet have their Lahes, genies.\nThe divine emanations.\n\nIn America, the savages of Pile de St-Domingue recognized, beneath the sovereign god, other deities under the name of Zemes, to whom idols were dedicated in each hut. The Mexicans, the Virginians, supposed that the supreme god had abandoned the government of the world to a class of subordinate gods. It is with this invisible world or composed of intelligences present in all parts of nature that the priests had established a commerce, which caused all the misfortunes of man and his shame. Therefore, it is demonstrated, according to the enumeration we have just made of the religious opinions of the various peoples of the world, that the universe and its parts have been adored not only as causes, but also as living causes, animated and intelligent.\nThe dogma is not that of a few peoples, but a universally spread belief across the earth. We have also seen the origin of this belief: it was born from all cults.\n\nThe dogma of a single and universal soul, or a soul of the world, supremely intelligent, disseminated throughout all matter, where nature exercises some important action or produces a regular effect, either eternal or constantly reproduced. The great unique or Supreme-God therefore decomposed into a multitude of partial causes, which were subordinated to its unity, and considered as many living and intelligent causes, of the nature of the supreme cause, from which they are either parts or emanations.\n\nThe universe was therefore a unique god, composed of the assembly of a multitude of gods.\nConcurred as partial causes of its action, this great administration formed, in its wisdom and primal force, but multiplied infinitely in its secondary agents, called gods, angels, genies, etc. It was here that the cult began, as we addressed vows and prayers only to beings capable of hearing and granting them. Thus, Agamemnon in Homer, addressing the sun, said, \"Sun, who sees all and hears all,\" not a poetic figure but a constantly received dogma. The first philosopher was considered impious for advancing that the sun was not a deity.\n\"This was but a mass of fire. One could sense how detrimental such opinions were to the progress of physics, when all phenomena of nature could be explained by the will of intelligent causes that had their seat where the cause's action manifested. But if physics encountered great obstacles because of this, poetry found great resources for fiction there. Everything was alive with her, as it seemed to be in nature.\n\nIt's no longer steam that produces thunder,\nIt's Jupiter armed to terrify the earth.\nA terrible storm to sailors' eyes,\nIt's Neptune in a rage, devouring the waves.\nEcho is no longer a sound that resonates in the air,\nIt's a Nymph weeping who laments Narcissus.\n\nBoileau, Art poetique. I. m\n\nSuch was the language of poetry at its highest level\"\nTiquite, and it is according to these data that we will proceed with the explanation of mythology and religious poems, containing their remains. As poets were the first theologians, we will analyze all traditions and sacred legends, under whatever name the agents of nature may be disguised in religious allegories. Whether one supposed the intelligences united to the visible bodies they animated, or they were separated by abstraction and composed a world of intelligences, placed outside the visible world, but always modeled on it and its divisions.\n\nDE TOCS LES CULTES\n(DE TOCS LES CULTES CHAPITRE IV.\n\nGreat divisions of nature in active and passive causes, and in principles, light and darkness.\nThe universe was divided into a multitude of intelligent and animated causes, which in turn were subdivided into two great masses or parts. One was called the active cause, the other the passive, or the male and female parts, which together formed the great Androgyne, whose two sexes were supposed to unite to produce everything - that is, the world acting upon itself and upon it.\n\nOne of the great mysteries of ancient theology is that the heavens contained the first part, and the earth and elements, up to the moon, comprised the second.\n\nTwo things struck all men in the universe and in the forms of the bodies it enclosed: that which remains constant, and that which passes away; the causes, effects, and the places affected by them.\nIn the world, some act, while others reproduce. The contrast between the eternal and the passing is vividly depicted in the heavens and the earth. In the heavens, nothing seems to be born, grow, decrease, and die when one rises above the sphere of the moon. Only the moon appears to offer traces of alteration, destruction, and reproduction of forms in its changing phases, while presenting an image of perpetuity in its own substance, in its movement, and in the periodic and invariable succession of these same phases. It is the highest term of the sphere of beings subject to alteration. Above it, all moves in a constant and regular order, and maintains eternal forms. All celestial bodies show themselves perpetually the same.\nWith their sizes, colors, same diameters, and distance ratios, except for planets or mobile stars: their number neither increases nor decreases. Uranus bears no more children and loses none: all is eternal and immutable with it, at least it appears so to us.\n\nIt's not the same for Earth. While it shares the eternity of the sky in its mass, force, and proprietary qualities, on the other hand, it carries within itself and on its surface an innumerable multitude of bodies extracted from its substance and those that envelop it. These bodies have only momentary existence and pass successively through all the forms, in the various organizations that matter undergoes: it's hardly emerged from its womb that they plunge back into it.\nThis is about the particular nature of matter, continually organized and decomposed, to which men have attached the idea of being transient and fleeting, while attributing the cause to the perpetually subsisting being, be it in the sky and its stars, or on the earth, with its elements, its rivers, its mountains. Thus, there are two great divisions that have become noticeable in the universe, separating existing bodies in all of nature by very distinct differences. On the surface of the earth, one sees matter undergo a thousand diverse forms, following the different textures of the germs it contains and the varied configurations of the molds that receive and in which they develop. Here, it creeps in the form of a flexible shrub; there, it rises majestically under that of an oak tree.\nrobuste; elsewhere, it bristles with thorns, blooms in roses, colors itself in flowers, matures in fruits, elongates in roots or rounds itself into a dense clump, and casts its thick shadow over the green grass, under which it nourishes the animals, which are still part of it, set in motion in a more perfect organization, and stirred by the principle that gives life to living bodies. In this new state, it still has its seeds, its development, its growth, its perfection or maturity, its youth, its old age, and its death, and leaves behind debris meant to regenerate new bodies. Under this animated form, one sees it creep as an insect and reptile, rise as a bold eagle, bristle with the porcupine's quills, cover itself with down, fur, or feathers.\nAmong the various colored plumes; clinging to rocks by the polype's roots, crawling in a tortuous manner, leaping like a deer and a light deer, or pressing the earth with its heavy mass like an elephant, roaring like a lion, mooing like a bull, singing in the form of a bird; finally, articulating sounds beneath that of a man, combining ideas, recognizing and acknowledging each other, creating arts, and reasoning about all operations and those of nature. This is the known term of the perfection of organized matter on the surface of the earth.\n\nBeside man are the extremes that contrast most with the perfection of animated matter, in the bodies that organize within the waters and live in shells. Here, the fire of intelligence, feeling, and life are almost entirely extinguished, and a slight nuance remains.\nThe animated being is distinguished from the one that merely vegetates. Nature assumes even more varied shapes there: masses are larger, and figures more monstrous; yet one recognizes the matter set in motion by the fire Elhcr. The worm crawls here in the mud, while the fish splits the mass of waters with its fins, above the tortoise-anguilliform, which unfolds its folds towards the base of the fluid. The enormous whale presents a living mass there, which has no equal among the inhabitants of J'a earth and air. Although each of the three elements has animals whose forms offer parallels often enough, one notices in all of them a common characteristic: it is the instinct of love that drives them.\nThe rapprochement for reproduction, and another instinct less gentle which drives them to seek each other as prey, and which also stems from the need to perpetuate the transformations of the same matter under a thousand forms, and to make it revive in turn in the various elements that serve as habitation for organized bodies. This is the Proth\u00e9e of Homer, according to some allegorists.\n\nNothing similar presents itself to human gaze beyond the sphere elemental, which is supposed to extend to the last layers of the atmosphere, and even to the moon's orbit. There, bodies take on another character, one of constancy and perpetuity, which essentially distinguishes them from effect. The earth harbors within itself the fertile cause or the germs of the beings it brings forth; but it is not the only cause. The rains which fertilize it\nabr\u00e9ge de l'origine semblent venir du ciel ou du s\u00e9jour des nuages que l'oeil y place. La chaleur vient du soleil, et les vicissitudes des saisons sont li\u00e9es au mouvement des astres, qui paraissent les ramener. Le ciel fut donc aussi cause avec la terre, mais cause active, produisant tous les changements sans en \u00e9prouver lui-m\u00eame, et les produisant en un autre que lui.\n\nOn remarqua qu'il y avait dans l'univers,\ncomme le dit tr\u00e8s-bien Ocellus de Lucanie,\nune g\u00e9n\u00e9ration et cause de g\u00e9n\u00e9ration, et on pla\u00e7a\nla g\u00e9n\u00e9ration l\u00e0 o\u00f9 il y avait changement et d\u00e9placement des parties,\net la cause o\u00f9 il y avait stabilit\u00e9 de nature. Comme le monde,\najoute ce philosophe, est ing\u00e9n\u00e9rable et indestructible,\nqu'il n'a point eu de commencement et qu'il\nn'aura point de fin, il est n\u00e9cessaire que le principe\n\n(Note: The text appears to be a fragment of an ancient philosophical text, likely in Latin or Greek, that has been transcribed using Optical Character Recognition (OCR) technology. The text is incomplete and contains some errors, likely due to the OCR process. The text appears to discuss the relationship between the heavens and the earth, and the concept of generation and cause in the universe.)\nThe text appears to be in ancient Latin with some French interspersed. I will translate it into modern English while removing unnecessary characters and formatting.\n\nThe principle that operates in another than itself, and those who operate it in themselves have co-existed. The principle that operates in another than itself is all that is above the moon, and especially the sun, which, by its journeys and returns, constantly changes the air due to cold and heat, resulting in the changes of the earth and all that pertains to it. The zodiac, in which the sun moves, is also a cause contributing to this: in a word, the composition of the world includes this active cause and the passive one; the one that generates in the superior world beyond the moon; the other that generates in itself. The first, it is the superior world above the moon; the second, it is the sublunar world: from these two parts, one divine and always constant,\nThe other, ever-changing and mortal, is composed of what we call the world, of which one principle is always moving and governing. \"And the other, always moving and governed.\" Here is a summary of ancient philosophy that passed into theologies and cosmogonies of various peoples.\n\nThis distinction of the double way in which the great cause generates the beings produced by it and in it gave rise to comparisons with generations here below, where two causes contribute to the formation of an animal; one actively, the other passively; one as male, the other as female; one as father, and the other as mother. The earth was regarded as the matrix of nature and the receptacle of germs, and the sky as the principle of semen.\nThe fertility of the earth. They had to present one another, or rather husband and wife, and their collaboration, a image of a marriage from which all beings are born. These comparisons were effectively made. The sky, as Plutarch says, appeared to men to fulfill the role of father, giving the seed within the earth through rain; the earth, receiving it and becoming fertile and giving birth, seemed to be the mother. \"Abridgement of Origin.\n\nThe sky was the father, as it poured its seed into the earth through rain; the earth, receiving it and becoming fertile and giving birth, seemed to be the mother.\" Love, according to Hesiod, presided over the sorting out of chaos. This is the chaste marriage of nature with herself, which Virgil sang about in these beautiful verses of the second book of the Georgics.\n\n\"The earth opens up in the spring, says this poet.\"\n\"pour demander au ciel le germe de la f\u00e9condit\u00e9. Alors l'Ether, ce dieu puissant, descend au sein de son \u00e9pouse, joyeuse de sa pr\u00e9sence. Au moment o\u00f9 il fait couler sa semence dans les pluies qui l'arrosent, l'union de leurs deux immonde corps donne la vie et la nourriture \u00e0 tous les \u00eatres. C'est \u00e9galement au printemps, et au 25 de mars, que les fictions sacr\u00e9es des Chr\u00e9tiens supposent que l'\u00e9ternel se communique \u00e0 leur d\u00e9esse vierge, pour r\u00e9parer les malheurs de la nature et r\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9rer l'univers. Columelle, dans son trait\u00e9 sur l'agriculture, a aussi chant\u00e9 les amours de la nature ou le mariage du ciel avec la terre, qui se consomme tous les ans au printemps. Il nous peint l'Esprit \u00e9ternel, source de la vie ou l'\u00e2me qui anime le monde, press\u00e9e des aiguillons de l'amour et br\u00fblante de passion.\"\nAll fires of Venus, which unite with nature or with itself, since it is a part of it and fills its own self with new productions. OF ALL CULTS. It is this union of the universe with itself, or this mutual action of the two sexes, which he calls the great secrets of nature, her sacred orgies, her mysteries, and from which ancient initiations traced varied tableaus by a multitude of emblems. From this come the ityphallic festivals and the consecration of the Phallus and Cteis, or the sexual parts of man and woman in ancient sanctuaries. Such is also, among the Indians, the origin of the cult of the Lingam, which is nothing other than the assembly of the organs of the generation of two sexes, which these peoples have exposed in the temples of nature, to be a lasting emblem.\nThe Indians hold the greatest reverence for this symbol, and this cult dates back to the highest antiquity among them. It is in this form that they worship their great god Isuren, the same as the Greek Baccbus, in whose honor the Phallus was erected.\n\nThe chandelier with seven branches, intended to represent the planetary system through which the great work of sublunary generations is consumed, is placed before the Lingam, and the Brahmin light it when they come to pay homage to this emblem of the double force of nature.\n\nThe Gurus are in charge of adorning the Lingam with flowers, much like the Greeks seemed to do with the Phallus. The Taly, which the Brahmin consecrates, which the new husband ties around his bride's neck, and which she must wear as long as she lives, is often a Lingam.\nou l'embl\u00e8me de l'union des deux sexes. \nLes Egyptiens avaient pareillement consacre'e le \nPliallus dans les myst\u00e8res d'Isis et d'Osiris. Suivant \nKirker, on a retrouve' le Phallus honor\u00e9 jusqu'en \nAm\u00e9rique. Si cela est , ce culte a eu la m\u00eame uni- \nversalit\u00e9 que celui de la nature elle-m\u00eame , ou \nde l'\u00eatre qui r\u00e9unit cette double force. Nous ap- \nprenons de Diodore que les Egyptiens n'\u00e9taient \npas les seuls peuples qui eussent consacr\u00e9 cet em- \nbl\u00e8me; qu'il l'\u00e9tait chez les Assyriens , chez les \nPerses, chez les Grecs, comme il l'\u00e9tait chez les Ro- \nmains et dans toute l'Italie. Partout il fut consacr\u00e9 \ncomme une image des organes de la g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de \ntous les \u00eatres anim\u00e9s, suivant Diodore , ou comme \nun symbole destin\u00e9 \u00e0 exprimer la force naturelle \net spermatique des astres, suivant Ptol\u00e9m\u00e9e. \nLes docteurs chr\u00e9tiens , \u00e9galement ignorans et \nThe mechanics, constantly engaged in denouncing and analyzing the theological ideas, ceremonies, statues, and sacred fables of the ancients, consequently condemned the festivals and images that aimed at the cult of the universal fecundity. These images, these symbolic expressions of the two great forces of the universe, were as simple as ingenious, and had been imagined in centuries when the organs of generation and their union were not yet understood. Not yet defamed by the ridiculous prejudice of mysticism, or dishonored by the abuses of libertinage. The operations of nature and its agents were sacred as they were: our religious errors and vices alone have profaned them. The double sex of nature, or its distinction into active and passive, was also represented among them.\nThe Egyptians believed in an androgynous deity, or Cncph, who produced the symbolic egg from his mouth to represent the world. The Brachmanes of India expressed the same cosmogonic idea through a statuette of the world, uniting the two sexes. The male sex represented the sun, the active principle at the center, while the female sex symbolized the moon, fixing the beginning and the first layers of nature. It is from the reciprocal union of the two sexes of the world or of nature that all mythological fictions are born, which head all theogonies. Uranus married Gaia, or the sky had a female consort, the earth. These are the two physical beings that Sanchoniaton, or the author of the Phoenician theogony, speaks of when he tells us that Uranus...\nTwo spouses were Ranus and Gh\u00e9, who gave their name, one to the sky, the other to the earth, and from their marriage was born the god of time or Saturn. The author of the Cretan, Atlantean theogony, Hesiod, Apollodorus, Proclus, and all those who wrote the genealogy of the gods or causes, place the sky and earth as the two great causes from which all things emerged. They are the two great causes from which all things came. The names of the king and queen, which some theogonies give them, are due to the allegorical style of antiquity and should not prevent us from recognizing the two primary causes of nature. We should equally see in their marriage the union of the active cause with the passive cause, which was one of the cosmogonic ideas that all religions studied to trace. We should equally see in their marriage the union of the active cause with the passive cause.\ncherons donc Uranus et Gh\u00e9 du nombre des pre- \nmiers princes qui ont r\u00e9gn\u00e9 sur l'univers , et \nl'\u00e9poque de leur r\u00e8gne sera effac\u00e9e des fastes \nchronologiques. Il en sera de m\u00eame du prince \nSaturne, du prince Jupiter , du prince H\u00e9lios ou \nsoleil, et de la princesse S\u00e9l\u00e9n\u00e9 ou lune, etc. Le sort \ndes p\u00e8res d\u00e9cidera de celui de leurs enfans et de \nleurs neveux, c'est-\u00e0-dire , que les sous -divisions \ndes deux grandes causes premi\u00e8res ne seront point \nd'une autre nature que les causes m\u00eames dont \nelles font partie. \nA cette premi\u00e8re division de l'univers en cause \nactive et en cause passive , s'en joint une seconde : \nc'est celle des principes dont l'un est principe de \nlumi\u00e8re et de bien, L'autre principe de t\u00e9n\u00e8bres et \nde mal. Ce dogme fait la base de toutes les th\u00e9o- \nlogies, comme l'a tr\u00e8s-bien observ\u00e9 Plutarque. \u00abIl \nDE TOUS LES CULTES. J*} \nThe philosopher couldn't believe, he said, that the principles of the universe were inanimate bodies, as Pontus supposed Democritus and Epicurus believed, or that an unqualified matter was organized and ordered by a single reason or providence, master of all things. It's not possible for a single being to be the cause of all good or evil. God cannot be the cause of any harm. The harmony of this world is a combination of contraries, as the strings of a lyre or the string of a bow, which stretches and relaxes. Euripides, the poet, said that good and evil were never separate. There must be a mixture of both. This ancient opinion on the two principles is continued by Plutarch.\nTheologists and legislators, poets and philosophers. The author is unknown, but the opinion itself is attested by human tradition; it is consecrated by the mysteries and sacrifices of the Greeks and barbarians. One recognizes the dogma of opposing principles in nature, which, through their contradiction, produce the mixture of good and evil. One cannot therefore say that it is a single dispensator who draws events like a liqueur from two ton-neaus to mix them together, and we drink the mixture; for nature produces nothing down here that is without this mixture. But one must recognize two contrary causes, two opposing processes, which pull in one direction and the other, and govern thus.\nOur life and all things sublunar, which are subject to so many changes and irregularities of every kind, since nothing can be done without a cause; and if the good cannot be the cause of the evil, it is absolutely necessary that there be a cause for evil, just as there is for good. In this last phrase of Plutarch, we see the true origin of the doctrine of two principles. Men in all ages have found it difficult to explain the good and evil, the virtue and crime, light and darkness, from a single source. Two effects so opposed have appeared to require two opposing causes in their nature and action. \"This doctrine,\" adds Plutarch, \"has been generally received among the Greeks.\"\nPart of peoples, and especially among those with a greater reputation for wisdom. They all admitted two gods, of different trades, for my expression, one of whom did good and the other evil that exist in the world. They gave the title of God supreme to the first, and the other the title of (mon).\n\nEffectively, in the cosmogony or Genesis of the Hebrews, we see two principles, one called God, who does good and sees that what he has made is good at each work; and after him another principle, called demon or devil, and Satan, who corrupts the good that the first has done and introduces evil, death, and sin into the universe. This cosmology, as we will see elsewhere, was copied.\nThe ancient Persian and Egyptian cosmogonies held that there were two principles: Oromaze, of light, and Ahriman, of darkness. The Persians called the first \"of the nature of light,\" and the second \"of the nature of darkness.\" Among the Egyptians, the first was known as Osiris, and the second as Typhon, their eternal enemy.\n\nAll sacred books of the Persians and Egyptians recount the wonderful and allegorical tales of the various battles waged between Ahriman and his angels against Oromaze, and between Typhon and Osiris. These fables were repeated by the Greeks in the myth of the Titans and Giants, pitted against Jupiter, or the principle of good and light, in serpentine form. In their theology, Jupiter.\ncomme l'observe tr\u00e8s-bien Plutarque , r\u00e9pondait \n\u00e0 FOromaze des Perses et a TOsiris des Egyptiens. \nAux exemples que cite Plutarque , et qui sont \n80 ABR\u00c9G\u00c9 DE l'oRIGINE \ntir\u00e9s de la th\u00e9ogonie des Perses , des Egyptiens , \ndes Grecs etdesChald\u00e9ens, j'en ajouterai quelques \nautres qui justifieront ce qu'il avance, et qui ach\u00e8- \nveront de prouver que ce dogme a \u00e9t\u00e9 universel- \nlement r\u00e9pandu dans le monde, et qu'il appartient \n\u00e0 toutes les th\u00e9ologies. \nLes habitans du royaume de P\u00e9gu admettent \ndeux principes, Pun auteur du bien, et l'autre \nauteur du mal. Ils s'\u00e9tudient surtout \u00e0 apaiser \nce dernier. C'est ainsi que les insulaires de Java , \nqui reconnaissent un chef supr\u00eame de l'univers , \nadressent aussi leurs offrandes et leurs pri\u00e8res au \nmalin esprit, pour qu'il ne leur fasse pas de mal. \n11 en est de m\u00eame des Moluquois et de tous les sau- \nThe inhabitants of the Philippines islands have their good god, Ishy, and evil gods, Chouy. The people of Formosa sacrifice to the evil spirit and rarely to the good. The blacks of the Gold Coast admit two gods, one good and the other evil; Pun white, and the other black and malevolent. They pay little heed to the first, whom they call the good man, and fear above all the second, whom the Portuguese call Demon: it is this one they seek to appease.\n\nThe Hottentots call the good principle the good one up high, and the evil principle the one down low. The ancients believed that the source of evils was in the dark matter of the earth. The giants and Typhon were offspring of the earth.\n\nThe Hottentots say that only good can be done to the good principle; it is not necessary to do anything to it.\nSaire de le prier, qu'il fait toujours le bien; mais que l'on prie le mauvais de ne pas faire le mal. They named Touquoa their evil deity, representing her as small, bent, of bad nature, an enemy of the Hottentots, and saying she is the source of all the evils that afflict the world, beyond which her power ceases. Those of Madagascar also recognize the two principles; they give the attributes of the serpent to the evil one, which the cosmogonies of the Persians, Egyptians, Jews, and Greeks attributed to him; they name the good principle Jadhar; or the great God Almighty, and the evil, Augat. They erect no temples to the first, and address no prayers to him, since he is good, as if fear alone, rather than recognition, had made the gods. Thus the Mingrelians honor the evil one more.\nThe inhabitants of T\u00e9n\u00e9riffe acknowledged a supreme God, whom they called TfAcliguaya-Xerax, meaning the greatest, most sublime, and conservator of all things. They also recognized an evil spirit named Guayotta.\n\nThe Scandinavians had their gods, among them Locke, who waged war against the gods, particularly against Thor. He was called the calumniator of the gods, the great deceiver in the Edda. His spirit was malicious; three monstrous beings were born from him: the wolf Fenris, the serpent Midgard, and Hel or death. He was the one who, like Typhon, caused earthquakes.\n\nThe Chuvaches and Morduans acknowledged a supreme Being from whom all men derive all the goods they enjoy. They admitted\nThe Tartars of Katzchinzi pray to a benevolent god, turning towards the east or the sources of light, but they fear a malevolent deity even more, to whom they pray for no harm, dedicating a black stallion to it in the spring; they call it All Evil. The Ostiaks and the Voguls name it Kol, the Saroyedes, Shoudibe; the Motores, Huala; the Kargasses, Sedkir.\n\nThe Tibetans also acknowledge malevolent beings, placing them above the air.\n\nThe Bonze religion also supposes these two principles.\n\nThe Siamese sacrifice to an evil principle, regarding it as the author of all the evil that befalls men, and they especially turn to it in their afflictions.\nThe Indians have their Gatiga and Gournatha, gods who have the power to cause harm and whom they seek to appease through prayers, sacrifices, and processions. The inhabitants of Tolgonie in India acknowledge two principles that govern the universe: one good - it is light; and the other evil - these are darkness. The ancient Assyrians shared this belief with the Persians, and, according to Augustine, they worshiped these principles as gods, one good and the other evil, as is evident from their books. The Chaldeans had their good and evil stars, and intelligences attached to these stars, sharing their nature, good or evil.\n\nThis same dogma was received generally in the New World, regarding the distinction of the two principles and the gods.\nThe Peruvians revered Pacha-Camac, the god of good, whom they opposed to Cupai, the god of evil. The Caribbeans admitted two kinds of spirits: the benevolent ones, who dwell in heaven and each of whom has a guardian angel for us on earth; and the malevolent ones, who roamed the skies and took pleasure in harming mortals. Those of Terre-Ferme believe there is a god in heaven, that this god is the sun. They admit, in addition to a evil principle, author of all the evils they suffer, and to engage his favor, they offer him flowers, fruits, corn, and perfumes. These are the gods whom kings could reasonably call theirs.\nrepresentatives and their images on the earth. The more we fear them, the more we flatter, the more we bestow honors upon them.\nWe have always treated gods as kings and as powerful men from whom we expect or fear something. All prayers, all vows that Christians address to their god and to their saints are always interested in. Religion is but a commerce by exchange. This shadowy being, revered by these savages, often appears to them, according to their priests, who are at the same time legislators, physicians, and ministers of war; for priests everywhere have seized upon all the branches of power that force or imposture exercises over credulous mortals.\nThe Tapuyes, located in America approximately at the same latitude as the Malagasy in Africa,\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in French, but it is written in an old-fashioned way, which makes it difficult to determine if it is a translation or an original text. Since no explicit translation is requested, I will leave the text as it is, assuming it is an original text written in a French-influenced style.)\nThe Brazilians and those of Louisiana hold similar views on these two principles. The Brazilians recognize a bad genius; they call it Aguyan, and they have divines who claim to communicate with this spirit. The inhabitants of Louisiana acknowledge two principles: one causes good, and the other causes evil; the latter, according to them, governs the entire world. The Fiordians worship the sun, moon, and stars, and also recognize a bad genius named Toia, whom they seek to appease through festivals in his honor. The Canadians and the neighboring savages of Hudson Bay revere the sun, moon, and thunder. However, the divinities to whom they most frequently address their vows are the malevolent spirits, which they greatly fear as being all-powerful to do harm.\nThe Esquimaux have a supremely good god whom they call Ukouma, and another, Ouikan, who is the source of all their troubles. He creates tempests, overturns boats, and renders labor useless; for it is always a genius that brings about the good or evil that befalls men. The savages who live near Davis Strait admit certain benevolent and malevolent genies, and this is about the extent of their religion.\n\nIt would be unnecessary to expand further on the various peoples, both ancient and modern, who on both continents have acknowledged the distinction of two principles: one of a god and of benevolent and malevolent genies, sources of good and light, and the other of a god and of malevolent and benevolent genies, sources of evil and darkness.\n\n[$5 ABREVIATED FROM THE ORIGIN]\n\nThis belief was not universally accepted.\nDue to the fact that those who have reasoned about the causes of nature's opposing effects could not reconcile their explanations with the existence of a single cause. Just as there were good and evil men, it was believed that there could also be good and evil gods. Some, the contemplators of good; others, the authors of evil experienced by men. For men have always painted the gods in their own image, and the court of the immortals resembled that of kings and all those who rule tyrannically.\n\nThe tableau we have presented fully proves Plutarch's assertion, who tells us that the dogma of the two principles was generally received among all peoples; that it dates back to the highest antiquity, and that it is found among the barbarians as among the Greeks. This philosopher.\nadd that it had a greater development among nations that enjoyed a greater reputation for wisdom. We will indeed see that it is the primary principle of Egyptian and Persian theology, two peoples who had a great influence on the religious opinions of others, and especially of the Jews and Christians. Among them, the two systems are the same, with a few nuances. In fact, they also have their devil and their evil angels, constantly opposed to God, author of all good. Among them, the devil is the counselor of crime and bears the name of the seducer of the human race. This truth will be better understood in the explanation we will give of the two first chapters of Genesis and of the Apocalypse.\nde Jean. Le diable ou le mauvais principe, sous la \nforme de serpent et de dragon, y joue le plus grand \nr\u00f4le , et contrarie le bien que le dieu bon veut \nfaire \u00e0 l'homme. C'est dans ce sens que l'on peut \ndire , avec Plutarque , que le dogme des deux \nprincipes a \u00e9t\u00e9 consacr\u00e9 par des myst\u00e8res et par \ndes sacrifices, che?i tous les peuples qui ont eu un \nsyst\u00e8me religieux organis\u00e9. \nLes deux principes ne sont pas rest\u00e9s seuls et \nisol\u00e9s. Ils ont eu chacun leurs g\u00e9nies familiers , \nleurs anges , leurs izeds , leurs dews , etc. Sous l'\u00e9- \ntendard de chacun d'eux, comme chefs, s'est rang\u00e9e \nune foule d'esprits ou d'intelligences qui avaient de \nl'affinit\u00e9 avec leur nature , c'est-\u00e0-dire , avec le \nbien et la lumi\u00e8re , ou avec le mal et les t\u00e9n\u00e8bres ; \ncar la lumi\u00e8re a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 regard\u00e9e comme ap- \npartenant \u00e0 l'essence du bon principe , et comme \nThe first benevolent deity, whose sun was its primary agent. To her we owe the enjoyment of the brilliant spectacle of the universe, which the shadows take away from us by plunging nature into a kind of nothingness.\n\nIn the shadows of an obscure night, when the sky is charged with thick clouds, when all bodies have disappeared from our sight, and we seem to live alone with ourselves and with the black shadow that envelops us, what is then the measure of our existence? How much does it differ from an absolute nothingness, especially when memory and thought do not surround us with the image of the objects that the day showed us! Everything is dead for us, and we are, in a way, dead for nature. Who can give us life and draw our soul from this?\nThe principle of our true existence is the struggle against mortal lethargy that chains our activity in the shadow of chaos. A single ray of light can bring us back to ourselves and to nature, which seems to have withdrawn from us. This is the need for light, its creative energy, felt by all men who have seen nothing more terrible than its absence. This is their first deity, from whom Perseus, shining forth from the chaos, brought forth man and the entire universe, according to the principles of Orpheus' and Moses' theology. This is Bel of the Chaldeans, Ormazd of the Persians, whom they invoke as the source of all nature's goodness, while placing in the darkness and in Ahriman their chief, the origin of all evil.\nThey also had great reverence for all cults. 89\nLight, and great horror for the darkness. The light is the source of life in the universe, the friend of man and his most pleasant companion; with it he no longer perceives his solitude; he seeks it as soon as it is absent, except when he wants to rest his tired organs, hide from the spectacle of the world and himself.\nBut what is his ennui when, before the return of the day, his awakening forces him to wait for the appearance of light! What is his joy when he catches a glimpse of its first rays, and the dawn, whitening the horizon, recalls under its gaze all the landscapes that had disappeared in the shadow! He then sees these children of the earth, whose size rises to the summit of the air, the high mountains crowned with their peak on his horizon.\nThe circular barrier that marks the end of the stars' course flattens the earth towards their roots, extending it into vast plains interspersed with rivers, covered in prairies, forests, or crops. Nature reappears in its entirety under the divinity that spreads light, but the god of day still hides from human gaze, allowing his eye to gradually adjust to the brilliant rays of the god that the dawn is about to introduce into the temple of the universe, from which he is both soul and father. Already, the portal through which he must enter is tinted with a thousand colors, and the red rose seems to be scattered beneath his feet; mixing its brilliance with the azure, it forms the triumphal arch.\n\nCp ABR\u00c9G\u00c9 DE L'ORIGINE\nThe portal through which he enters is now tinted with a thousand colors. The red rose seems to be scattered beneath his feet, and the brilliant light mixes with the azure to form the triumphal arch.\nThe winner of the night and shadows must pass under which? The troop of stars has disappeared before him, and they have left the fields of Olympus free for him to rule alone. Nature awaits him in entirety; birds celebrate his approach with their rustling, and their songs resound through the plains of Fair, above which his chariot will fly, and the sweet breath of his horses is already stirring: the tree tops are gently swaying in the fresh wind rising from the east; animals, undisturbed by his approach, awaken with him, and receive from the day and the dawn the signal that tells them when they can seek their food in the meadows and fields. A tender dew has watered the plants, herbs, and flowers.\nThe god, surrounded by his glory, advances, whose empire will rule over the entire earth, and from whose disc the light and heat are spread in great radiance. As he progresses in his career, the shadow, his eternal rival, clinging to gross matter and the cults that produce it, flees before him, always moving in the opposite direction, diminishing as he rises, and awaiting his retirement to reunite with the dark night in which the earth is plunged when it no longer sees the god, father of day and nature. He has, with a giant's step, crossed the interval that separates the east from the west, and descends under the majestic horizon.\nMont\u00e9. The traces of his steps are still marked by the light he leaves on the clouds he tints with a thousand colors, and in the air he whitens, and where several rays are broken in various directions, the rays he casts on the atmosphere a few hours after his retirement, to accustom us to his absence and spare us the horror of a sudden night. But finally she arrives imperceptibly, and already her black crepe spreads over the earth, sad at the loss of a kind father.\n\nThis is the god that all men have adored, that all poets have sung, that all painters and sculptors have decorated the temples raised to the great cause or to nature. Thus, the Chinese have their famous Ming-Tang or temple of light; the Persians, their monuments of their Mithra, and the Egyptians.\nThe inhabitants of Munay island raised a temple to the light; the day that emanated from it had mysteries, and Hesiod gave the epithet sacred to the light that disperses the shadows of the night each morning. All the great festivals of the ancients are linked to its return to our regions and its triumph over the long nights of winter. We will therefore not be surprised that we associate most ancient deities with light, whether it shines in the sun, is reflected by the moon and planets, or shines in the fixed stars, but especially with that of the sun, the primary source of universal light, and we seek in the shadows its enemies.\nTwo powers that share the time and government of the world. This division of the two great powers that rule the destinies of the universe and dispense the good and evil that mingle in nature, is expressed, in the theology of the Magi, through the ingenious emblem of a mysterious egg representing the spherical form of the world. The Persians say that Ormazd, born of the purest light, and Ahriman, born of the darkness, wage war against each other; \"that the first has engendered six gods, who are Benevolence, Truth, Good Order, Wisdom, Richesse, and Virtuous Joy:\"\" These are as many emanations of the good principle and as many goods it distributes to us. They add that the second has engendered six gods contrary to the first in their operations.\nOromaze became three times greater than he was, and he was elevated above the sun, not only above the earth; he adorned the sky with stars, among which Sirius was established as the sentinel or advance guard of the stars; he created, in addition, twenty-four other gods who were placed in an egg; those produced by Ahriman, also numbering twenty-four, pierced the egg and mixed in the evils and the goods.\n\nOromaze, born of the pure substance of light, this is the good principle; his productions stemmed from his nature. Recall Oromaze, Osiris, Jupiter, the good God, the White God, etc., it matters little to us. Ahriman, born of darkness; this is the evil principle, and his works were created.\nThe same idea is expressed in various ways through different religions, referring to it as Ahriman, Typhon, the chief of the Titans, the Devil, Satan, the black god, regardless of the name. This is the same logical theoretical concept that each religion has sought to explain for the existence of good and evil in the world, symbolized here by the emblem of the egg. This egg is divided into twelve parts, equal to the divisions of the zodiac and the annual revolution that contains all the periodic effects of nature, both good and bad. Six belong to the god of light who dwells in the upper world, and six to the god of darkness who dwells in the lower world where the making takes place.\nThe mixture of goods and evils. The empire of the day, and its triumph over the long nights, lasts effectively for six signs or six months, from the spring equinox to the autumn one. During this time, the heat of the sun, which emanates from the good principle, seeds the earth with flowers, enriches it with harvests and fruits. During the six other months, the sun seems to lose its strength; the earth sheds its adornment; the long nights regain their empire, and the government of the world is abandoned to the evil principle: such is the essence of this enigma, or the meaning of the symbolic egg subjected to twelve chiefs, of whom six do good and six others do evil. The forty-eight other gods, in number equal to that of the known constellations of the ancients, group themselves into two bands of twenty-four each.\nEach under their own chief, are the good and bad stars whose influences combine with the sun and planets, to regulate the destinies of men. They are headed by the brightest of fixed stars, Sirius.\n\nOf all the cults, number 95\n\nThis subdivision of the actions of the two principles in six times each is allegorically rendered in other places of the mages' theology; for they subordinate to eternity or time without end, a period of twelve thousand years, during which Quormusd and Ahriman face each other, and during which each of the two principles produces effects analogous to its nature, and yields to the other battles that end with the triumph of Ormusd or the good principle. This theory will serve us above all to explain the first chapters of Genesis.\ntriomphe de Christ, et les combats du dragon, \ncontre l'agneau , suivis de la victiore de celui - ci \ndans l'apocalypse \nApr\u00e8s avoir repr\u00e9sente le grand ensemble del\u00e0 \nnature ou de l'univers, cause e'ternelle et souverai- \nnement puissante , tel que les anciensl'ont envisag\u00e9 \net distribu\u00e9 dans ses grandes masses , il ne nous \nreste plus qu'\u00e0 proc\u00e9der \u00e0 l'explication de leurs \nfables sacr\u00e9es, apr\u00e8s les bases que nous avons po- \ns\u00e9es, et \u00e0 arriver aux r\u00e9sultats que doit amener le \nnouveau syst\u00e8me. C'est ce que nous allons faire. \nABR\u00c9G\u00c9 DE L'ORIGINE 96 \nA/V\\IVV\\'V\\*WWVVVVVVVV\\/V\\W\u00bbIVVVV^ \nCHAPITRE V. \nExplication de V H\u00e9racl\u00e9ide ou du po\u00e8me sacr\u00e9 sur \nles douze mois et sur le soleil honor\u00e9 sous le nom \nd'Hercule. \nD\u00e9s l'instant que les hommes eurent donne' une \n\u00e2me au monde , et \u00e0 chacune de ses parties, la vie \net l'intelligence; d\u00e8s qu'ils eurent plac\u00e9 des anges , \nThe gods, the geniuses in every element, in each star, and especially in the benevolent star that vivifies all nature, that engenders the seasons, and that bestows upon the earth the active heat that makes all its goods bloom and drives away the evils that the principle of darkness pours into matter, it was only a small step to put into action in sacred poems all the intelligences spread throughout the universe, to give them a character and manners in keeping with their nature, and to make personifications of them who played their role in poetic fictions and religious chants, just as they did on the brilliant stage of the world. From this came poems about the sun, designated under the name of Hercules, Bacchus, Osiris, Theseus, Jason, etc., as in all cults. (DE TOUS LES CULTEs. 97)\nHeracleitus, The Dionysiakes, The Thes\u00e9ide, the Argonautiques, poems of which some are in their entirety, others only in part up to us.\n\nNo hero from these various poems can be reported other than to the sun, no poem that is not part of the poems on nature, on cycles, on seasons, and on the star that engenders them. Such is the poem on the twelve months, known under the name of the Twelve Labors of Hercules or the Sun.\n\nHercule, contrary to what has been said, is not a little-known Greek prince famous for Roman-like adventures, clothed in the marvelous of poetry, and sung from age to age by the men who followed the heroic ages. He is the powerful star that animates and enriches the universe; the divinity of whose cult has been everywhere honored by temples.\nThe altars and the consecrated ones, in the religious chants of all peoples. From Me'roe in Ethiopia, and Thebes in upper Egypt, up to the British isles and the Scythian glaciers; from the ancient Tapobane and Palibothra in India, up to Cadix and the shores of the Atlantic Ocean; from the forests of Germany up to the burning sands of Libya, everywhere where Ton experienced the benefits of the sun, one finds the cult of Hercules established; everywhere one sings the glorious exploits of this invincible god who revealed himself to man only to deliver him from his troubles, and to purge the earth of monsters, and above all of tyrants, which our weakness had to dread as one of the greatest scourges.\n\nMany centuries before the epoch where one makes the son of Alcmene or the supposed hero of Tirynthe live,\nEgypt and Phoenicia, who certainly did not adopt their gods from Greece, erected temples to the sun under the name Hercules and carried the cult to the island of Thasos and to Cadix, where a temple was also consecrated to the year and the months that divide it into twelve parts, that is, to the twelve labors or the twelve victories that led Hercules to immortality.\n\nUnder the name Hercule Astrochyton or the sun god wearing the starry mantle, the poet Nonnus designates the sun god, adored by the Tyrians. The epithets of king of fire, chief of the world and stars, nourisher of men, god whose luminary disc rolls eternally around the earth, and who, leading the year, daughter of Time and mother of the twelve months, successively brings back the seasons.\nThe following gods are recognized by various names, as the poet states: Hercules is called Helios or Sun among the Greeks. He is the same god in all cults. The god is worshipped under different names: Belus by the Euphrates, Ammon in Lybia, Apis at Memphis, Saturn in Arabia, Jupiter in Assyria, Serapis in Egypt, Helios among the Babylonians, Apollo at Delphi, Esculapius throughout Greece, and so on. The Egyptians, according to Plutarch, believed that Hercules resided in the sun and traveled around the world with it. The author of the hymns attributed to Orpheus also states this.\nThe signs of Hercule's identity with the sun are most precisely described. Hercule is referred to as \"the god of time, whose forms vary; the father of all things, and who destroys all. He is the god who brings back day and night, and traverses the course of the twelve labors from the east to the west. Valiant Titan, strong, invincible and all-powerful god, who chases away the maids, and delivers man from the afflictions. Can Hercule, under this name, be mistaken for the sun, that benevolent star that revitalizes nature and engenders the year, composed of twelve months and represented by the twelve labors? The Phoenicians have preserved the tradition that Hercule was this sun.\nThe god Sun, and the twelve labors of this god signified his journeys through the twelve signs of the zodiac. Porphyry, born in Phoenicia, assures us that Zeus gave the name Hercules to the sun, and that the fable of the twelve labors expresses the sun's march through the twelve signs of the zodiac. The scholiaist of Hesiod also tells us that \"the zodiac in which the sun completes its annual course is the true arena that Hercules traverses in the fable of the twelve labors, and that, by marrying Hebe, goddess of youth, after completing his career, we should understand the year, which renews itself at the end of each revolution.\" It is evident that if Hercules is the sun, as we have shown through the authorities we have cited above, the fable of the twelve labors refers to the sun's journey through the twelve signs of the zodiac.\nTwelve works is a solar fable, which can only refer to the twelve months and the twelve signs, around which the sun travels each month. This consequence will become a demonstration, through the comparison we will make between each work and each month, or with the signs and constellations that mark the division of time in the sky during each month of the annual revolution.\n\nAmong the various eras in which the year began anciently, that of the summer solstice was one of the most notable. The Greeks marked the celebration of their Olympic games there, which they attributed to Hercules: it was the origin of the oldest Greek era. We will therefore set the sun's departure here, at Hercules.\nIn annual journey, the lion sign, its ruler, once held this position. The first labor of Hercules, his victory over the lion, is symbolically placed at the head of all others. However, before comparing month by month the series of the twelve labors with those of the stars determining and marking the sun's annual route, it is worth noting that the ancients, for regulating their sacred and rural calendars, employed not only the zodiac signs but also notable stars outside the zodiac and various constellations that announced the sun's location in each sign. Evidence of this can be found in the Fasti of Ovid, in Coiumelle, and especially in calendars.\nAncient driers that we had printed following our grand work are the basis for drawing up the subjects of the twelve chants, compared with the constellations that presided over the twelve months, in order to convince our reader that the poem of the twelve Ravaux is only a sacred calendar, adorned with all the marvelous things that Taliesin and poetry, in these distant centuries, used to give soul and life to their fictions.\n\nCALENDAR. POEM.\n\nFirst month. Title of the first chant or first work\n\nPassage of the sun under the constellation of Leo; called the \"lion celestial,\" or the lion carried over the lion of Nemean. Nemean, fixed by the setting of the morning star or the constellation of Hercules celestial.\n\nSecond month.\n\nPassage of the sun to the sign\nThe text describes the constellations associated with Hercules and his labors. Here's the cleaned version:\n\nThe Virgin, marked by the total setting of the hydra, called the hydra of Lerna, whose head regenerates each morning with the cancer. Third month.\n\nPassage of the sun to the sign of the balance, at the entrance of autumn, fixed by the rising of the celestial centaur, who gave hospitality to Hercules. This constellation is represented in the heavens with a full vine, and a thyrse adorned with vines and grapes, image of the season's produce. Then rises in the evening, the celestial boar, called by others the wild boar of Erymanthus.\n\nSecond labor.\n\nHercule defeats the Lernian hydra, whose heads regenerated, while Iolaus burned the heads that were cut off with fire.\n\nThird labor.\n\nHercule is given hospitality by a centaur, and fights against the centaurs for a cask of wine; victory of Hercules over them; defeat of the Echidna.\nAn unpleasant boar craved the forests of Erymanthe. from all the cults. Fourth month. Solar passage; the scorpion's sign, marked by Cassiopeia's constellation, in which a deer was once painted. Fifth joys. Solar passage to the sign of Sagittarius, dedicated to the goddess Danae, who had a temple at Stymphale, where the styniphatides birds were seen. This passage is marked by the rising of three birds: the vulture, the swan, and the eagle pierced by the ichthys of Hecate. Fourth labor. Hercules captured the golden-horned, bronze-footed biche, which Hercules took from the Lords of the Sea, where it was resting. Fifth labor. Near Stymphale, Hercules gave chase to the birds known as the Stymphalian birds, represented by three in medallions.\nSixth month, sixth labor. Passage of the sun to the sign of Capricorn or Neptune's son, depending on sources; the grandson of the Sun, following other accounts. This passage is marked by the setting of the River Styx, which flows beneath the constellation of Capricorn, and whose source is in the hands of Arislee, son of the river Penus.\n\nHercules cleans the stables of Augeas, son of the Sun, or, according to other accounts, of Neptune. He makes the river Peneus flow through them.\n\nSeventh month. Passage of the sun to the sign of the Verseau, and in place of the sky where the full moon was located in ancient times, which was celebrated during the Olympic Games. This passage was marked by the constellation of the Bull, placed next to the constellation named Prometheus.\nIn the month of Marathon, the sun reached its zenith or set with the horse Arion or Pegasus. Eighth month.\n\nThe sun's passage to the Poisons was marked by the rising of the horse Arion or the chariot of Arist\u00e9e or the son of Cyr\u00e8ne.\n\nIn the ninth month, the sun passed the constellation of the Golden Ram dedicated to Mars. This passage was marked by the rising of the Argo ship: by the setting of Andromeda or the celestial woman, and her chain; by the rising of Medusa, and by the setting of Queen Cassiopeia.\n\nIn the seventh month, Hercules arrived in Eude. He came on the horse Arion and brought with him the bull of Crete, which Pasiphae had loved and which later ravaged the plains of Marathon. He celebrated the Olympic games that he instituted, and there he fought the...\nmier; it kills the vulture of Prometheus.\nEighth labor.\nHercule conquers the horses of Diomede, son of Cyrene.\nNinth labor.\nHercule embarks on the Argo ship to go to the conquest of the golden bull; he fights against the warrior women, daughters of Mars, from whom he takes a beautiful belt; he delivers a young Andromeda, exposed to a sea monster or to a marine monster such as the one to which was exposed Eos's daughter Andromeda.\nALL CULTS.\ni05\nTenth month.\nThe sun leaves the bull of Phryxus and enters under the bull. This passage is marked by the constellation of Orion, who was in love with the Atlas or the Pleiades; by that of the herdsman of the oxen, Icarus; by that of the river Eridanos; by the rising of the Atlantides, and by that of the goat, wife of Faun.\nEleventh month.\nPassage of the sun to the zodiac signs of the giants.\nMeaux, indicated by the dog Procyon's coucher; by the cosmic rising of the great dog, followed by the hydra, and by the evening of the celestial swan. Twelfth month.\n\nThe sun enters the sign of Cancer, to which the last month corresponded; to the setting of the Verseau and Centaur rivers; to the rising of the shepherd and his sheep; to the moment when the constellation of Hercule Ingenius descends toward the Occidental regions called Hesperia, followed by the dragon of the pole, guardian of the Jar of the Hesperides; the dragon he tramples underfoot in the sphere, and which falls near Ui toward the west.\n\nTenth labor.\n\nHercules, after the voyage he made with the Argonauts to conquer the bull, returns to Hesperia for the quest of the cattle of Gerion; he also kills a cruel prince, who was pursuing the Atlantians.\nDes, il arrive en Italie chez Faune, au lever des Pl\u00e9iades,\nOnzi\u00e8me travail.\nHercule triomphe d'un chien affreux, dont la queue \u00e9tait uu serpent, et dont la t\u00eate \u00e9tait h\u00e9riss\u00e9e de serpents; il d\u00e9fait aussi Cycnus ou le prince Cygne, au moment o\u00f9 la canicule vient br\u00fbler la terre de ses foux.\nDouzi\u00e8me travail.\nHercule voyage en H\u00e9sperie, pour y cueillir des pommes d'or que gardait le dragon qui, dans nos sph\u00e8res, est pr\u00e8s du p\u00f4le; suivant d'autres, pour enlever des brebis \u00e0 toison d'or. Lise dispose \u00e0 faire un sacrifice, et se rev\u00eat d'une robe tinte du sang d'un centaure qu'il avait tu\u00e9 au passage d'un fleuve. Cette robe le br\u00fble de feux ; il meurt, et finit ainsi sa carri\u00e8re mortelle pour reprendre sa jeunesse aux cieux et au s\u00e9jour de l'immortalit\u00e9.\n\nL'Origine : Voil\u00e0 le tableau comparatif des chants du po\u00e8me.\ndes douze travaux , et des aspects c\u00e9lestes durant \nles douze mois de la r\u00e9volution annuelle qu'ach\u00e8ve \nle soleil , sous le nom de l'infatigable Hercule. \nC'est au lecteur \u00e0 juger des rapports , et \u00e0 voir jus- \nqu'\u00e0 quel point le po\u00e8me et le calendrier s'accor- \ndent. Il nous suffit d\u00e9 dire que nous n'avons point \ninterverti la s\u00e9rie des douze travaux, qu'elle est ici \ntelle que la rapporte Diodore de Sicile. Quant aux \ntableaux c\u00e9lestes, chacun peutles v\u00e9rifier avec une \nsph\u00e8re , en faisant passer le colure des solstices par \nle lion et le verseau , et celui des \u00e9quinoxes par \nle taureau et le scorpion, position qu'avait la \nsph\u00e8re \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque o\u00f9 le lion ouvrait l'ann\u00e9e sol- \nsticiale, environ d\u00e8ux mille quatre cents ans avant \nnotre \u00e8re. \nQuand m\u00eame les anciens ne nous auraient pas \ndit qu'Hercule \u00e9tait le soleil ; quand m\u00eame l'uni- \nThe universality of his cult would not warn us that a small Greek prince had never made such an astonishing fortune in the religious world, and that such a high destiny did not belong to a mortal, but to the god who bestows blessings on the entire universe. It would suffice to grasp the entirety of all the relationships in this double tablet, to conclude, with the greatest truth, that the hero of the poem is the god who measures time, conducts the year, rules the seasons and months, and distributes light.\n\nFROM ALL CULTS. IO^\n\nThe heat and life for all of nature. It is a monstrous story that does not fit with any chronology, and offers contradictions wherever one seeks the adventures of a man or a prince: it is a vast and ingenious poem, when one sees the god who fertilizes in it.\nIn the universe, all is movement, all is life. The sun at the solstice is represented there with all the attributes of the force it has acquired at that time, and which contains in itself the depository of the universal force of the world; it is clad in the lion's skin and armed with the mace. It proudly advances in the race it is forced to run by the eternal order of nature. It is not the sign of the lion it encounters, but a fearsome lion that ravages the countryside, which it will fight; it roars, it measures itself against it, it strangles it in its arms, and adorns itself with the spoils of the defeated beast; then it proceeds to a second victory. The celestial hydra is the second monster that presents an obstacle to the hero's course. Poetry represents it as a serpent with a hundred heads, which without cease regenerates.\nHercule's wounds gave birth to them. Hercule was scorched by his mighty fires. The devastation wrought by this fearsome beast was seen in the marshlands where the monster dwelled; the horrible hissing of a hundred heads; on the other side, Fates' assurance of the lion of Ineum's victor, followed by his embarrassment upon seeing the heads he had cut off regenerate. I08 ABREVIATED FROM THE ORIGIN\nThis is roughly depicted in the poem, as Virgil described the same hero's victory over the monster Cacus. All the celestial animals in this poem appear with a character that transcends the ordinary boundaries of nature: Diomedes' horses devour men; women rise above their sex's timidity and become fearsome heroines in combat; the apples are golden; the hind.\ndes pieds d'airain , le chien Cerb\u00e8re est h\u00e9riss\u00e9 de \nserpens: tout, jusqu'\u00e0 T\u00e9crevisse, y est formidable; \ncar tout est grand dans la nature comme dans \nles symboles sacr\u00e9s qui en expriment les forces \ndiverses. \nOn sent quel d\u00e9veloppement un po\u00e8te a pu \ndonner \u00e0 toutes ces id\u00e9es physiques et astrono- \nmiques , auxquelles durent s'en joindre d'autres, \nemprunt\u00e9es, soit de l'agriculture , soit de la g\u00e9o- \ngraphie , soit de la politique et de la morale; car \ntous ces buts particuliers entraient dans le sys- \nt\u00e8me g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des premiers po\u00e8tes philosophes qui \nchant\u00e8rent les dieux, et qui introduisirent les \nhommes dans le sanctuaire de la nature , qui \nsemblait leur avoir r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 ses myst\u00e8res. Que do \nmorceaux \u00e9pisodiques perdus pour nous , et qu\u00a3 \ndevaient se lier au sujet principal de chaque chant \ndu po\u00e8me, dans lequel le g\u00e9nie all\u00e9gorique et \nPoetic had the freedom to dare and end anything! For nothing is impossible for the power of all the gods: it is only to them that it belongs to amaze men by the magical apparatus of their power. What a career for genius, which opens up to it nature herself, putting before its eyes her most brilliant paintings, to be imitated in its songs! It was truly the golden age of poetry, daughter of heaven and gods. Since ancient times, it has been brought down from this sublime height that a bold ascent had made it reach when it was held back by all the forces that genius draws from the contemplation of the universe or the great \"God,\" from whom poets were the first oracles and the first priests. What vast field for our conjectures.\n\"Reflections on the antiquity of the world and its civilization make us question if the positions of the heavens, as depicted in these poems with constellations playing such a significant role, place their authors no further than 2,500 years before our era. Is it truly the debris of the world, barely emerged from the waters of a deluge, where the arts of genius soared so high?\n\nThis comparison also reveals a consequence we must draw. The tableau proves that Hercules was not a mortal raised to the rank of gods through courage and benefits to mankind, nor were the events of his supposed life historical facts, but astronomical ones. This consequence is that the testimonies of several centuries and peoples support the existence of humans, as heroes, differently.\"\nDifferent religions, whose memory is consecrated by a cult, poems, or legends, are not always a reliable guarantee of their historical reality. The example of Hercules illustrates this consequence in its entirety. The Greeks generally believed in the existence of Hercules, as in that of a prince who lived, died among them, and left behind a family of Heraclids or princes who claimed descent from Hercules, like the Incas of Peru claimed descent from the sun. Everywhere, evidence of Hercules' existence was shown, even in his footprints, which revealed his colossal stature. His likeness was preserved, like the Christians have the face of their sun god, Christ. Hercules's legend lived on.\nIl was thin, nervous, bald; he had a hooked nose, brittle hair; he was of robust health. In Italy, Greece, and various places on earth, cities he had founded, canals he had dug, rocks he had separated, columns he had placed, and stones Jupiter had caused to fall from the sky to fill in the missing traits in his combat against the Ligurians, were shown. Temples, statues, altars, festivals, solemn games, traditions, spread in different countries, reminded all Greeks of the great deeds of the hero of Tirynth, the famous son of Jupiter and Alcmene, as well as the benefits he had bestowed on the universe in general, and the Greeks in particular.\n\nDespite this, we have just seen that\nThe great Hercules, the hero of the twelve labors, he to whom the Greeks attributed so many wonderful actions and whom they honored in the form of a hero, dressed in the lion's pelt and armed with the club, is the great god of all peoples. He, the strong and fertile sun that engenders the seasons and measures time in the annual circle of the zodiac, divided into twelve parts, those to which the various animosities represented in the constellations are linked, the only monsters that the hero of the poem fought. What matter for reflection for those who have a great argument about the belief of one or several peoples, and of several centuries, to establish the truth of a historical fact, especially in matters of religion, where the first duty is to believe without examination. The philosophy of one.\nhomme in this case is worth more than the opinion of several thousands of men and several centuries of credulity. These reflections will find their application in the solar fable, made on the head of the twelve apostles or the hero of the Christian legend, and eighteen centuries of imposture and ignorance will not destroy the relationships struck by this fable with other sacred romances made about the sun. Platon calls the sun the unique son of God, the universal benefactor of the world, leaving the lion solsticial skin to take that of the equinoctial lamb of spring, the sun will not escape our research under this new disguise, and the lion of the tribe of Judah will still be the sun, which has its dwelling in the celestial lion sign, and its exaltation in that of the lamb or the spring ram.\nne devan\u00e7ons pas l'instant o\u00f9 les chr\u00e9tiens seront \nforc\u00e9s de reconna\u00eetre leur dieu dans l'astre qui \nr\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e8re la nature tous les ans , au moment de \nla c\u00e9l\u00e9bration de leur p\u00e2que. Passons aux fictions \nsacr\u00e9es faites sur la lune. \nDE TOUS LES CULTES. \nYV\\ VV* V\\ \\ V Y VY V\\ V V\\ A V\\ VV\\Y/VY MWWMIMW WWW Y YS WY Y Y\\ Y/W YYY VV* \nCHAPITRE VI. \nExplication des voyages d'Isis ou de la lune , \nhonor\u00e9e sous ce nom en Egypte. \nLa lune fut associ\u00e9e , par les anciens \u00c9gyptiens , \nau soleil dans l'administration universelle du \nmonde , et c'est elle qui joue le r\u00f4le d'Isis dans \nla fable sacr\u00e9e , connue sous le titre d'histoire \nd'Osiris et d'Isis. Les premiers hommes qui ha- \nbit\u00e8rent l'Egypte , nous dit Diodore de Sicile , \nfrapp\u00e9s du sjDectacle des cieux et de l'ordre ad- \nmirable du monde , crurent apercevoir dans le \nciel deux causes premi\u00e8res et \u00e9ternelles, ou deux \nThe great deities were called one of them, where the sun, Osiris; and the other, where the moon, Isis. The name of Isis given to the moon is confirmed by Porphyry and other authors. From this we draw a necessary consequence: the courses of Isis are only those beyond the moon. And since the fields of Olympus are those she traverses in her monthly revolution, it is there that we will place the scene of her adventures and make her travel.\n\nThis conclusion is justified by the passage of Cheremon, whom we cited earlier, where this wise Egyptian tells us that the Egyptians explained the tale of Osiris and Isis, as well as all sacred fables, by celestial appearances, by the phases of the moon, by accretions and decrements.\ndiminutions de sa lumi\u00e8re , par les divisions du \ntemps et du ciel en deux parties , par les parana- \ntellons ou parles astres quisel\u00e8vent ou se couclient \nen aspect avec les signes. C'est d'apr\u00e8s ce principe \nque nous avons expliqu\u00e9 le po\u00e8me des douze tra- \nvaux : ce sont les m\u00eames principes que nous sui- \nvrons dans l'explication de la l\u00e9gende d'Isis , dont \nnous offrirons aussi le tableau comparatif, avec ceux \nque pr\u00e9sente le ciel depuis le moment o\u00f9 le soleil a \nquitt\u00e9 notre h\u00e9misph\u00e8re , et laiss\u00e9 \u00e0 la lune, alors \npleine , l'empire des longues nuits, jusqu'au mo- \nment o\u00f9 il repasse dans nos climats. \nPrenons donc Isis \u00e0 l'e'poque de la mort de son \n\u00e9poux, et suivons ses pas, depuis l'instant qu'elle en \nest priv\u00e9e, jusqu'\u00e0 ce qu'il lui soit rendu, et qu'il \nrevienne des enfers ; ou, pour parler sans figure, \ndepuis le moment o\u00f9 le soleil a pass\u00e9 dans les r\u00e9- \nRegions southern or inferior to the world, until he regained victory in the realms or in the superior hemisphere. Plutarch supposed that Osiris, upon his return to Egypt, was invited to a banquet by Typhon, his brother and rival. He gave him the death and threw his body into the Nile. According to Plutarch, the sun occupied the sign of the scorpion, and the moon was full; it was therefore in the sign opposite the scorpion, that is, the bull, which assumed the forms of the equinoctial sun or of Osiris; for at that remote epoch, the bull was the sign that corresponded to the spring equinox. As soon as Isis was informed of the unfortunate death of Osiris, whom all the ancients are said to have identified with the sun, and learned that the genius of:\n\nDE TOUS LES CULTEs 113\n\nOsiris had perished, she took vengeance on Typhon and restored her husband's body, which she had preserved, to its former form. She then made it divine and established the cult of Osiris, which spread throughout Egypt and later reached Greece. The rites of this cult were characterized by the use of the bull as a symbol of Osiris, and the festival of the bull-god was celebrated annually in commemoration of his resurrection. The myth of Osiris and his death and resurrection was a central theme in the religious beliefs of the ancient Egyptians and later influenced the development of various religious traditions in the Mediterranean world.\nTenebres had enclosed her in a chest, and she began to search for her body. Uncertain of the way she should go, anxious and agitated, her heart torn apart by pain, she was dressed in mourning attire. She questioned everyone she encountered. Young children told her that the chest containing her husband's body had been carried by the waters to the sea, and from there to Byblos, where it had come to rest; that it lay softly on a plant which had suddenly sprouted a magnificent stem. The chest was so enveloped that it seemed to be one with it. The king of the land, astonished by the beauty of the plant, had it cut down, and made a column for his palace, without noticing the chest that had become one with the trunk. Isis, informed by the fame, and driven by a divine instinct, arrived at Byblos:\nWeeping, she goes to sit by a fountain, where she remains in a state of distress, without speaking to anyone, until she sees the queen's women arrive. She greets them politely, straightens their hair, and anoints them with perfume from head to toe. The queen, having learned from her women what had happened, sensing the wonderful scent of ambrosia, wanted to know this stranger. She invites Isis to come to her palace and attend to her personally; she makes Isis the nurse of her son. Isis puts her finger on the tip of her breast, in the child's mouth, and burns all the mortal parts of her body throughout the night; at the same time, she transforms herself into a swallow.\nVoltige around the column and makes the air resonate with his mournful cries until the queen, who had been observing him, let out a sharp cry upon seeing her son burn. This cry shattered the charm meant to grant the child immortality. The goddess then revealed herself and demanded that the precious column be given to her. She easily extracted her husband's body from it, removing the wooden coffin that covered him. She clothed him in a light fabric and perfumed it with essences. She returned the wooden enclosure to the king and queen, which was deposited in the temple of Isis at Byblos. The goddess approached the chest, bathed it in her tears, and let out a piercing cry. The youngest son of the king died of fear. Isis took the eldest son with her and, carrying the cherished chest, she embarked.\nThe goddess, but a violent wind rising over the river Ph\u0153drus in the morning causing it to recede, withdraws to a secluded spot. Believing herself alone, she opens the coffer and presses her mouth to that of her husband. The young prince, whom she had led, advances quietly behind and spies her. The goddess notices him, turns abruptly, and casts a terrible gaze upon him, causing him to die of fright. She embarks again, returning to Egypt to be with Orus, her son, who was being raised at Butos, and deposits the body in a secluded place. That night, Typhon goes hunting and finds the coffer, recognizes the corpse, and cuts it into fourteen pieces, scattering them here and there. The goddess, having seen this, comes to gather the limbs.\nbeaux \u00e9pars, et elle les enterra chacun dans le lieu o\u00f9 \nelJe les trouva. De toutes les parties du corps d'O- \nsiris, les parties de la g\u00e9n\u00e9ration furent les seules \nqu'Isis ne put retrouver. Elle y substitua le Phal- \nlus , qui en fut l'image, et qui fut consacr\u00e9 dans les \nmyst\u00e8res. \nPeu de temps apr\u00e8s , Osiris revint des enfers au \nsecours d'Orus son fils , et le mit en \u00e9tat de le \nvenger. Il lui donna pour monture , les uns disent \nle cheval , les autres le loup. Typhon fut vaincu : \n\u00efsis le laissa \u00e9chapper. Orus en fut indign\u00e9 , et \u00f4ta \n\u00e0 sa m\u00e8re son diad\u00e8me ; mais Mercure lui donna en \nplace un casque en forme de t\u00eate de taureau. \n\u00cfi8 ABR\u00c9G\u00c9 DE L'ORIGINE \nIsis , qui n'est parvenue jusqu'\u00e0 nous que tr\u00e8s-mu- \ntil\u00e9e, et qui a d\u00f9 faire partie d'un po\u00ebme sacr\u00e9 \nsur Osiris , Isis , et Typhon leur ennemi. Malgr\u00e9 \nles lacunes immenses qui se trouvent dans cette \nThis is an allogorical story, it will not be difficult for us to recognize a perfect correspondence between the principal traits of this ancient sacred fable and the tables the heaven offers in the different periods of the movement of the two great stars that rule the seasons, the periodic march of vegetation and time, and the succession of days and nights. We will, as in the poem on Hercules, make the comparison between these various tables, both those presented by the fable and those offered by the heaven. We will fix them at twelve.\n\nRE ALL CULTS.\nCOMPARATIVE TABLEAUX.\n\nFirst Celestial Tableau\n\nThe scorpion, sign of the occultation of the Sun at the moment of Osiris' death, has for constellations or stars that rise and set with him, the serpents, which provide Typhon with his.\nAttributions. In this celestial division, Cassiopeia, queen of Ethiopia, represented by her curly hair, announces the impetuous winds. Second celestial tableau. The sun unites then with the serpentine constellation, identified by all authors as the same as Asclepius. This constellation assumes the forms of the sun in its passage through the zodiacal signs where it becomes Serapis and Pluto. Third celestial tableau. When the sun descends to the inferior signs and responds to the seventeenth degree of Scorpio, the epoch of Osiris' death is fixed, at which time the moon is in Premium tableau of the legend.\n\nOsiris is killed by Typhon, his rival and enemy of light, under the scorpion. Typhon enlists the help of a queen of Ethiopia, who, as Plutarch tells us, designates the violent winds. Second tableau of the legend.\nOsiris descends to the tomb or to the underworld. According to Plutarch, it is then that Serapis appears, the same god as Pluto and Ebculapes, third tablet of the legend. That day, Isis weeps for her husband's death, and in the lugubrious ceremony that retraced this tragic event, a bull was led out full of grain. It is in this sign that she unites with the sun of spring, when the earth receives its fertility from the sky, and when the day regains its dominion over the long nights. The bull, opposed to the place of the sun, enters the shadow cone that the earth projects and forms the night, with which the bull, covered by its veil, mounts and descends during its entire stay on the horizon. Fourth celestial tablet. The moon will settle the disorderly order of the na- (incomplete)\nEvery month, his full and rounded disc presents to us in each of the superior signs an image of the sun, which he finds there without horns, and in whose place he remains during the night, having neither its light nor its fertile character. He is full in the first month of autumn, in the sign in which, at the spring equinox, Osiris had placed the seat of his fertility, a sign consecrated to the earth. But when the sun occupies the scorpion, a sign consecrated to the water element,\n\nFifth celestial tablet.\n\nThe bull, where the earth's shadow cone responds, gilded, covered with a black crepe, was said to be the image of Osiris, that is, Apis, the celestial bull's symbol, according to Lucian. There, the mourning of nature was expressed, deprived of its adornment, as well as of its beauty, by the sun's absence.\nQuis jour cedere deus tenebrarum aut longe noctis, plorabant Egyptii secundum Plutarchum, in aquis Ilis et amis omnibus principis et aestatis beneficiis. Quartum legendae tabulum. Egyptii, post mortem huius, primum die, ad mare nocte conveniebant. Lacunam lunae similem ex terra et aqua fabricabant et clamaverunt redidisse Osiris. Us inquisaunt terram et aquam, quas hoc composuerant, duas divinitates Osiris et Isis vel sol et luna esse. Quintum legendae tabulum. Osiris in Nilo latet arca.\nUnder the emblem of a dark chest, and occupied by the full moon, was the River of Orion, known as the Nile, and above it was Persius, the place of Chemmis. There was also the constellation of the goat, which bears the goat and its young. This goat is called the wife of Pan, and she provided this god with his attributes.\n\nPans and the Satyres, who lived around Chemmis, were the first to notice this death; they announced it with their cries, and they spread mourning and fear everywhere.\n\nSixth celestial tableau.\n\nThe following full moon arrives in the sign of the twins, where two children preside over the oracles of Didymus. One of them is called Apollon, god of divination.\n\nSeventh celestial tableau.\n\nThe following full moon occurs in Cancer, domain of this planet. The constellations in aspect with it are:\nCe signe, et ceux qui s'endorment \u00e0 son lever, sont la couronne d'Ariadne, princesse avec laquelle Bacchus s'est couch\u00e9, l'Osiris \u00e9gyptien ; le chien Procyon et Je, grand chien, dont une \u00e9toile s'appelle \u00e9toile d'Isis. Le grand chien lui-m\u00eame fut r\u00e9v\u00e9r\u00e9 sous le nom d'Aiiubis en \u00c9gypte.\n\nSixi\u00e8me tableau de la l\u00e9gende.\n\nIsis, avertie de la mort de son \u00e9poux, voyage pour chercher le coffre qui renferme son corps. Elle rencontre des enfants qui avaient vu le coffre ; elle les interroge ; elle en re\u00e7oit des renseignements, et elle leur accorde le don de la divination.\n\nSepti\u00e8me tableau de la l\u00e9gende.\n\nIsis apprend que Osiris, par erreur, s'est couch\u00e9 avec sa s\u0153ur. Elle en trouve la preuve dans une couronne qu'il avait laiss\u00e9e chez elle. Il en \u00e9tait n\u00e9 un enfant que elle cherche \u00e0 l'aide de ses chiens ; elle le trouve, l'\u00e9l\u00e8ve et se l'attache.\nAnubis is his faithful guardian. Abr\u00e9ge de l' Origine, Eighth celestial tableau. The moon follows, full in the sign of the lion, home of the sun or Adonis, the god adored at Byblos. The stars with this sign are the river of the wolf and Cepheus, king of Ethiopia, also called Regulus, or simply the king. Following him, Cassiopeia, his wife, queen of Ethiopia; Andromeda, her daughter, and Perseus, her groom. Ninth celestial tableau. The following moon is full in the sign of the virgin, also called Taurus by Eratosthenes. A woman nursing a child was painted with this sign. In aspect with this sign are the mast of the celestial ship and the fish with a swallow's head. Tenth celestial tableau. On the divisions that separated the sign of the virgin, which the moon leaves, from that of the scales, where she is to become,\nThe vaisseau and Bootes are placed near each other, with Bootes, where Orus is said to have joined no. The Genre of the Ethiopian king, Pers\u00e9e, and the river of Orion are also among those stars in aspect with the balance, and those that rise with it are the Eighth tableau of the legend.\n\nIsis goes to Byblos and places herself near a fountain, where she is recognized by women of the court. The queen and king wish to see her: she is brought to the court, and is offered the position of wet-nurse to the king's son. Isis accepts the place.\n\nNinth tableau of the legend.\n\nIsis, having become the wet-nurse, nursed the child at night; she burned all the mortal parts of her body, then was metamorphosed into a harpist. She is seen flying and settling near a large column that had suddenly formed from a very small one.\nIsis found the coffin holding her husband. In the tenth legend, she took the eldest son of the king and boarded a ship, directing her route to Butos, where the nourisher of Orus resided. She dried up a morning river from which a too-strong wind rose. She set the coffin aside; but Typhon covered it, who was chasing the full moon with a pig (or the celestial boar, Erymanthe's son) or the dragon of the pole, the famous Python, who provided Typhon with his attributes. This was the procession surrounding the full moon with the balance or the last superior sign: she was to precede the new moon of spring, which would occur in the bull, in which the sun would be reborn.\nLou, Osiris must reunite with Isis, his spouse. Eleventh celestial tablet. The moon, after twenty-seven days, reaches the bull and unites with the sun, gathering its fires on its disc for the following fourteen days. It is in conjunction with him every month in the upper part of the signs; that is, in the hemisphere where Sulcil, the victor over darkness and winter, brings light, order, and harmony. The moon borrows strength from him to destroy the evil seeds sown by Typhon during Osiris' absence or during winter, in the lower part of the earth. This solar passage, when the sun returns from the underworld or the inferior hemisphere, is marked by the evening rising of the horse, centaur, and wolf, and by the sunset of Osiris.\nIsis gathers the fourteen parts of her husband's corpse; she gives them sepulture and consecrates the Phallus, which was carried in pomp during the prince's feasts, known as Paamylies. This was the time when Osiris' entrance into the moon was celebrated.\nOsi has returned from the underworld to aid Orus, son of Osiris and his wife, uniting his forces against Typhon or the chief of the Teuhes. The form he appears in is that of the wolf, according to some, and the horse, according to others.\n\nTable 12, Celestial Origin\n\nThe equinoxial year ends when the sun and moon are reunited with Orion or the star of Orus, the constellation placed under the bull, and which unites with the new moon of spring. The new moon wanes in the bull, and a few days later it appears in the form of a crescent, in the following sign, or in the Gemini, the dwelling place of Mercury. Then Orion, united with the sun, casts Scorpio, his rival, into the shadows of the night; for he always lies down when Orion rises on the horizon. The day prolongs itself\nDur\u00e9e et les germes sont peu \u00e0 peu d\u00e9truits. C'est ainsi que le po\u00e8te Non nous peint Typhon vaincu \u00e0 la fin de l'hiver, lorsque le soleil arrive au taureau, et que Orion monte aux ciel avec lui. Ce sont ses expressions.\n\nTwelfth tableau de la l\u00e9gende,\nIsis, during her husband's absence, had joined the terrible Typhon, when she deposited the coffer in the place where her enemy was. Having finally found Osiris in the moment where he was disposing himself to fight Typhon, she was deprived of her ancient diadem by her son; but she received from Mercury a casque in the shape of a bull's head.\n\nAlors Orus, under the traits and in the attitude of a fearsome warrior, as Orion or the star of Orus is painted, combats and defeats his enemy, who had attacked his father in the form of the dragon of the pole or\nIn Ovid, Apollon defeats Python when Io, who later becomes Isis, receives Jupiter's favor and is placed in the celestial sign of the bull. All these fables hold the same subject. A complete correspondence exists between the scenes of this allegory and those of the sky, spanning various points of similarity. Despite the legend or sacred story's mutilation, this correspondence does not allow for doubt that the priest-astronomer who composed this did nothing more than describe the moon's courses in the heavens, under the title of Isis's races? Especially when we know that Isis is the name given to the moon in Egypt. Indeed, it would be necessary to maintain that Isis is not the moon.\nOne cannot say or claim that Isis, being the moon, her courses are not those of the moon, which would imply contradiction; or follow elsewhere than in the sky and among the constellations, the courses of this star. Xous have only done, in our explanation, what we have indicated by Cheremon for decomposing sacred fables, and specifically that of Osiris and Isis, which he says is relative to the increase and decrease of the light of the moon at the superior and inferior hemispheres, and to the stars in aspect with the signs, otherwise called paranatellons. It is the scholars of Egypt who have themselves traced the route that we have followed in our explanation. Here is therefore an ancient queen of Egypt and an ancient king, whose feigned adventures have been described in the form of this history.\nIt is important not to forget that ancient writers, like the Greek Hercules, were only physical beings and the two primary agents of nature. By these examples, we can judge the allegorical nature of antiquity and be cautious against traditions that count physical beings among historical ones.\n\nOnce upon a time, historians wrote about the history of the sky and the principal sun in the form of a human story. And the people, almost everywhere, took the history and the hero for a man. The error was all the more easily credited since, in general, the priests did all in their power to persuade the people that the gods they worshipped had lived, had been princes, legislators, or virtuous men who had truly earned it.\nThe humanity, whether one intended to teach leaders of peoples the lesson that they could not aspire to the same glory except by imitating ancient leaders of societies, or whether one sought to encourage the virtue of the people by persuading them that the scepter had once been the reward for services rendered to the fatherland rather than the patrimony of certain families. One showed the tombs of the gods, as if they had really existed; one celebrated festivals, the purpose of which seemed to be to renew annually the mourning caused by their loss. Such was the tomb of Osiris, covered with these enormous masses known as pyramids, which the Egyptians erected to the star that dispenses us light. One of them has four faces turning towards the four cardinal points of the world.\nEach side measures one hundred ten toes to the base, and the four sides form four equilateral triangles. The height perpendicular is seventy-seven toes, according to the measurements given by Chazelles, of the academy of sciences. From these dimensions, and the latitude under which this pyramid is erected, it results that fourteen days before the spring equinox, the precise epoch at which the Persians celebrated the renewal of nature, it should cease to cast shadows at noon, and it projected no more than fourteen days after the autumnal equinox. Therefore, the day on which the sun was in the parallel or in the circle of declination southern, which corresponds to five degrees fifteen minutes, a position it reached twice a year, once before the spring equinox, and the other.\nAfter the autumn equinox, this star appeared exactly at midday on the summit of the pyramid. Then, its majestic disc seemed to be placed on this immense pedestal for a few instants and rest there, while its worshippers, kneeling at its foot, prolonged their view along the inclined plane of the pyramid's boreal face, contemplating the great Osiris, whether he was descending into the tomb's shadow or emerging triumphant. I will say as much about the full moon at the equinoxes, when it occurred in this parallel.\n\nIt seems that the Egyptians, always grand in their concepts, executed the most daring project ever imagined, that of giving a pedestal to the sun and the moon, or to Osiris and Isis, at midday for the one and at midnight for the other, when they arrived in the part of the sky near it.\nWhich side passes the line separating the northern and southern hemispheres, the realm of good from the realm of evil, the realm of light from the realm of darkness? They desired that shadow disappear from all faces of the midday pyramid during the entire time the sun remained in the luminary hemisphere, and that the northern face be covered in shadow when night began to take its empire in our hemisphere, that is, at the moment when Osiris descended to the tomb and the underworld. The tomb of Osiris was covered in shadow for nearly six months; afterwards, the light invested it entirely at midday, as soon as Osiris, returning from the underworld, resumed his empire in the luminary hemisphere. Then he was returned to Isis and to the god of spring, Orus.\navait enfin vaincu le g\u00e9nie des t\u00e9n\u00e8bres et des hivers. Quelle id\u00e9e sublime! Au centre de la pyramide est un caveau que l'on dit \u00eatre le tombeau d'un ancien roi. Ce roi, c'est l'\u00e9poux d'Isis, le fameux Osiris, ce roi bienfaisant que le peuple croyait avoir r\u00e9gn\u00e9 autrefois sur l'\u00c9gypte, tandis que les pr\u00eatres et les savants voyaient en lui l'astre puissant qui gouverne le monde et l'enrichit de ses bienfaits. Et en effet, e\u00fbt-on jamais fait une aussi grande d\u00e9pense si ce tombeau n'e\u00fbt pas \u00e9t\u00e9 cens\u00e9 conserver les restes pr\u00e9cieux d'Osiris, que son \u00e9pouse avait recueillis, et qu'elle confia, dit-on, aux pr\u00eatres, pour \u00eatre enterr\u00e9s en m\u00eame temps qu'elle leur d\u00e9cernait les honneurs divins.\n\nPeut-on supposer un autre objet chez un peuple qui ne savait rien pour donner de la pompe et de la splendeur? (From all the cults. 120)\nThe magnificence of cults, and what was their greatest luxury? The Babylonians, who worshiped the sun under the name of Belus, also erected a tomb hidden by an immense pyramid. Once the powerful star that animates nature had been personified, made to be born, die, and resurrect in sacred fictions, the imitative cult, which sought to retrace its adventures, placed tombs next to its temples. Thus, one showed that of Jupiter in Crete; of the Solar Christ in Palestine; of Mithra in Persia; of Hercules at Cadix; of the Charioteer of the Celestial Bear, of Medusa, of the Pleiades, etc., in Greece. These different tombs prove nothing for the historical existence of the fictional characters to whom the mystical spirit of the ancients dedicated them. One also showed the place where Hercules fought the Nemean lion.\n\"We had set ablaze [it], and we showed that Hercule was merely the sun personified in sacred allegories. Similarly, we demonstrated that the adventures of Queen Isis belonged to the moon, sung about by her worshippers. We are now going to see other examples of the allegorical genius of the ancients, in which the sun is personified and sung under the name of a benevolent hero, such as the famous Bacchus of the Greeks or the Egyptian Osiris.\n\nChapter X.\n\nExplanation of the Dionysiaques, or Nonnus' Poem on the Sun, Adored under the Name of Bacchus.\n\nIn our explanation of Hercules' works, we considered the sun primarily as the powerful star, depository of all nature's force, which engenders and measures the seasons.\"\nThe temperatures follow their course in the heavens, starting from the summer solstice or the highest point of their route, and they traverse the twelve signs in which celestial bodies circulate, along with the various periods or revolutions of the stars. Known as Osiris or Bacchus, we will consider the benevolent star that, through its heat, calls all beings to generation in the spring. It favors the growth of plants and trees, ripens fruits, and pours active sap into all germs, which is the soul of vegetation. This is the true character of the Egyptian Osiris and the Greek Bacchus. Above all, this generative humidity develops and circulates in all new productions during the spring; and it is the sun that, through its heat, imparts movement and fertility to it.\nIn the sky, two points are distinguished, which limit the duration of the creative action of the sun in all cults. These two points are where night and day are of equal length. The vast work of vegetation, in a large part of northern climates, seems to be encompassed between these limits, and its progressive march is in harmony with that of light and heat. As soon as the sun, in its annual route, has reached one of these points, an active and potent force appears to emanate from its rays, and imparts movement and life to all sublunary bodies it calls to the light through a new organization. It is then that the resurrection of the great God takes place, and with it, that of the earthly nature. Upon reaching the opposite point, this virtue\nsemble l'abandonner, et la nature se ressent de \nson \u00e9puisement. C'est Atys, dont Cyb\u00e8le pleure la \nmutilation ; c'est Adonis , bless\u00e9 dans sa partie \nsexuelle , et dont V\u00e9nus regrette la perte ; c'est \nO^iris , pr\u00e9cipit\u00e9 au tombeau par Typhon, et dont \nKis \u00e9plor\u00e9e ne retrouve plus les organes de la g\u00e9- \nn\u00e9ration. \nQuel tableau, en eiFet, plus propre \u00e0 attrister \nrhomme , que celui de la terre lorsque , par l'ab- \nsence du soleil , elle se trouve priv\u00e9e de sa parure, \nde sa verdure , de son feuillage , et qu'elle n'olFre \nplus \u00e0 nos regards que les d\u00e9bris de plantes des- \ns\u00e9ch\u00e9es ou tomb\u00e9es en putr\u00e9faction, de troncs \nd\u00e9pouill\u00e9s, d\u00e9terres hispides et sans culture, ou \ncouvertes de neiges ; de fleuves d\u00e9bord\u00e9s dans les \n\u00ee52 ABR\u00c9G\u00c9 DE l' ORIGINE \nchamps ou encha\u00een\u00e9s dans leur lit par les glaces, \nou \u00eele vents fougueux qui bouleversent la terre , \nThe waters and the airs, and those that bring destruction in all parts of the sublunar world! What has become of this happy temperature that the earth enjoyed in the spring and during the summer; this harmony of the elements, which was in agreement with that of the heavens; this richness, this beauty of our camps filled with harvests and fruits, or adorned with flowers whose fragrance perfumed the air, and whose varied colors presented such a ravishing spectacle? All has disappeared, and happiness has departed from man with the god who, by his presence, embellished our climates; his retreat plunged the earth into a mourning from which only his return can free it. He was therefore the creator of all these goods, since they escape us with him; he was the soul of vegetation, since it languishes and stops immediately.\n\"What will be the end of his flight and his descent from the heavens, from which he exiled himself like Apollon? Will he plunge nature back into the eternal shadow of chaos, from which his presence had drawn it? Such were the concerns of these ancient peoples, who, seeing the sun retreating from their climates, feared that one day it would abandon them completely: from this came the festivals of Hope, celebrated at the winter solstice, when men saw this star stop in its retrograde march? And turn back its route towards them?\"\n\n\"DE TOUS LES CULTES. They were sensitive to the hope of a future return. But what joy did we not feel when the sun, already rising towards the middle of the sky, drove back the shadows that had encroached upon the day, and usurped a part of its light?\"\nempire Alors the equilibrium of day and night is restored, and with it the harmony beyond nature. A new order of things as beautiful as the first begins, and the earth, fertilized by the heat of the sun, which has regained the vigor of youth, embellishes itself under the rays of its spouse. It is no longer the god of day that the birds sing about; it is the god of love, whose burning fires ignite in the veins of all that breathe, purer and fuller of the principles of life. Already the provident mothers have chosen the tree or the bushes where they will suspend the nest that will receive the fruit of their loves, and that will be shaded by the new foliage; for nature has resumed her adornment, the meadows their verdure, the forests their new hair, and the gardens their flowers. The earth has already\nune face liante qui fait oublier la tristesse et le deuil dans lequel l'hiver l'avait couverte. C'est V\u00e9nus qui, retrouvant Adonis, brille de gr\u00e2ces nouvelles et sourit \u00e0 son amant, vainqueur de l'hiver et des ombres de la nuit, et qui sort enfin du tombeau.\n\nLes vents bruyants ont fait place aux z\u00e9phirs, dont la douce haleine respecte le feuillage tendre qui s'abreuve encore de ros\u00e9e, et qui joue l\u00e9g\u00e8rement sur le berceau des enfants du printemps; les fleuves, rentres dans leur lit, reprennent leur cours tranquille et majestueux. Le front ceint de roseaux et des fleurs des plantes aquatiques, la timide na\u00efade sort des grottes que les glaces ne ferment plus, et, pench\u00e9e sur son urne, elle fait couler Ponde argent\u00e9e qui serpente dans la prairie, au milieu de la verdure et des fleurs qu'elle \u00e9veille.\narises and nourishes it. The earth, consumed by the fires of love, adorns herself with her most beautiful ornaments, to receive the radiant groom with whom she consummates the great act of generation of all beings that emerge from her womb. There is no one of these paintings that the ancient poets' genius did not exercise in painting, no annual phenomenon that was not described by the chantres of nature.\n\nIt is especially in the first songs of Nonnus' poem on Bacchus or on the sun that we find the contrasting scenes that the earth offers in winter, under the tyranny of Typhon, genius of the shadows, and in spring, when the god of light regains his empire, and develops this active and fertile force that manifests itself every year at the rebirth of nature, and which, under the name of\nBacchus brings forth from their germs and buds the delightful fruits that autumn is to ripen. Before analyzing the poem and reporting on it with regard to all its connections, we will try to dispel the error of those who might be persuaded that Bacchus, son of Semele, born at Thebes, is an ancient hero whose glory from conquests in the East later elevated him to the rank of gods. It will not be difficult for us to prove that he is, like Hercules, also born at Thebes, a physical being, the most powerful and beautiful of nature's agents, or the sun, soul of universal vegetation. This truth, established by a multitude of ancient authorities, will then receive a new day through the explanation of the poem, in which all its traits are linked to one another.\nThe benevolent faction of the star that governs the seasons, which Virgil invoked under the name of Bacchus, at the beginning of his poem on agriculture, is of great importance to us. Bacchus and Hercules are but the solar god, adored under a multitude of different names among all peoples, resulting in an infinitely precious consequence: that ancient writers also wrote the history of nature and its phenomena, just as they wrote the history of men, and that the sun was the principal hero of these wonderful novels, on which posterity has been grossly misled. If the reader remains convinced of this truth, he will easily admit our explanation of the solar legend, known to Christians under the name of the life of Christ, which is but one of the thousand names of the sun.\nThe goddess Sun, regardless of the opinions of her worshippers regarding her human existence; for she will not prove more than that of the Bacchus worshippers, who made him a conqueror and a hero. Let us first establish as an acknowledged fact that the Bacchus of the Greeks was but a copy of the Osiris of the Egyptians, and Osiris, husband of Isis, was worshipped in Egypt, was the sun. Our explanation of Isis' courses has sufficiently proven that she was the moon, and the husband she sought was the sun. The passage of Geramon, which we will continually remind readers of, as it forms the basis of our entire system of explanations, supposes that the Isis and Osiris fable is a solar fable. Testimonies of Diodorus Siculus, Jamblicus, Plutarch, Diogenes Laertius, and Suidas.\nMacrobius et al. agree that Osiris, generally recognized by the ancients as the Egyptian sun god, was identified with the sun in poems and sacred legends as a king and conquering ruler who once reigned in Egypt with his queen Isis as his spouse. This is also acknowledged by scholars. The Greek Bacchus was the same as the Egyptian Osiris, and therefore the same god as the sun. Antoine was called Osiris and Bacchus, and wanted Glapatre referred to as Isis or the Moon. In our grand work, you will find the explanation of Osiris' life, which we have linked to the sun's course, leaving no doubt about the nature of this preceding.\nThis is the story we prove to be entirely astronomical, and express the opposing march of the two great principles, light and darkness, who, under the name of Osiris or the sun, and that of Typhon, his enemy, fight in the world. This is the sacred history of the Egyptians, which passed into Greece under the name of the adventures of Bacchus, where it received certain changes that clearly reveal its filiation. Herodotus, father of Greek history, who traveled in Egypt and carefully collected the sacred traditions of this country, comparing them often with those of the Greeks, assures us that the Egyptian Osiris is the same divinity that the Greeks adore under the name of Bacchus, and this according to the admission of the Egyptians themselves, from whom the Greeks borrowed most of their gods.\nHerodotus develops this filiation of cults through the comparison of the ceremonial practices of the Phallophoroi or the festivals of generation, which were celebrated in Egypt in honor of Osiris, and in Greece in honor of Bacchus. He repeats several times that Osiris and Bacchus are the same god. Plutarch, in his treatise on Isis, makes the same comparisons regarding Proserpina, Persephone. Among the many names given to Mars, the sun god, are those of Osiris and Bacchus.\n\nDiodorus of Sicily claims that the Egyptians considered the Greeks impostors, who advanced that Bacchus, the same as Osiris, was born in Thebes in Boeotia, from the loves of Jupiter and Semele. According to them, this was an official falsehood of Orpheus, who, having been initiated into the mysteries of this god in Egypt, transported this cult to Boeotia.\nThe people of Thebes, to flatter them, were made to believe that Bacchus or Osiris was born among them formerly. Jealous of the idea that the new god was Greek, they hurried to receive his initiations. Mythologists and poets came to support this tradition, confirmed it on the theaters, and eventually deceived posterity to the point that it became a certainty for them. Thus, the Greeks, as the Egyptians always say, appropriated for themselves the gods that Egypt revered for centuries before. This is how they gave birth among themselves to Hercules, although Hercules is an Egyptian divinity, whose cult was established at Thebes in Egypt long before the birth of the supposed son of Alcmene; they similarly...\nAppropriate Pers\u00e9e, whose name was once revered in Egypt.\n\nFrom all the cults, we will not stop here to examine how and at what epoch the worship of Egyptian deities passed into Greece. We will limit ourselves to stating, as acknowledged by all ancients, that the beneficent Osiris of the Egyptians is the same as the Bacchus of the Greeks. Osiris being the sun, Bacchus is also the sun; this is sufficient for the purpose we have here. The explanation of the poem of the Dionysiaques will complete the proof of this truth.\n\nAnalysis of Nonnus' poem, considered in relation to the progression of nature in general, and in particular to that of the sun.\n\nFirst Chant.\n\nThe poet invokes the Muse who inspires him and invites her to sing of the radiant lightning that brought Semele to birth in the midst of her labors.\nfeux et des \u00e9clairs, qui remplirent d'une brillante \nlumi\u00e8re la couche de cette amante indiscr\u00e8te , \nainsi que la naissance de Bacchus, qui re\u00e7ut deux \nlois le jour. \nL'invocation finie, le po\u00e8te porte l'esprit du \nlecteur sur la partie du ciel d'o\u00f9 part le soleil \nau moment o\u00f9 il le chante en commen\u00e7ant son \npo\u00e8me. Ce lieu est le point \u00e9quinoxial du prin- \ntemps, occup\u00e9 par l'image du fameux taureau , qui \nfigure dans la charmante fable des amours de \nJupiter et d'Europe, s\u0153ur de Cadmus ou du ser- \n\u00ef4<> ABR\u00c9G\u00c9 DE L'ORIGINE \npentaire, qui se l\u00e8ve le soir alors en aspect avec le \ntaureau. Il le porte \u00e9galement sur le cocher c\u00e9~ \nleste, qui tient la ch\u00e8vre et les chevreaux, celui \nqui fournit au dieu Pan ses attributs, et qui alors \npr\u00e9c\u00e9dait le matin le char du soleil, et ouvrait la \nbarri\u00e8re au jour , comme le serpentaire l'ouvrait \u00e0 \nIn the night, at the epoch when the sun or Jupiter joined the European bull and crossed the famous passage separating the empire of the god of light from that of darkness, the poet precisely marks the beginning of his poem by indicating the stars that, in the zodiac and beyond, determine the time period he will sing about. Let us see how the poet's genius embellished the simple background provided by astronomy. Nonnus enters the subject matter, recounting with all the circumstances the abduction of Europe by Jupiter disguised as a bull, and the serpent or Cadmus's search for his sister across the seas. This entire astronomical adventure is poetically told: one sees Jupiter in the form of a bull on the shore of Tyre, his head adorned with magnificent horns that he brandishes proudly.\nWhile quashing his amorous murmurings, Europe presented him with five fearsome bulls to adorn his head. She dared to sit on the god whom Amor subjugated, who carried her away at once into the midst of the waves. Europe, terrified, raised her hands to the heavens: from all the cults. Yet Fobus was not wet from the waters.\n\nShe was taken for Thetis, for Galatea, for Neptune's spouse, and even for Astarte or Venus borne on the back of some Triton. Neptune was astonished by the sight of the immortal bull swimming in his empire, and one of the sea gods, recognizing Jupiter in this disguise, took up his conch and intoned the hymns of the Hymenaean.\n\nMeanwhile, the new wife of the master of the Ocean, holding onto the horns of the divine bull, navigated in the foamy waves.\nsans fear, although under the auspices of Love, who served as his pilot, while the breath of the winds inflated the folds of his waving robe. Arrived in Crete, Jupiter in bull form shed his frightening shapes and took the figure of the god of spring or a beautiful young man endowed with all the graces and the vigor of this age. In this form, he bestowed his caresses on his confused and weeping lover; he gathered the first buds of flowers, of which Love was jealous, and made her mother of two infant twins.\n\nHis lover he left in their hands (Asterion), and placed among the stars the bull from which he had taken form in his metamorphosis. It is he, Nonnus says, who shines in Olympus under the feet of the charioteer, and who serves as the steed for the sun of spring.\n\nDuring this time, Cadmus had set out on his journey.\nTo follow the abductor of his sister, who had disappeared into the seas. In truth, after the sun's setting, in conjunction with the celestial bull or the European bull, one saw at the eastern horizon the serpent-bearer Cadmus, who traveled all night on the vault of the heavens and descended each morning into the same seas where the bull and the sun had set the night before. It is supposed that after having traveled for a long time, he had arrived near the dark cavern where Jupiter had deposited his thunderbolt, when he wished to give day to Tantalus. This name is the one under which the same serpent-bearer is mentioned in another fable; and his rising in autumn, at the moment when the thunder ceases to be heard, gave the poet the idea of feigning that Jupiter had left his thunderbolt to give birth to him. One can see\nIn our grand work, in the serpentine article, the tale of Tantalus is explained by him. This place was Ahrime: it was here that Typhon or Typhoeus, son of the dark earth, discovered it. Warned by the smoke rising from the lair where the lightning was still smoldering, he seized it and, proud to be master of the powerful weapon of the king of Olympus, he made the terrible sound of his voice resound through the echoes around. Immediately, all his dragon brothers, in their most frightful forms, joined him to wage war against the god who maintains the harmony of the world, the one who distributes all goods to us, and above all, light.\n\nThe giant, with his thousand arms, shakes violently the pole and beats fiercely the bull, guardian of the Hesperides.\nThe morning star, the dawn, all is attacked: the clarity of the day is obscured by the thick shadow cast by the horrible mane of the giants, formed of black serpents. The full moon, like in the passion of Christ, is found close to the sun, and the empire of the two stars is confused. One of the serpents twines around the pole and mixes its knots with those of the celestial dragon, who guards the apples of the Hesperides. The poet gives a great extent to this tableau, where he paints the prince of darkness, who launches various assaults on the diligent stars, on the sun, on the moon, like the dragon of the apocalypse, who drags a part of the stars of the sky with his tail. This entire passage is only the poetic development of the war of Ahriman against Ormusd, of the Titans against Jupiter, of the rebellious angels and of their chief against God and his.\nThe foundations of all these fictions are in the Persian cosmogony and in the mythological account of their god, the principle of good and light, fighting against the chief of evil and darkness. These theological ideas, as we have already observed according to Rutarque, are found among all peoples and are consecrated in their religious texts and mysteries. In the Persian cosmogony, the prince of darkness, under the name of Ahriman, resides in the sky in the form of a dragon. The sky itself, which opposes him, finds in the stars an equal number of soldiers ready to fight with it against the enemy of good and light. One also sees there the daevas or evil spirits, companions of Ahriman, who, like the monstrous brothers here, are depicted as his allies.\nTyphon attacks the fixed stars, elements, earth, waters, and mountains. After fighting the sky, Typhon descends upon the earth and ravages its productions. He also attacks mountains, seas, and leviathans. He uproots entire islands and violently pushes their debris against the sky. New Jupiter, he tries to launch lightning as well, but it remains ineffective and silent in his powerless hands. His arms are not strong enough to support its weight, and the fires of the thunder extinct immediately once they are no longer sustained by the divine force that launches them. Following this description that I abbreviate, the poet paints Cadmus, who arrives in the places ravaged by Typhon, where Jupiter had left his lightning, and there he is encountered by his lover.\nEurope, accompanied by Pan. Recall that Pan is here. The coachman goat, who rode with the sun of the bull in the morning, at the entrance of spring, when Jupiter was about to make his thunder heard again, as winter had reduced it to silence. Here is the basis of the fiction.\n\nAll CULTS. 1:45\n\nJupiter invites Cadmus to participate in a disguise to deceive Typhon and retrieve his thunderbolt, that is, Jupiter without figure, which Cadmus the serpent and Pan the goat-coachman will join in appearance with the equinoctial bull, to announce the return of spring and the periodic victory that the god of light and long days achieves every year at this time over the chief of shadows and long nights, or Jupiter Igeius, otherwise Jupiter Portunus, holding the serpent in his hands at the sky.\n\"Each year, in autumn, he [Jupiter] brought back the darkness and winters. Jupiter proposed to Cadmus to take the habits of Pan, his flute and his goats, and to build a cabin, in which he [Cadmus] would lure Typhon with the harmonious sounds of his flute: \"Chante, dear Cadmus, you will return the skies to their first serenity. Typhon stole my \"thunder bolt\" from me; all that remains to me is my aegis. \"But what use can it be to me against the powerful fires of the thunder? \"Be a shepherd for a day, and let the pastoral flute serve to restore the empire to the eternal shepherd of the world. \"Your services will not be without reward; you will be the restorer of the harmony of the universe, and Harmony, the daughter of Mars and the goddess of spring, will become your wife.\"\"\nJupiter spoke thus and advanced towards the summits of Taurus. Cadmus, disguised as a shepherd, leaned nonchalantly against a tree, making the forests around resonate with the sounds of his harmonious flute. Typhon was charmed and approached the place where he heard these seductive sounds, depositing the lightning bolt he had found there and hiding it. When he came closer to the forest, Cadmus feigned fear and wanted to flee. The giant reassured him, inviting him to continue while making the most extravagant promises. Cadmus continued to sing, promising Typhon even more wonderful songs if he wanted the nerves of Jupiter, which had fallen during their fight and which Typhon had kept. His request was granted.\nThe shepherd set aside the [musical instruments], intending to adapt them one day for his lyre, but with the plan to return them to Jupiter after the defeat of the giants. Cadmus softened the sounds of his flute again, and charmed the ears of Typhon, who gave his full attention without anything being able to distract him.\n\nChant II.\n\nIn this moment, when all of Typhon's senses were captivated by the harmony, Jupiter approached quietly to the cave where his thunderbolt was hidden, and seized it at the opportune moment, covered by a thick cloud that concealed the grotto.\n\nCadmus, to steal this from the vengeance of the giant, remained silent and disappeared from Typhon's sight. Fearing he had been deceived, Typhon rushed to his lair to find the thunderbolt he could no longer locate. It was then that he realized, but\nUn peu tard, from the artifice of Jupiter and Cadmus. He wants, in his rage, to dash towards Olympus. The convulsive movements of his fury make the entire universe tremble. He shakes the foundations of mountains, agitates the shores violently, and makes the horrible crashing echoes of forests and caverns resound. He causes havoc in all neighboring lands.\n\nThe lamenting nymphs hide in the depths of their dried-up rivers and conceal themselves in reeds. The shepherds, petrified with fear, wander aimlessly in the fields and throw their flutes far away. The farmer abandons his oxen in the middle of the furrows; uprooted trees cover the desolate countryside with their debris.\n\nHowever, Phaeton had driven his chariot to the riverside of the setting sun, and night was spreading its darkness.\nThe gods wandered on earth and in the sky. Jupiter was then on the Sqtpsotet of Taurus, waiting for the dawn's return. It was night, and sentinels were posted at Olympus' gates. The old Bootes, with his eyes always open, had the celestial dragon near him, watching for any nocturnal attacks that Typhon, the dragon's father, might attempt. The poet here notes that he has accurately described the sphere's position at the entrance of the night preceding the sun's triumph at spring. At sunset, one sees Phaeton or the charioteer, whose name is also one of the sun's epithets, and at sunrise, the bull and the dragon. The entire universe presented an image of an immense camp, in which each part of it was:\n\nsombres voiles sur la terre et sur le ciel. Les dieux \u00e9taient alors errans sur les bords du Nil, tandis que Jupiter sur le Sqtpsotet du Taurus attendait le retour de l'aurore. Il \u00e9tait nuit et les sentinelles \u00e9taient pos\u00e9es aux portes d'Olympe.\n\nLe vieux Boot\u00e8s, les yeux toujours ouverts, avait le dragon c\u00e9leste aupr\u00e8s de lui, surveillant les attaques nocturnes que pourrait tenter Typhon, p\u00e8re de ce dragon.\n\nJ'observerai ici que le po\u00e8te a d\u00e9crit exactement la position de la sph\u00e8re \u00e0 l'entr\u00e9e de la nuit qui pr\u00e9c\u00e8de le jour du triomphe du soleil au printemps.\n\nOn voit, au couchant, Pha\u00e9ton ou le cocher, dont le nom est aussi une des \u00e9pith\u00e8tes du soleil, et au levant, le bouvier et le dragon.\n\nTout l'univers pr\u00e9sentait alors l'image d'un immense camp, dans lequel chaque partie de la pr\u00e9sentait :\n\nshadows sails on earth and in the sky. The gods wandered on the banks of the Nile, while Jupiter on the Sqtpsotet of Taurus waited for the dawn's return. It was night, and sentinels were posted at Olympus' gates.\n\nThe old Bootes, with his eyes always open, had the celestial dragon near him, watching for any nocturnal attacks that Typhon, the dragon's father, might attempt.\n\nI note here that the poet has accurately described the sphere's position at the entrance of the night preceding the sun's triumph at spring.\n\nAt sunset, one sees Phaeton or the charioteer, whose name is also one of the sun's epithets, and at sunrise, the bull and the dragon.\n\nThe entire universe presented an image of an immense camp, in which each part of it was:\nThe personified nature filled some function, and was one of the things practiced in the camps at night. The stars and meteors were the fires that illuminated her. Finally, the goddess of victory, in the form of the mother of the sun and the moon, came to Jupiter's aid and brought him weapons. She showed him the dangers threatening all parts of his empire and exhorted him to fight his rival. At that moment, the night had suspended the enemy's attacks, and Typhon, covering a vast expanse of land with his immense body, was overcome by sleep. Only Jupiter, in nature, did not sleep. But soon the dawn returned, bringing new dangers. At the rising of the sun, Typhon, opening his wide mouth, let out a dreadful cry:\ndon't all echoes resonate. He defies the master of the gods in combat; he explodes in threats and says of all the cults, \"1^9.\nHe hurls insults at him and the immortals. In his senseless plans, he meditates on building a new sky infinitely more beautiful than that which Jupiter inhabits, and forging hammers more fearsome than his. He will populate Olympus with a new race of gods, and force the virgin to become a mother.\nJupiter, accompanied by Victory, hears his threats and his audacious challenge, and smiles. Preparations are made for the combat, whose empire of the skies will be the prize. Here is a long description of this terrible battle that the chiefs of light and darkness engage in, under the names of Jupiter and Typhon. At the moment of the last.\nCrisis ensuring Typhon's defeat, he piles mountains and uproots trees to hurl against Jupiter. A spark from Jupiter's thunderbolt reduces all to powder. The universe trembles from this terrible struggle. Terror and fear fight beside Jupiter, arming themselves with the lightning preceding the thunder. Typhon loses a hand in the fight, dropping it without letting go of the rocky quarter he was preparing to hurl. The giant draws water from the hollow of his other hand, intending to extinguish the fires of the thunder, but in vain. He opposes Jupiter with enormous rocks, which Jupiter overturns with his breath. Finally, Typhon, attacked from all sides and burned by the flames, succumbs and covers the earth with dust.\n\nFrom the origin of Jupiter's thunder, an abbreviated account:\n\nCrisis ensuring Typhon's defeat, he piles mountains and uproots trees to hurl against Jupiter. A spark from Jupiter's thunderbolt reduces all to powder. The universe trembles from this terrible struggle. Terror and fear fight beside Jupiter, arming themselves with the lightning preceding the thunder. Typhon loses a hand in the fight, dropping it without letting go of the rocky quarter he was preparing to hurl. The giant draws water from the hollow of his other hand, intending to extinguish the fires of the thunder, but in vain. He opposes Jupiter with enormous rocks, which Jupiter overturns with his breath. Finally, Typhon, attacked from all sides and burned by the flames, succumbs and covers the earth with dust.\nson immense corps , vomissant la flamme de son \nsein foudroy\u00e9. Jupiler insulte \u00e0 sa d\u00e9faite par un \nrire moqueur et par un discours rempli de sar- \ncasmes amers. Les \u00e9chos du Taurus annoncent la \nvictoire. I/efiet de ce triomphe fut de rendre la \ns\u00e9r\u00e9nit\u00e9, Tordre et la paix aux cieux, et de r\u00e9ta- \nblir l'harmonie de la nature. Le ma\u00eetre du ton- \nnerre retourne au ciel , port\u00e9 sur son char ; la vic- \ntoire guide ses coursiers ; les Heures lui ouvrent \nles portes de l'Olympe , et Th\u00e9mis, pour effrayer \nla terre qui a donn\u00e9 naissance \u00e0 Typhon, suspend \naux vo\u00fbtes du ciel les armes du g\u00e9ant foudroy\u00e9. Tel \nest le pr\u00e9cis des deux premiers chants du po\u00e8me. \nEn voici le fond th\u00e9ologique et astronomique. \nToute victoire suppose un combat, comme toute \nr\u00e9surrection suppose une mort : de l\u00e0 vient que \nles anciens th\u00e9ologiens et les po\u00e8tes j qui chan- \nThe passage of the sun was at the equinoxial point, and the triumph of long days over winter nights, whether under the name of Jupiter and Ormus or that of the resurrection of Osiris and Adonis, placed beforehand either a combat in which the god of Light emerged victorious or a death and tomb from which he escaped by taking on new life. The forms taken by the god of Light and the chief of Shadows, that is, the bull and then the lamb on one side, and the serpent or dragon on the other, were the attributes of the opposing chiefs of this combat. The constellations placed outside the zodiac, which were linked to this celestial position and determined this important epoch, were also personified and depicted. Such are here the goat or Pan, who also accompanies this.\nOsiris in his conquests, and Cadmus or the serpent. The two princes described here contain nothing other than a poetic depiction of their struggle, which is meant to precede the moment when Soliel, at the spring equinox or at Easter, under the names of Jupiter, Ormusd, Christ, etc., triumphs over the god of winters and regenerates all nature. The poet's genius has made the rest: from this comes the variety of poems and legends where this physical fact is prominent.\n\nHere Nonnus supposes that during winter, the god of light had no more lightning bolts, they were in the hands of the chief of shadows, who himself could not use them. But, longing for the time when Jupiter is deprived of them, his enemy disturbs and disorganizes everything in nature.\nfond les \u00e9lements, r\u00e9pand sur la terre le deuil, les t\u00e9n\u00e8bres et la mort, jusqu'au lever du matin du cocher et de la ch\u00e8vre, et jusqu'au lever du soir du serpentaire ; ce qui arrive au moment o\u00f9 le soleil atteint le taureau c\u00e9leste dont Jupiter prit la forme pour tromper Europe, s\u0153ur de Cadmus. L'origine. C'est alors que le dieu du jour rentre dans tous ses droits, et r\u00e9tablit l'harmonie de la nature que le g\u00e9nie des t\u00e9n\u00e8bres avait d\u00e9truite. C'est l\u00e0 l'id\u00e9e qui am\u00e8ne naturellement le triomphe de Jupiter, et que le po\u00e8te nous pr\u00e9sente en commen\u00e7ant le troisi\u00e8me chant de son po\u00e8me sur les saisons ou les Dionysiaques.\n\nCHANT III.\nPremi\u00e8re saison ou printemps.\n\nLe combat finit avec l'hiver : le taureau et Orion s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent et brillent sur un ciel pur, le Massag\u00e8te ne roule plus sa cabane ambulante.\nLante on the Danube's ice; already the swallow of return sings the arrival of spring, interrupting the morning sleep of the laborer under his hospitable roof; the calice of new flowers opens to the nourishing succes of roses spread by the happy season of zephyrs. This is in substance what the first fifteen lines of the following chant contain, immediately following the defeat of the chief of winter's shadows.\n\nHowever, Cadmus embarks and goes to Electra's palace, one of the Pleiades or stars that rise before the sun, at the entrance of spring: it is there that the young Harmony, whom Jupiter destined as his bride, was raised. Emathion, or the Day, son of Electra, a charming young prince, had just come to see his mother. The goddess OF ALL CULTS. 153\n\nof persuasion, the first of women of Harmonia,\nCadmus is introduced to Electre's palace, under the auspices of the goddess of spring or Venus. Electre welcomes Cadmus favorably, serves him a magnificent feast, and questions him about his journey. The stranger satisfies her inquiries. However, Jupiter had dispatched Mercury to Electre to inform her of his wishes regarding Cadmus' marriage to Harmony, daughter of Mars and Venus, whom the Hours and Seasons had been entrusted to educate. The message Mercury delivers to Electre, the mother of the prince, Jour or Emathion, resembles the salutation Gabriel delivers in the solar fable of the Christians to the mother of the god of light.\n\nThis is the astronomical foundation upon which the third chant is based. Winter ends, and the morning sun rises, borne on the bull, preceded by the Pleiades and followed by Orion.\nAu couchant, the serpent-bearer or Cadmus descends into the seas, having traversed all night the expanse of the sky that separates the eastern and western borders. He finds himself then facing the Pleiades and Electra, who ascend to the east with the dawn, signified here by the emblem of a charming young man, raised with Harmony in the era of annual revolution, when the harmony of the seasons is restored in our climates. This is the basis of the poet's fiction.\n\nAbstract of the Orphic Hymn\n\nChant IV.\n\nMercury, having filled his message, ascends to Olympus. Electra calls Harmony to her side and shares with her Jupiter's desires. The young princess initially refuses to give her hand to a stranger, whom she believes to be an intruder. Her refusal is accompanied by tears flowing from her beautiful eyes.\nl'\u00e9clat de ses charms, but Venus, in the form of persuasion, triumphs over her insistence and determines her to follow Cadmus wherever he wants. Harmony obeys and embarks on Cadmus' vessel, which awaits her at the shore. The spring wind that gently agitates the sails carries the two lovers to the coasts of Greece.\n\nThe first concern of Cadmus, upon disembarking, is to consult the oracle of Delphos: he supposes that the bull which abducted his sister is not an earthly animal, but the bull of Olympus; that it would be in vain for him to search for it longer on earth. The god invites him to renounce these searches and to settle in Greece, where he will build a city that will bear the name of Thebes of Egypt, his homeland; he adds that the place where he must found it will be indicated to him by a divine cow.\nCadmus, barely out of the temple, encounters this sacred animal, which became his guide and led him to the places where Orion perished. The sting of a scorpion: it is there that the serpent lies dormant. Here we see a manifest allusion to the celestial sign, where some paint a bull, and others a cow, and under which and with which Orion lies down at the rising of the celestial scorpion, the sign opposed to him. This is the celestial phenomenon that the poet sang about in this fable. Since the scorpion also has a serpent placed above it, which rises with it at the setting of the bull, the fable supposes that Cadmus prepares to sacrifice this last one. However, he lacks water for the sacrifice; he goes to find it at a fontaine he finds guarded by an enormous dragon, son of Mars or the god who.\npr\u00e9side an signe sur lequel est Cadmus. Ceci est \nune allusion manifeste au dragon du p\u00f4le , plac\u00e9 \nau-dessus de Cadmus, qui monte avec lui , et qu'on \nappelle Dragon de Cadmus en astronomie : c'est le \ndragon des Hesp\u00e9rides dans la fable , o\u00f9 le serpen- \ntaire est pris pour Hercule ; c'est Python dans la \nfable d'Apollon; c'est celui que tue Jason dans la \nfable de Jason , que nous expliquerons bient\u00f4t. \nLe monstre d\u00e9vore plusieurs des compagnons \nde Cadmus. Minerve vient au secours du h\u00e9ros ; \nelle lui ordonne de tuer le dragon , dont il s\u00e8mera \nles dents comme fait aussi Jason. Cadmus tue le \ndragon, et des dents qu'il a sem\u00e9es il en na\u00eet \ndes g\u00e9ans qui bient\u00f4t s'entre-tuent. On remar- \nquera ici que , dans toutes les fiction? solaires. \nl56 ABR\u00c9G\u00c9 DE L'ORIGINE \ndestin\u00e9es \u00e0 peindre , sous une foule de noms dif- \nfe'rens , le triomphe du dieu du printemps sur le \ngenie of winter and darkness, there is always a defeat of the great dragon, the enemy of the hero who triumphs, and it is always explained in each of its fables by the dragon of the pole or the one who announces every year autumn and winter. We will recall this observation in our explanation of the apocalypse.\n\nChant V.\n\nAfter this victory, Cadmus performs a sacrifice, in which he immolates the animal that served as his guide, as Bacchus does in other fables, the belier who also served as his guide, and who is in the heavens next to the bull. He then casts the foundations of a city that retraces in miniature Thermonie, the goddess of the world: it is Thebes of Beotia, of the same name as the one Osiris founded in Egypt and where he raised a temple to Jupiter.\nHammon, god of light, adored under the forms of the celestial ram, and who was the father of Bacchus. In solar fables, or those about Hercules or the sun, it is claimed that this was the hero who built Thebes, after defeating a tyrant, like Orion, who pursued the Pleiades. I make these remarks to bring closer these ancient fables and make visible their connection with that part of the sky where the bull, ram, Pleiades, and Orion are located, opposed to the serpent; Hercules, Cadmus, etc., who, with his evening rising, announced every year the restoration of harmony in the flooded world, designated here as Pembroke of a great city: it is the holy city of the apocalypse. Cadmus built his circular city, like the sphere. Streets traversed it.\nIn the four cardinal directions of the world, or the East, West, South, and North; it had as many doors as there were planetary spheres. Each door was dedicated to a planet. The Jerusalem of the apocalypse, a fiction of the same kind, had twelve, equal to the number of signs, and was built after the defeat of the great dragon.\n\nThis distribution of the new city, not built like the apocalypse under the auspices of the lamb, but under the auspices of the equinoctial bull that preceded the lamb at the start of the spheres and the spring, and which represented the world with its principal divisions and the entire system of universal harmony, gave rise to the fictions that suppose Thebes was built to the sound of Amphion's lyre and Zethus, placed in the sign that lies down after it.\nIn this city, Cadmus celebrated his weddings with the beautiful Harmony; all the gods attended, and they presented gifts to the new bride and groom. These gifts, from the sky, enriched the earth during this important era of world renewal and periodic vegetation, resulting from the restored harmony instilled by the god of spring in all of nature. From this marriage was born Semele, mother of the benevolent god who, during the summer, bestows his precious gifts upon our entire hemisphere, and who will give us the delicious fruits that autumn matures; finally, of this Bacchus, father of free joy, games, and pleasures.\n\nChant VI.\n\nAs each revolution brings a new order of things that replaces the old, the poet recounts in this chant the unfortunate adventures\nThe ancient Bacchus, whom Titans and Giants had shattered, and whose death Jupiter avenged by destroying the old world and the deluge, is described at great length in this famous sacred legend, which existed only in the imagination of poets and priests. From this great catastrophe, Nonnus makes the god who teaches men to cultivate the vine be born. This discovery is attributed in Jewish fables to Noah, who, like Bacchus, presented it to men after the deluge; and in Thesalian fables, to the prince Montagnard or Oresle.\n\nFrom Deucaiiori, whose name alludes to the slopes where this precious shrub is born, begins the tale of Jupiter's amours.\nWith the daughter of Cadmus, mother of the second Bacchus,\nwho will in turn give birth to a third, either from Aura or Zephyr.\n\nCHANT FIFTH\n\nThe poet begins this chant by presenting Love occupied in repairing the world's ruins:\nthe human species had been left to the mercies of destructive creatures.\nThe wine, which dispels dark thoughts, had not yet been given to men:\nit was only after the deluge that Bacchus, or the god of merriment inspired by wine, was born.\nPrometheus had stolen only fire from the gods; it was nectar they should have deprived him of;\nhe would have softened the suffering inflicted on the earth by Pandora's fatal box.\nThese reflections are presented to Jupiter by the god of time,\nwho, holding the keys of the ages in his hand, goes to implore the master of the gods to come to their aid.\nMen. Jupiter listens and wants his son to be the world's repairer, the savior Bacchus. He promises a liberator to the earth and announces these high destinies. The universe will adore him, and sing his benefits. After bringing relief to mankind's woes, despite their resistance, he will then ascend to heaven to sit next to his father.\n\nTo fulfill his promise, Jupiter bestows favors upon a young girl, the beautiful Semele, whom he deceives and makes mother to the new liberator.\n\nSemele, daughter of Cadmus, bathed in the waters of Asopus. Jupiter, smitten by her beautiful forms, insinuates himself into her, and fathered Bacchus. He soon reveals himself to his lover, the consort, and makes her believe she will take his place.\nJupiter ascends to Olympus, leaving his daughter, Semele, pregnant in her father's palace. But Envy, in the form of Mars, stirs up jealousy in Jupiter's wife, Junon. Seeking revenge against her rival, Junon enlists the goddess of cunning and asks her to serve her. Armed with Junon's girdle, the goddess disguises herself as Semele's old nurse.\n\nPretending to console the young princess, whose reputation is under attack in public, she asks if it's true that her honor has been stolen. Who is the mortal or god that has won her favors? She subtly suggests that if it was in the form of Jupiter, she can ensure if that god is indeed the culprit.\nmovement son, the amant, who invites him to the CULTES. In her presence, in all her majesty, and armed with his thunder; these traits she cannot mistake. The young Semele, deceived by this perfidious discourse and blinded by an indiscreet ambition, asks her lover for this flamboyant mark of her affection for him. I have not yet seen, she tells him, the majestic apparition of the god who hurls the thunderbolt. I want, in our love, less dignity and less splendor. Jupiter is displeased by this demand, which he knows the consequences of. He shows her some representations of the dangers to which she exposes herself if she yields to her desires, but in vain: he is forced to grant her request. While the unfortunate Semele, drunk with rage and joy, wants to touch the master's thunderbolt.\nThe gods, she falls consumed by the fires of Dionysus. Her son is saved from the fire that consumes his mother. Mercure takes care to free him from the flames, and gives him to Jupiter, who places Alcyone as his unfortunate lover.\n\nChant IX.\n\nMeanwhile, the master of the heavens deposits the young Bacchus in his thigh until the fetus is full term, and then removes him to bring him to light. At the moment of his birth, the Hours and Seasons are ready to receive him, and place a crown of ivy on his head. Mercure carries him through the air and confides him to the nymphs of the waters, presumably the Hyades placed on the forehead of the equinoctial bull, and said to have been his wet nurses.\n\nBut Juno, constant in her hatred against Jupiter's enemies, makes these nymphs furious.\nThe obligated one was required to take the child away from Ino, daughter of Cadmus and sister of Semele, who raised him with Palemon, her son. Juno's hatred attached to this new nurse. Mercury took Bacchus to be placed under the care of the attendant of Atys or Cybele: she remained in charge of his education. The solar fable about the god of Christians also supposes that he is followed from birth.\n\nThe rest of this hymn contains an episodic piece, in which the poet tells of the terrible effects of Juno's vengeance against the unfortunate Ino, who had received Bacchus and became a victim, along with her entire family. This episodic piece takes up a large part of the following hymn.\n\nHymn X.\n\nAfter this long episode, the poet leads us to Lydia to witness his education.\nBacchus receives this reception. He is seen playing with the Satyres and bathing in the waters of Pactole, whose shores are bordered with a verdant embroidery of flowers. It is here that, while playing on the slopes of Phrygia, he encounters a young Satyre named Ampelus, or the Vine. The poet paints for us the charming image and graces of this child, inspiring in Bacchus an interest in him. It is unnecessary for me to warn the reader of the allegory that reigns in this piece regarding the loves of the god of the harvest for the vine, personified here under the name of the young Ampelus, who played with Bacchus on the slopes of Phrygia, fertile in grapes. Bacchus approaches him, he tells him the most flattering things. He questions him about his birth, and finally declares that he knows him and that he recognizes him.\nThe sons of the sun and moon, or of the two stars that rule vegetation. Bacchus falls in love with him. He is content only when he is with him, and he is distressed by his absence. The love of the Vine takes the place of everything for him: he asks Jupiter to bind him to his fate. Here the poet describes their games and their various amusements. Bacchus takes pleasure in being overcome in these exercises. Ampelus is always the winner, whether in wrestling or in racing. In the latter exercise, the young Pressoir, the young Vine, enter the race with him, and he obtains victory over them.\n\nNonnus renders here, in a poetic allegory, what Diodorus relates more fully when he tells of Bacchus discovering in the midst of his childhood games the precious shrub that bears the grape.\nraisin et le d\u00e9licieux fruit dont il exprima le premier le jus. This manner of poetically treating a simple idea and giving it grand development in a series of allegories, reveals the genius of ancient priests and poets who composed sacred chants, in which everything was personified. This alone unveils the original character of all ancient mythology.\n\nCHANT XI.\n\nThe poet, in this eleventh chant, continues the description of the games and various exercises that occupy the leisure of young Bacchus and his friends. The third exercise is that of the swimmer. Bacchus and his young favorite plunge into the waters of Pactole. The victory remains with Ampelus or the Vine.\n\nEncouraged by these successes, the young victor imprudently decides to measure himself against the ancients.\nIn the forests, Bacchus warned him of the dangers he faced and urged him to avoid the bull's horns in particular. But his warnings were in vain. A malevolent goddess, who had conjured his downfall, encouraged him to mount and tame a bull that had come from the mountains to drink from the river. The young man, imprudent and reckless, attempted to mount and control the animal. A fox goaded the bull, making it enraged. Ampelus was soon thrown off and died from his fall. All the details of this unfortunate event are recounted in an engaging way by Nonus in \"De Tous Les Cultes,\" page 165.\n\nBacchus, inconsolable, anointed his friend's body with his tears. He covered him with roses and lilies and poured the ambrosia he held from Rhea into his wounds. Since then, after Ampelus' metamorphosis into a vine, this ambrosia has been used to give his wine its distinctive flavor.\nfruit is unfarmed, delightful. Though dead, the young friend of Bacchus is still of ravishing beauty. Bacchus cannot satiate his eyes, and expresses his regrets lovingly. Love, in the form of Silenus, bearing a thyrse in hand, comes to console the god of wine, and exhorts him to form new loves which will make him forget the friend he has lost. He tells him, on this occasion, a rather pretty fable, which contains an allegory about the tuyau de bl\u00e9 and the fruit, personified under the names of Calamus and Carqus; but nothing can console Bacchus' grief. However, the Seasons, daughters of the Year, come to the palace of the Sun, which the poet describes brilliantly.\n\nCHANT XII.\n\nThe Seasons address their prayers to Jupiter,\nand one of them, that of autumn, asks him\nto grant her that, when the time comes,\nshe may be the first to appear,\nand that her chariot, drawn by swans,\nmay be the first to reach the sky,\nand that she may be the one to bring\nthe ripe fruits and golden grapes.\n\nSpring, the firstborn, asks to be the one\nto bring back the sweet warmth of the sun,\nto make the flowers bloom,\nto give life to the birds,\nto make the meadows green again,\nand to fill the air with her perfume.\n\nSummer, the most beautiful, asks to be the one\nto ripen the fruits,\nto give strength to the crops,\nto fill the fields with golden wheat,\nto make the rivers swell,\nand to give joy to the hearts of men.\n\nWinter, the last, asks to be the one\nto rest the earth,\nto make the trees lose their leaves,\nto make the waters freeze,\nto give silence to the world,\nand to bring peace to all things.\n\nThus spoke the Seasons, and Jupiter,\nmoved by their prayers, granted their wishes.\nThe god forbids leaving it alone without functions, and of the care to ripen the new fruits the vine is about to produce. The god gives it hopes and shows it with a finger the tablets of harmony, which contain the destinies of the world.\n\nThis is where she sees that the fates have granted the vine and grapes to Bacchus, as they had granted the ears of corn to Ceres, the olive to Minerva, and the laurel to Apollo.\n\nHowever, the Parca comes to console Bacchus by announcing that his dear Ampelus is not completely dead, that he will not cross the black Acheron, and that he will become for mortals the source of a delicious liquor that will be the consolation for the human species, and which will be on earth the image of the nectar with which the gods are anointed. She was finishing speaking when a surprising prodigy occurred.\nBacchus is struck by surprise, his friend's body transforming into a flexible tree bearing grapes. The new vine, named after his friend, is laden with a black fruit that Bacchus crushes between his fingers, the juice flowing into a bull's horn cup. Meanwhile, the young Cissus or Ivy, also transformed, clings to his friend and entwines the vine around where Ampelus had become. Bacchus tastes the new liquid and applauds his discovery; he honors his friend's spirits, whose death had brought happiness to men. The wine, Bacchus declares, will now be the most powerful remedy against all mortal sorrows. This is the allusive origin.\nThe poet gives the vine to us, presenting it to us from all the cults. 167\nAs the result of the metamorphosis of a beloved child of Bacchus. I imagine that no one will be tempted to take this account for history.\nAfter Bacchus discovered the vine, there was nothing left for him, to sustain the benevolent character of the god that the sun takes on under the names of Osiris and Bacchus, but to carry this precious gift throughout the universe. Here is where the account of Bacchus' travels begins, which, like the sun in its annual movement, directs its march from west to east, or, against the order of the signs as the seasons. All that preceded should be regarded only as an introduction to the account of this great action that forms the unique subject of the poem. Until now we have not yet gone beyond the limits of this introduction.\nIn the spring, where Bacchus assumes the form of the bull or the first sign, he remains surrounded by vines and satyrs, or the genies who borrow their attributes from the goat placed upon the bull. It is during this time that the bush bearing the fruit of Ampelus or the vine in autumn grows, as well as the delightful liquor that Bacchus is the father of.\n\nCHANT XIII.\n\nJupiter sends Iris to Cybele's palace, where Bacchus was raised, to convey the order for him to march against the Indians and fight against Prince Rixes or Deryades, their king, who was to oppose the expansion of his power and the benefits he intended to bestow upon mankind. Iris carries out Jupiter's wishes, and after tasting the new liquor herself, she\u2014\nBacchus presents her to the heavens. Immediately, Cybele sends the chief of her choirs and dances to gather the army that is to march under Bacchus' orders. Among the chiefs who assemble under Bacchus' banners, several heroes are noted, some of whom are found in the poem about the Argonauts. Cybele's usual retinue is particularly distinguished, resembling that of the mysteries of Bacchus. Emathion or the prince Iasion brings his warriors from Samothrace. The rest of the chant includes the enumeration of the various peoples of Asian Minor who align under Bacchus' banners.\n\nCHANT XIV.\n\nIn the following chant, the poet continues to give us the enumeration of heroes, demigods, and genies that Cybele sends with the son of Semele, such as the Cabires, the Dactyles, the Corybantes,\nThe Centaures, the Telchines, Silenus, the Satyres, the sons of the Hyades, their nurses, and so on, then the nymphs Or\u00e9ades, the Bacchantes. He next describes the armor of Bacchus and his clothes, which depict the image of the sky and its stars. This hero leaves the dwelling of Cybele and sets out towards the places occupied by the Indiens. Already the sound of thunder is heard, and it foretells victory.\n\nSecond season or V\u00e8t\u00e8.\n\nThe poet transports us to the summer solstice and to the highest point of the sun's course, which corresponds to the sign of the lion, and whose zodiacal longitude precedes that of Cancer. He traverses this before passing through Leo, his dwelling place, and where his greatest power resides. The name of Cancer is Astacos; the poet makes it a river of Asia, Tastacus, which actually flows there.\nBythinus. Since the solstice is the place where the sun achieves its most beautiful triumph, it is supposed that it conquers a young nymph named Victory, who had a lion at her feet. And because the solstice is the terminus of the sun's ascending movement, the poet supposes that there were loves of Bacchus with the nymph Victory, from which an child named Term or End was born. However, the wise Cancer or Astacus disputes this passage with the Indian people or those under the tropic. One must wage war against their leader, named Astraeus, whose name contains an allusion to the stars. It is only after defeating him that Bacchus finally finds the nymph Victory, whom he unites with. The allegory pervades this passage. Let us return: Nonnus paints for us a brief account of the origin.\nThe audacious Indian who positions his troops on the banks of the Astacus, and on the other side, the proud countenance of the warriors led by Bacchus. The latter finally crosses the river, whose waters are transformed into wine. A part of the Indian army is destroyed or routed; the other, astonished by its defeat, drinks the waters of the river, which it takes for nectar.\n\nChant XV.\n\nThe fifteenth song offers us first the sight of the Indian troop that makes its way towards the banks of the river and gets drunk on its waters. The poet describes in detail all the effects of this drunkenness, from delirium and sleep, to the advantage Bacchus gains, who surprises a large number of them and chains them with irons. All the following songs up to the forty-first, in which the prince Rixe or D\u00e9riade is killed, contain:\nDetails of the battles in this war, which occupy twenty-five stanzas of the poem and are its principal theme: Deriades is the principle of resistance opposing the benevolent action of Bacchus; he is the leader of the black people waging a terrible struggle against the god of good and light.\n\nBacchus, after defeating the Indians on the banks of the Astacus and crossing this river, approaches the neighboring forest. DE TOUS LES CULTES. 171\n\nThere lived there a young nymph named Nice or Victory. She was a young hunter, like Diana, who wished to preserve her virginity. She remained on a steep rock, holding at her feet a fearsome lion who bowed respectfully before her, lowering his horrifying mane. Nearby dwelt also a young herdsman named Hymnus, who\n\u00e9tait devenu amoureux d'elle. Nice , toujours r\u00e9- \nbelle \u00e0, ses v\u0153ux repousse ses pri\u00e8res , et lui d\u00e9- \ncochant un trait , elle tue ce malheureux amant, \nLes nymphes le pleurent , et l'Amour jure de \nle venger en soumettant \u00e0 Bacehus cette beaut\u00e9 \nfarouche : toute la nature s'attriste sur la mort \nde l'infortun\u00e9 Hymnus. On reconna\u00eet encore ici \nun personnage all\u00e9gorique : le nom d'Hymnus \nou de Chant, amant de la Victoire , indique assez \nles chants qui accompagnaient autrefois le triomphe \ndu soleil, et son arriv\u00e9e au point du solstice d'\u00e9t\u00e9, \nCHANT XVI. \nLa mort du jeune Hymnus ne resta pas im- \npunie. L'Amour lance un trait contre Bacehus, \nqui aper\u00e7oit la jeune Nic\u00e9 au bain, et qui en \ndevient amoureux ; il s'attache \u00e0 ses pas et la \ncherche au milieu des for\u00eats , \u00e0 l'aide de son chien \nfid\u00e8le que lui avait donn\u00e9 Pan, et \u00e0 qui il promet \nA young nymph, weary from the sun's scorching heat and altered by its ardor, approaches a river to quench her thirst. Ignorant of the change that has befallen the waters, she drinks, becomes intoxicated, and falls asleep. Love alerts Bacchus, who takes advantage of this moment to commit a theft, an act that even Pan envies. The nymph awakens and reproaches Bacchus and Venus for her lost virginity. She searches for the thief to avenge herself, intending to take her own life. Fearing encountering Diana and her reproaches, she is forced to banish herself from her ancient forests.\nIn the world, I met a girl named Telete; and Bacchus built in this place the city of Nicaea, or Victory.\n\nChant XVII.\n\nBacchus continued his march against the Indians and gained victories in the East with the appearance of a festival leader rather than a warrior. He arrived on the banks of the Eudis, where he was received by the shepherd Broncbus or Gosier, to whom he left a vineyard to cultivate. He then marched against Oronte, the Indian general, to whom Astraea had already revealed the ruse used by Bacchus against the Indians defending the banks of the Astacus. Oronte was the father-in-law of the warrior Deriades. Oronte inspired his warriors with his example. He measured himself against Bacchus himself, whom he repelled with vigor.\n\nFrom All Cults. 178\n\nThe desperate Indian pierced himself with his sword and fell.\nIn the river bearing his name, the nymphs weep for this unfortunate son of Hysdaspe. Bachus wrought a horrific massacre of Indians. Pan sang his victory, and Blemys, chief of the Indians, presents the olive branch to ask for peace. The sun approaches the end of Petes and the season that matures grapes. The poet, therefore, reminds us of this great operation of nature through Parrivage of Bacchus at the court of King Raisin, who ruled in Assyria. All the names used in this poetic narrative will clearly indicate an allegory concerning the grape harvest.\n\nCHANT XVIII.\n\nThe renown of Bacchus' deeds had spread throughout Assyria. King Raisin or Staphylus reigned over these lands. He had a son named the Grape, and a queen as his wife.\nM\u00e9tbe or Intoxication, and as master of his house, Pithos or Tonneau. Ixonnus, in this song, presents the king and his son. Mounted on a chariot, they go before Bacchus, and Piuvitent awaits them to lodge: Bacchus accepts Tofire. Here the poet paints the magnificent reception given to Bacchus by the king of Assyria. Who spreads all his riches before his eyes and serves him a sumptuous banquet in his palace, of which we find here a beautiful description. Bacchus shares with him some of his new liquor: the queen, \u00ef?4, is named in the abbreviated text.\n\nMeth\u00e9 becomes intoxicated the first time she drinks it, as does her husband, Raisin, their son, and Tonneau, their old servant. All join in the dance.\n\nHere the poem takes on a comic tone, which does not harmonize well with the nobility of the earlier songs based on astronomy and the two elements.\nprinces. It is no longer the sun or the chief of light in its equinoxial triumph, as we are painted. The poet here has descended from the heavens to oversee on earth the progress of vegetation that the sun maintains with its powerful rays.\n\nWe lie down: Bacchus has a dream that interrupts his sleep suddenly: he arms himself; he summons the Satyres. The king of the Grape and their loyal Tonneau awaken at this noise, but the queen Meth\u00e9, or Intoxication, continues to sleep. Staphylus, or the king of the Grape, accompanies Bacchus and presents her with a cup, urging her to continue her victories, reminding her of Jupiter's victory over the giants and Perseus' victory over the monster to which Andromeda had been exposed.\n\nBacchus sends a herald to the chief of the Indians.\nThe nineteenth chant presents the scene of Queen Methe, or Intoxication, lamenting the death of her husband, King Raisin, and telling Bacchus of her sorrow. She asks Bacchus for consolation in the form of his delicious liquor. She agrees to stop grieving for her husband if she is given a full cup. She offers to join Bacchus' festivities and recommends her son, the prince Grape, and her old servant, Pythos, or Tonneau, to him. Bacchus reassures her, promising to include them all in his celebrations.\nMetamorphosis of Staphilus into a grape, and his son Boutrys into a cluster. The rest of the song describes the games that Bacchus celebrates near the tomb of King Raisin. Oeagre of Thrace disputes with Erectheus of Athens over the prize of the song: the victory remains with the first. Following this contest, a pantomime performance ensues. Silenus and Maron dance; the second is declared the winner.\n\nChant XX.\n\nThese games conclude, and at the beginning of this chant, Bacchus appears preoccupied with consoling Mete and the entire household of King Staphilus. Night falls, and Ton goes to bed. Bacchus' bed is prepared by Eupeithe or Belle-Feuille, his nurse. As he dozes off, discord, in the form of Iy6, appears to reproach Bacchus for his idleness and exhorts him to go fight Deriades. Bacchus awakens and prepares to depart. The prince, the Grape.\nTonneau joined the troupe of Satyres and Bacchantes for an expedition that would be difficult to classify among historical events, despite the belief in Bacchus' conquests up until now. This god sets out via Tyr and Biblos, along the banks of the Adonis river and the fertile slopes of Nysa in Arabia. In these lands ruled Lycurgus, a fierce prince who hung the heads of his unfortunate victims at the doors of his palace after beheading them: his father was either Dryas or the Oak King of Arabia. Juno dispatches Iris to this prince to arm him against Bacchus. The deceitful messenger takes the form of Mars and addresses Lycurgus with a promise of victory. She then goes to Bacchus, in the guise of Mars.\nde Mercure engages Eli to treat the king of Ararbie with friendship and to present himself to him unarmed. Bacchus, seduced by these cunning insinuations, arrives disarmed to the palace of this fierce prince, who receives him with a mocking smile. Then he deceives, pursues the Hyades, his wet nurses, and forces himself to jump into the sea to save himself, where he is received by Thetis and consoled by the old Nereus. Here the poet puts an insolent speech of all the cults. I 5 J\n\nThird season.\n\nWe have arrived at the epoch where the sun passes through the signs below, at the autumnal equinox, near which is the celestial wolf, an animal consecrated to Mars and host of the forests. It is he who is designated here under the name of a prince.\nf\u00e9roce , fils de Ch\u00eane , descendant de Mars , et \ndont le nom est compos\u00e9 du mot Ijcos ou loup. \nC'est alors que le taureau c\u00e9leste, oppos\u00e9 au loup et \naccompagn\u00e9 des Hyades ses nourrices, descend le \nmatin au sein des flots, au lever du loup. C'est ce \ntaureau qui donne ses attributs au soleil du prin- \ntemps, ou ses cornes \u00e0 Bacchus. Yoilk le ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne \nqui se renouvelle tous les ans \u00e0 la fin des vendan- \nges, et que le po\u00e8te a chant\u00e9 dans l'all\u00e9gorie de la \nguerre de Lycurgue contre Bacchus, qui se pr\u00e9ci- \npite au fond des eaux , et contre ses nourrices que \nle tyran attaque. \nCHANT XXI. \nLe chant vingt-uni\u00e8me nous pr\u00e9sente la suite de \ncette aventure et le combat d'Ambroisie, une des \nHyades , contre Lycurgue , qui la fait prisonni\u00e8re ; \nmais la terre vient \u00e0 son secours , et la m\u00e9tamor- \nphose en vigne. Sous cette nouvelle forme , elle \nenehaine the victor hides in his tortuous retreat.\nAbrogated from the Orphic hymn,\nHe makes in vain to rid himself. Neptune\nRaises the seas, unleashes tempests, and shakes\nThe earth; yet nothing intimidates the fierce king,\nWho faces the efforts of the Bacchantes and the power\nOf Bacchus' protective gods. He orders Ton\nTo cut down all the vines, and threatens Nereus and Bacchus.\nJupiter strikes the tyrant blind, who can no longer recognize\nHis path.\nMeanwhile, the Nereids and sea Nymphs tend to Bacchus,\nAnd eagerly celebrate him, while the Panes and Satyres weep for him\nAnd search for him on land.\nThis circumstance is noteworthy; for in the legend of Osiris or the Egyptian Bacchus, it is supposed\nThat he was thrown into the Nile by Typhon, the god of the te-\nThe winter neared and the Nymphs and Satyrs wept for him and searched for him. But soon one of their companions, Scelmus or the Dry, came to console them and announce the return of their chief. Already they gave themselves up to the joy inspired by this happy news. Bacchus returns, takes command of his army, and marches against the unyielding general who had sent back his herald with contempt.\n\nChant XXII.\n\nBacchus' army arrives on the banks of Thydaspe, encouraged by the presence of the hero who commands them and who has been restored to all the cults. While his soldiers indulge in pleasures and celebrate his return, the Indians prepare to attack. But a Hamadryad discovers their plan to the troops of Bacchus, who take up arms secretly. The Indians emerge from their hiding places and attack.\nThe army of Bacchus flees directly, luring the charging enemies into the plain for a horrible carnage. The waters of Phydaspe are stained red with their blood. We will not delve into further details of this battle, whose every trait is drawn from the poet's imagination, forming a tableau similar to that of all battles.\n\nChant XXIII.\n\nIn the twenty-third chant, the poet continues the tale of the combat waged on the banks of the Hydaspe, in whose waters most Indians are plunged. Juno, ever an enemy of Bacchus, urges Phydaspe to declare war on the victor preparing to cross. Scarcely had Bacchus advanced into the river when Phydaspe urges Eole to raise the floodwaters and unleash the tempests. Here is an extended description.\nThe disorder caused by this event in the army of Bacchus. This god threatens the river, making it even more furious. Bacchus sets it on fire in its bed. The Ocean is angered, and threatens both Bacchus and the sky.\n\nABREGE DE L'ORIGINE. CHANT XXIV.\n\nJupiter calms the furies of the Ocean, and Hydaspes asks for mercy from Bacchus, who yields. Soon, says the poet, the wind of Fourse and winter brings back the rains, which return the waters to the rivers.\n\nD\u00e9riade arms her Indians against Bacchus. Jupiter, accompanied by the other gods of Olympus, comes to the aid of his son and his companions. Apollon takes care of Arist\u00e9e and Mercury, of Pan; Vulcain, of his Cabires; Bacchus marches at the head of his troops, and Jupiter, under the form of Paigle, guides them. Meanwhile, Thureus, escaped the carnage, comes to tell D\u00e9riade of the defeat.\nde ses Indiens sur Phydaspe. Cette nouvelle jette le deuil et la consternation dans son camp, et r\u00e9pand la joie dans l'arm\u00e9e de Bacchus. Les vainqueurs chantent leurs succ\u00e8s, et apr\u00e8s s'\u00eatre livr\u00e9s aux plaisirs de la table, ils se abandonnent au repos.\n\nCHANT. XXV.\n\nLe po\u00e8te commence son vingt-cinqui\u00e8me chant, ou la seconde moiti\u00e9 de son po\u00e8me, par une invitation \u00e0 la muse, qu'il invite \u00e0 chanter le sujet de la guerre de l'Inde, qui doit durer sept ans.\n\nApr\u00e8s une invitation assez longue, Nonnus, en entrant en mati\u00e8re, nous d\u00e9peint les alarmes des Habitans du Gange et le d\u00e9sespoir de D\u00e9riades qui apprend que les eaux de Thydaspe ont \u00e9t\u00e9 chang\u00e9es en vin, comme celles de l'Astacus ; que l'odeur de cette d\u00e9licieuse liqueur s'est fait sentir aux Indiens, et pr\u00e9sage d\u00e9j\u00e0 la victoire de Bacchus. Celui-ci roule.\n\nl8l\n\nIn the waters of Thydaspe, just like those of Astacus, the waters have turned into wine. The Indians can already sense the fragrance of this delightful drink, and it foretells the victory of Bacchus. The Indians are alarmed and D\u00e9riades is filled with despair upon learning that the waters of Thydaspe have been transformed.\nAtys, languishing in repose, grew indignant at the obstacles Junon placed before his triumphs. Coming from the part of Cybele, Atys came to console Bacchus and brought him an armor made by Vuicain. The poet describes the magnificent shield he received. The entire celestial system and the most interesting subjects of mythology were engraved on it. However, night arrived, and extending its dark veils over the earth, it brought sleep to mortals.\n\nChant XXVI.\n\nMinerva, in the form of Coronis, appeared to Deriade in a dream and artfully engaged her to go fight the powerful son of Jupiter. \"You sleep, Deriade,\" she said, \"A king in charge of defending numerous peoples should not sleep when the enemy is at the gates? Your mother-in-law's herdsmen, Oronte's gendarmes, still live.\"\n\"is not avenged! See this, breast which bears in its core the large wound inflicted by the thyrse of its enemy. Is the fearsome son of Mars, Lycurgus, not here? Bacchus was about to save himself in the depths of the waters. Was this Bacchus, a god, whom a mortal drove away? After finishing these words, Minerve returns to the sky where she resumes her divine forms. At once Dionysus seems to summon his warriors, whom he calls from all parts of the east. Here is a long enumeration of various peoples and princes who come from all the lands of India to rank under his command. This song contains curious details about the customs, uses, and natural history of all the countries.\"\n\n\"Chant XXV\"\n\nAlready Faustus had opened the golden doors of the east; already the dawning light\"\nThe sun, whose rays were reflected in the Ganges, had banished shadows from the earth when a rain of blood signaled imminent defeat for the Indians. However, D\u00e9riade, full of arrogant confidence, had already positioned her battalions against the son of Sem\u00e9l\u00e9, whose forehead bore horns, and addressed her soldiers with contempt for her enemy. Here is a description of the Indian army, their position, their clothing, and their armor. Bacchus is seen dividing himself into four corps, arranged in the four cardinal directions of the world, and urging on his warriors.\n\nJupiter convenes the immortals and invites several gods to attend to his son's fate. The gods divide: Fallas, Apollo, Vulcan, Minerva, support him.\nv\u0153ux de Jupiter; Junon, au contraire, r\u00e9unit contre T.O.C.S. 1.83\nlui Mars, l'Hydaspe et la jalouse C\u00e9r\u00e8s, qui doivent traverser ce h\u00e9ros dans ses entreprises.\n\nCHANT XXVIII.\n\nNon nus nous pr\u00e9sente, en commen\u00e7ant le chant suivant, le spectacle des deux arm\u00e9es qui s'avancent en bon ordre, pr\u00eates \u00e0 se combattre.\n\nOn distingue parmi les h\u00e9ros de la suite de Bacchus, Faune, Arist\u00e9e, Oechus, qui marchent les premiers contre les Indiens.\n\nPhalenus se mesure avec D\u00e9riade, et tombe mort. Corymbasus, l'un des plus vaillans capitaines de l'arm\u00e9e des Indiens, se signale par le nombre de victimes qu'il immole, et p\u00e9rit \u00e0 son tour, perc\u00e9 de mille traits. On remarque surtout un trait de bravoure d'un Ath\u00e9nien, qui, perdant successivement ses bras, se montre encore redoutable \u00e0 l'ennemi, et finit par \u00eatre tu\u00e9.\nAfter the infantry battles, the poet describes the cavalry engagements: Argillippus arms himself with flaming torches, kills several Indians, and wounds D\u00e9riade himself. The rest of the chant passes in various combats where the Corybantes and Cyclopes distinguish themselves.\n\nChant XXIX.\n\nJuno, instructed by the flight of several Indian battles, comes to revive the courage and fury of D\u00e9riade, their chief, who rallies his troops and resumes the attack with new vigor. Morrheus breaks the satyr line. Hymen\u00e9e, Bacchus' favorite, sustains a powerful shock, animated by the exhortations of this god; but he is wounded in the thigh. Soon healed by Bacchus, he in turn wounds his enemy. Here is the description of the combats between Arist\u00e9e and the Cabires.\nBacchus, with the cup by his side, revives the fight. Bacchus provokes Deriade. The night that follows separates the combatants. Mars sleeps, and during his slumber, he is disturbed by a dream. He rises at dawn: terror and fear hitch his char. He flies to Paphos and Lemnos, and from there returns to the sky.\n\nChant XXX.\n\nBacchus takes advantage of Mars' absence to attack the Indians and wage war on the black people. Arist\u00e9e fights against Faile on the left. Morrheus wounds Eurym\u00e9don, who calls upon Vulcan as their father. But Phydaspe, father of Deriade, extinguishes the fires. Vulcan heals his son. Morrheus kills Phlogius, and avenges his defeat. The famous Tectaphus, whom his daughter had nursed, is...\nIn his prison, Lait brought disorder to Tannea with the satyres, and perished under the blows of Eurimedon. Here, the poet describes the grief of his daughter Mer\u00f6e, and lists the other victims sacrificed by Morrheus; OF ALL THE CULTS.\n\nJuno supports Deriades and makes him formidable in the eyes of Bacchus, who flees. Minerva soon recalls him to combat, reproaching his cowardice. Bacchus regains courage, returns to the charge, and massacres a crowd of Indians. He particularly targets Melanion or the Black, who, hidden behind a tree, had killed many for him.\n\nCHANT XXXI.\n\nJuno seeks new ways to harm her rival's son: she descends to the underworld to find Proserpine, whom she wants to involve in her vengeance, and to rouse the furies against Bacchus. Proserpine accedes to her request.\nAccordes M\u00e9g\u00e8re. Junon departs with her, taking three steps, and at the fourth arrives at the banks of the Ganges. There she shows M\u00e9g\u00e8re piles of dead, unfortunate debris of the Indian army. The fury retreats into a cave, where she removes her hideous face and serpents, and transforms into a night bird, waiting for Junon to announce Jupiter's sleep. Iris finds Morpheus and engages the god of sleep to cast his poppies on Jupiter's eyes, to serve Junon's anger. The god of sleep obeys, and Iris goes to Olympus to report to Junon. She is already preparing other tricks to ensure and seduce Jupiter: she will find Venus on Mount Lebanon, and she will expose the subject of her grief to her; she begs Venus to help her.\nLui offers his help so that she can awaken Jupiter's love for her, and while she sleeps, he assists the Indians. (CHANT XXXII)\n\nVenus yields to Junon's desires, who immediately sets off for Olympus to make her toilette. Approaching Jupiter, she arouses his affection. While they indulge in the most delightful pleasure and subsequently surrender to sleep, the fury, informed of this, arms herself against Bacchus. In the form of a furious lion, she rushes at him, communicating her rage. In vain, Diane tries to heal him; Junon opposes her. Here is the description of the terrible effects of this rage, which causes Bacchus' friends to flee. Deianeira seizes this moment of chaos to attack the Bacchantes.\n\nMars, under the guise of Morrheus, stirs the car-\nThe son of Semele, enraged, was carried away by Bacchus's ecstasies. Grace, Bacchus and Venus's daughter, expressed her concern about her father's misfortune to her mother. Venus summoned Cupid and revealed her intentions and fears regarding Bacchus. She urged Cupid to inspire Morrheus, chief of the Indians, with a violent love for Calchomedia, one of Bacchus's Bacchantes. Cupid, obedient to his mother, complied.\nUn traitre bridant contre l'indien h\u00e9ros, qui devient perduement amoureux de la belle Bacchante: Morrheus ne pense plus aux combats. Subjugu\u00e9 par Amour, il consentirait volontiers \u00e0 porter les fers de Bacchus. Il poursuit la nymphe qui se d\u00e9robe \u00e0 ses recherches et qui veut se pr\u00e9cipiter dans la mer plut\u00f4t que l'\u00e9pouser. Th\u00e9tis, sous la forme d'une Bacchante, la d\u00e9tourne de ce projet. Elle lui conseille une tromperie apparente, disant que c'est le seul moyen de sauver l'arm\u00e9e des Bacchantes.\n\nChant XXXIV.\n\nTh\u00e9tis retourne au s\u00e9jour humide de N\u00e9r\u00e9e. Morrheus est agit\u00e9 des plus vives inqui\u00e9tudes sur le sort de ses amours. Il fait son esclave confident de sa flamme et lui demande un rem\u00e8de \u00e0 sa passion, qui lui \u00f4te tout son courage et fait tomber les armes des mains \u00e0 la vue de son amante.\nIl entre dans son appartement et s'y endort. Un r\u00eave trompeur lui pr\u00e9sente \u00e0 ses c\u00f4t\u00e9s celle qu'il aime, qui ne refuse rien \u00e0 ses d\u00e9sirs. Mais le retour de l'aube fait \u00e9vaporer son bonheur.\n\nMais Mars arme les bataillons des Indiens. Les Bacchantes sont plong\u00e9es dans le deuil, et toute l'arm\u00e9e de Bacchus reste sans courage. Morrheus fait plusieurs Bacchantes prisonni\u00e8res et les donne \u00e0 D\u00e9ridate, son beau-p\u00e8re, qui les fait servir \u00e0 son triomphe et expirer dans divers supplices. Morrheus continuait de poursuivre l'arm\u00e9e de Bacchus, lorsque Calchom\u00e9die para\u00eet richessement par\u00e9e : elle feint d'avoir de l'amour pour le chef indien qui se montre moins en guerrier et en ennemi qu'en amant, et qui soupire pour elle plut\u00f4t qu'il ne osse la combattre.\n\nChant XXXV,\n\nTandis que plusieurs Bacchantes sont tu\u00e9es.\noubless\u00e9es dans la ville, Calchome'die, sur le rem- \npart, attend Morrheus , qui, de son c\u00f4t\u00e9 vole vers \nelle aussit\u00f4t qu'il l'aper\u00e7oit. \nElle lui promet ses faveurs pourvu qu'il con- \nsente \u00e0 venir la voir d\u00e9sarme', et apr\u00e8s s'\u00eatre lav\u00e9 \ndans le fleuve. Morrheus consent \u00e0 tout. V\u00e9nus \nsourit \u00e0 son triomphe, et plaisante Mars, protecteur \ndes Indiens. \nAu moment o\u00f9 Morrheus veut obtenir le prix \nde sa d\u00e9f\u00e9rence , un dragon , gardien fid\u00e8le de la \npudeur del\u00e0 Bacchante, s'\u00e9lance de son sein et \ns'oppose \u00e0 ses jouissances. L'Indien en est effray\u00e9, \nDE TOUS LES CULTES. l8\u00a7 \net pendant ce temps-l\u00e0 les Bacchantes, sous la con- \nduite de Mercure , qui prend la forme de Bacchus , \ns'\u00e9chappent de la ville et des mains de D\u00e9riade, \nqui se met \u00e0 leur poursuite. \nCependant Jupiter, revenu de son sommeil et \ntouch\u00e9 du d\u00e9sordre de l'arm\u00e9e de Bacchus et de \nJunon, gourmand god, was forced to give her son's milk to Bacchus so he could recover reason and health. Bacchus is healed and once again leads his army, whose presence heralds victory. He laments the fate of the warriors who were killed during his absence and prepares to avenge them.\n\nChant XXXVI.\n\nThe gods divide between Deriaades and Bacchus. Mars fights against Minerva, Diana against Junon, who wounds and insults her in defeat. Apollon separates them and fights Nepas. Mercure reconciles the gods and restores peace in Olympus. Deriaades prepares for battle anew, reviving her soldiers and determining them to engage in a decisive battle. Bacchus also prepares, on his side, for new action, and the Bacchantes already make their serpents hiss. The Tartarus opens.\nBacchus measures himself against Deriade. Here is the description of the melee and carnage. Bacchus confronts Deriade and assumes various forms to fight him, like Proteus. Deriade in vain combats the phantom that eludes him, and in vain defies Bacchus, who causes a vine to grow. Its branches entwine the wheels of Deriade's chariot and entangle him; he is forced to beg Bacchus' mercy, who releases him from his bonds. But the proud Indian remains unsubdued and continues to seek to make this god his slave. Bacchus, unable to defeat the Indians on land, builds ships by the Rhines.\ndamanes recalls Rhea's prediction that the war would end only when he armed ships against his enemies. Six years had passed since the war began, and D\u00e9riade summoned his black subjects. Morrheus addressed them, reminding them of his past exploits. They learned that the Rhadamantes had built ships for Bacchus, and Morrheus reassured them regarding the new type of attack. In the meantime, a three-month truce was declared for burying the dead.\n\nCHANT XXXVII.\n\nThis truce fills the following book, which contains the description of various funeral pomps.\n\nIn the forests, trees are cut down for use in constructing pyres upon which the dead will be cremated. Bacchus orders games to be held in honor of these funerals, and proposes various prizes.\nThe chariot race, a foot race, wrestling, combat with the javelin, and various other exercises make up this interesting spectacle. (Chant XXVIII.\n\nThe truce expires, and the seventh year of the war begins. Several phenomena foreshadow its outcome. Among other things, an eclipse of the sun is observed. An astrologer interprets this event in a way favorable to Bacchus. Mercury himself confirms the meaning he gives, and the auspicious predictions he drew: he compares the temporary darkness of the eclipse and the sun's subsequent return to what will happen to Bacchus in his combat against the chief of the black people. Mercury is led to the episodic account of the wonderful fall of Phaeton, to whom the reins of the sun had once been entrusted.\nThe Rhadamaucs and Lycus lead the fleet, as depicted in the following chant. D\u00e9riade, upon seeing this, becomes enraged and delivers a speech filled with his usual pride. Bacchus, on the other hand, encourages his soldiers and, with his fleet, envelops the Indians. A terrible carnage ensues: the shores of the sea are covered in dead bodies. Morrheus, wounded by Bacchus, is spoken to by Brahmans. In the end, Jupiter tips the scales in favor of Bacchus. The Indian fleet is burned; D\u00e9riade saves himself on land.\n\nMorrheus, appearing in the form of Minerva, appears at the beginning of the following book and reproaches D\u00e9riade for his cowardly retreat. He returns to the fight and challenges him anew.\nBacchus, who finally kills him. His body is rolled in the waters of the Hydaspes. The Bacchantes applauded the victory of their chief, and the gods, witnesses to a defeat that ends the war of Bacchus against the Indians, return to the heavens with Jupiter. The remainder of the song is used to describe the aftermath of this great event, the grief of Deriade's entire family, and the funerals. The poet also adds a portrait of the Bacchantes' joy: they celebrate the victory of Bacchus over the chief of the black people, who had brought so much resistance to the benevolent god's conquests as he traversed the world to enrich it with his gifts. Here, Deriade plays an opposing role in the poem of Bacchus, just as Typhon does in the sacred fables about Osiris. This principle of resistance.\nThe chief of the blacks being conquered by the god, chief of light and source of all good, there is no longer a role for Bacchus except to continue his journey and regain the point from which he had departed. This point is the vernal equinox, or the sign of the bull, where he will return when he has dispelled the sadness that winter has spread over the world, and which, under the name of Panth\u00e9e or the god of mourning, can no longer withstand the god who brings us light and joy by his return to our climates. The war ended in the seventh year or at the seventh sign, Fourth season.\n\nTherefore, Nonnus supposes that Bacchus leaves Asia to return to Greece or the northern part of the world. He makes him take the road through Arabia and Phoenicia, which provides him with several episodic songs about the countries along the way.\nLesquels il le fait passer. Il fixe principalmente ses regards sur Tyr et sur B\u00e9rite, dont il raconte l'origine; this comprises the end of this chant and the three following charts, which can be considered absolutely episodic.\n\nChant XLI.\n\nHere we see Bacchus traversing Ph\u00e9nicie and all the neighboring lands of Liban, where he plants the vine on the famous slopes due to the loves of Venus and Adonis. There was the beautiful city of B\u00e9ryte, whose poet makes an eloquent eulogy and gives us a pompous description.\n\nA brief abridgment of its origin\n\nIt is the oldest city that has ever existed. It is this first land where Venus set foot as she emerged from the waters at her birth. Bacchus and Neptune dispute the hand of the nymph who is to give her name.\n\nChant XLIV.\n\nThis chant contains a tableau of the effects that Bacchus had.\nproducts on the heart of Bacchus, the sight of the young nymph whom he courts. He reveals his flame to her and tries to turn her against the god of waters; but the nymph closes her ears to his persuasive words. Neptune appears in turn and is not welcomed more favorably. Venu declares that the outcome of a combat will decide which of the two rivals will have her preference.\n\nChant XLIII.\n\nThe poet describes the armor of the two contestants and the disposition of their troops. Among the commanders of Bacchus' army, one distinguishes the Vinex, the wine-drinker, the Grape, and other allegorical figures. This god encourages his warriors and challenges the soldiers of Neptune with contempt, who similarly animates his army with a speech in which Bacchus is not spared. A Triton sounds the charge.\nOn one side, Pan and on the other. The famous Proteus appears, followed by the old Nereus and the crowd of all the marine deities. Ig5\nThe army of Bacchantes marches towards them in good order. The action begins: Silenus fights against Palemon, Pan against Nereus; the elephants are opposed to the sea bulls. The nymph Psamat\u00e9, placed on the sand of the shore, prays to Jupiter in favor of Neptune, to whom the master of the gods eventually grants the nymph Bero\u00e9. Love comforts Bacchus by promising him the hand of the beautiful Ariadne.\nCHANT XLIV.\n\nThe long episode concerning the foundation of Tyre and Berytus having come to an end, the poet presents Bacchus returning to Greece. His arrival is marked by joyful festivities: the whole of nature applauds, Penth\u00e9e, who personifies mourning, being the only one who laments.\nPour comprendre le sens de l'all\u00e9gorie qui r\u00e8gne \ndans le chant du po\u00ebme , il faut se rappeler que \nnous sommes ici au solstice d'hiver , \u00e9poque \u00e0 la- \nquelle le soleil , qui s'\u00e9tait \u00e9loign\u00e9 de nous, reprend \nsa route vers nos climats, etnous rapporte lalumi\u00e8re \nqui avait sembl\u00e9 nous abandonner. C'\u00e9tait \u00e0 cette \nm\u00eame \u00e9poque que les anciens Egyptiens c\u00e9l\u00e9braient \ndes f\u00eates de joie qui avaient pour objet ce retour , et \nqui annon\u00e7aient qu'ils n'avaient plus \u00e0 redouter le \ndeuil dont \u00e9tait menac\u00e9e la nature par l'absence du \nsoleil , qu'ils avaient craint de voir fuir loin d'eux \npour toujours. Ainsi le deuil va cesser aux premiers \nrayons d'esp\u00e9rance que les hommes de nos climats \n\u00cfC)6 ABROGE DE L'ORIGINE \nauront de voir le soleil revenir vers eux, et leur \nrendre, avec la lumi\u00e8re et La chaleur, tous les biens \ndont Fastre du jour est la source f\u00e9conde. \nLe deuil or Penth\u00e9e, frightened by this return, arms his soldiers against Bacchus and closes the city of Cadmus' entrance to him. Wails of frightful prodigies had already befallen him and his entire household. Nevertheless, he persists in wanting to defeat Bacchus.\n\nThis god invokes the moon, who promises him her support. She gives him as a guarantee of future successes, the victories he has already won, and among others, the defeat of the Tuscan pirates who had sought to chain him. This last adventure naturally finds its place here; for it is that of the winter solstice.\n\nHowever, the furies, stirred up by Proserpine, mother of the first Bacchus, were preparing to bring chaos to Penth\u00e9e's palace and to spread their black poisons in Agave's house.\nBacchus, in the form of a bull, addresses Autonoe, wife of Aristee, and announces that her son Acteon is not dead, but rather hunts with Diane and Bacchus.\n\nChant XLV.\n\nDeceived by this false news, unfortunate Autonoe runs at once into the forests, followed by Agave, mother of Penthee, who was already filled with the fury of the Bacchantes.\n\nFrom All Cults. p. 197\n\nTiresias performs a sacrifice for Penthee, whom he engages not to engage in combat with Bacchus, whose outcome would not be equal. But nothing intimidates Penthee; she orders Bacchus to be sought in the forests and intends to have him bound with irons. The Bacchantes are imprisoned, but they soon emerge from prison by performing prodigies. Bacchus sets fire to the palace of Penthee, who in vain tries to extinguish it. Among the various miracles:\nde Bacchus and of his Bacchantes, there are sufficient prodigies, similar to those attributed to Moses and Christ: such is the one of the sources of water that the first makes gush forth from the rocks, and that of the tongues of fire which, it is said, filled the apartment where the disciples of Christ were gathered.\n\nCHANT XLVI.\n\nThe forty-sixth chant begins with a discourse of Pentheus against Bacchus, to whom he contests his divine origin. Bacchus refutes him, and in turn invites him to disguise himself as a woman to witness personally what takes place in his orgies. Pentheus is persuaded, and under disguise he approaches the Bacchantes, imitating their delirium and movements. He appears to his mother's eyes in the form of a furious lion that wanted to attack Bacchus. She joins the Bacchantes to kill him.\nBefore the expiration, he tries to dispel his mother's error by telling her that the one she believes to be a lion is her son. But nothing can deceive Agave and her companions. They dismantle the unfortunate Pentheus or the prince of Mourning. The unlucky mother orders her son's head to be cut off and wants to attach it to the thong of Cadmus's shield, still convinced that it is a lion they have killed.\n\nCadmus pulls her out of her delusion and reproaches her for the cruel consequences of her madness. She recognizes her crime; she faints, and upon regaining consciousness, she curses Bacchus. This god soothes her pain with a drink and consoles her.\n\nCHANT XLVII.\n\nTo fully understand the following songs, it is necessary to remember that there are still three months left for the sun to reach the point from which it originally came.\nAmong these three months respond a series of constellations, which rise successively in the evening on the horizon and develop each month at the eastern horizon, beginning of the night, as the sun approaches the signs of the Verse, of the Fishes and the Ram, to which these constellations are opposed. Among the most notable, one distinguishes the Bull and the Celestial Virgin, followed by the Crown of Ariadne and the Dragon of the Pole, which provides its attributes to the Giants. The Bull is known under the name of Icarus, the Attic cultivator, who had a daughter named Erigone, the Celestial Virgin. These are the celestial aspects that traced the passage of time and the succession of months, from the winter solstice where Bacchus kills the mourning or Pentheus, to its return to the first.\nBacchus leaves Thebes and advances towards Athens, where his arrival brings joy. He lodges with Icarus, who welcomes him with transport, as well as Erigone, his daughter, who tends to him. In return, Bacchus presents them with a cup full of wine, a liquor then unknown to them. Icarus drinks it and becomes intoxicated. It is worth noting that the bull or Icarus is the star of the vine harvest, and the virgin, one of whose stars bears the name of the vine-gatherer. She has the celestial cup, known in astronomy as the cup of Bacchus and Icarus, beneath her. This is the foundation of this allegory.\n\nBacchus teaches Icarus the art of cultivating the vine that produces this delicious juice. Icarus shares this discovery with others. Soon, everyone is doing it.\npaysans in the vicinity are intoxicated. In their delirium, they turn their hands against the one who gave them this astonishing brew, killing him and burying his body in a secluded place. His shadow appears to Erigone in a dream and asks for vengeance. She, terrified, runs through the mountains and forests to find her father's corpse. She finds it, and her loyal hound expires in grief on his master's grave. Erigone herself succumbs to despair. Touched by their misfortunes, Jupiter places them in the heavens. Icarus becomes the celestial herdsman, Erigone the celestial virgin, and their hound becomes the celestial hound, rising before them. After this event, Bacchus passes through the island of Naxos, where he sees Ariadne, abandoned by Theseus.\nNa\u00eetre abandonner pendant son sommeil. Bacchus la trouve encore endormie; il admire ses charms et en devient amoureux.\n\nThe unfortunate princess wakes up, recognizing that she is forsaken. She pronounces in weeping the name of Th\u00e9s\u00e9e, regretting the illusions of sleep that made her see her lover in a dream. She makes the isle resound with her lamentations and painful regrets. Bacchus listens with interest; he soon recognizes the lover of Th\u00e9s\u00e9e. He approaches her and seeks to console her. He offers her his faith and proposes to place her among the stars with a beautiful crown of stars, which will perpetuate the memory of her loves with Bacchus.\n\nOne will notice that this constellation rises in the morning with the sun, during the harvest time, and that it is there that it has given rise to making her one of Bacchus' lovers.\nCe discourse and the gods' promises calm Ariadne's pain and make her forget her faithless kidnapper. All the nymphs hasten to celebrate her union with the god of grapes.\n\nDE ALL CULTS. 201\n\nBacchus leaves this island to go to Argos. The Argives prepare to drive away both husbands from a land dedicated to Juno, Bacchus' enemy. But the Argive women, driven mad by Bacchus' fury, kill their own children. Their reason was that they already had Perseus as their god, so they didn't need Bacchus. It is worth noting that at this time, when the sun is near the signs of spring, Perseus appears in the morning with the sun. This leads to a conflict between Perseus and Bacchus, which ends in their reconciliation. This hymn ends.\nThe Argians celebrate the new god with festivities. (Chant XLVIII and Last.) Bacchus leaves Argos and advances towards Thrace. There, Junon, ever implacable, stirs up against him the gorgons we have seen assume the shapes of serpents or celestial dragons, which rise up at the heels of Ariadne's crown. Here, the poet describes the various weapons with which the monsters seize Bacchus, who eventually subdues them. These are the same serpents that provided Typhon with his elevations, and which formed his retinue in the first poem of this work. This clearly proves that the annual revolution is complete, as the same celestial aspects are reproduced. Therefore, this is another confirmation of the black theory.\nThe Bacchius is circular, like that of the sun,\nas we follow its course and compare it to that of the hero in the poem.\nWe are thus returned to the equinoctial point from which we had set out.\nIt is then that the Zephyr blows, or the gentle wind,\nwhich announces the return of spring. The poet personifies him here under the name of the nymph Aura, whom Bacchus falls in love with.\nThis provides him with a charming allegory to conclude his poem.\nHe supposes that Bacchus finds in the mountains of Phrygia, where he was raised, a young huntress named Aura, the granddaughter of Ocean.\nShe was as swift as the wind in her running.\nExhausted, she had fallen asleep around midday, and she had dreamed that she would be loved by Bacchus. She believed she saw Love himself chase, and present to his mother the offerings.\nanimaux that he had killed; She herself would raise her quiver. Love playfully delighted in her virginity. She awakens, and she becomes angry with Love and with sleep. She boasts of her virginity and claims that she yields nothing to Diana. The goddess hears this: and, irritated by this comparison, she complains to Nemesis, who promises to punish the proud nymph by the loss of her virginity. Immediately, she arms Love against her, who inspires in Bacchus a passion for her. This god sighs for a long time without hope. He dares not confess his flame to this wild nymph. Here is a speech full of passion from this unfortunate lover, who complains of her harshness. Meanwhile, Bacchus, in the midst of prairies dotted with flowers, exhales.\nPrima, the regretful lover, a nymph or dryad advised him to surprise Aura and steal the deposit she kept so carefully. Bacchus recalled the ruse he had used to enjoy Nic\u00e9's favors by the banks of the Astacus. By chance, Aura also came to these places, consumed by thirst, seeking a fontain to quench her thirst. The god seized this opportunity and, striking a rock with his thyrsus, a source of wine gushed forth, flowing amidst the flowers born by the seasons. The zephyrs gently hovered above, stirring the air, while the rossignol and other birds made their harmonious melodies resound.\n\nIt is in these charming places that the young nymph arrives to quench her thirst. She drinks, unaware, the delicious liquor that Bacchus makes flow.\nShe pours it out for her. Her sweetness charms her, and soon she feels the astonishing effects. She realizes her eyes grow heavy, her head turns, her steps falter. She lies down and falls asleep.\n\nLove sees her, warns Bacchus, and departs just as quickly to Olympus, after writing on the leaves: \"Beloved, crown your work while she sleeps. Not a sound, lest she awaken.\"\n\nBacchus, faithful to this advice, approaches the bed of soft grass where the nymph slept gently. He removes her quiver without her feeling it and hides it in the nearby grotto. He chains her and picks the first flower of her virginity. He leaves a gentle kiss on her red lips; he releases her from her chains and brings her quiver close to her.\n\nScarcely had the god departed when the nymph awoke.\nThe bras of sleep, which had served her lover so well, she was astonished to find herself in such disorder, as the poet delightfully portrays. She realized an amorous thief had stolen her most precious treasure. Enraged, she took out her anger on everything she encountered; she struck the statues of Venus and Cupid. Ignorant of the audacious thief who had taken advantage of her slumber, she soon discovered she was a mother. In her despair, she wanted to destroy the fruit she carried in her womb and herself. It was then that Diana insulted her haughty humility, reminding her of the circumstances of an adventure whose non-equivocal signs already revealed the mystery. She asked her several malicious questions and, in the end, revealed that Bacchus was the thief.\nAfter tasting the pleasure of revenge, Diane retreats, leaving the unfortunate Aura venting her painful lamentations on the rocks and in solitude. Finally, she gives birth and becomes mother to two children whom she exposes on a rock, intending them to become prey for fierce animals. A panther appears and nurses them. The mother, enraged that they might be preserved, kills one. Diane takes the den away from her rage and gives it to Minerve, who raises it at Athens. It is the new Bacchus or the child of the mysteries.\n\nAfter completing his tasks and providing his mortal carcass, Bacchus is received into Olympus and sits beside the son of Maia or the Pleiad who opens the new revolution.\n\nNonnus brings his hero back to the equinoxial point of the prince's journey as he finishes his poem.\nThe poem ends with the annual revolution. The poet has put in allegory the various tableaus presented by the sky, and personified the physical beings that, in the elements and on the earth, are linked to the periodic march of time and to the celestial force that sustains vegetation.\n\nThe forty-eight songs of the poem encompass the entire circle of the year and the effects it produces on the earth. It is a song about nature and the sun's beneficial power.\n\nHeracleitus and the Dionysiaques have the same hero as their subject. These two poems assume the same position in the equinoxes and solstices, or refer to the same centuries. In one, or in the poem about Hercules, the sun is supposed to depart from the autumn equinox; and in the other, from the winter solstice.\nThe equinox of spring. In one, it is the force, in the other, the benevolence of this star that is sung: in both, it is the good principle that triumphs, in the end, over all the obstacles put before it by its enemies. We will also see, in the sacred fable of Christians, the god Sun in the form of a lamb, painted with the attributes of the sign that replaced the bull at the spring equinox, triumph over the opposition of its enemies at Easter, and go, at Ascension, to take its place in the heavens again like Bacchus.\n\nIt would be difficult to believe that the hero of the Dionysiaques was a mortal, whose conquests and the recognition of men raised to the rank of immortals, although many have claimed this. The traits of the allegory.\nIn all parts of this poem, the course corresponds exactly to that of the sun in the sky, and to that of the seasons, making it evident for any man who wants to make the slightest observation that Bacchus is nothing more than the sun's star, and that this solar force, following Euesebe, develops in the vegetation of fruits during autumn. All these characteristics have been preserved in the various hymns that Orpheus addresses to Bacchus.\n\nHe is painted there, now as a god who haunts the obscure Tartarus, now as a divinity who reigns in Olympus, and from there presides over the maturity of the fruits that the earth brings forth from its womb. He assumes all sorts of forms; he alters everything; he causes growth, just as the sacred bull that the Persians invoke in their hymns does.\nHe sees himself successively light up and go out around the circular path of the seasons. It is he who makes the fruits grow. None of these traits do not suit the sun, and the analysis we have made of the poem in which he is the hero, as we have already said, proves that Bacchus is nothing but the benevolent star that revitalizes everything on earth with each annual revolution.\n\nHere is another famous hero in antiquity, known for his journeys and conquests in the East, who never existed as a man, although Cicero spoke of him, and who exists only in the sun, like Hercules and Osiris. His story reduces to an allegorical poem about the year, about vegetation, and about the star that is its soul, and whose fecundating action begins to unfold.\nvelopper \u00e0 l'\u00e9quinoxe du printemps. Le roi Raisin , \n20B ABR\u00c9G\u00c9 DE l'o B I G I N E \nla reine Ivresse , le prince la Grappe , le vieux \nPithos ou, tonneau, ne sont que des \u00eatres secon- \ndaires , personnifi\u00e9s dans une all\u00e9gorie qui a pour \nohjet le dieu des vendanges. Il en est de m\u00eame du \njeune Ampelus ou vigne, ami de Bacchus; de la \nnymphe Pvnt doux ou Aura, dont il est amou- \nreux , et de tous les autres \u00eatres physiques ou \nmoraux qui figurent dans ce po\u00ebme , dont le fonds, \ncomme les accessoires , appartient \u00e0 l'all\u00e9gorie , \net o\u00f9 rien n'est du domaine de l'histoire. Mais \nsi l'histoire y perd un h\u00e9ros, l'antiquit\u00e9 po\u00e9tique \ny gagne de son c\u00f4t\u00e9 , et recouvre un des plus beaux \nmonumens de son g\u00e9nie. Ce nouveau po\u00e8me nous \napprend \u00e0 juger de son caract\u00e8re original, et nous \ndonne la mesure des \u00e9lans de la po\u00e9sie. On voit \nOn this simple canvas, like a calendar, we have managed to embroider the most ingenious fictions, in which everything is personified, and where everything takes on soul, life, and feeling. It is for poets of today to see, by these examples, from what great height they have fallen, and for us to judge the certainty of ancient histories, especially those whose characters figure in heroic and religious centuries.\n\nDE TOUS LES CULTES.\n\nCHAPTER VIII.\n\nThe tale of Jason, conqueror of the golden fleece or the celestial sign that, by its unveiling of solar rays in the morning, announced Astraea, the star of the Day, to the equinoctial bull of spring, is as famous in mythology as the fiction of the twelve labors of the sun under the name of Hercules, and of his voyages.\nThis text appears to be in French and is a discussion about various cultures and their religious practices, specifically regarding the sun god and the festival of the sun god under different names. Here is the cleaned text:\n\n\"this of Bacchus. It is still an allusive poem that belongs to another people, and was composed by other priests, whose sun was the great divinity. This seems to be the work of the Pelasgians of Thessaly, as the poem on Bacchus was that of the peoples of Boeotia. Each nation, in rendering a cult to the same god Sun under various names, had its priests and its poets, who did not want to copy in their sacred songs. The Jews celebrated this same equinoxial period under the name of the feast of the lamb and the triumph of the beloved people of God over the hated people. It was then that, drunk with oppression, the Hebrews passed into the promised land, into the dwelling of delights, from which the immolation of the lamb opened the entrance for them. The worshippers of Bacchus said of this ram or this 305\"\nThe agnus equinoxial, this being the one who, in the desert and amidst sands, made sources of water appear for the army of Bacchus, as Moses did likewise, from a staff, in the desert, to quench the thirst of his army. All these astronomical fables share a connection in the celestial sphere, and Moises' horns resemble greatly those of Ammon and Bacchus.\n\nIn the explanation we have given of the poem made about Hercules, we have already noted that this supposed hero, whose story is explained entirely by the sky, was also of the expedition of the Argonauts. This indicates once more that we must follow the actors of this new poem in the sky, since one of the most distinguished heroes among them is in the sky.\nThe scene is set for all of its adventures; its image is placed there, along with that of Jason, leader of this astronomical expedition. We also find a number of constellations with the ship that the Argonauts sailed on, which is still called the Argo; we see the famous golden-horned bull, the first sign; the dragon and the bull, who guarded the horns; the twins Castor and Pollux, the principal heroes of this expedition, as well as Cepheus and the centaur Chiron. The celestial images and the characters from the poem have so much correspondence with each other that the famous Newton believed he could derive an argument from it to prove that the sphere had been composed since the Argonautic expedition, since most of the heroes who are there.\nChant\u00e9s se trouvent plac\u00e9s aux cieux. We acknowledge this perfect correspondence, not only the one that exists between the heavens and the poems on Hercule and Bacchus, but we will draw only one conclusion: the celestial figures were the common foundation upon which poets worked, giving them different names with which to introduce them into their poems.\n\nThere is no more reason to say that these images were consecrated to the heavens on the occasion of the Argonauts' expedition than to say they were on the occasion of Hercule's labors, since the subjects of both poems are found there equally, and if they were placed for one of these fables, they could not have been for the other, for they occupy the same places: it is the same groups of stars, but each sang them differently.\nThe conclusion of Newton's work could only have force if it were certain that the Argonauts expedition was a historical fact, not a fiction like those about Jupiter, Bacchus, Osiris, Isis, and their voyages. We are far from having this certainty. On the contrary, it belongs to the class of these sacred fictions since it is mixed up with them in the depot of ancient Greek mythology, and it has heroes and common characteristics with those in the poems we have explained through astronomy. We will therefore use the same key to analyze this solar poem.\n\nThe poem on Jason does not cover the entire annual revolution of the sun, as do the others.\nHeracleides and the Dionysiacs refer to an era, specifically the one where this star, victor over winter, reaches the equinoctial point of spring, enriching our hemisphere with all the benefits of periodic vegetation. It is then that Jupiter, metamorphosed into golden rain, gives birth to Perseus, whose image is placed on the celestial bull, called the Golden Fleece-bearing bull, whose rich conquest is attributed to the sun, victor over darkness and restorer of nature. This astronomical fact, this unique annual phenomenon, was sung about in the Argonautic poem. Therefore, this fact only partially enters the solar poem on Hercules, and forms an episodic piece of the ninth labor, or that which corresponded to the celestial bull.\nThe Argonautic poems, contrary to popular belief, form a cohesive work with a single subject. We will analyze this poem and explore its connections to the sky, at least in terms of its main theme. The story of Jason and the Argonauts has been treated by several poets, including Epimenedes, Orpheus, Apollonius of Rhodes, and Valerius Flaccus. We only have the poems of the three latter poets, and we will not analyze that of Valerius Flaccus here, as we will focus on Apollonius' work, which is written in four books. All three works share the same astronomical basis, which is reduced to very few elements.\n\nWe recall that Hercules, during his Twelve Labors preceding his arrival at the Taurus equinox, is said to embark for Colchis to conquer the Golden Fleece.\nDuring the same epoch, he delivered a girl exposed to a monstrous sea creature, just as Andromeda was placed near the same altar. He then mounted the Argo, one of the constellations, which marks this solar passage from the sun to the constellation of the ram. Here is the position of the sky given for the epoch of this astronomical expedition. Such is the state of the sphere we must suppose at the moment the poet sings of the sun under the name of Jason and his conquest of the famous ram. This supposition is confirmed by what Theocritus tells us: it was at the rising of the Pleiades and spring that the Argonauts embarked. The Pleiades rise when the sun approaches the end of the stars in the ram, and enters the bull, a sign that, in distant times, corresponded to the equinox. Given this, let us examine which stars these were.\nconstellations fixed this important epoch. In the evening, we find the vaisseau celeste, or the Argo, called the vessel of the Argonauts by all the ancients, on the eastern border. Following it in its rising is the serpentarius called Jason, between them is the centaur Chiron, who raised Jason and above Jason the lyre of Orpheus, preceded by the celestial Hercules, one of the Argonauts. In the west at dusk, we see the dioscures Castor and Pollux, chiefs of this expedition with Jason. The next morning, we see, on the eastern horizon, the celestial bull, which emerges from the sun's rays with the Pleiades, Perseus, Medusa, and the charioteer or Absyrte; while at dusk, the serpentarius Jason and his serpent descend into the seas, following the celestial virgin. At the eastern horizon, Medusa rises, who plays a role.\nThe role of Medea is here, placed on the bull, it seems to deliver to Jason her rich treasure; while the sun eclipses its rays, the following bull, and the marine dragon placed beneath, which appears to guard this precious deposit. Here are the main celestial aspects that present themselves to us: we have projected them onto one of the spheres of our great work, in order to facilitate the understanding of our explanations. The reader must above all remember these various aspects, in order to recognize them under the allegorical veil with which the poet covers them, mixing without cease geographical descriptions and astronomical positions, which have a foundation of truth, with entirely feigned narratives. Almost all the details of the poem are the fruit of the poet's imagination.\nAbstract of Origin:\n\nApollonius begins with an invocation to the god himself, or to the sun, chief of the Muses, and protective deity of poets. He sets the purpose of his poem's unique action in the first verses or proposition: he will celebrate the glory of ancient heroes who, by order of King Pelias, embarked on the Argo, whose image is in the heavens, and who conquered the Golden Fleece of a ram, equally among the constellations. He traces their route through the rocks of the Cyanides and by the entrance of the Pontus.\n\nAn Oracle had revealed to Pelias that he would die at the hand of a man he recognized to be Jason. This was to avert the Oracle's effects.\ntriste prediction, he proposed to that one an perilous expedition, from which he hoped he would never return. It involved going to Colchis to conquer a golden fleece, which Aetes, son of the Sun and king of the land, possessed. The poet entered the matter by enumerating the names of the various heroes who followed Jason in this conquest. Among others, Orpheus, who was advised by Chiron to assuage his ennui with the harmony of his songs. The lyre of Orpheus is in the heavens on Jason's constellation, near a constellation also called Orpheus. These three celestial figures, Jason, Orpheus, and the Lyre, rise together at the entrance to the night or at Jason's departure for his conquest.\nThe foundation of the allegory that connects Orpheus to Jason is explained below. After Orpheus come Astarian, Typhius, son of Phorbas, the ship's pilot; Hercules, Castor and Pollux; Cepheus, Augias, son of the Sun, and a multitude of other heroes whose names we will omit. Several of these brave warriors advance towards the shore, surrounded by an immense crowd, making vows to the sky for the success of their journey and foreshadowing the fall of Aetes if he refuses them the rich fleece they seek on these distant shores. Women especially weep at their departure and are distraught over the fate of old Aeson, Jason's father, and Alcimede, his mother.\n\nThe poet pauses to paint this scene: the tableau of this separation and the firmness of their resolve.\nJason, who seeks to console those dear to him. His mother expresses her regrets and fears, while embracing and weeping on him. The women of his entourage share his grief; and the slaves charged with bringing his weapons keep a solemn silence and dare not lift their eyes. All these scenes and those that follow are based on a simple idea: Jason's departure, as he bids farewell to his family. Since the genius in charge of driving the Sun's chariot has been personified, all details of the action are drawn from the poet's imagination, except for those based on a few astronomical positions in brief, and which the poet has managed to imbue with the charm of poetry and the wonder of fiction.\nJason, steadfast in his resolution, dismissed his mother's flattering hopes bestowed upon him by the oracle, and those he had instilled in himself through the strength and courage of the heroes who accompanied him. He asked her to dry her tears, lest they be taken as an ominous sign by his warriors. Escaping their embraces, he already appeared amidst a large crowd of peoples, much like Apollon marching along the banks of the Xanthus, surrounded by sacred hearts. The multitude made the air resonate with cries of joy, heralding his success in advance. The old priestess of Diana, Iphis, took his hand and kissed it, unable to enjoy speaking with him due to the throng pressing around him.\n\nAlready, this hero had reached the port of Pagasae, where\nThe Argonauts' ship was moored, and Hercules was there, awaiting them. He gathered them and addressed them; before anything else, he proposed that they all introduce themselves as \"DE TOUS LES CULTES.\" Hercules played a secondary role here, as it was not about the sun, but the Hercules constellation, which was its image, placed in the heavens near the pole. The world approved of this generous suggestion, and Jason rose to express his gratitude to the assembly. He announced that nothing would delay their departure any longer. He invited them to make a sacrifice to the Sun god or Apollo, under whose auspices they would embark, and to whom an altar was being erected.\nThe poet then goes on to describe the preparations for embarking. Ja draws lots for the rowers' places. Hercule takes the one in the middle, and Typhis takes the helm. They make the sacrifice, in which Jason prays to the Sun, his ancestral deity, worshipped in the port from which he sets sail. They sacrifice two bulls to him, which fall under the blows of Hercule and Anc\u00e9e. However, the sun, the day's star, was leaning towards the end of its course, and touched the moment the night was spreading its dark veils over the lands. The sailors sit on the shore, where they serve to drink and eat; they brighten their feast with jests. Jason alone seems lost in thought and deeply occupied with the important tasks assigned to him. Idas addresses him with an outrageous speech, which has the approval of the entire crew. The dispute ensues.\nallait se engageait lorsqu'Orph\u00e9e calme les esprits par ses harmonieux champs sur la nature et le d\u00e9pouillement du chaos. On fait des libations aux dieux, puis on se livre au sommeil.\n\nPeu apr\u00e8s que les premiers rayons du jour eurent dor\u00e9 le sommet du mont P\u00e9lion, peu apr\u00e8s que le vent du matin agit\u00e2t la surface des eaux, Typhon, pilote du vaisseau, r\u00e9veillait l'\u00e9quipage et les pressait de se rembarquer. On ob\u00e9issait. Chacun prenait son poste marqu\u00e9 par le sort. Hercule \u00e9tait au milieu ; le poids de son corps, en entrant, faisait plonger plus profond\u00e9ment le vaisseau. On levait l'ancre, et Jason tournait encore ses regards vers sa pareille. Les rameurs man\u0153uvraient en rythme au son de la lyre d'Orph\u00e9e, qui soutenait par ses chants leurs efforts. L'onde, blanche d'\u00e9cume, murmurait sous le tranchant de l'aviron, et bouillonnait.\nThe quill of the ship that leaves long trails. Up until now, one sees only a departure described with the circumstances that usually accompany it, and which depend on the poet's imagination.\n\nHowever, the gods had their eyes fixed on the sea and on the ship carrying the elite heroes of their century, who had joined in their labors and their glory with Jason. The nymphs of Pelion, from the heights of their mountains, watched with astonishment the ship that Minerva, the wise one, had consecrated. Chiron, whose image is in the heavens near the serpent-bearing Jason, descends to the shore where the foaming Toned breaks, lapping at their feet. He encourages the sailors and makes vows for their safe return.\n\nMeanwhile, the Argonauts had passed the Cape Tissus, and the coasts of Thessaly were lost to sight.\nThe poet describes the islands and capes they passed or discovered, until they reached the island of Lemnos, where ruled the Pleiade Hypsipile. He takes occasion from there to tell the famous tale of the Lemniades, who had slaughtered all the men of their island, sparing only the old Thoas, who was saved by Hypsipile, his daughter, who became queen of the entire land. Forced to farm their own fields and defend themselves, these women devoted themselves to agriculture and the laborious tasks of war; they could repel attacks from their neighbors; they especially guarded against the Thracians, whom they feared for revenge.\n\nWhen they saw the Argo's vessel approaching their island, they rushed out.\nThe girl, covered in her father's armor, led the foreigners away from the city. The Argonauts sent a herald to engage them in receiving them on their island. In an assembly convened by the queen, she advised them to send all the subsistence aid they might need but not to receive them in their city. Polyxo, another Pleiad and the nurse of Hypisipile in the poet's account, partially disagreed with the queen's opinion. She wanted to offer them refreshments as well but insisted, against the queen's wishes, that they be received into the city. She based her argument primarily on the potential benefits of welcoming the navigators.\nThe women cannot long be without men; she says they need them for their own defense, and to repair the daily losses to their population. This speech is met with the liveliest applause and a general assent, such that it is hardly doubted that it was pleasing to all women. Here, the intervention of two Pleiades, in the first moment of Jason's departure, contains an allusion to the stars of ancient times, united with the sun, and appearing with the serpent-bearer Jason, who rises at their setting and sets at their rising.\n\nHypsipile, unable to ignore the assembly's intention any longer, sends Iphinoe to the Argonauts, inviting their chief to her palace and urging all her companions to accept.\nJason travels to the land and establishments on his island. He responds to the invitation, and to appear before the princess, he covers himself with a magnificent mantle that Minerva had given him, which she had embroidered herself. She had traced a long sequence of mythological subjects on it, including the adventure of Phryxus and his bull. This hero also takes hold of the spear that Attalante had presented to him when she received him on Mount M\u00e9nale.\n\nJason, thus armed, advances toward the city where the Pleiades held court. Upon arrival at the gates, he finds a crowd of the most distinguished women who attend to him, and he advances with lowered eyes until he is introduced into the princess's palace. He is seated opposite the queen, who regards him.\nrougissant, and addressing him affectionately, she concealed from him the true reason for the depopulation of her island; feigning that the men had gone to Thrace for an expedition, and having become attached to their captives, they had grown tired of their wives; therefore, she added, nothing stood in the way of you and your companions settling among us and succeeding the states of Thoas, my father. Go and report my offers to the heroes of your retinue, and let them enter our walls.\n\nJason thanked the princess and accepted her propositions, that is, the aid and provisions which she promised them: as for the succession of Thoas, she invited him to keep it, non.\n\"3^4 A B R \u00c9 \u20acr \u00c9 DE the ORIGINAL pasqu'il le d\u00e9daigne, mais parce qu'une exp\u00e9dition importante appelle ailleurs. However, vehicles laden with the queen's presents are carried to the vessel. The attractions of pleasure retain the Argonauts on the island, and bind them to this enchanted land; but the stern Hercules, who had remained on board with his elite friends, recalls them to their duty and to the glory that awaits them on the shores of Co\u00efchide. The reproaches that he makes to the troop are listened to without murmur, and we prepare to leave. Here the poet gives us the tableau of the women's grief at this separation, and their vows for the success and return of these hardy men.\"\nvoyagers. Hypsipile bathes in her tears the hands of Jason, and makes him tender farewells. Wherever you are, she tells him, remember Hypsipile, and before departing I have prescribed that if I bear a son, I should make him go to Joicos, near his father and mother, so that he may be a consolation for them during my absence. Jason implores her, if she gives birth to a son, to send him there. He says this, and immediately he leaps onto his ship at the helm of all his companions who hasten to take hold of the oar. The cable is cut, and already the ship has departed from the island of Lemnos. The Argonauts arrive at Samothrace, the same place where Cadmus had disembarked, the same one that he takes in the Dionysiaques under another name.\nL\u00e0 r\u00e9gnait \u00c9lectre, another Pleiade; thus, here are already three Pleiades that the poet places on the scene. Jason is initiated to the mysteries of this island and continues his journey. It is less in the sky than on the earth that he now follows the Argonauts. The poet having supposed that the celestial bull rose in the eastern lands and at the end of the Black Sea when the sun rose on the vernal equinox, he traces the route that all ships were supposed to follow to arrive on these distant shores. Therefore, it is a geographical, rather than an astronomical, chart that must guide us here.\n\nAs a result, we see the Argonauts passing between Thrace and the Boeotian Sea of Imbros, turning towards the Black Sea or the M\u00e6otis Gulf. They enter the Hellespont, leaving it to their right.\nThe Montlda plain and the fields of Troy were inhabited by the Dolions, who had their chief in Cysique, a Thessalian founder of their city. Near the isthmus lived the Dolions, bordering the shores of Abydos, Percota, Abarnis, and Lampsaque. The neighboring plain was inhabited by the Dolions, with Cysique as their chief, a Thessalian by origin. He welcomed the Argonauts favorably, as they were Greeks and their leader was Thessalian. This unfortunate host perished in a combat that, by mistake, had engaged the Argonauts and the Dolions. After leaving this land, the Argonauts were driven back by the winds to the same place. They held magnificent funerals for this unfortunate prince and erected a tomb for him.\n\nThe Argonauts departed once more from these ports after sacrificing to Cybele. Approaching the Golfe Cyan\u00e9e and the Mont Argantbon.\nThe Mysians, who lived along these shores, welcomed the Argonauts with friendship and provided them with all they needed. While the entire crew enjoyed the feast, Hercules departed from the ship and went to the nearby forest to cut a proper oar for himself, as his had been broken by the waves. After searching for some time, he discovered a sapling and uprooted it, making himself a new oar.\n\nMeanwhile, the young Hylas, who had accompanied him, had advanced far enough into the forest to search for a spring, intending to provide the hero with the water he would need upon his return. The poet relates at this point the well-known story of this young child who drowned in the spring.\nIn Taine, where a loving nymph pined for him; he painted for us the regrets of Hercules, who from that moment on no longer thought of returning to the ship. However, the morning star appeared on the summit of nearby mountains, and a cool wind began to rise. Typhis warned the Argonauts to set sail and take advantage of the wind. We raised the anchor, and we were already near the Posidon cap when we noticed Hercules was missing.\n\nWe spoke of returning to Mysia when Glaucus, the marine deity, lifted his limpid head out of the waters and addressed the Argonauts to calm them. He told them in vain they wanted to lead Hercules to Colchide against Jupiter's will, to whom it remained to complete the painful career of his twelve labors.\nvaux; they must cease to occupy it longer. He teaches them the fate of the young Hylas, who married a water nymph. This discourse completed, the sea god submerges himself in the depths of the seas, leaving the Argonauts to continue their journey. Us approach the neighboring shore. Here ends the first chant.\n\nCHANT II\n\nThe navigators had landed in the lands of the Bebrycians, where reigned Amycus, son of Neptune. This fierce prince challenged all foreigners to combat with the javelin, and had already killed many of his neighbors. The poet, as he brings the Argonauts into a country, does not fail to recall all the mythological traditions that belong to the cities and peoples with which he has occasion to deal, which forms a series of linked actions.\ntion principale , ou plut\u00f4t \u00e0 l'action unique du \npo\u00ebme, qui est l'arriv\u00e9e en Colchide et la conqu\u00eate \nde la fameuse toison d'or. \nAmycus vient \u00e0 la rencontre des compagnons d\u00e9 \nJason; il s'informe du sujet de leur voyage, et leur \ntient un discours mena\u00e7ant. Il leur propose le com- \nbat du ceste , dans lequel il s'\u00e9tait rendu si redou- \ntable. Il leur dit qu'ils aient \u00e0 choisir celui d'entr\u00e9 \neux qu'ils croiront le plus brave , afin de le lui op- \nposer. Pollux j un des dioscures i accepte son inso- \nlent d\u00e9fi. Le po\u00e8te nous donne une description \nassez int\u00e9ressante de ce combat > dans lequel le \nroi des B\u00e9bryciens succombe. Les B\u00e9bryciens veu~ \nlent venger sa mort et sont mis \u00ebn fuite. \nD\u00e9j\u00e0 le soleil brillait aux portes de l'orient , et \nsemblait appeler aux champs le pasteur et ses \ntroupeaux, lorsque les Argonautes ayant charg\u00e9 \nOn the ship, they reboarded with the plunder they had taken from the Bebrycians and set sail for Byzantium. The sea grew rough; waves formed into enormous mountains threatening to engulf the vessel, but the pilot skillfully navigated around them. After encountering some danger, they landed on the coast where Phineas, famous for his misfortunes, ruled.\n\nHere, the poet recounts Phineas' famous misadventures. Phineas had been struck blind, and the Harpies tormented him. Apollon had granted him the art of prophecy.\n\nWhen the unfortunate Phineas was informed of these travelers, he came out of his house, leaning on a staff for support. He spoke to them as if already aware of the purpose of their journey; he depicted his misfortunes for them and solicited their help.\nThe sons of Bor\u00e9e provide succor against birds troubling their repose, a task reserved for them. One of them, Zethus, with tears in his eyes, takes the old man's hands and speaks to him consolingly, giving him the most flattering hopes. A feast is prepared for Phineas by the Harpies, as they usually do, to take it away from him. They soil the tables but, for the last time, leave an infectious smell behind and fly away. However, the sons of Bor\u00e9e pursue them with swords in hand and would have killed them had the gods not sent Iris through the air to prevent it. They extract from them the promise that they will not return.\nThe troubles disturb the peace of Phineas, and Borree's sons return to their vessels. However, the Argonauts serve a feast where Phineas attends and eats heartily. Seated before his fire, this old man traces the route they must follow and reveals the obstacles they will encounter. As a seer, he reveals to them all the secrets within his power, without displeasing the gods who have already punished him for his indiscretion. He warns them that, upon leaving their states, they will be forced to pass through the Cyanide Rocks, about which he gives them a brief description and offers useful advice for avoiding danger. He advises them to consult the dispositions of the gods regarding their situation.\nen releasing a dove. \"If it makes the journey safely, he said, do not hesitate to follow and cross this terrible passage in the oars, for the efforts made for its safety are worth at least the prayers you address to the gods. But if the bird perishes, return: it will be a sign that the gods oppose your passage. \" He then drew a map of the entire coast they would have to traverse; he revealed to them especially the terrible secret of the dangers to which Jason would be exposed on the shores of the Phasis, if he wanted to take away the precious deposit that a fearsome dragon guards at the foot of the sacred oak where the golden fleece is suspended. The painting he showed them terrified the Argonauts; but Jason invited the old man to continue and above all to tell them if they could hope to return safely.\nThe old Phineas in Greece responds that he will find guides who will lead him to his desired destination; Venus will favor his enterprise, but he is not allowed to reveal more. He had finished all the rites. (23l)\n\nThese words were barely spoken when the sons of Borree arrived, announcing that they had permanently driven away the Harpies, and that they would no longer emerge from Crete.\n\nThis happy news filled the entire assembly with joy.\n\nThe Argonauts, after erecting twelve altars to the twelve great gods, embarked once more, taking with them a dove that was to serve as their guide. Already, Minerva, interested in the success of their enterprise, had taken up position before the treacherous rocks to facilitate their passage. Here we see that wisdom, personified under the name, facilitates their journey.\nThe goddess Minerva warns the Argonauts to avoid the dangerous reefs surrounding this strait. Such was the language of ancient poetry. The Argonauts express astonishment and fear as they approach these terrible reefs, where the foamy waves crash. Their ears are stunned by the terrible clashing of rocks and the roaring of waves about to break on the shore. The pilot Typhis maneuvers with his rudder, while the rowers support him with all their strength. Euphemus, stationed at the prow, releases the dove whose flight all follow with their eyes: it weaves through the clashing and grinding rocks without touching them. The tip of its tail is the only part that gets wet. Meanwhile, Tonde is agitated.\nfait pirouetter le vaisseau ; les rameurs poussent \ndes cris aigus ; mais le pilote les r\u00e9primande , et \nleur ordonne de forcer de rames pour \u00e9chapper au \ntorrent qui les entra\u00eene ; le flot les reporte encore \nau milieu des rochers. Leur frayeur est extr\u00eame , \net la mort parait suspendue sur leurs t\u00eates. Le vais* \nseau , port\u00e9 sur la cime des vagues, s'\u00e9l\u00e8ve au des\u00bb \nsus des roches elles-m\u00eames, et un moment apr\u00e8s est \npr\u00e9cipit\u00e9 dans l'ab\u00eeme des eaux. C'est alors que Mi* \nnerve, appuyant sa main gauche sur une des roches \npousse le navire avec la droite , et le fait voler avec \nla rapidit\u00e9 du trait : \u00e0 peine a-t-ii soulfert un tr\u00e8s\u00bb \nl\u00e9ger dommage. \nLa d\u00e9esse, satisfaite d'avoir sauv\u00e9 \u00eee vaisseau, re-? \ntourne dans l'Olympe , et les rochers se raffermis- \nsent, conform\u00e9ment aux ordres du destin. Les \nArgonautes, rendus \u00e0 une mer libre, se croient, \n\"pour ainsi dire, arrach\u00e9s aux gouffres de l'enfer. C'est alors que Typhis leur adressa un discours, dans lequel il leur fit sentir tout ce qu'ils doivent \u00e0 la sagesse de leurs man\u0153uvres, ou figur\u00e9ment \u00e0 la protection de Minerve, et il leur rappela que c'est cette m\u00eame d\u00e9esse qui a pris soin de construire leur vaisseau, qui par cela m\u00eame est imp\u00e9rissable. Le passage des roches Cyan\u00e9es \u00e9tait fort redout\u00e9 des navigateurs; il test encore aujourd'hui. Fallait beaucoup d'art et de prudence pour le franchir. Voil\u00e0 le fond de ces r\u00e9cits effrayants que DE TOUS LES CULTES. :>33 tous po\u00e8tes ont r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9s. Il en \u00e9tait de m\u00eame du d\u00e9troit de Sicile. C'est ainsi que la po\u00e9sie a sem\u00e9 partout le merveilleux, et couvert du voile de l'al\u00e9gorie les ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes de la nature.\n\nCependant les Argonautes, ramant sans rel\u00e2che\"\nThe Argonauts had passed Rh\u00e9bas' imperial city, Pemhouchure, and the Phillys site where Phryxus once immolated his bull. Arriving at twilight, they reached a deserted island called Thynias, where they disembarked. There they had a vision of Apollon. This god had left Lycia and was heading north, which occurs during the spring equinox or when the sun conquers the famous constellation's bull.\n\nAfter sacrificing to Apollon, the Argonauts left the island and saw the embouchure of the Sagaris river, the Lycus, and Lake Anth\u00e9mois. They arrived at the Ach\u00e9rusie peninsula, which extends into the Bithynian sea. There is a valley where one finds, in the midst of a forest, the ancient Pluton's temple and the Ach\u00e9ron's mouth.\n\nThe Argonauts were warmly welcomed by the island's king.\npays, enemy of Amycus, king of the Bebrycians, whom they had killed. This prince and the Marydandians, his subjects, believed they saw in Polius a benevolent god. Lycus, his name, listened with pleasure to their account of their adventures; he had all their seeds brought aboard their ship and gave them his son as companion in their expedition. The seer Idmon and the pilot Typhis died there. Ancaeus replaced the latter and took command of the ship. We embark again, and Ton profits from a favorable wind, which soon brings the sailors to the embouchure of the Ca\u00efliroh\u00e9 river, where Bacchus once, upon his return from India, celebrated feasts accompanied by dances. We made libations on the tomb of Sthenelus in this place.\nThe Argonauts arrived at Synope within a few days, where they found companions of Hercules who had settled there. They then rounded the Amazons' cap and passed by Thermodon's mouth. Finally, they approached Aretiade's island, where they were attacked by fearsome birds guarding the island. They gave chase and drove them off. It was there that they found the sons of Phrixus, who had left Colchis to come to Greece but had been driven there by a shipwreck. These unfortunates claimed Jason's help, and he discovered their birth and the reason for their journey to Greece. The Argonauts, filled with joy, could not tire of looking at them. They rejoiced in this fortunate encounter.\nThe sons of Aetes, possessors of the rich fleece, recognize Jason as their cousin, claiming him to be the grandson of Cretheus, brother of their grandfather Aetes. Jason tells them that he is setting out to Colchis to find Aetes, without yet revealing the reason for his journey. However, he soon informs them and invites them to embark on his ship and serve as guides.\n\nThe sons of Phryxus do not conceal the dangers of such an endeavor from Jason, and they describe the dreadful dragon that never sleeps, guarding the riches they wish to steal. This speech makes the Argonauts pale, except for the brave Pel\u00e9es, who threatens Aetes with his vengeance and that of his companions if he refuses.\nThe sons of Phryxus are received on board. The vessel, pushed by a good wind, approaches the mouth of the Phasis, a river that traverses Colchis, within a few days. They lower the sails and, with the help of the oar, they go up the river. The son of Aeson, holding a golden cup, makes libations of wine in the waters of the Phasis; he invokes the earth, the guardian deities of Colchis, and the heroes who had once inhabited it. After this ceremony, Jason, revived by the advice of Argus, one of Phryxus' sons, throws the anchor and waits for the return of the day. Thus ends the second song.\n\nABBREVIATED FROM THE ORIGIN\n\nCHANT III.\n\nSo far, everything has happened in preparations necessary to bring the main action of the poem. The object to be conquered was at the extremities of the East. It was necessary to reach it.\nBefore attempting to obtain the precious fleece by sweetness, cunning, or force, the poet had to describe such a long journey, including all the circumstances supposed to have accompanied it. Virgil made his hero travel for seven years before arriving in Latium and establishing the projected settlement, which is the sole purpose of the entire poem. The main action does not begin until the seventh book: it is there that he invokes Erato or the Muse who will help him obtain Lavinia, daughter of the Latin king, with whom he must settle. Similarly, here Apollonius, after leading his hero to the shores of the Phasis, as Virgil leads Aeneas to those of the Tiber, invokes Erato or the Muse presiding over love. He urges him to tell how Jason came to obtain the golden fleece.\nAbout seizing this rich fleece with the help of Medea, daughter of Aetes, who fell in love with him. He first presents us with the spectacle of three goddesses: Juno, Minerva, and Venus, who take an interest in Jason's success. The two former transport themselves to the temple of All Cults.\n\nVenus, whom the poet describes for us. Juno shares her concerns about Jason with Venus, whom she protects against Pelias, who has wronged her herself. She praises Jason, of whom she has every reason to be proud. Venus responds that she is ready to do whatever is required of her as the wife of Jupiter's grandson. She invites Venus to entrust her son with the task of inspiring in the daughter of Aetes a violent love for Jason, for if this hero can make her interests lie with him,\nThe princess is certain of her enterprise's success. The goddess of Cythera promises to engage her son in the desires of the two goddesses. She searches for Cupidon on Olympus and finds him in a garden where he is playing with the newly placed Ganymede. His mother surprises him and gives him a tender kiss while revealing the goddesses' desires and the services expected of him. The young child, won over by Venus' caresses and seduced by her promises, leaves his play, takes up his quiver that rested at the foot of a tree, and arms himself with his bow. He exits Olympus, traverses the air, and descends to earth.\n\nMeanwhile, the Argonauts were still hidden in the shadows of the dense reeds that bordered the water.\nJason harangued the men by the river. He shared his plans with them and invited each one to share their thoughts with him. He urged them to stay put while he went to Aetes' palace, accompanied only by the sons of Phryxus and Chalciope, and two other companions. He told them his intention was to first employ sweetness and solicitations to obtain the famous fleece from the king. He departed, holding the caduceus; he advanced toward the city of Aetes and arrived at the palace of this prince. The poet here describes this magnificent edifice, near which two towers can be seen. In one dwelt the king with his wife; in the other, his son Absyrtus, whom the Colchians called Phaeton. Iliacus notes here that Phaeton is the name of the charioteer.\nc\u00e9leste , plac\u00e9 sur ie point \u00e9quinoxia\u00ee du printemps, \net qui \u00e9prouva le sort tragique d'Absyrthe , sous \nles noms de Pha\u00e9ton , de Myrthile, d'Hippolyte , \netc. ; il suit Pers\u00e9e et M\u00e9duse aux cieux. \nDans les autres appartemens logeaient Cha\u00eeciop\u00e9, \n\u00e9pouse de Phryxus et m\u00e8re des deux nouveaux \ncompagnons de Jason , et sa s\u0153ur M\u00e9d\u00e9e. Celle-ci \nfaisait les fonctions de pr\u00eatresses d'H\u00e9cate , \u00e0 qui \nl'on donnait Pers\u00e9e pour p\u00e8re. Cha\u00eeciop\u00e9 aperce- \nvant ses fils, vole au-devant d'eux et les re\u00e7oit dans \nses bras. M\u00e9d\u00e9e pousse un cri \u00e0 la vue des Argo- \nnautes. A\u00ebt\u00e8s sort de son palais , accompagn\u00e9 de \nson \u00e9pouse. Toute la cour est en mouvement. \nCependant l'Amour , sans \u00eatre aper\u00e7u , avait tra- \nvers\u00e9 les airs *. il s'\u00e9tait arr\u00eate dans le vestibule \npour tendre son arc ; puis franchissant le seuil de \nDE TOUS LES CULTES. 289 \nla porte , il s'\u00e9tait cach\u00e9 derri\u00e8re Jason. C'est Je \n\"l\u00e0 o\u00f9 il d\u00e9coche une fl\u00e8che dans le sein de M\u00e9d\u00e9e :\ncelle-ci reste muette et interdite. Bient\u00f4t le feu\nqui est allum\u00e9 dans son c\u0153ur fait des progr\u00e8s et br\u00fble dans toutes ses veines; ses yeux brillent d'une flamme vive et sont fix\u00e9s sur Jason. Son c\u0153ur souffre ; un l\u00e9ger battement agite son sein, sa respiration est press\u00e9e ; la p\u00e2leur et la rougeur se peignent successivement sur ses joues. Le po\u00e8te passe ensuite au r\u00e9cit de l'accueil que Ath\u00e8s fait \u00e0 ses petits-fils, dont le retour inattendu le surprend. Ce prince rappelle aux fils de Phryxus les avis qu'il leur avait donn\u00e9s avant leur d\u00e9part, pour les d\u00e9tourner d'une entreprise dont il connaissait tous les dangers. Il les interroge sur ces \u00e9trangers qui les accompagnent. Argus r\u00e9pondant au nom de tous, fait le r\u00e9cit de la temp\u00eate qui les a jet\u00e9s dans l'Eau.\"\nAn island dedicated to Mars, from which they were saved only by the help of these navigators. He discovers at the same time from his grandfather the purpose of their journey and the terrible orders of Pelias. Minerva takes an interest in the success of their enterprise; it is she who built their vessel, whose excellent construction he boasts, and who embarked the elite of Greek heroes. He presents to her Jason and his companions, who come to ask her for the famous fleece.\n\nThe king is enraged by this message; he indignantly denounces the shameless Phrixus, who brought such news. During his outburst against his grandsons and the Argonauts, boiling Telamon wanted to reply with the same violence. But Jason holds him back.\nA modest and gentle man, he presented to the king the reasons for his journey, whose ambition had not been the goal, but only obedience to Pelias. He promised, if he wanted to be favorable to them, to publish his glory upon his return to Greece and even support him in the wars he might have against the Sarmatians and other neighboring peoples. Aetes, initially uncertain about his stance towards them, decided to grant their request but under a condition whose execution would be a guarantee of their courage for him. He told Jason that he had two bulls with human-like feet and that they breathed fires from their nostrils. He attached them to a plow and traced furrows in a field consecrated to Mars.\nIn this place, he sows seeds of serpent's teeth, from which warriors suddenly emerge. He sounds the moonstone afterwards with the tip of his spear, and all this happens between sunrise and sunset. He proposes that Jason do the same, and if he succeeds, he promises to give him the rich deposit he seeks. Otherwise, he has nothing to hope for; for he adds, it would be unworthy of me to give such a treasure to someone less deserving than I.\n\nOf all the cults.\n\nAt this proposition, Jason remains silent and forbids any response, finding this enterprise too daring. However, he eventually accepts the condition.\n\nThe Argonauts leave the palace, followed only by Argus, who signals to his brothers to stay. Medea, who has seen them, notices Jason in particular, distinguished by his youth and grace from all the others.\nChalciope, in fear of displeasing her father, returns to her apartment with her children, while her sister continues to follow with her eyes the hero whom her gaze has captivated. When she no longer sees him, his image remains etched in her memory. His speeches, gestures, his unsettled air are all present in her agitated mind. She fears for her days; it seems to her that she is already a victim of such a bold enterprise. Tears flow from her beautiful eyes; she laments and makes vows for the success of this young hero. Eile invokes for him the aid of the goddess to whom she is devoted.\n\nThe Argonauts cross the city and take the same route they had previously. Argus then addresses a discourse to Jason, in which he reveals what he had already said about the magical art.\nM\u00e9d\u00e9e, and the importance he held in placing her in his interests. He took charge of the necessary steps for this, and investigated his mother's dispositions. Jason thanked him for his offers and returned to his fleet. His sight brought joy, which was soon replaced by sadness when he informed his companions of the imposed conditions. However, Argus tried to calm them. He spoke of M\u00e9d\u00e9e and her powerful art, recounting its marvelous effects. He undertook obtaining her aid.\n\nJason, after consulting with his companions, sent Argus to his mother's palace, while the Argonauts disembarked on the riverbank, preparing to fight if necessary.\n\nHowever, A\u00ebtes had assembled his Colchians.\npour pr\u00e9parer quelque entreprise perfide contre \nJason et ses soldats , qu'il peint \u00e0 ses sujets comme \nune horde de brigands qui viennent se r\u00e9pandre \ndans leur pays. En cons\u00e9quence il ordonne \u00e0 ses \ntroupes d'aller attaquer les Argonautes et de br\u00fbler \nleur vaisseau. \nArgus, arriv\u00e9 dans l'appartement de sa m\u00e8re t \nla priait de solliciter les secours de M\u00e9d\u00e9e en fa- \nveur de Jason et de ses compagnons. D\u00e9j\u00e0 celle- \nci s'\u00e9tait int\u00e9ress\u00e9e d'elle-m\u00eame au sort de ces \nh\u00e9ros; mais elle craignait le courroux de son p\u00e8re. \nUn songe , dont le po\u00e8'te nous d\u00e9crit tous les d\u00e9- \ntails , la force \u00e0 rompre le silence. Elle a d\u00e9j\u00e0 fait \nquelques pas pour aller trouver sa s\u0153ur , lorsque \ntout-\u00e0-coup elle rentre chez elle , se jette sur son: \nlit , o\u00f9 elle s'abandonne aux transports de sa dou- \nleur et pousse de longs nuigissemens. C'est alorcr \nDE TOUS LES CULTES. \u00eff\u00f4 \nChalciope, who was instructed, wanted to follow her sister. She found her with tears in her eyes, beating her face in her despair. She asked her the reasons for her violent agitation; supposing it was the reproaches of her father, whom she herself complained about, she announced her desire to escape far from this palace with her children.\n\nMedea blushed, and at first she was unable to respond; but yielding to the empire of love that subjugated her, she revealed her concerns about the fate of Phryxus' sons, whom their grandfather Aetes threatened to destroy with these strangers. She shared with her the omen that seemed to presage this misfortune. Medea spoke thus to sound out her sister's dispositions and to see if she would ask for her support.\nChalciope opens herself to her son; but before confiding in him her secret, she makes him swear to be loyal and do all that depends on him to serve and protect her children. In saying these words, she falls into tears and presses Medea's knees in the attitude of a suppliant. Here the poet makes us feel the pain of these two princesses. Medea, raising her voice, swears to all the gods that she is willing to do whatever her sister demands of her. Chalciope then hesitantly speaks to her of these strangers, and especially of Jason, to whom her children take a keen interest. Elijah tells her that his son has come to ask her for help for them in this perilous enterprise. These words bring joy to Medea's heart.\nModeste's rosy complexion colored her beautiful cheeks. She felt compelled to do for them whatever a sister would ask of one to whom she had nothing to refuse, and who had served her almost as a mother. She recommended the deepest secret to her. She announced that she would have the necessary drugs brought to the temple of Hecate at once, to calm the doubtful bulls. Chalciope left immediately to inform her son of her sister's promises. In the meantime, Medea remained alone in her apartment, given to reflections that were naturally the consequence of such a project. It was already late, and the night spread its thick cover over the earth and the sea. A profound silence reigned in all of nature; only Medea's heart was not still, and her eyes would not close. Anxious about the outcome.\nJason feared for himself his terrible tasks that he had to harness to the plow, and with which they compelled him to cultivate the field consecrated to Mars. These fears and agitations are quite well described by the poet, who uses almost the same comparisons as Virgil when he depicts the perplexity, whether of Aeneas or of Dido. He puts in the mouth of the young princess a speech that retraces the anxiety of her soul and the restlessness of her spirit. She holds on her knees the precious casket that contains her magical treasures; she bathes it with her tears, and makes the saddest bows. She awaits the return (of the dawn, which finally comes to chase away the shadows of the night). Meanwhile, Argus had left his brothers to wait for the effect of Medea's promises, and had returned to the ship.\nThe day had returned, and the young princess, occupied with her toilette, had forgotten her sorrows. She had repaired the disarray of her hair, perfumed her body with essences, and donned a white veil on her head. Eli gave orders to his women, who numbered twelve and were all virgins, to harness the mules that would draw her chariot to the temple of Hecate. In the meantime, she occupied herself with preparing the poisons she had extracted from the simplets of the Caucasus, born from the blood of Prometheus. She added a dark liquid there, which the eagle that gnawed at the liver of that famous criminal had vomited. She rubbed it on the belt that encircled her waist. She mounted her chariot, with two of her women at her sides, and she traversed the city, holding the reins and the whip that served to guide the mules. The women followed her.\nformant her procession, resembling that of the nymphs of Diana, when they are arranged around her chariot. She had already stepped outside the city walls. Arriving near the temple, she set foot on the ground. Eliecomus (ABR\u00c9G\u00c9 Jj E) unique was carrying out his plan to his women, whom he asked for the greatest secret; he invited them to pick flowers and ordered them to retreat when they saw this stranger, whom he desired to serve.\n\nHowever, Eson's son, led by Argus and accompanied by the seer Mopsus, approached the temple, knowing that Medea was to go there at that hour. Juno had taken care of herself, surrounding herself with a dazzling radiance. The success of her plan was already announced to her by favorable omens that Mopsus interpreted.\nSeille a Jason to go alone and find Medee, while he and Argus remain to wait. Impatient Medee turns restless gazes towards the direction from which Jason was coming. At last, he appears in her sight, like the star announcing the heat of summer emerging from the sea. Here the poet describes the impression this sight produces on the princess. Her eyes trouble, her cheeks color, her knees tremble, and her women, witnesses to her embarrassment, have already departed. The two lovers remain in each other's presence, mute and forbidden, pondering for a while. Finally, Jason, taking the first word, seeks to reassure his alarmed modesty and invites her to open her heart to him, in a place especially sacred to her.\nHe told her that he was already informed of her goodwill towards them, and of the aid she had promised to all the cults. ^7 He urged her to take an interest in the fate of a man who stood before her in this double capacity. He swore to her by the name of Hecate and Jupiter, who protects strangers and suppliants, that she would be recognized and thanked by him and his companions, who would publish her glory in Greece. He assured her that she alone could fulfill the vows of their mothers and wives, who awaited them with eyes fixed on the seas through which they were to return to their homeland. He cited the example of Ariadne, who took an interest in Theseus' success and, after ensuring his victory, embarked with him and abandoned her homeland.\nIn the course of this service, Jason's crown was placed in the heavens. The glory that awaits you is not lessened if you surmount this crowd of Greek heroes with their votive wishes. Medea, who had listened with downcast eyes, smiled softly at these words; she looked at him and wanted to respond without yet knowing where to begin her speech, for her thoughts pressed and confused: she drew from her belt the powerful drug she had hidden there. Jason seized it with joy; she would have given him her very soul if he had asked for it, so enamored was she of the beauty of this young hero whom the poet makes charmingly vivid for us here. The two of them, now and then lowering their eyes, now and then regarding each other face to face. Ecfra Medea speaks and gives him advice. [ABR\u00c9G\u00c9 DE L'ORIGINE] (Summary of the Origin)\nutilities to ensure the success of his enterprise; Elie advises him, when his father Aetes has given him the dragon's teeth, to wait for the precise hour of midnight, to make a solo sacrifice and specifically, after washing himself in the river. She prescribes all the required ceremonies to make this sacrifice pleasing to the fearsome goddess; she teaches him the use of the drug she gave him, which he must rub on his weapons and body to become invulnerable; she indicates the means to destroy the warriors who will be born from the teeth he has sown. This is how, Medea adds, you will succeed in removing the rich fleece, and carrying it to Greece, if it is indeed true that your intention is to face the dangers of the sea once more. In finishing these words, the princess.\ncesse weeps at her cheeks, the idea that this hero is going to leave her and return to distant regions. She lowers her eyes and keeps silence for a while, then presses his hand and says, \"At least, when you return to your homeland, remember Medea, as she will remember Jason. Tell me before you go, where do you plan to go? Jason, touched by his tears and already marked by love, swears to never forget her if he is fortunate enough to reach Greece and if Aetes does not present new obstacles. He then tells her some details about Thessaly and speaks of Caridane, about whom Medea had asked; he expresses the desire to be as happy as Thes\u00e9e. He invites her to accompany him.\nGreece, where she enjoys all the consideration she deserves; he offers her his hand and swears eternal faith. Jason's speech flatters Medea's heart, even though she cannot hide the misfortunes threatening her if she follows him. However, her women await her with impatience, and the hour had come for the princess to return to her mother's palace: she was unaware of the instants slipping away too quickly for her desire, if Jason had not prudently warned her to withdraw before night surprised them, and if anyone had not suspected their conversation. They arrange to meet again and part ways. Jason returns to his ship, and Medea rejoins her women whom she had not seen, so absorbed was her mind in other thoughts: she climbs back up.\nsur son char, et retourne au palais du roi. Chalciop\u00e9 sa s\u0153ur interroge sur le sort de ses enfants; elle ne entend rien, ne r\u00e9pond rien, elle se assied sur un si\u00e8ge pr\u00e8s du lit; et l\u00e0, plong\u00e9e dans la douleur la plus profonde, elle se livre aux plus sombres r\u00e9flexions.\n\nJason, retourn\u00e9 \u00e0 son bord, fait part \u00e0 ses compagnons du succ\u00e8s de son entrevue et leur montre l'antidote puissant qu'il est muni. La nuit se passe, et le lendemain, d\u00e8s qu'il pointe du jour, les Argonautes envoient demander aux denis du dragon au roi. Elles leur sont remises, et ils les donnent \u00e0 Jason, qui, dans cette occasion, joue absolument le r\u00f4le de Cadmus. Ceci confirme l'identit\u00e9 de ces deux h\u00e9ros, dont le nom est celui du serpentaire ou de la constellation qui se l\u00e8ve le soir \u00e0 l'entr\u00e9e du soleil au taureau, lorsque le b\u00e9lier \u00e0 toison dor\u00e9 brille.\nJason performs a sacrifice to the presiding goddess in the silence of the night. Hecate grants his request and appears in a terrifying form. Jason is surprised but not discouraged, and he has already rejoined his companions. However, the aurora reveals the eternal snow-capped summits of the Caucasus. King Aetes prepares to leave, donning the fearsome armor given by the god of combat. His head is covered by a casque whose blinding brilliance mirrors the sun's disc as it emerges from Thetis' womb. He brandishes a massive shield made of several hides.\nA powerful javelin in hand, none of the Argonauts would have withstood it, had it not been for Hercules. But this hero had already abandoned them. Near him was Phaton, his son, who held the coursers that were harnessed to the chariot on which his father had mounted. Already he had taken the reins, and he advanced through the city followed by a numerous people.\n\nJason, on the other hand, obedient to Medea's counsel, rubbed his weapons with the drug she had given him, which was to strengthen their temper. He also rubbed his body with it, which acquired new vigor and strength to which nothing could resist. He brandished his weapons with pride and displayed his nerve-filled arms. He advanced toward the Champ-de-Mars, where Aetes and his Colchians had already gone.\n\nJason leaped first from his ship.\nequipped and fully armed, he presents himself for battle. One would have taken him for Mars himself. He confidently scans the field he is to plow; he sees the bronze yoke to which he must attach the fearsome bulls, and the hard plowshare with which he will till this field. He approaches; he thrusts his lance into the ground, sets his helmet, and advances armed with only his shield, to seek the bulls' trace with his burning breath. The bulls already charge from their obscure retreat, covered by thick smoke. Fire roars and impetuously from their wide nostrils. This sight terrifies the Argonauts; but Jason, always bold, holds his shield in front of him and awaits them with firm feet, like the immobile rock that presents its flanks to the foaming wave. The fiery bulls charge at him.\nTheir horns trembled not. The air resonated with their dreadful bellowing. The flame, which boiled from their nostrils, resembled those whirlpools of fire that a furnace spits out, and which successively retreat and advance with renewed impetus. The flame's activity is soon dulled by the magical power of the drug that coats the hero's body. Jason, still invulnerable, seized one of the bulls by the horn, and with a nervous arm, led it towards the yoke and brought it down; he did the same to the second and held them both subdued. Just as Theseus, or the Sun under another name, defeated the bull in the fields of Marathon, this same bull placed afterwards in the heavens, and which figures here in the tale of Jason or of the conquering star, the Astrocapellix.\net qui triumphes over the equinoctial bull. It is the bull that subdues Mithra as well. Aetes remains hidden from the sight of such an unexpected victory. Already, Jason, after harnessing the bulls, presses them from the end of his spear, and makes his chariot move: already he has traced several furrows despite the hardness of the ground, which yields with difficulty and breaks with a noise. He sows the dragon's teeth; he scatters his bulls, and returns to his ship. But giants, born from the furrows he had plowed, covered the field he intended to labor with their weapons. Jason, turning back, charges towards them and throws an enormous stone among their thick battalions; several of them are crushed; the others fight among themselves over the rock that had been thrown to them. Jason takes advantage of this.\nThey disorderedly load Te'pe'e with their hands, and the hero's iron makes for a bountiful harvest. They fall upon one another, and the earth, which produced them, receives their corpses within its embrace. This spectacle astonishes and saddens A\u00ea'L\u00e8s, who returns to his city, deep in thought - and muttering new ways to lose Jason and his companions. The night that follows ends this combat.\n\nCHANT V.\n\nA\u00ebtes, uneasy and suspicious, fears his daughters may be in league with the Argonauts. Medea sees this and is alarmed. She was even considering going to the utmost extremes in her despair, when Junon suggests the plan of fleeing with the sons of Phryxus. This idea revives her courage. She hides in her bosom the treasures that her magical box contained and her powerful herbs; she anoints her bed and the doors.\nShe occupied an apartment; she wanted to leave it as a memory for her mother. She delivered a speech expressing her regrets and containing her sad farewells. She shed torrents of tears, then escaped furtively from the palace, whose enchantments opened its doors for her. She was barefoot; she held the end of a light veil in her left hand and raised the hem of her robe with her right. Medea hurriedly departed from the city with agile steps, taking detoured streets; Elie was already beyond the walls without being seen by the sentinels. Elie directed her flight towards the temple, whose routes she knew well, and near which she had often picked plants that grew around the tombs.\nThe beaux's heart beats in fear, as she recalls her loves with Endymion, whose passion for Medea mirrors hers for Jason. The poet puts words in this goddess's mouth as she addresses Medea, while she flies across the plain in her lover's arms. She directs her steps towards the fires she sees in the Argonauts' camp. Her voice rings out in the night's shadows. She calls out for Phrontis, the youngest son of Phryxus, who, along with his brothers and Jason, soon recognize her voice. The other Argonautes are surprised. Three times she calls, three times Phrontis responds. The Argonauts row towards the riverbank, where her lover has already leapt in to join her.\nPhrontis and Argus, the two sons of Phrixus, also leap in. Medea falls at their knees, crying: Friends, save me, save yourselves; we are lost; all is covered. Let us embark before the king mounts his horses. I will deliver the fleece to you, after having lulled the terrible dragon that guards it.\n\nBfi ALL THE CULTS. j205\n\nAnd you, Jason, remember the promises you made to me; and if I leave my country and my parents, take care of my reputation and my glory. You promised, and the gods bear witness.\n\nThus spoke Medea with a tone of pain: but joy penetrated the heart of Jason instead. He rose, embraced and reassured her. He swore by Jupiter and Juno, gods of his promises, that he had taken her as his wife from that moment.\nqu'ii will return to his homeland. At the same time, he takes her hand in sign of unity. Medea instructs the Argonauts to quickly approach the sacred wood that conceals the rich fleece, so they can take it away under the cover of night and without Aetes' knowledge. They carry out her orders. She climbs aboard the vessel herself, which is already pulling away from the shore. The waves churn loudly beneath the sharp edge of the oar. Medea gazes back at the land, extending her arms towards it. Jason consoles her with his words and boosts her courage. It was the hour of the night preceding Aurora's return, and the hunter took advantage of it. Jason and Medea disembarked in a meadow where the horned Phryxus had once rested in Colchis. They spotted the altar erected by the son of Athamas.\nsur lequel il avait immol\u00e9 ce b\u00e9lier \u00e0 Jupiter. The two lovers advance alone in the forest to find the sacred oak tree where the toison was suspended. They see at the tree's foot an enormous serpent, which already unfurls its coils and prepares to strike at them. Its horrible hissing reaches them from afar. The young princess advances towards it after invoking the god of sleep and the fearsome Hecate. Jason follows, seized by fear. Already, the monster, vanquished by Medea's enchantments, spreads its thousand folds on the ground; its head still raised, it threatens the hero and the princess. Medea shakes a trembling branch dipped in soporific water over the monster's eyes. The dragon, assuaged, falls asleep. Jason seizes it.\nMedee removed the fleece with Jason and sailed towards her ship that awaited her. Already, from his sword, he had cut the cable that kept him at the shore. Eleven sat next to the pilot Aneees, with Medee by his side, while the ship, with the help of the oar, struggled to make headway.\n\nHowever, the Colchians, with their king at their head, rushed towards the shore in a crowd, making it resound with their threatening cries; but the Argo sailed already in the open sea.\n\nThe king, desperate, invoked the vengeance of the gods and ordered his subjects to pursue these foreigners who had taken away his precious deposit and were carrying off his daughter. His orders were carried out: they embarked, they set out in pursuit of the Argonauts.\n\nThese last, pushed by a favorable wind, arrived at the mouth of the river\nDE TOUS LES CULTES after three days.\nThe Haivses disembarked and performed a sacrifice to Hecale, under the guidance of Medea. There, they released offerings along the path they were to take to return to their homeland. The consequence was that they were heading towards the Danube's mouth and were to ascend this river.\n\nMeanwhile, their enemies had split into two groups: one had set sail from the strait and the rocks of the Cyanees; the other was also heading towards the Danube. Absyrtes or Phaeton, Medea's brother, led these latter.\n\nThe Colchians entered through a channel into the river; the Argonauts through another. They encountered each other on an island dedicated to Diana, and there they deliberated whether they would not engage in battle with their enemies, consenting to return Medea, provided they were allowed to take the fleece with them. It was there that Absyrtes perished at the hand of [unknown].\nJason was drawn into a trap set by his sister. The Colchidians, leaderless, were defeated. Escaping this danger, the Argonauts climbed back up the river and reached Iliyrie, then the sources of the Eridan. They entered the Mediterranean, passing by Etruria, and docked at Pyle, home of Circe, the sun's daughter. They purified themselves there for the murder of Absyrte. They then headed towards Sicily. They saw the islands of the Sirens and the rocks of Caius and Scylla, which they managed to avoid. Finally, they reached the island of the Phaeacians, where Alcinous ruled. He welcomed them favorably.\n\nHowever, their happiness was soon disrupted by the arrival of the Colchidian fleet, which had pursued them through the Bosphore. Alcinous helped them from this new danger, and Jason married Medea on this island.\nThe Argonauts set sail after seven days, but a violent storm drove them to the shores of Libya, near the fearsome Syrtes. They crossed the sands, carrying their ship on their shoulders for twelve days. They reached the Garden of the Hesperides and, setting sail once more, they anchored in Crete during the night. Then they reached the island of Aegina and finally the port of Pagasus, where they had begun their journey.\n\nWe have abbreviated the account of their return, as well as their voyage, because these parts are only accessory to the poem, whose sole action is the quest for the Golden Fleece, following the defeat of the bulls and the fearsome dragon. Here is the astronomical part of the story and the center to which all other fictions in the poem converge. The poet had to sing of an important era in this quest.\nThe sun's revolution, at which the sun, victor over winter and the darkness brought by the polar dragon, reaches the zodiac sign of the bull, and leads spring in its wake, following its char. The bull celestial or the sign preceding the bull comes before it. This was what happened every year in March, at the evening rising of the serpent-bearer Jason, and at the morning rising of Tyldus' maenad and Phaethon, son of the Sun.\n\nTo the east, the peoples of Greece saw this famous bull rise, which seemed to be born in the climates where Colchis was placed, that is, at the eastern end of the Black Sea. At night, one saw in the same places the serpent-bearer, who, in the morning, at the rising of the bull, had appeared to sink into the depths of the western seas. Here is the canvas.\nThis phenomenon, on which the entire fable has been embroidered, is the unique thing that makes up the matter of the poems known among the ancients as argonautic, or the expedition of Jason and the Argonauts. The great navigator is the Sun: his vessel is still a constellation, and the bull he is to conquer is also one of the twelve signs, that is, the one that, in these distant centuries, announced the happy return of spring. We are about to find the same dragon at the foot of a tree bearing apples once again. One cannot pick these apples without unfortunate consequences for those who touch them imprudently. We will also see the same bull, under the name of lamb, the object of the vows of initiates, who, under its auspices, enter the sacred city where gold gleams everywhere, and this after the defeat of the fearsome [redacted]\ndragon. Finally, we go see Jesus, victor over the dragon, clad in the spoils of the lamb or the ram, bringing back his faithful companions to the celestial fatherland, as Jason did: this is what the fables of Eve and of Revelation show us under various names. The astronomical foundation and the time period are absolutely the same.\n\nOF ALL CULTS. 2&l T.W.N.W V.W.W wwvtw WW.V.W vwvw* www wv\u00ab wvww\u00bb\n\nCHAPTER IX.\n\nExplanation of the fable of the Sun worshiped under the name of Christ.\n\nIf there is a fable that seems to escape our analysis of making religious poems and sacred legends through physics and astronomy, it is undoubtedly that of Christ, or the legend that, under this name, has the sun as its subject.\nThe hatred of the sectarians of this religion, jealous of making their cult dominant, swore to the worshippers of nature, of the sun, moon, and stars, to the Greek and Roman deities whose temples and altars they overturned, that their religion was not part of the universal religion, if the terror of a people over the true object of their cult proved to be something other than ignorance. And if the cult of Hercules, of Bacchus, of Isis ceased to be the cult of the sun and moon, because, in the opinion of the Greeks, Hercules and Bacchus were men raised to the rank of gods, and because, in the opinion of the Egyptian people, Isis was a benevolent and chaste goddess who had ruled Egypt before. The Romans mocked the deities of the Egyptians:\n\n\"Les Romains tournaient en ridicule les divinit\u00e9s \u00e9gyptiennes\"\nAdored on the banks of the Nile, they prohibited the worship of Anubis, Isis, and Serapis, yet they worshiped Mercury, Diana, Ceres, and Pluto themselves. This is to say, absolutely the same gods under other names and forms, as names have such power over the vulgar ignorant. Platon stated that the Greeks, since the highest antiquity (9 BC), worshiped the sun, the moon, the stars; and Platon did not see that they still kept the same gods, under the names of Hercules, Bacchus, Apollo, Diana, Hecate, etc., as we have proven in our great work. Convinced of this truth, that a people's opinion about their religion proves nothing other than their belief, and does not change their nature, we will carry our research into the sanctuaries of modern Rome.\nWe will find that the god worshipped there is the ancient Jupiter of the Romans, who frequently took the same forms under the name of Ammon, that is, those of the ram or the lamb of the primordial prince; that the victor over the prince of darkness at Easter is the same god who, in the poem of the Dionysiaques, triumphs over Typhon at the same time, and who heals the evils introduced by the chief of darkness in the world, in the form of the serpent that Typhon wears. We will recognize there as well, under the name of Peter, the old Janus with his keys and his barque, at the head of the twelve divinities of the twelve months, whose altars are at his feet. We feel that we will have to overcome many prejudices, and that those who grant that Bacchus and Hercules are not all the cults will not easily agree with us on this point. Sun, they will not grant us this so easily.\nThe cult of Christ should not be merely the cult of the soul. But they should reflect that the Greeks and Romans would have gladly granted us this, based on the evidence we will present. They would not have so easily consented not to recognize in Hercules and Bacchus heroes and princes who deserved to be raised to the rank of speaking gods. Each one must be on guard against anything that can destroy ancient prejudices, which education, example, and habit have fortified. Despite all the force of the most enlightened proofs we will bring to support our assertion, we can only hope to convince the wise man, the sincere friend of truth, disposed to sacrifice his prejudices as soon as they are revealed to him. We write only for him; the rest is doomed.\nTo the ignorance and the priests who live off their credulity, leading us like a herd. We will not examine therefore if the Christian religion is a revealed religion: only fools believe in revealed ideas and apparitions. Modern philosophy has made too much progress for us to still be debating the communications of divinity with man, other than those made by the senses and the contemplation of nature. We will not even begin to discuss if there was, either a philosopher or an imposter called Christ, who established the religion known as Christianity; for even if we granted this point, Christians would not be satisfied by it.\n\"none shall acknowledge in Christ a man inspired, a son of God, a God himself, crucified for our sins: yes, it is a god they require, a god who once ate on earth, and whom we eat today. But we are far from condescending to such a degree. As for those who will be content if we make him simply a philosopher or a man, without attaching a divine character to him, we invite them to examine this question when we have analyzed the Christian cult, independently of those who may have established it; whether its institution is due to one or several men; whether its origin dates back to the reign of Augustus or Tib\u00e8re, as modern legend seems to indicate, and as it is commonly believed, or whether it goes back to a much higher antiquity, and whether it\"\nThe important thing is to thoroughly understand the nature of the Mithraic cult, no matter its author. It will not be difficult for us to prove that it is still the cult of nature and that of the sun. Aon, its primary and most brilliant agent, is the same hero who has been sung about with great genius in the legends known as the gospels, which is the same hero who has been sung about in poems about Bacchus, Osiris, Hercules, Adonis, and others. When we have made this clear, we will have shown that the story of a god who was born of a virgin at the winter solstice, who resurrected at Easter or at the spring equinox, after having descended into hell; of a god who leads a cort\u00e8ge of twelve apostles \u2013\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in French with some English words mixed in. To clean the text, we would need to translate it into modern English while preserving the original meaning as much as possible. However, since the text is not extensively riddled with issues, I will provide a cleaned version with some minor corrections for clarity.)\n\nThe essential point is to fully comprehend the essence of the Mithraic cult, regardless of its author. Proving that it remains the cult of nature and the sun will not be challenging. Aon, its primary and most brilliant agent, is the same hero who is depicted in the legends known as the gospels, as well as in poems about Bacchus, Osiris, Hercules, Adonis, and others. Once we have made this evident, we will have demonstrated that the tale of a god who was born of a virgin at the winter solstice, who resurrected at Easter or at the spring equinox, after having descended into hell; of a god who is accompanied by a cort\u00e8ge of twelve apostles \u2013\nThe text does not require cleaning as it is already in modern English and the content is clear. However, here is a cleaned version with minor formatting adjustments for easier reading:\n\nThree, the chief not having all the attributes of Janus; of a god who conquers the prince of darkness, passing men into the empire of light, and healing the evils of nature, is but a solar fable, as are all those we have analyzed. It will soon be as indifferent to examine whether there was a man called Christ, as to examine whether some prince was called Hercules, provided it is demonstrated that the being consecrated by a cult, under the name of Christ, is the sun, and that the marvelous object of the legend or the poem is this star. For then it will appear proven that Christians are but sun worshippers, and that their priests have the same religion as those of Peru, whom they have made suffer.\n\nLet us therefore see what the foundations are upon which the dogmas of this religion rest.\nLa premi\u00e8re base est l'existence d'un grand d\u00e9- \nsordre introduit dans le monde par un serpent qui \na invit\u00e9 une femme \u00e0 cueillir des fruits d\u00e9fendus; \n\u00c2JBR\u00c9S\u00c9 DE L'oRI\u00ea\u00eeNE \nfaute dont la suite a \u00e9t\u00e9 la connaissance du mal \nque l'homme n'avait pas encore \u00e9prouv\u00e9 , et qui \nn'a pu \u00eatre r\u00e9par\u00e9 que par un dieu vainqueur de \nla mort et du prince des t\u00e9n\u00e8bres. Voil\u00e0 le dogme \nfondamental de la religion chr\u00e9tienne; car , dans \nl'opinion des chr\u00e9tiens , l'incarnation du Christ \nn'est devenue n\u00e9cessaire que parce qu'il fallait r\u00e9- \nparer le mal introduit dans l'univers par le serpent \nqui s\u00e9duisit la premi\u00e8re femme et le premier \nhomme. On ne peut s\u00e9parer ces deux dogmes l'un \nde l'autre : point de p\u00e9ch\u00e9 , point de r\u00e9paration; \npoint de coupable , point de r\u00e9parateur. Or, cette \nchute du premier homme , ou cette supposition \ndu double \u00e9tat de l'homme , d'abord cr\u00e9\u00e9 par le \nThe bon prince, enjoying all the goods he had in the world, and then passing under the rule of the evil prince, and into a state of misery and degradation from which he could only be drawn out by the principle of good and light, is a cosmogonic fable, of the kind that the magi told about Ormusd and Ahriman; or rather, it is only a copy of those tales. Let us consult their books. We have already seen in the fourth chapter of this work how the magi represented the world under the delusion of an egg divided into twelve parts, of which six belonged to Ormusd or the god author of good and light, and the six others to Ahriman, author of evil and darkness; and how the good and evil of nature resulted from the combined action of these two principles.\nWe have observed that the six portions of the good prince's empire comprised the six months from the spring equinox to that of autumn, and that the six portions of the bad prince's empire embodied the six months of autumn and winter. In this way, the time for annual revolution was distributed between these two rulers, one of whom organized the beings and ripened the fruits, and the other who destroyed the effects produced by the first and disrupted the harmony between earth and sky during the six months of spring and summer. This cosmogonic idea has been further developed by the magicians. They suppose that from the boundless time or eternity, a bounded period has arisen which renews itself ceaselessly. They divide this period into twelve parts.\n\"mille petites parties qu'ils nomment ann\u00e9es, six mille of these parties belong to the good principle, and the six others to the bad. And, to avoid any mistake, they make each of these millennial divisions respond to a design that the sun follows during each of the twelve months. The first thousand, they said, responds to the lamb; the second, to the bull; the third, to Gemini, and so on. It is under these six first signs, or under the signs of the first six months of the equinoctial year, that they place the reign and the beneficial action of the good prince, and the action of the bad prince under the six other signs.\"\nThe text describes the beliefs of ancient people regarding the reign of fruits of winter and their system of theological distribution of opposing forces to which humans are subjected during each year or solar revolution. Here's the cleaned text:\n\n\"des fruits et de l'hiver, qu'ils font commencer l'empire des t\u00e9n\u00e8bres et du mal. Their reign lasts until the return of the sun at the sign of the lamb, which responds to Mars and to Easter. This is the foundation of their theological system on the distribution of opposing forces, to which man is subjected during each year or each solar revolution; it is the tree of good and evil, near which nature has placed him. Listen to them yourselves.\n\nThe time, according to the author of Boundesht, is twelve thousand years: the thousand of God comprise the ram, the bull, the twins, the crab, the lion, and the scorpion or the virgin; this makes six thousand years. Substitute the word 'ans' with 'parts' or 'little periods of time,' and the name of 'signs' with 'months,' and you will have germinal, floral, prairial, messidor, thermidor, fructidor.\"\nAfter the beautiful seasons of vegetation come the reckonings. After a thousand gods comes the balance. Then Ahriman ran through the world. Next came the constellation of Sagittarius, and Afrasiab caused harm, etc.\n\nReplace the names of the signs or the balance, of Sagittarius, Capricorn, Virgo, and the fishes, with those of the months of Vendemiaire, Brumaire, Frimaire, Niv\u00f4se, Pluvi\u00f4se, and you will have [ALL THE RECIPES]. 269\n\nThe six seasons affected by the evil principle and its effects, which are the frosts, snows, winds, and excessive rains. You have noticed that it is after Fructidor, or after the season of the three grapes, that the evil genius spreads his malevolent influence over the world, bringing cold and the disorganization of plants, etc. It is then that man comes to know the evils he had ignored during the previous times.\nIn the beautiful climates of the southern hemisphere, during the summer. This is the idea the author of Genesis wanted to convey through the woman's tale, who, seduced by a serpent, picks the forbidden apple, which, like Pandora's box, became a source of woes for all men.\n\nThe supreme God, according to the author of the Flood Tablet, \"el Tawarik,\" first created man and woman in a lofty place, and they remained there for three thousand years without suffering. These three thousand years encompassed the Age of the Ram, the Age of the Bull, and the Age of the Jerahmeel. They then remained on earth for another three thousand years, experiencing neither pain nor contradiction, and these three thousand years were marked by the Cancer, the Lion, and the Ephesian Virgin.\n\nHere are the six thousand years designated as the divine millennia and the signs assigned to the evil prince.\nAfter the seventh thousand, in response to the equinoxes, that is, in vend\u00e9miaire according to our way of reckoning, the evil appeared, and man began to toil. In another part of this same cosmos, it was said: \"The entire duration of the world, from the beginning to the end, was fixed at twelve thousand years. Man, in the northern hemisphere and superior region, remained without evil for three thousand years. He was still without evil for three thousand other thousand years. Then appeared Ahriman, who brought forth evils and battles in the seventh thousand, that is, under the equinox on which the celestial serpent is placed. Then was produced the mixture of goods and evils.\" This was indeed where the limits touched each other.\nIn the empire of the two princes, there was the contact point of good and evil, or, to speak in the allegorical language of Genesis, it was where the tree of the knowledge of good and evil was planned, to which man could not touch without immediately falling under the rule of the evil prince, to whom belonged the signs of winter and autumn. Until then, he had been the favorite of the heavens. Ormusd had filled him with all his goods; but this good god had a rival and an enemy in Ahriman, who was to poison his most precious gifts, and man was the victim at the moment of the retreat of the god of Day towards southern climates. Then the nights regained their empire, and the deadly breath of Ahriman, in the form of Pascendamt, the serpent of the constellations, devastated the beautiful lands.\nOrmusd placed the man in gardens. This is the theological idea the author of Genesis took from Persian cosmology and shaped in his way. Zbroastre, or the author of the Genesis of Wrath, expresses this successive action of two principles in the world as follows:\n\nOrmusd, he says, the god of Light and good principle, taught Zoroaster that he had given man a place of delights and abundance. \"If I had not given this place of delights, no being would have given it. This place is Eirene, which at the beginning was more beautiful than the whole world, which exists by my power. Nothing equaled the beauty of this place of delights that I had given. I acted first, and afterwards Petiare (this is Ahriman or the evil principle): this Petiare, full of death, made in the river.\"\n\"grande couleuvre m\u00e8re defhwert qui r\u00e9pandit le froid dans l'eau, dans la terre et dans les arbres. It results, according to the formal terms of this cosmology, that evil introduced into the world is winter. What will be its repairer? The god of spring or the sun in its passage under the sign of the lamb, from whom the Christian Christ takes forms, for he is the lamb who repairs the world's misfortunes and it is under this emblem that he was represented in the monuments of the earliest Christians.\n\n2. Abstract of the Origin\n\nIt is evident that it is only about the physical and periodic one, whose earth experiences every year the attacks caused by the sun's retreat, source of heat and light for all that inhabits the surface of our globe. This cosmology therefore contains only the allegorical tableau\"\nThe phenomena of nature and the influence of celestial signs; for the serpent or great cobra that brings back winters is, like the balance, one of the constellations placed on the limits separating the empire of the two principles, that is, here on the autumnal equinox. This is the true serpent that Ahriman assumes forms in the magi's fable, as in that of the Jews, to introduce evil into the world: the Persians also call this malevolent genius Yashtar serpent, and the celestial serpent, the serpent of Eve. It is in the sky that they make Ahriman travel, in the form of a serpent. According to Boundesh or the Persian Genesis: \"Ahriman, or the principle of evil and darkness, the one who brings misfortune into the world, entered the sky in the form of a serpent.\"\n\"accompanied by gods or evil spirits, who seek only to destroy. Elsewhere: 'When evil spirits desolated the world, and the serpent star made its way between heaven and earth, that is, rose on the horizon; etc. In what epoch of the annual revolution did the celestial serpent, united with the sun, issue from all the cults? It is when the sun reached the Libra balance, where the constellation of the serpent is spread out, that is, the seventh sign from the Lamb, or the sign under which we have seen the magi fix the beginning of the reign of the evil prince and the introduction of evil into the universe.\n\nThe Jewish cosmology or Genesis portrays the serpent with man and woman.\"\nLui presents a speech, but it is clear that all of this stems from the Oriental genius and the character of Gorie. The biological foundation of Pidee is absolutely the same. It is not true, as the Jews say, that the serpent brought \"winter, which destroys all the goodness of nature\"; instead, they say that man felt the need to cover himself and was reduced to tilling the earth, an operation that brought reprieve in the autumn. It is not said that this happened at the seventh thousandth or under the seventh sign; rather, the action of the good principle is distributed over six times, and it is in the seventh that we place its repose or cessation, as well as the fall of man in the season of fruits, and the introduction of evil by the serpent, whose evil principle or denial took the form to tempt the first man.\nThe text refers to locations in the same regions named Eiren or Iran, near the sources of the great rivers of the Euphrates, Tigris, Phison, or Aras. Instead of Eiren, Hebrew copyists wrote Eden. The Hebrew Genesis does not use the millennial expression found in the Persian one, but the Genesis of the ancient Tuscans, conceived in the same terms as the Hebrews, has preserved this allusive name for the divisions of time during which the sun, the soul of nature, exercises its powerful action. Yoiei, as it is expressed.\n\nThe god architect of the universe employed and consecrated twelve thousand years to the works he created.\nThe text appears to be written in an old and fragmented format, but I will do my best to clean it up while staying faithful to the original content. I will remove unnecessary line breaks, whitespaces, and meaningless characters. I will also translate ancient English and correct OCR errors as needed.\n\nHere is the cleaned text:\n\nduits he divided into twelve parts, distributing them in the twelve signs or houses of the sun.\nAt the first milestone, he made the sky and the earth.\nAt the second, the firmament, which he called heaven.\nAt the third, he made the sea and the waters that flow in the earth.\nAt the fourth, he made the two great lights of nature.\nAt the fifth, he made the souls of birds, reptiles, quadrupeds, animals that live in the air, on the earth, and in the waters.\nAt the sixth thousand, he made man.\nIt seems, adds the author, that the six thousand years preceding the formation of man, the human species should subsist for the six other thousand years, so that the entire duration of this great work might be contained within\nthis period.\nThe twelve thousand years. We have seen that this period was a fundamental dogma in Persian theology, and it was divided between the two principles in equal portions. The expressions of \"thousand\" have been replaced with those of \"days\" in the Hebrew Genesis; however, the number six is still preserved, as in the case of the Tuscans and Persians. According to Chardin, the ancient Persians took the months of the year for the six days of creation week: hence, in the allegorical and mystical style, the expressions of \"thousand years,\" \"days,\" and \"ghaambars\" simply represent months, since they are naturally measured by the signs of the zodiac. In fact, the Hebrew Genesis uses the same expressions.\nThe Tuscans, and she has more than this one, the distinction of the two principles, and the serpent, which plays such a great role in Persian Gemesis, under the names of Dhrman and the serpent. The one that unites the common traits of the two cosmogonies, that is, the Persian one, and the one that gives the key to the other two, seems to me to be the original cosmology. Moreover, throughout this work, we will see that it is mainly from the religion of the Magi that Christianity derives. We will therefore look for nothing other than this in the Genesis of the Hebrews; and we will see in its marvelous tales not the history of the first men, but the Persian fable about the state of men here.\nAt the empire of the two principles, that is, the great mystery of the universal administration of the world, dedicated in the theology of all peoples, traced under various forms in ancient initiations, and taught by legislators, philosophers, poets, and theologians, as Plutarch has said. The allegory was then the veil under which the sacred science hid itself to instill greater respect in initiates, if we believe Sanchoniaton.\n\nThe Hebrew doctors themselves, as well as Christian doctors, agree that the books attributed to Moses are written in an allegorical style; that they often contain a meaning other than that which the letter presents; and that false and absurd ideas about divinity would result if one stopped at the literal meaning, which covers the science in Peor.\n\"sacr\u00e9. It is mainly in the first and second chapter of Genesis that they have recognized a hidden and allusive sense, which, they say, one must be careful not to give an interpretation to the vulgar. Here is what Maimonides, the most learned of the rabbis, says:\n\n\"One must not understand or take literally 'what is written in the books of creation,' nor have the common man's ideas about it. Our ancient sages did not warn us so carefully to hide its sense and never to lift the allegorical veil that hides the truths it contains, if taken literally, this work gives the most absurd and extravagant ideas about divinity. Whoever discovers its true meaning must be careful not to reveal it.\"\n\nThis is a maxim.\"\nnous r\u00e9p\u00e9tent tous nos sages, surtout pour l'intelligence de l'\u0153uvre des six jours. Il est possible que quelqu'un vienne \u00e0 bout d'en deviner le sens : alors il doit se taire, ou s'il en parle, il ne doit en parler qu'obscurement, comme je fais moi-m\u00eame, laissant le reste \u00e0 ceux qui peuvent m'entendre. Mairenaude ajoute que ce g\u00e9nie enigmatique n'\u00e9tait pas particulier \u00e0 Mo\u00efse et aux docteurs juifs, mais commun \u00e0 tous les sages de l'antiquit\u00e9, et il a raison, au moins si elle entend parler des Orientaux. Philon, \u00e9crivain juif, pensait de m\u00eame sur le caract\u00e8re des livres sacr\u00e9s des H\u00e9breux. Il a fait deux trait\u00e9s particuliers, intitul\u00e9s Les All\u00e9gories ; et il rappelle au sens all\u00e9gorique l'arbre de vie.\nles fleuves du Paradis et les autres fictions de la \nGen\u00e8se. Quoiqu'il n'ait pas \u00e9t\u00e9 heureux dans ses \nexplications, il n'en a pas moins aper\u00e7u qu'il serait \nabsurde de prendre ces r\u00e9cits \u00e0 la lettre. C'est une \nchose avou\u00e9e de tous ceux qui connaissent un peu \n27$ ABR\u00c9G\u00c9 DEL* ORIGINE \nles \u00e9critures , dit Orig\u00e8ne , que tout y est enve- \nlopp\u00e9 sous le voile de l'\u00e9nigme et de la parabole. \nCe docteur et tous ses disciples regardaient en par- \nticulier comme une all\u00e9gorie toute l'histoire d'A- \ndam et d'Eve ^ et la fable du Paradis terrestre. \nAugustin , dans sa Cl l\u00e9 de Dieu , convient que \nbien des gens voyaient dans l'aventure d'Eve et du \nserpent, ainsi que dans le Paradis terrestre, une \nfiction all\u00e9gorique. Ce docteur , apr\u00e8s avoir rap- \nport\u00e9 plusieurs explications qu'on en donnait, et \nqui \u00e9taient tir\u00e9es de la morale, ajoute qu'on pou- \nI cannot output the entire cleaned text as the text provided is already quite clean. However, I can point out that there are a few minor corrections that could be made:\n\n1. \"vait en trouver\" should be \"he was looking for something better, but\"\n2. \"pourvu toutefois\" should be \"however\"\n3. \"dit-il\" should be \"he said\"\n4. \"Je ne sais comment\" should be \"I don't know how\"\n5. \"S'il tient \u00e0 cette r\u00e9alit\u00e9\" should be \"if he insists on this reality\"\n6. \"au risque d'\u00eatre incons\u00e9quent\" should be \"at the risk of being inconsistent\"\n7. \"savoir : de reconna\u00eetre\" should be \"to recognize\"\n8. \"car l'une est li\u00e9e essentiellement \u00e0 l'autre\" should be \"because one is essentially linked to the other\"\n\nWith these corrections, the text would read:\n\nHe was looking for something better, but he wouldn't object, provided there was also a real story there. I don't know how Augustine can reconcile the fable with history, a fictional allegory with a real fact. If he insists on this reality, at the risk of being inconsistent, it's because he would have fallen into an even greater contradiction: recognizing the real mission of Christ, the repairer of the first man's sin, and seeing nothing but a simple allegory in the first two chapters of Genesis. Since he wanted the historical repair by Christ to be a fact, the adventure of Adam, Eve, and the serpent had to be historical as well; because one is essentially linked to the other. However, the unlikeliness of this tale elicits a precious confession from him, that of the need for a historical account.\nRecourir \u00e0 l'explication all\u00e9gorique pour sauver DE TOUS les cultes. (2;\u00abt)\n\nTant d'absurdit\u00e9s. On peut m\u00eame dire, with Beau-sobre, that Augustin abandonne en quelque sorte le Vieux Testament aux Manich\u00e9ens, qui s'inscrivaient en faux contre les trois premiers chapitres de la Gen\u00e8se, and that he admits that it is not possible to keep the literal sense of it without offending piety, without attributing to God things indecent. It is absolutely necessary, for the honor of Moses and his history, to resort to allegory. In fact, what sensible man would ever persuade himself that there was a first, a second, a third day, and that these days had each their course and their morning, since there was yet neither sun, moon, nor stars? What simple man would believe that God, making the personage of a gardener, planted a garden in the East?\nIf the tree of life were a real, sensitive tree, whose fruit had the power to preserve life, etc.? This doctor continues and compares the tale of Adaire's captivity to that of Love's birth. Its father was Porus or Abundance, and its mother Poverty. The doctor maintains that there are several stories in the Old Testament which could not have occurred as the sacred author relates, and which are nothing but fictional veils concealing some secret truth.\n\nIf Christian doctors, if the fathers of the church, who were nothing less than philosophers, could not swallow so many absurdities, and felt the need,\n\n280 Abstract of the Origin\n\nto resort to the allegorical key to find the sense of these sacred enigmas, we, who live in a century where reason prevails, will be permitted to do the same.\nThe need is to reason more than to believe, to consider these wonderful stories as having the character that all antiquity gave to religious dogmas, and to lift the allegorical veil that conceals them. In fact, everything shocks in this romantic narrative when one insists on taking it for a story of facts that really happened in the earliest days that illuminated the world. The idea of a God, that is, the supreme and eternal cause that takes on a body for the third pleasure of acting in a garden; that of a woman who converses with a serpent, listens to it and receives counsel from it; that of a man and a woman, organized to reproduce, and yet destined to be immortal, and to produce at infinity other immortal beings like themselves, who will also reproduce and nourish themselves on the fruits of an inexhaustible garden.\ngarden that contains all during eternity; a apple picked that will give death, and initiate the hereditary task of a crime to countless generations of men who had no part in the theft, a crime that will be forgiven only as much as men have committed another equally great one, a deicide, if such a crime existed; the woman, since that time, condemned to conceive with pain, as if the pains of childbirth held a purpose in her organization, and not common to all animals, who have not tasted of the fatal apple; the serpent, forced to crawl, as if the reptile without feet could move otherwise: so many absurdities and mad ideas, gathered in one or two chapters of this wonderful book, cannot be.\nThe man who has not completely extinguished the sacred flame of reason in the mire of prejudices tells this story. If there is among our readers a person whose credulity is strong enough to digest this, we frankly beg him not to continue reading us, and to return to the reading of Puss in Boots, Bluebeard, Little Thumb, the Gospel, the lives of saints, and the oracles of Balaam's donkey. Philosophy is for men, fairy tales are for children. As for those who acknowledge in Christ a repairing god, but cannot bring themselves to admit the adventure of Adam, Eve, and the serpent, and the fall that necessitated the repair, we invite them to make amends for this inconsistency. Indeed, if the fault is not one of...\nIf the text is in French and you're asking for a translation into modern English, here's the cleaned text:\n\n\"Is the repair real, or what does it become? Or if the facts have transpired otherwise than the text of Genesis announces, what confidence should be given to an author who deceives from the very first pages, and yet whose work forms the basis of the religion of Christians? If we limit ourselves to saying that there is a hidden meaning, we admit that we must resort to allegory, and that is what we do. It remains only to examine if our allegorical explanation is good, and then to judge our work, and that is what we demand; for we are far from wanting one to have the same faith when it comes to admitting our opinions. We cite texts, we give positions of the celestial bodies: let them be verified; we draw conclusions: let them be appreciated.\"\nAccording to the principles of cosmology or the Genesis of the magi, which shares the greatest affinity with that of the Jews since both place man in a garden of delights where a serpent introduces evil, there is a period without end or from eternity. This period is bounded, divided into twelve parts, of which six belong to light, six to darkness, six to creative action, and six to destructive faction, six to the good and evil of nature. This period is the annual revolution of the sky or the world, represented among the magi as a mystic egg, divided into twelve parts, of which six belong to the chief of good and light, and six to the chief of mal and darkness: here it is through an tree that gives the knowledge of the self.\n\"both good and evil, and one with twelve fruits; for it is painted thus in the gospel of Eve; elsewhere it is for twelve thousand years, of which six are called the thousand years of all cults. God, and six, the thousand of the devil. These are as many 'Teneblrmes the year, during which man passes successively! under the empire of light and that of darkness, under that of long days and long nights, and he experiences the good and the evil physical that press, chase, or mingle, following the approach or departure of the sun from our hemisphere, according to whether it organizes subterranean matter through vegetation or abandons it to its principle of inertia, from which follows the disorganization of bodies and the disorder that winter brings to all elements and on the surface of the earth, until the spring restores harmony.\"\nIt is then that, fertilized by the action of the ethereal and intelligent fire, and by the heat of the equinoctial sun, the earth becomes a dwelling of delights for man. But when the sun, reaching the balance and the celestial serpent or the signs of autumn, passes into the other hemisphere, it then retreats, leaving our regions to the rigors of winter, to the impetuous frosts and to all the ravages that the malevolent genius of the tenebrous ones exercises in the mud. There is no longer any hope for man but in the return of the old god at the sign of spring or the lamb, the first of the signs. Here is the restorer he awaits.\n\nLet us see then, currently, the god of the Christians, the one that Jean calls the light that enlightens every man coming to be baptized, has the character of the god Sun, adored by all peoples under various names.\nThe foul names and with different attributes; and if its fable has the same foundation as all other solar fables that we have disassembled. Two principal periods of solar movement, as we have already said, have affected all men. The first is that of the winter solstice, where the sun, after seeming to abandon us, resumes its route towards our regions, and where the day, in its infancy, receives successive enhancements. The second is that of the spring equinox, when this vigorous star spreads fertile heat in nature, after crossing the famous equatorial line which separates the empire of light from the empire of darkness, the sojourn of Ormusd from that of Ariman. It is to these two periods that the principal festivals of the adorers of the star that dispenses light and life to the world have been linked.\nThe sun does not born nor dies in reality;\nit is in itself always brilliant and majestic;\nbut in the relationships that the days it engenders have with the nights,\nthere is in this world a progressive gradation of increase and decrease,\nwhich gave rise to rather ingenious fictions from ancient theologians.\nThey assimilated this generation, this crossing and this decrease of the day,\nTO ALL CULTS. 285\nto that of man, who, after having begun to grow and reached manhood,\ndegenerates and finally arrives at the end of the career that nature has given him to run.\nThe god of the day, personified in sacred allegories,\nwas therefore subjected to all the human weaknesses;\nit had its cradle and its tomb.\nbeau, under the names, be it of Hercule, be it of Bacchus, be it of Osiris, etc., be it of Christ. He was an infant in the winter solstice, at the moment when the day began to grow: it is in this form that his image was exposed in ancient temples, to receive homages from his worshippers. \"For then, says Macrobius, the day being the shortest, this god seemed not yet to be anything but a weak infant.\" This was the infant of the mysteries, whom the Egyptians drew the image from the depths of their sanctuaries on a marked day.\n\nIt is this infant whom the goddess of Sa\u00efs called her son, in the famous inscription where these words were read: \"The fruit that I have borne is the sun.\" It is this weak and debilitated child, born in the midst of the darkest night, whom this statue of Sa\u00efs gave birth to.\nIn the environs of the winter solstice, according to Plutarch. This god had his mysteries and altars, and statues representing him in the four ages of human life. The Egyptians, not only they, celebrated the winter solstice as the birth of the sun god, the star that renews nature every year. The Romans also fixed their great sun festival and the solar games, known as the games of the circus, on the eighth day before the calendars of January, that is, on the same day corresponding to our December or to the sun's birth, adored under the name of Mithra and Christ. This indication can be found in a printed calendar in Y Triannalis of Father Petau and in our grand work; it reads: \"On the 8th before the calendars of January.\"\nJanuary 1, birthday of the Invincible. This Invincible was Mithra or the sun. \"We celebrate a few days before the New Year,\" Julien the Philosopher said, \"magnificent games in honor of the sun, to whom we give the title of Invincible. I wish I could celebrate them for a long time, O Sun, king of the universe, you whom the eternal God brought forth from your pure substance, etc.\" This expression is Platonic; for Plato called the sun the Son of God. The epithet \"Invincible\" is the one given to Mithra or the sun by all monuments of the Mithraic religion. To the God Sun, Invincible. Mithra and Christ were born on the same day, and this was the day of the sun's birth.\nMithra was said to be the same god as the sun, and Christ was the light that enlightens every man who comes into the world. Mithra was born in a grotto, Bacchus and Jupiter in a cavern, and Christ in a manger. According to Saint Justin himself, it was in a grotto that Christ rested when the magi came to worship him. But who were the magi? The worshippers of Mithra or the sun. What gifts did they bring to the god born? Three types of gifts dedicated to the sun by the Arab, Chaldean, and other Eastern cults. By what were they informed of this birth? By astrology, their favorite science. What were their doctrines? They believed, as Chardin says, in the eternity of a prime being, which is light.\nIn this fable, what were they supposed to do? Fulfill the first duty of their religion, which ordered them to worship the rising sun. What name did the prophets give to Christ? The one of the East, they said. The East, they claimed, was his name. It was not in the East, but in the sky that they saw his image. In fact, the sphere of magi and Chaldeans painted in the sky a young child named Christ and Jesus; he was held in the arms of the celestial virgin or the virgin of the signs, the very one to whom Eratosthenes gave the name Isis, mother of Serapis. At what point in the sky did this celestial virgin and her child correspond? At midnight on the 25th of December, at the very instant when the god of the year was born, the sun newborn or Christ, on the eastern border, at the very point where the sun rose on the first day.\nIt is an independent fact, separate from all hypotheses, separate from all the consequences I wish to draw from it. At the precise hour of midnight on December 25, in the centuries where Christianity appeared, the celestial sign that rose on the horizon and whose ascendant presided over the opening of the new solar revolution, was the Virgin of the constellations. It is still a fact that the Sun-god, born at the winter solstice, joined her and enveloped her in his fires during our Feast of the Assumption or the reunion of the mother with her son. It is still a fact that she emerges from the solar rays heliacally, at the moment when we celebrate her appearance in the world or her Nativity. I do not examine what motive caused these festivals: it is enough for me to say that these are three facts that no one can deny.\nreasoning cannot destroy, and an attentive observer, who knows the genius of ancient mystagogues, can draw great conclusions from it, unless one wants to see it as a mere game of chance; this is hardly persuasive to those on guard against anything that can lead their reasoning astray and perpetuate their prejudices. At least, it is certain that the same Virgin, she who alone can allegorically become mother without ceasing to be a virgin, fulfills the three main functions of the Virgin, as mother of Christ, in his birth, in herself, or in her reunion with him in the heavens. It is mainly her function as mother that we will examine here. It is only natural for those who personified the sun and made it pass through the signs of the zodiac.\nVers ages de la vie humaine; who supposedly experienced wonderful adventures, sung about in poems or told in legends, did not hesitate to draw their horoscope, just as one drew the horoscope of other children at the precise moment of their birth. This custom was especially that of the Chaldeans and magicians. Subsequently, this feast was celebrated under the name of dies natalis or feast of the nativity. However, the celestial virgin, who stood at the birth of the god Day personified, was considered his mother, and filled the prophecy of the astrologer who had said, \"A virgin will conceive, and give birth,\" that is, she would give birth to the god Sun, as the virgin of Sa\u00efs did: from this, the paintings traced in the sphere of the magicians, of which Abulmazar gave a description, and which Kirker, Selden, the famous Pic, and Roger- spoke.\nAlbert-le-Grand, Bacon, Bia\u00ebu, Stofler, and others. We will extract the following passage here. According to Albuzar, in the first decan or the first ten degrees of the Virgo sign, following the oldest traditions of the Persians, Chaldeans, Egyptians, Hermes, and Esculape, there is a young girl named, in Persian language, Seclenidos of Darzamay. Translated into Arabic as Adrenedefa, meaning a hasty virgin, pure, immaculate, of beautiful stature, with an agreeable face, having long cheeks, and a modest air. She holds between her hands two ears of grain. She is seated on a throne, nursing and feeding a young child named Jesus, or Christ by the Greeks. The Persian sphere, published by Scaiger.\nThe text describes Manilius' notes about the celestial virgin, who nearly equals the description of the celestial virgin but does not name the child she nurses. A man, who can only be Bootes, is placed beside her. At the National Library, there is an Arabic manuscript containing the twelve zodiac signs, illuminated, and a young child is seen beside the celestial virgin, who is represented similarly to our virgins and the Egyptian Isis with her son. The resemblance of the infant sun image in the sky, placed in the constellation presiding over its renaissance and the winter solstice, is more than true. From this originated the fables about the god Day, born in the chaste womb of a virgin.\nThe constellation was indeed the Virgin. This conclusion is more natural than the opinion of those who insist on believing that there was a woman who became a mother without ceasing to be a virgin, and that the fruit she bore is that eternal being who moves and governs all nature. The Greeks spoke of their god in the form of a bull or a ram, the famous Ammon or Jupiter. He was raised by Ternis, one of the Virgin constellations*; she also bears the name of Ceres, to whom they gave the epithet of Saint Vesta, and who was the mother of the young Bacchus or of the sun, whose image was exposed under the traits of infancy, in the sanctuaries, according to Macrobius. Her testimony is confirmed by the author of the chronicle.\nThe Alexandrian unique, expressing itself in these terms: \"The Egyptians have up to this day consecrated the layers of a virgin and the birth of her child. The king Ptolemy having demanded the reason for this custom, they replied that it was a mystery taught to their fathers by a respectable prophet. It is known that the prophet, among them, was one of the leaders of the initiation.\n\nAccording to some testimony, ancient druids paid honors to a virgin with this inscription: Virgini picturas, and her statue was in the territory of Chartres. At least it is certain that in the monuments of Mithra or the sun, whose cult was once established in Great Britain, one sees a woman nursing a child.\"\nPerhaps the English author, who wrote a dissertation on this monument, noted all traits that could reveal the relationships between the goddesses of the birth of Christ and those of Mithra. This author, more pious than philosophical, sees in them imagined notions related to the prophetic aspects of Christ's birth. He rightly observes that the Mithraic cult was widespread throughout the Roman Empire, particularly in Gaul and Great Britain. He also cites the testimony of Saint Jerome, who complains that the pagans celebrated the sun's rising or Adonis, the same as Mithra, in the very place where Christ was born in Bethlehem; which, following our interpretation, is simply the same cult under a different name, as we demonstrate in the following.\nThe tale of Adonis, mortally wounded and resurrected like Christ. After demonstrating on what astronomical basis the fable of the sun's incarnation into a virgin, under the name of Christ, is founded, we will now examine the cause of his death and resurrection at the spring equinox, in the form of the Paschal Lamb.\n\nThe sun, the sole healer of the ills produced by winter, is said to be born, according to sacred fictions, at the solstice? It must still remain for three months among the inferior signs in the afflicted region and be subject to the power of their chief before passing through the famous passage of the spring equinox, which ensures its triumph over night and renews the face of the earth.\n\nTherefore, during this entire time, we will make him live exposed to all the infirmities of mortal life.\nUntil he had regained the rights of divinity in his triumph. The allegorical genius of the mythologists would compose a life for him and imagine adventures analogous to the character they wished to convey and in line with the purpose of initiation. Thus, Aesop, wanting to depict a strong and unjust man who oppresses the weak, staged animals given opposing characteristics and devised an action suited to achieving the moral goal of his fable. In this way, the Egyptians built the fable of Osiris or the benevolent sun, who traverses the universe to spread incomprehensible beings from whom he is the source, and opposed him with the principle of darkness, Typhon, who contradicts him in his operations and gives him death. This was built on a simple idea.\nOsiris and Typhon are presented to us in this text as one as a legitimate king, and the other as the tyrant of Egypt. Besides the fragments of these ancient sacred stories that have been preserved for us by Diodore and Piatarque, we have a life of Osiris and Typhon composed by Bishop Synesius. In this account, the adventures, character, and portraits of the two principles of Egyptian theology were drawn from imagination. However, this was done according to the idea of the role each was to play, to express in a fable the opposing actions of principles that contradict and fight in nature. The Persians also had their story of Ormusd and Ahriman, which recounted their battles and the victory of the good principle over the evil one. Your Greeks [abridged from the origin]\navaient une vie d'ircule et Bacchus, qui renfermaient l'histoire de leurs exploits glorieux et des bienfaits qu'ils avaient r\u00e9pandus par toute la terre; et ces r\u00e9cits \u00e9taient des po\u00e8mes ing\u00e9nieux et savants.\n\nL'histoire de Christ, au contraire, n'est qu'une ennuyeuse l\u00e9gende qui porte le caract\u00e8re de tristesse et de s\u00e9cheresse que ont les l\u00e9gendes des Indiens, ne traitant que de d\u00e9vots, de p\u00e9nitents et de braves qui vivent dans la contemplation. Leur dieu Vishnu, incarn\u00e9 en Christ, a beaucoup de traits communs avec Christ. On y retrouve certaines espiegleries du petit Christ assez semblables \u00e0 celles qu'attribue \u00e0 Christ l'\u00e9vangile de l'enfance ; devenu grand, il ressuscite des morts comme Christ.\n\nLes mages avaient aussi la l\u00e9gende du chef de leur religion; des prodiges avaient annonc\u00e9 sa naissance.\nHe was exposed to dangers since childhood and was forced to flee to Persia, just as Christ did to Egypt; he was pursued by an enemy king who sought to destroy him. An angel transported him to the sky from where he brought back the book of his law. Like Christ, he was tempted by the devil who made grand promises to engage him in his service. He was slandered and persecuted by the priests, as Christ was by the Pharisees. He opposed them with miracles to confirm his divine mission and the doctrines contained in his book. It is easily seen by this parallel that the authors of the legend of Christ, who brought the magi to his cradle conducted by the famous star that was said to have been predicted by Zoroaster, the chief of their religion, would not have failed to introduce this legend.\nThe text describes traits belonging to the Persian religion's chief, with Christianity being a branch that shares great conformity. The authors of this legend had insufficient education and knowledge for composing poems like those on Hercules, Theseus, Jason, Bacchus, and Dionysus. Their astronomical knowledge was lost, leading them to compose legends using the remnants of ancient fictions that were no longer understood. Moreover, the leaders of the Christian initiation sought purely moral objectives and less focused on portraying the hero who conquered giants and all kinds of evils spread in the world.\nA man, gentle and benevolent, came upon this earth to preach, through his example, the virtues that initiates were to practice in his mysteries, which were those of the eternal luminary. He was therefore made to act in this way, to preach and command the austere practices of the Essenes, similar to those of the Brahmans and the devotees of India. He had disciples, such as Somona-Kodon of the Siamese, a god born without a mother: 296. The action of the sun gave rise to him; and the number of his apostles retraced the great duodecimal division found in all religions that feature the sun as their hero. However, his legend was more wonderful than amusing, and the ignorant and credulous Jew's ear shows a bit. As the author of the sacred tale had made him born among the Hebrews,\nHe subjected him and his mother to the practices of this people. He was circumcised on the eighth day, as were all Jewish males; his mother was obligated to present herself at the temple for purification, as were all Jewish women. It is clear that all of this followed necessarily from the initial idea, or that which I make born, preach, and die to resurrect afterwards: for there is no resurrection where there has been no death. As soon as he had become a man, he passed through the degrees of adolescence and youth, and he appeared to be well-educated from a young age. By the time he was twelve, he astonished all the doctors. The moral that was to be instilled in him, they put into his speeches or exemplified in his actions. They supposed miracles supported him, and they put fanatics forward who spoke in his favor.\nThe witnesses claimed: who does not perform miracles wherever spirits are disposed to believe? We have seen or believed we saw at the tomb of the blessed Paris, in a century as enlightened as ours, and in the midst of a vast population that could provide more than one critic, but ALL CULTS. 297 Many more enthusiasts and fractions. All religious leaders are supposed to have done so. Fo does miracles among the Chinese, and forty thousand disciples publish everywhere that they have seen them. Odin does the same among the Scandinavians; he raises the dead, he also descends to the underworld, and he gives a kind of baptism to newborn children. The marvelous and the great attraction of all religions: nothing is so strongly believed as the incredible. Bishop Synesius said, and he is quoted, \"... \"\nnaisseait, il fallait des miracles au peuple, \u00e0 quelque prix que ce fut, et on ne pouvait le conduire autrement. Toute la vie de Christ a donc \u00e9t\u00e9 compos\u00e9e dans cet esprit. Ceux qui l'ont fabriqu\u00e9e l'ont li\u00e9s \u00e9v\u00e9nements fictifs non seulement \u00e0 des lieux connus, comme ont fait tous les po\u00e8tes anciens dans les fables sur Hercule, sur Bacchus, sur Osiris, etc., mais encore \u00e0 une \u00e9poque et \u00e0 des noms plus connus, telles que le si\u00e8cle d'Auguste, de Tib\u00e8re, de Ponce-Pilate, etc. Cela prouve non pas l'existence r\u00e9elle de Christ, mais seulement que la fiction sacerdotale et post\u00e9rieure \u00e9tait \u00e0 cette \u00e9poque, ce dont nous ne doutons pas.\n\nOn en a fait m\u00eame plusieurs, puisque l'on compte jusqu'\u00e0 cinquante \u00e9vangiles ou vies de Christ, et qu'on a d\u00e9bit\u00e9 sur lui tant de contes, que des infiniments volumes pourraient \u00e0 peine les contenir.\nsuivant l'expression d'un des auteurs de ces l\u00e9gen- \ndes. Le g\u00e9nie des mystagogues s'est donn\u00e9 une vaste \ncarri\u00e8re; mais tous se sont accord\u00e9s sur deux points \nsq8 abr\u00e9g\u00e9 de l'origine \nfondamentaux , sur l'incarnation que nous avons \nexpliqu\u00e9e , et sur la mort et la r\u00e9surrection que \nnous allons faire voir n'appartenir qu'au so- \nleil , et n'\u00eatre que la r\u00e9p\u00e9tition d'une aventure \ntragique retrac\u00e9e, dans tous les myst\u00e8res, et d\u00e9- \ncrite dans tous les chants et toutes les l\u00e9gendes des \nadorateurs du soleil , sous une foule de noms \ndiff\u00e9rens. \nRappelons - nous bien ici ce que nous avons \nprouv\u00e9 plus haut , que Christ a tous les caract\u00e8res \ndu dieu Soleil , dans sa naissance ou dans son \nincarnation au sein d'une vierge; et que cette \nnaissance arrive au moment m\u00eame o\u00f9 les anciens \nc\u00e9l\u00e9braient celle du soleil Mithra, et qu'elle arrive \nsous l'ascendant d'une constellation qui , dans \nThe sphere of magicians bears a young child named Jesus. It is currently being shown that he still possesses all the characteristics of the Sun God in his resurrection, whether for the era to which this event is supposed to occur or for the form in which Christ appears in his triumph.\n\nIn concluding our explanation of the supposed fall of man and the fable in which the serpent introduced evil into the world, we stated that this evil could be repaired only by the sun of spring and could not be repaired by anything else. The repair effected by Christ, if he is the Sun God, must therefore take place during this time.\n\nFROM ALL CULTS. 230\n\nHowever, it is specifically at the vernal equinox that Christ triumphs and repairs the woes of the human race, according to the sacred priestly tale of Christians, called the Life of Christ. It is at this time.\nThe annual epoch when the festivals that have the objective of celebrating this great event are located, for the Christian and Jewish Paschas are necessarily fixed at the full moon of the vernal equinox, that is, at the moment of the year where the sun passes through the famous passage that separates the empire of the god of light from that of the prince of darkness, and where the star that gives light and life to all nature reappears in our climates. The Jews and Christians call it the festival of the passage: for it is then that the solar god or the lord beyond nature passes towards us to distribute his blessings, from which the serpent of darkness and of autumn had deprived us throughout the winter. It is this beautiful Apollo, full of all the forces of youth, who triumphs over the serpent Pytho. It is the festival of the lord.\nIn the oriental fable, Adonis and Adonai referred to the sun, the lord of the world. In the seven-day consecration to the seven planets, the day of the sun is called the day of the lord. It begins on Monday, the day of the moon, and follows Saturday, the day of Saturn, two planets at the extremes of the musical scale, with the sun as its center, forming the fourth. Therefore, the lord's epithet is fitting for the sun in all respects.\n\nThis festival of the sun's passage was originally established on the 25th of March, that is, three months later, day for day, after the festival of its birth, which is also the sun's birth. It was established thus.\nIn this passage from Cedrenus, the star, regaining its creative force and activity, was meant to rejuvenate nature; restore a new order of things; create, as it were, a new universe from the debris of the old world; and, through the equinox, lead men to the empire of light and good that it brought back. All these mystical ideas are united in this passage from Cedrenus. The first day of the first month, according to this historian, is the first of Nisan; it corresponds to the 15th of March for the Romans and to the month of Phamenoth for the Egyptians. On this day, Gabriel gives salutation to Eartha to enable her to conceive the Savior. In the same month of Phamenoth, Osiris granted fertility to the moon in Egyptian theology.\nOur god savior, after completing his career, resurrected among the dead; this is what our ancient fathers called the Paschal event, the passage of the lord. It is on this same day that our ancient theologians also fix his coming or his second advent: the new century was about to begin from this era, because it is on this same day that the universe began. This accords well with the last chapter of the Apocalypse, which speaks of the new time that will regulate the destinies of the world from the throne of the lamb, the equinoxial new time.\n\nThe same Cedrenus makes Christ die on the 2nd of March and resurrect on the 25th. Beyond that, he says, the wise celebrate the Pasch on the 25th of March, that is, in the church, according to the Savant, on the calends of April, or three months after the 8th of the calendars of January.\nThe 8th day of the calendar, whether it be of January or April, was the same day the ancient Romans fixed the arrival of the sun at the winter solstice and the spring equinox. If the 8th day of January was a festival day in the religion of sun worshippers, as we have seen earlier, the 8th day of April, or the 23rd of March, was also one among them. They celebrated the great mysteries that recalled the triumph of the sun at this time over the long nights of winter.\n\nThey personified this star in the legends created; they mourned it for a few days as if dead, and they sang its resurrection on the 25th of March or the 8th before the calendes of April. It is Macrobius who tells us this, the same Macrobius who told us that at the winter solstice or at the summer solstice, the sun, at this time, stood still.\nThe same god Sun was painted as a child born before the calends of January and as a strong and vigorous young man at spring. These festivals of the god's passion, death, and resurrection were fixed at the spring equinox in all sun religions. Among the Egyptians, it was the death and resurrection of Osiris; among the Phoenicians, the death and resurrection of Adonis; among the Phrygians, the adventures of Atys were retraced. Thus, the Sun god experienced the same misfortunes as Christ in all religions, triumphed over the tomb, and did so at the same annual revolution periods. This is for those who insist on making Christ:\n\nThe same god Sun was painted as a child before the January calends and as a strong, vigorous young man at spring. In all sun religions, these festivals of the god's passion, death, and resurrection were fixed at the spring equinox. Among the Egyptians, it was the death and resurrection of Osiris; among the Phoenicians, the death and resurrection of Adonis; among the Phrygians, the adventures of Atys were retraced. Thus, the Sun god experienced the same misfortunes as Christ in all religions, triumphed over the tomb, and did so at the same annual revolution periods.\nautre chose que le Soleil, nous donner les raions d'une aussi singuli\u00e8re coincidence. Pour nous qui ne croyons point \u00e0 ces jeux du hasard, nous dirons tout bonnement que la passion et r\u00e9surrection de Christ, c\u00e9l\u00e9br\u00e9es \u00e0 P\u00e2ques, font partie des myst\u00e8res de l'ancienne religion solaire ou du culte de la nature universelle.\n\nC'est surtout dans la religion de Mithra ou du dieu Soleil, ador\u00e9 sous ce nom par les mages, que l'on trouve plus de traits de ressemblance avec la mort et la r\u00e9surrection de Christ et avec les myst\u00e8res des chr\u00e9tiens. Mithra, qui naissait aussi le 25 d\u00e9cembre, comme Christ, mourait semblablement ; et il avait son s\u00e9pulcre sur lequel ses pr\u00eatres tenaient r\u00e9pandre des larmes. Les pr\u00eatres portaient son image, pendant la nuit, sur un tombeau qu'on lui avait pr\u00e9par\u00e9 : il \u00e9tait \u00e9tendu sur elle.\n\nDE TOUS LES CULTES. 303\n\niniti\u00e9s tenaient r\u00e9pandre des larmes. Les pr\u00eatres portaient son image, pendant la nuit, sur un tombeau qu'on lui avait pr\u00e9par\u00e9 : il \u00e9tait \u00e9tendu sur elle.\nune littere, comme l'Adonis ph\u00e9nicien. Cette pompe, comme celle du vendredi-Saint, \u00e9tait accompagn\u00e9e de chants fun\u00e8bres et des gemissements de ses pr\u00eatres ; ils donnaient quelque temps aux expressions d'une douleur simul\u00e9e. Ils allumaient Vd flambeau sacr\u00e9 ou leur cierge pascal ; ils oignaient de cr\u00e8me ou de parfums l'image, apr\u00e8s quoi un d'eux pronon\u00e7ait gravement ces mots : \"Rassurez-vous, troupe sacr\u00e9e d'initi\u00e9s, votre dieu est ressuscit\u00e9 ; ses peines et ses souffrances vont faire votre salut.\" Pourquoi, r\u00e9p\u00e8te l'\u00e9crivain chr\u00e9tien, pourquoi exhortez-vous ces malheureux \u00e0 r\u00e9jouir ? pourquoi les tromper par des fausses promesses ? La mort de votre dieu est connue ; sa vie nouvelle n'est pas prouv\u00e9e. Il n'y a pas d'oracle qui garantit sa r\u00e9surrection ; il n's'est pas montr\u00e9 aux hommes apr\u00e8s sa mort.\n\"pour que l'on puisse croire \u00e0 sa divinit\u00e9. C'est une idole que vous enterrerez ; c'est une idole sur laquelle vous pleurez ; c'est une idole que vous tirez du tombeau, et apr\u00e8s avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 malheureux, vous vous r\u00e9jouissez. C'est vous qui d\u00e9livrez votre dieu, etc. Je vois demander, Firmicus, qui a vu votre dieu aux cornes de b\u0153uf, sur la mort duquel vous vous affligez ? Et moi, je demanderai \u00e0 Firmicus et \u00e0 ses cr\u00e9dules chr\u00e9tiens: Vous, qui vous affligez sur la mort de l'agneau \u00e9gorg\u00e9 pour laver dans son sang les p\u00e9ch\u00e9s du monde, qui avez vu votre dieu aux formes d'agneau, dont vous c\u00e9l\u00e9brez le triomphe et la r\u00e9surrection ? Ignorez-vous que deux mille ans avant l'\u00e8re chr\u00e9tienne, \u00e9poque \u00e0 laquelle remonte la religion des Perses et le culte mitraique ou du taureau de Mithra\"\nthra, the sun passes through the equinoxes under the sign of the bull, but only due to the precession of the equinoxes does it do so during your days under the sign of the lamb; has anything else changed, except for forms and names? It seems that in this place, Firmicus, in attacking ancient religions, undertook the task of revealing all resemblances between their mysteries and those of the Christians. He focuses particularly on the Mithraic initiation, with which he draws a rather close parallel, and which resembles it only because it is a sect. It is true that he explains the conformity between these two religions by saying, as Terutllien and Saint Justin did, that long before the advent of Christ, there were many things in common between them.\nThe devil took pleasure in copying the mysteries and ceremonies of Christians, as practiced by his worshippers. Excellent reason for such Christians as we still find numerous today, but pitiful to give to men of good sense. For us, who do not believe in the devil and are not like him in his secrets, we will simply say that the religion of Christ, founded, like all others, on the cult of the sun, has conserved the same dogmas, the same practices, the same mysteries, with only slight variations; that everything was common, because the god was; that there were only accessories that could differ, but that the base was the same. The earliest apologists of the Christian religion admit that the religion\nMithraic worship included sacraments such as baptism, penance, Eucharist, and consecration with mystical words. Ca Marcians of this religion underwent more rigorous preparatory trials than Christians. Initiates or faithful marked their foreheads with a sacred sign. They acknowledged the dogma of resurrection, presented with the crown adorning the foreheads of martyrs. Their supreme pontiff could not have been married multiple times. They had virgins and the law of continence. In summary, they practiced what Christians would later. Tertullian calls upon the devil to explain a striking resemblance. However, without the devil's intervention, it is evident that when two religions:\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in good shape and does not require extensive cleaning. Only minor corrections for grammar and spelling have been made.)\nThe oldest resemble perfectly, the earliest is the mother, and the youngest is the daughter. Concluding, since the cult of Mithra is infinitely older than that of Christ, and its ceremonies are much older than those of the Christians, the Christians are incontestably derived from it, or from its sects or copyists of this religion of the magi. I will add, with the learned Hyde, that the Persians had a more complete theory about angels than the Jews and Christians; they admitted the distinction of angels into angels of light and angels of darkness; they knew the stories of their combats, and the names of angels that have passed into our religion; they baptized their children and imposed a name on them; they had the fiction of paradise and of hell.\nl'enfer, found among the Greeks, Romans, and many other peoples; they had a hierarchical order, and all Christian ecclesiastical constitution, which, according to Hyde, dates back to over three thousand years among them. I will not say, with him, that we should see in this resemblance the work of providence, which made the Persians anticipate and with a prophetic spirit what Christians would do one day. If Hyde, born on an island where superstition is almost always allied with philosophy, and formed an monstrous alliance with it, was not deterred by the prejudices of his century and country from disguising Population in such a striking way, it must be acknowledged that knowledge is not entirely lacking.\nThe two religions are similar in almost all aspects, as I will agree with Hyde. They form one religion, or at least they are two sects of the ancient Oriental religion of sun worshippers. The sun is still the god of this religion, whether called Christ, Mithra, Osiris, Bacchus, Adonis, Atys, or others. Now let us examine the forms of the sun god of Christians in his triumph.\n\nThese forms are taken naturally from the celestial sign under which the star of the day passed at the moment it brought back the long days and heat.\nIn our hemisphere, this sign, during the time when Christianity was known in the West over fifteen centuries ago, was the bull, which the Persians, in their cosmology, called Yagneau. It was the sign of the sun's exaltation in the system of astrologers, and the ancient Sabian had fixed its greatest festival there. Therefore, it was the sun's return to the celestial ram that every year regenerated nature. This was the form that the majestic star, this benevolent god, the savior of men, took in his triumph. This was Vanneau, in the mystic style, repairing the sins of the world. From Niume, which Ahriman or the chief of darkness had borrowed the forms of the constellation, Autumn brought back Jupiter, the god of light, his conqueror.\nThe spring forms of the celestial sign under which his triumph took place were to be taken. This is the natural consequence following the principles we have adopted in explaining the fable of the introduction of evil by the serpent. We know that the genius of the sun's worshippers was to paint this star under the forms and with the attributes of the celestial signs to which it united each month: hence the various metamorphoses of Jupiter among the Greeks, and of Vishnu among the Indians. Thus, one painted a young man leading a bull, or bearing a bull on his shoulders, or arming his brow with the horns of the bull. It was under this last form that Jupiter Ammon manifested himself. Christ also took on the name and form of the lamb, and this animal was the symbolic expression under which he was designated.\nOn one didn't say the sun of the lamb, but simply the lamb, as often said of the sun of the lion, or Hercules, the lion. These are just different expressions of the same idea, and the same celestial animal is used variably in spring equinox sun paintings.\n\nThis designation of the lamb as supreme, given to Christ or the god of light in his triumphal equinox, is found everywhere in Christian sacred books, but especially in the book of initiation, known as the Apocalypse. The faithful or initiates are qualified as disciples of the lamb. It is represented as slain in the midst of four animals, which are also in the constellations and placed at the four cardinal points of the sphere. It is before the lamb that the twenty-four elders are seated.\nThe hours pass, the elderly signs present themselves, bowing. It is said - one remarks - it is the slain lamb who is worthy of receiving all power, divinity, wisdom, strength, honor, glory, and blessing; it is the lamb who opens the scroll, designated under the emblem of a closed book sealed with seven seals.\n\nAll the nations of the universe come to place themselves before the throne and before the lamb. They are clothed in linen; they hold palms in their hands, and they sing aloud: \"Glory to our God who sits on the throne.\" It is recalled that the lamb or the ram is the sign of the exaltation of the sun god, and that this victorious star seems to be borne aloft in its triumph. The lamb is surrounded by the twelve-fold procession, of which it is the head, in the celestial signs. It appears standing on the monument.\ntagne and the twelve tribes surround it, and are destined to follow it everywhere it goes. The conquerors of Diagon sing its canticle. It would be superfluous here to repeat the passages in which this mysterious name is repeated. Everywhere one sees that the god of light, under the name of the lamb, was the great deity to whom one dedicated oneself in the initiation of Christians. The mysteries of Christ are therefore simply the mysteries of the sun god in his triumphal equinox, where he assumes the forms of the first sign or those of the celestial lamb: likewise, the figure of the lamb was the character or seal with which initiates of this sect were marked in former times. It was their tessera and the symbolic attribute to which the brothers of this freemasonry clung.\nThe pious recognized each other. Christians of that time carried the symbolic image of the lamb on their children's collars. The world knows the famous agnus dei.\n\nThe oldest representation of the Christian god was a figure of a lamb, sometimes united with a vase in which its blood flowed, sometimes lying at the foot of a cross. This custom persisted until the year 680, during the pontificate of Agathon and the reign of Constantine Pagonat. It was ordained by the sixth synod of Constantinople (canon 82) that in place of the old symbol, which was the lamb, a man should be represented attached to a cross; this was confirmed by Pope Adrian I. We still see this symbol on the tabernacle or the small cabinet where our priests store the golden or silver sun that contains the circular image.\nThe lamb is depicted before their gods' altars, both on its back and on the book of fate, which is sealed with seven seals. The number seven is that of the seven spheres, the sun being their soul and the movement or revolution counted from Aries or the equinoctial lamb. This is the lamb that Christians claim was sacrificed at the world's creation. Agnus Dei, the Lamb of God, is the source of an antithesis for the author of the Easter prose, the paschal lamb, and so on. The Lamb redeemed the sheep, and so on. All the songs of this joyful feast, which respond to the ancient sun worshippers' hilarities and were celebrated at the same time, take us back to the victory won by the lamb over the prince.\nIn the darkness, we light the Pascal candle to depict the triumph beyond light. Priests don white, the color associated with Ormusd or the god of light. We consecrate the new fire and lustral water: all is renewed in the temples, as in nature. The ancient Romans did the same in March, replacing laurels in their homes (lamines and in places for assemblies). Thus, the Persians, in their Neurouz or spring equinox festival, sing of the renewal of all things and the new day, new moon, new year, and new time, which should renew all that is born anew from time. They also have their Cross-feast, which is followed by a few days.\nAfter the victory. At this time, their ancient Pers\u00e9e, the genius placed on the equinoxial point, was supposed to have drawn fire from the sky and consecrated in their Pyreas the eternal fire that the magicians there maintained, the same fire that the Vestals preserved in Rome, and which was drawn annually in the temples. The same ceremony was practiced in Egypt, as can be seen in an ancient monument of the Egyptian religion. There, a pyre is formed of three piles of ten pieces each, with a name equal to that of the decans and the divisions of the signs, of ten degrees each. Thus, there are thirty pieces of wood, as many as there are degrees at the sign. On each of the three piles, a lamb or ram is lying, and above each, there is...\nObserve an immense image of the sun, whose rays extend to the earth. The priests touch the tips of their fingers to these rays and draw out the sacred fire which ignites the lamb's bier and consumes the universe. This myth recalls the equinoxial festival of spring, celebrated in Egypt under the ram or the lamb, in memory of how the fire from the heavens had set the world ablaze. In this festival, all was marked with red or the color of fire, as in the Jewish Passover or their feast of the lamb. This resurrection of the eternal sacred fire, which boils within the sun and each year at springtime brings life back to nature in our hemisphere, was the true resurrection of the Solar Christ. For the idea that all the bishops of Jerusalem held this belief.\nI'm an assistant designed to help with various tasks, including text cleaning. Based on the given requirements, I'll do my best to clean the provided text while maintaining its original content as much as possible.\n\nThe text appears to be in an older form of French, so the first step is to translate it into modern English. I'll then remove any unnecessary elements, such as line breaks, whitespaces, or other meaningless characters.\n\nHere's the cleaned text:\n\nI enclose myself in a small vault called the tomb of Christ. He has packets of small bougies; he strikes the match and lights them; at the same time, he makes an explosion of light, such as that of our opera fires, to make the people believe that the sacred fire has fallen from the sky onto the earth. Then the bishop comes out of the vault crying: The fire from the sky has descended, and the holy candle is lit. The credulous people rush in crowds to buy these candles, for the people are everywhere the dupe of the priests.\n\nThe name of the lamb was not given to Christ, and it was not anciently represented under this emblem except because Christ is the sun, and the triumph of the sun arrives every year under the celestial sign of Paganus, or under the sign that was then the first of the twelve, and in which the equinox of the year took place.\nPrintemps occurred. The Trojans had dedicated a white lamb as a victim to the sun, and their land was famous for the mysteries of Atys. In these mysteries, Tagneau equinoxial played a great role as Atys, the sun god, was represented in his passion by a young man bound to a tree that was cut down in ceremony. At the foot of the tree was a lamb or the equinoxal bull of spring.\n\nThese mysteries of Atys lasted three days. These three days were days of mourning, which were immediately followed by the festival of the Hilaries, a day of joy, during which they celebrated, as we have already mentioned, the happy epoch when the sun god Atys regained his empire over the long nights.\nThis face was that of March 5th or the 8th before the calends of April, that is, it fell on the same day when Ton originally celebrated Pasch and the triumph of Christ, and when the Alleluia was sung, this day, etc.: this is the day the Lord made; may it be for us a day of joy and merriment. The famous prose O filii et filiae was also sung on this day. There is no difference between these two festivals, except for the name of the hero in the tragedy, who is absolutely the same god in both myths. It was in Phrygia that the famous book of initiation into the mysteries of the Lamb, called Apocalypse, was made. Emperor Julian examined the reasons for choosing the vernal equinox for placing this solemnity.\nThe sun, he told us, crosses the line that separates it from our hemisphere at this time, extending the length of our days. This occurs, he added, when the sun passes under the bull or the lamb. We celebrate the presence of the saving and liberating god in the mysteries as the sun approaches. The bull or the lamb plays an important role in Christian mythology because it replaced the taureau in the mysteries of Bacchus and Mithra. Osiris and Bachus, both represented with the ancient taureau equinoctial form, died and were resurrected like Christ. The mysteries of their passion were retraced in the sanctuaries, as were those of Adonis and Christ among the Phrygians and Christians.\nThe Church fathers and Christian writers frequently speak of the celebrations in Phoenicia of the death and resurrection of Osiris, and they draw a parallel between these events and those of their god, Athanase, Augustine, Theophilus, Athenagoras, Minutius Felix, Lactantius, Firmicus, and other ancient authors who spoke of Osiris or the god Sun, worshipped under that name in Egypt, all agree in describing the universal mourning of the Egyptians during the festival where his death was commemorated annually, similar to our observance of the death of the Sun Christ on Good Friday. They describe the ceremonies at his tomb, the tears shed for several days, and then the joyful festivities that followed upon the announcement of his resurrection. He had descended into the underworld.\nRevenant to join Horus, god of spring, and triumph over Typhon, his enemy, who had killed him. We called the rites of the night those in which we enacted his passion. These ceremonies had the same objective as those of the cult of Atys, according to Macrobius. They represented the sun's victory over the shadows, symbolized by the serpent, which Typhon took the form of in autumn during the sun's passage under the scorpion.\n\nOne could say the same of Bacchus, who, as acknowledged by all ancients, was the same as the Egyptian Osiris and the sun god. To the people at the solstices, we presented Bacchus as a child to Padorus. Bacchus was killed, descended to the underworld, and then resurrected; Ton celebrated his passion annually through the mysteries.\nThese festivals, titanic and festivals of the perfect night,\nIt is supposed that this god was dismembered by the giants,\nbut his mother or Ceres collected his members,\nand he appeared young and vigorous once more.\nTo trace his passion, a bull was slain,\nwhose raw flesh was eaten, as Bacchus or the sun god,\npainted with the bull's forms, had been thus torn apart by the Titans.\nThis was not the representation of the slain lamb,\nbut that of the bull torn to pieces and quartered,\nwhich was given in the mysteries.\nIn Mingrelia, it is a rolled lamb that the prince cuts into pieces with his hands,\nand distributes to his entire court at the feast of Easter.\nJulius Firmicus, who relates the Cretan legend of Bacchus' life and death,\nand insists on making him a man, as he does,\n\n(Note: The text seems to be in good shape, with only minor errors. No major cleaning is required.)\nA Christian spoke of Christ, but it is worth noting that the pagans explained these fictions through nature. From all the cults. They regarded these stories as solar fables. It is true that he refuses all these reasons, as many people will refuse our explanations, either through ignorance or a desire to slander what they do not understand; just as all the fathers of the church did in their criticism of paganism. Firmicus even defends the sun god, whom he believes is insulted by these impertinent fables. He gives him a speech, in which the god of the day complains about being dishonored by these fables, either by submerging him in the Nile under the names of Osiris and Iorus, or by mutilating him under the names of Atys and Adonis.\ntant\u00f4t en le faisant cuire dans une chaudi\u00e8re ou r\u00f4tir \u00e0 la broche, Bacchus could have also hung him under the name of Christ. At least, according to Firmicus, it is clear that the tradition had been preserved among the pagans, that all these tragic and incredible stories were just mystical fictions about the sun. This is what we still prove here with our explanation of the Christ myth, put to death and resurrected at the spring equinox.\n\nJust as with Christ, the epithet of Savior was given to Bacchus, as well as to Jupiter or the god with the horns of a ram, who had a statue in the temple of the Virgin, Minerve Polias, at Athens.\n\nIn fact, the idea of a god coming down to earth for the salvation of mankind is neither new nor peculiar to: 3i8 Abridgement of the origin.\nThe ancients believed that the supreme god sent his sons or demigods at various periods to take care of human welfare. Hercules and Bacchus were included in this group, with Bacchus being another name for the god Sun.\n\nJust like Christ, Bacchus performed miracles: he healed the sick and predicted the future. From his childhood, he was threatened with death, like Christ, whom Herod intended to destroy. The miracle of the three collapsible cruets filled with wine in his temple is comparable to the miracle at Cana.\n\nThis commemorative festival for this miracle of the Christian hero is celebrated on the 6th of January; it was during the same month that a similar miracle occurred on the island of Andros in the temple of Bacchus. Every year, a source would flow there.\nThe one who loved wine was referred to as Bacchus, like Christ, the God's son, and his intelligence merged with matter or body. Like Christ, Bacchus established initiations or mysteries, where the famous serpent Oroboros, who played a significant role in the tale of the lamb, was featured, as well as the apples of the Hesperides. The initiations were a commitment to virtue. The initiates awaited his final coming; they hoped he would once again take control of the universe and restore the first happiness to mankind. They were often persecuted, just like the worshippers of Christ and Serapis or those of other deities.\nAdorers of the sun, honored under these two names. Those who gathered for the celebration of these mysteries were accused of many crimes, as were the early Christians and others who celebrated secret and new mysteries. In some legends, he was given the mother Ceres or the celestial virgin. In older legends, it was the daughter of Ceres or Proserpine who conceived him from her loves with the supreme god metamorphosed into a serpent. This serpent is the famous serpent of Esculapius, which, like the serpent Moses raised in the desert and which Christ compared himself to, healed all diseases. From the union of the sun and this underworld serpent, a Bacchus with bull's horns was born, for indeed, every time the sun joined this underworld serpent, the bull of spring rose up.\nqui donnait ses formes a Bacchus, et qui porte les Hyades ses nourrices. In later centuries, he took the form of the lamb, and it was then that Ceres or the celestial virgin became his mother, in the sense that she presided over his birth: for we have already seen that he was represented under the emblem of a child born on the winter solstice, to express the sun's infant stage.\n\nGod of the Sun or day, adored under the name of Bacchus in Greece, Thrace, Asia Minor, Phrygia and Arabia; under that of Osiris in Egypt, of Mithra in Persia, and of Adonis in Phoenicia; for Adonis is the same as Osiris and Bacchus, according to ancient authors. But under the name of Bacchus, his legend is different from that of Osiris and Bacchus; it is less pompous. This is not the story of a conqueror.\nA king had a son, a young man of rare beauty, such as one painted the sun in springtime. The goddess who presides over the generation of beings fell in love with him deeply. She was seduced by his death: an enormous boar, during the hunting season, wounded him at the very sources of life. The unfortunate lover of Venus died; he descended to the underworld. He was mourned on earth. The goddess of the underworld, the mother of Bacchus, whom he also visited in the underworld, kept him near her for six months. But after six months, he was returned to life and to his lover, whom he enjoyed for six months, only to lose her again and find her once more. The same sadness and joy succeeded and renewed themselves every year. All the authors who have spoken of this sacred fable:\n\"In Adonis, the sun is granted to be seen; in his death, his distance from our climates; in his sojourn in the underworld, the six months he spends in the inferior hemisphere, the long nights in his return to light, his passage through Phoebus. Adonis spends six months in the superior hemisphere, where he remains, while the earth is joyful and adorned with all the graces bestowed upon it by vegetation and the goddess who presides over the generation of beings. This is how Macrobius heard this fable, and its explanation requires only completion with astronomical positions given in our great work, in the articles Adonis and Aeneas. This learned man has well seen that this fiction, like those of Osiris and Attis, to which he compares it, had no other purpose than the latter.\"\nThe sun and its progressive march through the zodiac, compared to the state of the earth in the two great epochs of the sun's movement, follows the one that brings it closer to our climas, be it the one that pushes it away. This annual phenomenon was the subject of lugubrious chants and joyful ones that succeeded each other, as well as religious ceremonies in which one wept for the death of the sun god, Adonis, and then sang of his return to life or resurrection. A magnificent bed was prepared for him next to the goddess of generation and spring, the mother of loves and graces. Corbeilles of flowers, essences, cakes, and fruits were prepared for him as offerings, that is, the premices of all the goods that the sun brings to life. He was invited by songs to come to the desires of mortals. But before singing of his return to life,\nIn honor of his suffering and death, they celebrated somber festivals for Adonis. His initiates, who wept at his tomb and shared in Venus' grief, marked the return to life festival either on March 25 or before the calendars of April. In Alexandria, funerals for Adonis were held with great pomp, carrying his image to a tomb that rendered him final honors. They were also celebrated in Athens. Plutarch, in the life of Alcibiades and Nicias, tells us that during the mourning for Adonis' death, an Athenian fleet set sail for its unfortunate expedition to Sicily; in the streets, only images of dead Adonis were encountered, and they were carried to the sepulcher amidst a numerous procession.\nWomen who wept, struck their breasts, and mimicked in every way the sad pomp of funerals. From this, ominous predictions were drawn, which the event fulfilled all too well. The women of Argos (for it was they who were the support of superstitions), went, like Marthas and Maries, to weep for the death of Adonis, and this lugubrious ceremony took place in a chapel of the savior god or the lamb, or bull, Jupiter, invoked under the name of the savior.\n\nProcopius and Saint Cyril speak also of these mournful celebrations in honor of the death of Adonis, and of the joyful feasts that followed at the occasion of his resurrection. There they wept for the lover of Venus; they displayed the large wound he had received. This wound was shown, as was the one inflicted on Christ by the spear.\nThe unfortunate adventure of Adonis, which we had traced for fifteen centuries, persuading the people of its reality; for we are accustomed to believe as true facts the supposed adventures, when a crowd of stories and monuments seem to attest their existence. Nevertheless, these sacred legends, unwillingly, lent prestige to the ceremonies that tended to make people believe that Adonis had been a real man, as our Christian doctors also want to make us believe about the Sun-Christ. The Pagans, who are allowed me to call them that, however little instructed they were in their religion, did not see Adonis as we do. They always saw in Adonis, for example, the sun personified, and they felt it necessary to recall to the physical and annual phenomena of the sun's revolution, the wonderful adventure of Venus' lover.\nThe gods Mort and Resuscitated. The songs of Orpheus and Theocritus about Adonis clearly indicated that, in this fiction, it was the god who governed the year and the seasons. These poets invited him to come with the new year, to bring joy to nature, and to make the earth produce the goods that it bore from its womb. It was at the hours and at the seasons that the care of returning him to the twelfth month was entrusted. Orpheus called Adonis the god with a thousand names, the nourisher of nature, whose light goes out and comes back to life through the hours, and who sometimes sinks towards Tartarus and sometimes rises towards Olympus, to dispense the heat that activates vegetation.\n\nThe sun, under the name of Horus, son of the virgin Isis, experienced similar misfortunes. He had\n\n(Translation of the French text into English)\n\nThe gods Mort and Resuscitated. The songs of Orpheus and Theocritus about Adonis clearly indicated that, in this fiction, it was the god who governed the year and the seasons. These poets invited him to come with the new year, to bring joy to nature, and to make the earth produce the goods that it bore from its womb. It was at the hours and at the seasons that the care of returning him to the twelfth month was entrusted. Orpheus called Adonis the god with a thousand names, the nourisher of nature, whose light goes out and comes back to life through the hours, and who sometimes sinks towards Tartarus and sometimes rises towards Olympus, to dispense the heat that activates vegetation.\n\nThe sun, under the name of Horus, son of the virgin Isis, also suffered similar misfortunes.\nThe god Osiris was persecuted by the black Typhon, who took various serpent forms. Before overcoming him, Osiris was dismembered like Bacchus; but later he was recalled to life by his mother, the goddess Isis, who granted him immortality. This Roman sacred god is depicted in Christian writers and by the church fathers. They portray the grief of Isis at her son's death and the festivals she instituted for that occasion. Initially mournful and later turning into joyful celebrations and hymns of rejoicing when she had found him. However, Horus, as acknowledged by all ancients, is the same as Apollo, and Apollo is the sun god. Consequently, the mournful festivals that gave way to joyful celebrations in honor of Horus, the dead and resurrected god, also had the sun as their symbol.\nThis text appears to be in French with some elements of ancient or archaic English. I will translate and clean the text as faithfully as possible to the original content.\n\nC'\u00e9tait donc un point fondamental de la religion du soleil, faire mourir et ressusciter et retracer ce double \u00e9v\u00e9nement par des c\u00e9r\u00e9monies religieuses, et dans les l\u00e9gendes sacr\u00e9es y figurent ces tombeaux \u00e9lev\u00e9s partout \u00e0 la divinit\u00e9 du soleil, sous divers noms. Hercule en avait un \u00e0 Cadix; 4 et on y montrait ses ossements. Jupiter en avait un en Gr\u00e8ce; Bacchus en avait aussi; Osiris en avait une foile en \u00c9gypte. On montrait \u00e0 Delphes relique d'Apollon, o\u00f9 il avait \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9pos\u00e9 apr\u00e8s que le serpent python l'eut mis \u00e0 mort. Trois femmes \u00e9taient venues verser des larmes sur son ombeaux, comme les trois femmes qui se trouvent ainsi pleurer au tombeau de Christ. Apollon triomphait ensuite de son ennemi ou du redoutable irython, et cette victoire se c\u00e9l\u00e9brait.\n\nCleaned Text:\n\nIt was a fundamental point of the sun religion to make the dead come back to life and mark this double event with religious ceremonies. In sacred legends, there are tombs erected everywhere to the sun god under various names. Hercules had one in Cadix; 4 and his remains were displayed there. Jupiter had one in Greece; Bacchus had one as well; Osiris had one in Egypt. At Delphi, they showed the relic of Apollon, where he had been deposited after the serpent Python had killed him. Three women came to pour tears on his tomb, just like the three women who were found weeping at the tomb of Christ. Apollon then triumphed over his enemy or the fearsome irython, and this victory was celebrated.\nEvery year at spring equinoxes, the Hyperboreans, for whom Apollon was the great deity, celebrated the sun's return from the sheep's sign, extending these festivities until the Pleiades rose. Apollon also held the title of Savior; this was the name given to him by the Ambracians. In his honor, they held joyful festivals at Athens and Sparta during the spring full moon, that is, the full moon to which the Passover or the lamb festival is fixed among the Jews and Christians.\n\nIt was around the beginning of spring that the Chuvash peoples, northern peoples, sacred their idols. The most solemn Tatar festival is the joun or the spring festival. The Kalmucks' most solemn festival falls on the first April moon.\nThe premier J.M.R. celebrates this Equinoxial day, and on all Greek islands, they held festivals for the beloved god of spring, the conqueror of winter, and Serapis. These festivals were called \"feasts of felicitation,\" in rejoicing for the salvation, as Eusthate says. It would be unnecessary to provide more examples of such joyful festivals celebrated throughout our hemisphere, in memory of the famous solar passage towards our regions, and in rejoicing for the benefits it brings with its presence.\n\nWe have sufficiently proven that almost everywhere these joyful festivals were preceded by certain days of mourning, during which they mourned the death of the Sun personified, before singing of its return to us, or allegorically, its resurrection.\nThe Phrygians called these festivals, the Feasts of the Sun's Reawakening, which they believed was asleep during the six months of autumn and winter. The Paphlagonians supposed it to be among the iron in winter, and sang happily at springtime the joyous moment when it was delivered from its captivity. The greatest number brought it back to life after giving a show of the tragic events of its supposed death. All these mystical fictions served, as we have seen, no other purpose than to trace the alternating victories of night over day, and of day over night, and this succession of activity and rest of the earth subjected to the sun's action. These annual phenomena were described in an allegorical style, under the tragic forms of death and crucifixion.\nThe tearing apart, followed by the Resurrection of the Cults. DE TOXJS THE SOLAR CULTS. 32. The fable of the Christ, born like the sun at the winter solstice, and triumphant at the spring equinox in the form of the equinoctial lamb, therefore possesses all the traits of ancient solar fables to which we compare them. The festivals of the Christ religion, like those of all solar regions, are essentially linked to the principal episodes of the annual movement of the sun's star: from which we conclude that if Christ was a man, he was a man who bore a strong resemblance to the sun personified; that these mysteries have all the characteristics of those of the sun's adorers, or rather, to speak without circumlocution, that the Christian religion, in its legend as in its mysteries, has for its unique purpose the cult of the eternal mother made sensible to man by the sun.\nWe are not the only ones or the first to have had this idea about the religion of the Christians. Tertullian, their apologist, admits that from the earliest times when this religion spread in the West, enlightened people who wanted to examine it maintained that it was merely a sect of the Mithraic religion, and that the god of the Christians was, like that of the Persians, the sun. Several practices in Christianity revealed its origin: Christians never prayed except facing east or the part of the world where the sun rises. All their temples or places of religious assembly were formerly turned towards the sun rising. Their weekly festival day, every week, responded to the day of the Sun called Sunday.\nThe ancient Franks named Sunday the day of the Sun. All these practices were rooted in the very nature of their religion.\n\nThe Manichaeans, whose religion was a combination of Christianity and magic, always turned towards the side of the sun in their prayers. Zoroastrianism had given the same command to its disciples. The Manichaeans, who had not completely lost the religious opinions of the ancient Persians regarding the two princes and the sun Mithra, of whom Christ is a copy, said that Christ was the sun or that Christ resided in the sun, just as the ancients placed Apollon and Hercules there.\n\nThis fact was attested by Theodoret, Saint Cyrille, and Saint Leon. It was due to this opinion that other Christians, who called themselves as such, distinguished themselves.\nThe best believers, likely because they were the most ignorant, admitted them to their communion only upon their renunciation of heresy or the dogma of their religion, which consisted of believing that Christ and the sun! were one thing. There are still, in the East, two Christian sects that are believed to worship the sun. The Gnostics and the Basidians, who are the most learned sects this religion has had and who are almost its oldest, had preserved many traits revealing the origin of this solar cult. They gave the name Iao to their Christ, which the oracle of Claros, in Macrobius, gives to the sun. They had three hundred and sixty-five Eons or generations.\nqu'engendre le soleil et leur ogdoade, representative des spheres. Enfin, le christianisme avait tant de conformit\u00e9 avec le culte du soleil, que a l'empereur Adrien appela les chr\u00e9tiens les adorateurs de S\u00e9rapis, c'est-\u00e0-dire, du soleil; car S\u00e9rapis \u00e9tait le m\u00eame qu'Osiris, et les m\u00e9dailles anciennes qui portent l'empreinte de S\u00e9rapis ont cette l\u00e9gende : Soleil S\u00e9rapis. Nous n'sommes donc pas les premiers ni les seuls \u00e0 les avoir class\u00e9s parmi les adorateurs du soleil, et si notre assertion parait un paradoxe, au moins elle n'est pas nouvelle.\n\nApr\u00e8s avoir expliqu\u00e9 les fables qui forment la partie merveilleuse du christianisme et de ses dogmes, nous entrerons dans une examen de sa partie m\u00e9taphysique, et dans sa th\u00e9ologie abstraite, connue sous le nom de myst\u00e8re de la Sainte-Trinit\u00e9. Nous suivrons encore.\nThe same march we have held thus far, and we will show that the Christians have absolutely nothing of their own. They are ignorant plagiarists.\n\nChapter 53: Abstract of the Origin\n\nNothing belongs to them but the crimes of their priests.\n\nTo explain the fable of the death and resurrection of Christ, we have gathered the legends of the various religions that, born in the Orient, spread to the West almost in the same centuries as those of the Christians. We have proven that all the cosmological allegories of their religion are communicated with the Mithraics, with the Eleusinians, with the mysteries of Atys, of Dionysus, of Adonis, etc. We will similarly show that their theology is founded on the same bases as ours.\ndes Grecs, des \u00c9gyptiens, des Indiens, etc.; qu'elle \nrenferme les m\u00eames id\u00e9es abstraites que l'on re- \ntrouve chez les philosophes qui \u00e9crivaient dans ces \ntemps-l\u00e0, et qu'elle emprunte surtout beaucoup \nde dogmes des Platoniciens ; qu'enfin la religion \nchr\u00e9tienne , dans sa partie th\u00e9ologique , comme \ndans sa l\u00e9gende sacr\u00e9e et dans les aventures tra- \ngiques de son dieu , n'a rien qui ne se retrouve \ndans toutes les autres religions, bien des si\u00e8cles \navant l'\u00e9tablissement du christianisme. Leurs \u00e9cri- \nvains et leurs docteurs nous fourniront encore ici \nles autorit\u00e9s propres aies convaincre de plagiat. \nLe dogme de l'unit\u00e9 de Dieu, premier dogme \nth\u00e9ologique des chr\u00e9tiens , n'est point particulier \u00e0 \nleur secte. Il a \u00e9t\u00e9 admis par presque tous les an- \nciens philosophes, et la religion m\u00eame populaire , \nDE TOUS LES CULTES. 33 1 \nchez les Pa\u00efens , au milieu d'un polyth\u00e9isme ap- \nparent, reconnaissait toujours un premier chef au- \nquel tous les autres \u00e9taient soumis, sous les noms, \nsoit de dieux , soit de g\u00e9nies, soit d'anges, d'izeds, \netc. , comme nos anges ei nos saints le sont au Dieu \nsupr\u00eame. Tel \u00e9tait le grand Jupiter chez les Grecs \nei chez les Romains; ce Jupiter, p\u00e8re de\u00bb dieux et \ndes hdinmes , qui remplissait l'univers de sa subs- \ntance. Il \u00e9tait le monarque souverain de la nature, \net les noms de dieux que prenaient les antres divi- \nnit\u00e9s , \u00e9taient une association dans le titre plut\u00f4t \nque dans la puissance , chaque divinit\u00e9 ayant son \nd\u00e9partement particulier sous l'empire du premier \ndieu , souverain et maitre absolu de tous les autres. \nL'\u00e9criture elle-m\u00eame donne le nom de dieux aux \n\u00eatres subordonn\u00e9s au premier dieu, sans nuire \u00e0 \nl'unit\u00e9 du chef ou del\u00e0 premi\u00e8re cause. Il en \u00e9tait \nde m\u00eame du Jupiter des Grecs ; ils r\u00e9p\u00e8tent sans \ncesse l'\u00e9pithete d'un ou d'unique , qu'ils donnent \n\u00e0 leur Jupiter. Jupiter est un, disent-iis. L'oracle \nd'Apollon admet aussi un dieu incr\u00e9\u00e9 , n\u00e9 de lui- \nm\u00eame , lequel habite au sein du feu Ether , dieu \np ar\u00e9 \u00e0 la t\u00eate de toute la hi\u00e9rarchie. \nDans les myst\u00e8res de la religion des Grecs, on \nchantait unehymne qui exprimait clairement cette \nimit\u00e9. Le grand-pr\u00eatre adressant ia parole \u00e0 l'ini- \nti\u00e9 , lui disait : \u00bb Admire le ma\u00eetre de l'univers ; il \n\u00ab est un ; il existe partout. \u00bb \nC'estune v\u00e9rit\u00e9 reconnue par Euc\u00e8bc, Augustin, \nLaclance, Jus\u00eein, Athenagore , et oar une foule \n33s Abr\u00e9g\u00e9 de l'origine \nd'autres \u00e9crivains apologistes du christianisme , que \n\u00eee dogme de Punit\u00e9 de Dieu \u00e9tait re\u00e7u chez les \nanciens philosophes , et qu'il faisait la hase de la re- \nligion d'Orph\u00e9e et de tous les myst\u00e8res des Grecs, \nJe sais que les chr\u00e9tiens nous diront que les phi- \nAncient philosophers, who existed centuries before the establishment of Christianity, held these doctrines revealed to the first men. But besides the fact that revelation is an absurdity, I respond that it is not necessary to resort to this supernatural machine when one knows the series of philosophical abstractions that led ancient beings to recognize the unity of a first principle, and when they themselves give us the reasons that determined them to admit the monad or the first unity. These reasons are simple; they arise from the nature of our spirit's operations and the form under which the universal action of the whole presents itself to us. The correspondence of all parts of the world with each other and their tendency toward a common center of movement and life, which seems to maintain its harmony and produce agreement,\nAll men, who regarded the great one as an immense god, admitted his unity, unable to conceive anything beyond the assembly of all beings or the whole. The same was true of those who regarded the universe as a great effect. The unity of all parts of the work and the regular ensemble of all systems in the world led them to acknowledge a unique cause for the unique effect. God, in the minds of those who conceived God as a principle or cause existing outside the world, or those who confused God with the world and did not distinguish the worker from the work, was one. \"All things,\" said Marc-Aurele, \"are linked to one another by a sacred chain, and there is none that is foreign to it.\"\n\"The other, for all beings have been combined to form an ensemble from which the beauty of the universe depends. There is only one world that receives all, only one God who is everywhere, one eternal matter, one law, which is the common reason for all beings. In these few words of this philosopher emperor, we see the doctrine of God's unity, recognized as a consequence of the unity of the world: that is, the philosophical opinion and the reason for its birth. The fathers of the church themselves concluded the unity of God from the unity of the world: that is, the unity of cause and effect, for among them the effect was distinguished from the cause, or God was separated from the world: that is, they admitted an abstract cause instead of the real being, which is the world. Here is how one of them expresses it,\"\nAthanaeus. Since there is only one nature and one order for all things, we must conclude that there is only one God, artist and orderer. Here, we see the Christians deriving the unity of God from the unity of the world, as all pagan philosophers had done before them. In all this, we recognize the natural progression of the human mind, and we do not feel the need to invoke divinity through the absurd supposition of revelation. All Platonists admitted the unity of the archtype or model on which God created the world, as well as the unity of the demiurge or god of art, through the same philosophical principles, that is, according to the unity of the work itself, as can be seen in Proclus and all Platonists.\nThose who, like Pythagoras, used number theory to explain logical truths, also gave the monad the title of cause and principle. They expressed the primary cause through the number one or unity, and concluded the unity of God based on mathematical abstractions. Unity is reproduced everywhere in numbers: everything comes from unity. This was also the case with the divine monad. Underneath this unity, they placed different triads, which expressed faculties emanating from it and secondary intelligences. Others, noticing the form of human administrations, and especially those of Eastern governments, where monarchy was the only known form of administration in all ages, believed it was the same for the government of the universe.\nIn this where all partial forces seemed to reunite under the direction and under the authority of a single chief, to produce this perfect accord from which results the system of the world. Despotism itself favored this opinion, which painted monarchy as the image of the government of the gods; for all despotism tends to concentrate power in the unity and to confuse legislation and execution. Thus, the social order, mathematics, and philosophical reasoning have, by different routes but all very human, led the ancients to prefer unity over multiplicity, in the first and supreme cause or in the principle of principles, as expressed by Simplicius.\n\nThe first principle, said this philosopher, being the center of all others, it encompasses them all in itself through a single union.\nThe first, it is the cause of causes, the principal of principles, the god of gods. Simplify therefore these principles, these principles of principles, this general principle or cause, of beings placed above all things.\n\nThus, the universe or universal cause, containing in itself all other causes as its parts, was regarded as the principle of principles and the supreme unity from which all things proceeded. Those who created an abstract or ideal world and a god likewise abstract or separate reasoned similarly regarding the god of the universe; for the material world always provided the type for the intellectual world, and it is according to this that man perceives.\nThe doctrine of the unity of God, even among the Christians, originates from purely human reasoning. This can be seen in Pythagoras, Plato, and their disciples. It is the same with their triad or trinity, that is, the subdivision of the first cause into intelligence or divine wisdom, and into universal spirit or life of the world.\n\nIt is relevant here to recall what we said in our fourth chapter about the soul or the world's life, and its intelligence: this philosophical dogma gave rise to the Christian trinity. Man was compared to the universe, and the universe to man. Man was also called the microcosm or the little world.\non this vast world, a giant immense, enclosing within it, in its source, what man held in miniature and by emanation. One observed that in man there was a principle of movement and life, common to all animals. This principle manifested itself through breath, in Latin spiritus or spirit, or the soul. Besides this first principle, there existed a second. It was through this principle that man, reasoning and combining ideas, reached wisdom: this faculty of the human soul is called logos in Greek, which is translated as ratio and verum in Latin. This Greek word expresses two distinct ideas, rendered in Latin and French by two different words.\nThe second is only the image of the first; for the word is the mirror of thought: it is thought made sensible to others, and taking on some sort of body in the modified air through the organs of speech. These two principles in man are not two distinct entities from him: we can make them two distinct beings by personifying them; but it is always the living, thinking man in the unity of whom all his faculties are confounded, as in their source. The same was true in the universe: God immense and unique, who contained all in himself. His life or spirit, as well as his intelligence or logos, eternal, immense as he, were confounded in his primary or radical unity, called Father, since they emanated from it.\nThe universe-god is seen without conceiving it as living through universal life, and intelligent with an intelligence equally universal. Laughter was not intelligence, but both were life or spirit, and the divine intelligence or wisdom, which essentially arises from the divinity of the world, and is part of its unique substance, since there was nothing that was not one of its parts. These distinctions belong to Platonic and Pythagorean philosophy, and suppose nothing yet dereliction. No more familiar expression to the ancient philosophers than this: \"The universe is a great living being, which contains in itself all the principles of life and intelligence spread out in particular beings. This great being is supremely animated and supremely intelligent.\"\nThe universal soul, referred to as spirit and compared to the spirit of life animating all nature, primarily distributed itself in the seven celestial spheres. Their combined action was believed to regulate human destinies and spread the seeds of life in all that is born below. The ancients depicted this unique breath that harmonized the spheres with a flute having seven pipes, which they placed in the hands of Pan or the image representing universal nature: from this came the notion that the soul of the world was enclosed within the number seven; an idea borrowed by Christians from the Platonists and expressed through the sacrum septem, or their seven gifts of the Holy Spirit. As the breath of life.\nThe Pan cult's anointing was accompanied by an invocation of the Holy Spirit. Justin, divided into seven spirits, was called its mother, signifying, according to Beausobre, the mother of the seven heavens; the word spiritus being feminine in Hebrew. Muslims and Eastern Christians attribute the third person of the Trinity, in essence, the dove; this, according to the former, is one of the divinity's attributes that Christians call a person. The Syrians call it Meh\u00fbia, the vivifying one. The Christian creed gives it the epithet of vivificator. It is therefore the principle of the Logos who animates nature or this universal soul, the principle of the world's movement and of life for all beings.\nThis is the living and divine force, emanating from God who, according to Arrangement, governs the universe through movement and reason. It is the spirit that spreads life and movement in the world, and it is reason or wisdom that gives it direction and regulates its effects. This spirit was God, in the system of ancient philosophers who wrote about the universal soul or the spirit of the round. It is the nourishing force of the world, following Virgil: spiritus intas elit. The divinity, emanating from the prime monad, extended to the soul of the world, according to Plato and Porphyry, or to the third god, for my sake in their terms. Thus, the spirit was God, rather a faculty of the universal divinity.\n\nBesides the principle of life and movement, these same philosophers admitted another principle:\n\n34. Abstract of the Origin\n\nIn addition to the principle of life and movement, these philosophers admitted another principle.\nThe intelligence and wisdom, under the names of nous and logos, or reason and word of God, primarily resided in the luminous substance. The lower self, in French, signifies both intelligence and physical light; for intelligence is to the soul what light is to the eye. It is not surprising, then, to see Christians call Christ the light that enlightens every man coming into the world, and make him the son of the father of all light; this is true in a metaphysical as well as a physical sense, Christ being the luminous part of the divine essence, made sensible to man through the eye, in which it incorporates or incarnates. It is in this last form that he is susceptible to increase and decrease, and has been the object of sacred fictions.\nThe Stoics placed the intelligence of Jupiter, or the supremely wise intelligence that governs the world, in the luminous substance of fire and ether, which they regarded as the source of human intelligence. This opinion makes intelligence somewhat material; yet the lack of subtlety in matter does not prevent it from being matter. And the soul, for the ancients, was only an emanation of the subtle mater, which they believed was endowed with the faculty of persistence. We say the breath of life; we say the fire of genius and the sparks of the intellect.\nPithagoras characterized this part of divinity with the word lucid or luminescent, calling not only God the active and subtle substance that circulates in all parts of the world, but also distinguishing it with the epithet of luminescent to indicate intelligence, as he had designated the principle of life with the term active and living force that moves and animates the world. Through this latter part, man was linked to animals; through the former, he was born from natural gods or stars formed of the ethereal substance: it is for this reason that the stars themselves were supposed to be intelligent and endowed with reason.\n\nAccording to Saint Augustin, the creation of intelligences\nThe celestial beings are included in that of the substance of the mater. Elies participate in this eternal substance which constitutes the wisdom of God, and which we call, he says, his unique light. This opinion is rather similar to that of Heraclitus and the Stoics regarding the stars. He believed that they were immersed in the light of the Ether, which is the substance of divinity.\n\nZoroastrianism taught that when God organized the matter of the universe, he sent his will below, in the form of a very brilliant light. It appeared under the figure of a man.\n\nThe Vedic people, in their ancient generation, attributed various aspects of divinity to intelligence, giving birth to the word or reason and life. It is obviously, says Beausobre, the soul of the universe, whose life and reason are its two properties.\nThe Phoenicians placed in the substance of light the intelligent part of the universe, and that of our souls, which is an emanation. Egyptian theology, whose principles are recorded in the book called the \"Piraanos\" by an unknown Author, located the Logos or Verb, otherwise the intelligence and universal wisdom of the deity, in the luminescent substance. Instead of adding two persons to the first being, it gave it two sexes, light and life. The human soul is born of life, and the pure spirit of light. Jamblique also regards light as the intelligent or intellectual part of the universal soul.\n\nThe oracles of the Chaldeans and the doctrines of Zoroaster, preserved by Plethon and Psellus, often speak of this intelligent fire, the source of our intelligence.\n\nABOUT ALL CULTS.\nThe Magus people believed that matter had perception and feeling, and what it lacked was intelligence, the attribute of light. The Greeks still revere in light the most beautiful attribute of divinity. \"The fire,\" they say, \"produces light, and light is God.\" This fire is the Ether fire, in which ancient theology placed the substance of divinity and the universal soul of the world, from which both light and life emanate, or, to use the expressions of Christians, the logos or the word that enlightens every man coming into the world, and the spirit or the Holy Spirit that vivifies all. Manes calls God \"an eternal, intelligent, very pure light, not mixed with any darkness. He says that Christ is the Son of this.\"\nThe eternal light. Thus, Plato called the night's unique son of God, and the Manicheans placed Christ in this star, as we have already noted. This was also the belief of the Valentinians. \"Men, said Basil of Anaphras, unable to conceive of anything more beautiful, more pure, or more incorruptible than light, imagined that the most excellent nature was nothing other than a very perfect light. This idea is found in all learned nations. The Holy Scripture itself does not contradict this opinion. In all the appearances of divinity, it is always seen as appearing in the form of fire and light. It is from the midst of a burning bush that Eternal speaks to Moses. The Thabor is supposed to be surrounded by lights.\n\"When the Father of all light speaks to his son, we know the famous dispute of the Athos monks concerning the nature of this created and eternal light, which was their divinity. The most learned fathers of the Church and the orthodox writers continually say: God is a light, a most sublime light; whatever brightness we see, however brilliant, is but a small outflow, a weak ray of this light; the Son is a light without beginning; God is an inaccessible light, which always shines and never disappears; all the virtues that surround divinity are like the lights of the second order, rays of the first light.\"\n\nThis is generally the style of the fathers before and after.\nThe Council of Nic\u00e9e. The word is, they say, is the light come into the world; it burst forth from the light that exists in and of itself, it is God, the Father. The soul itself is luminous, because it is the breath of light. The logic of Orpheus teaches similarly that the light, the oldest and most sublime of all beings, is God, this God: inaccessible, enveloping all in its substance, and called council, light, and life. These philosophical ideas were copied by the evangelist John when he said, \"In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. He was in the beginning with God. All things were made through him, and without him was not any thing made that was made.\" This light was not an abstract and metaphysical light, as rightly judged.\nMark Beausobre was, at least, a true light that the immortal spirits contemplated in the sky; several fathers have testified to this, as Beausobre himself does.\n\nThere is no doubt, according to the authorities we have cited, that this was not a received dogma in the oldest theologies that God was a luminous substance, and that light constituted properly the intelligent part of the universal soul of the world or of the Universe towards God.\n\nIt follows from this that the sun, which is its greatest source, had to be regarded as the intelligence itself of the world, or at least as its principal seat. From this come the epithets of \"mind of the world,\" \"eye of Jupiter,\" given to it by ancient theologians, as well as that of the first production of the Father or his firstborn.\nAll these ideas have passed in the theology of the Sun's adorers, known as Christ. They make him the son of the father or the first god's substance; his first emanation, the substantial or formed god, or beyond this very luminous substance. Thus, the Sun God is also the logos, the Verb or the intelligence of the great Being or the great God- Universe; that is, he possesses all the characteristics that Christians attribute to the repairer, who is nothing in their religion but the sun.\n\nI know that Christians, deeply ignorant of their religion's origin, reject all the materialism of this theory and have, like the Platonists, spiritualized all these ancient theological ideas. However, it is nonetheless true that the system of spiritualists.\nThe entire text reads: \"est calqu\u00e9 tout entier sur celui des mat\u00e9rialistes ; qu'il est n\u00e9 apr\u00e8s lui, et en a emprunt\u00e9 toutes les divisions pour cr\u00e9er la chim\u00e8re d'un dieu et d'un monde purement intellectuel. Hommes ont contempl\u00e9 la lumi\u00e8re visible avant d'imaginer une lumi\u00e8re invisible ; ils ont ador\u00e9 le soleil, qui frappe leurs yeux, avant de cr\u00e9er par abstraction un soleil intellectuel ; ils ont admis un monde, Dieu unique, avant de placer la divinit\u00e9 dans l'unit\u00e9 m\u00eame du grand \u00c9tre qui renfermait tout en lui. Mais depuis on a raisonn\u00e9 sur ce monde factice de la m\u00eame mani\u00e8re que les anciens ont fait sur le monde r\u00e9el, et le dieu intellectuel eut aussi son principe d'intelligence et son principe de vie \u00e9galement intellectuelle. De tous les cultes. 3^ Tout cela est calqu\u00e9 sur celui des mat\u00e9rialistes ; il est n\u00e9 apr\u00e8s lui et a emprunt\u00e9 toutes les divisions pour cr\u00e9er la chim\u00e8re d'un dieu et d'un monde purement intellectuel. Nous avons contempl\u00e9 la lumi\u00e8re visible avant d'imaginer une lumi\u00e8re invisible ; nous avons ador\u00e9 le soleil, qui frappe nos yeux, avant de cr\u00e9er par abstraction un soleil intellectuel ; nous avons admis un monde, Dieu unique, avant de placer la divinit\u00e9 dans l'unit\u00e9 m\u00eame du grand \u00catre qui renfermait tout en lui. Mais depuis nous avons raisonn\u00e9 sur ce monde factice de la m\u00eame mani\u00e8re que les anciens ont raisonn\u00e9 sur le monde r\u00e9el, et le dieu intellectuel a eu aussi son principe d'intelligence et son principe de vie \u00e9galement intellectuelle. De tous les cultes. It is based entirely on that of the materialists; he was born after it, and borrowed all its divisions to create the chimera of a god and a purely intellectual world. Men contemplated visible light before imagining invisible light; they adored the sun, which strikes our eyes, before creating an intellectual sun through abstraction; they admitted a world, a unique God, before placing divinity in the unity itself of the great Being who contained all in Him. But since we have reasoned about this fictitious world in the same way that the ancients reasoned about the real world, and the intellectual god also had his principle of intelligence and his principle of life, equally intellectual. From all the cults.\"\nA soleil intellectuel, whose visible sun was but an image; a incorporeal light, whose light of this world was a corporeal emanation; finally, an incorporeal verb, and a verb clothed in a body, and made sensible to man. This body was the corporeal substance of the sun, above which one placed the increate and intellectual light or the Logos intellectualis. It is this refinement of Platonic philosophy that provided the author of the Gospel of John, the sole theological concept found in the Gospels.\n\n\"The Word took a body; he dwelt among us, and we have seen his glory: it is the glory of the only Son of the Father.\" (Martianus Capella on this last verb or this incorporated light within the sun's disc.)\nFliymme, who addressed this star, was subject to time and chained to its periodic revolution. He alone experienced alterations in his light, which seemed to be born, grow, decrease, and fade, succumbing in turn to the efforts of the ruler of darkness, and triumphing, while the intellectual sun, always radiant at the heart of its father or the prime unity, knew no change or diminution, and shone with eternal, incomparable brilliance from its principle.\n\nThese distinctions between the intellectual sun and the corporeal sun are found in the magnificent discourse that Emperor Julian addressed to the sun and which contains the theological principles of those centuries. It is through this that we will explain the two natures of Christ and his incarnation, which took place.\nIn this fable about Christ revealed with a body, born of a virgin, dead and resurrected:\n\nProclus, in his commentary on Plato's work, considers the sun under two aspects. As God uncaused, he is sacred and not considered as a body. As God created, he rules over visible bodies; as created, he is part of the governed beings.\n\nThis Platonic subtlety reveals the distinction of the sun's two natures and consequently of Christ, whom we have proven earlier to be nothing but the sun. Such was the character of philosophy in the renowned schools when the Christians composed their theological code: the authors of these works, the fathers, spoke.\nSaint Justin, one of the most zealous defenders of Christian doctrine, states that there are two natures to distinguish in the sun: the nature of light and that of the sun's body, to which the former is incorporated. The same applies to the two natures of Christ: Word or Logos when conceived united with the Father, and man or Word incarnate when dwelling among us. We shall not say, as Justin does, that it is the same with the two natures of Christ or the sun adored under that name.\n\nThe supposed incorporeal and invisible light in the spiritualist system, to which Christianity belongs, is this pure Logos of divinity residing in the intellectual world and in the first God. But the light become sensible is another matter.\nThe divine substance, called the sun, which is the source of all light and life, comes to dwell among us in the radiant disc. This incorporated or incarnated Logos, descended into this visible world, was to be the restorer of the world's woes. Had it remained within the invisible Being, its light and heat, the only antidotes to the disorder introduced by the serpent of winter upon the earth, would have been lost to us, and their absence would have rendered our lives unbearable. But the principle of light, in uniting with the sun and communicating itself to the sensitive universe, drove out the shadows and the long winter nights with its light, and, with its heat, banished the cold that had fettered the fertile force of spring, which, every year, impresses its fruitfulness upon all things.\nThe Christians have nothing of their own in their theology, and they borrowed all that pertains to the subtleties of metaphysics, especially from ancient philosophers and Platonists. Their opinion on the spirit or the soul of the world, and on the universal intelligence, known as the word or wisdom of God, was a dogma of Pythagoras and Plato. Macrobius gave us an ancient theology or Platonist fragment that contains a true trinity, whose Christian trinity is but a copy. He says that the world was formed by the universal soul: this soul responds to...\nOur spirit or esprit. Christians, invoking their Holy Spirit, also call it the Creator: Veni, Creator Spiritus, etc. It proceeds from this spirit or soul the intelligence, which they call mind. This is the universal intelligence, which Christians have made their logos or word, wisdom of God; and this intelligence they have begotten from the first god or supreme god. Is it not there the Father, the Son or wisdom, and the Spirit that creates and vivifies all? It is not only in the expression that there was not common ground between the two theologies in the filiation of the three first beings.\n\nMacrobius goes further: he recalls the three principles to a primal unity, which is the sovereign God. After setting the foundations of his theory on this trinity, he adds: \"You see it as I do.\"\nAll ancient Greek text should be translated into modern English before cleaning. Here's the cleaned version of the text after translating it:\n\nAll the cuts, 35, 1\nIn all monads, the original principle of the first cause,\n\"it remains whole and indivisible until the soul of the world,\n\"to the spirit that animates the cosmos.\" These are\nthe dogmas of pagan theology that, passing into that of Christians,\ngave birth not only to the dogma of the three principles,\nbut also that of their union in a primary unity.\nIt is from this primary unity that the principles emerged;\nthey resided primitively in the unity of the intelligent and living world,\nor the world animated by the breath of the universal soul,\nand governed by its intelligence, which one and the other\nmerged in the unity of the great God called the cosmos,\nor in Tid\u00e9e of the universe. God unique, source of intelligence and life of all other beings.\n\nAll that was material in this ancient text:\nTheology was spiritualized by modern Platonists and Christians, who created a complete trinity in abstractions, which we called, in their language, as many persons sharing in the first and unique divine cause of the prime and universal principle.\n\nThus, the dogma of the Trinity or the division of the unity of a first principle into a principle of intelligence and a universal principle of life, which contains in it the unique being that unites all partial causes, is only a theological fiction, and one of these abstractions that momentarily separate, through thought, what in itself is indivisible and inseparable by essence, and isolate, to personify, the constitutive attributes of a necessary being.\nThe Indians, disregarding God's supreme power, gave Him three sons: one is the power to create, the second, the power to preserve, and the third, the power to destroy. This is the famous Indian trinity: for Christians are not the only ones with a trinity. Indians had this concept centuries before Christianity. They also had the incarnations of the second person of this trinity, known as Vishnu. In one of these incarnations, he is named Krishna. They consider the sun as the depository of this triple power and give him twelve forms and twelve names, one for each month, as we give twelve apostles to Christ. It is in the month of March or under the sign of the ram that he takes the name of Vishnu. The triple power in their theology does not represent.\nThe Chinese acknowledge unity. The Chinese also have a mysterious trinity. The first being engenders a second, and the two engender a third. Among us, the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son. The three created all things. The grand term or great unity, the Chinese say, comprises three; one is three, and three are one. The Jesuit Kirker, discussing unity and the Trinity of the first principle, traces it back to Pythagoras and all the Egyptian Mercuries, as well as to Augustine himself, who found similar opinions on divinity among almost all peoples of the world: Pythagoreans, Platonists, and many other philosophers, Atlantians, Libyans, Egyptians, Indians.\nPersians, Chaldeans, Scythians, Gaulois, Spaniards, had several common doctrines with them regarding the unity of the God of Light and good. It should be added that all these philosophers existed before the Christians, and therefore we can conclude that the Christians borrowed at least some of their theological dogmas from them in these common points.\n\nIt results from all that we have said in this chapter that Christianity, whose origin is modern, at least in the West, has borrowed everything from ancient religions; that the fable of the terrestrial paradise, the basis for the dogma of the incarnation of Christ and his title as redeemer, is borrowed from the books of Zoroaster, and contains only an allusion to physical good and evil, which are mixed in equal doses in the operations of nature.\nAt each solar revolution, the healer of evil and the conqueror of darkness is the sun of Paques or the equinox sun; that the legend of Christ, dead and resurrected, resembles, next to it, all the legends and ancient poems about the Star of the Day personified; that the mysteries of his death and resurrection are those of the death and resurrection of Osiris, Bacchus, Adonis, and especially of Mithra or the sun, adored under a multitude of different names among different peoples; that their theological dogmas, and especially that of the three principles, belong to the most ancient theologies than that of the Christians, and are found among the Platonists, in Plotinus, Macrobius, and in other foreign writers imbued with them.\nPrinciples professed by Platon several centuries before Christianity and thereafter by his followers during the time when the first Christian doctors wrote; finally, that Christians have nothing but can be said to be their work, except for the divinity.\n\nAfter having, I dare say, demonstrated that the incarnation of Christ is that of the sun, that his death and resurrection also have the sun as their object, and that Christians are in fact sun worshippers, like the Peruvians they made suffer, I come to the great question of knowing if Christ existed, yes or no. If in this question one intends to ask if the Christ, object of Christian worship, is a real or an ideal being: certainly it is a real being, since we have shown that it is the sun. Nothing, without further ado.\nDoubt, in reality, is no less than the star that illuminates every man coming into the world. It has existed, it exists, and it will continue to exist for a long time. If one asks whether there was a charlatan philosopher called Christ, who established the ancient mysteries of Mithra, Adonis, etc. under that name, it makes no difference to our work whether he existed or not. However, we believe he did not, and we think that, just as the worshippers of Hercules believed that there was a Hercules, the author of the twelve labors, and that they were mistaken, since the hero of this poem was the sun; similarly, the worshippers of the Sun-Christ were mistaken in giving a human existence to the sun personified in their legend; for, after all, what guarantee do we have of the existence of such a man? The general belief of Christians since the origin\nde cette secte ou au moins depuis que ces sectaires \nont \u00e9crit ? Mais \u00e9videmment ceux-ci n'admet- \ntent de Christ que celui qui est n\u00e9 au sein d'une \nvierge , qui est mort , descendu aux enfers et \nressuscit\u00e9; celui qu'ils nomment l'Agneau qui a, \nr\u00e9par\u00e9 les p\u00e9ch\u00e9s du monde , et qui est le h\u00e9ros de \nleur l\u00e9gende. Mais nous avons prouv\u00e9 que celui- \nl\u00e0 est le soleil et non point, un homme , soit phi- \nlosophe , soit imposteur ; et eux-m\u00eames ils ne vou- \ndraient pas plus convenir que c'est un philosophe \nqu'ils honorent comme dieu , qu'ils ne consen- \ntiraient, tant ils sont ignorans , \u00e0 reconna\u00eetre le \nsoleil dans leur Christ. \nChercherons-nous des t\u00e9moignages de l'existence \nde Christ , comme philosophe ou imposteur , dans \nles \u00e9crits des auteurs pa\u00efens ? Mais aucun d'eux , \n356 ABREGE DE L* ORIGINE \nau moins dont les ouvrages soient parvenus jus- \nqu'a nous trait\u00e9 cette question, on en trouve quelques historiens qui en disent un mot, bien moins de lui que des chr\u00e9tiens, si ce mot \u00e9chappe \u00e0 Tacite, c'est pour parler de l'\u00e9tymologie du nom chr\u00e9tien, qu'on disait venir du nom d'un certain Christ mis \u00e0 mort sous Pilate, c'est-\u00e0-dire, selon Tacite, racontait-il la l\u00e9gende, et nous avons vu que cette l\u00e9gende \u00e9tait une fiction solaire. Si Tacite avait parl\u00e9 des Brames, il aurait certainement dit que ils prenaient leur nom d'un certain Brama, qui avait v\u00e9cu en Inde, car on faisait \u00e9galement sa l\u00e9gende ; et Brama n'en aurait pas plus exist\u00e9 comme homme, puisque Brama n'est que le nom d'un des trois attributs de\nThe god personified. Tacitus, in his history of Nero and the Christian sect, gave this name its etymology, without worrying if Christ had really existed or if it was the name of the hero of a sacred legend. This examination was completely foreign to his work.\n\nThus Suetonius, speaking of the Jews, suppose they stirred up much trouble at Rome under Claudius, and were disturbed by a certain Christ, a turbulent man, who was the cause of Claudius expelling them from Rome. Which of the two historians to believe, Tacitus or Suetonius, who also wrote \"De Vita Caesarum\" (All the Caesars), is of little accord regarding the place and time where the supposed Christ lived. The Christians prefer Tacitus, who seems more in agreement with the solar legend. For us, we will say that these historians spoke of Christ only based on rumors.\nvagues, without attaching any importance to it, and on this point, their testimony cannot offer sufficient guarantee of the existence of Christ as a man, whether legislator or impostor. If this existence had been just as indubitable, we would not have seen, during the time of Tertullian, authors who had more seriously discussed the question and examined the origin of Christianity, write that the cult of Christians was that of the Sun, and it was not directed towards a man who had once existed. Let us admit in good faith those who make Christ a legislator or an impostor, are led there only because they did not have enough faith to make him a god, or compared his fabrication with solar fables closely enough to see that the hero of a sacred fiction was not a man.\nvrais les exploits d'iiercule , ni voir dans Hercule \nun dieu , 5e r\u00e9duisent \u00e0 en faire un grand prince \ndont l'histoire a \u00e9t\u00e9 embellie par le mefveillt ux. Je \nsais que cette mani\u00e8re de tout expliquer est fort \nsimple et ne co\u00fbte pas de grands efforts ; mais elle \nne nous donne pas pour cela un r\u00e9sultat vrai , et \nHercule n'en est pas moins le soleil personnifi\u00e9 et \nchant\u00e9 dans un po\u00e8me. Les temps o\u00f9 fou fait vivre \n358 Abr\u00e9g\u00e9 be l'origine \nChrist , je le sais , sont plus rapproche's de nous \nque le si\u00e8cle d'Hercule. Mais quand une erreur \npst \u00e9tablie , et que les docteurs mettent au nombre \ndes crimes une critique \u00e9clair\u00e9e ; quand ils fabri- \nquent des livres ou les alt\u00e8rent et en br\u00fblent d'au- \ntres , il n'y a plus de moyen de revenir sur ses \npas , surtout apr\u00e8s un long laps de temps. \nS'il y a des si\u00e8cles de lumi\u00e8re pour les philo- \nSophes, that is, for a very small number of men, all centuries were centuries of darkness for the vast majority, particularly in matters of religion. Let us judge the credulity of those peoples by the impudence of the authors of the earliest legends. If we believe them, they didn't hear what they claimed to have heard, they saw what they narrated. What! Absurd and extravagant things, marvelous and recognized as impossible by every man who knows the course of nature. They are said to be simple men who wrote these things. I know that legend is rather foolish; but simple men who believe everything or claim to have seen what they couldn't, offer us no historical guarantee. In fact, it is far from certain that they were simply uneducated and unenlightened men who left these to us.\nThe evangelicals recognize traces of the impostor in them. One of them, after writing almost the same as in the three others, says that the hero of his legend performed a multitude of other miracles. One could make a book about it from the Univers de Tous Les Cultes. It could contain 35$. The hyperbole is a bit strong, but how is it that none of these miracles reached us, and the four evangelists confine themselves to almost the same facts? Was there not some skill in those who transmitted these writings to us? And did they not seek to obtain a concordance proper to establish the likelihood in the accounts of people who are supposed not to have conspired? Indeed, there are thousands of remarkable events in the life of Christ.\nThe four authors of his life agree on speaking only of the same facts! They are silent to all of Christ's disciples; tradition and sacred writers are mute. The Gascon author of the legend, known as Saint John, likely assumed his readers would be simple believers. Admitting the testimony of these books as proof of Christ's existence means committing to believing all; for if they are true when they tell us Christ lived among them, why wouldn't we believe his life was marked by the marvelous events they recount? Thus, good Christians believe it, and even if they are simple-minded, at least they are consistent. I know it is possible they may have deceived us.\nThey may have been mistaken about the details of Christ's life, yet, once again, what confidence can be accorded, even regarding existence, to authors who deceive or are deceived in all other respects? Is it not natural to believe that the worshippers of the Sun-Christ gave him a historical existence, just as the worshippers of the same Sun, under the names of Adonis, Bacchus, Hercules, and Osiris, did? Yet, were not the leaders of these religions aware that Bacchus, Osiris, Hercules, and Adonis never existed as men, but were merely the Sun God personified?\nPersonne, who was as ignorant and credulous as the early Christians, adopted without question an Oriental legend about Mithra or the Sun, unaware that they were still worshiping the sun. This is an old tale revived by uneducated men who only sought to link its moral elements to the doctrine of Christ, the son of God, whom they made speak and whose mysteries had been celebrated for centuries in the obscurity of sanctuaries, under the names of Mithra and Adonis. One could have put it in Adonis' mouth, had his well-known amorous adventures not permitted it. They took a mystic name for the sun, less known, DE TOUS LES CULTES. (36:1)\nThe authors of the legend brought the events closer to their own century, without fearing criticism in a sect where credulity is a sacred duty. One cannot push impudence, in fact imposture, further than the early Christian writers did, who were fanatical or fanned the flames of fanaticism. A letter from Saint Denis the Areopagite is cited, which attests that he and the sophist Apollophane were in Heliopolis or the city of the sun when the supposed eclipse of the sun occurred, which, against all laws of nature, came to the death of the sun or of Christ: it is a miracle. He asserts that they distinctly saw the moon come to place itself under the sun, which remained for three hours, and then returned to the eastern point of opposition, where it should not be found.\nThirty-six days afterwards. When we find forgers audacious enough to manufacture such counterfeit pieces and hope to pass them off, it is proof that there are many fools ready to believe, and that one can dare to do so. In Phlegon, we find a multitude of marvelous tales that shamefully testify to the credulity of those centuries. The history of Dion Cassius is no less fertile in all kinds of prodigies; this indicates enough the ease with which one believed in miracles then. The supposed miracles performed by Simon the Magician, and the faith that seemed to be added to this fabric of impostures, announce that one was then disposed to believe among the people, and it is among the people that Christianity was born and spread. If one reads carefully the martyrology of the three priests.\nFor over five centuries and the history of Christian miracles, human folly and credulity have been so strangely dishonored. It is on such foundations that one wants to support the history and existence of a god or divine man, about whom no one, not a single foreign writer to his sect, spoke during the very time when he should have astonished the universe with his miracles. We are reduced, a hundred years later, to seeking proof in Tacitus, in the Christian Origins, to prove the existence of Christ, or to interpolate, by a pious fraud, a passage in Joseph. If this last author had known Christ, he would not have failed to expand on his history, especially since he had to speak of a man who played such a great role in his country. When one is forced to resort to such pitiful means\nMoyens, one makes it sufficiently known that it is an embarrassment to persuade men regarding their belief. Tacitus himself, had there been in Judea a man who had marked himself, whether as great legislator or philosopher, or as notable impostor, would he not have gone beyond simply stating that Christ was dead in Judea? How many reflections an extraordinary man thus put to death would not have provided for a philosopher-writer such as himself! It is of all the cults. Tacitus attached no importance to this, and for him, Christ was merely a word giving etymology for the name of Christians, recently known at Rome, and sufficiently criticized and hated in Porcine. He therefore simply said what he had heard, according to the testimonies of the credulous Christians, and nothing more.\nThese are the Christians still here, and not Tacitus or Suetonius who are our guarantees. I know that you will invoke the universal faith of the advertisers of Christ, who for century after century have tested his existence and miracles, as they have attested to those of many martyrs and Samaritans. But I have already observed, on the occasion of Hercules, that the faith of several generations in something as a religion does not absolutely prove anything except the credulity of those who add faith to it; and that Hercules was no less the sun to the Greeks, whether they believed and said so or not. A great error spreads more easily than a great falsehood, because it is easier to believe than to reason; and men prefer the marvels of the Romans to the simplicity of history.\nIf we adopt this rule of criticism, we would oppose the Christians' firm belief that each people has had and still has miracles and oracles in their religion as proof of its truth. I doubt they would accept this proof when it comes to ours. We will therefore do the same when it comes to theirs. Us (3^4) ABREGE DE L'ORIGINE will say that they alone have the truth, but others say the same. Who will be the judge? Reason and not faith or received opinion, however general they may be- This would overturn all foundations of history, it is said, if we do not believe in the existence of Christ and the truth of the reports of his apostles and sacred writers. The brother of Cicero also said: It would overturn all foundations of history if we deny the truth of the Delphic oracles. I de-\nThe Christians defend their chimeras, not history. Nothing as universally spread, and believed for longer, as astrology, with its fragile foundations and false results. It stamped its seal on almost all monuments of antiquity: nothing was lacking to its predictions but the truth; yet the universe believed in it and still does. Cicero proves the reality of divination through a multitude of facts he cites in support of his assertion, and especially by the universal belief; he adds that this art goes back to the highest antiquity.\nThere is no people who do not have their oracles, their seers, their augurs, their prophets. This is true; but what then? It means that credulity is an ancient disease in man, an epidemic spread throughout the human race, and that the world is divided into two classes, those who lead and those who follow. One could also prove the reality of the return of the dead by their antiquity and universality of this belief, and the miracles of Saint-Roch and Escuape through the ex-votos deposited in their temples. Human reason has very narrow limits. Credulity is an abyss without bottom that devours all that is thrown into it, and rejects nothing. I will therefore not believe in the certainty of augural science, since I am told that Accius Navius,\nTo prove the immutability of this science, Tarquin was invited to imagine something he should do; and he, having thought that I would cut a stone with a razor, the augur performed the deed at once. A statue erected in the place preserved the memory of this feat and attested to all Romans that the art of augurs was infallible. The lances of Christ and the wood of his cross do not prove his existence any more than the footprint of Hercules proves his existence, and the columns raised in the plain of Saint-Denis will not convince me that Saint Denis passed through these places bearing his head. I will see in Saint-Denis or in Dionysios the ancient Greek Bacchus and the Egyptian Osiris, whose head traveled from the banks of the Nile to Biblos, as did his.\nOrpheus on the waters of Ihex, and this is the occasion to see how imposture and ignorance lead the people when the priest has mastered his spirit. The Greeks honored Bacchus under the name of Dionysios or Denis: he was regarded as the chief and first author of their mysteries, as well as Dionysus. The latter name was also an epithet they gave him, and the Latins translated it as Liber: they celebrated two principal festivals in his honor, one in the spring, and the other at the harvest. The latter was a rustic festival and celebrated in the countryside or fields; it was opposed to the spring festivals, called the festivals of the city or urban ones. A day was added in honor of Demetrius, king of Macedonia, who held court at Pella, near the gulf of Thessalonica. Bacchus was the oriental name for this god.\nThe same god. The festivals of Bacchus should therefore be announced in the pagan calendar with these words: Festurn Dionysii, Eleutherii, Rustici. Our ancestors made three saints from these: Saint Denis, Saint Eleuthere, and Saint Rustique, his companions. They read the day before: \"Feast of Demetrius?\" They placed, the eve of Saint-Denis, the feast of Saint Demetrius, whom they made a martyr of Thessalonica. It is added that Maximian was the one who caused his death through a series of despair.\n\nOf the death of Lyaeus, and Lyaeus is a name of Bacchus, as is Demetrius. They placed, the eve of it, the feast of Saint Bacchus, whom they also made a martyr of the East. Thus, those who wish to take the trouble to read the Latin calendar or the brief that guides our priests in the moralion.\nIn the celebrations of the festivals, on the 7th of October, they honored Bacchus as Festurn; on the 8th, they honored Demeter as Festum; and on the 9th, they honored Dionysius, Silenus, Eleutherius, and Rusticus as the Festurn sancti. In this way, they made saints of several epithets, or different names for the same god, Bacchus, Dionysius or Denis, Liber or Faunus. These epithets became companions. We have seen in our explanation of Nonnus' poem that Bacchus embraced the Zephyr or gentle wind under the name of the nymph Aura. Indeed! Two days before the festival of Denis or Bacchus, they celebrate that of Aura Placida or Aura the Calm.\n\nThus, the formula of wishes, perpetua felicitas, gave birth to two saints, Perpetua and Felicita or perpetual felicity, who cannot be separated.\nIn the invocation; to pray and give, or to ask and give, became saints! Roatian and Saint Donatian, whom we should not spare, were celebrated with Felicite and Perpetue. We celebrated Flore and Luce together, or light and flower. Sainte Bibiane had her feast day during the time when the Greeks opened the barrels, or the ce-368 ABR\u00c9G\u00c9 DE IOB PI TH O G I NE\napologies for the Pithoegies; Sainte Apollinaire a few days after the Romans celebrated the Apollinaris games. It is not even the Ides of the month that have not become a saint, under the name of sainte Ides. The true face, or the image of Christ, Veronica, became saint Veronica.\n\nThe beautiful star of the crown, Dargarita, placed on the serpent of Ophiuchus, changed into sainte-Marguerite, under whose feet.\npeint un serpent ou un dragon , et on c\u00e9l\u00e8bre sa \nf\u00eate peu de jours apr\u00e8s le coucher de cette \u00e9toile. \nOn f\u00eala aussi saint Hypolite tra\u00een\u00e9 par ses \nchevaux, comme l'amant de Ph\u00e8dre ou le fils de \nTh\u00e9s\u00e9e. On dit que les restes ou les ossemens de \nce dernier furent transport\u00e9s de l'\u00eele de Scyros \u00e0 \nAth\u00e8nes par Cimon. On sacrifia \u00e0 ses pr\u00e9tendues \nreliques , comme si c'e\u00fbt \u00e9t\u00e9 Th\u00e9s\u00e9e lui-m\u00eame qui \nf\u00fbt revenu dans cette ville. On r\u00e9p\u00e9ta celte solen- \nnit\u00e9 tous les ans au 8 novembre. Notre calendrier \nfixe au m\u00eame jour la f\u00eate des Saintes-Reliques. \nOn voit que le calendrier payen, et que les \n\u00eatres physiques ou moraux qui y \u00e9taient person- \nnifi\u00e9s , sont entr\u00e9s en grande partie dans le calen- \ndrier chr\u00e9tien , sans trouver beaucoup d'obstacles. \nJe ne pousserai pas pius loin ces r\u00e9flexions , \nparce que mon but , dans cet ouvrage , n'est pas de \n\"recall all contempt for the ignorance and impudence of imposture; but to recall the Christian religion to its true origin, that of all cults. 36$. I will make visible the filiation, show the link that unites it to all others, and prove that it is also encompassed in the circle of the universal religion or the cult rendered to nature and the sun, its principal agent. I will have achieved my goal if I have convinced a small number of readers (for I abandon the multitude to the priests), and if it appears to them proven that Christ is but the sun; that the mysteries of the Christian religion have as their object light, as do those of the Persians or of Mithra, as do those of Adonis, Osiris, etc., and that this religion differs from all ancient religions only in names, forms, and different allegories, and that its foundation is\"\nabsolutely the same; finally, a good Christian is one who is an adorer of the star, source of all light. Apart from that, if one insists on believing in the existence of a Christ, who is no longer the one of legend or the mysteries, that doesn't matter to us. We don't feel the need for this second Christ, since he would be absolutely foreign to the essence of the Christian religion, that is, to the one whose nature we have an interest in determining. As for us, we believe that this second Christ never existed, and we think that a judicious reader will find him in our sentiment, recognizing that Christ was no more real, as a man, than Hercules with his twelve labors.\n\nWe do not hide that there would be many others who, in admitting our views, would add:\n\n370 ABR\u00c8GE BE L'ORIGINE\n\n(Note: This text appears to be in French, and it seems to be discussing the belief that there was no historical Jesus. The text argues that a good Christian is one who worships the star (i.e., God) and that the idea of a second Christ, different from the one in Christian legends and mysteries, is unnecessary. The text also asserts that this second Christ never existed and that a judicious reader will agree. The text ends with a mention of \"370 ABR\u00c8GE BE L'ORIGINE,\" which may be a reference to a publication or a title.)\nexplanations on the found mysteries of Christianity will continue to make Christ either a legislator or an impostor, as they formed this idea of him before reading us. Since their philosophy can only go that far, we will not suffer longer arguments to make them see clearly historical proofs that can lead to believing Christ existed as a man. Furthermore, there is a great number of people so poorly organized that they believe in everything except what is dictated by common sense and sound reason, and who are wary of philosophy like Phydrophobe is of Peau: such people will not come to us, and they occupy us little; we have not written for them, we repeat it to them.\nLeur esprit est la p\u00e2ture des pr\u00eatres , comme les \ncadavres sont celle des vers- C'est pour les seuls \namis de l'humanit\u00e9 et de la raison que nous \n\u00e9crivons. Le reste appartient \u00e0 un autre monde; \naussi leur dieu leur dit-il que son royaume n'est \npas de ce monde , c'est-\u00e0-dire , du monde o\u00f9 \nl'on raisonne , et que les bienheureux sont les \npauvres d'esprit, car Je royaume des Cieux est \u00e0 \neux. Laissons-leur donc leurs chim\u00e8res , et n'en- \nvions pas aux pr\u00eatres une pareille conqu\u00eate. Conti- \nnuons notre marche sans nous arr\u00eater \u00e0 compter \nle plus ou le moins de suffrages qu'on peut obtenir \nDE Tj\u00ee'S LES CULTES. 3j I \nen heurtant de front la cr\u00e9dulit\u00e9, et, apr\u00e8s avoir \nmis a nu le sanctuaire dans lequel s'enferme le \npr\u00eatre , n'esp\u00e9rons pas qu'il invite \u00e0 nous lire ceux \nqu'il trompe. Il nous suffit qu'une heureuse r\u00e9vo- \nlution, quia d\u00f9 \u00eatre faite tout enti\u00e8re au profit \n[The reason and its author rendered impotent, preventing Buffon's shameful retractions. 3;2 ABREVIATION OF THE ORIGIN WVVV V WVWW IVWW* IA/W\\A\\ the AWW WWW VWVVVl VWVM WWW* VWWWWW\nCHAPTER X.\nOf the cult and religious opinions, considered in their relations to a man and his needs. It is not enough to have shown what the true objects of worship were for all peoples, to have analyzed their sacred fables recorded in poems and legends, and to have proved that the nature and its visible agents, as well as the invisible intelligences believed to reside in each part of the world and to direct its movements, were the subject of all divine chants and the basis of all religious systems]\nThe nations of the universe. It is the cult itself that merits serious examination. The harms that religions have inflicted on the earth are great enough for one to question whether to preserve or abolish these institutions. Their influence on politics and morality, on the happiness and misery of man in particular and of societies in general, is too marked and too universal for us lightly to abandon the priests the right to govern men, to modify their inclinations, tastes, and way of life at will, and above all to debase their reason. Religion interferes with everything; it seizes man at the moment he leaves his mother's womb; it presides over his education; it puts its seal on his commitments.\nIt is important that it can contract in her life; she surrounds the dying man's bed, conducts him to the tomb, and follows him still beyond the grave, through the illusion of hope and fear. I sense that the mere proposition of examining whether or not a religion should be abolished will provoke many people. Religions have planted deep and extensive roots on earth, and it is hardly possible today to uproot the ancient tree of superstitions, under which almost all men seem to find the need to rest. My intention is not to attempt this; for there are religions like these diseases that fathers transmit to their descendants for long centuries, against which art offers little remedy. This is a malady all the more incurable.\n\"Although it makes us fear the means that could cure it, one could thank a man who would deliver humanity forever from the scourge of smallpox. No forgiveness would be shown to him who would deliver it from the religion, which infinitely harms humanity and forms a horrible leprosy that attaches to reason and withers it. Although there is some hope of curing our delirious species in general, it is still permitted for the philosopher to examine the nature and characteristics of this epidemic, and if he cannot save the great mass of men from it, he will consider himself happy if he manages to extract a small number of sages from it.\"\nAll crimes and superstitions that priests have surrounded people with in all cultures and throughout all centuries. A philosophical history of cults and religious ceremonies, and of the worst priests in various societies, would be the most terrifying picture that man could have of his misfortunes and delusions. I will spare him this humiliation; I will only sketch a light outline, and I will reveal the shame of his weaknesses only to the extent that the need to address the question at hand will force me to put the mirror of his foolish credulity before his eyes. I will therefore examine the fundamental bases of all cults, without getting bogged down in the details of absurd practices and ridiculous or criminal ceremonies that religions often command.\nThe religions have a triple objective: the deity, man, and social order: the deity, to whom homage is paid; man, who receives benefits from it; and society, believed to require this link. Let us examine to what extent these three foundations of all cults are solid; if God, man, and society have a need for these institutions.\n\nThe nature, or the unknown force that moves it,\nof whatever name it is called,\nseems too great to me to require that man bows down so that it becomes more majestic, and too rich to have need of its priests. Whether he respectfully bows his forehead to the earth, or raises his head and eyes to the sky; whether his hands are joined and raised, or his knees bent; whether he sings or meditates in silence, what difference does it make to the deity?\n\"Qu'il soit homme de bien : voil\u00e0 le seul hommage qu'elle attend de lui. What need has God of the blood of goats and bulls? In fact, what can man do for him who makes all? What can he give to him who gives all? Man, it is said, recognizes his dependence. What! does he need this external sign to be reminded that he is entirely subject to nature? Is he less subject to the irresistible force that dominates all, whether he acknowledges it or not? Can a slave therefore escape his master? Is it not evident that man, who has painted his gods under the traits of mortals, who has often given them his inclinations and even his vices, believed they had this pride that delights in the abasement of a subject who is forced to trail servilely at their feet?\"\nchequ'en tremblant de, despotes de l'Orient et de leurs ministres, on n'est admis \u00e0 their court que lors-qu'on y porte des pr\u00e9sents. On a cru \u00e9galement ne pouvoir approcher des autels et des temples des dieux qu'avec des offrandes. L'homme a trait\u00e9 la divinit\u00e9 comme il traite l'homme puissant. ABR\u00c9G\u00c9 DE L'ORIGINE\n\nThe fearsome rulers of the East and their ministers only admit us to their court when we bring presents. It was also believed that one could not approach the altars and temples of the gods without offerings. Man treated the deity as he would a powerful man. But can we suppose such feelings and needs in this deity? Does it fear rivals? If the cult, considered as an homage and a pure act of recognition, were only superfluous, perhaps it should subsist among men every time they express simple admiration and profound respect.\nIn him is the tableau of the universe and the astonishing spectacle of effects produced by a cause as inconnu as marvelous which he calls God. But man did not remain there; and when he wanted to stop, the priest would not allow it. It is the priest who poisons the incense that is offered to the gods. And he teaches man to honor them through crimes. If the savage sometimes limited himself to waving the smoke of tobacco towards the star he adored; if the Arab burned on the altar of the sun the delicious perfumes that grew in his sands, the druid, in his forests, strangled men to please the gods; the Carihaginois immolated children to Saturn, and the Canaanite had human victims in the statue of his god Moloch. Is it from such a cult that men or the gods have a need? Since the priestly duties which he imposed.\nThe religion's sacred nature remains, even if it is absurd or atrocious. The most terrible crimes become duties. The Mexicans had idols made from the blood of young children, widows, and virgins who had been sacrificed, and whose hearts had been presented to the god Yitzliputzli. In his temple, there were several large tree trunks that supported perches where the heads of these unfortunate victims of superstition, who were always immolated in great numbers during their solemnities, were hung.\n\nIn these barbaric festivities, six priests were in charge of the horrible task of sacrificing to the gods thousands of captives. They successively placed each victim on a sharp stone; one of the priests held the victim's throat.\npar le moyen d'un collier de bois qu'il lui passait ; quatre autres tenaient les pieds et mains ; le sixi\u00e8me, arm\u00e9 d'un couteau fort et large, appuyait le bras gauche sur son estomac, et ouvrant le sein de la main droite, il en arrachait le c\u0153ur, qu'il pr\u00e9sentait au soleil pour offrir la premi\u00e8re vapeur qui s'en exhalait. In Mexico, a single sacrifice sometimes cost the life of twenty thousand prisoners.\n\nIl y avait aussi une f\u00eale o\u00f9 les pr\u00eatres \u00e9corchaient plusieurs captifs, et de leurs peaux ils rev\u00eataient autant de ministressuballcrnes, qui se r\u00e9pandaient dans tous les quartiers de la ville, en dansant et en chantant. On \u00e9tait oblig\u00e9 de leur faire quelque pr\u00e9sent, et cette c\u00e9r\u00e9monie affreuse \u00e9tait pour les pr\u00eatres une source de richesse.\n\nAu P\u00e9rou, les Antis sacrifiaient \u00e0 leurs dieux.\nWith great solemnity, they judged those worthy of this funereal honor. After stripping the victim, they bound it tightly to a post and dismembered its body with sharp stones. Subsequently, they cut off lambs of flesh from it: the thighs, the haunches, the buttocks, and so forth. Men, women, and children devoured these with avidity, after smearing their faces with the blood that flowed from its wounds. The Antes called these religious sacrifices.\n\nI will not delve further into the details of the religious slaughters committed among the various peoples under the pretext of rendering homage to their divinity and honoring it through cooking. It is enough that these horrors were committed but once, and that they...\nIf the text is in French, here is the cleaned version:\n\n\"puissent encore se reproduire dans la suite des si\u00e8cles, pour sentir toutes les affreuses cons\u00e9quences qu'il y a d'\u00e9tablir un culte, quand on n'est pas ma\u00eetre d'en arr\u00eater les abus; car l'homme se croit tout permis quand il s'agit de l'honneur de Dieu. Je sais bien que nos religions modernes ne sont pas aussi atroces dans leurs sacrifices ; mais que m'importe \u00e0 moi que ce soit sur l'autel des druides ou dans les champs de la Vend\u00e9e qu'on \u00e9gorge les hommes en honneur de la divinit\u00e9 et par esprit de religion; qu'on les br\u00fble dans la statue de Moloch ou dans les b\u00fbchers de l'inquisition? Le crime est toujours le m\u00eame, et les religions qui nous conduisent DE TOUS LES CULTES. Ces institutions sont toujours des institutions funestes pour les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s : ce serait outrager Dieu de le supposer jaloux de tels homages. Mais s'il rejette ces homages\"\n\nIf the text is in English, here is the cleaned version:\n\n\"may still recur in the following centuries, to feel all the dreadful consequences of establishing a cult, when one is not master of stopping the abuses; for man believes himself permitted all things when it comes to the honor of God. I know well that our modern religions are not as cruel in their sacrifices; but whether it be on the altar of the druids or in the fields of the Vend\u00e9e where men are slaughtered in honor of the divinity and in the spirit of religion; whether they are burned in the statue of Moloch or in the bonfires of the Inquisition? The crime is always the same, and the religions that lead us TO ALL CULTS are always fatal institutions for societies: it would be an affront to God to suppose him jealous of such homages. But if he rejects these homages\"\nWhoever tells us as much about humanity's suffering, can we believe that he loves the one who degrades our reason, and makes himself descend into a piece of dough at the whim of the imposer who invokes him? He who gave reason to man, the most beautiful gift he could give him, demands that he debase himself with the greatest stupidity and blind faith in the false absurdities that are debited to him in the name of divinity? If God had wanted another cult than the one we render to him through virtue, he would have engraved the rules himself in our hearts; and certainly, this cult would not have been absurd or atrocious, as almost all cults are.\n\nBut it is not divinity that has commanded a cult to man: it is man himself who has imagined it for his own interest; and the desire and fear that he has instilled in himself.\nThe fear, more than respect and recognition, gave birth to all cults. If the gods or priests in their name promised nothing, temples would soon be deserted. In general, religions have a common characteristic: it is to establish a correspondence between man and invisible beings called gods, angels, genies, etc., that is, between beings that man himself created to explain the phenomena of nature. The purpose of this correspondence is to interest these different beings in his fate and to obtain favors in his needs. The agents of this correspondence are fine and clever men, whom we call priests, magicians, and other impostors who present themselves as the intimate confidants and organizers of the supreme wills of the invisible beings.\nThe foundation of every cult and religion is that it places man in relation with the gods and the earth with the sky; in other words, every organized cult, practiced by priests, is based on an ideal order of invisible beings, charged with granting chimeraic aid through intermediaries. In general, this is what religious worship reduces to among all peoples; and I ask what need societies have to accredit such errors and protect imposture; what individuals and states gain from it.\n\nLet us examine on what basis they have sought to establish a prejudice as universally spread as the one that supposes a correspondence between the heavens and the earth other than that of the actions of physical causes independent of man, and that makes the gods subject to the priests and their intermediaries.\nThose who pray. The entire system of the cult is based on the belief in a providence that interferes, either directly or through gods and secondary agents, in the details of the administration of the world and human affairs, to which we can give the direction we believe. (38)\n\nIt is no longer useful for us, to warn it of our needs, to invoke it in our dangers, and to make it aware of our desires. Man regarded himself as the central point to which all the views of nature converged, due to an error similar to the one that made him believe the earth was the center of the universe. The Copernican system destroyed the latter prejudice; but the former remains and serves as the basis for religious worship. Man believed and still believes that he is the center of all things.\nest fait pour lui, que tout ce qui ne contribue pas \n\u00e0 son bonheur ou s'y oppose , est un \u00e9cart de \nla nature et un sommeil de la providence, que \nTon peut \u00e9vciiler par des chants et des pri\u00e8res, \net int\u00e9resser par des dons et des offrandes. Si \nl'homme se fut misa sa v\u00e9ritable place, et s'il \nn'e\u00fbt pas m\u00e9connu cette v\u00e9rit\u00e9, peut-\u00eatre humi- \nliante pour son orgueil , qu'il est rang\u00e9 dans la \nclasse des animaux , aux besoins desquels la nature \npourvoit par des lois g\u00e9n\u00e9rales et invariables , et \nqu'il n'a sur eux d'autre avantage que le g\u00e9nie qui \ncr\u00e9e les arts qui subviennent \u00e0 ses besoins, et qui \n\u00e9cartent ou r\u00e9parent les maux qu'il peut craindre \nou qu'il \u00e9prouve, il n'e\u00fbt jamais cherch\u00e9 dans les \n\u00eatres invisibles un appui qu'il ne devait trouver \nqu'en lui-m\u00eame, que dans l'exercice de ses fa- \ncult\u00e9s intellectuelles et dans l'aide de ses sembla- \nIt is his weakness and ignorance of his true resources that delivered him to the deceit which promised him aid, the most shameful credulity. Women, children, the elderly, and the sick, that is, the most vulnerable beings, are the most religious, because reason decreases in proportion to the body's weakening. In need, man seizes with avidity all appearances of hope presented to him; it is the sick man who tries all the charlatan's remedies; it is the unfortunate sailor, in a shipwreck, who seizes the smallest raft that floats, seeks support from all that surrounds him, and clings to the flexible branch and fragile root that borders the shore. Men\nadroits have taken advantage of this sentiment, which stems from our weakness, to become powerful in societies. They have written, under the name of rites and cults, the code of deceit, which they claimed contained, they said, reliable and effective means to obtain the gods' aid, of which they pretended to be the organs and ministers. Such was the origin of magicians, intermediary priests, between man and divinity, augurs and oracles interpreters of their secrets, and in general of all those who, in the name of the gods, have made a living by deceiving men. This is one of the most lucrative inventions of priests among all peoples, and it would take centuries before they abandoned this branch of commerce, in which their credulity bore all the costs, and whose imposture flourished.\nThe human race gathers all profits. From all cults, number 385. We trace our origins back to ancient times, no matter how far we cast our gaze upon the earth. Everywhere we see man awaiting answers, either from his prayers or those of his magicians and priests, from his sacrifices and offerings or his keys, or his mysterious ceremonies, for the help he never receives and always seeks, so powerful is the empire of illusion and imposture over him. Even the most savage nations, who are not wealthy enough to pay for priests and cannot afford religious luxury, have their magicians, who claim, through the power of their incantations, to heal diseases, summon rain on the fields, make winds blow as requested, and force nature to change her laws.\nThe priests, in other places, have taken on these same functions, and have created formulas for prayers and invocations, processions, and ceremonies with the same goal, and which operate, if one believes, the same miracles. Our priests, through professional rivalry, excommunicate magicians, perform the same masses, and have formulas for prayers against hail, drought, rain, epidemics, and say masses to recover what has been lost. The people's credulity is a rich mine that everyone disputes. This error was all the more easily established because, from then on, whoever could impose his faith on the people, even by force, would gain their obedience and their possessions.\nAttribu\u00e9 la vie et intelligence \u00e0 toutes parties actives de la nature, qu'on les eut peupl\u00e9es de g\u00e9nies charg\u00e9s des d\u00e9tails de l'administration du monde, il fut facile de persuader aux hommes que ces g\u00e9nies \u00e9taient susceptibles d'amour et de haine, anim\u00e9s de toutes les passions que l'on peut mouvoir et calmer suivant besoin, et qu'enfin on pouvait traiter avec eux, comme on traitait avec les hommes en place et avec les ministres et les d\u00e9positaires d'une grande puissance. Tel fut l'origine du culte et des c\u00e9r\u00e9monies qui avaient pour but de faire venir les dieux aux secours des hommes, de les appaiser et de se les rendre favorables.\n\nApr\u00e8s que l'agriculteur, dit Plutarque, a employ\u00e9 tous les moyens qui sont en lui pour rem\u00e9dier aux inconv\u00e9nients de la s\u00e9cheresse, du froid et de la chaleur, alors il s'adresse aux dieux.\nObtaining help that is not within human power, such as a tender ros\u00e9, a soothing charm, a moderate wind, etc., was used in the same way to divert hurricanes and hail that ravaged fields; to conjure up tempests that troubled the seas, and to put an end to great scourges that afflicted men, famine, epidemics, etc. The causes of all these disastrous effects being in nature, we turned to her or to the genies in charge of her administration for deliverance; and as magicians and priests claimed to be the depositories of their secrets, they were consulted as the visible organs and ministers of the gods' will. The priest became what nature was; he took her place and crushed man under the weight of it.\nThe monstrous power. Thus, the priests or gangas of Angola and Congo present themselves as the gods of the earth, whose productions are considered a gift from their sovereign pontiff, and the blacks offer them the first fruits. It is persuaded to the people that if the pontificate ceases to be filled, the earth would become sterile, and the world would end.\n\nFrom the pope who respectfully has his shoe kissed, to the great lama who reveres his excrements, up to the last jongleur, all the agents of religious imposture have kept man in the most shameful dependence of their power, and cradled him with the most chimerical hopes. There is not a point on earth where he could have hidden enough to escape the illusions and the pressure of these charlatans, who surround all those who listen to their false promises.\nI often confuse priests with augurs, oracles, and diviners, as they all wield power in the name of gods and unseen forces. The priests of File de Saint-Domingue had their Butios, who called themselves the confidants of the gods, the keepers of their secrets, and the interpreters of the future. In public, they consulted the Zem\u00e8s, or idols of subordinate deities, responsible for granting rain and bestowing blessings upon men. A long tube, one end of which was in the statue and the other hidden in thick foliage, served as a conduit for the responses the Caciques made to the Zem\u00e8s to collect a tribute and control their subjects. The Butios received the offerings that Ton presented to the Zem\u00e8s and kept them for himself, without guaranteeing their authenticity.\nThe Celts kept the promises they made through the organ of Zeus. I ask if it is of this religion that one speaks when one says a people need a religion? My question is all the more justified since almost all religions resemble each other in this respect, with the exception of a few forms: all peoples have their Butios under different names. The Caribles have their Bovettes, who make their idols speak according to their desires, and they invoke these idols to obtain the healing of their diseases, to take an interest in their success and the care of their vengeance; for everywhere men have sought to make the gods accomplices of their crimes or folly by putting them in the interests of their worshippers through prayers and offerings. The priest Chrys\u00e8s in Homer prays his god for revenge.\nepidemic ravaged the entire Greek camp. Docile to Josu\u00e9's will, the Jewish god halted the sun in its course to prolong the duration of a massacre that was to be illuminated by its light. The Sidonians of all cults. 38?\nyeniho had the simplicity to believe that, through sacrifices, they had the power to make snow descend from the sky when they wanted to harm their enemies.\nAll the peoples of Europe made powerful prayers for the success of their arms in the war against French freedom, and the French, who did not, won the battles.\nThe Canadians have their jongleurs, a sort of charlatans who are in commerce with spirits and who claim to heal diseases.\nWhen a savage is wounded, he prepares a feast and sends to fetch the jongleur. He arrives, examines.\nThe sick person promises to expel the spirit causing the disease from his body. Don't we have exorcists who drive away the evil spirit from the possessed, and weren't these religious farces repeated every year on the Thursday called Saint in the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris? At least we won't deny that the function of an exorcist is part of the orders we call minor, and that it is conferred upon our Catholic jesters. This is not considered superstition among us, but a very religious function. So is this religion what we need once again?\n\nThe Canadian jester, after spreading his remedies, invokes the god of heaven and earth, the spirits of the air and the underworld. Then he begins to dance with all his might, and applies his remedy afterwards. This is, he is alive, due to me.\nA religion that claims to bring divine aid from the heavens to the earth, is it not a branch of magic? What is this cult with its ceremonies and pomp, but grand jesters? Whether it's a priest of Samothrace, a bonze of China, a magician of Scandinavia selling wind to sailors, or Cakhas promising the Greeks, are they not all impostors who promise, in the name of the gods, what they cannot deliver?\n\nThe Virginians have their priests, to whom they address themselves to obtain the necessary rains; they recover lost things. They have the art of making favorable the dignitaries who preside over winds and seasons.\n\nThe Florentines have their Jonas, who demands from the sea monsters the safe return of the prodigal son.\nThe sun, which pleased him to bless the fruits of the earth and keep its fertility, they had visions and intimate communication with the divinity. It was Jonas that Paraousti consulted when he wanted to undertake some military enterprise, and who gave him the response of the gods. Greece did not have its oracle at Delphes, and the Jews their prophets? The Romans their haruspices, their augurs interpreters of the will of the gods? Among the Chinese, Emperor Tchoan-Hong had a monk near him who boasted of commanding the winds and rains, for kings associated with sorcerers to deceive men and better enslave them. Thus, the corrupt kings of France, however, did miracles; and scarcely anointed with holy oil, they healed their scrofula.\nThe king of Loango is believed to have the power to make it rain. He shoots an arrow towards the sky during a ceremony attended by the entire population. If it rains that day, the nation is filled with joy, even ecstasy. Among us, we hold processions and prayers for forty hours for the same purpose, and we always wait for the weather to change to aid the miracle, which is still a form of worship. If it's a matter of superstition, I ask who will draw the line separating it from what we call properly religion; for it is in the temples by the priests that all this occurs, and in the name of God.\n\nThe sacrifices, as the famous Empress Oueh\u00e9 explains, which are offered to the sky, the earth, and the spirits, have no other objective than to attract prosperity.\nRites and offerings turn away misfortunes. Power to the gods, and to sacrifices the virtue that returns the propitious gods, what becomes of the altar?\n\nKublai-Kan sacrifices to the gods to ask for a long life for himself, his wife, and his children, and for his livestock, an important vow in a country where all riches consist of herds.\n\nAn emperor of China made a work on agriculture, in which he employs ten chapters.\n\nAbridgement of the Origin\n\nHe instructs his people on what to do to turn away the celestial blows that crush and enter the harvests.\n\nVirgil, in his Georgics, advises sacrificing a bull to Bacchus and celebrating festivals in his honor to obtain fortunate harvests. He also prescribes sacrifices in honor of Ceres and orders cultivators to:\npromener three times the victim around the fields,\nto protect these crops, the three days of rogations ordered by our Catholic Church, do they not have the same objective? Is it not also for the benefit of the earth that you pray in our four seasons, which can be found almost everywhere in antiquity? The Chinese have their four season sacrifices, which were made anciently on four mountains located at the four cardinal points of the world. We sacrificed to the spring on the eastern mountain, to pray that the sky would watch over the seeds entrusted to the Earth. At the summer solstice, on that of the south, to obtain a benign heat; in autumn, on that of the west, for the destruction of insects; and in winter to thank the sky for the blessings it had granted and to ask for new ones.\nl'ann\u00e9e suivante : car la reconnaissance de Y homme \nest toujours int\u00e9ress\u00e9e. Je vous remercie afin que \nvous donniez encore. \nLe Tchen-Yu , chef des Tartares , rassemblait \nson peuple aupr\u00e8s d'un bois, et l\u00e0 ils sacrifiaient \nDE TOUS LES CULTES. 3qi \n*u dieu tut\u00e9laire des champs et des grains , en tour- \nnant autour du bois. Tcham-T\u00e7oum , apr\u00e8s une \nlongue s\u00e9cheresse , fait des sacrifices pour obtenir \nde la pluie. Les Grecs et les Romains invoquaient \nJupiter pluvieux. \nLes Tartares Manchoux sacrifient au ciel \u00e0 la \nmoindre \u00e9pid\u00e9mie qui menace leurs chevaux. Dans \nles sacrifices que Kublai-Kan faisait aux dieux , \nil r\u00e9pandait par terre des vases pleins de lait de \ncavale , dans l'id\u00e9e que les dieux venaient le boire, \net que cette offrande les engageait \u00e0 prendre soin \ndes troupeaux. Ce sont l\u00e0 , dira-t-on encore, des \nsuperstitions. Mais est-il une seule religion qui \nDo not have nearly equivalent superstitions, and what are not primarily upheld in the mind of the people? Is it not a superstition that believes in millions of men that the deity passes into a consecrated bread when certain mystical words are pronounced over it? What the philosopher calls superstition, the priest names religious act, and it forms the basis of his cult. Is it not the priest who maintains the absurd superstitions, because they are profitable, and because they keep the people in dependence, making his ministry nearly necessary in all instances of our life? For it is not manners and virtues that the people ask of the priest; it is blessings, prayers for their various needs, and the priest has remedies for all.\n\"It is sufficient, to be convinced of this, to read the ritual of our priests, and one will see that the most shameless magician does not make more promises or have more varied formulas for relieving all our ills than those contained in their books. A religion that did not provide or promise any help to man would not fare well. Give us our daily bread and deliver us from evil, say the Christians to their god. In the end, the entire cult reduces to this. It is Pissinus who goes to wash himself every day at the river, and who, after throwing water and sahl\u00e9 on his head, prays to his God, and says: 'My God, give me rice and yams today, give me slaves and riches; give me health.'\"\nHe also had fetishes, which he invoked in his various needs. It was on the altar of the fetish that he placed empty pots when he asked for rain, that he pacified a sabre or a dagger to obtain victory, and that he deposited a small knife when he needed palm wine. If the idol was deaf, he resorted to wine to make the tokk\u00e9, the ceremony in which one obtains all things from the gods.\n\nThe Negroes of Judah also had their fetishes. They addressed certain great trees to obtain healing for their diseases, and as a result they made offerings of millet paste, cornmeal, and rice; for every cult is a true exchange between man and his gods, the mediocre being the intermediary. In tempests, the savages made offerings to the sea, and ordered the sacrifice of a victim.\nBeef; they threw an golden ring into its waters as far as possible. The Greeks sacrificed a bull to Neptune, god of the seas, and a sheep to the tempest.\n\nThey invoked the fetish serpent in abundant rains and extreme droughts, to obtain rich harvests and to stop the diseases of the fields. The Romans, in a time of pestilence, did not fail to seek the serpent of Esculapius. They built a temple for him on the island of the Tiber.\n\nThe sovereign pontiff, in charge of this great fetish's cult, constantly demanded pure offerings for his serpent; and when they were not sufficiently abundant, he threatened the country with seeing its crops ravaged. So the people deprived themselves of the necessary to appease the god serpent. Yet another useful religion, but for whom? The priest, not the people.\nThe inhabitants of Loango have a multitude of mokis or idols of divinities, which are believed to rule the empire of the world. Some watch over the conversation of the harvests, others protect the livestock; several take care of the health of men, conserve the heights and footprints, and conduct their affairs to great success. They render a cult to these various idols in order to keep the blessings that each one can grant. Do we not also have our saints, who have each their virtue or particular property, and whom the people invoke for their different needs? The prayers of the Persian liturgy address Fange of each month and each day of the month, which you invoke to obtain the goods it bestows. The inhabitants of Socotora invoke the moon.\nTo have a good harvest and rain in times of drought, the Egyptians prayed to Isis and invited the Nile to descend into their fields. The Formosans have gods, some of whom protect warriors, others watch over seeds; these have power over health and diseases; these protect hunting, houses, etc. Savages also invoke their gods to obtain a successful fish catch; for each art, each need, each passion has its god. The Jambos in Japan chase away evil spirits. Isis also promise to heal diseases by means of a piece of paper on which they trace some characters; they place it on the altar in front of their idol.\n\nThe sectarians of the religion of Fo revered a finger of this supposed god: one exposed it as an idol.\nFor thirty years, it was published that the year was among the most abundant. All relics consecrated in Catholic temples and exposed for the people's veneration did not fear being endowed with some virtue? And did not those seeking healing from illnesses not address vows to them in pilgrimage, hoping to receive some favor? The procession for Saint Genevieve's relics had descended in great ceremony in the times of decalam\u00e9 and the illness of the kings. Large numbers of people lived off this charlatanism, selling small loaves that Ton gave to the sick for their healing. What attraction did this draw to a nation as enlightened as ours, not attracting it to its temple! We went in procession to obtain rain or good weather.\nFollowing the need. Do we not see the entire people of Paris go to thank her for the taking of the Bastille, to which she had little part, and which brought about the revolution, whose effect was to destroy her cult and burn her relics in place of Gr\u00e8ve? I do not see that the civilized people differ much from the savage people in matters of cult. There is only a difference in forms; but the goal is always the same, that is, to engage Nature and the gods believed to preside over its operations, to lend themselves to all the desires of man. This is the goal of every cult. Take away from the people their hope and fear, their religion fades away.\n\nMen are never more pious than when they are poor, sick, or unhappy. It is need, not recognition, that has raised [them] up.\n\"According to Chremyles in Aristophanes, Jupiter reigns over the altars to the gods. It is for him that sacrifices are made. Since Plutus, the god of wealth, enriched many men, Mercure complains that the gods no longer receive offerings or prayers. A priest in the same temple observes that in the past, when men were poor, the temple was filled with worshippers and offerings. But today, he says, one only sees a few rascals who come to make their filth there. The priest further states, I am saying farewell to Jupiter. This is the secret of priests in all countries; they are only attached to the service of their altars in proportion to the donations they receive.\"\nThe people believe they need intermediaries to obtain heavenly aid. Let men abandon their credulity towards their promises, build no more altars, no more priests, and consequently no more worship. The religious system, among all peoples, rests on this basis. Thus, since the worship is founded on this false and completely absurd opinion, that is, that by means of priests and offerings we interest the nature or invisible beings we place in their stead; therefore, there should be no worship. What is more false and more absurd than to imagine that the deity is placed like a sentinel to listen to all the foolishness that passes through the heads of those who address prayers to it, and whose wishes, for the most part, express only senseless desires dictated by particular interest, which isolates itself too.\njours de l'int\u00e9r\u00eat g\u00e9n\u00e9ral , vers lequel tend la pr\u00a9- \nvijeace universelle. \nDE TOUS LES CULTES 897 \nQuelle absurdit\u00e9' que d'admettre un Dieu infi- \nniment bon , qui pourtant ne fait le bien qu'au- \ntant qu'on le presse, qu'on le sollicite, et qu'on l'y \nd\u00e9termine par des offrandes! Que j'aime bien mieux \nces peuples qui n'adressent aucune pri\u00e8re au Dieu \nbon , parce qu'ils supposent que sa nature le porte \n\u00e0 faire tout le bien qu'il peut sans qu'on ait besoin \nde le prier! Quelle contradiction que d'admettre \nun Dieu qui voit et conna\u00eet tout , et qui cependant \nveut que l'homme l'avertisse et Fe'claire sur ses \nbesoins ; un Dieu dont les d\u00e9crets sont dirig\u00e9s par \nune sagesse e'ternelle , et qui cependant les modi- \nfie et les change \u00e0 chaque instant suivant l'inte'r\u00eat \nde celui qui le prie ! Toutes ces suppositions entrent \nn\u00e9cessairement dans tout syst\u00e8me de culte qui a \nThe objective is to bring the deity to act according to the desires of a mortal, and to engage its interest in one's affairs other than through the administration of the universe, on which God certainly does not seek counsel from man. God or nature provides for the subsistence of all animals through a general administration: it would be foolish to change this in our favor. The machine operates according to constant and eternal laws, and man, whether he wills it or not, is drawn along by its movement. Anyone who speaks to it another language is a deceiver who misleads. It is for man, who merely passes over the earth, to submit, like other animals, to the impersonal laws of the great being.\n\nAbstract of the Being Eternal and Immutable, called God.\nVoil\u00e0, or in other words, here is a secret that need not be feared to reveal. This opinion is the only true one and has the additional advantage of better aligning with the divine majesty, putting God and man each in their place. However, it is in honor of the divine that we have created this providence of details, without worrying about the ridiculous role we have given it. It is Minerva who picks up the heros' whip from Homer. In this way, God is found to be the confidant of all the most extravagant wishes, the minister of all volitions, of all the passions of all men: yet He is often embarrassed to fulfill them all, as one demand often necessitates harm to another.\n\nJust as a field with a dry and arid soil needs frequent rains, these rains would be contrary to -\nchamp Voisin: Which of the two property owners will the sky favor! We would blush to be gods, sending such a bizarre tableau as the various peoples have made, and the actions, the passions lent to us. I feel that I would become ridiculous myself if I pushed these reflections on the absurdity of the system that places divinity, so to speak, under the orders of a mortal; that creates as many gods as man has passions and needs, even imagining the god Cr/\u00eapitus. Indeed, it would then be man and not the divinity that governed the world, All Cults. Since she would obey man. This idea should only be shown to be grasped by man. For others, nothing can free them from the tyrannical empire of the priests. I speak, in this moment, only to those who are convinced, not to the unconvinced.\nI. Though the prayers and vows of mortals can change nothing in the eternal and constant laws of nature; all is drawn along in this swift current, and man, with or without his will, is compelled to obey, without hope that God will stay it for him. I ask, in this supposition, what is the effect of a cult that aims to make the heavens obedient to man's voice and cause divine aid to descend upon him from the universal cause or the world that I call God? If it is true, as Cicero says, that every cult rests solely on the opinion that the divinity takes care of man, and is disposed to grant his needs in the various stages of life, what will become of the cult itself when it remains?\nprouv\u00e9, par reflexions les plus simples et par l'exp\u00e9rience, que les pri\u00e8res et les offrandes des mortels ne derangeront jamais le cours de la nature; que les dons que l'on porte dans les temples ne profitent que aux pr\u00eatres, et les pri\u00e8res adress\u00e9es aux dieux, que \u00e0 ceux que l'on paie et que Ton dote richesment. Politique prier? Je sais que je cherche ici \u00e0 d\u00e9truire une grande illusion; mais pourquoi r\u00e9pandre toujours les chim\u00e8res? La v\u00e9rit\u00e9 est-elle donc un si grand fardeau \u00e0 porter? Sa lumi\u00e8re serait-elle plus affreuse que les t\u00e9n\u00e8bres de Terreur? Cessons de nous abuser sur notre vraie position \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de la nature. C'est \u00e0 elle de commander; c'est \u00e0 nous de subir ses lois. Sommes-nous malades, ce n'est point dans les temples, ni au pied des autels, ni dans les formules de pri\u00e8res compos\u00e9es par les pr\u00eatres.\nThree things we must seek help for; it is the art of medicine that will provide them for us. If doctors are powerless, priests will be even more so. The faith we have in the help that religion offers through prayers and offerings, besides degenerating our reason, also has this disadvantage: it makes us less active in seeking cures that medicine can provide, it casts us into a fatal security, and the hope in heavenly help often deprives us of those that the earth offers us.\n\nSuch a sailor perished in the waves, who might have escaped the wreck if he had maneuvered instead of praying, and if he had sought to save himself through his skill and labor, rather than abandoning himself to God's grace and invoking the Virgin or Saint Nicholas. How many?\nvoto suspended in temples, which were more due to fortune and happy chance than to the saint to whom they were offered, and which prove less his power than the stupid credulity of those who invoked him! Nature placed in human strength, prudence, and use of all his faculties, the means of conservation and happiness granted to him. Outside this sphere, all is illusion: therefore, the cult which essentially has for object to make us descend from heavenly aid, to make the Sky obedient to our desires, and to link the fate of man to the action of invisible genies that can be won by prayers and gifts, is a monstrosity, a chimera that must be destroyed by all the means that sound reason provides, to confuse the works of imposture. It is there.\nThe philosopher's duty, that of the friend of humanity, and especially of wise legislation; for society degenerates when man loses the preeminence he had over other animals, and he loses it as soon as he allows his reason to be corrupted. Tell him, if he is anxious about his harvests, the preservation of his fortune, and his health, that it is not through the sacrifice of his reason that the deity wanted him to be rich and happy; but rather through the good use he would make of it. The sun will not lose its chariot or its light, the sky will not cease to pour down fertile rains in spring, summer will not fail to ripen its crops and autumn its fruits, even if he no longer addresses vows to the Eternal and no longer endows those who speak in its name with organs and ministers. The revolution\nFrench friends, let this truth prevail among you all for the people. Let us banish from society those who seek to return us to opposing views to subjugate us. It is only the sole cult that can suit and please man and God: it is the one we render to God through goodness and by cultivating virtues, and this cult does not require intermediaries between the Supreme Being and man. Each one must be here his own priest, and bear in his heart the altar on which he sacrifices at each moment to the great Being who contains all others in his immensity. Let us rely on him for providing for our needs. If man still believes he must erect other altars, let it be from recognition rather than interest that drives him; but let him know that God does not need it.\nThe following text describes the belief in incense and the false doctrine of changing laws through vows and prayers, leading to the need for a religion with priests, ministers, temples, altars, and formulas of prayers, which lulls man with false hopes.\n\nd'encens ni de la graisse des taureaux. Let the man contemplate nature with admiration, but let him not flatter himself that she changes her laws for him; nevertheless, it is there that those who persuade him that, through vows and prayers, he will obtain the goods he desires and ward off the evils he fears, commit the great crime against societies. One must repeat every day a religion for the people, and by religion, we mean one that has priests, ministers, temples, altars, formulas of prayer, and which cradles man in false hopes.\nRances persuaded him that the divinity listened to him, and that she was ready to fly to his aid for a little prayer. This is the religion they say, which consoles man in his miseries and nourishes his hope; it is barbaric to take away from him the consolation that the priest offers him in all his troubles, and to leave him alone, without support but his own and that of his companions, to nature which made him and masters him. What difference does it make if he prays or sleeps? Nature will do its work. The poor man alone will lose out if he is not used anymore. It is to his plow and his oxen that the farmer must have recourse if he wants rich harvests. Here is all the magic of this peasant whom they accused of sorcery to make his fields fertile. Any opinion contrary to this is based on a false foundation; and in no case.\nA mortal has no right to deceive his fellow; otherwise, the divinity would need, to ensure respect from men, to rely on a system of deceit; an idea that revolts me, and for this reason, religion is not only unnecessary but absurd. I know that one will reply that if the divinity does not need the cult of mortals to make man as happy as he can be, societies have need, and religions have been invented not for the divinity, on whom prayers have no effect, but for men; that morality and legislation can only be sustained as long as they rest on solid bases; that legislators and philosophers cannot.\n\nAbridgement of the Origin of a Religion.\nSophes cannot lead men if they do not associate with priests. Here, deceit is covered by a more specious veil. It is not the fields that one pretends to fertilize by invoking the two, but the societies that one wants to maintain and perfect by involving the gods. I could first respond that one can separate the first idea from the second, that one can, and that one should establish a filiation between the laws of societies and those of nature, between human justice and the divine justice you name, which is nothing but eternal reason, without needing a Jupiter who gives rain when asked for it; an Escuipe who heals when one sleeps in his temple; a god Pan who watches over the conservation of herds; a Saint Genevieve.\nThis text appears to be in French, and it seems to be discussing the importance of religion and its role in connecting earth to heaven through prayer and rituals. Here's the cleaned-up version:\n\n\"This is what makes religion essential for the people, not Pabus, but the body of the religion itself. One cannot conceive of a religion where there is no longer worship, and there is no cult without tying the earth to the sky through the exchange of prayers and services. This is the foundation of all religions. It is this religion that reproduces itself everywhere and which I maintain is at least useless to man; it is this one that has produced immense riches and such enormous power for the priests of all countries. It is this religion that has covered the globe with temples and altars, giving birth to all the superstitions that have dishonored the human species. A philosopher still cannot attack it today without being seen as an immoral and unprincipled man.\"\nmorals and without fearing proscription. But far from separating these two ideas, that is, the religion which provides consolation from the one which provides morals, we have tolerated and even strengthened the former, with all its superstitions, out of fear of destroying the opinion of the existence of a god who punishes and rewards, and of his surveillance over all human actions. We wanted God not only to attend to all our needs, but also to spy on all our misdeeds and to reward or punish all the acts of our will, following the plan of legislation that each legislator had conceived: hence it has often happened that the divinity has found herself charged with punishing actions that seemed dictated by common sense, and was only an illusion.\nSuite des lois de la nature, ou ch\u00e2tier ici ce qui elle r\u00e9compensait ailleurs; car chaque l\u00e9gislateur a rendu Dieu garant de ses dogmes, et yengeur n\u00e9 de l'infraction de ses lois, quelques absurdes et f\u00e9roces qu'elles fussent. Robespierre eut aussi son \u00c9ternel, dont les autels \u00e9taient des \u00e9chafauds, et dont les bourreaux \u00e9taient les pr\u00eatres. Il d\u00e9clama aussi contre la philosophie dans ses derniers discours, et sentit le besoin de se rattracher \u00e0 une religion. Pour consolider sa monstrueuse puissance, il fit d\u00e9clarer l'\u00e2me immortelle et d\u00e9cr\u00e9ter l'existence de Dieu.\n\nMo\u00efse, Zoroastre, Numa, Minos, etc., ont donn\u00e9 des lois au nom de la divinit\u00e9, et quelque semblables qu'elles fussent, Dieu partout en \u00e9tait l'auteur, et devait en \u00eatre l'appui et le vengeur. Ainsi, la religion est devenue r\u00e9ellement un grand instrument de politique que chaque.\nA legislator has used religions to further his designs. This is what led several philosophers, including Cicero, to claim that all religious dogmas were initiated by ancient sages to guide those whom reason alone could not contain; in other words, that religions were invented for the people because it was believed they could not be well governed without this artificial means; or because, as is still believed today, a religion is necessary for the people. This admission is significant for us, as it acknowledges that, in its origin or at least in the use Von believed it should serve, religion must be classified as a political institution. It remains for us to examine whether we were justified in resorting to illusion to establish this.\nThe empire of justice and truth; if we have managed to gain it, and what means were employed to achieve it, it will not be difficult to prove that religion is no less useful to morals and legislation than it gives us rain and good weather. I have already said and believed, although my assertion may be regarded here as a paradox by those who believe that the morality of man should not always follow that of the philosopher; I have believed and still believe that no mortal has the right to deceive his fellow man, no matter what interest he may promise himself, still less to establish a general system of deception for all generations. Therefore, Namah is in my eyes only a contemptible juggler when he feigns having conversations.\nThe text appears to be in an ancient or poorly scanned form of French, with some Latin and English words mixed in. I will attempt to clean and translate it to modern English as faithfully as possible.\n\nThe secrets of the priestess Eg\u00e9ri\u00eb, and how, to prevent the Romans from servitude, he established priests, augurs, and all these diverse priesthoods, which for a long time could only be admitted to these functions. I speak of the legislator of the Jews, who had conversations with the Eternal. The people have become the plaything of all the other nations because of their stupid credulity, since this legislator sought from the beginning to base his entire social organization on the volitions of the divinity he made speak at will; since he established his morality on prestige, on legal purifications, and accustomed the Jew to believe everything: so that Jew and man are almost synonymous. The merit of all men has been eclipsed.\n\nCleaned and translated text:\n\nThe secrets of the priestess Eg\u00e9ri\u00eb and how, to prevent the Romans from enslavement, he established priests, augurs, and all these diverse priesthoods, which for a long time could only be admitted to these functions. I speak of the Jewish legislator, who had conversations with the Eternal. The people have become the plaything of all the other nations because of their stupid credulity. This legislator sought from the beginning to base his entire social organization on the volitions of the divinity he made speak at will; since he established his morality on prestige, on legal purifications, and accustomed the Jews to believe everything: so that Jew and man are almost synonymous. The merit of all men has been eclipsed.\nThe equal right by the laws of nature to each is a forfeited claim, which finds its excuse only in the perversity of the human heart that deceives. If this maxim is true between individuals, how much more reason should it be for the leaders of societies, who establish as a principle of social organization that there must be a religion, or, to put it another way, that they must deceive the people through sacred fictions and the marvelous that accompanies them, in order to better lead them? This is to authorize imposture when it becomes useful; I ask the authors of such a doctrine where they intend to stop; I also ask them if, for the leaders of societies, there is a morality.\nPart from being drawn from sources other than those of simple citizens, and if they do not fear having imitators in private contracts when the public contract is infected with such a flaw. We go far with such maxims. Kings had become accustomed to having a morale that was not that of their subjects; and the priests, to following regulations other than those they prescribed for the people. If religion is a truth and a duty, it should not be placed among purely political instruments; it is a sacred duty imposed on all men. It is due to all, and not only to the people. If it is only a political institution, as it is supposed here, it should be modified according to the needs of societies.\npresented under other aspects to the people. It should be, like all laws, the work of reason or its representatives when they have one. But then the illusion fades: it is no longer religion; for all religion links us to things superior to man. These are simply laws or morality which should not be surrounded by the marvelous to be received. They should draw all their strength from their wisdom and utility, from the energy of the power that commands their execution, from the good education that prepares citizens.\n\nBefore there were books and priests, Nature had given man the germ of virtues that make him social; before the imagination of an hell, there were good men; there will still be some when no one believes in it. It is from this.\nThe weakness of man, born of nature, instills in him the need to lean on his fellow man and respect the bonds that unite him with others. Invoking the heavens in the grand work of civilization is deceitful to men, and deceiving men carries the risk of irritating the nameless one we deceive. The notion that societies can be governed without priests and religion will seem paradoxical, as it once would have been to claim victory in battles without the help of Saint Denis' oriflamme and the relic of Saint Louis. Even if we grant the leaders of societies the terrible privilege of poisoning the reasoning of millions of men with religious errors, it would still be false to say that this means contributed to the happiness of societies.\nIt is unnecessary to link anything further. It would suffice to unfold here the tapestry of crimes committed throughout the ages and among all peoples in the name of religion, to convince even the most zealous advocates of this political invention, that the sum of evils it has engendered far surpasses the little good it has done, if it has done any: for such is its nature, such is the sort of good, to be born only from pure sources, from truth and philosophy. I shall not speak here of the barbaric sacrifices commanded by the religion of the Druids, of the Carthaginians and the worshippers of Moloch, nor of the religious wars of the ancient Egyptians for an Ibis, for a cat or a dog; of the Siamese for the white elephant, without retracing all the transgressions of so-called Christian courts.\nsuccesseurs de Constantin; sans remuer les cendres \ndes b\u00fbchers de Finquituion ; sans nous entourer \ndes ombres plaintives de tant de milliers de Fran- \n\u00e7ais \u00e9gorg\u00e9s \u00e0 la Saint-Barth\u00e9l\u00e9my et du temps des \ndragonades royales , que de tableaux dechirans , \nd'assassinats commis au nom de la religion , \u00eea \nr\u00e9solution fran\u00e7aise n'a-t-elle pas \u00e9lal\u00e9s sous nos \nyeux ! Je vous en prends \u00e0 t\u00e9moin, ruines fumantes \nde la Vend\u00e9e , o\u00f9 les pr\u00eatres consommaient le sa- \nDE TOUS LhS CULTES. 4l\u00ee \ncrifice de leur dieu de paix sur des monceaux de \ncadavres ensanglant\u00e9s , pr\u00eachaient le meurtre el le \ncarnage un crucifix \u00e0 la main , et s'abreuvaient du \nsang de ces braves Fran\u00e7ais qui mouraient pour la \ndeTense de leur patrie et de ses lois. \nSi la population de vos belles contr\u00e9es est pres- \nque enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9truite, si le voyageur n'y ren- \ncontre plus que des ossemens , des cendres et des \n\"ruines, to whom can we impute these misfortunes, except the priests, who never acknowledge the cause of their own as that of religion, and who would overturn unity to preserve their wealth and power? Can we not put religions among the greatest scourges, since they are at least the pretext that the priest uses to commit and order massacres? These, it will be said to me, are the abuses of religion. Ah! I care not a whit when everything is abusive in a political institution, or when abuses are a necessary consequence of its existence. It is the priests, it is added, who do the harm. Yes, but you do not want religion without priests. Consequently, you want all the evils that the ministers of the altar do to the flock. You want them to fanaticize.\"\nThe following text is not in a readable format and requires significant cleaning. However, based on the given requirements, it appears that the text is written in French and discusses the importance of both religion and philosophy enlightening people. Here's the cleaned text:\n\n\"les hornius que il ne les est que de les instruire, que la religion soit un bien, et que la philosophie, qui n'est autre chose que la raison \u00e9clair\u00e9e, soit un majeur. Sans doute il est dangereux pour ceux qui trompent et vivent des fruits de l'imposture que le peuple soit \u00e9clair\u00e9; mais il n'est jamais pour le peuple, autrement la v\u00e9rit\u00e9 et la raison seraient pour l'homme des pr\u00e9sents funestes, tandis que le sage les a toujours mises au nombre des plus grands biens. Que de malheurs a caus\u00e9s \u00e0 l'humanit\u00e9 cette vieille maxime adopt\u00e9e par les chefs des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s, et qui se perp\u00e9tue encore aujourd'hui, qu'il faut une religion au peuple, ou, ce qui revient au m\u00eame, qu'il est \u00e0 craindre que le peuple ne s'\u00e9claire, qu'il est des v\u00e9rit\u00e9s qu'il serait dangereux de lui r\u00e9v\u00e9ler, qu'il faut lui ravir sa raison pour.\"\n\nTranslation:\n\n\"The Hornius [people] are only there to instruct, and religion should be a good thing, and philosophy, which is nothing but enlightened reason, should be a major [aspect]. Without a doubt, it is dangerous for those who deceive and live off the fruits of imposture that the people be enlightened; but it is never for the people, otherwise truth and reason would be fatal to mankind, while the wise have always considered them among the greatest goods. How many misfortunes have been caused to humanity by this old maxim adopted by the leaders of societies, and which still persists today, that a religion is necessary for the people, or, in other words, that it is to be feared that the people will enlighten themselves, that there are truths that it would be dangerous to reveal to them, that we must take away their reason from them.\"\nPrevent him from stealing a few pieces of a base metal from you. Those who speak such language have then forgotten that the people are composed of four equal men in the eyes of nature, and that they should acquire superiority only through the use of their reason, the development of their intellectual faculties, and virtues. It is not the instruction in the people that we should fear: there is only tyrants who dread it, but rather their ignorance, for it is this that delivers all vices and the first oppressor who wants to enslave them. The moral world has much more to gain by surrounding itself with all the lights of reason than by wrapping itself in the darkness of faith. It is in the very heart of man that nature has engraved the tablet of his duties. Let him descend into this sanctuary, let him.\nListen in silence to the voice of your divinity; it is the voice of all cults. (4)\nShe renders her oracles. Her most beautiful altar is the heart of the good man, and one is not good when one deceives one's fellow men.\nIf faith gave us morals, the peoples among whom it is most powerful would be the most virtuous, and they would have the most morality; but this is not the case, and it is because everything that depends on illusion and prestige can only weaken the pure feeling of virtue, far from fortifying it: imposture has no right to lend its false colors to the sacred dogmas of natural morality. Only that one has its source in the eternal reason that governs the world, only that one should be listened to and followed, whatever one can add to it can only corrupt it; all.\nassociation is drawn from a supernatural order; anything foreign to it weakens its bonds, simply because they are not those acknowledged by nature and reason. I have little faith in the probity of one who is good only as long as he is deceived and believes in hell! The people, as they become educated, and they become educated early or late, soon lose their virtues, and once the charm is broken, it is difficult to bring them back to their duties when they have not seen the principles engraved in their hearts from birth and when their source has not been sought in an ideal world to which they no longer believe. He is now on guard against the imposture of which he recognizes himself as a victim, not only against philosophy, which has always been presented to him.\nThe following individual doubted the virtues. He persuaded himself that their foundations were false because those upon which they had been based were indeed unsound. He had no more morals once he had no religion, for he made morality entirely depend on religion. He ceased to have religion once he ceased to add faith to the absurd tales told in its name; for it seems that absurdity and the marvelous are the distinctive characteristics of all religions, and that one is considered probabe only if one is considered a fool.\n\nWhen this revolution arrives in the people's opinions, which have never separated morality from the dogmas to which they no longer believe, what a deluge of evils inundates societies, which suddenly see ancient and worn-out ties that had been used to unite the entire social system break apart!\n\"If the new government lacks great morality in its actions; if good faith and severe justice do not preside over its operations; if public institutions do not support the new edifice, it is to be feared that a people who have aged under priests and kings will change their freedom into license, and their credulity into universal incredulity; that they will completely demoralize themselves through the very revolution that was meant to regenerate them, and that they will not illuminate themselves without becoming better. And this is still the crime of its kings and priests who conspired against ALL CULTS. They had reason to subject themselves more to it. It is not the fault of philosophy that it comes to render them the softness of a flame that priests and despots had endeavored to extinguish; for if reason\"\nThe foundation of philosophy should have been first the source of its virtues. If its reason were enlightened, its virtues would have been strengthened, because it would have found in itself the principle and rule of its duties. The truth of principles is eternal and indestructible, and the illusion of imposture is never solid or durable. It is commonly said that not all men are equally suited to be enlightened; that a nation of philosophers is a chimera. But here, to be enlightened means not to be deceived or lulled by false ideas in the name of religion, and to find the simple ideas of good sense and sentiment.\nA heart that is straight, such as nature gave to the great number of men, and more often to the peasant in the fields and cottages than to him who lives in cities and palaces, the reasons for the good, the notions of justice and injustice, exist independently of religions and before them. These moral ideas can be found in a great number of religions because they do not belong to any in particular, and these religions are considered good only insofar as they contain them in their primitive purity. They belonged to natural morality before religious morality took hold, and rarely have they gained from this adoption. In this sense, the people will be enlightened if, instead of this light, they turn to...\n\"Falsehood gives religious prestige to these truths, yet we let reason's light shine in all its brilliance without mixing in the shadows of mystery. Absolute ignorance of errors leaves the soul new, as it was when it came from nature's hands. In this state, it can reason its duties better than when it is already corrupted by education and false science. Alas, there are few men who have been fortunate enough to destroy the prejudices of their education, strengthened by example and habit, and who, through philosophy, have been able to erase the memory of what was taught to them at great cost! It is under this aspect that the people will be enlightened when we tell them nothing that they do not already find reason in their own hearts. It is in this way that we can, on new ground, raise\"\nThe building of a simple education, founded on the natural notions of the just and the unjust, and even of personal interest, which, of course, connects man to his fellow man and to his country, and which teaches him that the injustice he does today he may experience tomorrow, and (if it matters not to him to do to others what he would not want done to himself). All these ideas can be developed without the intervention of the sky; and then education will be good, because the truths it will teach are eternal, and reason acknowledges them in temples. It is less about science than about common sense, and the people often have more of it than those who boast of philosophy. Nature has placed science far from us; the roads leading to it are difficult.\nIs it unnecessary to many: the virtue is necessary for all, and nature has engraved its first principles in our hearts. It is wise and careful education, unfortunately lacking and will be for a long time; it is to good laws, public institutions, that we should look for development: that is the magic of an enlightened government. We despair unjustly of reason's success; unjustly, we regard it as an insufficient means to lead men, and this before we have ever put it into practice. The thing deserves at least to be tried once before we proclaim so boldly that reason has ill effects on the people, and that illusion and prestige belong to the privilege of leading them well. The great evils that have been caused and are caused by...\n\"These dangerous passions have long held sway, and should make us infinitely more cautious in our decisions. Imposture and error have often been fatal to humanity, and never profited those who took them as a rule for their judgments and conduct. Ancient legislators, and all those who wished to base morality and legislation on the strange fanaticism of religions, have strangely enough diminished the divinity, and committed a great injustice against societies, when they established as a political maxim this dangerous error, that the divinity, in endowing man with reason, had only given him a very insufficient means to conduct himself, and that it was necessary to impose another bond on societies, which he bore from speaking still more of the gods,\".\nfaire tenir le langagequi plairait aux l\u00e9gislateurs, ils auraient du contraire instructer les hommes les plus susceptibles d'education et de philosophie, et par l'exemple de ceux-ci former les m\u0153urs des hommes les plus grossiers. Une g\u00e9n\u00e9ration instruct\u00e9e aurait donn\u00e9 naissance \u00e0 une g\u00e9n\u00e9ration plus instruct\u00e9e encore, et le flambeau de la raison acqu\u00e9rant un nouvel \u00e9clat en parcourant les si\u00e8cles, ne se serait jamais \u00e9t\u00e9int. Les l\u00e9gislateurs n'auraient plus rien \u00e0 faire pour perfectionner notre esp\u00e8ce, et ils auraient atteint le dernier terme de civilisation et de morale auquel l'homme puisse s'\u00e9lever, au lieu qu'ils sont rest\u00e9s bien en de\u00e7\u00e0 de ce but, et ils nous ont plac\u00e9s sur une pente rapide vers la d\u00e9gradation des m\u0153urs, que la r\u00e9volution ach\u00e8vera de pr\u00e9cipiter si Ton ne y prend pas garde.\n\nTranslation:\n\nMaking language pleasing to legislators, they should have instead instructed the most educable and philosophical men, and by the example of these men, formed the manners of the most uncultured. An educated generation would have given birth to an even more educated generation, and the torch of reason, acquiring a new brilliance as it passed through the centuries, would never have been extinguished. The legislators would have had nothing left to do to perfect our species, and they would have reached the last stage of civilization and morality to which man can aspire, instead of remaining far from this goal and placing us on a rapid slope towards the moral degeneration that the revolution will complete if Ton does not take precautions.\nToday, we must once again make a new start in politics and morality, RE TOUS LES CULTES. For we have yet to build anything but ruins. He only destroyed, but wisdom is needed to rebuild, and we lack it. The predicament we find ourselves in stems from the fact that here, among other means of governing, the imposture of leaders and the ignorance of the people, as well as the art of corrupting and debasing man, were counted. Thus, reason saw its light fade in the obscurity of sanctuaries where all was prepared for its destruction and to establish on its ruins the empire of illusions and sacred phantoms. Such were the origin and goal of religious legends, the fictions sacerdotales on the great catastrophes that upheave the world.\nparadis and the underworld, on the judgment of the gods, and of all other fables made to frighten men, which sought to be credited by every means that legislation had at its disposal, through the charms of poetry, often even in philosophical novels, and especially through the imposing mysteries. Nothing was spared to corrupt our reason, under the specious pretext of strengthening laws and morality. It was through great institutions that we have managed to debase man through servitude to opinions, more humiliating than that which binds him to the earth. It is through contrary institutions that we must regenerate him. Such a revolution in the political and judicial system of the world is also worthy of a great nation like ours. But it falls far short of this.\nWe are taking the route that may lead us to happier results! But it seems, on the contrary, to foretell a prompt return to servitude, to which our vices will render us, and before which already a crowd of men is rushing, if we do not hasten to oppose ourselves to the torrent that is carrying us, with good education and great examples of independent morality, not dependent on religious prestige. France lacks neither warriors nor scholars: these are truly republican virtues she expects, and which can only germinate under the favor of wise institutions. If morals and justice do not serve as the base for our republic, it will only pass, and it will leave behind only great, but terrible memories, similar to those plagues that from time to time ravage the world. We traffic in [unclear].\nThe intrigue consumes all, the spirit of corruption taints all; the love of gold and places has already succeeded in drawing many men towards it, and the revolution may make us lose even the virtues that served us for it. Let us remember that it is with the debris of the most corrupted monarchy that we have reorganized the social body; and when the new laws are wise, they will not serve us much if men are not good and virtuous; and they are not: it is to political institutions that we must look. In order to make them such, and we have not yet done so. We have banished the kings, but the vices of the courts remain, and seem to demand their native land every day. It is in the shadow of thrones and altars that they grow; thus, the kings and the clergy.\npriests are united against republican governments, whose fate is either to crush vices or be crushed, while religions and monarchies rely on them. It is the role of priests to shape man into slavery and corrupt the seeds of freedom even in their sources: from there comes their jealous guarding of our youth's education and inoculating the future race with the love of servitude along with the dogmas of religious morality. This is the great secret of the struggle that exists throughout the republic between our priests and our new institutions, which they attack all the more effectively because they have on their side the empire of habit and the prestige of superstitious respect, and we do not always have our say. If our civil festivities take no hold.\nThis text appears to be in French and contains a mix of modern and ancient French. I will translate it into modern English and clean it up as much as possible while preserving the original content.\n\nThe text reads: \"It's not only because the plan is poorly conceived and the details poorly organized, but because the priests, in concert with the kings' friends, exclude the people. Their temples are full, and the altars of the fatherland are deserted. They still have enough power to halt the traffic on the days that superstition has consecrated, and the government does not have enough to enforce the observance of the republican festivals. And Ton tells us that we need not fear the priests! That they do not undermine silently the new edifice we are trying to build on the ruins of royalism and fanaticism! All that remains impure of the old regime, all prejudices, all vices, all enemies of freedom, rally around them to destroy all institutions that could be.\"\n\nCleaned text: It's not only because the plan is poorly conceived and poorly organized, but because the priests, in concert with the kings' friends, exclude the people. Their temples are full, and the altars of the fatherland are deserted. They still have enough power to halt the traffic on the days that superstition has consecrated, and the government does not have enough to enforce the observance of republican festivals. And Ton tells us that we need not fear the priests! They do not silently undermine the new edifice we are trying to build on the ruins of royalism and fanaticism. All that remains impure of the old regime, all prejudices, all vices, all enemies of freedom, rally around them to destroy all institutions that could be.\naffirming the republic. And here is this religion, which it is claimed we need in order to be happy, and without which there is neither morals nor laws nor wise government to hope for! This struggle of the priests against all that can tend to regenerate us through republican virtues, and to substitute the empire of reason for that of prestige, is it not then a great plague that France needs to be careful to preserve? For who can count on the freedom of their country where there is still a priest? What am I saying? Where the spirit of the priesthood still directs the education of the future race? Where the catechism is the only code of wisdom and morality, which is put into the hands of the greatest number of enemies, and where republican schools are publicly called schools of the devil? Therefore, they are deserted.\n\"Que les \u00e9coles du fanatisme et du royalisme soient fr\u00e9quent\u00e9es par une foule d'\u00e9l\u00e8ves; et le gouvernement somme il au milieu des dangers qui envient de toutes parts le berceau de cette g\u00e9n\u00e9ration qui va nous succ\u00e9der? Je ne pr\u00e9tends pas appeler la pers\u00e9cution contre les pr\u00eatres, mais je veux que leur influence sur la morale soit entendue : elle ne peut que s'aterrer dans des canaux aussi impurs, par son m\u00e9lange \u00e0 des dogmes aussi absurdes que ceux qu'ils enseignent. La libert\u00e9 et la raison ne sauraient s'allier avec leurs maximes : comme les harpies, ils salissent tout ce qu'ils touchent. Je ne demande point qu'on les d\u00e9porte, mais qu'on arrache aux mains de ces imposteurs l'espoir de la patrie : qu'ils ne fl\u00e9trissent plus leurs premi\u00e8res fleurs de la raison.\"\nOur children, under the pretext of preparing them for their first communion. The more we have given license to religions by tolerating them all, instead of proscribing those that are in opposition to our laws, the more we must strive to correct their malign influence through institutions, and those that bind us to ourselves and our neighbors in the conquest of freedom from tyranny, and reason from superstition. Let us, to preserve this sacred deposit, at least as much as the priests have corrupted and stolen it. The examination we are about to make of the means they have employed in concert with legislators to serve mankind will teach us how much we must endure to make him free.\n\nCHAPTER XI.\n\nOn Mysteries.\nThe truth knows no mysteries; they arise only from error and deceit. The inclination to deceive, if one can admit such a need, is their origin. Therefore, their dogmas have always been surrounded by shadow and secrecy. Children of the night, they fear light. However, we will try to bring light into their dark recesses. Egypt had its initiations, known as the mysteries of Osiris and Isis, from which the initiations of Bacchus and Ceres were largely derived. The comparison between the courses and adventures of the Ceres of the Greeks and those of the Egyptian Isis offers too many similarities for one to mistake the lineage of these two myths.\nPoems on Bacchus and the story of Osiris, the ceremonies practiced in their honor, recognized as one and the same by all ancients, do not allow us to doubt that the mysteries of the former gave birth to those of the latter. Cybele and Atys also had initiations, as did the Cabires; but we will not here recount the history of the particular ceremonies for each of these deities, nor the enumeration of the places where these mysteries were established. One can find all these details in our grand work; we refer the reader there. We will limit ourselves to understanding the general character and fixing the purpose of these kinds of institutions, presenting the common traits for all, and giving an idea of their essence.\nThe means used to extract the greatest benefit from this political-religious resort were the mysteries of Eleusis, as well as mysteries in general. Their purpose was to improve our nature, perfect manners, and bind men with stronger ties than those formed by laws. If the method does not seem good to us because it relies on illusion and prestige, one cannot deny that the goal, in this regard, was commendable. The Roman orator also counted the mysteries of Eleusis among the most useful establishments for humanity. He claimed their effect was to civilize societies, soften the savage and ferocious manners of early humans, and make known the true moral principles that initiate man into a life worthy of him. This is how Orpheus was spoken of.\nIn Greece, Racchus brought the mysteries, who tamed tigers and cruel lions, and reached even trees and rocks with the harmonious accents of his lyre. The mysteries aimed to establish the reign of justice and religion within the system of those who believed in supporting one with the other. This double purpose is encapsulated in this verse of Virgil: \"Learn from me to respect justice and the gods; this was a great lesson the hierophant gave to initiates.\" Men came to learn in sanctuaries what they owed to men and what was believed to be owed to the gods. In this way, the sky contributed to establishing order and harmony on earth. To imprint a supernatural character on legislation, everything was put into use. The imposing tableau of the universe and the laws of the gods were thus reflected in human society.\nmerveilleux de !a po\u00e9sie mythologique fournirent \naux l\u00e9gislateurs le sujet des sc\u00e8nes aussi \u00e9tonnanles \nque vari\u00e9es dont on donna le spectacle dans les \ntemples de l'Egypte, de l'Asie et de la Gr\u00e8ce. Tout \nce qui peut produire l'illusion , toutes les ressour- \nces del\u00e0 m\u00e9canique et de la magie, qui n'\u00e9taient \nque la connaissance secr\u00e8te des efforts de la nature \net l'art de les imiter, la pompe brillante des f\u00eates , \n3a vari\u00e9t\u00e9 et la richesse des d\u00e9corations et des v\u00e8\u2014 \nterne ns , la majest\u00e9 du c\u00e9r\u00e9monial , la force en- \nchanteresse de Sa musique, les choeurs 7 les chants, \nles danses, le son bruyant des cymbales, desti- \nn\u00e9s \u00e0 exciter l'enthousiasme et le d\u00e9lire, plus fa- \nvorables aux \u00e9lans religieux que le calme de la \nraison , tout f ut employ\u00e9 pour attirer et approcher \n3e peuple \u00e0 la c\u00e9l\u00e9bration des myst\u00e8res. Sous l'ap- \nbeneath pleasure, beyond joy and festivities, we hid the design we had of deceiving all the cults. 42f\n\nChildren, and we treated the people like an infant whom one never educates better than when one seems not to think of anything but amusing them. It was through great institutions that we sought to form a moral public, and the numerous gatherings seemed close to achieving this goal. Nothing more pompous than the procession of initiates, advancing towards the temple of Eleusis. The entire march was filled with dances, with sacred torches, and marked by the expression of a holy joy. A vast temple received them: its enclosure was immense, as one could judge by the number of initiates assembled in the fields of Thriase when the procession entered the Attic territory: they were more than thirty thousand. The ornaments\nThe interior men, who decorated it, were the mysterious paintings arranged circularly in the sanctuary's borders. They piqued the curiosity and penetrated the soul of a saint with respect. All that was seen, all that was told, was wonderful, tending to amaze the initiates: their eyes and ears were equally drawn to everything that could transport man beyond his sphere.\n\nNot only was the universe exposed to the gaze of the initiate under the emblem of the egg, but he still sought to trace its primary divisions, whether that of the active and passive causes, or that of the principle-light and principle-darkness, which we have spoken of in the 4th chapter of this work. Varro tells us this.\nThe gods revered at Samothrace were considered the active principle, the sky and the earth as the passive principle in generations. In other mysteries, the same idea was traced through the exposure of the Phallus and the Ctcis, that is, the organs of generation of both sexes. It is the Lingam of the Indians. The division of the world into its two principles, light and darkness, was also the same. Plutarch tells us that this religious dogma had been consecrated in the initiations and mysteries of all peoples; and the example he gives us, drawn from the theology of the magi and the symbolic production of these two principles, provides proof. There were scenes of darkness and light, which were successively shown to the initiate whom one introduced into it.\nThe temple of Eleusis and those who recounted the battles that took place in the world between these two leaders. In the sanctuary of the god Sun, Mithra, among the mysterious initiation paintings, there was a representation of the descent of souls to the Earth and their return to the Heavens through the seven planetary spheres. There were also made to appear the phantoms of the invisible powers, which chained them to the body or freed them from its bonds. Several millions of men bore witness to these various spectacles, of which it was not permitted for all to be explained, and from which poets, historians, and orators have given us some idea in their accounts of the adventures of Ceres and her daughter. There was seen the char of the goddess drawn by dragons; it seemed to hover over the earth.\nThe seas: it is a true religious opera. One is amused by the variety of scenes, by the pomp of the decorations, and by the play of the machines. One admired the respect inspired by the gravity of the actors and by the majesty of the ceremony; one there alternately felt fear and hope, sadness and joy. But it was of this opera as it was of ours; it was always of little use to the spectators, and turned entirely to the profit of the directors.\n\nThe hierophants, deep men who well understood the people's genius and the art of leading it, drew advantage from everything to bring it to their goal and to bolster their spectacle. They vowed that the night covered their mysteries, as it covered them itself under the veil of secrecy. Darkness is favorable to prestige and illusion; they therefore made use of it.\nThe fifth day of the celebrations of the mysteries of Eleusis was famous for the beautiful procession of the torches, where initiates, each holding one in hand, marched two by two. It was during the night that the Egyptians reenacted the mysteries of the passion of Osiris at the midpoint of a lake; hence the name given to these nocturnal rites as \"wakes\" and \"holy nights.\" The night of Easter is one of these sacred wakes. One often secured darkness for their performance in caves or under thickets, whose shadow instilled a religious fear. These ceremonies provided a means to arouse human curiosity, which is provoked in proportion to the obstacles placed before it. Legislators gave full rein to this desire.\npar la loi rigoureuse du secret qu'ils imposaient aux initi\u00e9s, afin de faire na\u00eetre \u00e0 ceux qui ne l'\u00e9taient pas l'envie d'\u00eatre admis \u00e0 la connaissance de choses qui leur paraissaient d'autant plus importantes, on mettait moins d'empressement \u00e0 les communiquer. Tous donn\u00e8rent \u00e0 cet esprit de myst\u00e8re un pr\u00e9texte sp\u00e9cieux : savoir : les convenances qu'il y avait d'imiter la divinit\u00e9, qui ne s'enveloppe qu'apr\u00e8s qu'l'homme la cherche, et qui a fait des op\u00e9rations de la nature un grand secret qu'on ne peut p\u00e9n\u00e9trer qu'avec beaucoup d'\u00e9tudes et d'efforts. Ceux \u00e0 qui on confiait ce secret s'engageaient par les plus terribles serments \u00e0 ne le r\u00e9v\u00e9ler. Il n'\u00e9tait point permis de s'en entretenir avec d'autres qu'avec les initi\u00e9s, et la peine de mort \u00e9tait port\u00e9e contre celui qui l'aurait trahi par une indiscr\u00e9tion, ou qui serait entr\u00e9 dans connaissance de ce secret.\nIn the temple where mysteries were celebrated, one was not initiated. Aristotle was accused of impiety by the hierophant of all cults. (4^T)\n\nEurymedon, for sacrificing to his wife's spirits according to the rite used in the cult of Ceres, was forced to retreat to Chalcis. To cleanse his memory of this act, he bequeathed in his will to erect a statue to Ceres. The wise man, early or late, ends up sacrificing to the prejudices of fools. Socrates, in dying, vowed a rooster to Asclepius to exonerate himself from the charge of atheism. Buffon confessed to a Capuchin; he wished to be buried pompously: it is the Achilles' heel for the greatest men. We fear Persius, and we bend the knee before the tyrants of human reason. Voltaire died more renowned: likewise, The Fianc\u00e9e Libert\u00e9 was placed in the Pantheon.\net Buffon , qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 port\u00e9 \u00e0 Samt-M\u00e9dard , n'en \nest sorti que pour \u00eatre d\u00e9pos\u00e9 dans sa terre, et doit \ny rester. Eschyle fut accus\u00e9 d'avoir mis sur la sc\u00e8ne \ndes sujets myst\u00e9rieux, et il ne put \u00eatre absous qu'en \nprouvant qu'il n'avait jamais \u00e9t\u00e9 initi\u00e9. I.a t\u00e8te de \nDiagoras fut mise \u00e0 prix pour avoir divulgu\u00e9 le \nsecret des myst\u00e8res : sa philosophie pensa lui \n:o\u00f9ter la vie. Eh ! quel homme, en effet, peut \nktre impun\u00e9ment philosophe au milieu d'hommes \nsaisis du d\u00e9lire religieux \u00ee II y a autant de danger \n\u00ef contrarier de tels hommes , qu'il y en a d'irriter \n.es tigres. Aussi P\u00e9v\u00e8que Sin\u00e9sius disait : Je ne \nerai philosophe que pour moi-m\u00eame, et je serai \noujours ev\u00e8^ue pour le peuple. Avec de telles \nnaximes on res>>e d'\u00eatre philosophe, cl Pou rester \nmposttinv \n432 ABR\u00c9G\u00c9 DE L'ORIGINE \nLes Chr\u00e9tiens ou leurs docteurs avaient encore;- \nIn the fourteenth century, their secret doctrine. It was not, following them, necessary to reveal the sacred mysteries of theology to the ears of the people. The deacon used to say, at the moment when Christians were about to celebrate their mysteries, \"Depart, profanes!\" That is, all those who were not initiated. They had borrowed this formula from ancient pagans, along with everything else. Indeed, the herald did not fail, at the beginning of the ancient celebrations, to pronounce the terrible warning: \"Keep away from here all profanes!\", that is, all those who were not initiated. The entrance to the temple of Ceres and participation in the mysteries were forbidden to all those who did not enjoy freedom and whose birth was not recognized by the law; to women.\nThe evil life, to philosophers who denied Providence, such as the Epicureans, and to the Christians, whose exclusive doctrine prohibited other initiations. This prohibition or excommunication was considered a great punishment, as it deprived man of all the benefits of initiation and the high promises made to initiates, both in this life and the next. An initiate belonged to a privileged class of men in nature and became the favorite of the gods; this was also the case among the Christians. For him alone, the sky opened its treasures. Happiness was promised to him in this life through his virtue and the favor of the immortals, and beyond the grave, an eternal felicity. The priests of Samothrace bolstered their initiation by promising favorable winds.\nune heureuse navigation \u00e0 ceux qui se faisaient initier chez eux. Les initi\u00e9s aux myst\u00e8res d'Orph\u00e9e \u00e9taient cens\u00e9s affranchis de l'empire du mal, et l'initiation les faisait passer \u00e0 un \u00e9tat de vie qui leur donnait les esp\u00e9rances les plus heureuses. \"J'ai \u00e9vit\u00e9 le mal et trouv\u00e9 le bien,\" disait l'initi\u00e9 aussit\u00f4t qu'il \u00e9tait purifi\u00e9.\n\nUn des fruits les plus pr\u00e9cieux de l'initiation \u00e0 ces myst\u00e8res, c'\u00e9tait d'entrer en commerce avec les dieux, m\u00eame dans cette vie et toujours apr\u00e8s la mort. Ce sont l\u00e0 les rares privil\u00e8ges que venaitient les orph\u00e9ot\u00e9lestes aux simples qui avaient la simplicit\u00e9 de les acheter, et toujours comme chez nous, sans autre garantie que la cr\u00e9dulit\u00e9. Les initi\u00e9s aux myst\u00e8res d'Eleusis se persuadaient que le Soleil brillait pour eux seuls d'une clart\u00e9 pure. Us se flattaient que les d\u00e9esses les inspiraient.\nTheir wisdom gave sound advice, as seen in Pericles. The initiation dispelled errors, banished misfortunes, and after spreading joy in a man's heart during his life, it gave him the sweetest hopes at death, as testified by Cicero, Isocrates, and the rhetor Aristides; he would babble about prayers on these matters, which shone with pure light. The weary old age left its wrinkles and regained all the vigor and agility of youth in these scenes. Pain was absent from this sojourn; one found only flowering groves and fields covered with roses. These charming tableaus lacked only reality. But there are men who, like the madman of Argos, love to live in illusions, and who do not forgive the philosopher who, in one stroke, shatters them.\nThe baguette makes this theatrical decoration disappear, which surrounds its tomb. One can be consoled, or deceived, and there are impostors. These magnificent promises made Th\u00e9on say that participating in the mysteries was an admirable thing, and for us, the source of the greatest goods. In fact, this happiness did not limit itself to present life, as one can see: death was not an annihilation for man, as for other animals; it was a passage to an infinitely happier life, which initiation imagined to console us for the loss of this life; for the imposture was not considered strong enough to promise here below a life without old age and exempt from the common law of all that breathed here below. The artifice would have been too crude.\nIt was necessary to set out into unknown regions and keep up with a man when he was no longer one. An immense field lay open before us, and we had no reason to fear the dead returning to accuse us. One could feign anything, even ignorance itself. It is the child who cries when separated from his mother forever, and we console him by telling him she will return. It is this human disposition to believe when we see nothing, to seize upon all hope when everything slips away, which the skillful legislator has taken advantage of to establish the dogma of a future life and the opinion of the immortality of the soul; a dogma which, assuming it is true, rests on nothing but the need legislators felt to imagine it.\nOne can publish anything about a country that no one knows, from which no one has ever returned to refute the impostors. It is this absolute ignorance that gave power to the priests. I will not examine here what the soul is, if it is distinct from the matter that enters into the composition of the body; if man is double, as all animals are recognized as having simple organized bodies that produce all the movements they execute. I will not examine further if the feeling and thought produced in us, and whose action develops or weakens, following the development or deterioration of our organs, survive the body to which their exercise seems intimately linked, and of whose organization, put in harmony with the world, they seem to be only an effect; finally, if, after the 436th page,\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in French and seems to be a part of a book or manuscript. It appears to be discussing the nature of the soul and its relationship to the body. The text seems to be written in an old-fashioned style of French, and there are some OCR errors. I have made some corrections based on context, but it is important to note that the text may still contain errors or unclear passages due to its age and condition.)\n\nOne can publish anything about an unknown country, and the ignorance about it gives power to the priests. I will not examine here what the soul is, or if it is distinct from the matter that forms the body; if man is more complex than animals, whose bodies are recognized as simple and organized to produce all their movements; or if the feelings and thoughts produced in us, whose actions develop or weaken depending on the development or deterioration of our organs, survive the body to which their exercise seems intimately linked, and whose organization, put in harmony with the world, they seem to be only an effect; finally, if, after page 436,\nThe man thinks and feels more than he did before his birth. This is like examining the harmonious principle of a musical instrument when it is broken. I will only examine the motif that inspired ancient legislators to imagine and accredit this opinion, and the foundations upon which they based it.\n\nLeaders of societies and authors of initiatives intended to improve them have well sensed that religion could not serve legislation usefully unless the justice of the gods supported that of men. Therefore, the causes of public calamities were sought in the cries of the oppressed. If thunder growled in the heavens, it was Jupiter irritated against the earth: droughts, excessive rains, diseases that attacked men and livestock.\nst\u00e9rilit\u00e9 des champs et les autres fl\u00e9aux n'\u00e9taient point le r\u00e9sultat de la temp\u00e9rature de l'air, de la faction du soleil sur les \u00e9l\u00e9ments, et des effets physiques, mais des signes non \u00e9quivoques de la col\u00e8re des dieux. C'\u00e9tait le langage des oracles. L'imposture sacerdotale fit tout pour propager ces erreurs que elle croit utiles au maintien des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s et propres \u00e0 gouverner les hommes par la peur; mais l'illusion n'\u00e9tait pas compl\u00e8te. Souvent les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations les plus coupables n'\u00e9taient pas heureuses ; des peuples justes et vertueux \u00e9taient souvent afflig\u00e9s ou d\u00e9truits. C'\u00e9tait de m\u00eame dans la vie particuli\u00e8re, et le pauvre \u00e9tait rarement le plus corrompu. On demandait, comme Callimaque, aux dieux la vertu et un peu de fortune, sans laquelle la vertu a peu d'\u00e9clat.\nfortune follows audacity and crime most often. It was necessary to justify the gods and absolve their justice from reproach. One supposed it was an original sin or a previous life that explained this disorder; but most commonly, it was imagined that a future life was reserved for the deity to set things right, to punish the vice that had escaped chastisement on earth, and to reward virtue that had remained ignored or degraded and unrewarded. Thus, the convention recognized the immortality of the soul, without yet being in agreement on this question: What is the soul? Is it distinct from the body? Is it matter? Does anything exist but matter? Can matter think? A single decree settled all these difficulties, because it was deemed useful for both morality and legislation under Robespierre.\nThe following text discusses the ancient belief in the immortality of the soul as a social and divine justification. It suggests that this dogma, which links all social order and justifies divine providence, was established by ancient thinkers despite the lack of proof. The text argues that this belief in the immortal soul was based on its materiality and the eternity of matter. In our third chapter, we have seen that the ancients attributed a great soul and immense intelligence to the world.\n\nThis text appears to be in good shape and does not require extensive cleaning. Therefore, I will not output any prefix or suffix, and I will simply present the cleaned text below:\n\nThe ancient belief in the immortality of the soul served as a social and divine justification. This dogma, which linked all social order and justified divine providence, was established despite the lack of proof. The belief in the immortal soul was based on its materiality and the eternity of matter. In our third chapter, we have seen that the ancients attributed a great soul and immense intelligence to the world.\nAll souls and particular intelligences were emanated. This soul was entirely material, since it was formed of the pure substance of the Ether fire or the subtle element universally spread in all animated parts of nature, which is the source of the movement of all spheres and the life of the stars, as well as that of terrestrial animals. It is a drop of water that is not annihilated, whether it evaporates and rises into the air, or condenses and falls as rain, and plunges into the depths of the seas and merges with the immense mass of waters. Such was the fate of the soul in the opinion of the ancients, and especially of the Pythagoreans.\n\nAll animals, according to Servius, commentator of Virgil, borrow their flesh from the earth,\nThe humors of water, the respiration of air, and their instinct for the divine breath. It is in this way that bees possess a small portion of the divine. And it is by blowing that the Jewish god animates man or the limestone from which his body is formed, and this breath is the breath of life. It is from God and of all the cults. 4^9\nThe soul's breath, continues Servius, is what all illnesses draw life from as they are born. This life, at death, resolves and returns to the Soul of the great All, and the remains of their body into the earthly matter.\nWhat we call death is not an annihilation, following Virgil, but a separation of two kinds of matter, one of which remains here, and the other rejoins the sacred fire of the stars as soon as the matter of the soul has recovered all the simplicity and purity of sub-matter.\ntile don't she is emanated; I would have a simple sirnplicis fire. For nothing, said Servius, is lost in the great whole and in this simple fire that composes the substance of the soul. She is eternal, like God, or rather it is the Divinity itself; and the soul that emanates from it is associated with its eternity, because the part follows the nature of the whole. Igile says of souls: Igneus is their vigor, and celestis their origin; that they are formed of this active fire that shines in the heavens, and that they return there after their separation from the body. We find the same doctrine in Scipio's dream. It is from there, said Scipio, in speaking of the sphere of the fixed stars, that souls are descended; it is there that they return: they are emanations of these eternal fires that we call stars or planets. What you call death.\nThe only true return is to the soul: I am but a body, a prison in which the soul is momentarily chained. Death breaks its bonds, and it regains its freedom and true existence. In this theology, souls are therefore immortal, because they are part of that intelligent fire which the ancients called World Soul, spread throughout all of nature, and especially in the ethereal stars, which was also the substance of our souls. From there they descended by generation; it is there they returned by death.\n\nThis opinion supported the chimeras of fate and the fictions of metempsychosis, of paradise, purgatory, and hell.\n\nThe great fiction of metempsychosis, spread widely\nIn the entireOrient, the doctrine of the unified and homogeneous souls is held, which differ from one another only in appearance, and by the nature of the bodies to which the fire-principle unites. The souls of animals of all species, following Virgil, are a flow of the Ether fire, and the difference in their operations here below comes only from that of the vessels or the organized bodies that receive this substance; or, as Servius says, the difference in the perfection of their operations comes from the quality of the bodies. The Indians, among whom the doctrine of metempsychosis is particularly established, believe that the human soul is absolutely of the same nature as that of other animals. They say that man has no superiority over THEM.\neux du c\u00f4t\u00e9 de l'\u00e2me , mais seulement du c\u00f4t\u00e9 du \ncorps , dont l'organisation est plus parfaite et plus \npropre \u00e0 recevoir l'action du grand \u00e8lre ou de \nl'Univers sur lui. Us s'appuyent de l'exemple des \nenfans et de celui des vieillards , dont les organes \nsont encore trop faibles ou d\u00e9j\u00e0 trop affaiblis pour \nque leurs sens aient toute l'activit\u00e9 qui se mani- \nfeste dans Page viril. \nL'\u00e2me, dans Pexercice de ses op\u00e9rations, \u00e9tant \nn\u00e9cessairement soumise \u00e0 ia nature du corps \nqu'elle anime , et toutes les \u00e2mes \u00e9tant sorties de \nl'immense r\u00e9servoir appel\u00e9 \u00e2me universelle, source \ncommune de la vie de tous les \u00eatres , il s'ensuit que \ncette portion du feu Ether qui anime un homme, \npouvait animer un b\u0153uf , un lion , un aigle , une \nbaleine ou tout autre animal. L'ordre du destin \na voulu que ce f\u00fbt un homme et tel homme; mais \nquand l'\u00e2me sera d\u00e9gag\u00e9e de ce premier corps et \nThe subtle essence of the soul, drawn along in the current of nature's grand work, reduces to organizations and destructive successions. In these, the same matter is employed a thousand times in a thousand varied forms. Thus, the same water drawn from the same reservoir flows through various channels presented to it, gushing out in jets or cascading, following the paths laid out for it, eventually merging into a common basin, and then evaporating to form clouds.\nThe essence flows in various regions, merging into the Seine, Loire, or Garonne, or the river of the Amazons, to reunite in the Ocean, from which it is drawn back by evaporation to follow the course of a stream or sink beneath the bark of a tree to distill a pleasant liqueur. The same was true of the fluid of the soul, spread through the various channels of animal organization, detaching itself from the luminous mass that forms the ethereal substance, carried to the earth by the generative force that is distributed in all animals, ascending and descending ceaselessly in the universe, and circulating in new bodies variously organized. Such was the essence of metempsychosis, which became one of the great instruments of the ancient legislators and mystagogues. It was not\n\n(Note: The text appears to be written in French, and the given text is likely a transcription of an old document with some errors. The text describes the concept of metempsychosis, or the belief in the migration of the soul from one body to another after death. The text suggests that this belief was used as a political tool by ancient legislators and mystagogues.)\nAmong the various means given by Timaeus of Locri to govern those who cannot be raised by the force of reason and education, only the truth of principles on which nature has based justice and morality is indicated. He mentions the myths about Elysium and Tartarus, and all those foreign dogmas teaching that the souls of weak and timid men pass into the bodies of women due to their weakness, those of murderers into the bodies of ferocious beasts, and those of men into others.\nbriques in boars and pigs; those of light and unstable men, in the bodies of birds; those of the lazy, ignorant, and fools, in the bodies of fish. This is the just N\u00e9m\u00e9sis, said Tim\u00e9e, who regulates these pains in the second life, in concert with the terrestrial gods, avengers of the crimes they have witnessed. The god arbitrator of all things has entrusted him with the administration of this inferior world.\n\nThese foreign dogmas are those that were known in Egypt, Persia, and India, under the name of metempsychosis. Their mystagogic purpose is clearly marked in this passage from Tim\u00e9e, which consents to employ even imposture and prestige to govern men. Unfortunately, this precept was all too closely followed.\n\nIt was from the Orient that Pythagoras brought this doctrine.\nIn ancient Italy and Greece, this philosopher, along with Plato after him, taught that the souls of the wicked who had lived poorly passed, after their death, into brutish animals to undergo various forms of punishment for their transgressions until they were reintegrated into their original state. Metempsychosis was thus a divine punishment. Manes, adhering to the principles of this Eastern doctrine, did not stop at establishing the transmigration of the human soul into another human one; he also claimed that the souls of great sinners were sent into the bodies of more or less vile, more or less miserable animals, in accordance with their vices and virtues. I have no doubt that this sectarian, had he lived among us, would have made similar claims.\n\"n'e\u00fbt passe les ames de nos abbes commandataires, de nos chanoines et de nos gros moines, dans l'ame des porcs, avec qui leur genre de vie leur donnait tant d'affinite, et qu'il n'eut regarde notre eglise, avant la revolution, comme une veritable Circe. Mais nos docteurs ont eu grand soin de proscrire la metempsycose. Ils nous ont fait grace de cette fable ; ils se sont contentes de nous faire rouler apres la mort. L'eveque Synesius n'a pas ete si generux ; car il a pretendu que ceux qui avaient neglige de se attacher a Dieu seraient obliges, par la loi du destin, de recommencer un nouveau genre de vie tout contraire au precedent, jusqu'a ce qu'ils soient repentants de their peche. Ce evaque tenait encore aux dogmes de la theologie que Timee appelle des dogmes etrangers ou barbares, les Simoniens, les Valentiniens, les Basilidiens, les Marcians.\"\nAll Gnostics, in general, held the same opinion on metempsychosis. This doctrine was so ancient and widespread in the Orient that it seemed to have descended from the heavens, being without father, mother, or genealogy (Burnet). Herodotus found it established among the Egyptians since the earliest times. It served as the basis for the theology of the Indians, and was the subject of their legends of metamorphoses and incarnations. Metempsychosis is almost universally accepted in Japan: the inhabitants of the country live mainly on vegetables, according to Ke\u00f6mpfer. It is also a tenet of the Talapoins or religious of Siam, and of the Tao-S\u00e9e in China. It is found among the Essenes and the Mongols. The Tibetans believe souls pass through various stages.\nWithin plants, trees, and roots: but only in the form of men can they merit and ascend through happier revolutions to the primitive light, where they will be rendered. The Manichaeans also had transformations into gourds and melons. It was a too subtle metaphysics and a refinement of mysticism that led men to delirium. The goal of this doctrine was to accustom man to detach himself from gross matter, to which he is bound here below, and to make him desire a prompt return to the place from which souls were primitively descended. They terrified the man given to disorderly passions and made him fear passing through humiliating and painful transformations, as one does.\nnous are frightened by the fires of hell. It is for this reason that it was taught that the souls of the Medians passed into empty or miserable bodies; that they were afflicted with cruel diseases to chastise and correct them; that those who did not convert after a certain number of revolutions were delivered to the Furies and evil Genies to be tormented; afterwards they were sent back to the world, as if to a new school, and forgotten to run a new career. Thus one sees that the entire system of metempsychosis is based on the belief that we believed we needed to contain men during this life, due to fear of what would happen to them after death, that is, on a great political and religious deception. The passage of time has freed us from this error. The basis for this is:\nThe same fate as that which she bears, or the doctrine of immortality, will have when we are enlightened enough not to require this fiction to tell men. The doctrines of Tartarus and Elysium were born of the same need; they are linked together in Tim\u00e9e, as one of the surer means to guide mankind towards the good. It is true that Tim\u00e9e only recommends this remedy for desperate ills, and compares it to the use of poisons in medicine. Unfortunately for our species, we have preferred to dispense poison rather than administer the remedies that a sage would prescribe for a long duration, founded on the principles of eternal reason.\n\n\"As for the one who is unwilling and rebellious to the voice of wisdom, says Tim\u00e9e, let the punishments threatened by the laws fall upon him.\"\n\"Jusqu'ici rien \u00e0 dire. Mais Tim\u00e9e ajoute : \u00ab Qu'on m'effraie m\u00eame par les terreurs religieux qui impriment ces discours o\u00f9 l'on peint la vengeance que exercent les dieux c\u00e9lestes, et les supplices in\u00e9vitables r\u00e9serv\u00e9s aux coupables en enfers, ainsi que les autres fictions r\u00e9unies par Piomerc, selon les anciennes opinions sacr\u00e9es. Comme on gu\u00e9rit quelquefois le corps par des poisons quand le mal ne c\u00e8de pas \u00e0 des rem\u00e8des plus sains, on contient \u00e9galement les esprits par des mensonges lorsqu'on ne peut les contenir par la v\u00e9rit\u00e9. Je confesse mon profond respect pour la v\u00e9rit\u00e9 et mes esprits \u00bb. Un philosophe nous donne sans verg\u00fcenza su secret, qui \u00e9tait celui de tous les anciens l\u00e9gislateurs et des pr\u00eatres : ils ne diff\u00e9raient de lui que parce qu'ils avaient moins de franchise.\"\nsemblables prevent me from being of their opinion, which is nevertheless that of all those who say that the people need an hell, or otherwise that they require a religion and the belief in punishments to fear and the immortality of the Soul. This great error having been that of all the wise men of antiquity who have wanted to govern men, that of all the leaders of societies and religions; let us examine where it has led them, and what means they took to propagate it.\n\nOnce the philosophers and legislators had conceived this political falsehood, poets and mystagogues seized upon it, and strove to confirm it in the minds of the people, consecrating it, some in their songs, others in the celebration of their mysteries. Us the reverends took hold of it.\nTirent des charmes de la po\u00e9sie et les entour\u00e8rent du spectacle et des illusions magiques. Tous s'unirent ensemble pour tromper les hommes sous le pr\u00e9texte de les rendre meilleurs et de les conduire plus ais\u00e9ment.\n\nLe champ le plus libre fut ouvert aux fictions, et le g\u00e9nie des po\u00e8tes, comme celui des pr\u00eatres, ne tarissait plus lorsqu'il s'agissait de peindre, soit les jouissances de l'homme vertueux apr\u00e8s sa mort, soit l'horreur des affreuses prisons destin\u00e9es \u00e0 punir le crime. Chacun en fit son tableau \u00e0 sa mani\u00e8re, et chacun voulut ench\u00e9rir sur les descriptions qui avaient d\u00e9j\u00e0 \u00e9t\u00e9 faites avant lui de ces terres inconnues, de ce monde de nouvelle cr\u00e9ation, que l'imagination po\u00e9tique peupla de ombres, de chim\u00e8res et de fant\u00f4mes, dans la vue d'effrayer le peuple ; car on croyait que son esprit se familiarisait.\nThe Elys\u00e9e and Tartar plied us less with notions of morality and metaphysics. The darkness and light were successively brought before the initiate. The darkest night, accompanied by terrifying specters, was replaced by a brilliant day, whose light surrounded the statue of the divinity. We approached this sanctuary trembling, where everything was prepared to present the spectacle of Tartar and Elys\u00e9e. It was in the latter dwelling that the initiate, finally introduced, beheld the tableau of charming meadows illuminated by a pure sky: there he heard harmonious voices and the majestic songs of the choirs. It was then that, having become absolutely free and released from all evils, he mingled with the crowd.\nInitiates and the crowned head with flowers, he celebrated sacred orgies with them. In their initiations, the ancients represented here below what was said to one day happen to souls when they were freed from the body and drawn from the obscure prison in which fate had chained them, uniting them with the mater terrestria. In the mysteries of Isis, as Apuleius tells us, the initiate passed through the region of the empire of the dead; from there into another enclosure representing the elements, and finally was admitted into the region of light, where the most brilliant sun banished the night's darkness, that is, in the three worlds, the terrestrial, elemental, and celestial. \"I have approached the threshold of death,\" said the initiate, \"having trodden underfoot.\"\n\"Proserpine: I returned through all the elements. Then I saw a radiant light appear, and found myself in the presence of the gods. This was the initiation. The Apocalypse of John provides an example.\n\nWhat mystagogy concealed in spectacle in sanctuaries, poetry and even philosophy in their fictions publicly taught men: from this come the descriptions of Elysium and Tartarus that we find in Homer, Virgil, and Pindar, and those given by each theology in its own way.\n\nNever on earth and from its inhabitants had there been a description as complete as that left to us by the ancients of these lands of new creation, known as Hell, Tartarus, and Elysium.\"\nleurs connaissances g\u00e9ographiques, sont entr\u00e9s dans \nles d\u00e9tails les plus circonstanci\u00e9s sur le s\u00e9jour qu'ha- \nbitent les \u00e2mes apr\u00e8s la mort ; sur le gouvernement \nde chacun des deux empires qui se partagent le \ndomaine des ombres; sur les m\u0153urs, sur le r\u00e9- \ngime de vie, sur les peines et les plaisirs, sur le \ncostume m\u00eame de;; habitans des deux r\u00e9gions. La \nm\u00eame imagination po\u00e9tique qui avait enfant\u00e9 ce \nnouveau monde, en fit avec autant de facilit\u00e9 la \ndistribution et en figura arbitrairement le plan. \nSocrate , dans le Ph\u00e9donde Platon , ouvrage des- \ntin\u00e9 \u00e0 \u00e9tablir le dogme de l'immortalit\u00e9 de l'\u00e2me \net la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de pratiquer les vertus, parle du \nlieu o\u00f9 se rendent les \u00e2mes apr\u00e8s la mort \u00efl ima- \ngine une esp\u00e8ce de terre \u00e9th\u00e9r\u00e9e, sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 \nDE TOUS LES CULTES. /fil \ncelle que nous habitons , et plac\u00e9e dans une r\u00e9gion \noute lumineuse : cTest ce que les Chr\u00e9tiens appel- \nIn the celestial city; the Author of the Apocalypse, Jerusalem. Our earth produces nothing comparable to the wonders of this sublime dwelling: the colors have more vibrancy and brilliance; the vegetation is infinitely more active; the trees, flowers, fruits, have a much higher degree of perfection there than here. Precious stones, jaspers, sardines, shine infinitely more brilliantly than ours, which are only the sediment and the coarser part that has separated from them. These places are sown with pearls of very pure water; everywhere gold and silver dazzle the eyes, and the spectacle of this land delights the eyes of its happy inhabitants. It has animals much more beautiful and of a more perfect organization than ours.\nThe element of water in it is the earth, and the fluid of Ether takes the place of water. The seasons are so happily tempered there, that no diseases reign. The temples are inhabited by the gods themselves. Men converse and mingle with them. The inhabitants of this delightful abode are the only ones who see the Sun, the moon, and the stars as they really are, without any alteration of their purity. It is seen that the fairy has created this Elysium to amuse the great children and inspire in them the desire to one day inhabit it; but only virtue should grant entry.\n\nAbstract of Origin:\n\nThose who are distinguished by their piety and exactness in fulfilling all the duties of social life will pass into these dwellings when death has made them afraid of the bonds of the body and drawn them away.\nIn this dark place, where the generation has plunged our souls. There, those whom philosophy has freed from earthly affections and the stains that the soul contracts through its union with matter, will lose their minds. Therefore, concludes Socrates, we should give all our care here to the study of the soul and the practice of all virtues. The trials proposed to us are great enough to run the risks of this opinion and not to break its charm. This is the goal of the fiction clearly stated; this is the secret of legislators and the charlatanism of the most renowned philosophers.\n\nIt was the same with the fabrication of Tartarus, intended to terrify crime with the image of the supplices of future life. It is supposed that this land does not offer the same spectacle everywhere, and that all its parts are not of the same nature, since it has different regions.\nThe text appears to be in French with some missing characters. Here is the cleaned version:\n\n\"gouffres et des ab\u00eemes infiniment plus profonds que ceux que nous connaissons. Ces cavernes se communiquent entre elles dans les entrailles de la terre par des sinuosit\u00e9s vastes et t\u00e9n\u00e9breuses, et par des canaux souterrains dans lesquels coulent des eaux, les unes froides, les autres chaudes; ou des torrents de feu qui s'y pr\u00e9cipitent ; ou un limon \u00e9pais qui glisse lentement. La plus grande d' ces ouvertures est ce qu'on appelle Tarde; dans cet immense ab\u00eeme se jettent tous les fleuves, qui en sortent ensuite par une esp\u00e8ce de flux et de reflux, semblable \u00e0 celui de l'air que nous inspirent et rendons nos poumons. On y remarque quatre fleuves principaux, comme dans le Paradis de Mo\u00efse. L'un deux est l'Acheron, qui forme sous la terre un immense marais dans lequel les \u00e2mes des morts se rassemblent.\"\nThis text is in French, so the first step is to translate it into modern English. Here is the cleaned text:\n\nThis is Pyriphus Jegeton, rolling in rivers of flaming sulfur. Here is Cocytes, far from the Styx. In this dreadful realm, divine justice torments the guilty with all kinds of tortures. At the entrance to this place stands Tisiphone, covered in a bloodstained robe, who day and night guards the gate of Tartarus. This gate is still defended by an enormous tower, encircled by a triple wall that Phlegethon envies with its burning waves, from which it rolls with a loud noise, carrying rocks and embers.\n\nWhen one approaches this horrible dwelling, one hears the whips that tear the bodies of these wretched souls: their pitiful cries mix with the noise of the chains they drag. One sees there a frightening hydra with a hundred heads, always ready to devour new victims.\nA cruel vulture feeds daily on the renewing entrails of a famous criminal; others struggle to move an enormous boulder they are charged with fixing atop a high mountain. As they near their goal, he rolls with a crash to the bottom of the valley, forcing these unfortunate ones to start their labor anew. Another criminal is attached to a wheel that turns ceaselessly, denying him any rest in his suffering. Further on, a wretch is condemned to eternal hunger and thirst, despite being placed amidst waters and fruit-laden trees. At the moment he bends to drink, Tonde fugitive escapes from his mouth, leaving only arid earth or fangy limon between his lips.\nExtending his hand to grasp a fruit, the treacherous branch rises up, lowers itself as soon as he withdraws it, to irritate his hunger. Further on, fifty guilty women are condemned to fill a barrel perforated with a thousand holes, and from which water escapes in all directions. There is no kind of torture that the fertile genius of the mystagogues has not imagined to intimidate men, under the pretext of telling stories, or rather to subject them and deliver them to the despotism of governments; for these terrifying fables were not confined to the class of ordinary novels: unfortunately, they have been linked to the commonplace and to politics. These frightening scenes were painted on the walls of the temple of Delphos. These stories entered the education given to children by their nurses and credulous mothers: they spoke to them of hell as they spoke to them of the re-\nThe fears and weaknesses of wolves and werewolves were made timid and frail. For the first impressions are extremely powerful and enduring, especially when general opinion, the example of the credulous, the authority of great philosophers such as Plato, poets like Homer and Virgil, respectable hierophants, pompous ceremonies, august mysteries, in the silence of sanctuaries; when monuments of the arts, statues, paintings, and finally, when everything came together to inspire great error. A solemn and terrible judgment decided the fate of souls, and the code on which one was to be judged had been written by legislators.\nThe priests, according to the ideas of the just and unjust, and according to the needs of society, and especially those who governed it, signed the souls to the various dwellings they would inhabit in hell. It was not by chance, Virgil said, that souls were assigned different abodes after death. A just decree determined their fate.\n\nAfter death, souls went to a crossroads, from which two roads branch off, one to the right and the other to the left; the first led to Elysium, and the second to Tartarus. Those who obtained a favorable judgment passed to the right, and the guilty to the left. This fiction of the right and the left was copied by the Christians in their foolish belief in the great judgment, to which Christ is to preside at the end of the world. He told the blessed to pass to his right.\naux damn\u00e9s de passer \u00e0 sa gauche; et certaine- \nment ce n'es! pas Platon qui a copi\u00e9 l'auteur de \nla l\u00e9gende de Christ, \u00e0 moins qu'on ne le fasse \naussi proph\u00e8te. Cette fiction sur la droite et sur \nla gauche tient au syst\u00e8me des deux principes. \nLa droite \u00e9tait attribu\u00e9e au bon principe , et la \ngauche au mauvais. Cette distinction de la droite \net de la gauche est aussi dans Virgile. On y voit \n\u00e9galement le fameux carrefour aux deux chemins, \ndont l'un , c'est celui de la droite , conduit \u00e0 \nl'Elys\u00e9e , et l'autre, ou celui de la gauche, conduit \nau lieu des supplices ou au Tartare. Je fais cette \nremarque pour ceux qui croient l'\u00e9vangile un ou- \nvrage inspir\u00e9 , si tant il est que de pareils hommes \nosent me lire. \nC'\u00e9tait dans ce carrefour que se rendaient les \n\u00e2mes des raorls pour compara\u00eetre devant le grand- \njuge, A la fin des si\u00e8cles, la terrible trompette se \nfaisait entendre et annon\u00e7ait le passage de l'univers \n\u00e0 un nouvel ordre de choses. Mais il y avait aussi \nun jugement \u00e0 la mort de chaque homme. Minos \nsi\u00e9geait aux enfers et remuait l'urne fatale. A ces \nc\u00f4t\u00e9s \u00e9taient plac\u00e9es les Furies vengeresses, et la \ntroupe des \"G\u00e9nies malfaisans, charg\u00e9s de l'ex\u00e9cu- \ntion de ces terribles arr\u00eats. On associa \u00e0 Minos \ndeux autres juges , Eaque et Rhadamante , et quel- \nquefois T\u00eeiptol\u00e8me , fameux dans les myst\u00e8res de \nC\u00e9res, ou Ton enseignait la doctrine des r\u00e9com- \npenses et des peines\u00bb \nDE TOUS LES CULTES\u00bb 4^7 \nLes Indiens ont leur Zomo , ou , selon d'autres, \nJamen , qui fait aussi la fonction de juge aux en- \nfers. Les Japonais, sectateurs de Buda, le recon- \nnaissent e'gaiement pour juge des morts. Les La- \nmas ont Erlik-Kan , despote souverain des enfers \net juge des \u00e2mes. \nUne vaste prairie occupait le milieu de ce car- \nAt Minos' seat, where the dead gathered, the Magi imagined a similar meadow. They claimed it was filled with asphodel. The Jews had their Valley of Josaphat. Each one created their own tale; but all had forgotten that a truth wrapped in a thousand lies quickly loses its power, and that even if the doctrine of rewards and punishments were true, the marvelous made it unbelievable.\n\nThe dead were led to this fearsome tribunal by their guardian angel. The theory of guardian angels is not new; it can be found among the Persians, among the Chaldeans. It was the familiar spirit that took its place among the Greeks. This guardian angel, who had overseen their conduct, allowed them to carry only their good and bad deeds with them.\nactions. We called this place divine, where souls reunited to be judged, the Field of Truth; without doubt, because all truth was revealed there, and no crime escaped the consciousness and justice of the great-judge. We see nothing in this fiction that was not copied from the Christians, whose doctors, for the most part, were Platonists. John gives the epithet of faithful and true to the great-judge in the Apocalypse. There, it is impossible to lie, as Plato says. Virgil likewise assures us that Radamant compels the guilty to confess the crimes they had concealed from mortals. This is what the Christians teach when they speak of the day of judgment, that all consciences will be revealed.\n\"All will be brought to light. This is effectively what happened to those who appeared before the tribunal established in the Field of Truth. One can distinguish men into three classes: the first are those who have a purified virtue and a soul freed from the tyranny of passions; this is the smallest number. These are the elect, for many are called, but few are chosen. The second have souls stained with the blackest deeds; this number unfortunately is not yet the largest. There are others, and this is the largest number, who have common morals, half virtuous and half vicious; they are neither worthy of the brilliant rewards of Elysium nor the terrible punishments of Tartarus. This triple division naturally presented to us by Plato in his Phaedrus, distinguishes three species\"\nThe dead, who appear at the tribunal, are discussed in the Tablets of the Underworld. This is also found in Plutarch, who treats the same subject and discusses the state of souls after death, in his response to the Epicureans. It is from these that the Christians, as we have already observed, have borrowed their paradise, their hell, and their purgatory, which is between the two former, and is for those whose conduct is of a middle nature between the celestial of very virtuous men, and the infernal of very criminal men. There is no need for revelation here. In fact, one can naturally distinguish three degrees in the way of living among men, and between the most heinous crimes and the most sublime virtues, there are moralities.\ndinaires, o\u00f9 le vice et la vertu se m\u00ealent sans avoir \nrien l'un et l'autre de bien saillant , la justice di- \nvine, pour rendre \u00e0 chacun ce qui lui appartenait, \na du faire la m\u00f4me distinction entre ces diff\u00e9rentes \nmani\u00e8res de traiter ceux qui paraissent devant \nsun tribunal , cl les divers lieux o\u00f9 elle envoyait \nles morts qu'elle avait jug\u00e9s. ^ oil\u00e0 encore les \nChr\u00e9tiens copistes. \nm Lorsque Ls morts, dit Platon , sont arriv\u00e9s \n*<\u25a0 dans le lieu ou le g\u00e9nie familier d.1 chacun l'a \n\u00ab conduit , on commence d'abord par juger ceux \n\u00ab qui ont v\u00e9cu conf orm\u00e9ment aux r\u00e8gles de l'hon- \n\u00ab n\u00e8tet\u00e9, de la piet\u00e9 et de \u00eea justice , ceux qui s'en \n\u00ab sont absolument \u00e9cart\u00e9s, et ceux qui ont tenu \n\u00ab une esp\u00e8ce de milieu entre les uns et les autres, a \n46o ABR\u00c9G\u00c9 DE l' ORIGINE \nLes Juifs supposent que Dieu a trois livres qu'il \nouvre pour juger les hommes : le livre de vie pour \nThe just, the keepers of the middle, were, according to the most rigorous examination of virtues and vices, those whom the judge pronounced judgment upon. He placed a seal on the forehead of the one he had judged. This Platonic fiction is still found in the work of initiation to the mysteries of the Lamb among the Christians, or in the Apocalypse. Among the crowd of the dead, one observes that some, the damned, bear on their forehead the seal of the infernal beast or the genius of darkness; and others, the mark of the Lamb or the genius of light on their forehead.\n\nJudgments were regulated by the social code to a great extent, and it is in this that the fiction had a truly political purpose. The grand judge rewarded the virtues that societies have an interest in.\nThe encouragement and punishment of vices were the interests of these religions, had they been limited, they would not have degraded humanity as much as they did in the name of reason. We are grateful to Aesop for his fables due to their moral purpose, and we cannot accuse him of imposition since even children do not deceive themselves with them; instead, the fables of Elysium and Tartarus, which some men hold in an eternal childhood, are reduced to a letter.\n\nOF ALL CULTS.\n\nAmong the Greeks and Romans, this great sacred fable had the goal of maintaining laws, encouraging patriotism and useful talents for humanity, through the hope of clear rewards (Pejisee), and of checking crimes and vices from their source.\nsocieties, fearing the tortures of Taras. It was mainly among them that it produced good effects. However, the illusion was not long-lasting, as the old women of Cicero's time already refused to believe in it.\n\nThe Elys\u00e9e excluded all those who had not tried to suppress a new conspiracy and instead had fostered it. Our honest men, who constantly claim their father's religion, that is, their ancient privileges, and our contemporary priests, would have been excluded if they were at the head of all the conspiracies plotted against their country, delivering their fellow citizens to the swords of external enemies and the daggers of those within, and allying themselves with all Europe conjured up. These are crimes in all countries: among them are the societies of those born there.\nThe following virtues must be compensated by the grand judge. Excluded from the Elys\u00e9e were all citizens who had allowed themselves to be corrupted, who had given the enemy a place, provided ships, weapons, money, etc.; those who had plunged their fellow citizens into servitude, and who had given them a master. The last dogma was the one imagined by the free states, and it should not certainly have its origin: in the priests, who want only slaves and masters in societies.\n\nPhilosophy, in turn, sought in these fictions a check on despotism itself, which had imagined them in the earliest times. Plato places in Tartarus fierce tyrants such as Ardiaeus of Pamphylia, who had massacred his father, the elderly and respected Abieus, an older brother, and who had seized power.\nsqm\u00a7\u00e9. d'une foule d'autres crimes. Les Chr\u00e9tiens \nont mieux trait\u00e9 Constantin , couvertde semb'ab'es \nforfaits , mais qui prot\u00e9gea leur secte. L ame con- \nservait, apr\u00e8s la mort , toutes les fl\u00e9trissures des \ncrimes qu'elle avait commis , et c'\u00e9tait d'apr\u00e8s ces \ntaches que Je grand-juge pronon\u00e7ait. Platon ob*- \nserve avec raison que les \u00e2mes les plus fl\u00e9tries \n\u00e9taient presque toujours celles des rois et de tous \nles d\u00e9positaires d'une grande puissance. Tantale , \nTityus, Sisyphe , avaient \u00e9t\u00e9 des rois sur la terre , \ne\\. aux enfers ils \u00e9taient les premiers coupables, et \nceux que l'on y punissait des plus affreux supplices. \nMais les rois ne furent jamais dupes de ces fictions; \nelles ne les ont pas emp\u00each\u00e9 de tyranniser les \npeuples, non plus que les papes d'\u00eatre vicieux et \nles pr\u00eatres d\u00e9tromper, quoique l'imposture et le \nmensonge dussent \u00eatre punis aux enfers ; car les \nimpostors, liars, scoundrels, iuv pjes and others were banned from the Elys\u00e9e. Here, one sees a brother whom cruel hatred has armed against his own brother, a son who mistreated his father, a patron who deceived his client, a miser, a glutton, and these form the largest number. Further on, one sees an infamous adulterer, an unfaithful slave, a citizen who armed himself against his fellow citizens. This one sold his country for money; the other was paid to pass or repeal laws. One sees an incestuous father who defiled his daughter's bed, cruel wives who throttled their husbands; and everywhere one punishes the man who defied the justices.\nThe gods take notice. In general, the authors of these fictions pronounced only penalties for crimes that harm humanity and harm the welfare of society, whose perfection and happiness were the great goal of initiation. Minos punished in the underworld the same crimes that he had once punished on earth, according to the wise laws of the Cretans, assuming that he had never ruled over these peoples. If religious crimes were also punished, it was because religion was regarded as a duty and the principal bond of social order in the system of these legislators, and irreligion therefore had to be among the greatest crimes from which the gods could exact vengeance. Thus, the people were taught that the great crime of these famous criminals was not to have paid homage to the gods.\nThe summary of the origins of Eleusis includes cases of mysteries such as that of Sa\u00efmon\u00e9e, who wanted to imitate Jupiter's thunder bolt, and Ixion, Orion, and Tityus, who desired to harm goddesses. The fiction of the Elysium, along with that of Tartarus, served the same moral and political purpose. Virgil places in Elysium the brave defenders of the homeland who died fighting for it, as well as inventors of arts, authors of useful discoveries, and in general all who merit recognition from men. This idea is strengthened by placing such individuals in Elysium.\nIn the imagination, one envisioned apotheosis, a concept later abused by flattery. This is why in the mysteries, Hercule, Bacchus, and the Dioscures were taught to be mere men who, through their virtues and services, had reached the dwelling of immortality. Scipion was placed there by Roman recognition, and the French Scipions could also be placed there.\n\nAs a poet, Virgil gave a distinguished place to those inspired by Apollo, rendering both the moral oracles and those of divination in his name. Cicero, a statesman who deeply loved his country, also assigned a place to those\n\nDE TOUS LES CULTES.\n\nWho would distinguish themselves through their patriotism, wisdom with which they governed states, or courage they displayed in leading them.\nsavant : to the friends of justice, to good sons, to good parents, and especially to good citizens. The Roman orator said that a citizen takes good care of his fellow citizen, making it easy for his soul to return to the gods and to heaven, its true homeland. Here is an institution and doctrines well suited to encourage patriotism and all useful talents for humanity. It is man who serves society well that is rewarded here, and not the idle monk who secludes himself and becomes its bane and shame.\n\nIn Plato's Elysium, it is benevolence and justice that are rewarded. One sees there the just Aristides : he is part of the small number of those who, clothed in great power, have never abused it, and have administered with scrupulous integrity all the positions entrusted to them.\npi\u00e9t\u00e9 et surioul, the love of truth and research have the most secure and sacred rights. However, Platon gave too much extension to this idea, which can be considered the source of all the abuses introduced by mysticism into the ancient fiction about the Elys\u00e9e. In fact, he gives a distinguished place to the one who lives with himself and does not interfere in public affairs, but rather, only occupied with purifying his soul of passions, longs for nothing but knowledge. This opinion that the ancients had of the supremacy of philosophy and the need for man to purify his soul is:\n\nA BRIEF OUTLINE OF THE ORIGIN\nHe is born from the truth, frees himself from the errors that blind others, scorns the goods they value, and devotes all his study to forming his soul with virtues.\nThe truth and entering commerce with the gods is much older than Plato; it was borrowed from Eastern mysticism by Pythagoras and then by Plato. It was by misusing this doctrine that weak minds, under the pretext of greater perfection, isolated themselves from society. They believed, through idle contemplation, that they merited the Elysian Fields, which until then had only been promised to useful Greeks and the exercise of social virtues. This was the source of the error that substituted ridicules for virtues and the egoism of the solitary person for the patriotism of the citizen. The initiation did not originally go that far; this was the work of a refined philosophy. The perpetual study that the philosopher undertook to separate his soul from the contagion of his body and to free himself from passions in order to be more.\nThe lighter and freer one was before departing for Tau, true life, had degenerated into abstracts of contemplative life, and engendered all the chimera virtues known under the names of celibacy, abstinence, and fasting. The pursuit of this supposed perfection, falsely taken for virtue, caused this to vanish, and in its place were accorded the most brilliant favors of the Elysian fields. The Christian religion is one of the most complete proofs of this abuse, as well as all those of India.\n\nOnce judgment was rendered based on the comparison made of the conduct of each of the dead with the sacred code of Jupiter, the virtuous souls did not know which way to turn, under the guidance of their good angel.\nAmong those who were punished, Plato said, there are some whose crimes are so immense, such as sacrileges, assassins, and others.\nThose who have been stained by heinous deeds. Those people, as they deserve, are plunged into Tartarus, from which they will never emerge. But those who find they have committed sins, great ones indeed, yet worthy of pardon, are also sent to the prisons of Tartarus; but for only one year; after which time the floods carry them away, some by the Cocytus, and others by Pyriphlegion. When they have reached the marsh of Acheron, they beg for mercy from those they have harmed; they invoke them to obtain from them the liberty to disembark and be received there. If they succeed in bending them, they descend, and there their torments end; otherwise.\nThey were pushed back once more into Tartarus and thrown into rivers. Such torment for them ended only when they had bent those they had wronged: such was the verdict against them by the fearsome judge. Virgil also speaks of the expiatory penalties that those were to undergo who were not pure enough to enter Elysium. These purifications were painful for the souls and true tortures. He supposes that the souls, in leaving the body, were rarely pure enough to reunite with the fire of Erebus from which they had emerged. Their union with terrestrial matter had obliged them to carry heterogeneous parts, which they had to rid themselves of before they could merge with their primitive element. All known means of purification were therefore employed, [DE TOUS LES CULTES.]\nThe water, the air, and the fire. Some were exposed to the wind's action, agitating them; others were submerged in deep basins to cleanse themselves; others passed through a purifying fire. Each man experienced a kind of torment in his mind until he merited admission into the radiant fields of Elysium; but very few obtained this happiness. Such a purgatory for souls not precipitated into Tartarus, and who could perish of entering one day into the dwelling of light and felicity: such are the Christians, convinced of being but copyists of ancient philosophers and pagan theologians.\n\nIt has been noted in Plato's passage that \"the duration of these preliminary torments can be shortened through prayers to those who hear them.\"\nThe first outraged party was God: therefore, it was necessary to win Him over; and the priests, acknowledged intermediaries by the divinity, undertook this task for a fee. This is the secret of the church, the source of its immense wealth. Thus, priests and churches enriched themselves through pious donations; monastic institutions multiplied at the expense of impoverished families, and the religious folly of a parent, as well as the deceit of the monks, contributed to this. Everywhere, monastic idleness grew fatter on the substance of the people; and the church, initially poor, exploited this advantageously.\nThe domain of purgatory no longer has anything to fear from the indigence of the early centuries, and even insults mediocrity itself through its luxury. Fortunately for us, the revolution has recently exercised a certain restraint; the priests and monks have once again taken back their immense possessions, the fruit of centuries of usurpation, and were only left with celestial goods, which they seem hardly concerned with, yet which nevertheless belong to them as inventions. Despite the seeming justice of this retreat, the blacks of sound reason have not let go of their old thefts so easily. To maintain possession of their usurpations, they have sharpened anew the daggers of St. Bartholomew; they have set their country on fire with the war's flame, and carry torches of fury everywhere.\nunder the name of Flambeau, of the religion. Around them gathered all those who lived by abuse and extortion. The proud and fierce nobility placed its privileges under the protection of the altars, as in the last redoubt of crime. The atheist against the \"revolutionary\" became devout; the courtesan of the courts wanted to hear the mass of the rebellious priest; the courtesan who lived at the theater of her debauches complained to God that the revolution had taken away her \"DE TOUS LES S CULTES.\" 4 3 ' * bishops and their rich abbots; the pope and the chief of the antipopes united for war; the Jesuits were among them, the \"good\" Christians; Turcaret became Tartuffe; all kinds of hypocrisy and deceit came out under the standard of the cross: for all crimes are good for priests.\npriests are good for all crimes. It is the priest who has blessed the daggers of the Vend\u00e9ens and Chouans; it is he who has recently covered Switzerland with the bodies of his valiant children whom he deceived. Here is the Christian religion worthy of having been protected by Constantine, the Nero of his century, and of having had as popes incestuous and murderous men, such as the murderer of Basse-Ville and the brave Duplmt. Would philosophy have ever caused so much harm?\n\nThis is the place to examine and weigh between them the advantages and disadvantages of these sacred fictions, religious institutions in general, and in particular that of the Christians; and to see if it is the societies or the priests who have gained the most. We have already agreed that the general purpose of initiations was good, and that\nThe imposture that created the fable of paradise and hell for fools, if it had always been directed by wise and virtuous men, instead of being employed by deceitful men thirsty for power and wealth, could be tolerated up to a certain point by those who, against my opinion, believe that one can deceive in order to be more useful. It is thus that we sometimes forgive a tender mother for preserving her child from a real danger by instilling in him chimera fears, threatening him with the wolf to make him more docile to his lessons and prevent him from doing harm, even though it would have been better to watch over him, reward him, or punish him, rather than to instill in his soul panic terrors that make him timid and credulous in the future. Those who\nAdmettent les peines et r\u00e9compenses sont fond\u00e9es sur ce que Dieu \u00e9tant juste, il doit compenser la vertu et punir le crime, et ils laissent aux pr\u00eatres d\u00e9cider ce qui est vertu et ce qui est crime. C'est donc la morale des pr\u00eatres que Dieu est charg\u00e9 de maintenir, et on sait combien elle est absurde et atroce. Si Dieu ne doit punir et compenser que ce qui est contraire ou conforme \u00e0 la morale naturelle, alors c'est la religion naturelle qui suffit \u00e0 l'homme, c'est-\u00e0-dire, celle qui se fond\u00e9e sur le bon sens et la raison. Ce n'est plus propriement de la religion, mais de la morale que nous avons besoin, et l\u00e0-dessus nous sommes d'accord. Plus de morale appel\u00e9e religieuse ; plus de ces affreux pr\u00eatres, et en avons encore ! Mais la fable de l'\u00c9lys\u00e9e et du Tartare ne se renferme pas.\nWithin the circle of acknowledged morality among peoples, and in the recognized interest of all societies, the spirit of mysticism and religious doctrine took hold, and used this great DE TOUS LES CULTES to establish their chimera. Thus, the Cherleans placed, next to the moral dogmas found among all ancient philosophers, a multitude of precepts and rules of conduct that debase the soul, degrade our reason, and to which, however, the most distinguished rewards of Elysium are attached. What more humiliating spectacle for humanity than that of a strong and vigorous man who, by principle of relation, lives on alms rather than the fruit of his labor: who, able to (dan> lead in arts and commerce, could live an active, useful life for himself and his fellow citizens,) instead...\nI prefer being merely a contemplative simpleton,\nfor religion promises its most brilliant rewards to this kind of social utility! Let it not be said that this is one of the abuses of Christian morality; on the contrary, it is its perfection. The mad monk, the senseless Trappist who, like others, condemned himself to live forever confined, without communicating with the rest of society, occupied with sad and useless meditations, living harshly, exhausting himself, draining all the strength of body and spirit to be more pious and agreeable to the eternal, were not, in the eyes of religion, as they were in the eyes of reason, fools for whom the islands of Anticyra would not provide enough solitude.\nAmong them were more saints than grace had raised to perfection, to whom divinity reserved in heaven a place all the more elevated the more this way of life was sublime. Simple and credulous girls, ridiculously bedecked, singing at night, not of beautiful songs but of foolish hymns which they fortunately did not understand, in honor of a being who did not listen to them; praying and meditating in retreat, sometimes even flagellating themselves; guarding their virginity under the care of grilles and locks which opened only at the lubricity of a director, not in the eyes of the weak-headed priests, struck with a usual delirium that we confined in society, like other mad virgins in our hospitals, devoted to God their virginity, and by youth, privations, and especially.\nThe idleness of these women had reached a state of perfection, elevating them above the station they would have occupied in heaven if, fulfilling the wish of nature, they had become mothers and raised children for the defense of the fatherland. They had renounced the tenderest human affections and, in accordance with the third Christian doctrine, had left father, mother, brothers, sisters, relatives, friends, to attach themselves to their spiritual spouse or to Christ, and had buried themselves alive to resurrect one day with Him and join the choir of virgin saints in paradise. These were the privileged souls, whom we called the elect, and the black revolution's crime was to have destroyed these privileges, returning these unfortunate victims of priestly deceit to society. Or raise not the veil.\nThe voice was raised against the executioners who had plunged them into these horrible dungeons, these religious prisons; but not against the human legislator who had drawn them there, and who had also lit up freedom in these tombs where superstition had chained the sensitive, yet unenlightened soul, which it had seduced. Such is the spirit of this religion, such is the perfection or degradation to which it has led our species; for I repeat, this is not an abuse, but a consequence of its dogmas. The author of the legend of Christ, making his voice speak, places this phrase in his mouth: \"In truth, I tell you, no one will leave father, mother, brothers, sisters, or lands for me and for the Evangelist.\" In the coming century, he will not receive a hundredth part of it.\n\"autant. Yet, how unfortunate is this false morality that has led many into solitude and monasteries! Marriage is presented in the gospel as an imperfect state, almost as a tolerance for souls. One of Christ's listeners, frightened by this morality, observes that it is therefore not advantageous to marry if this state is surrounded by so many pitfalls. The supposed teacher responds that not all men are capable of this high wisdom that renounces marriage; it is only granted to a few. Thus, celibacy, this antisocial vice, is counted among the virtues, and recognized as the state of perfection to which not all men are given to attain.\"\nCities and this doctrine took hold in the minds of a great many men. If societies had not endured for long periods, unfortunately this way of life did not spread throughout the universe. However, it caused considerable damage, from which we still feel the effects.\n\nThus, the refinements of Oriental mysticism destroyed the effects of primitive initiations. These could have formed the first members of the societies; those who followed could only destroy them. Savages, scattered in their forests with their wives and children, living on acorns or hunting, were still men before they were civilized. The hermits of Thebes, once mysticism had degraded them, were no longer men; and the inhabitant of the German forests is more respectable to me than he.\nThe city of Oxyrinque, which was filled with monks and virgins. I know that the good Ro\u00eflin, in his anti-philosophical history, calls the population of this city one of the miracles of grace and honor of Christianity. This may be so; but Christianity at the time was the shame of humanity. Nilus does not come to perfect societies, but rather to destroy them, by introducing the two greatest plagues they could fear, celibacy and idleness. The paradise of Christians resembles the fifth circle of Oxyrinque.\n\nInstead of great men who built cities, founded empires, or defended them at the cost of their blood; instead of men of genius who rose above their century through sublime knowledge, through the intervention of the arts, and through useful discoveries;\nIn place of the chiefs of numerous civilized peoples; in place of Orpheus, Linus, whom Virgil placed in his Elysium, I see monks of various kinds arriving in the Christian Elysium, with all sorts of cowls; fundraisers or monastic leaders, whose pretentious humility claims the first places in paradise. I see capucins with long beards appearing, with muddy feet, wearing a dirty and tattered mantle, and above all, the heavy sacks of Melagyrtes, filled with alms of the poor; hypocritical paupers under the guise of indigence, who have promised paradise for a few onions and come to take their place as a reward for their degradation, which they call Christian humility. I see ignorant friars beside them, whose sole merit is in not knowing.\nRien savoir, parce qu'on leur a dit que la science en a right l'orgueil, et que le paradis est pour hs. Abreg\u00e9 de l'Opvigin. Pauvres d'esprit. Quelle morale! Orphee et Eurydice, auriez-vous jamais cru que le genie qui avait cree l'Elysee, et dans lequel Virgile vous a donne la premiere place, devait etre un jour un titre d'exclusion, et que l'on taxerait d'orgueil l'essor de l'imagination et de l'esprit, que vous avez cherchee a exalter par des fictions propres a encourager les grands talents? Ainsi nous avons vu dans notre siecle Voltaire descendre au Tartare, et saint Laure monter dans l'Elysee. Et vous, philosophes, qui avez cherche a perfectionner la raison de l'homme en associant la religion a la philosophie, avez-vous pu soupconner que le premier sacrifice que lui fut fait fut celui de la raison?\nelle-m\u00eame et de la raison toute enti\u00e8re ? C'est \ncependant ce qui est arriv\u00e9 , et ce que verront en- \ncore long- temps les si\u00e8cles qui nous suivront. Ce- \nlui qui croira , nous dit la religion chr\u00e9tienne , \ncelui-l\u00e0 seul sera sauv\u00e9 : donc celui qui ne croira \npas sera condamn\u00e9 et livr\u00e9 aux furies. Or , le \nphilosophe ne croit point , mais juge et raisonne ; \net cependant celui qui raisonne ne m\u00e9rite pas des \nsupplices \u00e9ternels ; autrement la divinit\u00e9 serait \ncoupable d'avoir tendu dans la raison elle-m\u00eame \nun pi\u00e8ge \u00e0 l'homme , et de lui avoir cach\u00e9 la v\u00e9- \nrit\u00e9 dans les r\u00eaves du d\u00e9lire et dans ce-merveil-? \nleux que la saine raison r\u00e9prouve* Mais non, touf \nce qui tue la raison oi\u00ef la d\u00e9grade est un crime aux \nyeux de la divinit\u00e9 ; car elle est la voix de Dieu \nMi\u00e8me. Quant aux l\u00e9gislateurs qui ont cherc}^ \nDE TOUS LE S CULTES. 479 \nIn the religion, a means of tightening the bonds of social life and reminding man of the sacred ties of family and humanity, I could ask them if they would pay heed if there was an initiation where the leader told his followers: \"Do you believe that I have come to bring peace on earth? No, I assure you, but rather division. For if there are five people in a house, they will be divided, three against two and two against three. The father will be divided from the son, the son from the father, the mother from the daughter, the daughter from the mother, the granddaughter from the grandmother, and the grandmother from the granddaughter.\" This horrible morality was unfortunately preached by our priests during the revolution. They carried on.\nThe division in all families, and interested in their cause or rather their vengeances, all those who, through their writings, credit, money, or weapons, have served them. They detached from the fatherland and the cause of liberty all those who were weak enough to listen to their seductive speeches. They frequently made their lying tribunes resound with their master's terrible imprecations: \"Anyone who comes to me and hates his father, mother, wife, children, brothers, sisters, and even his own life cannot be my disciple.\" How open a door to immorality is a parental morality! The Church, during the revolution, was the arsenal for all crimes, and the religion itself had prepared the way.\nThe doctrine paring down germs in its exclusive and intrusive manner. When an institution establishes as its fundamental maxim that one must sacrifice all that nature and society offer us most dearly, families and societies dissolve their bonds as soon as the priest's interest, which you confuse with that of the gods, commands. Of all morals, the most sacred is public morality; legislators have only imagined religious morality to strengthen the former. The only excuse for the invention of religions is that they are said to be necessary for the maintenance of society: the religion that isolates itself, that rises above it, that sets itself in rebellion against its laws, and that places citizens in its grip, is a destructive element of social order; it must be delivered from it.\nterre. Le catholicisme est dans ce cas , et le chef \nde cette secte regarde comme ses plus fid\u00e8les \nagens ceux qui sont arm\u00e9s contre la patrie. Ce \nsont l\u00e0 ses ministres ch\u00e9ris ; eh bien ! il faut les \nlui renvoyer, comme la peste \u00e0 sa source. L'ob\u00e9is- \nsance aveugle \u00e0 un chef d'ennemis , quoiqu'il porte \nle nom de chef de l'\u00e9glise > est un crime de l\u00e8se- \nnation ; et cette ob\u00e9issance, la religion la com- \nmande. En examinant bien la s\u00e9rie des r\u00e9voltes, \ndes pr\u00eatres catholiques et romains contre l'autorit\u00e9 \nnationale, on se convaincra ais\u00e9ment qu'il n'est \npas un simple abus g mais une cons\u00e9quence n\u00e9- \nKE TOUS LES CULTES. \u00a38 \u00ef \nccssaire c\u00eee l'organisation hi\u00e9rarchique de cette re- \nligion. C'est elle qui est mauvaise ; c'est donc elle \nqu'il faut changer ou de'truire. M\u00e9nageons le \nle peuple tromp\u00e9 , mais point de gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ceux qui \nThe impostor's warning should be banned from a free land. Let us recall the harm this religion inflicted through its ministers and popes, and the disorders it introduced in various empires due to its priests' resistance to legitimate authority. We will see that what is happening now is not a momentary deviation and an abuse of a few \"men,\" but the spirit of the church, which seeks to dominate everywhere, and finds in the doctrine of its gospel the very foundation of its ambition alongside the maxims of humility. It is there that we notice these words: \"Whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven.\" The heavens obey the priest's will, and the priest to his ambition, because he is.\nA man who had all the passions of other men. Let us judge by that the extent of his desires and the empire he claimed here. It was the priest who placed the crown on the kings' heads and released the peoples from their oath of loyalty. Our ancient druids did the same. It is this colossal power they regret today, and it is in the name of religion that they claim to raise it up again, should they have to do so only on the smoldering ashes of the universe. I will not speak of the dogmas that contain only a moral absolution, such as the Christian virtue of humility. Torquato Tasso is certainly a vice and a folly.\n\"Qu'on a de soi-m\u00eame n'est pas une vertu. Quel est l'homme de g\u00e9nie qui, par humilit\u00e9, se croit un sot et s'efforcera, pour plus grande perfection, de le persuader aux autres? Quel est l'homme de bien qui concevra de lui-m\u00eame l'opposition qu'on doit avoir d'un fripoune, et toujours par humilit\u00e9? Le pr\u00e9cepte est absurde, par ce m\u00eame fait que c'est impossible de porter aussi loin l'illusion. La nature a voulu que la conscience de l'homme de bien soit la premi\u00e8re r\u00e9compense de sa vertu, et que celle du m\u00e9chant soit le premier supplice de ses crimes. C'est pourtant \u00e0 cette humilit\u00e9 qu'on promet Elys\u00e9e, \u00e0 cette humilit\u00e9 qui r\u00e9tr\u00e9cit le g\u00e9nie et qui \u00e9touffe le germe des grands talents; qui, d\u00e9guisant \u00e0 l'homme ses v\u00e9ritables forces, le rend incapable de ces g\u00e9n\u00e9reux efforts qu'il entreprendre de grandes chose.\"\nHe speaks for his glory and for that of the empires he defends or governs. You would say that a hero, victor over the kings allied against France, will be greater in the eyes of the divinity if he can convince himself that he is not equal to the gods. Is he not worth more than the generals he has defeated? He may doubt the modesty of the ancients, but he will not have the humility of a Capuchin monk, who preaches the Christian religion, the only initiation where Ton has seen fit to make the apotheosis of humility, which prevents man from feeling his worth and degrades him in his own eyes.\n\nFor Christian humility, if it is not the most important thing, is only an absurdity; and if it is only modesty, it falls within the category of virtues that all ancient philosophies have recommended practicing.\nIt is the same with the teaching of self-denial, so strongly recommended by this region; a teaching of which I am still uncertain (what does it mean. Does it mean that a man should renounce his own opinion when it is wise, his well-being, his natural and legitimate desires and affections, his tastes, all that contributes here below to his happiness through honest enjoyments, in order to annihilate himself in religious apathy? Or does it advise a man to renounce the use of all his intellectual faculties and blindly give himself over to the pursuit of ascetic virtues, to the impulses of contemplation, and to the exercises of a religious life, as painful for us as it is unproductive for others. But let the doctors of this sect explain this enigmatic moral teaching: nVx.a-\nmons point dans ces dogmes ce qui est simple:\n484 Abrog\u00e9 de l'Grigior\u00e9e.\nMents absurdes, mais ce qui est infiniment dangereux, flans Ses coules juives et funeste aux soci\u00e9t\u00e9s. Est-il un dogme plus d\u00e9testable que celui qui constitue chaque <-i\u00eeoy\u00e7> n'est pas jaloux de la conduite de son voisin, et qui lui ordonne de le regarder comme un publicain, c'est-\u00e0-dire, un homme digne d'excr\u00e9ration des autres, toutes les fois qu'il ne ob\u00e9it pas aux conseils que lui donne la charit\u00e9 chr\u00e9tienne, souvent la plus mal entendue ? C'est cependant ce qui est enseign\u00e9 dans ces livres merveilleux que l'on nomme \u00e9vangiles, o\u00f9 l'on nous enjoint de reprendre notre fr\u00e8re, seul et sans t\u00e9moins ; si lui ne vous \u00e9coute pas, de le d\u00e9noncer \u00e0 une \u00e9glise, c'est-\u00e0-dire, au pr\u00eatre ; et si l'\u00e9glise ne l'\u00e9coute pas, de le traiter comme\nun pagan and as a publican. How many times has this advice been cruelly abused in the curia, whether secret or public, exercised in the name of religion and Christian charity, against those who have escaped some weaknesses or even more often against those who have risen above popular prejudices? Such love for the religion, and such a misunderstood pietism, make the man religious an espion of others' faults; under the pretext of lamenting their weaknesses, they are published, exaggerated, gossiped and calumniated in the name of charity; and the crimes often imputed to others are but acts of wisdom and reason, disguised under the most odious names. I much prefer this dogma of Fo, which re-\ncommandes your disciples not to retaliate for the faults of others: this precept is linked to social justice, without which men cannot live happily together. The Christian, in contrast, is intolerable by principle of religion, and it is from this intolerance, I would say constitutionally in the organization of this sect, that all the evils that Christianity has inflicted upon societies have emerged. The history of the church, from its origin to the present day, is nothing but a sanitized tableau of crimes committed against humanity in the name of God, and the two worlds have been and will be long tormented by the accesses of this religious rage, which takes its source in the dogma of the gospel, which demands that one forcefully admit entry into the church him who refuses. From this come the Saint Bartholomew's Massacres, those of the Huguenots.\nIn the New World, from there was launched the torrent that ignited the fires of the Inquisition. II It is sufficient, to prove how horrible this sect is, to paint it as it has always been, from Constantin, where it became powerful enough to persecute, until the infamous war of the Albigenses, whose flames would still be rekindled if the republican victors and their love for humanity did not at this moment extinguish this hidden fire under the priest's mantle.\n\n486 ABREVIATED FROM THE ORIGIN\n\nWithout the necessary day of the 18th of Fructidor, the sun would have illuminated even greater crimes and more massacres committed in the name of God by the priests, more terrible than any that history has shown. And Ton insists on wanting a religion and priests! Without the priests' imprudences.\nOur priests would have forgotten the brutal effects of papal rabies, which, during the Schism of the Occident in the 14th century, caused the execution of fifty thousand unfortunate souls; the massacres of the Hussites, which cost humanity one hundred and fifty thousand lives; those in America, where several millions of its inhabitants were beheaded, merely because they were not Christians; they would have forgotten Saint Bartholomew and the terrible Vend\u00e9e, as they sought to outdo each other in wickedness. Emerging from the mountains of Switzerland like wild beasts, they were already spreading throughout France to bring carnage and death in the name of the god of peace. But the spirit of liberty rose once more, and pushed back these monsters into their lairs where they plot new crimes.\net toujours pour le plus grand honneur de Dieu et de la sainte religion, qui frappent d'un arr\u00eat de mort tout ce qui ne se bent a genoux devant leur orgueilleuse puissance. Qui n'est pas pour moi, dit le legislateur, est contre moi, et tout arbre qui ne produit pas de bon fruit doit \u00eatre coup\u00e9 et jet\u00e9 au feu.\n\nDe tous les cultes. |S|\n\nVoil\u00e0 quels furent les premiers r\u00e9sultats de cette morale, (ju*il p'aita quelques-uns d'appeler morale divine, comme s'il en existait de divine autre que la morale \u00f4a tu relie. Je dirai comme leur \u00e9vangile, c'est par ses fruits que nous devons la juger. Sans doute, comme nous l'avons observ\u00e9, leurs sacr\u00e9s vivres renferment plusieurs principes de morale que la saine philosophie doit avouer. Mais ces maximes ne leur appartiennent point en propre ; elles sont ant\u00e9rieures \u00e0 leur secte, et se retrouvent dans :\n\n(Note: The text appears to be incomplete at the end, with some missing characters or words.)\nIn all moral philosophical and religious doctrines of other peoples, what is exclusively theirs are several absurd or dangerous maxims in their consequences. I do not believe we are tempted to envy them a parcel of morality. Here, I attach myself mainly to combating a widely received prejudice: if the dogmas of Chinese Christianity are absurd, morality is good, which I deny, for what is false is not that morality is good, but rather that, when we speak of Christian morality, we mean that which belongs exclusively to Christians and is not given that name to the morality known without them, before them, and which they have only adopted or rather distorted by mixing it with ridiculous precepts and extravagant dogmas. Again, whatever is good is not theirs, and whatever is bad is not either.\nYou ridicule in their morality what belongs to them: it is the only morality that can properly be called particular to Christians. One can find its source or parallel in those fakirs of India. Here is one of the major inconveniences of religions: confusing or conflating the natural instincts of justice and injustice, virtues and crimes, introducing into morality, under the name of religion, unknown vices in the code of nature. Thus, the Formosans include in their list of crimes worthy of the Tar\u00eeare the larceny, murder, and lying, but also the failure to go naked in designated times; Catholics would add the crime of going, even once. Drinking wine is a crime in Turkey; in Persia, it was a sin to urinate on the fire. These are examples.\nUn Bukarien used to say that God is in heaven. This confusion. Christians introduced it into their morality, creating vices and virtues that exist only in their religious system, to which they attached penalties and eternal rewards. Their doctors multiplied crimes infinitely, opening a thousand paths to Tartarus for the soul. Among them, every sin reputed to be mortal kills the third part and dedicates it to the eternal vengeance of an implacable deity; it is well known how great the number of mortal sins is in their penal code of conscience. The child who is born is doomed to Tartarus if water is not poured on its head. There is scarcely any action, desire, thought, in fact of love, which is not qualified as a mortal sin. There is scarcely any common practice of all cults.\nThis text appears to be written in an old French dialect. I will translate it into modern English and remove unnecessary formatting.\n\nThe text reads: \"This religion, they say, consoles man. He who permits himself to eat flesh on the days dedicated to Enthusiasm and Saturn, every week, should keep quiet about it, for Christians still cling to the cult of the planets, being so ignorant. He who eats it during the forty days preceding the full moon following the spring equinox is condemned to the torments of Hell. He who marks several times in a row the sign of the Sun or Sunday, also gives death to his soul. He who follows the imperious desire of nature, which tends to reproduction, is cast into Tartar if he does not obtain permission from the being.\"\nA person renounced marriage legitime to live in concubinage, and this theme still strikes marriages recognized by law today, where the seal of religion or rather rebellion has not been stamped by the reluctant. This is what we call religious morality, indispensable for the maintenance of societies; for it is necessary to have religion.\n\nNot being exact at eating God in his metamorphosis as a sacred wafer, at least once a day,\nTan, or laughing at fools who, on their knees and with their mouths open, receive from the hand of a charlatan the god Vai\u00fb9 destined soon to become the god Sterculus, y\u00e0\u00e9Reg\u00e9d\u00e8l* origin,\nwho is about to descend into the lower places of the earth;\nnot going to confess one's amorous complaints to a priest used to debauchery, and who lays traps for chastity and innocence, these are crimes which ^\nIn the Catholic system, those worthy of eternal death are deserving, and Tarlare does not have enough torments to punish such a marked disregard for religion; this is what is called crimes in the rigid system; this is what is punished in hell, that is, the man who has enough common sense to laugh at the foolishness of others; and while cruelty and imposture lead directly to the \u00c9lys\u00e9e, wisdom and reason precipitate us into Tarlare. It is not about simple evangelical advice given to privileged souls; it is the common law by which all faithful are rigorously governed. This is what is called the religion of our fathers, in which we want to live and die, and without which there is no order to await or happiness for societies. The great crime of the revolution\n\"It is desireful to have reversed this great edifice, in the shadow of which all abuses and vices have peacefully reignned, such is what armed fanatism against republican freedom; such is the primary source of all our misfortunes; finally, such is the religion of honest men, that is, of those who had none, and who see in this name only a rallying word for all crimes.\n\nD \u00a3 Tous les CULTEs, fat\nThe same genius which has abused the denomination of crimes, by giving it to the simplest and most innocent actions, has created chimerical virtues, which have taken the same line as real virtues, and have often obtained preference over them, as we have already observed higher up: from this is born a confusion of all things which has perverted true morality,\".\nThe people soon believed that acts of devotion were virtues or could take the place of social virtues. They dispensed with social virtues as soon as they thought they had religious virtues; thus, religious morality destroyed natural morality. The Chinese attribute the decay of their ancient morality to their monks. It was the monks who substituted superstitious practices for the fulfillment of true duties. The people added law to these seducers, who promised them all degrees of happiness for this world and the next. One surrendered to their seductions, say the Chinese, and believed thereby that all his duties were fulfilled. How many among us, who, because they are exact in their observances, have fallen into the same error?\nThe people are urged to confess, believing they are freed from the duties imposed by public morality and social life! How many, because they are faithful to the priests, believe themselves exempt from respecting their country, magistrates, and even consider it a crime of their obedience to the laws of their land if the priests themselves were to command otherwise! It will be said that this is only an abuse of religion among the people and that it only occurs in the least instructed class. This may be so; but this class is the largest and it is precisely for them that it is said that they need a religion, and consequently the one that abuses it. But no, it is not only the people who take religious acts for virtues; even the leaders do so.\nThe bishops in Mingrelie frequently behave similarly. The bishops of Mingrelie are constantly in celebrations, and they spend their lives at feasts of debauchery. In contrast, they abstain from eating meat on certain days and believe they are excused from all virtues. They think that by offering gold or silver to some image, their sins will be erased. The last of our kings, who was the most corrupt of all, was naturally religious and listened attentively to the mass. Louis XI committed all crimes under the protection of a small image of the Virgin. The Christians of Armenia put their entire religion into fasting. Our peasants get drunk coming out of mass, and Sunday is sustained only by immorality and debauchery and pleasure reunions. The Persians regard legal purity.\nIn the most important part of their cult, they always kept this maxim of theirs: \"The religion is based on clear law, and half of religion is to be clean.\" In the Muslim religion, one is considered faithful when one keeps one's clothes and body clean, when one is exact in performing five prayers a day, fasting during the month of Ramadan, and making the pilgrimage to Mecca. Mallet, in his history of Denmark, observes rightly that in general men regard the morals only as the accessory part of religions. In the religion of the Christians, the absurd distinction of human virtues and religious virtues was introduced; and it is always to these latter, which are only imaginary virtues, that preference was given.\nScipion, Cato, Socrates had only human virtues, and the great men of Christianity had religious virtues. What are these great men, these Christian heroes proposed as models for us? Not a man commendable by genuine social virtues, by his dedication to the public good, by useful discoveries, or by those private qualities that characterize a good father, a good husband, a good son, a good brother, a good friend, a good citizen; or if by chance he has one of these virtues, it is only an accessory to his praise. What is praised in him are austerities, abstinences, mortifications, and practices that are rather superstitious; a great zeal for the propagation of his mad doctrine, an oblivion of all for the sake of following his chimera.\nThe named saints or perfectionists of this sect. A glance at their lives reveals this truth. What are they in fact for the most part? Enthusiasts, fanatics, or imbeciles who, through religion, have renounced common sense, and who, like the Indian fakirs, whom they followed, imposed themselves on the people through feats such as those of the Syrian Saint Simeon Stylites. He stood on one foot and remained perched thus for twenty years atop a column, believing he thereby reached heaven. I would blush to recall here a greater number of sublime virtues made apotheosis among Christians. I invite those who have curiosity and leisure to explore the legends of these Christian heroes.\n\"Christianism, one must arm oneself with patience and I challenge you to name one or two whose virtues can withstand examination. I do not mean a philosophical spirit, but a sensible man. Such is how everything has been disrupted in morality, and ridiculous actions and the most extravagant have taken the place of real virtues, while the most innocent actions have been disguised as crimes. And from this, what confusion in moral ideas! If one gives birth to a man without the priest's permission, who himself asks for no one's permission and takes advice only from necessity, he is just as guilty as the one who destroys him with iron or poison, love or infanticide are therefore crimes in the eyes of nature.\"\nreason of humanity and of divine justice! If a man who has eaten meat, or even one who has not fasted on the day of Venus which precedes the equinoxial feast of the sun in spring, is condemned to Tartarus to suffer eternally next to him who has pierced the breast of a father or mother, is not eating certain foods on certain days a crime like parricide? For one and the other is a sin that brings death to the soul and merits eternal tortures. Isn't it true that this bizarre association of ridiculous virtues and pleasures, and of crimes that nature permits and proscribes, necessarily turns against morality, and most often exposes the pious man to be deceived when presented to him confounded under the same colors the things that are so distinct in their nature? It is true.\nOne forms a false consciousness, which perceives scruples as great for the infraction of an absurd precept. If it were a matter of opposing the most inviolable and most sacred law for all probed and virtuous men.\n\nFrom the dogma or belief in rewards and punishments of the other life, it should only result in a consequence, it is not limited to that: one has imagined that one could avoid punishments and merit rewards of the future life through religious practices, through pilgrimages, austerities, which are not virtues in themselves. From this it arises that a man attaches as much importance to superstitious and childish practices as he should to real virtues and social qualities. However,\nThe multiplicity of duties imposed on him weakens the bond and often leads him to mistake. If he is not enlightened, he almost always errs, and measures things according to the importance that has been attributed to them. It is particularly to be feared that the people (it is rare that it is the people who are scrupulous), once they have crossed the line of duties they regard as sacred, extend their contempt for an unjust prohibition to another that is not, and confuse the laws that the legislator has commanded the observation of under the same penalties, believing themselves dispensed from the human virtues, that is, the true virtues, because they have abandoned the religious virtues that had a sacred character, thus treating them as mere chimeras. He certainly has reason.\nThose who think that he who forbids what the imperious need and nature commands and seems to legitimize, has not also deceived in defending what natural morality condemns: and that if the fires of love are not crimes, those of jealousy have no more innocent effects, since the temperament kindles both. It is to be feared that the defense Ton fait \u00e0 un nomme for stealing another's bread in all times, even when need presses, does not appear any less contrary to the rights given to him by nature, which has abandoned to all men the earth and its productions, quarrel that is made to him for eating his own in certain days, although hunger commands it, is contrary to good sense and often to health. It may come that perhaps\nThe following text is in French and requires translation into modern English. Here's the cleaned version:\n\n\"It is to be thought that the threats of hell, made against the first crime, are not more real than those that have the objective of the second, since the legislator and the priest who deceive on one point may well deceive on two. The heart has not allowed him to reason on the legitimacy of the defenses given to him, nor on the nature of the evils imposed on him, and he has no other rule but blind faith, as soon as he ceases to be credulous, he almost always ceases to be virtuous, because he has never made use of the torch of reason to light his path and conduct, and has always been accustomed to seek the sources of justice and morality only in his own heart.\"\n\nOnce the people no longer believe in hell, they no longer believe in the morality that was given to them.\nHe clings to this fear; and he ceases to believe in it when, in each innocent and natural action, a crime is presented to him. Damned eternally for violating the ridiculous precepts of the priests, he cares little about observing other duties imposed by the law, since the death sentence is already pronounced against him, and hell awaits him like a prey that cannot escape.\n\nI know that it will be replied that this sentence is not irreversible, and that religion places hope in repentance, confession of the crime, and divine clemency, which, obedient to the priest's voice, absolves the sinner and releases him from remorse. I acknowledge that this is a remedy invented by ancient mystagogues against despair; but I maintain that the remedy is worse than the evil.\nThe little good that initiation could produce was destroyed by these new specifics, accredited by religious charlatanism. These expiatory ceremonies, intended to make the gods forget the crimes of men, caused the culprits themselves to forget them soon, and the remedy, placed so close to the evil, dispensed the need to avoid it. One willingly soiled the robe of innocence when water for purification was nearby, and when the soul, emerging from sacred baths, reappeared in its primitive purity. The baptism and penance, which is a second baptism among Christians, produce this wonderful effect. We see Christians who, after confession and communion, go on to eat the sacred wafer. Once they have left these rites, they are free to do as they please.\nThe Madagasses believe that to obtain pardon for their sins, it is sufficient to dip a piece of gold in a vase filled with water, and then drink the water afterwards. In this way, religion, under the pretext of perfecting man, has provided him with a means of allaying the remorse that nature has instilled in him due to crime, and has encouraged him in his deviations by giving him the hope of returning to its embrace whenever he wants, provided he fulfills certain religious formalities.\n\nSocrates the wise perceived this, when he painted the image of the unjust man, reassuring himself against the fear of Tartarus' tortures by speaking of the sure means of initiation.\naffranchir. We are frightened, the apologist of injustice says, by the fear of torments in hell. But who among us is unaware that we find a remedy for this fear in initiations? What wonder is there for us in a resource where we learn that there are gods who free us from punishments for crime? We have committed injustices, indeed, but they have brought us wealth. Are not religious leaders, who have founded temples since the time of our fathers, of a similar opinion? Are not sacred buildings whose origins trace back to great crimes you are seeking to uncover?\nThe first kings founded a great number of churches and monasteries to atone for their crimes. For Christian justice consisted of building temples and feeding monks, according to Abbot VeJiy.\n\neffacear se, the moment that bandits decorated or enriched themselves became free towards the divinity, in sharing with its priests the plunder of the unfortunate ones! Such was how they claimed to make men forget their deeds, among men, through the pious donations they believed would appease the gods themselves who were to be their avengers. It is no longer a brigand who is at peace with his Christians.\n\nIf one were to seek, for what secret mystery, Alidor, at his own expense, built a monastery...\n\nHe is a man of honor, of deep piety,\nand who wants to return to God what he took from the world.\nAll religions have had their representations, expiations, and indulgences, whose supposed effect was to make the gods forget the sins of men, and consequently to encourage them to commit new ones, by weakening the fear that the fiction of Tartarus could inspire in them.\n\nOrpheus, who had seized upon all the branches of religious charlatanism in order to guide men more securely, had imagined remedies for the soul and for the body, which were almost equally effective; for one could then rank physicians of the body and those of the soul, Orpheus and Asclepius, on the same line. The rites, expiatory ceremonies, indulgences, confessions, and Agnus Dei, etc., had in morality what talismans had in medicine. These two specific remedies, issued from charlatanism,\nThe same factory imposes nothing but on fools: faith alone can give them popularity. Orpheus could not make the Greeks understand for having invented initiations, expiations for great crimes, finding the secret of turning the effects of gods' anger into either salvation or diseases. Greece was flooded with a frenzy of rituals attributed to it, as well as to Musaeus, and prescribing the form of these expiations. Unfortunately, humanity was convinced by certain individuals, not just particular ones, but entire cities, that they could purify themselves of crimes and free themselves from the threats of a divinity by means of expiatory sacrifices, festivals, and initiations; that religion offered these resources to the living and the dead in what was called propitious offerings.\nThe mysteries: it came to be that the priests of Cybele, those of Isis, the Orphic priests, as well as our capuchins and religious mendicants, spread among the people to extract money from them, using the initiation text and saving them from the fatal mire. For the people are always the prey of the priests, and their credulity their most rich heritage.\n\nWe see in Demosthenes that the mother of Eschin lived by this trade, and she instructed her children in the profits of her prostitutions. Theophrastus, painting the character of the superstitious man, represents our scrupulous devotees as going frequently to confession. He tells us that it is very exact to visit, at the end of each month, the priests of Orpheus, who initiate him into their mysteries; that he should take his wife and his children with him.\n\nAt the door of the mosque of Aiye,\nMeshed-al, a dervish who prays for pilgrims for a small sum of money. They particularly target the poor, credulous, and superstitious, to empty their wallets in the name of a deity: our evangelists do the same. They recite evangelicals on the head of an ailing Muslim in the East, provided he pays; for the Orientals, in their illnesses, turn to the saints of all religions.\n\nThe invocation of Omyto, among the Chinese, purifies the greatest crimes; hence, the Chinese of the Fo sect continually have these words in their mouths: O-myto Fo! Through these words, they can redeem all their sins; they then indulge in their passions, assured of washing away all their stains.\n\nI am surprised that the Jesuit missionary does not mention this.\nThe following individuals, according to the story, did not notice that O Jesu and the good peccavi had nearly the same virtue. But Jupiter created us all as fools, the good Lafontaine said. This is how the Indians believe that when a sick person dies with God's name in his mouth and repeats it until his last breath, he goes directly to heaven, especially if he holds a cow's tail.\n\nThe Brahmins do not deny the wonderful story of Gosjendre-31, and it is taught that he who reads this story every day receives forgiveness for his sins. It is true that a scoundrel is absolved. They have certain sacred places where those who die or go there in penance receive the same forgiveness.\nThe waters which have the power to purify the stains of the soul: such as the waters of the Ganges. Have we not our own Jordan and holy fonts?\n\nBiache, one of the interlocutors of the Ezourvedam, says that in the country called Magriodechan, there is a sacred place where it is sufficient to make an offering to deliver one's ancestors from hell.\n\nThe Indians have the most extravagant opinions about the small shrub called Toulousch\u00ee. It is sufficient to see it to obtain pardon for one's sins, to touch it to be purified from all stains.\n\nThese are all these practices established by various religions and accredited by the priests, who, under the pretext of coming to the aid of the guilty man, have perverted natural morality, the only true one.\nThe destruction of religious institutions fails to produce the expected effect, particularly the tale of Tartar and Elys\u00e9e. It weakens morale by undermining the imperious voice of conscience. Reproach lies in the confession and virtues to which one is attached. Nature has engraved sacred laws in the heart of man that he cannot violate without being punished by remorse: this is the secret avenger that she attaches to his steps. Religion stifles this gnawing worm when it makes man believe that the divinity has forgotten his crime, and that a confession made to the impostor priest reconciles him with the heaven he has outraged. What sinner can fear his conscience when God lies and absolves?\n\nThe ease of reciprocations is not the most reliable bond of friendship, and one does not fear losing it greatly.\nThe Arab poet, Abu Naovas, said to God: \"We have abandoned ourselves, Lord, to make mistakes, because we have seen that forgiveness follows closely.\" In fact, the remedy that always follows ill does prevent fear, and becomes a great evil itself.\n\nWe have a striking example of this in the common people, who habitually go to confession. After depositing the burden of remorse at the feet of the priest, which might have weighed heavily on him all his life, he soon enjoys the security of an honest man and frees himself from the only punishment that can punish the secret crime. How many acts of faith have not engendered the fatal hope of a good Peccavi, who should have been remorseful?\nA troubled life filled with crimes, and assure him a blessed immortality! The idea of God's clemency has always counterbalanced the fear of His justice in a criminal's mind, and death is the term to which he sets his return to virtue, that is, he renounces crime at the moment he is about to be forever incapable of committing new ones, and where a priest's absolution, in his opinion, delivers him from the penalties for his past misdeeds. This institution is therefore a great deception, as it removes a real restraint that nature has given to crime to substitute a fictitious one, which it itself destroys entirely. It is to the conscience of the honest man to compensate for his virtues, and to that of the criminal to punish his misdeeds. Not the true Elysium, the true Tartarus, created by nature herself.\nIt is an outrage to desire to add to one's suffering, and even more to claim to absolve a guilty one and free him from the secret torment of remorse by perpetuity. The ancient initiations also practiced such penance, where a priest, under the name Def\u00e9o\u00e9s, listened to the confession of sins that had to be atoned for. One of these unfortunate impostors, confessing to ItexLysandre, pressed him with imprudent questions. Lysandre asked him if he spoke in his own name or in the name of a god. The Ko\u00e8s replied that it was in the name of a god. Well then! replied Lysandre, withdraw; if she questions me, I will tell her the truth; This is the response that every wise man should give to our modern Ko\u00e8s or confessors who call themselves the organs of clemency and mercy.\nDivine justice; if a wise man could present himself to these conscience spies who serve religion to better abuse our weaknesses, tyrannize our reason, interfere in our domestic affairs, seduce our women and daughters, draw out family secrets, and often aim to become their masters or rob them. In fact, the ancients did not go as far as we do in the abuse of such remedies: there were certain crimes they deprived of the benefit of expiation, and delivered to the remorse and eternal vengeance of their gods.\n\nNothing more common than seeing the ancients label certain crimes as irredeemable, and crimes that nothing could expiate.\n\nHomocides were excluded from the sanctuaries of Eleusis.\nThe wicked, traitors to the country, and those stained with great crimes: from whom he cited that they were also excluded from the Elysian Fields and all the cults. So?\n\nPlunged into the black mire of the underworld. One performed purifications for homicide, but for involuntary or necessary homicide. The ancient heroes, when they had committed some crime, repaid with expiation. After sacrifices, one poured water from the purifying font on the guilty hand, and from that moment they returned to society and prepared for new battles. Hercules was purified after the murder of the Centaurs. But these kinds of expiations did not wash away any trace of pollution whatsoever. The great criminals had to dread all their lives the horrors of Tartarus, or could not repair their crimes.\n\"despite his virtues and praiseworthy actions, legal purifications did not grant all the flattering hopes that innocence enjoyed. Neron dared not present himself at the temple of Eleusis; his crimes barred him from entry for life. Constantine, stained with every kind of crime, dyed in the blood of his wife, presented himself to the pagan priests for absolution of his numerous transgressions. They replied that among the various forms of expiation, none had the power to erase so many crimes, and that no religion offered sufficient aid against the justice of the gods he had outraged: and Constantine was emperor. A courtier of the palace, witness to his trouble and the agitation of his soul, recorded this abridgement of origin.\"\nHe, ridden by remorse which nothing can appease, learns that his harm is not incurable; that in the Christian religion there are penances which expiate all offenses, no matter their nature or number; that one of the promises of this religion is that whoever embraces it, be he impious and criminal as he may, can hope that his crimes will be forgotten immediately. At this moment, Constantine declares himself protector of a sect which treats even the greatest offenders favorably. He was a sinner seeking illusion and trying to stifle his remorse. According to some authors, he awaited the end of his life to be baptized, in order to have a resource near the tomb that would wash away all the stains of an entire life wasted by crime. Thus, Eleusis closed its porters.\nThe Christians received Nero if he had declared for them. They considered Tiberius one of their protectors, and it is surprising that Nero was not. What a dreadful religion that puts cruel tyrants among its initiates and absolves them of their crimes! Why, if Nero had been Christian and protected the church, he would have been made a saint! Why not? Constantine, just as guilty as he, is honored in this way. His name was recalled at Rome in the celebration of Christian mysteries in the ninth century. There were several churches dedicated to him in England.\n\nAll the Cults. $50\n\nIt is the same Saint Constantine who built at Constantinople a place of prostitution, in which every means of debauchery was provided for the debauched. Here are the saints whom the church honors.\nThe Christian religion lends its support to power when crime wears it. Reason and nature would never have pardoned Nero; the Christian religion could have pardoned him if he had been baptized, for the baptism effaces all sins and restores innocence to the one who receives it. Sophocles, in Oedipus, claims that all the waters of the Danube and the Phasis would not have been sufficient to purify the crimes of the house of Laus; a drop of baptismal water would have sufficed. What a dreadful institution! There are monsters that must be left to remorse and the terror inspired by a guilty conscience. The religion that allays the fears of great criminals is an encouragement to crime, and the greatest moral and political plague: it is necessary to purge the earth of it. Should we then bear the cost of an initiation that has cost so much?\nlarmes et de sang au monda , pour enseigner aux \niniti\u00e9s qu'un dieu est mort pour absoudre l'homme \nde tous les crimes, et lui pr\u00e9parer des rem\u00e8des \ncontre les justes terreurs dont la nature entoure le \nc\u0153ur des grands coupables ? Car \u00ab 'est \u00eea , en der- \nni\u00e8re analyse , le but et le fruit de la mort du pr\u00e9- \ntendu h\u00e9ros de cette secte, il faut convenir que \ns'il y avait un Tartare , il devrait \u00eatre pour de tels \ndocteurs. . \n5l0 ABR\u00c9G\u00c9 DE L'ORIGINE \nVWWW rtvww AMVV\u00bb WVV VW VWMM WWVW VWVW\u00bb VWVW\u00bb VWVW4 WWi 1/WVW* \nCHAPITRE XII. \nExplication abr\u00e9g\u00e9e d'un ouvrage apo\u00e8&ly tique \ndes initi\u00e9s aux myst\u00e8res de la lumi\u00e8re , et du \nsoleil y ador\u00e9 sous le symbole de l'agneau du \nprintemps ou du b\u00e9lier c\u00e9leste. \nL'ouvrage connu sous \u00eee nom d'apocalypse n7a \nparu jusqu'ici intelligible que parce qu'on s'est \nobstin\u00e9 \u00e0 y voir une pre'clict\u00eeon r\u00e9elle de l'avenir , \nEach one explained it in their own way, in which we have always found what we wanted, that is, something entirely different from what this book contained. Newton and Bossuet felt the need for great glory already acquired to prevent their unsuccessful attempts to explain it from being labeled as folly. Both began with a false hypothesis, namely, that it was an inspired book. Today, when it is recognized by all good minds that there are no inspired books and that all books bear the stamp of human wisdom or folly, we will analyze this one of the Apocalypse, according to the principles of sacred science and the well-known genius of Oriental mysticism, from which this work originated.\n\nThe disciples of Zoroaster or the Magi, from whom\nJews and Christians, as we have seen in our chapter on the Christian religion, adopted their principal doctrines from the same sources. They believed that the principles, Ormazd and Ahriman, chiefs, one of light and good, the other of darkness and evil, each with their secondary spirits or angels and their favored peoples, fought against each other in this world and destroyed each other's works; but that in the end, the people of Ahriman would be vanquished, that the god of light and his people would triumph. Then the good and evil would return to their origin, and each of the two chiefs would live with their people, one in the first light, and the other in the first darkness from which they had come. Therefore, there was to come a time marked by fate, according to Theopompus.\nIn the land where Ahriman, having brought pestilence and famine, was completely destroyed, the earth was to be the dwelling place of men, equal and happy, living under the same law and clothed in transparent bodies. It is there that they were to enjoy an inalterable happiness under the rule of Orsmud or the god of light.\n\nRead Revelation and you will be convinced that this is the theological basis for the entire work. All the mysterious details that enshroud it are but the framework for this single dogma, put into action and displayed in the sanctuaries of the initiated into the mysteries of light or Ormusd. This theatrical and wonderful decoration is borrowed from the images of the celestial spheres or the constellations that preside over the revolutions of time and adorn the world.\nIn the midst of the night, the initiate to the mysteries of Isis said, the Sun appeared to me bathed in a brilliant light. After scrubbing the threshold of Proserpine and passing through the elements, I found myself in the presence of the gods.\n\nIn the mysteries of Eleusis, the initiate was given a foretaste of this future happiness and an idea of the state to which the initiation raised the soul after death. We plunged into profound darkness for some time, which was an image of those depths, and then a living light suddenly enveloped him, revealing the statue of the god to whom he was being initiated. Here it is.\nThe lamb, who is the great divinity, whose image is reproduced throughout this apocalyptic work, is placed at the head of the celestial city, which has twelve divisions like the zodiac, of which Aries or the lamb is also the chief. This is what the Apocalypse represents. To compare the traits and analyze in detail the various tables it offers, nothing less than the explanation we give in our great work and the planisphere annexed to it is required. However, we will outline here a precise summary of this work, which will be sufficient for the reader to give him an idea of the correspondence that exists between the Apocalypse's tables and those of the sky and its divisions.\n\nTwo things first strike the attentive reader: the frequent repetition that the Author has made.\nThe book of the numbers seven and twelve,\nsacred numbers in all theologies, because they express two great divisions of the world,\nthat of the planetary system, and that of the zodiac or the signs, the two great instruments of fate, and the two foundations of astrological science which presided over the composition of this work.\n\nThe number seven is repeated twenty-four times, and the shadow twelve fourteen.\n\nThe planetary system is designated therein, without any ambiguity, by a seven-branched chandelier or by seven chandeliers, or by seven stars that a luminous genius holds in his hand, resembling the god principle of light or Ormusd, adored by the Persians. Under this emblem, Ton figures the seven great celestial corps, in which the infinite light is distributed, and at the center.\nThe angel of the sun, whose principal dwelling it is, appears to Jean in the form of a resplendent being of light. This being reveals to him the mysteries that he must reveal to initiates. It is the Jewish and Christian writers who provide us with the explanation of the seven candelabras, which here only express the same cosmological idea indicated by the symbol of the seven-branched candelabrum in the Temple of Jerusalem. Cl\u00e9ment, bishop of Alexandria, claims that the seven-branched candelabrum, which was in the midst of the altar of perfumes, represented the seven planets. Three branches with a lamp on top stood on each side, and in the midst was the lamp of the sun, at the center of the six other branches, because this star is the center of them all.\nIn the midst of the planetary system, it communicates its light to the planets below and those above, following the laws of its divine and harmonious action. Joseph and Philo, two Jewish writers, give the same explanation. The seven enclosures of the temple represent the same thing. They are also the seven eyes of the Lord, designated by the spirits that rest on the verge which rises from the root of Jesse, continues Cl\u00e9ment d'Alexandrie. One will notice that the author of the apocalypse also says that the seven horns of the lamb are the seven spirits of God and consequently that they represent the planetary system which receives its impulse (Taries, or of the lamb, the first of the signs.\n\nIn the monument of the Persian religion, or of Mithra, one finds similarly seven stars.\nThe text represents the planetary system, and at each one, we see the distinctive attribute of the planet that the star signifies. The author of the apocalypse merely employed a received emblem here to express the harmonious system of the universe in the sanctuary where the seventh initiation introduced man, as can be seen in our chapter on mysteries.\n\nWe will be convinced even more of this truth when we reflect that this same emblem signified seven churches, with the first being Ephesus, where one adored the first of the seven planets or the moon, under the name of Diana.\n\nFollowing the planetary system, the mystagogue presents us with the tableau of the fixed stars, and the four celestial figures that were placed at the four angles of the sky, according to the astrological system.\nThese four figures were the lion, the bull, the man from the zodiac sign of Libra, and the eagle, which shared the entire zodiac into four parts, or three signs in three signs, in the fixed and solid points of the sphere called the celestial spheres. The stars responding to them were called the four royal stars.\n\nIn the mysteries of Mithra, in addition to the seven doors representing the seven planets, there was an eighth one which corresponded to the fixed sky. The author of the apocalypse also saw an open door in the sky and was invited to look in to see what was to come. After showing us the planetary system under the emblem of seven chandeliers, the author then had to direct our attention to\n\n(Note: The text seems to be incomplete and may require additional context to fully understand. The given text appears to be discussing astrology and the zodiac, and mentions the figures of the lion, bull, man from Libra, and eagle, as well as the concept of celestial spheres and the mysteries of Mithra.)\nThe eighth heaven and on the zodiac, which, with the planets, contribute to revealing the supposed secrets of divination. The mystagogue did nothing here but what an astrologer should, who indicated as one who was to reveal the destines of the world, and predict the misfortunes threatening the earth, and which were the forerunners of its destruction. He established the sphere on the four cardinal points of astrological determinations and presented to the eyes the four figures that divided the circle of fate into four equal parts. These figures were distributed at equal distances around the throne of God, that is, above it, upon which the divinity was placed. The twenty-four parts of time which divide the revolution of the sky are called the twenty-four old ages.\nThe hours, taken in sixes, are also called the ailes. Ton knows that they have always been given to time. That is why animals, dividing the zodiac into six hours each, are said to have each six ailes. These figures of animals, which we find placed in the fixed sky and distributed in the same order following which the apocalypse names them, are figures of cherubim, just as we see them in Ezekiel. The Chaldeans and Syrians called the fixed sky, the sky of cherubim; and they placed above it the great sea or superior waters and the crystal sky. The author of the apocalypse speaks absolutely the same language as oriental astrology.\n\nChristian writers still justify this here [NO DE TOUS LES CULTES. Oiy]\n\n(Note: The text appears to contain some errors or inconsistencies, such as the repeated use of \"six hours\" and \"ailes,\" as well as the sudden shift to discussing Christian writers without any clear connection to the previous content. It is unclear whether these issues are due to OCR errors or intentional, so I will leave the text as is without attempting to clean or correct it further.)\nCl\u00e9ment of Alexandria states that the elders of cherubims desire the time circulating in the zodiac. Therefore, the figures of the zodiac corresponding exactly to the four divisions given by their wings, cannot be anything but cherubims, since they are absolutely the same animal figures to which these wings are attached. Why seek them in an ideal sky, when they are found in the real or astronomical sky, the only place where one sees animal figures commonly called celestial animals? The author often says: \"I see in the sky\"; indeed, let us look with him in the sky. These same figures are those of the four animals associated with the evangelists. They are also those of the four angels who, among the Persians, must sound the trumpet at the end of the world. The ancients\nPerses revealed four principal stars, which kept watch over the four corners of the world. These four stars corresponded to the four celestial animals, having the same figures as those of the apocalypse. These four stars are found among the Chinese, who use them to denote the four seasons, which, since Iao's time, corresponded to these points in the sky. The astrologer who composed the apocalypse thus only repeated what was found in all ancient Eastern astrology books. After ensuring his sphere on these cardinal points, he opens the book of the world's destinies, called allegorically the book 5l8 ABR\u00c9G\u00c9 DE L'ORIGINE, sealed with seven seals, and whose opening is known to be due to the first of the signs, arts, or the lamb. Nonnus, in his Dionysiaques, uses an almost similar expression to designate this.\nThe Book of Fate: he called it the book of the seven tablets, where destinies were written. Each tablet bore the name of a planet. It is easy to recognize in the book with the seven seals the Book of Fate, which is consulted by him who announces here what is to come to the world. Chapter Life up to XI includes all the predictions containing the series of evils threatening the universe, such as war, famine, mortality, etc. The depictions of Ifus in these tableaus are arbitrary and the product of an exalted imagination. It might be as difficult to analyze them according to the principles of science as to make sense of the dreams of a delirious patient. However, the doctrine of the magicians taught that with Anaram destroyed, pestilence, famine, and others would follow.\nThe flails would desolate the land. The Tuscan seers could also prophesy that, when the universe would be dissolved to take on a new face, a trumpet would be heard in the air, and signs would appear in the sky and on the earth. These are the doctrines of Persian and Tuscan theology that provided matter for the amplification of the priestly author of the apocalypse: this is the canvas he embroidered in his six chapters.\n\nON ALL CULTS. 51Q\n\nIn the twelfth chapter, the author directs his gaze towards the fixed stars and the part of the firmament where is the vessel called the ark; towards the Virgin, towards the dragon following her, towards the whale that lies down at its rising, towards the horned beast or Lamb, or Medusa, who rises at its setting: these are the various tableaux that he sets before us.\nThe author of the apocalypse traces a sequence of events in which the predictions he had drawn from the book of fate come to pass. Everything unfolds in the same order as he had foretold. Following these plagues comes the great judgment, a fiction we have found in Plato, and which stemmed from oriental mysticism. Once rewards and punishments had been imagined, it was only natural to suppose that justice presided over this distribution, and that the great judge would mete out justice according to deeds. Therefore,\nGrecs crurent au jugement de Minos. Les chr\u00e9- \ntiens jusqu'ici n'ont rien invent\u00e9 : ilsjont copi\u00e9 les \ndogmes des anciens chefs d'initiation. L'effet de \nce jugement \u00e9tait de s\u00e9parer le peuple d'Ormusd \nde celui d'Ahriman , et de faire marcher chacun \nd'eux sous 1rs \u00e9tendards de son chef, les uns vers \nS 10 Abr\u00e9g\u00e9 de l'origine \n\u00eee Tartare , les autres vers l'Elyse'e ou vers le s\u00eb-^ \njour d'Ormusd. C'est l\u00e0 le sujet des derniers cha- \npitres, \u00e0 commencer au dix-septi\u00e8me. Le mauvais \nprincipe y figure comme dans la th\u00e9ologie des \nPerses, sous la forme monstrueuse du serpent, que \nprenait Ahriman dans cette th\u00e9ologie. II livre des \ncombats au principe de bien et de lumi\u00e8re et \u00e0 son \npeuple : mais enfin il est vaincu et pr\u00e9cipit\u00e9 avec \nles siens dans le s\u00e9jour affreux des t\u00e9n\u00e8bres o\u00f9 il \nprit naissance ; C'est Jupiter qui , dans Nonnus, \nThe god Typhon or Typh\u00e9e restores harmony in the heavens. The god of light, victorious, brings his people and elect into the realm of light and eternal happiness, a new land where evil and darkness ruling in this world will never return. However, this new world still has the divisions of the old one. The duodecimal number, which divided the first heaven, is also affected in the new universe's divisions. The lamb or Aries presides over it as well.\n\nThis last part of the work is particularly where astrology is recognized. Ancient astrologers in the East had subjected nature's productions to celestial influences and classified plants, trees, animals, precious stones, elemental qualities, colors, etc., under the twelve signs.\nanimals of the zodiac, according to the analogy they believed they had with the nature of the signs. FROM ALL CULTS. We have had printed in our great work the systematic table of influences, which expresses the relationship of celestial causes with sublunar effects in the animal, vegetable, and mineral realms. In it, one observes twelve precious stones, absolutely the same as those of the apocalypse, arranged in the same order, and each affected by a sign. Thus, the celestial signs were represented by as many precious stones, and, as in the distribution of the months, the signs grouped three by three to mark the four seasons; in the apocalypse, the precious stones also group in threes, in the city of the twelve gates and the twelve foundations. Each of the faces\nThe sacred city looked towards one of the cardinal points of the world, according to astrological division, which affected three signs at each point, due to the winds that blew from various directions on the horizon. These were divided into twelve or as many parts as there were signs. The three signs of the east corresponded to spring, those of the west to autumn, those of the south to summer, and those of the north to winter.\n\nThere are, said the astrologer, twelve winds because of the twelve gates of the sun, through which these winds are born, and which the sun makes to appear. It is for this reason that Homer gives to Aeolus or the god of winds twelve children. As for the twelve gates of the sun, these are the ones that are designated here under the name of the twelve gates of the sacred city of the god of light. At each gate, the author places an angel or genius.\nThe one who presided at each event in particular. At Constantinople, a pyramid was seen topped with a figure that, through its movement, traced the twelve winds represented by twelve genies or twelve images. These are also angels who, in the apocalypse, preside over the breath of the winds. Four of these are charged with the four winds that depart from the four corners of the horizon. Here the horizon is divided into twelve winds; this is why twelve angels are placed here. There is only astrology involved, linked to the angel and genius system adopted by the Chaldeans and Persians, from whom the Hebrews and Christians borrowed this theory.\n\nThe names of the twelve tribes, written on the twelve gates, remind us of the astrological system of the Hebrews, who had assigned each of their tribes a celestial sign; and one can see\nIn Jacob's prediction, each characteristic of his sons corresponds to the sign under which the Hebrews place the tribe they lead. Simon Jaochites, after making the enumeration of intelligences and distributing them according to their relationships with the four cardinal points, places a temple holy and supporting all in the center. It has twelve portals, on each of which is carved a sign of the zodiac; on the first is the sign of Aries or the Lamb. These, continues the rabbi, are the twelve chiefs or moderators, arranged according to the plan of distribution of a city or camp; these are the twelve DEITIES.\n\n\"Angels who preside over Tannith and the twelve terms or divisions of the universe.\"\n\nPselus, in his book of genies or angels, writes:\nThose who monitor the world have organized themselves in groups of three, facing the four corners of the earth. But let us hear from the Christian doctors and the Jews themselves. The learned bishop of Alexandria tells us that the rational image on the high priest of the Jews' chest is a representation of the sky; that the twelve stones which compose it, arranged three by three on a quadrilateral, signify the zodiac and the four seasons, three per season. These stones, disposed like those of the apocalypse, are also the same, with a few exceptions. Philo and Joseph give a similar explanation. According to Joseph, on each of the stones was engraved the name of one of the twelve sons of Jacob, chief of the tribes, and these stones represented the months or the twelve signs figured in the zodiac. Philo.\nThis distribution, made in groups of three, clearly indicated the seasons, each of which corresponds to three signs under each three-month period. According to testimonies, it is not permitted for us to doubt that the same astrological genius who presided over the composition of the Revelation also planned the layout of the holy city, resplendent in light. In this city, the elect and faithful disciples of Ormusd are introduced.\n\nWe also find in Lucius a similar city, intended to receive the blessed, and in which we see the gold and precious stones that adorned the city of the apocalypse. There is no difference between these two fictions, except that in Lucius it is the division by seven, or the planetary system, that Ton represented; and in the apocalypse, the preference was given to the division by twelve, which is that of the zodiac.\nThe zodiac, through which men passed to return to the lighted world, was depicted in the sacred fictions of the Manicheans as having twelve vases attached to a wheel. This great wheel, called the zodiac by the Hebrews and the wheels Ezra saw moving in the heavens, was the means by which the souls of the blessed were raised toward the eternal light's hearth. The mystagogic genius varied the symbols used to designate the world and the zodiac: this great wheel is the zodiac, and the Hebrews called it the wheel of signs. The Mahometans designate the universe in the same way. Eastern peoples, as Beausobre observes, are very mystical and express their thoughts only through symbols and figures. Taking them literally would be taking the shadow for reality.\nThe city that has twelve thousand parasanges around it, and in which there are twelve thousand porticos; that is, they use the thousandth division, which the Persians use in the fable of creation, to represent time or the famous period that the two principles share. These fables are found everywhere.\n\nThe peoples of the Iord speak of twelve gods for all the cults. $52$\n\nHeralds in charge of administering the city of the gods. Their assembly is held in the plain named Ida, which is in the middle of the divine residence. They sit in a hall where there are twelve thrones, in addition to the one occupied by the universal father. This hall is the largest and most magnificent in the world; one sees nothing but gold both outside and inside; it is called the abode of joy.\nAt the extremity of the eastern del, the most beautiful of all cities is located: it is called Ghnie; it shines more than the sun does. It will still exist after the destruction of the sky and the earth; good and honest men will dwell there throughout the ages.\n\nIn the sacred fables of these peoples, as in the Apocalypse, there is mentioned a conflagration of the current world and the passage of men to another world in which they must live. Following several prodigies that accompany this great catastrophe, several beings appear, some pleasant and some frightful.\n\nThe best of all, according to the Edda, is Gimle. The Edda speaks, like the Apocalypse, of a new sky and a new earth. \"From the sea,\" it says, \"another beautiful and pleasant land will emerge, covered with verdant land and fields where grain will grow from it.\"\n\"In the Voluspa, a Scandinavian poem, one sees the great dragon of the apocalypse, which Odin's son or Thor attacks and kills. 'Then the sun fades; the earth dissolves into the sea; the consuming flame engulfs all creation, but from the sea's womb, the prophecy says, I see a new earth emerging, green and teeming with ripe harvests. I see a place called Girnle, covered in gold and more radiant than the sun; there the most virtuous dwell, and their happiness will have no end.' I do not believe this Scandinavian prophecy was inspired by God.\"\nWhat would the author of the Christian prophecy from Phrygia or the revelation of the prophet John be regarded as inspired by, seeing that these ideas are the same mystical concepts we have seen consecrated in the theology of the Magi, of which Theopompus gave a detailed account before there were Christians? We have a precious piece of this theology in Dion Chrysostom's twenty-fourth discourse, where the system of the world's engulfing and reorganization is described under the veil of allegory. In it, one notices the dogma of Zenon and Heraclitus, concerning the transmutation or metamorphosis of elements one into another, until the element of fire has converted all into its nature. This system is that of the Indians, in whom Vishnu makes everything return to his substance, from which he then draws a new one.\nWithin all this, we see nothing surprising nor inspiring, but simply a philosophical opinion like many others. Regarding the \"Cultes des Dix Thousand,\" what would we consider it among us as a revealed rite? Is it because it is found in a reputed sacred book? This fiction, in Dion Chrysostom, is clothed in wondrous images, just as those of the Apocalypse. Each of the elements is represented by a horse that bears the name of the god presiding over it. The first horse belongs to the element of fire Ether, called Jupiter; it is superior to the three others, as fire occupies the highest place in the order of elements. This horse is winged, and the swiftest of all; it describes the largest circle, the one that encompasses all others; it shines brightly.\nThe purest light, and on its body are the images of the sun and moon, and of the stars placed in the ethereal region. This horse is the most beautiful of all, and particularly beloved by Jupiter. The apocalypse also has its horses, each distinguished by its color.\n\nThere is a second one that comes immediately after, and touches him more closely: it is that of Juno, that is, of the air. For Juno is often taken for the air, to which this goddess is linked. It is weaker in strength and speed than the first, and describes an inner and narrower circle: its natural color is black; but the part exposed to the sun becomes luminous, while the part in shadow keeps its natural tone. Who does not recognize in these traits the air, which is light during the day and dark at night?\nThe third horse is dedicated to Neptune or,52$ Abridged OS The origin of the god of waters. It is heavier in its march than the second. The fourth is immobile. It is called the horse of Vesta. It remains in place, biting its rein. The two nearest neighbors lean against it, inclining on it. The most distant one circles around it, like around its boundary. It is sufficient to note here that Vesta is the name Plato gives to the earth and to the central fire it contains. He also represents it as immobile in the middle of the world.\n\nThus, the earth, placed at the center, sees three concentric layers of elements rise up above it, whose speed is in inverse proportion to their density. The most subtle, like the fastest, is the element of fire, figured by the first horse, the heaviest is the earth, stable and fixed at the center of the universe.\nmonde , et figur\u00e9e par un cheval immobile , autour \nduquel tournent les trois autre dans des distances \net des vitesses qui vont en croissant \u00e0 proportion \nde leur distance au centre. Ces quatre chevaux f \nmalgr\u00e9 la diff\u00e9rence de leur temp\u00e9rament, vivent \nen bonne intelligence , expression figur\u00e9e qui \n\u00e9nonce ce principe si connu des philosophes, que \nle monde se soutient par la concorde et par l'har- \nmonie des \u00e9lemens. \nCependant, apr\u00e8s bien des tours, le soufle vi- \ngoureux et chaleureux du premier cheval tombe \nsur les autres , et surtout sur le dernier ; il br\u00fble sa \ncrini\u00e8re et toute la parure dont il semblait s'enor- \ngueillir. C'est cet \u00e9v\u00e9nement , disent les Mages , \nque les Grec sont chant\u00e9 dans la fable de Pha\u00e9ton ; \nDE TOUS LES CULTES. $2 I). In a work attributed to him, one finds: \"The constellation of the Balance.\"\nEratosthenes called it: the scales, that is, the balance. Geminus, who wrote during the time of Sylla, also gave this name to the sign. The Pharisees, known as the Sadducees, were given to the mad speculations of astrology. They translated in their language the names that the Greeks gave to the signs of the zodiac and the planets. They translated the name of the sign that is between the Virgin and the Scorpion (Libra) by the word balance, as can be seen in Saint Epiphanius. The disciples of Zoroaster, whose doctrine goes back to a great antiquity, speak of the balance as the sign under which evil enters the universe. Astrology, one of the oldest diseases of the human mind, gave birth to this.\nThe good judges, the equitable magistrates, are the ascendants of this part of the sky. Isn't it obvious that astrologers would not have drawn this conclusion if not for the scorpion occupying this sign? Firmicus, who has preserved the deposit of astrology for us and draws similar conjectures, wrote according to ancient Egyptian works attributed to Petoscris and Necepso. These images and names are found there. Where have we finally learned that the balance was not in the ancient Asian zodiacs, since we find its image among the fifth signs when all nomenclatures contain its name, while often they designate other signs with only a part of the constellation's attributes? Thus, to designate the virgin, we say the ear of wheat, the bow for Sagittarius, the jar for the Water Bearer, and the vase for Libra.\nmonstre marin pour le capricorne \u00e0 queue de poissons, etc.\n(OEpiph. Contr. h\u0153ras. L. 1, C. 16, 678 Z0D1AQUL\n\nThe balance, perhaps the astronomical emblem that has suffered the least alteration in its images and in its denomination, and it is precisely this one whose antiquity is contested with the greatest vehemence. We can easily see the reason. But even if we were to succeed in removing this proof, which I believe is impossible, we would still have to remove those that we draw from the Virgin or the Harvester, from the Bull or the symbol of labor, from the Crab that depicts the deluge, etc. Even if we were left with only one of these emblems, if it were not in harmony with the seasons, it would alone suffice to fix incontestably the primitive position of the zodiac. In the meantime, the conduct that\nWe keep in our explanation of the Dendra zodiac that we give to the reader an impartial person will be convinced that we have not bestowed more value on our evidence than it truly has. If we had not made it a rule to sacrifice all personal consideration, even those of vanity, to the truth, it would not have been difficult for us to profit from the resemblance between the positions of the signs in this zodiac and those we have mentioned in our memory regarding the origin of constellations, that it was that of the primitive zodiac, and to present this zodiac as a monument supporting our hypothesis. But besides the fact that we do not need this proof, we would not seek to exploit it even if our system could not stand without its support. Such has always been our approach.\nThe good faith, which should serve as a guide in the study of sciences as in all the affairs of life. It is permitted to be silent, but never to combat or alter the truth. It is this love of truth that makes me attack here the opinion of the unlearned that I esteem and reverence, for the errors of ordinary men have no consequence, but those of great men have an imposing authority which for a long time diverts from the paths of truth those who take them as guides. Amicus P\u00eeato, sed inimicus veritas.", "source_dataset": "Internet_Archive", "source_dataset_detailed": "Internet_Archive_LibOfCong"}, {"title": "The actor of all work;", "creator": "Colman, George, 1762-1836", "subject": "Mathews, Charles, 1776-1835", "publisher": "New York, E. M. Murden", "date": "1822", "language": "eng", "page-progression": "lr", "sponsor": "Sloan Foundation", "contributor": "The Library of Congress", "scanningcenter": "capitolhill", "mediatype": "texts", "collection": ["library_of_congress", "americana"], "call_number": "9175297", "identifier-bib": "00144346658", "updatedate": "2009-10-20 11:13:39", "updater": "SheliaDeRoche", "identifier": "actorofallwork00colm", "uploader": "shelia@archive.org", "addeddate": "2009-10-20 11:13:41", "publicdate": "2009-10-20 11:13:45", "ppi": "300", "camera": "Canon 5D", "operator": "scanner-paquita-thompson@archive.org", "scanner": "scribe3.capitolhill.archive.org", "scandate": "20091023211036", "imagecount": "30", "foldoutcount": "0", "identifier-access": "http://www.archive.org/details/actorofallwork00colm", "identifier-ark": "ark:/13960/t0tq6g16w", "curation": "[curator]stacey@archive.org[/curator][date]20091107024249[/date][state]approved[/state]", "sponsordate": "20091031", "scanfee": "15", "repub_state": "4", "possible-copyright-status": "The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright restrictions for this item.", "filesxml": ["Fri Aug 28 3:22:19 UTC 2015", "Wed Dec 23 2:08:37 UTC 2020"], "backup_location": "ia903604_5", "openlibrary_edition": "OL24377219M", "openlibrary_work": "OL15406881W", "external-identifier": "urn:oclc:record:1038729952", "lccn": "15006570", "description": "24 p. 17 cm", "ocr_module_version": "0.0.21", "ocr_converted": "abbyy-to-hocr 1.1.37", "page_number_confidence": "40", "page_number_module_version": "1.0.3", "creation_year": 1822, "content": "ACTOR OF ALL WORK\nOR,\nTHE FIRST AND SECOND FLOOR.\nA FARCE.\nIN ONE ACT.\n\nWith the Comic Song of The Picture of a London Thief as introduced by MR. MATHEWS,\nAt The Exchange-York Theatre.\n\nNEW-YORK:\nPublished By E. WE. MURDEN,\nCirculating Library and Dramatic Repository,\nKO. 4 CHAMBER-STREET.\n\nDRAMATIS PERSONAE.\nMultiple, a Strolling Actor, Mr. Mathews,\nMathew Stufty, a Prompter, Mathews,\nFrench Tragedian, Mathews,\nRobin Scrawkr, Jahumbri, Apprentice, JiATtIEL,\n!a Scotch Pawnbroker Mathews,\nMrs. M'Sillergrip, wife to Andrew Mathews,\nDicken Coachman Mathews.\n\nTHE ACTOR OF ALL WORK.\nEnter Multiple, in front of the drop curtain, reading a letter.\n\nMultiple: Dear Sir, \u2014 it will be impossible for me to comply with your request for an engagement at my Theatre, as I have doubts whether you are sincere in your offer.\nI have cleaned the text as follows:\n\nI possess sufficient versatility of genius to be useful in my corps.\n\nYours, to command,\nTimothy Velenspeck\n\nVery pretty, upon my word; so here I'm refused an engagement \u2013 rejected and scorned; tied to contempt, on the score of usefulness, too, and by whom? \u2013 by the manager of a paltry country playhouse, not much bigger than a pigsty. I have been received with applause in theatres royal \u2013 played the hero in the tragedy \u2013 low comedy in the farce \u2013 sang between the acts, and danced a hornpipe between the pieces. Me to be refused an engagement! Confusion! \u2013 Death to my hopes!\n\nDown, busy devil, down! Thou, \"King of shreds and patches,\" I'll have revenge. I have it! I'll be even with him. I'll go to him in different characters. He'll not know me under the various disguises.\nI'll assume disguises. I have a tolerable wardrobe, and a friend, who lives next door to him, will allow me to use his home (which is so situated that I can easily slip from it into the manager's room) for that purpose. I will thus force an engagement and then lairgffc at him.\n\nWhat, ho? Alexander, I say I enter.\n\nEnter Alexander, (a little boy,) with a bundle of clothes.\n\nJ Lex. Here. I am, sir.\n\nMul. Now, Alexander, Emperor of the Greeks and Romans, attend to me. Alexander, my boy, (laying his hand on his head) you are now too big to act as Cora's child, and therefore I have made you my man-servant. But Alexander, my hero, depend upon it, that when I get an engagement for myself, I will look after one for you.\n\nAlex. Thank you, sir.\n\nMul. You shall play the parts of Cupids, Slippers, and Imps.\n\nJ Lex. Thank you, sir.\n\"Give me the man that is not passionate slave, and I will wear him in my heart, in the very heart of mine, Horatio! Shall I, who keep a man-servant, be refused an engagement by you? Go, Alexander, bundle off with my bundle to my friend Gypsum, next door to Velenspeck; \u2014 run\u2014 vanish\u2014 go I. Alexander I am gone, sir. [Now for imposing on Manager Velenspiel, Ci Limbs do your office, and support me well; be me to hint, then fail me if you can. But should I fail? He will try, however. Oh, there's no pleasure like Masses of a playhouse; and here's no living trifle of it, [sings ACT OF ALL WORK. Picture of a Playhouse.] Of a playhouse, in a playhouse, a playhouse I sing, It is my subject, my pride, and my joy; For exhausting each theme you can bring.\"\nI's only human to laugh at ourselves, we don't grudge.\nWell, suppose you arrived at the box or pit entry,\nTen hands are thrust into your coach;\nAfter the jostle's so great between the police and the crowd,\n'Tis a jest before you approach,\n[spoken, in different voices.] \"Choice fruit or a beef,\" of the play.\u2014 Buy a bill of a poor man, sir, for your wife,\nDon't squeeze in there, take care of this tiny thing, will you?\u2014 I'm sure I can't help it, while they keep crowding behind.\u2014 Bless me, sir, how sharp your elbows are\u2014 Excuse me, ma'am, but it's you're so very fat that's the reason.\u2014 Box tickets for six shillings; take two in the pit, and save a shilling.\u2014 Say, you Bill, where have you got to?\u2014 Oh! I'm under this here fat gentleman's legs, papa.\u2014 Galley tickets for me.\nIf you have more tickets than you want, sir, I'll buy them. - Sare, you will have the goodness to inform me if this is Drury Lane or the Garden. - This is Covent Garden, sir, Drury Lane is moved into Bridges-street; it used to be in the Strand. - I remember Drury Lane in the Haymarket. - Ha, ha! There's a bull! - A bull! bless me, where is that? - What a shame to let those mad creatures run about the street. - Come, come along, Alary: where are you? - I've lost my shoes! - Shoo, shoo! Never mind that; push on, there's plenty of room. - Where are you driving to? - Oh, I'm going to the play.\nWhere, with spirits so gay,\nWit, mirth, and harmony mingle,\nI am an actor of all work.\nHere the boxes are filled. In the lobbies you meet,\nAnd even ladies themselves bear the brunt?\nAnd squeezing through numbers, to get a good seat,\nAre crowded all round to the front.\nThe pit parties ramble all over the place,\nTill they're seated at ease, great and small,\nWhile the gallery guests fill the benches apace,\nAnd with discord for harmony bawl.\n[Spoken.] Halloo! you catgut scrapers! Strike up, there! \u2013 Rule Britannia! \u2013 Moll in the Wad!\n\u2013 Down, down! \u2013 Hats off! \u2013 Silence! \u2013 Down in front! \u2013 That fellow, now, bawling out silence, makes\nmore noise than all the rest of them. \u2013 Apples, pears, oranges, nuts, cakes, bill of the performances, hook of\nthe songs. \u2013 Come, get up, there, sir, that's my seat. \u2013\n\"1. \"It's not your seat.\" - \"Yes, it is. I was sitting next to that lady with the brandy bottle. I've only been out to get a drop of aniseed.\" - \"Any seat? I tell you there's not any seat here.\" - \"Sir, I'll be very much obliged to you, if you'll let my little girl stand up - she never was at a play before.\" - \"there, my dear, take care you don't tumble over into the pit.\" - \"Law! mamma, is it full of water?\" - \"Pretty dear! what an innocent remark!\" - \"Mrs. Fillee's places; five young ladies, and their mamma!\" - \"Dear me, ma'am, if there aren't two gentlemen got our seats!\" - \"Well, I declare, that's very ungenteel, after I came all the way myself, yesterday, to take places.\" - \"Permit me, ma'am, to speak to them?\" - \"I'm sure, sir, you're vastly polite.\" - \"Come out of that, then, will you!\" - \"What do you mean,\"\"\nSir: Come out of this, then! Out of this, and out of that! I don't understand you! Och! Then, I must have been making a fool of my list, and measuring you for a black eve. I'm keeping this seat for a gentleman, and I won't give it up. First act over! Here, sir, the first act's over; you can't keep seats any longer; you must give it up. Must I? Et, vous must. Then, like some other people, I'll resign when I'm obliged to turn out. Move that shawl! I won't. Take away that tipstaff; I'll tip it to you, if you do. These are puns: 1 Mippone: a man that would make a pun would pick a pocket: what does an actor of all work amount to? you think? Why, sir, I don't know what to think, I've been taken exceedingly ill, I should like to get out. What did you pay for coming in? Seven shillings.\nsir\u2014 Offer them half a guinea, I dare say they'll let you out. Shut that box-door. I can't come in, and I shan't go out.\u2014 Box-keeper, shut that door, take away this man, and bring me a gentleman.\u2014 Why don't you do as I ordered you? Bring me a gentleman.\u2014 Sir, I've been all round the lobby, urn! I can't find one. What vulgarity! I remember Mr. Gtick in his time, there was some rudeness in the house!\u2014 Sir, if you were to ask the managers, they'd admit they had orders enough in the house now.\u2014 What's the play? Jive Devils, sir.\u2014 Oh, we have plenty of them at home\u2014 Devil among the tailors.\u2014 Sir, that's a personal rejection.\u2014 Sir, here's my card: come shuffling in, Chalk Farm!\u2014 Chalk faces?\u2014 Leave off that noise, will you? it's disturbing.\nIt is odd that some people talk and disturb those who have come to heal - what the people say upon the stage. What did you come for? I came to see the play. Where, with spirits so gay, wit, music, and harmony mingle. The performance done, with smiles and laughter, each countenance is straight to be lit up. For if haply the title piece is tragic, the after is sure to change grief to a lift. And now, one by one, all our lights cease to burn. While the company they go out too; yet, like stars, we must hope, they go out to return. For to us, there are no stars like you.\n\n[Spoken.] Coach to the City.\u2014 Coach unhired \u2014 Four shillings to Hyde Park Corner \u2014 Three and sixpence to Tottenham Court Road.\u2014 Want a coach, your honor?\u2014 Yes.\u2014 What number?\u2014 One, to be sure; that's enough at once.\u2014 Coach to St. Mary Ax.\u2014 Are we there yet?\nyou hired Ax about the lake that fellow's number; take his number. He is the most impertinent fellow under all the P\u2014n's. Take my number! You may have 10 ACTOR OF ALT. Work. Take my name, too, if you like; I'm Saucy Dick \u2014 used to drive the lung Islewoith. Remember the poor link-boy, your grace. Out of the way, you graceless dog! \u2014 Pray my, lord duke! \u2014 There's two-pence for you. \u2014 You a duke? You're a rum duke, by jove! Drive to ju kk's Place. Well, Thomas, have you got a coach? \u2014 No, sir: I've been all down the Strand, and up to Charing Cross, and can't get one. \u2014 Bless me! I shall ratch my death of cold, only got thin shoes, and no bhawll. \u2014 Well, well, it's your own fault; all pride ought to dress for the weather. \u2014 I'm very sorry to say, my lady, your carriage is broke, the panels drove in.\n\"ami your arms Oh dear! my arms destroyed, my lord; think of that! Never mind, make use of mine, my lady. Well, ma'am, how have you been entertained? Very well, sir, thank you; and my little girl has been quite pleased; never was at a playhouse before! Did you like it, my love? Oh, sir, very much indeed: she'll have it all tomorrow morning, quite perfect, every word. And what did you see, my dear? Oh, sir, there was a gentleman sung a song so infantine simplicity! what a pretty remark! And, pray, which did you like best? Oh, sir, the song. What, the song about the play, Where with spirits so gay, wit, music, and harmony mingle?\" (Exit. Curtain rises and discovers Volenpeck sealed at a table with a letter in his hand. The scene is)\nA room was constructed to exhibit an upper room, with a toilet table, dressing-glass, and so on. Two practical doors led to different staircases. Becket is seated in the lower room. Here I am, in a pretty pickle! Bills are stuck up all over town, and not a performer is ready. Let me read over Pennyless's letter once more: (reads)\n\nDear Sir, \u2014 I write to give you information regarding the actors you engaged. The gentleman who was to play the fop has been put under three months' arrest. \"The child of nature\" is in the straw, and the walking gentleman is absent. Your first tragedian has been lapped on the shoulder, and your harlequin has the dropsy. Lady Toweley is keeping a chandler's shop, and your country boy is superannuated. You will please send me money enough to cover their wages.\n\"Peter Pennyless. (A knock at the door. Enter Multiple, as Mathew Stuffy.)\nPray, Sir, who are you, and what do you want?\nStuffy. I came here, Sir, to- (sneezes violently.)\nVel. You came here to what, sir?\nStuffy. I wait to get (sneezes) a employment as- (sneezes) as a player.\nVel. Oh, I as a player; why what is your name, pray?\nStuffy. My name is (sneezes) Mathew Stuffy. (I see he does not suspect me.) (Aside) I knew the immortal (sneezes) Mr. Garrick, deceased, long ago.\nVel. Why, Mr. Stuffy, you seem to have a bad cold.\nStuffy. Yes; (sneezes) I caught it before I was born (sneezes)\nVel. Indeed! that was early in life to have you calamities; how did it happen?\"\nStuff: I wish you would enter upon the case at once and open your business, for I'm in a hurry. I have opened my snuff-box here. It will clear my head \u2013\nVet: Of stupidity I hope; I believe snuff is sometimes of service that way.\nStuff: Yes; will you take some? It may do you a deal of good.\nThe immortal Mr. Garrick sometimes sneezes,\nVcl: Damn the fellow; tell me at once, what line of characters do you wish to engage for \u2013 tragedy?\nStuff: I could do tragedy, but whenever I attempt to raise my voice, I sneeze so I can't be heard.\nVet: Can you sing?\nStuff: Yes, very well, or for two things.\n\"What are they? Stuff. Walt of ear and wait of voice, (sneezes). Vel. Why, they are formidable objections; then, how is it for comedy? Harlequin and opera dancing is out of the question. Stiff. (Sneezes.) Why, comedy I despise, aid buffoonery is beneath my lot. Vel. What the Devil would you engage for, then, if neither tragedy, comedy, nor opera suits you? Stuff. Why, as a prompter. Vcl. A prompter! ACTOR OF ALL WORK^ 13 Stuff. Yes, Sir, nature has fitted me for a prompter, (sneezes). Vci. Nature fitted you for a prompter! how, pray? Stuff. Why do you see how I squint. Vit. Script! ha, ha, I ace you squint enough, but pray what has that to do with prompting? Stuff. Ah! I see the art has heel lost ever a slice, like immortal Mr. Garrick, dead and deceased.\"\n64, is pole; why, pray, unless a mal performs squints, how can the players keep old eye on the hook and the other one?\nYd. Ha! ha .' upon my word, I never thought that, ha! ha. But pray, Mr. Stuffy, have you any other extraordinary qualification with which you are furnished?\nStuff. Yes, I have a mouth.\nI Li A mouth! why, how could a prompter possibly do without a mouth to speak with? What organ of communication can there possibly be for the prompter and the player?\nSlilj. Why, there is no use for a prompter to bawl and squall so that the audience can hear. The immortal Mr. Garrick, dead and deceased, would not let a prompter speak.\nIel. No! why, pray, how did he manage then, P?\nStiff. Why was I prompter under the immortal Mr. Garrick, dead and deceased?\nI did it all, hv (sneezes). Vel. Right, by motions, thus. Low is the witching time of \"ji^lu\" (sneezeses).\n1 ACTOR ALL WORK. Right, when church-yards yawn, and goblins damn the sight.\nStuff, very well, (sneezes), but low, (sneezes), suppose the actor waited the word, I would (yawn) (sneezes) that does better than bawling out yawl. I (sneezes).\nVel. Hal ha! ha! If yawning would amuse. I am afraid most audiences would frequently supply the place of prompter.\nStuff. You see, I have tales that are \u2014 (swrezrs).\nVel. Not to be sneezed at, you mean to say.\nStuff. Well, Sir, you had your slap me up. (sneezes).\nVel. Snap you up, I suppose you mean?\nI said so; I said slap me up. (sneezes).\nVel. Well, call upon me tomorrow, and I will give you an answer.\nSteffi. You had better slap me up low; (sneezes) the immortal Mr. Garrick\u2014 (twang).\nVel. Well, I do not know that I ran down bet than this Malhew Stuffy; he seems to have a high veneration for the great Garrick.\n\nEnter Multiple, as French Tragedian. (Waucana round the stage, while Venspeck stands in the front corner staring at him, who has last met. French. (Making a low bow.) Serviteur, monseigneur.\n\nActor ORAIL Work.\n\nVel. Good day, sir; what is your pleasure?\nFrenchman: I am, indeed, the theater director; I have only the walls and scenery to direct, as I have no troops.\n\nFrenchman: [As a Frenchman, he informs the manager that he is an actor. He will enable him to roll in silver and gold.]\n\nVelasquez: Indeed! How, pray?\n\nFrenchman: [Through violent gesticulation, he mimes various musical instruments and advises the manager to give concerts for free.]\n\nVelasquez: Give concerts for free! And how will that make me roll in silver and gold?\n\nFrenchman: [He intimates that he will give recitations for which the audience will pay, and have the concert for nothing.]\n\nVelasquez: I understand; a good idea: so you mean that, under the idea of attending a free concert, an audience will be induced to pay?\nVel: I will recite, and then we are logged in: French: French snacks! I do not understand what you mean by snakes? Vel: What do you mean by snakes? Why do we have to divide the money? French: A ha! I understand; you mean we each have two snakes and one on one? Vel: Exactly. This country is renowned; distinguished foreigners are certain of meeting with support; it is the artist that is looked at, not his country. But, sir, will you please give me some specimens of your talent? Vel: Some example of your manner in recitation. French: (Struggles to comprehend the man's meaning; at length he understands and agrees to recite a speech.) Vel: What play will you select a speech from? French: Hamla. Vel: Hamla! You mean Hamlet, Hamlet. French: No; Hamla, it is.\nVel. Why, I should know; we have the play. It was written by my great countryman Shakepeare.\n\nFrench. No, no; he did take it from Ducis. Ducis did write it.\n\nVel. Well, have it your own way.\n\nFrench. I will give you one speech from Ducis' Hamlet.\n\nVel. Hamlet.\n\nFrench. Not Hamlet for you \u2013 Hamla for me.\n\nVel. Well, go on.\n\nFrench. [Informs the man that after he has recited, he shall abruptly leave him, and then asks the manager if he has an urn. The manager brings on a tea-urn.]\n\nFrench. Oh sacred! My God! What is that? You make breakfast?\n\nVel. Did you not ask me for an urn? (throws a piece of crape over it.)\n\nFrench. Hon. ([limitation of Talma. Gives a few lines from Hamlet: \"Sombre and dismal urn, which contains the ashes of my father! Oh heaven, how my heart bleeds!\"]).\nScrawky (entering, almost out of breath, with an awkward bow): Are you the manager of the playhouse?\n\nVelvet: Yes, sir, I am. And who are you?\n\nScrawky: I am a young man with a strong northern dialect, easily recognized (looking around anxiously). I hope they won't catch me \u2013 I play the lovely Monimia.\n\nVelvet: I see, ha, you look very much like the lovely Monimia, indeed! But who are you, and what do you want?\n\nScrawky: I come from Northumberland and I have come with my mother's brother.\n\nVelvet: And who is he, pray?\n\"Craig. He is my uncle. Vel. Indeed, why, I should have guessed as much; but what is your name, and what is his? Scram. My name is Robin Scrawky, and my uncle is Andrew M'Sillergrip, and he deals in a variety of articles: watches and clothes, rings and books, images and wigs, swords and plate dishes, and every thing that means money. Tees can mean nothing and think of it, and he gives a bit of money to the folks who come and take them in - and he jeers at the three baits - Vel. Oh! what, he is a pawnbroker? Scramasus, Yes, and he takes my presents to keep for him, but I want to be an actor. I am an actor; I played Octavian once, to the great delight of the audience, but not of my uncle, who threatened to persecute the manager.\" Flowanthe, Flowauthe P.\nWell. But what do you want with ore?\nScratv. I wish you to hide me from my uncle; if he comes after me and seeks me. Oh dear, Oh dew, I hope he will not find me.\nWell. You can go up the stairs. You will find a back staircase also, by which you can make your escape if necessary. But how am I to know your uncle?\nScratv. If uncle comes, you will easily know him by his strong, abominable Scotch accent; he has not taken trouble to polish himself like me, having no teachers for the stage. Oh, Flowauthe, Flowauthe. [Exit with his bun?\nDie up stairs, when directly he is Scotching in Ike's room above, where he changes his dress to represent his uncle, but before he brains, he says in his natural voice, as Multiple, Now I'll disguise myself and go before him in the dtararter of my uncle; but while I change my dress, I'd deceive.\nHim, by spouting obviously, Obi-Fiw'anihe I-wanthe, and, (spouting from Octavian, which he was changing dress. Meanwhile Veiuspeck below, after listening some time, sits down.\n\nVeius: I do not hear any body coming, I may as well answer PennyJess' loiter. (Scrawky above, \"Out bauble, let me kiss time, sweet Flowanthe!\"; VeL Curse the bwbv for what a Boise makes, ACTOR OF ALL WORK.\n\nUp there, I cannot write for him, \u2014 [Scnrnft from above.\n\nEnter Bachiv, Multiple as M'Sillergrip,\nin a great passion.\n\nSil: I have come after a silly Leon that has escaped from me a prey, am! I am judging I've just come to the right place to find him; far he is just waiting here in this show.\nI am a great Merchan and live just at the corner of a certain street, and I merely let people buy silver in my shop by leaving some of their worldly goods with me, and am the cheat's uncle besides. You are a pawnbroker, as you call yourself; and is not a pawnbroker just as good, and a wee bit letter, till a Ranger, who wants to keep a decent man from his lawful heirs? I would have to know that I am descended from an ancient family, bolts for generations. Stop, sir, I do not want to hear your pedigree, for it would take too long for a Scotch washerwoman to trace her pedigree.\nSil. I understand, I could buy and sell you; such a merchant! Sir, I would have you know --\nSil. Hool awa, hoot awa, with your gibberish,\nyour attempt to scatter your gibberish on me,\nVel. Gibberish; sir?\n\nActor of all work.\nSil. Yes, gibberish; just gibberish -- so give me my apples.\nVel. I am not accountable for your apprentice;\nbut why did you not take care that he did not escape?\nSil. I was just on the point of sending him to Holland,\nfor the benefit of the salt water, for he's just been red-mad. I caught him other day booing to the images, and calling them reverent seniors, and approving glide masters. Then he was gritting about his father's ghost--\nVel. Oh, then he was Hamlet, I suppose.\nSil. Hochet! I never heard of that fellow before -- but my nephew would, no doubt.\nVel: Well, but I am afraid you have not taken proper measures with him, and treated him with paternal kindness.\n\nSil: I have done every thing for him, and treated him with marks of affection; why, when he has been out on his errands, I have locked him out of the house, and made him stay in the street all night. \u2014 I have made him sleep on the bare boards all night.\u2014 I have flogged him within an inch of his life. \u2014 I have \u2014\n\nVel: Why that was a striking way of showing him marked attention, indeed \u2014\n\nSil: Yes, yes; well if you will not give him up, Mrs. M'Sillergrip will be here.\n\nVel: And what the devil do I care for Mrs. M'Sillergrip?\n\nSil: Care for her! She'll give you a dire tongue-lashing she will, when she comes, and she'll make the very hair stand on end from you, ACTOR OF ALL WORK.\nHeed; she'll talk to you; she's got a slender tongue. Vel. That's suppose you had rather she had run away instead of your apprentice; but sit and you will find such one as you describe. Sit. I'll find him I warrant. [Exit. In a moment voices are heard as on the stairs from M'Sillcrimp and Scranky, alternately and quick.] Scraw. Oh! my prophetic ball, my uncle. Sit. [healing him.] I'll teach you to spout, you rascal. Scraw. Oh Uncle. Uncle, don't wallop me; don't, wallop me; Oh! Oh! [great confusion.] Vel. He has found him, I hear, and giving him pomme more striking marks of his paternal affection. Enter Multiple as Mns. M'Sitjergrip. Vel. Mercy on me, who have we here? Airs: S. (In a shrill voice) Oh, that abominable man! I know yon. Ah! Oh! [Vel. Let me assure you, madam, I \u2014 J [advance]\nMrs. S. (screaming) Keep off, keep off; no man shall touch you; I know you, I know her.\n\nThe person you are enquiring for \u2013 (approaching her)\n\nMrs. S. (screaming violently) Ah! Oh! Keep off, keep off; (striking him with her fan) I know you.\n\nVel. In the room up stairs, madam, you will find the objects of your search.\n\nMrs. S. It will be well for you if I do \u2013 keep off, keep off; I always carry my point.\n\nVel (rubbing his face). Yes, I know you do; but, my dear madam, (advancing)\n\nMrs. S. Keep off; no female is safe in your company; keep off, keep off, I know you.\n\n[Exit as up stairs.\nThe voices of all three are now heard, almost speaking together, until they die away. When immediately enters a Multiple as a Drunken Coachman.\n\nCoach: I say, mis, mis, mister, where are the Scotch folks, as I, dr, dr, drove from Dover? Vel. 1 know nothing about them, pray what do you want with them?\n\nCoach: V;v I be the job that drove them here, do you see; and if so, and they aren't here, I can't take them back\u2014but I set them down here, so I'll go and get a glass and be back directly.\n\nVel: You look like a job that is pretty near done; you have had a glass too much already.\n\nCoach: Yes, I be a Glass Coachman, and I have a light load as many glasses as Pieaso-\n\nVel: Well, the persons you seek are up stairs, and I will go and bring them.\nCoach: I'll just sit here until they come.\nVelvet: They aren't there; they must have gone.\nCoach: Then you must pay me.\nVelvet: I pay you! What claim have you upon me for payment? I knew nothing about them; they departed suddenly.\nCoach: Then I suppose you would like to see them, wouldn't you?\nVelvet: Why, yes, I should.\nCoach: Why then, you shall (throws off his great coal and large hat, received Velvet and appears as Mrs. M'Siwergp).\nMrs. S.: Keep off, keep off, {squeaking}, I know you. Oh! Oh!\nVelvet: Mrs. M'Siwergp, in propria persona, as I live!\n(Mr. M'bil*ler grips off the long cloak and cap, appearing as Si.)\nSi: Now, sir, do you mean to give up my neck?\nphew or rot, is that you, Mrs. M'Shteirgrip and Mr. M'Sitfergrip? Why, I suppose you ate Robin Scrawky and the Frenchman and - Mid. Yes, sir, and Mathew hew Stuffy too; (here throws off the disguise of Mr. M'SiUergrip and appears as Scratlv.)\n\nI have a strong suspicion for the false one, Oh Flowery, Flowingthe,\" Scraw. I (quickly change) (to a French Tragedian) French, N'mporte Hamlet for you, lamla for next.\n\nACT I, all -wonifc. (Changes to Malhew Stuffy.)\n\nStuffy. Do you lot see how I squint, I cleaved the immortal Mr. Garnet, dead and deceased, you had better slap me up.\n\nVel. Amazement! But who in reality are you, devil?\n\nMul. (changing to his proper character.) Do you remember this letter, sir; (showing a Utter)\n\nVd. Yes, sir.\n\nMat. Did you write that letter?\n\nVet. I did, sir, I confess.\nI am Mr. Multiple, to whom the letter is addressed. Will you enquire me now?\n\nYes, my field, and on your own terms. (Shakes hands)\n\nI have taken this method to ascertain and gain this audience's opinion, hinting to them, regarding whether I am or not:\n\nAx, an actor of all work,\nand shall always be happy to receive such ward as they think I merit.\n\nLibrary of Congress.\nLibrary of Congress.", "source_dataset": "Internet_Archive", "source_dataset_detailed": "Internet_Archive_LibOfCong"}, {"title": "An address delivered and published at the request of the Young men's auxiliary education society", "creator": "Williams, Samuel Porter, 1779-1826", "subject": "Religious education", "publisher": "Newburyport, Printed by W. & J. Gilman", "date": "1822", "language": "eng", "lccn": "07032752", "page-progression": "lr", "sponsor": "The Library of Congress", "contributor": "The Library of Congress", "scanningcenter": "capitolhill", "mediatype": "texts", "collection": ["library_of_congress", "americana"], "shiptracking": "C066", "call_number": "10086960", "identifier-bib": "00195982983", "repub_state": "4", "updatedate": "2012-03-01 01:06:43", "updater": "ChristinaB", "identifier": "addressdelivere00will", "uploader": "christina.b@archive.org", "addeddate": "2012-03-01 01:06:45", "publicdate": "2012-03-01 01:06:50", "scanner": "scribe8.capitolhill.archive.org", "repub_seconds": "1142", "ppi": "500", "camera": "Canon EOS 5D Mark II", "operator": "associate-mang-pau@archive.org", "scandate": "20120314123025", "republisher": "associate-paquita-thompson@archive.org", "imagecount": "30", "foldoutcount": "0", "identifier-access": "http://www.archive.org/details/addressdelivere00will", "identifier-ark": "ark:/13960/t2z32wr6b", "scanfee": "150", "curation": "[curator]associate-denise-bentley@archive.org[/curator][date]20120316002745[/date][state]approved[/state][comment]199[/comment]", "sponsordate": "20120331", "possible-copyright-status": "The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright restrictions for this item.", "backup_location": "ia903709_20", "openlibrary_edition": "OL25225365M", "openlibrary_work": "OL16533755W", "external-identifier": "urn:oclc:record:1038773852", "description": "p. cm", "republisher_operator": "associate-paquita-thompson@archive.org", "republisher_date": "20120314151940", "ocr_module_version": "0.0.21", "ocr_converted": "abbyy-to-hocr 1.1.37", "page_number_confidence": "38", "page_number_module_version": "1.0.3", "creation_year": 1822, "content": "Library of Congress J [FORCE COLLECTION.] United States of America. I jfl4LC0*4\n\nAddress Delivered and Published at the Request of the Auxiliary Education Society of Newburyport, by S. P. William* L. & F. Merrill Newburyport, Printed by W. & J. Gilman, 9, State-Street.\n\nTo do good and to communicate happiness, is the sum of all our obligations to man. Every act of beneficence therefore flowing from such intention, and guided by sound discretion, is a sacrifice well pleasing unto God. Regardless of his obligations to his own species, man is a blank in the moral creation. Not to encourage others in the fulfillment of their obligations is to be little better. But to throw obstacles in the way of such as are laboring to do good, is to oppose the course of private virtue and public happiness. These sentiments\nThe last half century has left an indelible impression upon the public mind with a power and efficacy unmatched since the conclusion of the apostolic age. The good fruits of these movements are already scattered throughout the globe, and by this test, the tree that bears them is proven to be of celestial origin; its leaves are adapted to healing the nations. It is because it would be inconsistent with these sentiments to decline the sacrifice that I have consented to solicit your interest in the Society of Young Men, whose anniversary now for the first time attracted public notice. The object of this society, as you have been informed, is the assistance of indigent youth in our country who aspire to the office of the Christian ministry. Concerning the many and accumulating claims of the destitute.\nI. Proposing Three Enquiries: Is the Object a Good One?\n\nIs it our duty to inquire before we act and proportion our gifts to the nature of the object for which they are intended? Blind charity and dead faith are not virtues. Regarding the particular object for which we have assembled this evening, I propose the following enquiries:\n\n1. Is the object good?\n2. Is its accomplishment practicable?\n3. Does it deserve such a rank among other charitable objects of the day, to warrant a share of our alms-giving, as well as our affections and prayers?\n\nIs the object good? I do not ask whether the Christian ministry's ordinance is of divine appointment or human invention, nor whether the influence of such a ministry is essential to the highest.\nThe question is, will it promote virtue and consequently diffuse happiness to aid young men of promise and dependence on public bounty in their preparation for the sacred office? Is a multiplication of well-qualified pastors beyond the ordinary means of supply necessary for the church? Are they urgently called for to render necessary this extra and in the extent proposed, novel method of increasing their number? By the correct decision of this question, duty and expediency in my apprehension.\nThe objective of encouraging this Society is to be determined. I will not resort to calculations, which on minds with no other data have an influence as deceptive as such reckonings are imposing. Instead, I will guide you to a conclusion through the statement of a few well-authenticated facts.\n\nThe first and not least important fact is that the ratio in which the population of the United States has increased is greater than that in which the number of its religious teachers has increased. The second fact is that there are actually more organized congregations, and within the bounds of the Presbyterian church, there are more by one third, than there are candidates of the same denomination to supply them. The third fact is, and in this connection it is an all-important fact, that there are in the United States more congregations, in all respects.\nPrepared to receive and support, able and faithful teachers, our country contains fewer than it should. This statement is correct, authorizing the sentiment that it is the duty of every community without delay, according to its ability, to contribute to the supply of this deficiency. We are not called upon to supply all mankind with religious teachers. All mankind are not prepared to receive them. You are asked to furnish a portion of the means of relief to that part of the community who are so prepared and who are suffering incalculably from their privation. But how is this to be done? Would you diminish the number of able and good men in other professions? Would you call away from the sick chamber, the hall of justice, the counting room, and the ship's deck every young man who is prepared to become a teacher?\nWho has piety and talents that would adorn the pulpit? Alas, those professions have no such men to spare. Men of such endowments are useful and necessary in every department, in every occupation of life; and wretched is the community which exists without them. We must go then to the unformed mass of society, we must search out the worthy among that mass, who as yet are not enlisted in any profession. This is the only mode which providence has left us, for supplying the wants of our destitute congregations. Thus, instead of weakening, you will strengthen the bands of society; and by promoting a greater equality in virtue and privilege, you will extend and diffuse, instead of contracting, the means of general happiness. Bear it in mind then, that the object presented you, comprehensive as it is, tends\nNot to produce any fatal disproportion in the several classes of society, or between the number of preachers and the congregations ready to receive and able to maintain them. Who among the discerning, the sober, the benevolent of our country, can hesitate to admit that such a supply should be at least in a train of accomplishment? Yet since such a provision is not the work of a day or a year, common prudence prescribes an early and steady attention to all necessary means for securing it. If then from time to time there are to be found in the church such youth as promise to serve well her interests, as desire to serve them, as need nothing but cultivation and the means of subsistence for a few years to qualify them for such service, is it not our duty to bid them God speed?\nCan we encourage such men by at least lending them the price of an education, on the condition that one half be ultimately returned to the fund whence it was taken? Can we refuse these men this aid and the community suffering from spiritual thirst this cup of cold water, and still be said to love our neighbor as ourselves? Is it just to the individual, is it quite generous to the public to say to such a youth: your aim is too high. Your parentage and your condition in life are too low. He who comes out of Nazareth should think of nothing but the work bench, or of carrying the goad behind the plough. Was it less just and generous, in application to the son of Joseph and Mary, than it is to many of the sons of our mechanics and farmers and tradesmen? I am sensible that our pious youth may be useful in the humble walks of life.\nBlessed is that occupation, and only a criminal ambition prompted them to a higher calling. It would be both wise policy and just retribution to deny it gratification. I am sensible too that their desire to extend and enlarge their usefulness in the profession on which they have fixed their hearts may prove ultimately abortive. But the same thing is to be remembered might once have been said in relation to every man, whom public or private charity has reared. Yes, of some men whom I could name, who have adorned the highest stations by preeminent excellence and usefulness in every department of civil and literary and religious occupancy. But had it been said and said with effect, where would be the blessedness which has come upon the world through the charity scholars of Europe and even of our infant country; men whose names and achievements will be remembered.\nRemembered with Christian gratitude, as long as professions and fields are remembered, in which they labored. That talents and goodness, wisely directed and vigorously employed, render man useful in every sphere in which he occupies them, is not to be doubted. But it is as little to be questioned that to produce the most perfect state of society, every man should engage in that kind of business to which his common or peculiar cast of character may be best adapted: and of this we are to judge not so much by the condition in which providence has placed him, as by the endowments which God has given him. The youth therefore, found in the most abject state, the tendencies of whose heart and mind clearly indicate that he was not born for private life, ought to be redeemed from his condition.\nIt would not be unwise or cruel, though it is too much to expect, for a man of affluence who wastes his money on a skull that cannot or will not learn, to bring about a change in the circumstances of these youth. Some of the higher classes of society have, however, sanctioned this opinion to such an extent that they occasionally raise boys of genius from hopelessness to honor through generous and discerning patronage. The pulpit and the press shall give them merited commendation, as they set their minds to discover the precious ore in its state of comparative inutility and their hearts to adapt it to the Creator's ends, in multiplying its value to society. The gem, which but for this would never have reflected the brightness of its maker's wisdom, has thus found a place in the king's coronation.\nA net and the herb which would have wasted its juices in the desert, saved whole cities and provinces from an untimely grave. Ah, hearer, forget not that he to whom you look for immortality, on whom the salvation of the world was suspended, was a carpenter's son, a root out of a dry ground. Ask yourself, when you hear the unthinking and illiberal pouring their contemptuous sneers upon the objects of these young men's solicitude, ask yourself, ask them, if the doctors of the temple who looked with jealous eye on Mary's son would have lost anything by encouraging his aspirations to guide their nation to the kingdom of heaven?\n\nIf we confine our enquiry on this head to the benefit of the individual, we might pronounce the object worthy of some sacrifice. A vigorous intellect under the action of a good heart, and directed to the sacred sciences.\nBut we cannot limit the benefit to him alone. We must consider the increased privileges of the large community to which he is devoted, and all the good generated through his influence, and all the triumphs of mercy that they are to have an agency in extending, through succeeding generations; till the object, deepening and widening in importance, ultimately involves numbers and interests and destinies, surpassing mortal comprehension. Now, Christian, could you do all this good alone? No power one would think could restrain you from indulging the ambition to effect it. But it is my happiness to tell you, that whoever does all that is in his power to ensure it, in the sight of God, has earned the reward.\nThe object is a good one, and we ought to consider that being placed in circumstances which make it our duty to advance it involves a high privilege and a deep responsibility. But is the accomplishment of this object practicable? Or is it one of those visionary schemes of doing good on which we can bestow only our wishes and our sighs, in the conviction that the help of man is in vain? Was it, in fact, the object of our education societies to supply at once the Christian, Jewish, and pagan world with evangelists and pastors, at the ratio of one for every thousand souls, presuming on the existence of adequate provision for their support?\nIt might be idle to ask for your approval and offerings. It would be impossible to carry such a purpose into effect. The very presumption written on its face would betray our folly, and the attempt would lead to an indiscriminate seizure of every humble youth for the sacred service, stripping every other profession and walk of life of its worthiest and most useful occupants. It would be mischievous as well as weak to build up the broken avails of the temple by robbing it of some of the pillars on which it rests. But this is not our crime. Much as a multiplication of religious teachers is needed, the supply is not to be procured by a hot-bed growth. No young man should be pressed into this service; none should be encouraged without some other evidence than that of his piety, that the Lord has deemed him fit for the office.\nsigned him to this service. And the evidence is to be sought in his spontaneous desires, in his natural endowments, and in all that goes to form a presage of ministerial excellence. Thus instead of dictating a providence, we are concurring with the providence of God. Thus we become laborers together with him. Thus we bear our part in making provision for the salvation of the world, and move no faster than his wisdom and benevolence dictate, who sees the end from the beginning, and whose compassion is beyond the control of weakness, whose wisdom is above the aid of conjecture. If then the object be merely to supply existing deficiencies and to be in a train of preparation to meet the obvious demands of providence, as he shall open the ways which have not been trodden, there can be no doubt, that Christendom has the power to accomplish this.\nGod has provided sufficient materials for the formation and support of all the evangelists currently needed, without infringing upon other sectors of society. It has been reported from reliable sources that the young men already recruited for this profession have generally met the reasonable expectations of their patrons. In every seminary where they have been placed, they have maintained a respectable standing among their companions and instructors.\n\nIf, in our own country, there has hitherto been no scarcity of the necessary materials for this profession, and if there is more ground prepared for receiving the seed of life than there are hands to distribute it, is it not manifest that nothing is lacking, but the will of the Christian community, to accomplish this?\nFor which purpose are our education societies instituted? Should not every individual who is able contribute something toward its accomplishment? Should not the young men of this infant society be strengthened by an accession of other young men, equally capable of engaging in the delightful work of ministering to individual usefulness and to public virtue? May we not all augment a little their resources and thus encourage them to persevere in a charity which has strong claims upon all classes of the community? I am aware that the hearts and hands of very many of our acquaintance have been engaged in the promotion of this object for some time. I am happy to avail myself of this opportunity to acknowledge my indebtedness to some of them for the honor of a place and a name in the parent society. The only question is, have\nWe have done what we could? Are there not some who have done nothing in aid of this good object, are there many having done much, who can do more? Shall we be unjust to any other portion of the community, in exact proportion to our liberality to that for which we speak? Must we practice an unc commanded self-denial, to do more for the advancement of the interests in view, than we have already done? Will our families suffer the privation of anything we owe to their comfort? Will they lose by the commutation, more than the national family will gain? Is it our error to go to the extreme of self-denial, and are our neighbors only prone to that of self-indulgence? Are we so in love with that kind of blessedness which is enhanced rather by giving than receiving, as to be extravagant in the frequency and extent of our charitable contributions?\nfullness of our deeds of charity ? If to the present hour \nhearer, your conscience can testify that you have wrong- \ned no man, and defrauded no man, nor injured yourself, \nnor abused the gifts of which God has made you stew- \nard, by all your alms-givings, then may you lawfully in- \ncrease your enjoyment, by offering a tribute of praise to \nthe commendable zeal of this Society. \nPerhaps you would ask in turn, has this object been \nundertaken with proper motives, and is it pursued with \njudgment ? Who knows the heart of man ? Who can \nunderstand his own errors ? On this subject I can only \nsay, I give my annual mite, and this church f and this \nSociety of young men ; and probably all others associ- \nated for the same purpose, cast in their offerings, in the \n* The first Presbyterian Church in this town pays annually a sum suf- \nSufficient for the support of one beneficiary. I have confidence that those who are entrusted with the management of this business are worthy of trust. Not that they are exempt from liability to err or to be deceived, but that they act with all the wisdom, prudence, and integrity of men under the eye of sagacious friends and watchful enemies, and under a sense of their accountability not only to the church and to the public, but to God. And what better security could we have, were the whole management of this charity entrusted to ourselves? Be it as it may, we are at liberty to take the management of our own funds into our own hands; and to withhold our help from the necessitous while we have such liberty, partakes not a little of a suspicious policy. A careful attention therefore to our last inquiry is necessary.\nDoes this object rightfully hold such a rank among the various charities of the day, entitled to any share of our alms, affections, and prayers? It is not among the sentiments I shall ever be proud to cherish and to utter, that an indiscriminate distribution of our alms amounts to Christian charity, even in the lowest sense of the phrase; or that to be influenced by the boldness and importunity of those who solicit our aid, is any just criterion of good will to men. To give or lend to every man, as the letter of the precept enjoins, to every man I mean who is not ashamed to beg or borrow, would be to injure instead of benefiting society by encouraging corrupt passions and vicious habits.\nHabits, and diminishing our ability to promote the highest welfare of mankind. The machinery by which the real good of man is effected is too extensive and complicated for created attributes to invent or manage. None other than the wisdom of God can discern how far any action or course of action is ultimately beneficial to mankind. None else is able to measure virtue on the scale of utility. By his judgment, therefore, we are to be governed in estimating the comparative rank and excellence of the objects of our charity. He has given us a perfectly simple, safe, and efficient rule of doing good. In extending the blessings of his institutes, we know we are conforming to this rule, and among his ordinances, a preached gospel holds the most exalted rank in the system of means for improving the moral character and uplifting the human race.\nThe condition of man. Beneficence is the never-failing fruit of the goodness enjoined in the second table of the law. But what beneficence, in extent of influence, is like that of supplying the place which the Son of God occupied when he dwelt among men? In extending your hand for this end, you are sure of promoting the virtue and happiness of mankind, and have nothing about which to be solicitous but the purity of your motives. This charity then is of no doubtful tendency. Nothing, without the influence of the institution it regards, will give to man the high elevation to which the benevolence of God has destined him. The more extensively the Christian institutions are enjoyed and the more purely observed, the nearer the world will approach the end.\nFor which it is upheld, for which it was redeemed. When all men are gathered to the throne of the Lord, the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States, a body intended to concentrate the wisdom and piety of that church, have told us that this is not a project of dubious tendency nor of secondary importance. As early as the year 1805, it engaged their attention, and has ever since been pressed upon the churches and judicatories under their care with increasing earnestness. They will walk no more after the imagination of their evil heart. But how shall this gathering of the people to Jesus be effected? By a supply of pastors after my own heart, said the Spirit of the Lord\u2014pastors who shall feed my flock with knowledge and understanding. Are we then convinced that the harvest is plenteous?\nAnd the laborers few, and can anything but inattention or infidelity lead us to displace this object from the rank which Jehovah has exalted it? The time will never come, unless it be a time neither of prediction nor promise, when to the rich alone it shall be given to know and unfold the mysteries of the kingdom of heaven: or when the habits of the affluent shall equally qualify them and the poor, to contend successfully with the difficulties and to endure long the privations and toils which are required, in the work of the evangelical ministry. It has been said that every district of country with a rapidly increasing population should have anticipated the necessity of an equally rapid multiplication of religious teachers, and provided an antidote to the evils they suffer, instead of leaving it to them.\nWe are required to provide a remedy for their neglect, but they have failed to do so and require our influence to preserve them from further neglects. It is encouraging to remember that as our success increases, their need for charity will diminish, and they will become co-workers with us in extending the blessing to the remaining fields. We are called upon to remove an evil that has insidiously crept upon the better part of the world, an evil which without extraordinary efforts for those abroad may soon press heavily upon our people at home. Less exposed than some sections of our country, even New England itself, is in danger.\nWithout any deficiency of minds or seminaries for forming and furnishing them, she is able to retain fewer of such pastors than she actually trains and annually furnishes for the church. How deplorable then the condition of those states which have none of our facilities for supplying themselves. Let us not deny them our sympathy. While God prepares materials to our hands and gives us the ability to make with them pillars in his temple, let us seize the opportunity and extend as widely as we may, the hallowed joy of those who desire to enter in and worship there. Had we the same superior facilities for improving the commercial advantages of our common country, or of any country, without defrauding our own, who would be reluctant to avail himself of the glory of the enterprise? Who would say the object had no claim to his regard?\nHave we not applauded the generous interposition of the nation who threw her weight into the scale of the American colonies, when contending for their national existence and honor? Ah, our countrymen had much at stake, and the prize was worthy of the sacrifice of fleets and treasures. But how it fades upon our Christian vision as it comes in contrast with the object now flitting before it \u2013 the rescue of our nation from the thralldom of sin, from the extinction of the light of God Almighty and the Lamb! Oh hearer, the interests of two worlds are suspended upon our liberality in this thing. It is among the dearest objects which ever made a claim upon our philanthropy. It is pure and holy in its aims. It is adapted to the exigencies of our country. It is fraught with the richest gifts of God to man.\nA steady and judicious pursuit promises incalculable blessings to future generations, and this promise is made with greater credibility than any risky or enterprising venture in this world's business. It is a promise founded on the experience of man, and on the surer basis of God's pledge. These are our warrant for the confidence that when we plant and water in the field of Christian cultivation, he on whom the issue depends will give the increase.\n\nLet us suppose we were called by a neighboring territory desolated by an invading foe to come up to their aid against the mighty. Who among our young men, ready to fly to their aid on the condition of being furnished from the public magazine, would not look with pity on the community that should say to them, \"Your aim is too high, your help is not wanted, your wisdom is unwelcome.\"\nThe duty is to keep the laborers contented at the plough. Let them take the field, who can run and wage war at their own expense. What would you say of those who thus repressed their ardor, only for want of generosity to furnish the means for their conveyance to the field? If there is any difference in the two cases, it is infinitely against the opponents of this charity. Ignorance and sin invade many parts of our land, without the counteracting influence of the teachers of wisdom and piety; and spiritual indifference sees without effort the desolations of Zion. Will you hold back the peaceable soldiers of Jesus Christ? or will you speak to them this language of encouragement? I cannot go up to the battle. God has not endowed me for such an enterprise. I cannot bestow my person and my life, but such as I have, give 1.\nHere I bring you the silver and gold, an offering to our common nature, country, and Lord. It is an offering made by the sacrifice of a few youthful pleasures and the retrenchment of a few needless expenditures. It is sacred to your use. Go equip for the service, be faithful, be valiant; play the man for our people and for the cities of our God. The Lord will measure your success as seems good to him. Pardon me, hearer, but I must repeat it: the Christian ministry is the light of the world. Dreary as the shadow of death are the abodes in which this lamp never shone, in which it no longer illuminates and burns. Through your efforts, associated young men, the evils suffered by some who are now destitute of this light will be removed, and some of the blessings which it brings will be restored.\nFrom its diffusion, the spring of salvation will be bestowed upon men ready to perish. If you are not weary in doing good, you may, without prophetic eye, look forward to the period when, under the influence of some Brainerd or Buchanan or Mills, chosen of God and raised from obscurity by your bounty, an enterprise shall be conceived and executed. How delightful then, will be the thought of having elevated the eye, cast down by the discouragements of an infidel father or the poverty of a widowed mother, towards such an object! How delightful even now to think of cheering the spirit, having no ambition but to tread in the footsteps of the crucified, and tell the world what it has itself already learned - the value and the freedom of a Savior's love.\nLove is not only one of the most delightful things, but also one of the most prolific charities. It is not sending forth a rivulet, but opening a fountain. It is not just giving a cup of cold water to the traveler, but bringing the waters of eternal life to thousands of pilgrims. Of no trivial importance are the order, peace, industry, frugality, refinement, and other social blessings accumulated in society through the influence of a good minister of the gospel of peace. But at the mention of the salvation of the souls to which he ministers, we despair of estimating or comprehending his value, though the excellency of the power is altogether of God. However, how is the youth, rude in knowledge, unpracticed and unskilled in the science of man, and unlearned in everything which commands the intellect and the heart, to understand this?\nIs he fitted for every variety of pastoral duty without a course of preparatory study? And being without resources at home, what is he to look for to become a public blessing? In other professions, the indigent youth anticipates the profits of his future labors, but in this, he anticipates only the profit of others and a mere subsistence for himself. For him, young men, not for yourselves, you have come to ask our aid. For him, did I say? No, rather for souls who without his aid will perish. For fields which will be desolate if he does not plant them; for plants which will die in the rearing if his hand does not water them. Nay, you are come to plead with this assembly for themselves and for their children.\n\nOf the celebrated preacher of Hanover, Virginia, afterward President Monroe.\nMr. Robinson, founder of Princeton College, was urged to accept a monetary compensation from the Presbyterian Church in Virginia as he was leaving. He declined but they found ways to give it to him. Discovering this, he said, \"I see you are resolved I shall have your money, and I will take it, but not for my use. There is a young man of promising talents and piety studying to become a minister. His circumstances are embarrassing, and he has no funds to support himself. I will take charge of it and apply it to his relief.\"\nAppropriate it for his use, and as soon as he is licensed, we will send him to visit you. It may be that you are now, by your liberality, educating a minister for yourselves. So it happened. Davies, who received the charity, became the pastor of that flock and the chief ornament of the evangelical ministry in Virginia.\n\nYou have come to tell them from the word of the Most High, that the capital they vest in this stock will produce in this world an hundredfold, and the product will continue to increase from generation to generation. Every association which digs from the quarry and polishes one such stone for the church lays the foundation for many churches and many associations, successively formed in the same fair image, and bears a humble part in completing the fabric of human happiness and consummating in the eye of man, the glory of its author.\nIf such be the character and rank and tendency of the object you present, we, as well as our beneficiaries, may feel ourselves addressed in the command of our ascending lawgiver: Go preach the gospel to every creature. Go, rich man, through the agency of that abundance of which you are the steward, and preach the gospel. Go, poor woman, with your two farthings, and take your part with the affluent, in the privilege of enlightening mankind. Go pennyless youth, who have hands and skill to labor, and in the fruits of the ground, or of the commerce of the seas, help to bear the good tidings of peace, to every creature. Go decrepit and palsied! yourselves subsisting on charity, still bring forth fruit in old age, and through the availing prayer of the righteous, aid us to send forth laborers to gather the harvest. Thus Christians, each.\nIn his own best way, enlighten and purify, and comfort the world. Thus go, and as you are able, teach all mankind with emotions and with hopes more delightful than the best of modern poets taught, that wherever stands the messenger of truth, The legate of the skies, with theme divine, And office sacred, and credentials clear \u2014 There stands The most important, most effective guard, support, and ornament of virtue's cause.", "source_dataset": "Internet_Archive", "source_dataset_detailed": "Internet_Archive_LibOfCong"}, {"title": "Address delivered before the Philadelphia society for promoting agriculture, at its annual meeting, on the fifteenth of January, 1822", "creator": "Biddle, Nicholas, 1786-1844. [from old catalog]", "subject": "Agriculture", "publisher": "Philadelphia, Clark & Raser, printers", "date": "1822", "language": "eng", "page-progression": "lr", "sponsor": "Sloan Foundation", "contributor": "The Library of Congress", "scanningcenter": "capitolhill", "mediatype": "texts", "call_number": "9635234", "identifier-bib": "00027441105", "updatedate": "2010-01-26 11:35:46", "updater": "Melissa.D", "identifier": "addressdelivered01bidd", "uploader": "melissad@archive.org", "addeddate": "2010-01-26 11:35:49", "publicdate": "2010-01-26 11:35:52", "ppi": "400", "camera": "Canon 5D", "operator": "scanner-christina-barnes@archive.org", "scanner": "scribe3.capitolhill.archive.org", "scandate": "20100217232546", "imagecount": "56", "foldoutcount": "0", "identifier-access": "http://www.archive.org/details/addressdelivered01bidd", "identifier-ark": "ark:/13960/t5h99rx5z", "repub_state": "4", "curation": "[curator]denise.b@archive.org[/curator][date]20100219003144[/date][state]approved[/state]", "sponsordate": "20100228", "possible-copyright-status": "The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright restrictions for this item.", "collection": ["library_of_congress", "biodiversity", "fedlink"], "backup_location": "ia903604_26", "openlibrary_edition": "OL24161295M", "openlibrary_work": "OL16729723W", "external-identifier": "urn:oclc:record:1038748044", "lccn": "12011313", "filesxml": "Wed Dec 23 2:17:05 UTC 2020", "description": "39 p. ; 20 cm", "ocr": "tesseract 5.1.0-1-ge935", "ocr_parameters": "-l eng", "ocr_module_version": "0.0.16", "ocr_detected_script": "Latin", "ocr_detected_script_conf": "0.9299", "ocr_detected_lang": "en", "ocr_detected_lang_conf": "1.0000", "page_number_confidence": "73.08", "pdf_module_version": "0.0.18", "creation_year": 1822, "content": "At a meeting of the \"Philadelphia Society for promoting Agriculture,\" held 1st mo. 15th, 1822:\nThe annual address was delivered by Nicholas Biddle, Esquire:\nResolved unanimously, That the thanks of the Society be presented to Nicholas Biddle, Esquire, for his eloquent oration this day pronounced, and that he be requested to furnish a copy for publication.\nFrom the Minutes.\nRoberts Vaux, Secretary.\nMr. President and Gentlemen of the Agricultural Society,\nI congratulate you on the return of this anniversary of our Society. I rejoice with you that another year has been added to its long career of usefulness\u2014and that, as the occupations of this day prove, we are prepared to resume our labors with undiminished zeal and increased resources. It is now nearly forty years since a few sagacious and distinguished gentlemen, who had honorably served their country during war, founded this Society.\nThe war, recognizing that its prosperity in peace relied on agriculture, established this institution, the first and for a long time, the only Agricultural Society in America. From that time to the present day, its members have been dedicated to nurturing the best interests of the nation. An extensive correspondence with enlightened farmers in Europe\u2014the introduction of the latest writings\u2014of the most improved implements\u2014and new varieties of plants and the best breeds of animals\u2014gave them advantages, which they imparted to their countrymen with liberal generosity.\n\nFrom these efforts, they reaped an abundant harvest. They may find it in the distinction their labors have acquired among agriculturalists in Europe\u2014they may find it in the homage every section of the union is offering to the Society, by following its example\u2014they may find it under a far more delightful form, in the satisfaction of having contributed to the progress of agriculture in their country.\nContributed to the advancement of their country, which has presented a scene of agricultural prosperity, such as was never before given to the hopes of men. It will, however, better accord with the unassuming and practical character of the Society to instead of indulging in personal feelings, make even this meeting not wholly unprofitable. By an attempt to compare the situation of the best cultivated parts of Europe with our own, observe the means of improvement which the examination presents, and suggest such topics as may recommend the pursuit of agriculture in Pennsylvania.\n\nIn this inquiry, our curiosity is naturally first attracted towards those distinguished nations in the south of Europe, who after filling the world with their fame, have passed away, bequeathing to posterity some of the noblest works of genius and the purest examples of human character.\nUndoubtedly, in all that remains, we may trace the evidence of strong attachment to rural life and an exquisite perception of its enjoyments. The cultivators of the soil were among the most distinguished citizens, and the pursuits of agriculture have rarely been embellished by so much eloquence or sung with so much enthusiasm as by the great writers of antiquity. However, this intellectual enjoyment of the country may consist with an imperfect condition of husbandry. The natural feelings belong to all times, but science is necessarily progressive. Nor does it detract in any degree from the merits of the farmers of ancient days that, in an era of comparative infancy in the physical sciences, they were not advanced beyond the knowledge of their age. I incline to think then that our natural reverence for ancient nations has exaggerated the value of their agriculture, and that a deliberate examination of their history and their writings will reveal a more complex picture.\nThe Ancient Athenians, despite being distinguished, had an imperfect agriculture due to Attica's small, ridgy, and poor district of land. About one-third the size of neighboring Bucks county, Attica had a light calcareous soil that was too dry for cavalry pasture and unproductive for farmers' subsistence. Grain supplies were annually imported, and the primary produce was honey from the hills and olives thriving in the thin dry soil. Their rivals occupied a larger, better country, but their habits and institutions prevented them from cultivating it. Sparta's territory was divided into small lots, each yielding approximately 70.\nbushels of grain, with a proportion of wine and oil; and these were cultivated, not by the owners themselves, who disdained the pacific labors of husbandry, but by a class of people, half slaves and half tenants, who gave a fixed proportion of the produce to the landlords. Such a state of things must be inauspicious to agriculture; the frugality of the owner being satisfied by a very moderate production, and the depressed condition of the tenant, rarely giving him the means or the wish of improving his farm. The rest of the Greek states seem to have supplied their own consumption; but the observation of one of their best farmers, Xenophon, that agriculture is the easiest of all the arts, and readily acquired by a little attention to execution, reveals better than any collection of facts, the true state of Greek husbandry, particularly as it is confirmed by the remains of all the georgical writers of Greece, which have reached us.\nWe have ample information regarding the ancient state of Italy. The institutions and manners of the early Romans must have been particularly favorable to agriculture. The extreme subdivision of the soil, cultivated by the proprietor himself, presented the strongest incentive of necessity and interest to good husbandry. The first allotment to each individual was two acres. The length of time this limitation continued is unknown; however, upon the establishment of the republic, 245 years later, the limit was fixed at seven acres. This, like all natural arrangements that restrict human industry, gave way before the progress of wealth and inequality. For, in about a century and a half, a law prohibited the possession by any individual of more than five hundred acres. But the change of manners, the infatuation of power, and above all, the introduction of slavery, made it difficult to enforce these restraints, and the career of inequality did not stop.\nTill, as confessed by Pliny, the extensive estates had destroyed Rome and the provinces, and half of Africa was owned by six Roman families whom Nero destroyed. In the progress of these changes, the best remembrances of Roman power, as well as the highest advancement of its agriculture, are connected with the period immediately succeeding the formation of the republic. During this period, the allotment of seven acres continued to be generally maintained, and it was deemed wrong in a senator to possess more than fifty. It was during this period that Cincinnatus' farm consisted of four and one-third acres, the other three having been lost by his becoming security for a friend. It was then that Curius, on his return from a successful campaign, refused from the people a grant of fifty acres, declaring, \"I am a bad citizen who cannot be contented with the old allowance of seven.\" We cannot doubt\nIn the distinguished days of Roman history, Rome spread over Italy and most of the ancient world. In this period, nearly all of Italy was cultivated by male slaves brought from the provinces. Their numbers were large, and they worked in chains, as modern galley slaves did. Cato recommended harsh treatment for them.\nTo every good economist in ancient times, it was necessary to sell old wagons, tools, cattle, and sickly slaves. Their labor would not have been very efficient, as the allowance for a grain farm of 125 American acres, much of which was in fallow, was only eight men.\n\nTwo facts were decisive as to the general productiveness of land. The first is that, as the universal system of farming was by alternate crops and fallows, nearly one half the soil was always unemployed. The second is that the average produce of Italy in the time of Columella was only four times the seed. These circumstances do not concur in any well-cultivated country today.\n\nThe agricultural writers do not inspire more favorable opinions. The works of Cato, Varro, Columella, Virgil, Palladius, and the writers whose fragments are contained in the collection ascribed to Constantine present...\nThe most curious details of ancient husbandry. There is much excellent sense and admirable practice in it, offering suggestions for modern improvement. However, farmers who study it may gain the impression that ancient agriculture was governed by practices rather than principles. They would lack the knowledge of the processes of vegetation, soil composition, and crop rotation that have given modern farming its dignity and value. Even these useful practices are often disfigured by a fantastical mixture of superstition and empiricism. For example, Cato provides a minute description of an incantation to charm dislocated farmer's bones back into place. Columella advises saving vines from mice by trimming them at night during a full moon. Sotion claims an effective method for extirpating broom-rape from fields is to draw on it.\nFive shells. Picture of Hercules strangling a lion. Bury one in the middle and one in each corner of the field. Democritus ensures thriving garden with ass's head middle. Five sober writers describe broom-rape remedy: barefooted, half-clad woman walks three times round it. Similar directions from great masters. Extreme imperfection of agriculture science. Roman plough vs. French and English instruments. Columella vs. Sir John Sinclair. Science and mechanic arts' contributions to agriculture. Derive more instruction from descendants.\nOur recollections are drawn more to Italy's past than its present. We are more captivated by its ruins than its prosperity, and have not sufficiently admired its agriculture. Yet, Italy is likely the best cultivated country in Europe today. It supports a population greater in proportion to its extent than any other. Its admirable system of agriculture and triumphant industry enable it to produce an absolute amount that may never have been greater, despite oppressive and profligate governments and a considerable loss of cultivation due to malaria in a great extent of the old Roman empire, which is over 200 miles long and from 25 to 60 miles wide. They have achieved this through the substitution of the long fallows of antiquity with a judicious rotation of crops.\nThe minute division of the soil is the peculiar feature of Italian agriculture. After the influence of Christianity abolished slavery, the manumitted slaves, who were then the only laborers, became tenants and have continued to do so to the present day. Five-sixths of its population are small farmers, working the land on shares of one-half or one-third. These cultivators of a few acres have made their country so fertile that from one end of Italy to the other\u2014from the irrigated meadows of Lombardy to the volcanic regions of Naples, excepting some parts of the Pope's dominions\u2014there is scarcely a single spot which does not produce the utmost that its situation and natural fertility admit. The eye rests with delight upon the magnificent prospects of Piedmont and the Milanese; on that busy scene of industry, which sustains a population of one person.\nTo every two acres\u2014where three-quarters of its gross produce is disposable, and where the fields are constantly covered with a succession of varied and abundant harvests, there are 5000 souls per square league in the district near Vesuvius, a proportion unknown in any other part of Europe. Further south, in Sorrento, their rotation of eight crops in five years, and one of them a cotton crop, is pronounced by a competent judge as \"the best managed and most productive in the world.\" However, it is rivaled, if not equaled, by many parts of Flanders. From a soil more fertile than Italy, though in a climate less genial, they extract from their land a rapid succession of crops, probably not inferior to those of any other country.\n\nThe details of Italian and Flemish husbandry\u2014the Italian rotation of crops and the Flemish management of cattle and manures\u2014are worthy of attentive study by all in this country.\nwho would improve in scientific farming. They would often \nsuggest modes of culture, better adapted to our climate than \nthe practices of England, which we are too prone to follow \nwithout making allowance for the essential difference between \nthe seasons of the two countries. \nThe general cultivation of Great Britain is calculated to \ninspire a mingled feeling of admiration and surprise: of ad- \nmiration at what she has accomplished, and surprise at what \nshe has neglected. She has many advantages: her exube- \nrant capital, her commerce, her manufactures, furnishing to \nagriculture so large a body of domestic consumers, have ena- \nbled her to cover a large portion of her soil with a picturesque \nand beautiful cultivation, which no stranger can contemplate \nwithout satisfaction. Yet a nearer inquiry excites astonish- \nment, that this very success has not induced a more enlarged \nand better cultivation. \nThere is an extraordinary difference in the calculations of \nBritish economical and statistical writers estimate that one-third to nearly one-half of Great Britain's surface is waste and unproductive. Of these waste lands, one-fourth or one-fifth could be enclosed and cultivated, and the rest used for sheep or planting timber. Consequently, England does not produce enough grain for her own consumption. The average wheat and wheat flour imports during the last twenty years have been around four million bushels a year, which is equivalent to nearly thirteen or fourteen days' consumption. Whether it is desirable for England to resort to waste lands to address this deficiency is a question of her domestic policy. However, a stranger may observe that without reallocating capital from other pursuits to reclaim waste lands, England's grain deficiency would persist.\nA small portion of the cultivated parts of the island had, even at an advanced period, been brought under a judicious and well-conducted system of husbandry, according to one of its best authors, Dickson, writing in 1804. Impressive tracts of land, of the more rich and fertile kinds, could still be found in various parts of the kingdom that were managed in very imperfect and disadvantageous methods of farming. Dickson adopted Sir John Sinclair's calculation that 30 million acres were either in a state of waste or cultivated under a very defective system of husbandry. Even still later, in 1812 and 1816, Dr. Rigby's valuable writings revealed that some of the very counties which Dickson considered as the most perfect were still deficient. In Essex, for instance, the wretched system of fleet ploughing and whole year fallows persisted.\nstill pertinaciously adhered to the belief that Sussex was behind almost all other regions, at least half a century. In Cheshire, the outdated farming system of a century ago still prevailed. Shropshire was subject to inefficient cultivation. A great part of the kingdom was in a lamentable state of agricultural unproductiveness. Some of these defects were the result of ignorance and prejudice. Despite Mr. Coke of Norfolk's splendid success in making his land nearly ten times as productive, he used drill husbandry for sixteen years before anyone followed his example. Even now, his improvements were supposed by himself to extend about one mile a year. However, other causes were not lacking, and some seemed almost incredible. For instance, nearly one-half of England's arable land was held in common. Its cultivation was therefore subject to restrictions either by custom or law, and the portion of each commoner was regulated accordingly.\nOften, farmers cannot cross-plow their land due to fear of trespassing on their neighbor's land. These inefficiencies result in only half the value being drawn from the land through enclosure and exclusive possession. Another issue frequently criticized, especially in a country where the economy of human labor is well understood, is the superfluous expense of cultivation due to the multitude of horses. In England, it is common to see four, five, or six horses following each other in single file before a plow in fields of a few acres and in soils where two horses could easily accomplish the work. Teams of four horses are employed where two would be sufficient. This occurs despite the successful introduction of the Scotch mode of plowing. The result is that England and Scotland are estimated to contain 3,500,000 horses, consuming the value of fifty million pounds.\nThe country produces over $20 million in dollars and harvests from approximately eight million acres, which is nearly half the productive lands in the kingdom. A significant number of tenants face unfavorable conditions. The land in England is owned by about 40,000 individuals, and most leases are short-term, ranging from five to nine years, with long leases not yet common. Lastly, there are tithes and taxes; the tithes, which take one-tenth of the gross produce from three-quarters of England's land occupiers even when the remainder does not cover their labor costs; and taxes, which, along with tithes, account for more than half of the rent on average.\n\nDespite the consoling nature of these observations regarding our own faults, it is more pleasant to focus on the appealing aspects of English farming and learn from their successes rather than their hardships. Indeed, there is something admirable about English farming.\nIn the generous and buoyant spirit, the genius and industry of that country upheld agriculture in England, despite a complex burden of problems never before pressured on its soil. By its unique condition\u2014poor laws, tithes, and taxes of all kinds\u2014England was reduced to a state requiring every farmer's full energy and capital and invention's utmost resource. An acre of the best farming land, to repay cultivation labor with profit, yielded approximately thirty to forty dollars. Through liberal investments of capital and judicious, economical husbandry, they extracted from a soil not naturally distinguished for fertility and an inconstant, treacherous climate an amount of produce that enabled farmers in England and Scotland to pay a higher rent than is yielded by\nSome of the finest soils of Italy. If we were to select any district where skill and capital have been most successful against natural obstacles, I would incline to think we should name the Lothians of Scotland. The example of these countries should not be lost to us. It is now about a century and a half since the people of the United States have been primarily occupied in reducing to cultivation their extensive forests. Their agriculture bears, of course, the impression of their circumstances. While land was cheap and capital small and labor dear, it was more natural to reclaim new fields than to restore the old, and to disseminate over a wide surface of cheap land the greatest power of dear labor. The growth of cities\u2014the creation of new classes of society\u2014the increase of manufactures, have now concentrated our population, and by the formation of a permanent home market, are calculated to give a new character to our farming. In Venezuela.\nThe object of our society is our improvement. I shall prefer the less agreeable office of indicating the means of improving our farming in Pennsylvania, believing that the humblest exercise of patriotism is to praise our country without striving to improve it. The condition of the soil of Pennsylvania can be examined first in relation to its uncultivated land and secondly with regard to its husbandry.\n\nAccording to the opinion of a very distinguished geologist, Mr. Maclure, Pennsylvania contains more good land than any Atlantic state in the union; it possesses a greater extent of the secondary formation, which from its position, the course of its rivers, and the mineral deposits which belong to it, is best calculated to sustain a numerous population. These advantages, it must not be dissembled, are significant.\nI think the best portion of Pennsylvania, which will play the most distinguished role in our agriculture in the future, has not yet been plowed. It is unfortunate to see so much of this long-established state totally abandoned. Extensive tracts of rich land lack a road or an inhabitant. In the heart of Pennsylvania, I met Seneca Indians from New York hunting through a wilderness of nearly 100 miles in extent, with less interruption than they might have found two centuries ago. There are seventeen adjoining counties, north and west of the Susquehanna, covering more than 18,000 square miles, with a population of about 30,600 people. There are five adjoining counties, covering nearly 6,000 square miles, with no inhabitants. There are three adjoining counties, totaling over 3,500 square miles.\nIn this extent, with one human being for every two and a half square miles. I'm not referring to some desert in the Yellow Stone, but rather a region more than sixty years ago, which was in full sovereignty by Pennsylvania \u2013 an antiquity in this country. At that time, the great empires of the west, such as Ohio, Kentucky, and Indiana, which will outnumber Pennsylvania in the next Congress, were not even prophesied. 'There is no example among the old states of a wilderness like this. It has cost Pennsylvania half a million inhabitants. It has condemned to barrenness a magnificent region, which should have been filled with wealth, intelligence, and power. If we cast our eyes over the map of the union, we may discern in Virginia, a district of country to which the nation has three times resorted for its chief magistrate. A large proportion of the corresponding part of Pennsylvania.\nOne unbroken wilderness, the habitual hunting ground of savages. In the cause of this calamity, we may learn a great lesson, not merely of agricultural, but political wisdom. Something certainly must be ascribed to the unhappy controversy with Connecticut, which, nearly half a century of confusion, of concession, and of compromise, has but recently closed. But the greater part of the evil may be traced to bad legislation. If, when the state sold its vacant lands, they had been previously surveyed and marked, as those of the United States were, they would have been cheerfully bought and easily settled. But the unfortunate policy of selling the right to land, leaving the purchaser to find it, and the mistaken hope of peopling a country, by requiring paper conditions of settlement, instead of leaving it to grow with the natural course of enterprise\u2014these have introduced a fatal spirit of speculation and of fraud, which thirty years have not eradicated.\nYet the problems were completely repaired. Entire families were ruined by the madness of these delusions. In the inextricable confusion of interfering claims, the same lands were again and again sold by fraud or ignorance, till the maps of some counties exhibit a mosaic of conflicting surveys, which no science except law can ever bring into harmony. Then came the reaction of disappointment. Men turned with disgust from a scene of so much suffering, and dreading a lawsuit on the threshold of every man\u2019s property, abandoned in despair the attempt to settle lands so surrounded with uncertainty and trouble. There are now in Philadelphia\u2014there are perhaps now listening to me, many owners of thousands, ten, twenty, and fifty thousands of acres of land, which they have never seen, and of which they would scarcely know the existence, but from the periodical visit of the tax gatherer; lands which might be rendered magnificent possessions, surpassing now their present worth.\nIn extent and value, the most splendid estates in Europe. Some are deceived by exaggerated estimates and seduced by well-painted drawings of streams that have never flowed, except in the eloquence of the deputy surveyor; of groves of white oaks, beeches, and maples, luxuriating only upon the parchments of the land office. Year after year, they pay taxes for lands, undiscovered and undiscoverable, or which, if they really exist, may be paid for by one, by two, by three, even by four other claimants, residing perhaps in an adjoining street. Amidst these conflicts, an honest settler always willing to purchase or else some intruder, originally perhaps not ill-disposed, grows on the soil. He insinuates doubts of the title and defaces the records.\nSuch was once the condition of the interior of Pennsylvania, where survey mark disputes caused anxious obsecurity for settlers, who had to wait 21 years for their possession to ripen into a title, living in discontent and restlessness, imagining every passing stranger as their most dreaded enemy. The picture of Pennsylvania's interior was one of anxiety, and although the system has nearly passed, its effects are still visible in the way emigrants go round the state, passing on to remoter and poorer fields where their industry will at least be safe. There is no hope for Pennsylvania agriculture until this source of disquiet is completely removed. Fortunate for us, time has revealed all the errors of that system, and every landowner can now ascertain if there are other claimants to his land and adjust their mutual pretensions.\nEvery purchaser may now verify the seller's title. While we suffer from our own improvidence, we can console ourselves by reflecting on Pennsylvania's extensive, well-watered, healthy, rich, and cheap land. Convenient to both Atlantic and western markets, this land, previously hidden due to past mismanagement, now offers abundant temptations to industry and will significantly contribute to the state's population and resources. To fully appreciate these advantages, greater exertion is required than we have previously seen. There are few families in the city without connections to interior lands, and many who possess extensive estates there. I would strongly recommend visiting and examining these possessions.\nAnd known as the owners to disencumber themselves at once of the burden of paying taxes for what does not exist or might be worthless if found. They encourage every beneficial improvement and identify their own interests with the growing settlements, extending conciliation and liberality. There is still another step. How many well-educated young men are there among us, languishing in the long novitiate of some profession or wasting in indolence the finest years of their existence? In the new counties of the interior, they might lay broad and deep the foundations of a splendid prosperity for themselves and their families. They will be received with welcome by those whose fortunes they have come to share, and their new interests and new connections will soon render their situation as agreeable and distinguished as it will ultimately be profitable. There is more satisfaction in turning from the wild to the cultivated.\nThe settled parts of Pennsylvania have a population of about 50 people per square mile, excluding Philadelphia. Their diverse activities, division into consumers and producers, and access to Philadelphia and Baltimore markets offer advantages unmatched in the union. The soil, though not particularly fertile, is suitable for all agricultural purposes. Farms typically range from 50 to 100 acres of cleared land, taxes are low, farming implements are generally good, and the best cattle breeds are accessible. However, despite these advantages, our farming remains imperfect. Evidence includes actual produce and land rents.\n\nTwo years ago, one of the vice-presidents stated,\nThe average crop of wheat in Lancaster county, considered the richest in the state, did not probably exceed fifteen bushels per acre. The average of all France is more than eighteen bushels, and the average of all England twenty-four. In some counties, such as Middle-sex and the Lothians, the average exceeds forty. Regarding rents, it is not easy to speak with accuracy, except for alluvial meadows near the city that rent for nine or ten dollars per acre. I would not estimate the average rent of cleared land with improvements within the district mentioned at more than two or three dollars. In Italy, England, and Scotland, lands not particularly favored by vicinity to markets rent from sixteen to twenty dollars, and in the neighborhood of large cities, from thirty to forty dollars. The causes of this inferiority can be attributed to two characteristics of our farming: a disproportionate capital and labor supply.\nAgriculture, though common, is not a favorite pursuit in Pennsylvania. It attracts few from other classes and is more often deserted than volunteered. The enterprising shun it for its inactivity, the gay for its loneliness, and the prudent for its unproductiveness. Despite a great proportion of the state's wealth being fixed in land, an exceedingly small capital is devoted to farming. English farmers rent a farm with their capital and extract the greatest possible produce from it. It is a settled maxim of English husbandry that before occupying a farm, one should clear or purchase it, leaving few resources for stocking and cultivation.\nA farmer on an estate of three hundred acres requires good arable land, which costs from thirty to forty dollars per acre. Therefore, a farmer begins by expenditing nine thousand dollars in preparations. His annual disbursements, in labor, manure, and other articles, are about five thousand dollars. His operations are all on a proportionate scale. To contract to pay a rent of twenty or thirty thousand dollars, to expend in a single year on lime alone eleven thousand dollars, to pay two thousand dollars yearly for rape-cake to manure turnips, to make a compost heap costing four thousand dollars\u2014 such are the combinations of wealth and skill which produce good husbandry. We cannot, and we need not, imitate these extravagances. But they may teach us that we should measure our enterprises by our means; and that an ill-stocked farm can no more be profitable than an empty factory. Men praise the bounty of nature. It is much safer to rely on her justice, which as rarely fails.\nOur farms, though small, are often too large for our capital; we work poorly on too much ground instead of cultivating well a little. In agricultural finance, two and two do not always make four; in agriculture, two are generally more than four. It is remarkable how profusely a small plot of ground rewards good husbandry. In Italy, there are hundreds and thousands of people living on farms ranging from four to ten acres, paying one-third or one-half of the produce to the owner. The straw for the Leghorn bonnets, which in a single year earned five hundred thousand dollars through exportation, would grow on two acres. There are hill sides in Switzerland, formed into terraces, which sold for two thousand dollars an acre; and in fortunate spots for gardening, near London, a single acre yields a clear profit from.\neight to nine hundred dollars a year. These examples may perhaps explain how, without the great capitals of England, and without diminishing our farms, we may gradually render them richer and more productive through judicious culture. The characteristic merit of modern farming is this: The old practice was to draw from the land successive grain crops and then leave it to recruit strength enough for a repetition of them. The modern system seeks to restore the soil, not by rest, but by variety\u2014to make one crop be followed by another, feeding on different parts or at different depths of the soil from the preceding. It has, therefore, for fallows, substituted root crops. These support large quantities of cattle, which, besides the direct profit from them, afford the means of returning sooner and more successfully to the grain crops. Now, the defects of our husbandry have relation to this system:\n\n1. We have not studied our soil sufficiently, with a view to determining its capabilities and requirements for various crops and rotations.\nTo establish a judicious rotation of crops and adapt our cultivation to our climate is essential, yet we have not fully appreciated the value of our long autumn, the finest of all seasons. This season, which husbandry trusts so little, could often enable us to draw a second and valuable crop of roots after grain. From personal experiments made with this view, I believe that few of our good fields would not yield considerable crops of roots, planted and gathered after harvest. Why not, when they are constantly obtained in Spain, Italy, Flanders, and even in the climate of England and Scotland?\n\nSecondly, we have not yet succeeded in widely diffusing the best breeds of cattle, from the excellent stock now easily accessible to us all. It is true that a liberal expense is the strictest economy in this regard.\nAnimals' physical forms are linked to specific qualities. Astute observers have enhanced these traits by breeding similar animals, resulting in distinct breeds with significant advantages over common livestock. Farmers should seek these breeds, as their profits far surpass the added cost. However, we are frequently swayed by the false economy of purchasing cheap animals and are led to overindulge sickly cattle that lack the natural ability to gain weight. This is a misguided pride, yielding no immediate benefits, and the capital lost in feeding inferior animals could have been used to acquire better ones.\n\nThirdly, we fall short in the cultivation of roots. Cattle are primarily fed hay during winter instead of being nourished by roots, which are more nutritious and cost-effective.\nThemselves, and the culture is among the best preparations for the succeeding grain. The extension, on a large scale, of the root culture would alone give a new face to the agriculture of the state. In the use of these, as well as the general feeding of cattle, we should endeavor to adopt what is justly deemed one of the greatest discoveries in agriculture\u2014I mean the old Flemish practice, now known in England by the name of \"fourth soiling.\" In administering food to thoughtless persons, it would be deemed strangely improvident to let them eat and waste at pleasure. We are more respectful or less judicious towards cattle. They are allowed to enter, without restraint, fields of luxuriant vegetation; they lie down upon it; they trample it under foot; in wet weather, their foot-prints commit injuries to the ground, which years cannot repair, and what is worse than all, the benefit which they might confer is lost.\nOn the land is almost completely lost. Instead of this wasteful system, cattle are kept under comfortable shelter, and their food is brought to them. An acre of ground thus furnishes three times as much subsistence as when pastured, and the additional expense of cutting is abundantly repaid by the rich manures saved.\n\nThere is one other branch of farming which has scarcely made its appearance in this country\u2014it is irrigation. This is probably the most profitable of all modes of culture. Whenever the situation of land permits, covering it with a stream of water provides the plant with direct nourishment, the minute subdivision of the soil, and the deposit left by the water, which combine to produce an amazing fertility. In Lombardy, for instance, irrigated meadows afford four abundant crops of grass. In the dry climate of Spain, they are still more productive. It could scarcely be believed, were it not vouched for by the personal observation of [someone].\nAccording to Arthur Young's observation, in Valencia's irrigated fields, lucerne is cut four to seven times, reaching heights of 2.5 to 3 feet and yielding 10 tons of grass per acre at each cutting. Thus, an acre produces approximately 50 tons of grass, providing three crops annually. Notably, Spain's climate, similar to ours in dryness, has led to significant irrigation efforts. Reservoirs, canals, wells, and water-raising machines have been constructed, and even rivers have been made to halt and deposit their fertility. Our climate's dryness makes this example particularly relevant, as irrigation is most effective in addressing this deficiency. It is now customary in this climate for midsummer.\nIn this critical season, the intense heat of our long days is not relieved by rains, and our crops, on the verge of maturity, are injured or destroyed by the sun. Instead of taking action to overcome this danger, our farmers, lacking the characteristic spirit of the country, lament by the rivers and streams with unfailing water. In this well-watered country, we should be able to match the improvements of Spain and Italy. A great benefactor will be he who presents a cheap and efficient irrigation method. If the initial expense exceeds an individual's means, it can be accomplished by the cooperation of interested neighbors, and any expenditure would be justified.\nThe success of a plan that would make our fields twice, five, or ten times more productive. The prevailing opinion, however, is that even with improved culture, the high price of labor in this country makes farming an unproductive and hazardous investment of capital. This belief has contributed much to retard our husbandry. I myself think it entirely erroneous. My impression is that a capital employed in judicious agriculture would yield quite as safe and abundant a return as in most other pursuits of life among us, and probably superior to the profits of farming in other countries. For instance, the average profit on farming in England, with which we are most accustomed to compare ourselves, is from ten to fifteen percent. Now, in this country, the profits ought to be greater. The question might perhaps be decided by the single fact that while the greater part of our farmers live well and educate their children.\nLarge families from small farms, the same class of persons in England, renters of farms approximately fifty acres, are universally in a miserable situation. Consequently, they were exempted from the income tax \u2013 a concession that reflects, at once, the degree of wretchedness that could appease or defy even the spirit of the Exchequer. However, the inquiry is sufficiently interesting to tempt us into a comparison between the arable farms within reach of London and Philadelphia \u2013 their respective expenses and profits; that is, the prices at which they can be obtained and cultivated, and then the prices of their produce. This first resolves itself into the heads of rent and taxes, and labor and manure.\n\nThe rent of land within twenty-five miles of London varies, ranging from two to fifty dollars. It is not easy to estimate with precision, but we shall err on the side of moderation.\nIf we place the average rent of good arable land at $10, the taxes and tithes, as stated by Sir John Sinclair in 1821, would be 53% of this rent, or $5, making the rent and taxes on a farm of 200 acres $3,000. Excluding alluvial meadows, the average rent of land within the same distance from Philadelphia cannot be estimated at more than $3 per acre. There are no tithes; and taxes of all kinds, judging from those in Bucks county, do not exceed 25 cents per acre, making the rent and taxes of a farm of 200 acres $650. In the memorial of the English Agricultural Committee of 1819, it is stated that tithes and taxes amount to one-third of the market price of agricultural productions. In this country, they form a proportion so inconsiderable that a single acre of good wheat pays all public demands.\nA farm of one hundred acres. With regard to labor, I incline to think that farm work in Pennsylvania is very little dearer, if not actually cheaper, than in England. The comparison is difficult due to the effects of the embargoes of the last two years on wage rates, because nominal wages are often swelled by perquisites, and because in a country where every sixth or seventh person is legally a pauper, poor rates function as a disguised increase of wages. But, rejecting these considerations and taking the average wages of day labor to be what it was in 1810, fifty-five cents (2s. 6d.) and a dinner \u2013 and it is not probably now less near London \u2013 even this does not, I believe, fall more than about twenty-five or thirty-five percent below the price of day labor in the same district near Philadelphia. But the nominal price of labor is a:\n\n(Note: The text appears to be complete and does not require extensive cleaning. The only necessary correction is the missing colon at the end of the first sentence in the last paragraph.)\n\nA farm of one hundred acres. With regard to labor, I incline to think that farm work in Pennsylvania is very little dearer, if not actually cheaper, than in England. The comparison is difficult due to the effects of the embargoes of the last two years on wage rates, because nominal wages are often swelled by perquisites, and because in a country where every sixth or seventh person is legally a pauper, poor rates function as a disguised increase of wages. But, rejecting these considerations and taking the average wages of day labor to have been what it was in 1810, fifty-five cents (2s. 6d.) and a dinner \u2013 and it is not probably now less near London \u2013 even this does not, I believe, fall more than about twenty-five or thirty-five percent below the price of day labor in the same district near Philadelphia. But the nominal price of labor is:\nA more accurate comparison of costs lies in the actual expense of executing a given work in the two countries. We have longer, clearer, and more productive working days, and our workmen, speaking freely of our faults but also our capacities, are better fed, more active, more intelligent, and more dexterous in their labors. I am not exaggerating when I say that three Pennsylvania farmers, with their sharp scythes and tough ash cradles, could stand before any wheat field in Europe and challenge twice or thrice their number of reapers. Sir John Sinclair, in his work published as late as 1821, states that three good reapers can cut an acre of wheat in one day. An American cradler, in a field with the average crop of England, can cut three, four, and even more acres in one day. He further calculates that the cutting and binding of the wheat and grain together would require:\nThis acre costs fifteen shillings. Deducting 2 shillings and 6 pence for the binder's wages, which are paid in half a day, leaves 12 shillings and 6 pence, or $2.75 per acre. Allowing a moderate average of work for a cradler for three acres and a high average of wages, one dollar, the American acre will be cut at a price of thirty-three cents, and the English acre at $2.75 an acre. The difference in grain shattering between good cradling and reaping is little, and even that can be saved by cutting before the complete maturity of the grain, a system to which the best English practice is now approaching. An English labourer, with a driver and four or five or six horses, will not plough more in a day than a Pennsylvanian alone with two. No excess wages to him can balance the expense of a driver and two or three superfluous horses. Reaping oats in Middlesex costs 8 shillings.\n$1.75 per acre. An acre of ground in this country would probably be prepared for seed and produce carried to market for one-sixth the expense. These details could be pursued into other departments of farming labor, and they would show that an acre of land in America can be prepared for seed and produce carried to market at an expense, if not less, certainly not much greater than in England.\n\nThese estimates can be supported by examples from other branches of industry. For instance, the means of enriching land with lime and other manures are cheaper near Philadelphia than in London. The most important article of husbandry, salt, is much cheaper here than in England, where the excise has almost banished it from their farm yards.\n\nThe prices of produce can be more readily compared. Of England's great production, wheat, their farmers have:\nThe monopoly raises the price to approximately $1.85, but this scarcity price is significantly above the ordinary price. In July of the previous year, the average price in England was around $1.53. During the same period, with a severe depression in the US, the price fluctuated between $0.75 and $0.90, and currently, without any foreign demand, it can be estimated at around $1.10. The meat markets are also more expensive in England. However, wheat only makes up one-quarter of the crops. Prices for turnips, potatoes, and other root crops are likely higher in the US. The price of wool is also higher. These factors allow us to compare the condition of an English farmer, whose rent is three times as high, taxes are twenty times as high, manures are more expensive, and labor is not much cheaper, yet prices on a whole rotation of crops are not significantly higher.\nof excavating a canal. Though all the benefits of experience in that business are certainly on the side of England, a canal can probably be made yard for yard as cheap in this country as in England. The latest British work of that kind is the Caledonian Canal, completed in 1820. There, the average price in common earth was six pence, or 11.1 cents per cubic yard. Now, the contracts recently made by the Company for constructing a canal by the side of the Schuylkill are in some cases as low as 7 cents per cubic yard; in other and peculiar cases, as high as 28 cents; but the average of the whole twenty-two miles will not probably exceed 11.9 cents per cubic yard. Yet they make their farms more productive; they pay higher rents. Near London or Edinburgh, they can afford to pay for wheat lands twenty or thirty dollars rent per acre; and\u2014what ought to shame us into better husbandry\u2014in spite of all their burdens\u2014in spite of a freight of 3000 miles, a commodity can be brought from the eastern to the western extremity of Great Britain for no more than it costs from New York to Philadelphia.\nmission to two merchants incurs a duty of fifteen percent. They bring their produce to our market and are always preferred. However, they produce twice or thrice as much wheat and probably five times as much of other produce. They have forty bushels of wheat, fifty of barley, sixty or seventy of oats, twelve hundred bushels of tar-nips, and four hundred bushels of potatoes, all following each other with the least practicable intervals. They succeed better because they are better farmers. The reason for their success is simply that they do not hesitate to bestow the same well-directed labor or the fiftieth part of the capital on their lands that we do not. When these methods have been applied, our soil has never refused abundant returns. This is evident from the premium crops of our agricultural societies, and we have recently seen an experiment.\nillustrating at once the judicious employment of capital, the \nproductiveness of small spots of ground, and the benefits of \nsoiling. The Pennsylvania Hospital has in its neighbourhood \nfourteen acres of ground, from which, during the last year, \nwere soiled seventeen cows. Some of these, as their milk \nfailed, were replaced by others. But an account of this ex- \npense, and of all the other charges, was accurately kept, \nand credited with the market price of the produce, either \nconsumed in the hospital or sold at market. The clear pro- \nfits amounted to more than two thousand three hundred dol- \nlars. \nThese calculations are, of course, not applicable to the re- \nmote farmers, whose markets are habitually less valuable, and \nwho are now suffering under the extinction of the accustomed \ndemands from abroad. Their embarrassments should, how- \never, direct their industry to new channels; and there are, \nfortunately, now presented to the farmers of Pennsylvania, \nTwo distinct branches of industry: wool growth and flax/hemp cultivation, can help the state recover losses and revitalize agriculture. I'll discuss wool production and flax/hemp farming.\n\nThe US consumption of woollen goods exceeds $20-$30 million annually, with most manufactured domestically. The exact figure isn't crucial since my argument relies on the facts: the domestic wool supply doesn't meet demand; Pennsylvania mills import much wool from abroad; and wool is currently more expensive in Pennsylvania than in wool-producing countries, such as England. Despite having superior sheep breeds capable of significant growth.\n\n\"Unhappy animals have been the victims of the most extraordinary caprice.\" During the Peninsular War, some Spanish sheep were brought to the US.\nThe best Spanish breeds were eagerly purchased at exorbitant prices. However, in many instances, the owners were deceived by calculations of their small food consumption and neglected to adopt the turnip culture essential for the long winters. Large flocks were crowded into narrow fields, and when there was no other means of subsistence, they were forced to eat the roots, leading to their denunciation as destructive to grass lands. Their inadequate winter food supply was soon exhausted, and they were then reproached for their voracity. This could be endured as long as the war price of wool repaid the expenses of buying subsistence for them. However, when peace diminished their value without lessening their appetite, owners, frustrated with a stock they didn't know how to manage, sacrificed them as rashly as they had bought them.\nSheep were driven away from their farms due to persistently eating against their owners' wishes, leading to the slaughter of fine merino flocks. The extent of these sacrifices was astonishing. A respectable butcher informed me that he bought a flock of merinos for one dollar each, including an imported ram worth one thousand dollars. Extravagance in purchasing merinos has since passed, and productive merino sheep can now be procured in Pennsylvania. These sheep would subsist on the natural herbage of the woods, requiring minimal expense for most of the year, and a small field of turnips would sustain them through winter. The only significant obstacle in less populated areas is the wolf, but he is rapidly disappearing.\nThe culture of flax and hemp in Pennsylvania has been limited by the imperfection of our machinery for working it and the inferiority of our dew-retting to European water-retting. Our trade in flax consists mainly in exporting the seed to Irish farmers, who prepare it and then return it to our factories. It is selling the seed and buying back the processed fibre. For some time, we have been attempting to remedy this deficiency, and the results of today's exhibitions give a confident hope of success. We have just examined a machine that is scarcely less important than the cotton-gin. This machine supersedes all the expensive and troublesome labors of dew and water-retting, preventing the deterioration of the fibre's colour and strength caused by those processes, saving approximately half of the quantity lost in the ordinary method, and enabling the production of higher quality fibre.\nus to gather the flax before ripening, saving the land from the most exhausting process of all plants, seeding. By the general adoption of this machine, farmers may increase their cultivation of flax and hemp, prepare it themselves, and provide a cheap supply for the whole country. Nor is this all. As flax manufactures cheapen, their consumption will increase, allowing them to regain that ascendancy in general use which they lost due to the cheapness of cotton. Farmers in the middle states may then engage in a generous competition with cotton growers in the south. This expectation may not be visionary. The great consumption of cotton is due to machinery. Now, this machine will greatly diminish the cost, and the manufactories of this country can work flax as easily as cotton. If the same facilities are given to flax or hemp, their prosperity may be equal.\nGreat advantage results from incorporating this crop into our farming rotation, and the actual produce on an acre is twice that of cotton. If I have worn you down with these details, gentlemen, please attribute it to my deep conviction that nothing is more important to this community than to cultivate a greater appreciation for agriculture. We in Pennsylvania have reached a point where, with all the finest resources for farming, one more step is necessary to ensure great success. Why then cannot we make this final effort? While all around us are stirred into an honorable zeal for agriculture\u2014while Virginia possesses so many societies dedicated to its cultivation\u2014while the most distinguished gentlemen from distant parts of Maryland crowded a few months ago to their fine exhibition at Baltimore\u2014while almost every county in New York has\nWhy is it that this agricultural society in Pennsylvania, a land of farmers, lags behind in this generous career? Why, despite the legislature assigning a fund for an agricultural society in every county, except for Bucks, Chester, Susquehanna, Franklin, and Allegheny, have farmers in Pennsylvania never yet found time to associate for their own advancement? The establishment of these societies throughout the state would be among the most effective means of promoting its improvement. They inspire mutual confidence, they kindle mutual competition, they draw experienced cultivators into notice, they disseminate useful information, and above all, they tend to improve and exalt the character of the farmer. The exhibitions are also excellent auxiliaries. By placing their most skilled farmers in the spotlight, they encourage innovation and progress.\nAttractive lights the labors of industry, they reward the deserving while stimulating the indolent and enlisting in the great cause of public improvement all the pleasures of social enjoyment and the enthusiasm of emulation. What is more exhilarating than the assemblage of a healthy, well-clad, free, happy people, surrounded by the fruits of their well-directed industry\u2014the animals that display their kindness\u2014the implements that attest their ingenuity? Who, on this side of the Atlantic, reads with more pleasure the accounts of agricultural meetings at Holkham than of the coronation at Westminster or the assembly of sovereigns at Troppau? Who felt more satisfaction at the exhibitions of Massachusetts or Maryland than in the gaudiest displays of military power?\n\nIf I have failed to prove that the pursuits of agriculture may be as lucrative as other employments, it will be an easier task.\nI need not dwell on retirement, one of the purest enjoyments of life, and the best preparation for the future \u2013 on those healthful occupations \u2013 on that calmness of mind \u2013 on that high spirit of manliness and independence, which naturally belong to that condition. These are attractions which must have deep roots in the human heart, since they have in all times fascinated the imagination and won the judgment of men. But I may be allowed to say, that in this nation agriculture is probably destined to attain its highest honors, and that the country life of America ought to possess peculiar attractions. The pure and splendid institutions of this people have embodied the brightest dreams of those high spirits who in other times and in other lands have lamented or struggled against oppression \u2013 they have realized the fine conceptions which speculative men have imagined \u2013 which wise men have conceived.\nThe influence of brave men, who planned or vainly perished in establishing the American way of life, is traced in every condition of our citizens. Their effects are particularly obvious in the country. The American farmer is the exclusive, absolute, uncontrolled proprietor of the soil. His tenure is not from the government; the government derives its power from him. Above him, there is nothing but God and the laws; no hereditary authority usurping the distinctions of personal genius; no established church spreading its dark shadow between him and heaven. His frugal government neither desires nor dares to oppress the soil; and the altars of religion are supported only by the voluntary offerings of sincere piety. His pursuits, which no perversion can render injurious to any, are directed to the common benefit of all. In multiplying the benefits of the land, the farmer's actions contribute to the welfare of all.\nThe ties of Providence, in the improvement and embellishment of the soil\u2014in the care of inferior animals committed to his charge, he will find an ever varying and interesting employment, dignified by the union of liberal studies, and enlivened by the exercise of simple and generous hospitality. His character assumes a loftier interest by its influence over public liberty. It may not be foretold to what dangers this country is destined, when its swelling population, expanding territory, and daily complicating interests awaken the latent passions of men and reveal the vulnerable points of our institutions. But whenever these perils come, its most steadfast security, its unfailing reliance will be on that column of landed proprietors\u2014the men of the soil and of the country\u2014standing aloof from the passions which agitate denser communities\u2014well-educated, brave, and independent\u2014the friends of the government, without soliciting its favors.\nFavorites\u2014the advocates of the people, without descending to flatter their passions; these men, rooted like their own forests, may yet interpose between the factions of the country, to heal, to defend, and to save. There are many such men in this nation; and there was one, whom the old among us loved, and the youngest revered\u2014whom we may proudly place by the side of the master spirits of the best ages\u2014the man whom his country\u2019s danger always sought at his farm, and his country\u2019s blessings always followed there\u2014the model of American farmers. His memory is in all our hearts, and his example may well inspire a fondness for those pursuits which Washington most loved, and teach us that there is no condition in which our lives may be more useful\u2014in which we may more honor ourselves and serve the country.\n\nMajesty, Kersey, present award for Erik Hageman by\n$8y 0 deeper\nSU OA alias\npiecemeal man bleeds,\nyou honor ye the MAS Bateman.\n\n2) Dedicate he a reward.\n#. \u2018a te ' eign i. a ae \n; i i a di i i Capes Sone Mile. ba \neh \u00a5. ots allan\u2019 iit ye Magi \n5 Te \nyO \nee Readies ell \n\u201c* ads, \u201che : ime | \n4i ; . ' sng > jaye si \nitis) niisd ia ? a \ntga ay hi Te /j iy Fi \nsos Ssinkaseiaenisaie | \na\" is iar a Qian \nyin \napes \nhel ar \nai 1 \nic tagBranip ten stin act \ner ee ay \nWERE\" pachae Vigil tainty adi \nre oO \npie ho -uetin \nek a \nL ': Pty Nae \nrk pic! at pind \n4 at, PUT, ae \npo 1a \n; pe \nthes \nb te is \nwo ee ae \nar aa mate \nith 6 a \nr \nY \na ie \nte oh a oy ae ae . \na ec a a ae \n botii stage,\nFuller, on the left, ^ *'\u00b0\"^\"',\nEllis,\nAlden, Stage-house, Dedham,\nMrs. Burrell, Roxbury,\nBoston and Roxbury line,\nAND traveler's companions. 15\nSep. Dist \\Vh. Dist\n\nFrom Providence to Boston, through Taunton.\nFrom Washington City to >\nProvidence, - ^\nWalker, North Providence,\nBourne, Seekonk, -\nStage-house, Attleborough,\nDeans' Taunton,\nAtvi^ood, Stage Hotel, Taunton Green,\nFrom Providence to Taunton,\nMarshall, Easton.\nCole, Bridgewater, Half Way House, Tilden, Milton, Boston and Roxbury line, Old State-House, Boston, From Taunton to Boston: 32.2.9, From Providence through Bristol to JVtzi'port, From Washington City to Providence, Bullock, Seekonk, Barrington Post-Office, Barrington Meeting-house, Warren Meeting-house, Col. Cole, Warren, Bristol Hotel, j^ristol terry, itj THE AMERICAN- DIRECTOR, Sep. Dist Wh. Disf, Froia Providence to JVeirport: 29.0.1, From JVervport to Boston, through Bristol Taunton, Easton and Roxbarij, Frotri A'cw^jjc/i ^0 Bristol, Col. Cole, Warren, R. Island and Mass. line, Luther, Swanzey, Stage House, Feiton, Dighton, Deans' Taunton, Atwood, Stage Hotel, Taunton, From Bristol to Tctunton, Left, the old road to Kemble, Easton, Hodges, Savage, Stage House, Sharon, 4.2, Cobb, Sharon, Canton Post-Office, Iron Works, Canton.\nCanton Meeting House, Tucker, Canton\nArthurton, Milton. MUtion Meeting House, rfash, Dorchester\nAnderson's Companion. Sep. Dist. Wh. Dirt\nFrom Taunton to Boston - 35 miles\nFrom Washington City to Darien, (Georgia) through Richmond, Raleigh, Fayetteville, Charleston, and Savannah.\nIving-street, Alexandria\nToll House, Ocaquan river\nStage House, Ocaquan\nHotel, Neobsco\nStage House, Dumfries\nWaller, Aquia\nStage House, Stafford\nI\nStafford Court House\nStringfeller, Falmouth\nStage House, Fredericksburg\nFrom Washington to Fredericksburg - 120 miles\nWoodford, -\nBowling Green, Union Tavern\nThe White Chimneys,\nHanover Court House\nStage House, at Merry Oaks,\nOwen, Brook Tavern\nWest, on Brock Turnpike,\n18 THE AMERICAN DIRECTORY, Sep. Dist. Wh. Dirt\nFrom Fredericksburg to Richmond - 65 miles, 2 inns, 1 mile apart, number 5 and 124, owned by Buckley & Powell, Manches- q 3 jg\nFrom Richmond to Petersburgh: 24 miles, 1 hour, 5 minutes\nWilkerson, private, Entertainer, 192 miles, 10 hours, 15 minutes\nVirginia and North Carolina line: 5 miles, 6 minutes, 214 miles, 15 minutes\nNicholson, private, Entertainer, 10 miles, 30 minutes, 3 tg\nBrown, private, Entertainer\nLouisburgh Post-Office, 14 miles, 117 miles, 255 miles, 3 miles, 13 miles\nHill, opposite Louisburgh, 255 miles, 3 miles, IB\nH, Sep, Dist, Wh. Disf.\nSimms, private, Entertainer, 6 miles, 111 miles, 282 miles, 4 miles\nFrom Petersburgh to Raleigh:\nMrs. Banks, private, Entertainer\nSaunders,\nStage House,\nCollens, at Cross Roads,\nShaw, Private, Entertainer\nStage House, Averysboro\nFerry, on Cape Fear river\nPhillips,\nHodges,\nMrs. Bruce,\nFayetteville Court House, W\nStage House, Fayetteville, 59 miles, 0 hours, 12 minutes\nMorris, private, Entertainer, 110 miles, 3 hours, 372 miles, 1 hour, 15 minutes\nNorth and South Carolina line, 6 miles, 2 miles, 19 miles, 400 miles, 1 hour.\nFrom Newtsom on Little River, 20 miles from Henry on Great Pedee river, 10 miles to Weatherspoon's ferry on Santee river, 134 miles from Faijeticville to Georgetown, Collinsterry on Santee river, 12 miles from Georgetown to Charleston, 60 miles, A. P. Traveller's Post Office, 21 miles from Charleston to Savannah, 102 miles, Macintosh Old Court House, Darien, Hobzendorf Stage House, 12 miles from Savannah to Darien, From Washington City (Washington) through Fredericksburg, Salisbury, Camden, Charleston, and Augusta.\n\nMrs. Tally, Cumberland Court House, Tavern and Post Office, Morten, Farmville, Wareham, Prince Edward, Private Entertainment, Charlotte Court House, Hudson, Harrisburgh.\nColes' ferry on Staunton river, Palmer, Edmonson, Halifax Court H. From Fredericksburg to Danville, Margaret Bathaell, Troublesome Iron Works, Hunter, Sep. DJst, Wh. Dist, Saunders, Right, the best road, The old road by Saunders, Shober's Cross Roads, 5 Mill, Henley, Aillers, Picket, Chapman, Long's ferry on Yadkin river, Maj. Long-, Mrs. Yarboro, Salisbury, Holmes, do., Salisbury Court House, From Danville to Salisbury, Harvard & Co., Col. Branden, Savage's old place, Rogers, Patten, Orr, Mrs. Covven, Charlotte Court House, tic, From Salisbury to Charlotte, Mrs. Wilson, Alexander, Hutchinson, Anderson, The American Directory, Sep. DJst, WU. Xi\\^t, Entertainment, Gold Ball, Lancaster, Miller, Mrs. Cunningham, Stage House, Camden, From Charlotte to Camden, Walker, Brocks, Statesburgh, M-Connelly, Manchester.\nJamesville Post Office, Hooper, Entertainment, Nelson's ferry on Santee river, Rlceburgh, Nelson ferry, Shinprlar, Dr. Haworlh, Fortunative mile house, Monk's Corner, Capt. Pearson, Williams, at the fork of the road 3 2, Four mile House, Exchange, Charleston, From Camden to Charleston. And TIAVELLER'S Companion. Sep. Dist Wh. Dist. Sandbar ferry on Savannah river 9 13 744 2 13, From Charleston to Augusta 145 1 0, Washington, Wilkes Court JI. 18 0 5 801 2 15, From Augusta to Washington 52 2 11, Franklin Washington Crrv to Savannah through Salisbury, Charlotte, and Augusta. Spring, Old National ford, Big Fishing Creek, Hester Court House, Wm. Terrj^, private enter., Fishdamford on Broad river, Ferry on Tyger river, IB, lender. Bridge on Enore riv., Harrington.\nFrom Newburj, IG- FrGm, Charlotte to NCxahury; Swanningdam Pine Woods H. (Mrs. High tower); City Hotel, Augusta, KI; fcharmon, Globe Tavern, AND TRAVELLBR S COMPANION. 2. Sep; Wh. Dist; Butter's Creek, M'Benn's Creek, Mrs. Gordon, Stage House, Millbaven, Pierce, Stage Half way H.; Ebenezer Church, Exchange, Savannah; From Augusta to Savannah^ 132 1 2; From Washington City to Augusta through Raleigh and Fayetteville^ the great Southern States; From Washington City to Fayette 346 3; S; Private Entertaining, li 3, Stage House, New Gar.len, 2-3; Bridge on Lumber river, 1 1 3; Guesthouse, private entertaining 0 1; 30A; Gum Swamp, or Little Pedee B. 5 0; North and South Carolina line, 5 2; Marlborough Court House; Ferry on Great Pedee river, 6 0; From Fayetteville to Society Hill^ 76 3 19.\nTHE AMERICAN DIRECTOR\nSep. Distribution.\nTillar's ferry on Lynches Creek,\nTillar, Stage House,\nDoby, Stage House,\nFerry to Camden on Wateree river,\nMcDonnell,\nMorrell, private house,\nColumbia Stage House,\nFrom Camden to Columbia,\nFerry on Congaree river,\nRev. Mr. Rolls,\nCol. Lee,\nWarren,\nMrs. Lott,\nPine Woods house,\nMrs. Hightower,\nRidge, on Savannah river,\nCity Hotel, Augusta,\nFrom Columbia to Augusta, 7G 1 G,\nFrom Raleigh to Salisbury,\nFerry on Haw river,\nBynum's ferry,\nPace, at Cross roads,\nWm. Hobson,\nMrs. Dawson,\nLong's ferry on Yadkin,\nSalisbury Court House,\nFrom Raleigh to Salisbury,\nSep. Distribution.\n\nG\nG\n\n(Explanations.)\nIn the preceding pages of this work, the first column provides the Inn Keepers' names. The first columns of folios show the distance (from one Inn-Keeper to another);-- the last columns, the distance from Washington City, in Miles, Quarts, and Chains, or double Chains, which is our load 20 Chains one quarter of a mile.\n\nBelow you will find a geographical sketch of a number of places in the United States, together with the distance from the place so described, and some of the principal places in the several states. To find the distance between any two places, do it by carrying 10, 4, 20 as follows:\n\nDistance from New York to Philadelphia\nThe American Director,\nAlexandria,\nIs pleasantly situated on the Virginia side of the Potomac River,\nnot only the advantage of navigation of this large river,\nBut the trade of an extensive, rich back country. This town contains about 1000 houses, a number of places of public worship, and several banks.\n\nAugusta, GA\nBaltimore, MD\nBoston, MA\nBristol, RI\nCharleston, SC\nColumbia, SC\nCamden, SC\nCharlotte, NC\nRichmond, VA\nDarien, GA\nFayetteville, NC\nFredericksburg, VA\nGeorgetown, SC\nHartford, CT\nNewark, NJ\nNew Haven, CT\nNewport, RI\nNew York, NY\nPhiladelphia, PA\nPetersburg, VA\nProvidence, RI\nRaleigh, NC\nRichmond, VA\nSalisbury, NC\nSavannah, GA\nTaunton, MA\nWashington, DC\nWilmington, DE\n\nAugusta is situated in Richmond County, on the S. W. side of the Savannah river, in 33.19 N lat. and 80.47 W long.\n\nIs a place of great trade, and large quantities of [text missing]\nCotton and tobacco are sent here by upcountry merchants to be shipped to Savannah in the steamboats, of which there are five or six, each towing two boats, one carrying more than 800 bales of cotton. A bridge has been erected here, across the Savannah, and a wharf built. The public buildings are an Academy, Hospital, Court House, Jail and Market House, besides several places of Public Worship.\n\nAlexandria, DC.\nBaltimore, MD.\nBoston, MA.\nCharleston, SC.\nCamden, SC.\nColumbia, SC.\nCharlotte, NC.\nDanville, VA.\nFayetteville, NC.\nFredericksburg, VA.\nGeorgetown, BC.\nElkton, MD.\nHartford, CT.\nNewark, NJ.\nNew Brunswick, NJ.\nNew York, NY.\nNew Haven, CT.\nNewbury, SC.\nNewport, RI.\nPetersburg, VA.\nPhiladelphia, PA.\nProvidence, RI.\nRaleigh, NC.\nRichmond, VA.\nSalisbury, NC.\nThe American Directory,\nTrenton, N.J., Washington, Geo., Wilmington, Del., Baltimore - The capital of Maryland is advantageously situated on the Patapsco river or bay. This place is celebrated for its flour mills, and the flour manufactured here is not excelled by any in the United States. Incorporated 1794, it has made rapid strides in both foreign and inland trade. Regularly laid out, the buildings are generally built of brick, giving it a look of neatness that few other cities cannot boast.\n\nAlexandria, D.C., Augusta, Ga., Boston, Mass., Bristol, R.I., Charleston, S.C., Columbia, S.C., Camden, S.C., Charlotte, N.C., Danville, Va., Darien, Ga., Fayetteville, N.C., Fredericksburg, Va., Georgetown, S.C., Hartford, Conn., New-Brunswick, N.J., New Haven, Conn., New York.\nNewbury, SC, Philadelphia, PA, Petersburg, VA, Providence, RI, Raleigh, NC, Richmond, VA, Salisbury, NC, Savannah, GA, Taunton, MA, Trenton, NJ, Wilmington, DE, AND TRAVELLER'S COMPANION,\n\nCity of Boston,\nThe seat of Government for the State of Massachusetts,\nThis place was formerly a town, governed by nine heads (Selectmen), but the inhabitants, thinking that City sounded much better than the plain and simple name of Boston, were induced to petition the Legislature to grant them a charter to that effect. And that body, after considering the subject, decided that \"Boston folk are full of toys,\" therefore they shall have their petition granted, which was accordingly done, and the charter approved by the Governor in February, 1822.\n\nThis City is now governed by a Mayor, eight Aldermen.\nThe city is governed by men and 48 Common Councilmen, elected annually by the people. The streets are laid out irregularly, having been built in a hurry and not considering the growth would be so rapid. Ancient buildings in the principal parts of the city have been removed within the past 20 years, and new edifices have been erected, which do honor to both owners and mechanics. This city contained 43,298 inhabitants in 1820 and has 32 places of religious worship. Among these is a Roman Catholic Church, which has a nursery attached to it.\n\nAugusta, GA,\nAlexandria, DC,\nBaltimore, MD,\nCharleston, SC,\nColumbia, SC,\nCharlotte, NC,\nCarrboro, SC,\nDanville, VA,\nDarien, GA,\nElkton, MD,\nFayetteville, NC,\nFredericksburg, VA,\nGeorgetown, SC,\nHartford, CT,\nNewark, NJ.\nNew Brunswick, NJ\nNew Haven, CT\nPeterborough, VA\nNewport, RI\nNew York, NY\nAlexandria, DC\nAugusta, GA\nBaltimore, MD\nBoston, MA\nCamden, SC\nCharlotte, NC\nDanville, VA\nDarien, GA\nFayetteville, NC\nFredericksburg, VA\nElkton, MD\nGeorgetown, SC\nHartford, CT\nNewark, NJ\nNew Brunswick, NJ\nNewport, RI\nSavannah, GA\n\nCharleston, SC (situated on a beautiful point of land in the fork of the Cooper River) contains about 30,000 inhabitants and about 2,500 houses. The public buildings include seven houses of public worship, an Exchange, Theatre, Court House, Jail, &c.\n\nAlexandria, DC\nAugusta, GA\nBaltimore, MD\nBoston, MA\nCamden, SC\nCharlotte, NC\nDanville, VA\nDarien, GA\nFayetteville, NC\nFredericksburg, VA\nElkton, MD\nGeorgetown, SC\nHartford, CT\nNewark, NJ\nNew Brunswick, NJ\nNewport, RI\nSewell, SC\n\nTraveler's Companion,\nNew Haven, CT\nNew York, NY\nPetersburg, VA,\nPhiladelphia, PA,\nTrenton, NJ,\nProvidence, RI,\nRaleigh, NC,\nRichmond, VA,\nSalisbury, NC,\nSavannah, GA,\nTaunton, MA,\nWashington, DC,\nWilmington, DE,\nColumbia, SC (seat of government for the state of South Carolina),\nsituated on a beautiful plain on the east side of the Congaree river, in lat. 34.1 N, lon. 80.57 W. There is a College here in a flourishing condition. The state has expended large sums of money to make the Congaree navigable, and have succeeded so far that Steam boats can ascend this river as far as this place.\nAlexandria, DC,\nAugusta, GA,\nBaltimore, MD,\nBoston, MA,\nBristol, RI,\nElkton, MD,\nFayetteville, NC,\nFredericksburg, VA,\nJersey City, VA,\nNewark, NJ,\nNew Brunswick, NJ,\nNew Haven, CT,\nNewport, RI,\nNew York,\nClifton, VA.\nProvidence, R.I.\nKaleigh, N.C.\nRichmond, Va.\nTaunton, Mass.\nTrenton, N.J.\nWilmington, Del.\nThis city is situated on the S.W. side of the Island formerly known as Manhattan Island. This city was settled by the Dutch in 1614, who called it New Amsterdam. In the gallery of the Federal Hall, at the head of Broadway, on the 30th day of April, 1789, Washington accepted the first presidency in the United States. This city is second in size, but first in point of commerce: Alexandria, Del.\nAugusta, Ga.\nBaltimore, Md.\nBoston, Mass.\nCharleston, S.C.\nColumbia, S.C.\nDarien, Ga.\nFayetteville, N.C.\nHartford, Conn.\nNewark, N.J.\nNew Haven, Conn.\nPetersburg, Va.\nProvidence, R.I.\nPhiladelphia, Pa.\nRaleigh, N.C.\nRichmond, Va.\nSavannah, Ga.\nTaunton, Mass.\nWashington, D.C.\nWilmington, Del.\n\nLibrary of Congress", "source_dataset": "Internet_Archive", "source_dataset_detailed": "Internet_Archive_LibOfCong"}, {"title": "The American orchardist;", "creator": "Thacher, James, 1754-1844. [from old catalog]", "subject": "Fruit culture", "publisher": "Boston, J. W. Ingraham", "date": "1822", "language": "eng", "page-progression": "lr", "sponsor": "Sloan Foundation", "contributor": "The Library of Congress", "scanningcenter": "capitolhill", "mediatype": "texts", "call_number": "7759576", "identifier-bib": "00009172130", "updatedate": "2010-03-31 18:39:00", "updater": "Melissa.D", "identifier": "americanorchardi01thac", "uploader": "melissad@archive.org", "addeddate": "2010-03-31 18:39:02", "publicdate": "2010-03-31 18:39:08", "ppi": "400", "camera": "Canon 5D", "operator": "scanner-pum-thang@archive.org", "scanner": "scribe11.capitolhill.archive.org", "scandate": "20100413030453", "imagecount": "242", "foldoutcount": "0", "identifier-access": "http://www.archive.org/details/americanorchardi01thac", "identifier-ark": "ark:/13960/t5n87x667", "repub_state": "4", "curation": "[curator]denise.b@archive.org[/curator][date]20100415013459[/date][state]approved[/state][comment]199[/comment]", "sponsordate": "20100430", "possible-copyright-status": "The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright restrictions for this item.", "backup_location": "ia903605_5", "external-identifier": "urn:oclc:record:1039510251", "collection": ["library_of_congress", "biodiversity", "americana"], "lccn": "11026071", "filesxml": "Wed Dec 23 4:00:21 UTC 2020", "description": "p. cm", "ocr": "tesseract 5.1.0-1-ge935", "ocr_parameters": "-l eng", "ocr_module_version": "0.0.16", "ocr_detected_script": "Latin", "ocr_detected_script_conf": "1.0000", "ocr_detected_lang": "en", "ocr_detected_lang_conf": "1.0000", "page_number_confidence": "91.18", "pdf_module_version": "0.0.18", "creation_year": 1822, "content": "\"A Practical Treatise on the Culture and Management of Apple and Other Fruit Trees, with Observations on the Diseases to Which They are Liable, and Their Remedies. To Which is Added, The Most Approved Method of Manufacturing and Preserving Cider. Compiled from the Latest and Most Approved Authorities and Adapted to the Use of American Farmers.\n\nBy James Thacher, M.D, Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and of the Massachusetts Medical Society.\n\n\"Nature, in her teaching, speaks in very intelligible language, and that language is conveyed by experience and observation.\"\n\nBoston: Printed and Published by Joseph W. Ingraham.\"\nOn January 3, 1822, in the District of Massachusetts, Joseph W. Ingraham deposited the following title in the district clerk's office for copyright: \"The American Orchardist: A Practical Treatise on the Culture and Management of Apple and Other Fruit Trees, with Observations on the Diseases to Which They Are Prone and Their Remedies. To Which Is Added the Most Approved Method of Manufacturing and Preserving Cider. Compiled from the Latest and Most Approved Authorities, and Adapted to the Use of American Farmers. By James Thacher, M.D. Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and of the Massachusetts Medical Society.\"\nIn conformity to the acts of the United States Congress, entitled \"An act for the encouragement of learning, securing the copies of Maps, Charts, and Books to authors and proprietors during the specified times\"; and \"An act supplementary to an act, entitled 'An act for the encouragement of learning, securing the copies of Maps, Charts, and Books to authors and proprietors during the specified times'; and extending the benefits to the arts of Designing, Engraving, and Etching, Historical, and other Prints.\n\nJohn W. Davis,\nClerk of the District of Massachusetts,\n\nTO THE\nPRESIDENT AND OTHER OFFICERS OF THE MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY,\nGentlemen,\n\nI present to your notice this practical treatise on one of the most interesting and pleasing branches of agriculture science.\nThe utility of this cheap publication for our farmers' information and encouragement is unquestionable. If approved, and if found to possess merit in supporting your zealous efforts to promote agriculture and improvements in our country, your character is assurance of patronage and favor. However, if I have exceeded my actual knowledge, a consciousness of laudable motives, assiduity, and fidelity in collecting experimental facts will be my only consolation. I am not unsympathetic to the almost invincible prejudice among farmers against \"book-farming,\" \"book-knowledge,\" and so on. An anecdote regarding this remains fresh in my memory.\nAn honest farmer, who was asked why his neighbor's farm was less productive, replied, \"because he has worked it to death.\" These prejudices exist mainly among those whose minds are unenlightened and unexpanded by useful Knowledge, which can only be acquired by reading. It must be conceded that almost all improvements are derived from the records of practice and observation. When we have reason and experience to support, and plain facts to confirm, we may become less tenacious of our father's rules, believing that it may be the reserved privilege of the children to acquire the skill of producing two crops of grass where their fathers produced but one. It is a remarkable fact that the first planters bequeathed to their posterity a greater number of orchards, in proportion to their population, than are now found in the old colony. And it is no less notorious that the children have inherited fewer orchards.\nMen's views are often influenced not only by prejudice but also by indolence. They cling to the routines of their ancestors, disregarding lessons from experience and suggestions for improvement. However, it is not advisable to abandon traditional farming practices until a more suitable system, proven to be superior in all respects, is found. Farmers should not be forced to bear the expense and uncertainty of novel experiments. But those with capital and leisure, who are inclined to investigate, should put into practice a hundred new experiments.\nProjects in which one acquires useful knowledge in ten will receive public praise and respect. This book contains no speculative or visionary projects, and recommends no untried experiments. Dedication. [This text contains no inconsiderable part derived from European authors, but all information has been collected from the practical experiments and observations of our countrymen.] Therefore, there is no part of this production that is not applicable to our climate and beneficial to the cultivators of our soil. Knowledge regarding the proper management of fruit trees is contained in numerous volumes and incidental papers published in periodical works. My objective was to collate and embrace all the principal circumstances relative to the subject and condense the whole into a small compass, making it accessible to both the pecuniary.\nI. Introduction\n\nThis treatise is intended for the instruction and edification of all, and to the intellectual powers of the most ordinary capacity. The authorities to which I am chiefly indebted are the several encyclopedias, Forsyth on Fruit Trees, and the valuable periodical publications of your society, and various other similar productions. If, in a few instances, it shall appear that I have employed borrowed language without quotation marks, my apology is that I have copied from minutes collected at various times without reference to the source whence derived; not that I would wittingly pilfer the cultivated fruit of others and impose it upon my guests as the result of my own industry.\n\nNothing can be more irksome to a reflecting mind than a state of inactivity and idleness. I have devoted some of my leisure hours to the subject of this treatise and have derived from the employment both recreation and improvement. Should the book share the fate of many others and pass into neglect and oblivion, it is my hope that the following pages will continue to provide valuable insights and knowledge to those who seek it.\nThe Massachusetts Agricultural Society, through your agency, gentlemen, has already exerted a happy influence, tending to eradicate former prejudices and greatly ameliorate the condition of our husbandry in its various branches. With the view of encouraging a familiarity with agricultural books among our farmers, permit me to suggest the expediency of supplying our several county societies with the Massachusetts Agricultural Repository on the most favorable terms for distribution; and also of paying, in certain proportions, your annual premiums in cheap books on agricultural subjects. That you may long continue to enjoy the satisfaction to be derived from your patriotic labors is the fervent desire of [the author].\nYour obedient servant, James Thacher. Plymouty, July 1821. RECOMMENDATION. The gentlemen who sign the following recommendation are officers of the Massachusetts Agricultural Society, although they do not subscribe as such, but cheerfully consent, as individuals, to honor the publication with the following testimony of their approval.\n\nBoston, September 10, 1821. We have perused, at the request of Dr. Thacher, his Treatise on the Culture of Fruit Trees and the Art of Making Cider. And although we cannot hope that our opinions will have any great weight with the public, yet, as the author is desirous that we should express them, we have no hesitation in saying, that it appears to us an excellent compendium of all that has been written on the subject\u2014comprising, within a moderate compass, the result of the observations of experienced cultivators of Europe and of this country\u2014with many original suggestions of his own\u2014and we believe it to be a valuable contribution to the field.\nThat such a world: will be of great value to those, who wish to obtain a knowledge of this branch of agriculture, but who cannot have access to the original sources, from which, with great labor, and, as we believe, good judgment, this compilation has been formed.\n\nAaron Dexter, M.D., President.\nSamuel W. Pomeroy, Esq., First Vice-President.\nThomas L. Winthrop, Esq., Second Vice-President.\nJohn Prince, Esq., Treasurer.\nJohn Lowell, Esq., Corresponding Secretary.\nHon. Richard Sullivan, Recording Secretary.\nHon. Peter C. Brooks,\nHon. John Wells,\nHon. Josiah Quincy,\nS.G. Perkins, Esq., Trustees,\nGorham Parsons, Esq.,\nE. Hersey Derby, Esq.\n\nThe following valuable remarks by two of the gentlemen whose names are subjoined to the preceding recommendation were not received.\nThe best cherries, the Black Tartarian, were not available for me to see before the printing of this volume was completed. I regret not having recommended this variety to Dr. Thacher. Introduced by Prince Potemkin from Pontus to St. Petersburg soon after the conquest of the Crimea, it was brought to London by a British botanist in 1796. My friend, the late Eben Preble, Esquire, imported a tree some years later, planting it in his Boston garden but removing it the second year to make room for a building. I was able to produce the first dessert of this noble fruit in the United States through a cutting he had previously given me. It is a constant, full bearer; it succeeds better by grafting than any other sorts; it is larger than any; and it can be eaten from the time it is two-thirds grown until some time after it is fully ripe.\n\"evidence of superior excellence has generally brought double the price of the best black hearts in the Boston market.\" W. Pomeroys remark.\n\n\"I have found the first week of September the best time for budding young peach stocks. The bud is not so subject to gum at this season.\"\n\n\"While on the subject of decortication of apple trees [see page 80], you might add that the operation may be performed with equal success on old pear trees. Dr. Holyoke of Salem informed me a few years ago that he had made the experiment on an old pear tree in his yard that had ceased bearing, and restored it to its fruitful state.\"\n\n\"I have noted your observations on grafting pears on quince stocks [pages 33 and 180]. I have a number of trees of this description, some of them quite large and extremely vigorous and healthy. They produce annually in great abundance, and some of the largest and finest fruit.\"\nThe finest pears of their kind are produced on trees with stocks from the Portugal quince. But the stock should be from the Portugal quince, which grows as fast as the natural or free stock. The soft flesh or buttery pears should be used, as the breaking pears do not grow as well on this stock. In France, all their finest pears of the buttery kind are raised on Portugal quince stocks.\n\nErrata:\nPage 60, lines 3 and 4: Read \"honorable John Welles, of Dorchester, one of the trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural Society\" instead of \"John Wells, esquire, of Dorchester.\"\n\nPage 129, line 15: Read \"Pomme d'Apis\" instead of \"Pomone d'Apis.\"\n\nAmong the numerous varieties of fruit-bearing trees cultivated in our country, the apple is of superior importance and utility. Whether considered as a dessert, a culinary purpose, or as affording a source of cider, the apple holds a prominent place.\nThe apple, a pleasant and wholesome beverage, is not surpassed in excellence. In tropical climates, productions are valued for their gratifying and sweet qualities. The apple, more permanent and durable, possesses nutritive and salubrious properties, making it of greatest estimation. This fruit reaches full growth in successive order during summer and autumn, acquiring greater perfection and maturity after gathering. With proper care, it may be preserved for the table or culinary use until the return of the flowering season. The soil and climate of the United States are admirably adapted to the growth of the apple tree, except in certain districts in the south where the land is level and sandy, and the atmosphere replete with humidity. Even the colder regions of Maine annually furnish excellent apples for the Boston market. We have an ample variety of apples.\nMany of which are allowed to be of superior quality, as to size, beauty, and flavor. Nevertheless, these advantages, and the immense value of apple orchards, have received inadequate attention from our country's farmers. It must be confessed, as a notorious truth, that an orchard, planted and cultivated in the most advantageous manner in terms of beauty, profit, and convenience, is scarcely to be found. The most palpable neglect prevails in respect of proper pruning, cleaning, and manuring around the roots of trees, and of perpetuating choice fruit by engrafting onto other stocks. Old orchards are, in general, in a state of rapid decay. It is not uncommon to see valuable and thrifty trees exposed to the depredations of cattle and sheep, and their foliage annoyed by caterpillars and other destructive insects. In fact, we know of no branch of agriculture so unaccountably and so culpably disregarded.\nIf objected that the profit will not remunerate labor and expense of cultivation, obvious reply is, let experiment be fairly tried in a few instances, and result will soon correct erroneous impression and stimulate greater attention to the subject. A judiciously-cultivated orchard of select fruit, if situated at convenient distance from large town or village, would yield annual profit equal to any production of industrious husbandman. Instance adduced in town Dorchester few years ago, of one hundred sixty barrels apples produced from less than two acres, estimated value including grass mowed under trees, three hundred dollars per acre. In what branch culture can husbandman realize more ample and gratifying reward for labor and attention?\n\nOf Fruit Trees.\n\nIt is circumstance encouraging to cultivator,\nIn addition to the usual markets, a significant export of apples has occurred lately to Europe, and the flavor of our apples is highly esteemed there. In every rural establishment, a fruit orchard should be considered an indispensable appendage, as it is a source of real emolument and contributes to health, pleasure, and recreation. Among the excellences of a fruit orchard is that it provides a salubrious beverage, an adequate supply of which would have a happy tendency to diminish, if not supersede, the consumption of ardent spirits, which are destructive to the health and moral character of our citizens.\nThe palate, according to Mr. Knight, an English horticulturalist, prefers fruit over strong fermented liquors. Weak causes, such as affordable fruit supply, would have favorable effects on both physical and moral health of people. The time is near when horticulture will receive proper attention, and the value and utility of fruit orchards will be recognized by all citizens. I will take pride in contributing, in any degree, to this desirable objective through these pages. The most effective method of propagating fruit trees includes information about the numerous insects that infest and damage their health, as well as the various diseases that threaten their existence.\nAnd the best adapted remedies will be the principal topics of this undertaking. Philosophers may pride themselves on vain speculation, but the practical farmer will be contented with plain facts, from whatever source derived. I will therefore excite in the orchardist and farmer the spirit of practical activity, and stimulate with the lessons of attentive and intelligent men. For \"nature, in her teaching, speaks in very intelligible language, and that language is conveyed by experience and observation.\" No apology will be urged for any imperfections of style, as perspicuity and brevity are conceived to be more acceptable requisites for the respectable cultivators of our soil, for whose use this little work is intended.\n\nPhysical Properties of Apples.\n\"In diseases of the breast, such as catarrhs, coughs, consumptions, &c., says Dr. Willich (Dom. Ency.),\"\nApples are of considerable service for beneficial purposes. For these reasons, they ought not to be eaten raw but roasted, stewed, or boiled. They can also be usefully employed in decoctions, which, if drunk plentifully, tend to abate febrile heat as well as relieve painful strictures in peculiar complaints.\n\nRegarding their sensible properties, apples have been divided into spicy, acidulated, and watery. To the first class belong various species of rennet, which possess a most delicate flavor, contain the least proportion of water, and, on account of their vinous nature, are not apt to excite flatulency. Pippins, on the contrary, though affording more nutriment than the former, are more fibrous and consequently require a more vigorous stomach to digest them; hence they should be ranked under the second class. Lastly, those sweet and tender apples which are very juicy and palatable are the least fit to be consumed.\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in good condition and does not require extensive cleaning. A few minor corrections have been made for clarity.)\nWhen eaten, apples are typically consumed in a raw state, but can be enhanced with the addition of bread or biscuits. When baked or dried in the open air, apples make an excellent substitute for raisins or plums in puddings, pies, and other dishes prepared from flour. Sour apples can be significantly improved in taste and quality through baking or steaming in a closed vessel over a slow fire. This process releases the saccharine principle and allows for a swift and complete transformation.\n\nThe honorable T. Pickering, in his address to the agricultural society in Essex county, states, \"After providing a due proportion of apples for the table and the ordinary purposes of cookery, I do not hesitate to express my opinion that, for all other uses, sweet apples are entitled to the preference. The best cider I ever tasted in this country was made entirely from sweet apples. They also provide a nourishing food for both humans and domestic animals.\"\n\n\"What could provide a more delicious repast than a rich, succulent apple dish?\"\nAn observing farmer before the American revolution noted that sweet apples, when baked and eaten in milk, fattened cattle rapidly. I recalled this observation when I mentioned it to a gentleman in an adjacent state a few years later. He informed me that he had once been advised to give a sick horse sweet apples. Having an abundance of apples at the time, the horse was served with them, and he soon recovered and fattened faster than any other horse the gentleman had owned that was fed any other food. The gentleman also confirmed that good molasses could be made from sweet apples, as I had long heard. The process is simple: the apples are ground and their juice expressed at cider mills. It is immediately boiled, and the scum is removed.\nMr. Knight, an English gentleman, in his treatise on apples and pears, states that the juice of these fruits could be used with great advantage on long voyages. He has frequently reduced it to the consistency of a weak jelly by boiling, and in this state, it has remained several years without any apparent change, despite temperature variations. A large quantity of the inspissated juice would occupy a very small space. The addition of a few ounces of it to a hogshead of water would probably at any time form a good liquor similar to cider or perry. It might also, he believes, be used to supplement the place of limes and oranges and could be obtained at a much lower price.\n\nI make use of the following appropriate sentence, in the language of one who has long been eminently distinguished for his numerous patriotic and amiable virtues.\nWhen we consider the various ways fruits are beneficial, recollecting the pleasure they afford to the senses and the chaste and noble occupation in their cultivation, considering the reputation they communicate to a country in the eye of strangers, especially as a test of its climate and industry, remembering the importance of improving the beverage they supply, and calculating under how many solid forms they may be exported (as dried, baked, and preserved, as well as in their natural state), and reflecting upon the utility of giving our rural labors a thoughtful turn, which is the best substitute now left after having quit our primeval state: the utility of fruit trees.\nThe fruit, which was the first earthly gift to man in his more favored state, may well continue to merit both public and individual attention. According to botanists, the wild crab-apple from the woods and hedges is the original kind from which the apple now cultivated was first obtained. The varieties of this species are multiplied to some hundreds, all having been first accidentally procured from the seed or kernels of the fruit, and then increased by grafting onto crab or other kinds of apple stocks. The crab apple is still considered a proper stock to receive the grafts of the more valuable varieties, and is even preferred by some cultivators for being more hardy, better able to endure cold and coarse land; and they also take firmer root, are of more rapid growth, and make larger trees. This tree may be found in forests and other uncultivated places.\nThe pyrus coronaria, or native crab apple of North America, is not eaten except when preserved in sugar. In this state, they are deservedly esteemed as a great delicacy. The fruit is flattish, over one inch in diameter, yellow when ripe, or of the color of polished brass, and possesses an agreeable fragrancy. No tree presents a more gay appearance in the spring, when dressed in green, and with clusters of flowers of a most pleasing blush. The petals may be compared to cadmium of white wax, faintly tinged with the finest carmine; though some trees have flowers of a damask rose color. (Timothy Pickering)\nFrom long experience, observes that to bring an orchard as early as possible into profit, plant common wild trees, or what are commonly called crab apples, four or five years old. They should be cut down as soon as planted, and on their young shoots graft or inoculate such fruit as is desired. From this practice, more fruit will be obtained in ten years than in the usual way in twenty. The wild tree, if grafted on its own stock, will come much earlier to bearing fruit, and it will be improved both in size and flavor.\n\nCultivated or seedling stocks. When the crab stock cannot be procured in sufficient quantity for the purpose of propagation, it becomes necessary to resort to the expedient of culture from seeds. Seedling stocks, which have a natural tendency to attain the full height of the species to be grafted on them, are generally denominated free stocks. Every planter who is solicitous to keep an orchard well stocked with fruit should ensure a sufficient supply of these.\nTrees should cultivate in a nursery his own free stocks and graft for himself to realize all the advantages from a knowledge of the soil and the peculiar properties of his trees, avoiding many impositions practiced by ignorant and artful nursery-men. He will moreover be enabled to select such stocks for grafting as experience shows to be best adapted to the soil and climate of his plantation, and which meet his own particular views.\n\nTrees raised from seed of fruit trees seldom produce the same species of fruit with that from which the kernels were taken, yet they are well adapted as stocks for grafting. It occasionally happens that a new and valuable variety is thus produced, either for cider or for the dessert. An accurate observer, Mr. Joseph Cooper of New Jersey, asserts that experience for more than fifty years has convinced him that although seedlings from apples scarcely ever produce the same variety as the parent tree, they are excellent stocks for grafting.\nThe apple tree rarely produces fruit identical to the original, yet many will yield excellent fruit, some even superior to the apples from which the seeds are taken. This fact has led him to plant seeds from the largest and best kinds of fruit and from trees of strong and rapid growth. He lets all young trees bear fruit before grafting, which produce uncommon strong shoots or a large, rich-looking leaf. He seldom knows them to fail of bearing fruit of some good quality; at least they make a stock to receive the grafts of any good kind that may present itself.\n\nThe apple tree will thrive and flourish in many different types of soil, but a dry, friable loam should probably be preferred, as too much moisture is injurious to the roots. Soil that produces good crops of corn or grass generally provides the best nutriment for apple or pear trees. The soil should not only be.\nThe apple tree should have a rich, deep soil, not less than two or three feet in depth. It is a fact that in each specific location, certain kinds of apples have been observed to thrive better than others. According to the observations of the honorable Timothy Pickering, many different varieties will flourish on an acre of ground, where the same number of one variety would starve. Once the cultivator has discovered the varieties best suited to the soil and situation they occupy, they should encourage them by grafting onto unproductive trees or forming new trees by grafting onto other stocks.\n\nProduction of New Varieties.\n\nThe apple tree does not enjoy indefinite longevity. Each species has its periods of infancy, youth, maturity, and decrepit age; and, in the course of time, it is totally annihilated. Art is not in the power to prolong its existence beyond its limited duration.\nMany varieties of apples, once highly esteemed, are no longer available as they have vanished. The seeds of apples contain the potential for an infinite variety of fruit. New varieties, some of excellent quality, are continually produced from seeds. The famous winter pippin was a spontaneous production from a seed at Newtown, Long Island. However, there is no guarantee of obtaining a particular variety by planting seeds. \"A hundred seeds of the golden pippin will all produce fine large-leaved apple trees, bearing fruit of considerable size. However, the tastes and colors of the apple from each tree will be different, and none will be the same in kind as the pippin itself. Some will be sweet, some bitter, some sour, some mealy, some aromatic, some yellow, some green, some red, some streaked.\" The seeds for planting should always be selected from the most highly cultivated.\nActivated fruit, and the fairest and ripest specimen of such variety. In some instances, a new and valuable variety may thus be obtained, and seedlings will afford some indication of their future produce, even before they reach their bearing state. The larger and thicker the leaves of a seedling, and the more expanded its blossoms, the more it is likely to produce a good variety of fruit. Short-leaved trees should never be selected, for these approach more closely to the original standard; whereas the other qualities indicate the influence of cultivation. Every fruit tree must attain to a certain age before it can bear fruit. An apple tree from seed requires twelve or fifteen years to produce fruit in perfection; but a method will be described later by which particular branches may be forced to produce blossoms and fruit at an earlier period, and their quality ascertained sooner.\n\nThe following are the sentiments of Mr. Knight:\n\nA fruit tree is most effectively propagated by grafting, or budding, upon a stock of a hardy and vigorous nature. The root system of the stock imparts to the grafted tree the qualities of hardiness and vigor, and the scion, or grafted branch, contributes its specific character and fruit. The union of the two is perfect, and the tree thus produced is a combination of the best qualities of both.\n\nThe method of grafting is simple, and may be practiced by any person of ordinary dexterity. The scion, or branch to be grafted, should be taken in the dormant state, and the bark of the stock and scion should be carefully prepared for union. The scion should be cut obliquely, and the stock at an angle, so that the surfaces may fit closely together. The union should be secured by means of grafting tape or wax, and the tree should be carefully protected from injury and exposure to the sun.\n\nThe method of budding is similar to that of grafting, but the scion consists of a single bud, which is inserted into a slit made in the stock. The bud should be taken in the dormant state, and the stock prepared in the same manner as for grafting. The bud should be inserted into the slit with its roots downward, and the union secured by means of grafting tape or wax. The tree should be carefully protected as in the case of grafting.\n\nBoth methods of propagation have their advantages and disadvantages. Grafting is more expensive, as it requires a stock tree, and the scion must be taken from a mature tree; but it is more certain of success, and the tree thus produced is a combination of the best qualities of both the stock and the scion. Budding is less expensive, as it requires only a small scion, and may be practiced on young trees; but it is less certain of success, and the tree thus produced may not possess all the desirable qualities of the scion.\n\nIn conclusion, the cultivation of fruit trees is an art that requires patience, skill, and knowledge. The selection of the proper variety, the method of propagation, and the care of the tree during its growth are all important factors in the production of fine fruit. By following the principles outlined in this article, the amateur gardener may successfully cultivate a variety of fruit trees in his own garden, and enjoy the fruits of his labor.\nAn experienced English horticulturalist (Encyclopedia of Edinburgh, American edition, article on horticulture) observes that all extensions, whether made by grafts or buds, must share the qualities of the original. If the original is old, there is an inherent tendency for decay with age in the derivatives. However, it is not meant that a graft cannot survive the trunk from which it was taken; this would be absurd. It is a fact that a variety or kind of fruit, such as the golden pippin or the ribston, is equivalent only to an individual. With careful management, the health and life of this individual can be prolonged; and grafts placed on vigorous stocks and cultivated in favorable conditions may long survive the parent plant or ungrafted tree. 'Still, there is a progress to extinction, and the only renewal of an individual, the only true reproduction, is by seed. As the production of:\nHorticulturalists currently focus on developing new fruit varieties from seeds. It's important to note the precautions taken by Mr. Knight and others during their trials. They follow the rule of using seeds from the finest, ripest, largest, and best-flavored fruit. When Mr. K wanted to propagate old apples in a healthy state, he used the following method: He prepared stocks of the best apple variety for propagation by cuttings and planted them against a south wall in rich soil. The following year, he grafted these young trees with the Stirling, Golden Pippin, or some other fine old variety. In the winter that followed, the young trees were dug up, their roots pruned, and replanted in the same place. This method allowed them to bear fruit by the second year.\nMr. K. allowed the fruits to remain on each tree, which enabled the Cornelian cherries to reach a large size and greater maturity. He collected seeds from these fruits in the hope of obtaining seedlings with desirable or promising qualities. To create a hybrid variety with the combined good properties of two kinds, Mr. K. employed the delicate process of dusting the pollen of one variety onto the pistils of another. He carefully opened the unexpanded blossom, removed all the stamens using fine-pointed scissors, taking care not to damage the styles and stigmata. The resulting fruit from this artificial impregnation were the most promising, and Mr. K. did not neglect to sow the seeds. Every seed, taken from the same individual fruit, produced a distinct variety. These varieties, as anticipated, proved to be very different in merit.\nThe value of fruit trees can be formed during the first summer based on the resemblance of their leaves to those of highly cultivated or approved trees, or to those of wild kinds. The leaves of good kinds improve in character, becoming thicker, rounder, and more downy every season. Trees with full and prominent buds in the annual wood are usually more productive. However, their future character depends on the blossoms' ability to bear cold, which varies among different varieties and can only be determined by experience. Early producers, though more exposed to frost injury, are preferable. (Of Fruit Trees. 21)\nIt is less liable to attacks of caterpillars. Observing further, even after a fruit-bearing tree has begun to produce fruit, the quality tends to improve as the tree grows stronger and approaches maturity. If a fruit initially possesses promising qualities, significant improvement may be expected in subsequent years. A precaution suggested by T. Pickering is that apple trees bearing inferior or ordinary fruit should not be allowed to grow alongside those bearing superior fruit. Gardeners are familiar with the fact that the blossoms of cucumbers can significantly injure the flavor of nearby melons. Reasonably, it can be supposed that fruits, while forming on the trees, are susceptible to deterioration in a similar manner. The following experiment is said to have succeeded numerous times and strengthens this conjecture.\nIn an orchard with various apple trees, some bearing sweet and others acrid fruit, the pollen was taken from a tree with very sweet fruit and placed on the flowers of a branch on another tree with extremely acrid fruit. The apples from that branch combined the two properties for that season, allowing the experimenter to easily obtain apples to his taste through this process, which he considered as expeditious and certain as grafting.\n\nAccount of a singular apple tree producing fruit of opposite qualities; a part of the same apple being frequently sour and the other sweet (letter from the Reverend Peter Whitney).\nPublished in the Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, vol. 1:\n\nThere is now growing, in an orchard lately belonging to my honored father, the Reverend Aaron Whitney of Petersham, deceased, an apple tree with very singular fruit. The apples are fair and fully ripe, with a yellow color, but evidently of different tastes\u2014sour and sweet. The part which is sour is not very tart, nor the other very sweet. Two apples, growing side by side on the same limb, will often be of these different tastes; one all sour, and the other all sweet. And remarkably, the same apple will frequently be sour on one side, end, or part, and the other sweet, and this not in any order or uniformity. Nor is there any difference in the appearance of one part from the other. Furthermore, some apples have more of the acid and less of the sweet, and vice versa. The apples, though different in their tastes, are not peculiar to this tree.\nThe tree bears apples with varying tastes, found on every branch. It stands in a large orchard with rich soil, transplanted there forty years ago. The trunk and branches show no signs of grafting or inoculation. Different apple tastes were noticed years after it began producing fruit, and this consistency has continued for twenty years. I can verify this claim with many distinguished individuals of refined palates who have traveled great distances to see the tree and taste the fruit. Investigating the cause of such a natural anomaly may prove difficult. The only explanation I can propose is that the corcula, or hearts, of two seeds, one from a sweet apple and one from a bitter apple, may have merged in the tree.\nThe other apple, sour or sweet, could merge in the ground to produce one plant, or farina from opposing qualities' blossoms could pass into and fertilize the same seed. If you find my account of this singular apple tree acceptable to the American academy, please communicate it. I am, &c. Peter Wuirtney.\n\nThis phenomenon can now be explained, as it has been determined that flowers can be fertilized by pollen from other trees, resulting in fruit of various qualities. The tree, described by the reverend gentleman, stood \"almost in the middle of a large orchard.\" Is it an extravagant conjecture that this tree had acquired a peculiar attachment or attractive power, which resulted in this curious kind of fertility?\n\nENGRAFTED FRUITS NOT PERMANENT.\n\nMr. Bucknal, an ingenious English writer, has enlightened the public with some highly valuable observations.\nAnd interesting observations on the subject of engrafted fruit trees. The following is an abstract from Dom. Ency. Mease's edited volume y, page 192.\n\nEngrafted fruits, according to Mr. Bucknal, are not permanent. Every one must see that there is an essential difference between the power and energy of a seedling plant and the tree raised from cuttings or elongations. The seedling is endued with the energies of nature, while the graft or scion is nothing more than a regular elongation, carried perhaps through the several repetitions of the same variety. The seed, having been placed in the earth, germinates and becomes a new plant whenever nature permits like to produce like in vegetation. Engrafted fruits are doomed by nature to continue for a time and then gradually decline, till at last the variety is totally lost and soon forgotten, unless recorded by tradition or in old records.\nFrom the attention lately paid to the culture of engrafted fruits, we are now able to continue a supposed happily acquired tree for a much longer duration than if such variety had been left in the state of unassisted nature. This may even last as long again, or something more. However, there is no direct permanency, as the kernels within the fruit, which are the seed of the plants for forming the next generation of trees, will not produce their like. They may do so accidentally; but nothing more can be depended on. For instance, suppose we take ten kernels or pips of any apple raised on an engrafted stock; sow them, and they will produce ten different varieties, no two of which will be alike, nor will either of them closely resemble the fruit from which the seeds were collected. The leaves also of those trees raised from the same parent stock will not actually be a copy of the leaves of any one of the varieties or families to which each belongs.\nConnected by a vegetable consanguinity, in choosing the seed, an apple is likely to produce the clearest and finest plants. Select seeds from apples with firm, large, and well-ripened kernels. The size of the fruit is not important; large apples do not always ripen well, and for cider, small fruits are generally preferred for making the strongest and highest-flavored liquor. If no valuable apples are raised from this process, the seedlings will make excellent stocks to engraft upon. In acquiring new varieties, select all promising-looking young plants from the apple bed, planting them at a distance that allows each to produce fruit, which will happen in about twelve to fifteen or eighteen years. Mr. Knight had two trees bearing fruit at six, and one at five years. Mr. Bucknal mentions one variety of apple, which he supposes to be one hundred.\nA tree, 40 years old, and a pear tree, supposedly 200 years old. It is a fact worth noting that all trees of the same variety have a remarkable tendency towards similarity in appearance. The parent stock and all grafts derived from it share a greater resemblance to each other than any part of the animal creation. This trait does not vary significantly with age. Whatever is said here about the apple tree applies equally to the pear tree. Several years ago, through thorough investigation and conviction, Mr. B. propagated the principle that all grafts taken from the first tree or parent stock, or any of its descendants, will thrive for several generations. However, when this first stock, by mere dint of old age, falls into actual decay and nihility of vegetation, the descendants, regardless of their age or situation, will not continue to thrive.\nFrom the time the apple kernel germinates, if the plant is disposed to form a yieldable variety, there will be a regular progressive change or improvement in the organization of the leaves, until that variety has grown and reached full bearing. This is how the inquisitive eye is able to make selections among those appearing likely to become valuable fruits. However, from that time, the new variety or select plant, when compared with all the grafts taken from it or any of them, will show a most undeviating sameness among themselves. The different varieties of fruit are easily distinguished by these circumstances.\ndistinguished from each other by many particulars; not only their general fertility, and the form, size, shape, and flavor of the fruit, but also the manner of the growth of the tree, the thickness and proportion of the twigs, their shooting from the parent stem, the form, color, and consistency of the leaf, and many other circumstances by which the variety can be identified. If it were possible to graft each variety upon the same stock, they would still retain their discriminating qualities with the most undeviating certainty. Further, if twenty different varieties were placed together, so that each could receive its nurture from the same stem, they would gradually die off in actual succession, according to the age or state of health of the respective variety at the time the scions were placed in the stock. A discriminating eye, used to the business, would nearly be able to foretell the order in which each scion would actually decline. Should it also happen.\nAmong wild fruit trees, two or three suckers from the wild stock are allowed to grow among the twenty grafts. These suckers or wild shoots would continue and make a tree after all the others are gone. A further consequence would result from this experiment. Among such a number of varieties, each of the free growers would starve the delicate ones and drive them out of existence even sooner. It must be observed that this supposed stem is the foster parent to the twenty scions and the real parent to the suckers; and those least conversant with engrafted fruits know the advantage acquired by this circumstance. By an experiment, Mr. B. states, we have had in hand for five years, it will appear that the roots and stem of a large tree, after the first set of scions are exhausted or worn out, may carry another set for many years; and we suspect a third set, provided engrafting is properly done and the engrafter chooses a new variety.\nMr. B. maintains that different apple varieties will decline and eventually die away, with each variety or those of the same stem or family losing their existence in vegetation. However, even when a variety's vital principle is nearly exhausted due to age, superior care and warmth can keep it in existence for some time longer. This is a complex subject that is not well-understood and requires faith, observation, and perseverance at first. Mr. B. is convinced that we can multiply a single variety to any number, but upon the death of the parent stock, regardless of its location or youthfulness, each individual will decline.\nand nothing sublunary, which possesses either animal or vegetable life, is exempt from age and death. To illustrate this point more intelligibly, let it be supposed that the Baldwin apple is a new variety produced from the seed. This, as the original stock, may continue to live one hundred years. A scion, taken from it when ten years old, may live ninety years; another, taken ten years after, may enjoy a duration of eighty years; and so on. At the expiration of one hundred years, the original stock, and all derivatives from it, will become extinct.\n\nMETHOD OF FORCING FRUIT TREES TO BLOSSOM AND BEAR FRUIT.\n\nWith a sharp knife, cut a ring round the limb or small branch which you wish should bear, near the stem or large bough where it is joined. A quarter of an inch from this cut, make a second like the first, encircling the branch like a ring a quarter of an inch wide.\nThe bark must be removed between two cuts, cleanly down to the wood, including the fine inner bark adjacent to it, until the bare naked wood appears, white and smooth, with no connection remaining between the two bark parts. This barking or girding should be done when buds are strongly swelling or about to bloom. In the same year, a callus forms at the ring edges on both sides, restoring the bark connection without harm to the tree or branch. This operation provides the following advantages: 1. Every young tree, whose sort is unknown, is compelled to display its fruit and decide sooner whether it should remain in its current state or be grafted. 2. With certainty, one can obtain fruit of a good sort and reject the inferior.\nThe branches operated upon are hung with fruit-laden fruit trees. The branches not ringed often have none or little fruit. This effect is explained by the theory of the sap's motion in the wood and bark. As the sap ascends in the wood and descends in the bark, the above operation will not prevent the sap from rising into the upper part of the branch, but it will prevent its descent below the cut. This means the sap will be retained in and distributed through the upper part of the branch in greater quantity than otherwise, and the branch and fruit will both increase in size more than those not treated in this way. Twisting a wire or tying a strong thread around a branch has been often recommended as a means of making it bear fruit. In this case, as in ringing the bark, the descent of the sap in the bark must be impeded above the ligature, and more nutritive matter is consequently retained and applied to the expanding parts.\nMr. Knight's theory on sap motion in trees is that the sap is absorbed from the soil by the bark of the roots and carried upward by the alburnum of the root, trunk, and branches. It passes through the central vessels into the succulent matter of the annual shoots, the leaf-stalk, and leaf. The sap is returned to the bark through certain vessels of the leaf-stalk, and descending through the bark, contributes to the process of forming the wood. A writer in the American Farmer tried the experiment of ringing some apple, peach, pear, and quince trees on small limbs, about an inch to an inch and a quarter in diameter. The results were that the apples, peaches, and pears were twice the size on those branches than any other part of the trees. In the case of quinces, there was no difference. One peach, the height, measured on a ringed limb, was 11 inches in circumference and 113 inches in circumference at the ends, and weighed 15 ounces.\nThe limbs above the ring have grown much larger than below it. Yet it is often believed that the soil for a nursery should not be made rich, as plants will flourish more luxuriantly when transferred to a more fertile soil. However, later observation has shown that the opposite is correct. There is a close analogy between vegetable and animal life, and it is a natural requirement that both need a full supply of nutriment from their earliest existence. It would be absurd to suppose that the tender roots of young seedlings are capable of drawing sufficient nutriment from a rank, barren, and uncultivated soil. Those that are barely supported or nearly starved at first will never afterwards become vigorous, stately, and handsome, no matter how rich the mould surrounding them. Repeated experiments have proven that a strong and vigorous plant, which has grown in such conditions, will thrive.\nUp quickly and reached a considerable size in a short time. This tree never fails to grow better after transplanting than another of the same size that is older and stunted in its growth. Where the soil is poor and lean, trees in every stage of growth are observed to be languid, weak, and stunted. Those reared in good, mellow soil always assume a free growth and advance with strength and vigor. It is evident, therefore, that the ground to be occupied for a fruit nursery requires being made rich and fertile. The soil should also be deep, well pulverized, and cleared of all roots and weeds. Seeds may be sown either in autumn or in April, and in one year after, the young plants may be lifted and replanted in the nursery. It is important that the situation admit of a free circulation of air and be open to the sun, so that the plants may be preserved in a healthy condition.\n\nFruit trees - Plants reared in a confined and shaded situation in a nursery.\nA large town, removed to an open exposure in the country, will long remain in a debilitated condition, like a weak city, whose growth will be greatly impeded. Many years will pass before they attain a state of vigor, health, and hardiness. From the observations in the preceding pages, it is obviously important that the seed, to be planted in nurseries, be selected from fruit of superior quality. John Kenrick, esquire, of Newton, Massachusetts, has adopted the following method: take the pumice from late-made cider, separate the seeds by means of a ridged sieve, mix them with a quantity of rich loam sifted fine, put this into a box and expose it to the weather during winter. In April, the earth and seeds are put into a basket and washed until the seeds are separated, then planted in naturally rich soil, thoroughly pulverized and well prepared with rotten manure and leached ashes.\nThe seeds are planted in straight, parallel rows, three feet apart, and about two inches deep. Thin plants to six inches apart if necessary by pulling up the weakest. Keep plants clear of weeds, annually manure, and properly prune. Secure young trees from sheep and horned cattle in every growth stage. In Marshall's Rural Economy, sort seedling plants by root strength for even growth. Remove the tap root and shorten longer side rootlets. Plant young plants in rows, three feet apart, and fifteen to eighteen inches under, taking care not to cramp roots or bury them unevenly in the soil. Strictly managed, trees should be transplanted two years prior.\nReferred to the orchard for second transplanting, apple trees should be planted in unmanured double dug ground, four feet apart in all directions. This allows feeding fibers to be brought close to the stem, enabling their removal with the plant instead of being left behind in the nursery. In the second transplanting, as in the first, branches of the root should not be left too long but should be shortened to form a regular globular root, large enough to give the plant firmness and vigor in the plantation. It is reported that the agricultural society of Nova Scotia discovered, through experience, that apple trees raised from seeds can be made grafting-ready one or two seasons earlier if transplanted from the seed bed with the tap root cut off. While in the nursery bed, however, they remain in the place where the seeds were sown.\nthe young plants require to be frequently hoed; the \nearth should be kept loose, and entirely free from \nweeds; and, ina very dry season, they should be \noccasionally watered. When two years old, they \nwill be in a proper condition to receive the scions, \nor buds, which are intended for them, asthe ope- \nration is then more easy and certam than when the \nstocks are older. ) yf Obehe sad \nENGRAFTING. \nThe art of engrafting has not, it 1s believed, been \ntraced to its origin. In a treatise, published by \nParkinson, in 1629, both grafting and inoculating \nare mentioned, but the period when the practice \ncommenced has not been ascertained. \u2018The great \nutility and advantage of the art is, however, uni- \nversally understood. According to Mr. Yates, \n(letter published in Forsyth\u2019s treatise,) the art was \nOF FRUIT TREES. - 33 \nintroduced into America by Mr. Prince, a native of \nNew-York, who established a nursery in its neigh- \n_bourhood about sixty yearsago. Fruit trees, which \nGrafted or inoculated trees come into a bearing state several years sooner than those produced from seed. Grafted or inoculated trees also consistently produce the same kind of fruit as the parent tree, while fruit from seedling trees is prone to sport in endless varieties. In choosing scions for grafting, the first essential requirement is that they are of the same genus and natural family as the stock, which will provide them future nourishment and support. An apple cannot be advantageously grafted onto a pear stock, nor will a pear succeed well on an apple stock. Although the pear may flourish and bear fruit for a few years, it will never prove profitable and will decline and decay sooner than others. Scions from a winter apple tree should not be grafted onto a summer apple stock because the sap in the summer stock is liable to decline and diminish before the scion has become established.\nIn the memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, volume 1, page 388, is a communication from the late Honorable B. Lincoln regarding fruit tree grafting. He observed an apple tree in his orchard with a winter scion, producing fruit that appeared similar to the tree's natural fruit but lacked the qualities necessary for keeping through the winter. This led him to question the propriety of grafting winter fruit onto a summer stock. A pear is occasionally grafted onto a quince for dwarf trees, but it is of smaller growth, less vigorous, and less durable than if nourished by its more natural parent. It is next important that scions be taken from trees that have attained maturity.\nCultivators may not be aware that if a scion is grafted from a seedling tree that is one or two years old, it will retain the same annual changes and the same fruit-bearing character as the seedling tree, regardless of the age of the stock into which it is inserted. The scion will remain unproductive of fruit only if the seedling tree has reached its proper age and maturity. It is strongly suspected that nursery men, either through ignorance or indifference, have disregarded this circumstance and have sold trees of this description, disappointing purchasers' just expectations. Scions should be cut in March, before the buds begin to swell, and to preserve them in good condition for grafting, they must be placed with their lower ends in the ground in some dry part of the cellar until needed. Some experienced operators prefer cutting their scions a little earlier.\nThe scions should be taken from the extremities of the most thrifty and best bearing trees, and from the last year's growth, except for enough growth from the year before to preserve them moist. In the Edinburgh encyclopedia, it is advised to cut the scions several weeks before the grafting season; the reason is, experience has shown that grafting can most successfully be performed when the stock is slightly ahead in vegetation. It is desirable that the sap of the stock be in brisk motion at the time of grafting. However, the buds of the scion would be equally advanced if left on the tree, whereas the scions, when gathered early, have buds that are kept back and ready to swell out when the graft is placed on the stock. The proper selection of scions is important.\nThe writer observes that the selection of scions is of great importance for maximizing the advantages of grafting. They should be taken from a healthy tree in full bloom, preferably from the outer side of its horizontal branches, where the wood has been exposed to the most sun and air. If the tree is in fruit, scions are best taken from the extremities of its bearing branches. However, if the tree is debilitated, the healthiest shoots from its center should be used instead. The end of the scion should be cut off, leaving four or five buds or eyes, as the middle part provides the best grafting material. The most suitable season for grafting, in our climate, is from around the twentieth of March to the twentieth of May. Practical gardeners agree that the operation has been successful as late as the tenth of June, provided the scions have been properly preserved.\nThe nature of fruit is influenced to a certain extent by the nature of the stock. For instance, crab stocks cause apples to be firmer, keep longer, and have a sharper flavor. Mr. S. Cooper of New Jersey states, \"I have, in numerous instances, seen the stock significantly affect the fruit grafted thereon, in terms of bearing, size, and flavor, and also the tree's appearance, particularly in the case of a number of Vandevere apple trees. Their fruit was so susceptible to bitter rot as to be nearly useless. They were grafted over fifty years ago, and ever since then, those having tops composed of several different kinds, though they continue to be more productive of fruit than any others in my orchard, are still subject to bitter rot, the original and well-known affliction of the fruit from the primitive stock. I have had frequent opportunities of observing the same circumstance, in\"\n\"36 CULTURE AND MANAGEMENT\n\nConsequences of receiving many scions from my friends, which, after bearing, I engrafted, and the succeeding fruit uniformly partook, in some degree, of the qualities of the former, even in their disposition to bear annually or biennially. Mr. C. has ascertained the fact that early and late apples, by being grafted on the same tree, improved in size and flavor more than if but one kind grew on a tree. It should be observed, as a rule, never to employ suckers from old trees as stocks for grafts or buds, as they have a constant tendency to generate suckers and thereby injure the growth of the trees.\n\nMODES OF GRAFTING.\n\nThe mode of performing this operation is varied, according to the size and situation of the stock to be employed. The small stocks in the nursery, if of such kind as produce an erect strong stem, are usually grafted within or near the surface of the earth. In this case, the mould is brought round them.\"\nWhen a tree forms a small mound shape, no further action is necessary. If the tree naturally leans horizontally, insert the bud or graft high enough to create a handsome head or top. In this method, use some kind of composition or covering to protect from weather damage or sun influence. A common option is mixing clay or stiff loam with chopped hay or coarse horse manure. Prepare this mixture a day or two beforehand, and add water as needed to beat it up. Apply it closely around the parts in the form of a collar or ball, tapering at both ends. The upper end should be applied closely to the graft, and the lower to the stock. A good substitute for this is a composition of turpentine, beeswax, and rosin melted together. If it becomes too hard, soften it with a little water. (For Fruit Trees. 37)\nhogs lard or tallow. Apply this with a brush while warm, but not too hot. A common sod, applied with the grass side out, is often used and is found to answer every purpose. There are several different methods of performing the operation of grafting. In all these methods, it should be a general rule to adjust the inner bark of the stock and of the scion in close contact and to confine them precisely in that situation. If this is accurately effected, all species of grafting will prove successful. In the method which is usually called whip-grafting or tongue-grafting, the top of the stock and the extremity of the graft should be nearly of equal diameter. They are both to be sloped of a full inch or more, and then tied closely together. This method may be much improved by performing what gardeners call tongueing or lipping; that is, by making an incision in the bare part of the stock, downwards, and a corresponding slit in the scion, upwards;\nafter which they should be carefully joined together, so that the barks of both meet in every part, when a bandage of bass wood is to be tied round the scion to prevent it from being displaced; and the whole is to be covered over with the composition. When the stocks to be grafted upon are one to two or more inches in diameter, as branches of trees, cleft grafting is generally employed. The head of the tip (Goce onset Vie) should be cut off in a sloping direction. A perpendicular cleft or slit, about two inches deep, with a knife or chisel, should be made towards the back of the slope into which a wedge is to be driven, in order to keep it open for the admission of the scion. The latter must now be cut in a perpendicular direction and in the form of a wedge, so as to fit the incision in the stock. As soon as it is prepared, it should be placed in the cleft in such manner that the inner barks of both the stock and scion meet exactly together. It is 38. Culture and Management.\nThen, to be tied with a ligature of bark and clay, and covered. This is practiced in whip-grafting; three or four eyes being left in the scion uncovered. It should be observed that, in making the cleft in the stock, care should be taken not to injure the pith, the scions being inserted in the sap wood of the stock or branch. Old stocks may be grafted in the bark, called crown-grafting, but this cannot be practiced successfully till the sap is in full motion, so the bark may be easily raised from the wood. The head of the stock or thick branch is cut off horizontally; a perpendicular slit is made in the bark, as in budding; a narrow ivory folder is thrust down between the wood and the bark, in the places where the grafts are to be inserted. The graft is cut, at the distance of an inch and a half from its extremity, circularly through the bark, not deeper than the bark on one side, but fully half way through or beyond the pith on the other. The grafts being inserted.\nThe pointed grafts are inserted into the openings of the tree, and three or four grafts are inserted according to the size of the crown. Side-grafting is sometimes used to supply vacancies on the lower parts of full-growth fruit trees. The bark and a little of the wood are sliced off for an inch and a half or two inches; a slit is then made downwards, and a graft is cut to fit the part, with a tongue for the slit. The parts are then joined, tied close, and clayed over. When stocks cannot be readily procured, root-grafting may be successfully employed. A piece of the root of a tree of the same genus, well furnished with fibers, is selected, and a graft is placed on it, tied and clayed in the ordinary way. United, they are set with care in a trench in the ground, the joining being covered, but the top of the graft left two inches above ground.\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in good condition and does not require extensive cleaning. Only minor corrections have been made for clarity.)\nThe following text describes a new grafting method, shared by Mr. A. C. Du Plaine to Dr. Mease (Dom. Ency.): A willow limb, three or four inches thick, was buried in a deep trench, and every four or five inches, holes were bored. Grafts were inserted into these holes, ensuring the bark of the graft and the limb touched. The lower part of the graft was pointed and the bark shaved off. The limb, grafts, and earth were then covered and kept moist. Over time, the limb rotted, and the grafts took root. Once rooted, the grafts were dug up and transplanted. In the same publication, Dr. Mease also shared an account of William Fairman's \"eatreme-branch grafting\" method on old decayed trees, which holds great potential for those who practice it.\nThe process of pruning a fruit tree involves cutting away all spray wood and shaping the tree into a perfect skeleton, leaving all healthy limbs. Clean the branches and cut the top of each one where it measures in circumference from a shilling to about a crown piece. Some branches must be taken off where they are larger or smaller to preserve the tree's canopy. Remove branches that cross others and ensure the arms fork off, creating a uniform head with no significant openings. Prepare the tree by leaving branches long enough for two or three inches to be removed by the saw, so all splintered parts can be taken off. Once prepared, insert one or two grafts at the extremity of each branch.\nPut on the cement or composition and tie with bass or soft strings. Sever the shoots or suckers from the tree until the following spring. To make good the deficiency in case some grafts do not succeed, additional grafts may be inserted in the sides of the branches or where they are wanted to form the tree into a handsome shape.\n\nBudding, or Inoculating.\nBy the process of budding, we obtain the same result as in grafting; with this difference, however, the bud being a shoot in embryo, grafted trees usually produce fruit two seasons earlier than budded trees. Each bud may be considered a distinct being, which will form a plant retaining precisely the peculiarities of the parent stock; and five or six species of fruit may be budded on one tree, which, when attained to the maturity of bearing fruit, exhibit a singular and beautiful spectacle.\n\nBuds are formed at the bases of the foot stalks of the leaves, and are of two kinds: those which bear leaves, and those which bear flowers. The leaf buds:\n\nThe budding process involves taking a small bud from a donor plant and attaching it to a receiving plant, typically using a grafting knife or budding iron. The union between the donor and receiving plant forms a chimeric plant, which grows as a single organism but retains the genetic material of both plants. The bud will eventually grow into a new shoot, which will develop into a new branch or even a new tree if the bud is taken from a root or a mature tree. The advantage of budding over grafting is that the bud is in a dormant state, making the process easier and faster, and the budded tree will start producing fruit earlier than a grafted tree. Additionally, multiple buds can be grafted onto one tree, resulting in a tree bearing multiple varieties of fruit.\n\nBuds are formed at the bases of the foot stalks of the leaves, and they come in two kinds: those that bear leaves (vegetative buds) and those that bear flowers (floral buds). The vegetative buds are responsible for the growth and development of new shoots and branches, while the floral buds develop into flowers and eventually fruit. The process of budding involves taking a small bud from a donor plant and attaching it to a receiving plant, typically using a grafting knife or budding iron. The union between the donor and receiving plant forms a chimeric plant, which grows as a single organism but retains the genetic material of both plants. The bud will eventually grow into a new shoot, which will develop into a new branch or even a new tree if the bud is taken from a root or a mature tree. The advantage of budding over grafting is that the bud is in a dormant state, making the process easier and faster, and the budded tree will start producing fruit earlier than a grafted tree. Additionally, multiple buds can be grafted onto one tree, resulting in a tree bearing multiple varieties of fruit.\nbuds are small, long, and pointed; flower buds are thick, short, and round. Both leaves and flowers are sometimes produced by the same bud, and they are generally employed, in budding, without distinction; but the bud should always be of the same genus with the tree or branch, which is to receive it. The blossom buds are formed by the first sap between April and June, and are filled by the second sap between July and October. The proper season for budding is from the beginning of July to the end of August\u2014at this period, the buds for next year are completely formed in the axilla of the leaf of the present year, and they are known to be ready, from their easily parting from the wood. The preferred buds are the shortest observed on the middle of a young shoot of fruit trees. On the outside of a healthy and fruitful tree; on no account should an immature tree or a bad bearer be resorted to for buds. For gathering the shoots containing the buds, a cloudy day, or an early or late season, is recommended.\nIn late hours, it is thought that shoots, re-grown in full sunshine, perspire so much that they drain the moisture from the buds. The buds should be used as soon after they are gathered as possible, and the entire operation should be quickly performed. When removing the bud from the twig, the knife is inserted about half an inch above it and a thin slice of bark and wood are taken off, bringing out the knife about an inch and a half below the bud. This lower part is afterwards shortened and dressed, and the leaf is cut off, leaving the stalk about half an inch long. It may be better to insert the knife three quarters of an inch below the bud and to cut upwards; at least, this method is practised in Scottish nurseries. The portion of wood is then taken out by raising it from the bark and pulling it downwards or upwards, according to whether the cut has been made from above or below. If the extraction of the wood causes a hole at the bud, that bud is spoilt.\nAnd another must be prepared in its place; as gardeners speak, the root of the bud has gone with the wood, instead of remaining with the bark. For the performance of the operation, provide a sharp ruldalinoehaneles with a flat thin haft, of ivory, suitable to open the bark of the stock for the admission of the bud, and also with a quantity of bass strings, or shreds of Russian mats, or woolen yarn, to bind round it when inserted. On a smooth part of the bark of the stock, a transverse section is now made through the bark down to the wood; from this is made a longitudinal cut downward, about an inch and a half long, so that the incision may somewhat resemble a T. By means of the flat ivory haft of the budding knife, the bark is raised a little on each side of the longitudinal incision, so as to receive the bud. The prepared bud is placed in the upper part of the incision so made.\nand drawn downwards; the upper part is then cut off transversely, and the bud pushed upwards until the bark of the bud and the stock join together. It is retained in this situation by means of strands of bass, matting, or woolen yarn, applied in such a manner as to defend the whole from the air and sun, but leaving the leaf stalk and the projecting part of the bark uncovered. In about a month after the operation, the tying is slackened; buds that have taken appear swelled, and the foot stalk of the old leaf falls off on being slightly touched. All shoots that spring below the budded part are carefully cut off. The head of the stock is not removed until the following March; after this, the bud grows vigorously, and, in the course of the summer, makes a considerable shoot. Against the next spring, the shoot is headed down in the manner of young grafted trees.\n\nAccording to the improved method of Mr. Knight, the budding operation is performed as follows: \u00a9 In\nIn June, when buds are ready, the operation is conducted by using two distinct ligatures to secure the buds in place. One ligature is placed above the bud on the transverse section through the bark, while the other, which only functions to hold the bud, is applied in the usual way. Once the buds have attached, the lower ligatures are removed, but the upper ones are kept. This impedes the sap's upward flow, causing the inserted buds to vegetate strongly in July. When these produce shoots about four inches long, the upper ligatures are taken off to allow excess sap to pass on. The wood then ripens well and produces blossoms for the following spring. Instead of the typical budding method, which involves starting in the autumnal sap flow and keeping the bud, this process is initiated beforehand.\nThe improved mode of budding fruit trees gains maturity without shooting until the following spring, when the top of the stock is cut off. This method has the effect of grafting the preceding spring in all cases where the bud sprouts in proper time to form a strong shoot capable of sustaining the frost of the ensuing winter. Another method of budding: the common method is by cutting crosswise into the bark of the stem and making a perpendicular cut downwards; the bud is then made to descend to the position intended for it. The reverse of this should happen; the perpendicular cut should rise upwards. This last method rarely fails of success. The reason is that the sap descends by the bark instead of rising; therefore, the bud, if placed above the transverse cut, receives an abundance of sap, which it loses if placed below it. The incision, which is to receive the bud, should be prepared accordingly.\nMr. Forsyth asserts that parts around incisions for budding or grafting are prone to canker. To prevent and cure this, he recommends rubbing his composition on the parts immediately after making the incision and inserting the bud or graft, then covering the bass strings with the composition as thickly as possible. He suggests this is preferable to using clay. The bass strings should not be slackened too soon, and if the bark of the stock spreads open, the ligature must be tightened carefully and left on for some time. Mr. Yates, of Albany, made this observation out of curiosity.\nThe experiment of budding is successful in the spring, when sap juice is in full motion. However, inserting the bud is more challenging than during the summer season. A tree inoculated in this manner will bear fruit one year earlier than one budded the following summer, and just as soon as one budded the summer prior. _ Vibert\n\nNURSERY PRUNING. Young trees pruned properly in the nursery are said to come to bearing sooner and continue in vigor for nearly double the common time. All ae or rambling branches should be removed annually, leaving only three or four leading shoots per head. Managed in this way, the trees will not require lopping for a considerable time, and as they will have no wounds open in the year of transplanting, their growth will be greatly promoted. The more the branches shoot circularly, inclining upwards, the more equally the sap will be distributed, and the better the tree.\nMr. iscsi remarks that side shoots should not be cut close to the stem, as the entire growth is forced to the top, making it heavy and causing the tree to bend and spoil. A better method is to cut the ends of side shoots to keep the tree in a spiral form, encouraging trunk growth until it gains strength to support a good top. Side shoots may then be cut close. In forming the top, Mr. C. found it necessary to lighten the east and northeast sides, as fruit trees generally incline that way. Encourage branches on the opposite quarters to keep the sun from the trunk, or the bark will be killed, canker will occur, and the tree will be ruined. In Marshall's Rural Economy, the following directions are given for pruning plants: Attend particularly to the leading shoot. If it shoots:\nThe weaker of the contending branches should be removed. If the leader is lost and not easily recoverable, the plant should be cut down to within a hand's breadth of the soil, and a fresh stem trained. Next to the leader, the stem boughs require attention. The undersmost boughs should be taken off by degrees, going over the plants neatly winter; always cautiously preserving sufficient heads to draw up the sap, thereby giving strength to the stems and vigor to the roots and branches; not trimming them up to naked stems, as is the common practice, thereby drawing them up prematurely tall and feeble in the lower part of the stems. The thickness of the stem should be in proportion to its height; a tall stock therefore requires to remain longer in the nursery than a low one. We have the respectable authority of Mr. T. Pickering that such trees as are tall should be cut down close to the ground, to prevent their being shaken by the wind, and to promote their growth. It may seem unnecessary to some, but proper pruning is essential for the health and vitality of the tree.\nstrange, he observes, to advise the cutting down a \ntall, well-grown plant, yet it is necessary; for the \nroots are always hurt and shortened by the remov- \nal; it is impossible for those that remain, to nourish \nthe same body; this is the reason we so often find \nour trees dead at top and hide-bound. - Should my \ndirections, he says, be followed, which are from \nthirty years experience, such vigorous shoots will \nspring up, as will in ten years become much larger \ntrees than if they had stood uncut for forty years; \nand the bark and every appearance of the tree wil \nbe like one from the seed, and much trouble will be \n46 CULTURE AND MANAGEMENT \nsaved in staking, to prevent their ruin from the \nwind. This method has not, we believe, been very \nfrequently adopted, although recommended by other \ncultivators beside the venerable author just cited, \nthe result of whose long experience, and the reasons \nassigned for the practice, must be deemed satisfac- \ntory. It has been stated by an English author, that \nwhen young trees are planted, they should be cut down to three or four eyes as soon as they begin to grow in the spring, according to their strength, to furnish them with bearing wood. If this is not done, they will grow in long naked branches and produce only a quarter of the fruit they would with proper pruning.\n\nIt is important to select the most eligible soil and situation when laying out a fruit orchard. The soil should be of a rich, loamy nature, neither too wet nor heavy, nor too light or dry. Fertile fields or pastures that produce abundant crops of corn, grass, and other vegetables are generally well adapted to the growth of fruit trees. However, the soil should be suited to the particular kind of fruit. In Herefordshire, a celebrated cider-producing region, for example.\nIn a county in England, it is well established that scions from the same tree, grafted onto similar stocks and planted in different soils, produce cider of varying qualities. Early fruits obtain the greatest perfection in sandy soil, while late fruits thrive best in strong clay. The best cider orchards are on strong clayey soil, as the cider from trees in clay is longer and keeps better than cider made from sandy soil. Regarding fruit trees, Dr. Mease states in Dom. Ency., \"The choice of a proper soil and exposure is crucial in the United States.\" Mr. Riley of Marcus Hook, whose experience in cider making is unrivaled, assures the editor that apples growing in a good loose soil produce much more rich and generous liquor than those that grow in stiff clayey land. An English source adds:\nA writer should be situated on a gentle declivity facing south and southeast to allow free admission of air and sun rays, and to dry up dampness and disperse fogs for the health of trees and to give fruit a fine flavor. The site should also be well sheltered from east, north, and westerly winds. Apple tree blossoms are susceptible to injury from spring frosts when planted in the lowest parts of a confined valley. In the domestic encyclopedia, Dr. Mease included an excellent paper on the climate of the United States by Colonel Tatham. \"In those western parts of the United States with high exposure to winter's blast, the northern sides of a ridge or mountain reach perfect vegetation state sooner and more certainly than the south sides, which are exposed to the sun's power.\"\nI suppose the southern exposure to the vehement rays of the sun, during the infant stages of vegetation, puts the sap in motion too early in the spring before the season has become sufficiently steady to afford nurture and protection to the vegetating plant. Blossom or leaf; and when in this state, the first efforts of vegetation are checked by the chilling influence of cold nights and such changeable weather as the contest between winter and spring is ever ready to produce. On the contrary, the northern exposures, which are not so early presented to the vivifying influence of the sun, remain in a torpid state until the more advanced period of the spring when all danger of vegetation being checked is over. I have long entertained the opinion, says Mr. Yates, that an orchard exposed to the north, where the ground in the spring, is not yet ready for vegetation.\nThe year's continuance longer bound by frost, which retards vegetation, is preferable to one with an easterly or southern aspect, where sap-juice is sooner in motion and accelerated by the sun's rays. In an orchard, rows of trees ought to incline to a point compassed towards the east. The sun will shine upon them early in the forenoon, dissipating the vapors arising during vernal nights and stinting fruit in the earlier stages of growth. Trees should be arranged in uniform straight rows, most convenient for the husbandman and pleasing to the tasteful eye. The distance in the rows or squares depends on the size and form of the full-grown tree and various other circumstances connected with the proprietor's future intentions and views. In every instance, the distance should be such as to prevent the extreme branches from interfering.\nlocking into each other when attained to full matu- \nrity of growth. Miller, an experienced English \nhorticulturalist, says, when the soil is good, the dis- \ntance should be fifty or sixty feet, and where the \nsoil is not so good, forty feet may be, sufficient. \nLawson, who wrote in 1626, observes, that in a \ngood soil and under proper management, apple trees \nwill, in forty or fifty years, spread twelve yards \non each side; and the adjoining tree .spreading \nas much, gives twenty-four yards, or seventy-two \nfeet, and the roots will extend still further. He \ntherefore recommends that apple trees be set at \nthe distance of eighty feet from each other. The \n(OF FRUIT TREES. 49 \nadvantages of thin planting are said to be: 1. The \nsun refreshes every tree, the roots, body, and bran- \nches, with the blossomis and fruit, whereby the trees \nare more productive, and the fruit larger, fairer and \nbetter flavoured. 2. The trees grow larger, and \nare more healthy and durable. 3. Whentrees are \nPlanted too close, the lower branches are smothered for want of sun and air. The fruit is never well flavored and always small. The objective is fruit, and we are not to expect that the quantity will be in proportion to the number of trees in an orchard. A low tree of large size will produce more and better fruit than six or eight times the number of those which grow near each other. Again, apples should not be estimated according to their number alone, but their size and weight, as well as their superior flavor. Another advantage is the profit of cultivating the ground under and about the trees. The intervening spaces may be cultivated with various vegetables, or if preferred, they may be filled with some temporary trees of small growth, as dwarfs, which may be removed when the principal standards have attained to a large size. Many apple trees have borne fruit for more than a century; and when trees show signs of decay.\nAt the age of thirty or forty years, it is generally attributed to mismanagement and close planting. Every cultivator has experienced the great inconvenience caused by narrow and crowded intervals. When apple trees stand at a distance of twenty-five or thirty feet only, their horizontal branches will, as we frequently see, interfere with each other in fifteen or twenty years and almost entirely obstruct the intervals between them. Considering these facts, the cultivator, in planting a young orchard, will determine for himself the most convenient and suitable width of the intervals between his trees. The most generally approved distance is forty feet in all directions, which gives twenty-seven trees to an acre. At thirty feet apart, an acre will contain forty-eight trees, and at thirty-five feet distance, thirty-five trees occupy an acre. With respect to the most proper season for planting:\nIn the United States, opinions on planting apple trees vary due to the vast range of climates. According to Dr. Mease, no general rule can be given. In some states, autumn is best, while in others, such as Pennsylvania, early spring may be more suitable. A comparison of spring and autumn planting, conducted near Philadelphia in 1802-3, showed a significant advantage for trees planted in the spring. Some trees, planted in autumn, near the city, nearly all died. Another parcel, from Mr. Prince's excellent nursery in Flushing, Long Island, arrived late in April, and all survived. There was no difference in the soil or care given to both parcels. E. Preble, Esquire, of Boston, strongly prefers autumn to spring for planting apple trees, as the ground settles around the roots before frost, and the trees prepare for winter.\nThe ground should be plowed to a considerable depth and well summer fallowed if it is in pasture, until the grass is killed. If trenching is preferred, the spade must be carried to the full depth of the soil, and if it is gravelly, a considerable portion of this should be removed and its place supplied by a due quantity of rich mould. The quality of the soil should approach as nearly as possible to that of the nursery, in which the trees were reared. If it is poorer, the trees will certainly be impeded in their growth.\n\nPreparation of the land and planting. An apple tree is best planted in the autumn, aided by the rains which prevail at that season. If planted in spring, it observes, the drought and heat of summer will injure, if not destroy them, before the roots find their place. He is in the practice of transplanting them as soon as the foliage is off in autumn, and farmers have more leisure at that season of the year.\n\nPlowing the ground: If the ground is in pasture, it should be plowed to a considerable depth and well summer fallowed until the grass is killed. But, if trenching is preferred, the spade must be carried to the full depth of the soil, and if it is gravelly, a considerable portion of this should be removed and its place supplied by a due quantity of rich mould. The quality of the soil should approach as closely as possible to that of the nursery, in which the trees were reared. If it is poorer, the trees will certainly be impeded in their growth.\n\nPlanting an apple tree: An apple tree is best planted in the autumn, aided by the rains which prevail at that season. If planted in spring, it will be injured or destroyed by the drought and heat of summer before the roots find their place. He transplants them as soon as the foliage is off in autumn, and farmers have more leisure at that season of the year.\nThe trenches should be well dug, about five or six feet wide, that the holes to receive the roots may be made sufficiently large. Much of the future prosperity of the orchard depends upon a judicious selection of trees. Mr. Bucknal advises that they be chosen the year before planting, taking care to obtain young, vigorous and healthy trees. Cankered plants emit a vapour that is detrimental to sound ones. When taking up trees from the nursery, preserve the roots in full length if possible. Carefully trace and raise the running roots. If roots must be cut, use a sharp instrument and not a dull spade. Shorten the tap root, or the one that penetrates straight down, to a length of about one foot. Remove all broken or bruised parts. Cut off the small matted fibres as they are apt to mold.\nIn cultivating trees, it is important to prevent new shoots from growing where old ones have been cut. The remaining side roots should be spread out horizontally beneath the surface to be more influenced by the sun, enriching their sap and producing the sweetest and most beautiful fruit. Some well-rotted manure mixed with mold may be advantageously placed around the roots, the earth carefully pressed down to make contact with them in every part, and the trees planted on the same side as they previously faced the sun.\n\nIn transplanting trees, it is observed that they do not have vapored away in the soil. The most nutritive and salubrious parts of the earth are those within reach of the sun's warmth, descending moisture, and air. And as the root fibers of trees, like those of seeds, always grow toward the purest air and brightest light, it follows that the root fibers seldom rise higher in the ground than they were previously.\nFor fruit trees, the roots are originally set and rarely extend themselves perfectly horizontally. Consequently, when a fruit tree is planted too deep in the earth, it seldom grows with healthy vigor, in terms of leaf or flower buds. For a more detailed description of planting fruit trees, I quote the words of Mr. Marshall:\n\n\"Describe a circle about five or six feet in diameter for the hole. If the ground is in grass, remove the sod in shallow spits, placing the sods on one side of the hole; the best of the loose mould on another side, and the dead earth from the bottom of the hole in another heap. The depth of the holes should be regulated by the nature of the sub-soil. Where this is cold and retentive, the holes should not be made much deeper than the cultivated soil. To go deeper is to form a receptacle for water, which, by standing among the roots, is harmful to the plants. On the contrary, in a dry, light soil, the holes should be made deeper.\"\nIn soils of middle quality, the hole depth should be such that when sods are placed at the bottom, the plant stands at the same depth in the orchard as in the nursery. Each hole should be of a depth suitable for the specific root planted in it. Holes should be dug prior to planting day for various reasons. If planting is in spring and the ground is weeded, water each hole the evening before planting by adding two or three pails of water. In planting, sods should be placed at the bottom, chopped with a spade, and covered with some of the finest topsoil. If the hole is too deep, and with this advantage the bottom will not be raised high enough for the plant, some additional soil may be required.\nThe worst mould should be removed before the sod is thrown down. The bottom of the hole should be raised to a proper height and adjusted. The lowest tier of roots is to be spread out upon it, drawing them out horizontally and spreading them in different directions. Rootlets and fibers should be drawn out with the hand and spread out evenly into the soil, covering them with some of the finest mold and pressing them down. The other tiers of roots are then to be spread out and bedded in the same manner. Great care is taken to work the mold well in, ensuring no hollowness is left by treading it hard with the foot. The remainder of the mold should be raised into a hillock around the stem for the triple use of providing coolness, moisture, and stability to the plant. A little dish should be made on the top of the hillock, and the slope should be gentle from its rim.\nThe circumference of the hole for planting should be slightly larger than the spread of the plant's roots, with the ground sinking a few inches below the orchard level. This detail may be considered unnecessary for those accustomed to burying plant roots in the grave-digger's manner. However, I recommend following this procedure for those seeking planting success based on my experience. Plants transplanted in this manner, with heads carefully reduced, rarely require additional support beyond their own roots. However, if the stems are tall and the roots few and short, they should be supported with stakes. Instead of traditional stakes, use a large, flat-bottomed bowl, sawed in half. Place the bowl parts on each side of the plant, one on each side, and two feet apart.\nIt is a well-founded opinion that young apple trees will not flourish advantageously if planted on the site of an old orchard or near the place where old trees have died. Coxe, esquire, of New Jersey, the most experienced orchardist in the United States, experimented with this view and the result demonstrated its correctness in the clearest manner. He planted young trees in the middle space between the old rows and sometimes near the stumps of old trees, which had been cut down and decayed for many years. He removed the old soil in digging the holes and replaced it with rich earth mixed with manure, giving his trees all the advantage of high cultivation. Yet they were manifestly inferior in point of growth and vigor to those which were planted at the same season in his adjoining lots.\nHaving progressed thus far, the husbandman is presented with a valuable orchard, planted and arranged in complete systematic order. It may be considered as the work of his own hands, from which he may anticipate high expectations of profit and amusement. Thus, the value of a farm is greatly augmented, and the proprietor enjoys the satisfaction of bequeathing a rich inheritance to future generations. But his labor is not yet at an end; it will still require his fostering care and unremitted attention. In vain do we plant, labor, and toil if through neglect in a single point, we suffer our harvest to be wrested from our hands. Nor are we less culpable if we suffer a young orchard to be destroyed by the depredations of cattle, the annoyance of insects, and the corroding canker, without applying the appropriate remedies. We suppose, then, of course, that the orchard is properly enclosed by a strong fence.\nAnd close the fence. We next proceed to cultivate the soil beneath and between the trees, until they reach their complete size. The quality, excellence, and maturity of the fruit will greatly depend on its proper culture. This process can be performed either with hoes, taking care not to injure the roots, or with a plow around the trunks. By these means, both the fertility and health of the trees are promoted, and the soil itself is improved for the purpose of raising potatoes, turnips, or other vegetables that do not impoverish the land. If, however, it is intended to cultivate clover or other meadow grass for mowing, it will be advisable to reserve a circuit around each tree as extensive as the roots, to be kept open by tillage. This will allow the fertilizing properties of rain, air, and dew to more easily penetrate into the earth and produce beneficial effects.\nThe opinion prevails among some farmers that clover has a tendency to retard the growth of fruit trees. If this is true of clover more than of any other grass, it may be due to its luxuriant foliage secluding the influence of warmth, air, and light from their roots. Mr. Kenrick, of Newton, observes that he has found herdsgrass the most injurious to his orchards.\n\nIt is well known to every farmer that fruit trees will flourish luxuriantly, while the area is cultivated with various vegetable crops, and that the same tillage and manuring, which is required for the latter, will prove highly conducive to the growth and fertility of the former. In fact, it has been ascertained by experience and observation that apples, pears, peaches, and so on, attain to their highest perfection only when the soil about the roots is kept open, and frequently manured.\nThe growth and vigor of plants and trees are promoted and maintained by the chemical combination of air, warmth, and moisture. The process of nature is assisted by substances that cause the greatest degree of fermentation when buried in the earth. Animal substances, such as dead animal bodies, horns, hooves, bones, when reduced to fragments or powder, leather, shells, and so on, are productive of great utility. Hair, wool, and woolen rags can also be added. Apply these to the roots, and top dress with swamp or pond mud, chip or compost manure, annually or once every two years, to produce surprising effects. The farmer will realize ample compensation through the increased quantity and improved quality of his crop. An extraordinary example of reviving an old worthless apple tree through the application of manure.\nIn my garden is an apple tree. It sprouted from the root of a former tree around 1763 and now grows to three feet six inches. From 1784 to 1790, I observed it to be barren and a hindrance to the ground. Every year, it was prey to caterpillars, and its bark was covered in numerous warts, which I suspected was the insects' natural instinct for propagation. In the spring of 1793, I tried an experiment to revive it. I instructed my gardener, in the season, to cleanse the outside bark of any growths that could withstand the process. Next, he was to build a wall of small stones around the tree, one foot away and perhaps nine inches high, and then fill the cavity.\nWith manure from the compost resource, 'The effect in the following season was truly worthy of notice. The warts disappeared, the bark became clean and thrifty, and the tree was so loaded with fruit that about one third of the branches broke and came to the ground with the cumbersome weight. Comparatively few caterpillars since, and, on average, an abundant crop of fruit yearly. I was led to the experiment by observing a pear tree in a similar situation and revived in a similar manner.'\n\nThere is not, perhaps, in nature a more fertilizing application than the liquid substance which remains at the bottom of stercoraries and barn-yards after the more solid substance has been removed. This effervescing mixture contains the very essence of plant food, and it could be transported in tight carts or casks, especially in a dry season, and emptied around the trunks and roots in the cool hours of morning and evening, but on no account.\nThe planter should be aware that the process of manuring for fruit trees should not be excessive. Too much stimulus can facilitate the growth of wood, making branches less productive of fruit. Trees may be stimulated to overexert themselves for a few years, leading to exhausted prolific powers and premature decay. Fresh stable manure is believed to be harmful to fruit trees.\n\nAnother method, reportedly effective in promoting the growth of young fruit trees, especially in grass lands, was published some years ago by a German clergyman. This method involves spreading flax-shaws, or the refuse of flax after it has been dressed, on the soil near the trunks of the trees, extending as far as the roots go. This practice increases both the size and fertility of the trees.\nIn the vicinity of the sea coast, a valuable substitute for refuse flax can be found in fresh sea weed. I have employed this article with considerable advantage. When laid thick round the trunk, it prevents the growth of grass and weeds, keeps the earth open and loose, and I am disposed to believe, prevents field mice from injuring the bark of trees in winter, as the salt with which this substance is impregnated is supposed to be obnoxious to them. It occurs to me as highly probable, that a quantity of sea weed pressed round the trunks of fruit trees, extending three or four feet, would prove a remedy against the canker worm. By forming a compact substance, both the canker moth and worm would be unable to penetrate. It might also serve as protection against the destructive worm which bores into the tree near the surface of the earth. Engrafted apple trees sometimes put forth blossoms.\nIf the blossoms appear abundant on fruit trees, the fruit should be taken off as soon as formed, leaving only four or five apples on each tree to ascertain their size and quality. Even at a more advanced stage of growth, if part of the apples are taken off in season, the remainder will be much improved in all respects, and the trees will produce fruit in higher perfection. Trees that begin bearing gradually are, in general, more disposed to afford an annual crop. However, the systematic plan and particular flee described in the foregoing pages may not accord with the views and circumstances of every agriculturalist.\nIn such situations, interrupting a farmer's prescribed course of field culture, or a farm not affording an eligible situation for a regular plantation of fruit trees, it may be convenient to plant trees in various parts of the farm, not otherwise occupied. This includes planting on the borders and corners of fields adjacent to roads, lanes, &c. In some instances, it is deemed a preferable method to set trees on the sides of a square field, leaving the center open for pasture or tillage; and such arrangement has its advantages. It has been observed that apple trees produce a more abundant crop when the ground is trodden and manured by cattle in the winter; but they should not be allowed to browse on the branches. We are not without examples of scattered trees of spontaneous growth occupying land which has never been broken by the plough nor subjected to culture. From these, tolerable crops of fruit are occasionally obtained.\nI. The following text describes the cultivation of inferior quality land for apple trees and introduces an extract from a paper published in the Agricultural Repository by John Wells, esquire of Dorchester. He shares two instances of successful apple tree cultivation in unfavorable situations. In the first instance, a low, strong, stony piece of land was taken. The land was ploughed in strips or dug in four-foot squares. Ploughing in strips was found best as turning the furrow towards the tree allowed for better drainage. The land was also raised slightly from the surrounding soil with half a buck load of loam.\n\nExtract from Agricultural Repository, Volume 1, Number 6, by John Wells, Esquire of Dorchester:\n\nWith a view to demonstrating the ease with which many natural disadvantages can be overcome, and an orchard reared in the most unpromising situation, I shall introduce here two instances of cultivating apple trees successfully in unfavorable conditions, as related by Mr. W. in the Agricultural Repository.\n\nIn the first instance, a low piece of strong, stony land was taken. As it was rather flat, it was ploughed in strips or dug in spaces about four feet square. The necessity of ploughing a furrow between each row led to the mode of ploughing in strips being found the best, as by turning the furrow towards the tree, the land was better drained. Additionally, raising the ground a little from the surrounding soil with half a buck load of loam was beneficial.\nThe ground was raised to support the tree. Afterward, the strips or squares were used for potato and vegetable cultivation. In a few places, the trees failed due to insufficient drainage. By opening the drain and raising the ground by half a bucket of loam, I found that a new tree flourished equally with the others. This orchard, now eight years old, is highly valuable, and most trees yielded half a barrel of apples. From this and other observations, it appears that low land, if it has strong soil and is well drained, will produce a fine orchard and probably sooner than any other.\n\nThe next attempt was made under completely opposite circumstances. The goal was to have an orchard on a specific spot with thin and light soil on a flat area. Holes were dug four feet deep. The upper two soil strata were:\nblack and yellow loam were placed next to the tree. After this, about ten inches of gravel or poorer earth were removed and carted off, and a horse cart load of stones was upended into the hole. Upon these, a part of the upper stratum, or \"OF FRUIT TREES, -- 61\" was added, along with some dirt from the side of the road to fill up the interstices. Since then, the spots near the trees have been cultivated by planting four hills of potatoes around each tree. The results have been tolerably favorable for all; however, the trees with the stones placed at their roots have significantly outpaced the others. The dimensions of the trees in the first experiment -- a rich, low, black, stony soil, drained -- were, after eight years, fifteen to seventeen inches in circumference, one foot from the ground. This can be considered (the tree being small when planted) as a growth of about two inches a year. The growth in the second experiment, for six years, is unspecified in the text.\nThe vegetation grew to twelve to fourteen inches in the holes where stones were put, one foot from the ground. Where no stones were put, the growth was nine inches. This shows that the vegetation was most powerful under circumstances least favorable. If such growth can be achieved against these disadvantages, it offers much encouragement for our efforts and leads us to hope that in other objects, they may also be beneficially extended.\n\nOrchard pruning:\n\nThe management of orchards can be reduced to a system under a few general heads, connected in the principle of making all trees in an orchard healthy, round, large, and beautiful. There is no part of this management that is so important and requires more skill, yet is so little understood, as the process of orchard pruning.\n\nThe necessity of commencing and annually repeating this process.\nWhen this operation is instituted in the nursery, it has already been inculcated. Proper practice of this discipline at the early period of growth results in less employment for the pruning knife at all future periods. It will be found indispensably necessary to retrench redundant or superfluous shoots and branches in every successive year of their existence. \"To the neglect of pruning fruit trees in due season,\" says Mr. Yates, \"and the unskilled manner of performing it, may, to a great measure, be attributed the bad and unproductive state of some orchards in America. This inattention and mismanagement, and especially the failure to amputate dead limbs and extirpate all infected parts of fruit trees, exposes them to disease, mortification, and death. An unpruned tree, left in a natural state, will bear fruit sooner than one that is pruned; for by pruning, the parts below the lopped or amputated branches become more vivacious.\nThe two great practical errors which have hitherto prevailed, causing irreparable injury to fruit trees, are, 1. the season of the year, and 2. the unskillful manner in which the operation has been performed. In general, February and March have been considered the preferable season for pruning, and the executioner is often sent into the tree with his axe, indiscriminately slaughtering branches, leaving long projecting stumps.\nRegarding the form and beauty of fruit trees being equal, and the specific branches and spurs upon which the future crop primarily depend. In March, the sap is retained in the roots, and the bark adheres closely to the wood. Consequently, wounds caused by branch amputation are exposed to cold, penetrating winds and frosts before the sap is in active motion. These wounds become dry, rotten, and cankered, and often crack open nearly to the main trunk. In old orchards, particularly, if limbs of any considerable size are removed several inches from the trunk before the sap is active, large cavities form and rapidly extend towards the trunk and heart. The tree is soon deprived of its health and vigor by this unskilled procedure. This practice, which has been in use for a long time, need not excite pride that a large proportion of our old orchards exhibit a moribund state.\nThe disgusting spectacle of dead branches, rotten stumps, and hollow trunks, verging on total ruin, is a surprising sight on our intelligent farmers' valuable land. Year after year, they allow it to be encumbered with such worthless lumber, suitable only for the resort of vermin and insects. It is worth observing that the more delicate feathered tribe disdains to occupy such detestable runs for the purpose of rearing their brood. The long life of different orchards depends, it is said, more on pruning than on any other circumstance. Young trees differ much in their natural form and tendency, and the mode of pruning should vary accordingly. The peculiarity of growth, which characterizes each kind, is easily discovered when they are four to five or six years old; and this is the most favorable period to complete what was begun in the nursery, for the purpose of correcting any irregularities.\nnatural defects in their form, and giving the proper \ndirection in their future growth. . The most pro- \nper season for pruning fruit trees, unquestionably is \nwhen the sap-juice is in actiye motion toward the \n64 CULTURE AND MANAGEMENT \nextreme branches. In our New England climate, \nwe have the clearest indications that the sap com- \nmences its circulation about the 20th of April. \nFrom this period to about the last of May, whether \nthe buds are just opening, or the blossoms fully ex- \npanded, the pruning should be accomplished. It \nwould, for certain reasons, however, seem advisa- \nble not to delay the operation after the first week \nin May, as the branches are then so charged with \na full flow of sap, that the bark would be apt to \npeel, whereby unseemly wounds might be left, and \ncanker induced: and besides, the undergrowth, \nwhether grass or grain, might be so far advanced \nas to suffer injury by being trampled upon. For \nthe purpose of performing this operation in a pro- \nA saw, chisel, and pruning knife are necessary. It is required to have a suitable composition for applying to wounded parts, protecting against wet, cold air, or the scorching sun. Forsyth's composition, clay for grafting, or an ointment of rosin, beeswax, and turpentine can be used. Some prefer tar with a little beeswax, simmered together and added with red ochre. This composition or the abovementioned ointment should be of a proper consistency to be applied to the wound with a knife or smooth stick, and they will adhere and last two years without needing to be renewed. With respect to the proper method of pruning, no particular unexceptionable rules can be prescribed; much depends on experience and attentive observation. It is among the most important rules, however, not to amputate a large limb close to the main trunk of a fully grown tree.\nIn pruning fruit trees, consider the size of the branch to be excised. Branches that are too large to heal or close over again upon healing can be given a fatal wound by opening an avenue to the air and water, which induce rot. Over time, the limb or trunk may become hollow, even to the roots. Regard for soil and climate is necessary in pruning. In wet and cold situations, trees should be pruned more open to allow for greater sun and air exposure. In contrast, in a dry, sandy soil, fruit ripens better with less sun and air exposure. Winter fruit trees require more warmth from the sun than summer fruit trees, so their branches should be left wider apart. The general shape of old trees should be maintained to allow ascending juices to continue in their established channels. Avoid cutting away too many large limbs at once to prevent excessive sap from remaining inactive.\nPrune trees carefully to avoid mischief. Always prune at a fork and remove the lower branch, ensuring the wound is on the lower side rather than the upper. Large limbs should be cut first at a distance, as weight may peel the bark and leave a bad wound. To prevent this, cut the bark on the underside before amputating the limb. After sawing off the branch, pare the bark and edges of the stump close and smooth with a sharp knife, and immediately apply the composition to cover the entire surface of the wound. This is especially necessary during cold seasons before sap is in circulation. By this procedure, the new growth or healing process immediately commences, and the wound will, during the season, if not large, be completely healed.\nThe tree remains standing and flourishing after pruning. The fruit of the apple tree is produced on short, thick spurs or shoots, one to two or three inches long. These spurs originate from branches that are two, three, or four years old. As branches lengthen, the number of fruit-bearing spurs increases, and they remain productive for several years. Mr. Forsyth leaves branches from three different years on the tree, keeping them in a constant bearing state. In contrast, if left to nature, they would only produce a crop of fruit once every two or three years. Remove all old, ragged spurs, as well as useless snags and twigs, close to the trunk. Do not allow dead limbs to remain, nor even healthy branches with an irregular tendency, running inwards and rubbing against each other. Branches that intersect or cross each other should also be removed to avoid confusion.\nThe crown of the tree should be cleared of all suckers and excess branches, extending them to their very extremities. It is necessary to prune out a significant portion of the top branches to open up the tree's crown, allowing free circulation of air and sunlight essential for fruit maturation and ripening. Remove superfluous lateral branches that grow irregularly, along with dead wood, annually. Provide sufficient room for proper bearing branches without harming the tree's appearance, leaving fruit branches as equidistant as possible. Branches with material injury should be removed. If the tree produces an abundance of wood in its first or second sap, pinch off young shoots while tender but never cut while the sap is flowing to prevent the tree from producing excess wood and damaging blossom buds.\nTo be injured by being deprived of sap. Never suffer a sucker to remain near the root from one year to another, nor by any means on the body or trunk which is not intended to be permanent. Those vigorous young shoots which often spring from old arms near the trunk and incline to grow up into the head must be annually extirpated, lest sods fill the tree with too much wood. A sensible portion of fertile wood should be left in every part, but leave no useless branches to exhaust the nutritive powers and thereby accelerate the decay of the tree. Mr. Marshall, in his Rural Economy, observes, \"A redundancy of wood is the cause of numerous evils. The roots, or rather the pasture which supports them, are exhausted unprofitably; the bearing wood robbed of part of its sustenance, and the natural light of the tree unnecessarily shortened; while the superfluous wood, which is the cause of this mischief, places the tree under undue stress.\"\nThe tree is in perpetual danger by giving the winds additional power over it, which is harmful to the bearing wood. It retains dampness and prevents a proper circulation of air. The underhanging boughs, especially when loaded with leaves, weigh down the fruit-bearing branches they are damaging, giving them a drooping habit or at least preventing their taking an ascending direction. Branches growing within the head are equally injurious by crossing and chafing the profitable branches. Only the outer surface is able to mature fruit properly. Every inward and underling branch ought therefore to be removed. It is not uncommon to see two or three tiers of boughs pressing down hard upon one another, their twigs so intimately interwoven that a small bird can scarcely creep among them. Trees neglected in this way acquire, through a lack of ventilation and exercise, a stunted, runty habit.\nThe fruit they bear becomes rude and inferior in quality. Some advise against allowing apple trees to head below six or eight feet for convenience in ploughing, but the horizontal and drooping branches are more productive and less susceptible to wind damage. Those cultivating an orchard for fruit production should prioritize this over undergrowth. According to Mr. Forsyth, when apple tree branches begin to die from old age or other causes, they should be regenerated by cutting off a few feet of their extremities to maintain the tree's shape.\nIf the trunk is yet tolerably sound, new branches will grow thriftily and bear luxuriantly. If you wish to vary your fruit, sprouts, after one year's growth and most frequently the same year, will be fit for grafting. Heading down old decayed apple trees for the sake of symmetry, it will be necessary to cut at forked branches as near as possible to the upper side of the fork, cutting them in a sloping manner to carry off the wet, and rounding the edges. If any branches have the canker, all infected parts must be cut out. The composition must be immediately applied to prevent the sun and air from injuring the naked bark. This operation should be performed in April or May, and, in the course of the summer, long thrifty shoots will be thrown out. These should not be shortened the first year, but in the following spring they may be cut to six or eight inches.\nFor fruit trees, prune branches according to their strength. In the next spring, after the first branches have grown, the remaining old branches can be cut out. These branches will soon fill the head of the tree with fine bearing wood. In three years, if properly managed, trees headed in this way will produce more and finer fruit than a maiden tree that has been planted for over twenty years. The method outlined above should be adopted with caution, as trees will not survive the loss of all their branches if lopped off in one season. It is preferable to cut and graft them partially every year until the process is complete.\n\nDirections for making a composition for curing diseases, defects, and injuries in all kinds of fruit and forest trees, and the method of preparing the trees and applying the composition, by W. Forsyth.\n\nTake one bushel of fresh cow dung and half a bushel of lime rubble from old buildings.\nThe ceiling of rooms should be made from a mixture of half a bushel of wood-ashes, a half sixteen part of a bushel of pit or river sand, all sifted fine before use. Work the wood-ashes, sand, and water together with a spade, then smooth with a wooden beater until the consistency is like fine plaster. Prepare the tree for application by removing decayed and injured parts, leaving only fresh, sound wood. The surface and edges must be smooth and rounded off with a draw-knife or other instrument. Apply a thin layer of tree plaster (about 1/8 inch thick) over the cut areas, finishing edges as thinly as possible. Mix dry wood-ashes with a sixth part of the same quantity for application.\nApply ashes of burnt bones to a tin box with holes. Shake the powder onto the surface of plaster and let it absorb moisture for half an hour. Reapply and rub gently until plaster is dry and smooth. Use pounded chalk or old lime if lime rubbish is unavailable. For best results, keep composition in liquid form by mixing with urine and soap suds. Use a painter's brush. Apply wood ashes and burnt bones powder as directed. When trees become hollow, scoop them out.\nRemove all unnecessary line breaks and whitespaces:\n\nout all the rotten, loose, and dead parts of the trunk till you come to the solid wood, laying the surface smooth; then cover the hollow, and every part where the canker has been cut out or branches lopped off, with the composition. As the edges grow, take care not to let the new wood come in contact with the ad, part of which it may be sometimes necessary to leave; but cut out the old dead wood as the new advances, keeping a hollow between them to allow the new wood room to extend itself and thereby fill up the cavity, which it will do in time, so as to make, as it were, a new tree. If the cavity is large, you may cut away as much at one operation as will be sufficient for three years. But in this you are to be guided by the size of the wood and other circumstances. When the new wood, advancing from both sides of the wound, almost meets, cut off the bark from both edges: that the solid wood may join. If properly managed, it will form a solid union.\nIf the tree is to be pruned, leave only a slight seam in the bark. If the tree is greatly decayed, do not remove all the dead wood at once as this would weaken the tree and make it more susceptible to being blown down by the wind. Instead, leave part of the dead wood initially to strengthen the tree, and remove it gradually as new wood forms. If there is any canker or gum oozing, the infected parts must be removed or cut with the appropriate instrument. When the stem is greatly decayed and hollow, it will be necessary to dig up the ground and examine the roots; then proceed as directed for hollow peach trees.\n\nBy using the composition in a liquid state, more than three-quarters of the time and labor is saved; I find it is less likely to be thrown off as the trees grow, as when applied in the consistency of plaster: it adheres firmly to the naked part of the wound, yet easily gives way as the new wood and bark advance.\nIn his introduction to the American edition of Forsyth, W. Cobbett states, \"During the last summer (1801), I went with a party of friends to be an eye-witness of the effects of this gentleman's method of cultivating and grafting trees. Though my mind had received a strong predisposition in its favor, what I saw far surpassed my expectations. Mr. Forsyth, whose book was not yet published, showed us the manuscript of it and the drawings for the plates, which are now found at the end of the work. After reading those parts of the manuscript that referred to the drawings, we went into the gardens and saw every tree which the drawings represented, finding them to be a most exact representation. We examined these trees from the ground to the topmost branches; we counted the joints in the wood; ascertained the time and extent of its growth.\"\n\"growth. In short, the facts in the book were verified. To grow fine, flourishing wood from an old, decayed stem; to grow as much wood in three years as could have been grown on the finest young tree in twelve; to remove rotten wood from the trunk and replace it with sound wood, filling up hollows and making a full, round, solid trunk - all this seemed incredible, but we saw indubitable proof. In the work referred to, we have the valuable observations of Peter W. Yates, esquire of Albany, regarding Forsyth's treatise: 'Mr. Forsyth's treatise is well calculated to rouse the care and attention of gentlemen on this side the Atlantic to the cultivation and management of fruit trees. The perusal of his pamphlet, London edition, 1791, afforded me both satisfaction and astonishment. To renovate diseased trees hastening to decay, and to instruct in the methods of grafting, budding, and budding with the tongue, are among the many valuable instructions contained in this work.'\"\ncrease the quantity and meliorate the quality of the \nfruit, in the way prescribed by him, seemed almost \nincredible.\u201d But Mr. Y. was induced to make the \nexperiment. Accordingly in May, 1796, he adopt- \ned the mode of process prescribed by Forsyth, on \na young bearing (bonecretien) pear tree, the bark \nof which, as well as the alburnum or sapwood, and \nthe heart wood, were dead from the ground up- \nwards about five feet. He cut away all the dead \npart, leaving nothing but the bark on the opposite \nside, and applied the composition. The effects were \nsoon visible: the external part of the wound, which \ncomposed about one third part of the trunk, was in \na few days surrounded by a callus or lip, which \ncontinued to increase until the sap-flow was obstruct- \ned and stagnated by the next autumnal frost; but \nby the subsequent annual flow of the juices, the \ncallus increased so as to fill the wounded part with \nnew wood. \u2018I'he old and new wood united, and is \ncovered with new bark. In many other instances, \nHe made similar experiments on various kinds of fruit trees. Forsyth\u2019s remedy afforded a radical cure for diseases, defects, and injuries in all kinds of fruit trees, especially where large amputations were made. The composition ought always to be applied, as it prevented the exuding of vegetable juices through the wounded parts, aided and precipitated the healing of wounds, promoted the vigor and health of the trees, and added to the size and flavor of the fruit.\n\nThe composition of Mr. Forsyth does not sustain such high reputation as formerly. It is not supposed to possess great efficacy as a medication when applied to diseased trees, and for the protection against wet and heat, it is not perhaps preferable to an ointment composed of rosin, beeswax, and turpentine. It is probable, that a composition consisting of clay, tempered with [unknown substance] would be more effective.\nTo promote the health and vigor of fruit trees, Mr. Forsyth recommends the following method. Take any quantity of urine and soap suds, and add fresh cow dung and a little slaked lime, sufficient to bring it to the consistency of very thick white-wash or paint. After removing all cankerous parts and scraping off the rough bark or moss from the trees, this mixture is to be applied to the stems and branches with a brush, in the same manner as the ceilings or walls of a room are whitewashed. If done in March or April annually, it will effectively destroy the eggs.\nTo prevent moss growth and keep insects at bay, and to promote tree nourishment and healing, apply a solution of lime, vinegar, and water to the trunk and branches. This treatment will result in a new, fresh bark appearance during the first or second summer, replacing the old one. Repeat this application in autumn to destroy autumn and winter hatching insect eggs. For similar effects, whitewashing with lime has been practiced. Mr. Ogden of Flushing, Long Island uses strong, undiluted soft soap, applied with a brush, to destroy moss and soften the bark. After washing off with rain, the soap acts as a manure for the roots. When Mr. O. initiated this process, his trees were covered in moss and old, scaly bark, producing poor crops; however, in two years, all the old bark had been replaced.\nThe bark drops off, and the trunks become as smooth as a young poplar. Soaping can be done at any season and repeated if necessary. A correspondent of the Caledonian horticultural society (Scotland) recommends clay paint for the destruction of insects and mildew on fruit trees. Take a quantity of the most tenacious brown clay; diffuse among it as much soft water as will bring it to the consistency of soft cream or paint. Pass it through a fine sieve to make it perfectly smooth and unctuous, and free from any gritty particles. With a painter's brush dipped in the clay paint, go carefully over the whole tree, not excepting the young shoots. This layer, when it becomes dry, forms a hard crust, which encloses the insects and completely destroys them without doing the smallest injury to the bark.\nWhatever promotes the free circulation of sap in a tree, such as cleaning the bark of scales and making it tender, promotes its growth, health, and productivity. If trees appear hide-bound with a bark that cracks due to the stem growing faster than the bark, pass a knife perpendicularly through the outer bark only, from the ground to the branches, taking care not to injure the inner bark. It frequently happens that the intense summer sun rays striking nearly at right angles cause the sap on the south side of trees to coagulate, leading to the death of the bark, canker, and eventual demise of the tree.\nThe tree itself is completely destroyed. As a remedy for this serious issue, a coat of the above-mentioned clay paint or Forsyth\u2019s composition is presumed to be effective.\n\nPreventing Flowers and Fruit from Falling Off and Retarding Their Opening\n\nThe proposed means to retard the opening of flowers involve making a ligature on the stems of young trees in the autumn. This compression slackens the sap's rising motion, causing the tree to bloom later. Fruits are also susceptible to falling off, as seen in trees with an abundance of flowers that promise a plentiful crop, only for most of them to drop off. This issue is common in apple and pear trees. To remedy this inconvenience, sprinkle the root or foot of the trees with five or six buckets of water when they are in blossom.\nThe objective for fruit farmers, as Marshall states, is to produce a crop annually. The key to achieving this, he emphasizes, is maintaining the trees' health and preventing them from bearing more than their capacity during a general fruit year. Enemies of fruit trees, according to the author, include an excess of wood, moss, spring frosts, blights, insects, an overabundance of fruit, old age, and canker. Some of these issues are beyond human control, but most can be managed through cultivation techniques. The term \"blight\" is ambiguous. While black blighting winds are frequently mentioned, no clear definition is provided.\nAnywhere these issues are affixed to the expression. Corn and fruit become unproductive without any visible cause, and fruit trees are liable to be infected with insects, are certainly facts. But whether insects are the cause or effect of blights is not yet settled. With respect to blights, all the assistance that art can render is to keep the trees in a state of healthfulness and prevent, as much as possible, an excess of fruit. As old age cannot be prevented, we have only to consider how the productivity of trees may be prolonged. I have seen, he says, healthy bearing apple trees which now wear their second top. The first tops, being worn out, were cut off, and the stumps sawed off. Sometimes we see trees so far gone in decay that their productivity no longer repays their incumbrance on the soil. How injudicious, in such a case, is the conduct of the proprietor who permits such trees to remain year after year, imposing an unnecessary burden.\n\"Binging and wasting the substance of his soil, moss is mainly, perhaps, owing to the nature of the soil, and cannot be entirely prevented. But it can be checked, and its evil effects in most cases, avoided. Our author observes, 'I have seen several orchards where the trees were almost entirely subdued by this vegetable pest. Some of the trees with perhaps only one branch left alive, and others entirely killed, and yet suffered to remain, an encumbrance to the ground, and a disgrace to the country.' It seems, from the above observations of Mr. M., that the same negligent management of fruit trees prevails in England as in our own country. Blight, according to another writer, means the effects of cold winds or hoar-frosts on the foliage and blossoms of trees. Easterly winds, accompanied by fogs, often produce blights; the buds are nipped, and the tender vessels burst. Innumerable insects appear, and the branches become withered.\"\n\"Dr. Mease relates that Mr. Cooper of New Jersey discovered, by chance, a tree with iron hoops and other articles hung on it, remained blight-free while others suffered. Since then, Cooper has encircled two or three branches of every tree with an iron hoop, and achieved consistent success. He showed a tree with a withered limb at the top, which he had neglected to protect the previous year. Philosophers may ponder the theory of the iron's preservation and the cause of the blight, but practical men will be satisfied with the fact, attested by a man of judgment and observant disposition, who has repeatedly verified no deception or accidental circumstance influenced the preservation of his hooped trees.\"\nApple trees are very susceptible to canker. This disease causes the bark to grow rough and scabby, turning the affected wood a rusty brown color. If no remedy is applied, the tree will die within two or three years. Some describe it as a kind of gangrene that begins at the extremities of branches and progresses towards the trunk. Peter Yates, esquire, of Albany, observed that his fruit trees contracted canker, most commonly appearing on the southwest side of the tree's body or trunk. The bark of the infected part initially appeared dark, later becoming rough, wrinkled, cracked, and dead. The infection spread to the alburnum or sap wood, obstructing the circulation of sap juice, and the tree eventually perished. The general opinion regarding the cause of this disease is that it primarily stems from the nature of the soil. Mr.\nForsyth proves from experience that the cause of canker on fruit trees is injudicious pruning, leaving foot stalks on trees after fruit has been gathered, bruises from using ladders to collect fruit, and dead shoots left on trees during the summer. But Mr. Yates finds it extraordinary that fruit trees in this climate are almost invariably affected on the southwest side of the trunk. It generally begins there and continues to increase annually, until the infection is communicated to the limbs. If I might be permitted to hazard an opinion, I would account for it as follows: It is caused by the hot rays of the meridian sun, which in that direction is most powerful, and strikes the tree nearly at right angles. The south side of trees grows faster, for there the vegetation is more rapid, as seen by the concentric rings of a tree.\nFruit trees generally incline to the northeast, exposing their trunks to the influence of the sun in the spring when sap-juice is subject to alternate freezing and thawing. The sap, which ascends in deciduous trees during the vernal months, is accelerated by the hot rays of the sun at southwest. It is retarded and stagnated in the cool of the nights, decreasing the irritability of the vegetable vessels for want of sufficient stimulus of heat. This alternate thawing and freezing of the sap-juice, particularly on the southwest side of the tree where the sun's rays are most powerful, eventually destroys the vegetation and leads to mortification. It frequently happens that scions for grafting are taken from infected trees, and the young trees produced in this way are particularly obnoxious to the disease. From whatever cause the canker may arise, Mr. Forsyth directs all the following measures.\ndiseased parts should be removed with a sharp instrument; if the inner white bark is affected, this also must be cut away until no sign of infection remains. The composition must then be applied. Mr. Yates has found this method effective through experience (see directions for making and applying the composition, page 69). Mr. Cooper of New Jersey found the best remedy for canker to be a composition of rosin, tallow, and beeswax of proper consistency to stick. Remove moss, and rough, scaly bark. Fruit trees, regardless of soil or situation, are susceptible to having their trunks covered in moss, and their bark rough and scaly. Besides the unsightly appearance, fruit trees suffer injury if left untreated. The moss can be easily removed by scraping with the back of a knife and rubbing with a cloth after rain or in damp weather. The scaly bark may be removed by scraping with a knife.\nEvery spring, scrape off moss from tree trunks and larger branches with a hoe or knife. Apply a proper coat of the previously mentioned compositions after. Washing with liquids or undiluted soap will effectively remove moss, restoring the tree's health and vigor. In two years, the bark will appear fresh and smooth. In some diseased conditions of apple tree bark, Dr. S. L. Mitchell of New York successfully practiced disbarking the entire trunk from the ground to the branches in 1799. The tree suffered no injury to its leaves or fruit, and in two months, a new coat of bark surrounded the wood entirely. Dr. M. notes that he has also successfully practiced this method.\nThe practice of decortication, which he had witnessed causing harmlessness, appeared to him still as a violent and hazardous remedy. This type of bark removal is not new; many ancient writers have noted that when the outer bark of fruit trees becomes rough and filled with cracks, allowing small insects to deposit eggs and produce larvae below, it is beneficial to entirely remove the bark. In recent years, Mr. Knight practiced decortication on some old fruit trees, particularly red-streak apples, and found the new growth astonishing. Some trees, deprived of their bark in 1801, exceeded the growth of the five preceding years combined in the summer of 1802. This method has been adopted in various parts of New England with varying results, sometimes leading to complete success and other times to the trees' destruction. This failure is attributed, by an ingenious writer, in the [publication details missing].\nMassachusetts Agricultural Repository: A young apple tree in Hallowell, which had its bark stripped ten years prior due to a defect, continues to live and bear fruit. The success of this tree is attributed to the proper timing and method of bark peeling. It should be done while the tree is in full sap flow, around the middle of June or on the longest day of that month. The bark should be peeled off smoothly to the alburnum. It is unlikely, however, that farmers will resort to this laborious and uncertain method when milder ones suffice. Fruit trees may have their bark torn off by field mice, sheep, or accidents. To remedy this, take strips of bark from a tree of the same species, about two to three inches in length.\nThe width of the wound and place four or five bark slips perpendicularly around the naked part, according to its size. Smooth the edges of the torn bark and raise the sound bark slightly. Insert slips beneath it to promote sap circulation. Bind the slips tightly with rope-yarn. Apply Forsyth's composition or a mixture of loam and cow dung, then cover with a coarse cloth. This method is successful; the slips adhere closely and soon become firm and smooth. Instead of bark slips, small twigs may be applied in a similar manner.\n\nEvery fruit tree cultivator has experienced some degree of disappointment in the expected crop of apple, pear, and other fruit trees after they exhibited the fairest prospect in the spring season. Spring frosts and other causes affect the bloom.\nWhile in full bloom, and the fruit just beginning to form, the petals are cast off, like dead leaves in autumn. This incident is said to be occasioned by warm and drying winds, which diminish the tree's vigor. In one instance, a remedy was successfully applied, and the loss and inconvenience prevented. J. Sowerby, esquire, in the spring of 1815, observed that the drying winds generally succeeded the blossoming of his fruit trees; the entire fruit was blown off about the time of the setting of the young fruit. Deeming it probable that a good dose of water at the roots would strengthen the tree and save the fruit, the experiment was tried, and the good effect was perceived in twenty-four hours; the young fruit then resisted the attack of the winds, and a large crop was produced. Not only were the trees enabled to produce their fruit in abundance, but also to increase it in size nearly to double.\nSome apple trees are liable to be damaged or destroyed by various causes: severe cold, hazy atmosphere, frosts, and insects. Mr. Knight has remarked that some trees fail frequently from want of impregnation when the weather is unusually hot and dry, or when cold winds prevail. He often observed the pollen to wither and die on the anther in such seasons. Spring frosts are an enemy against which it is most difficult to guard orchard trees. Marshall states, \"Dry frosts have no other effects than keeping the blossoms back; consequently, are frequently beneficial to fruit trees.\" But wet frosts, namely frosts after a rain or a foggy air, and before the trees have had time to dry, are very injurious even to the buds. An instance is mentioned of a flying hazy shower in the evening being succeeded by a sharp frost; that side of the trees against which the haze drove was especially damaged.\nApple blossoms are completely cut off on one side, while the opposite side, which escaped moisture, also escapes the frost's effect. The strength of the blossoms plays a significant role. When buds form and blossoms emerge with exceptional vigor, they can withstand common enemies. However, when blossoms sicken in the bud and those that open are weak and languid, hardly any apple will be produced. Art's assistance is required to keep trees healthy and vigorous, enabling them to produce a strong bud and blossom, and thin of wood to allow for quick drying before the frost sets in.\n\nApple blossoms are injured by the devastations of an unusually large number of insects in some seasons. These insects originate from a species of black flies that lay their eggs in the bud at its first opening. The insects, by feeding on the bud's heart, soon cause it damage.\nTo contract and drop. 'To remedy this fatal effect, we are advised to collect heaps of long dung, wet straw, weeds, and so on, to dispose them in different parts of the orchard, and set fire to the heaps in the quarter from which the wind blows, so that the smoke may thoroughly fumigate all the trees. Thus, the insects, which are supposed to be brought by the wind, will be prevented from depositing their eggs.\n\nOf all the numerous tribes of insects which infest fruit trees, and disappoint the hopes of the cultivator, the canker worm is the most to be dreaded. This destructive insect has, during its prevalence, baffled the efforts of man, and, in spite of all means of prevention as yet devised, commits its depredations and deprives whole orchards of foliage and fruit. The millerworm or moth rises from the earth in the spring, conceals itself during the day in holes and crevices under the bark of trees.\nThe loose bark of apple trees reveals the presence of codling moths, which can be found easily by searching. The male has wings, but the female seems wingless; however, they can climb tree trunks and crawl towards the ends of twigs to lay their eggs. Once the leaves unfold and sprout, the worm emerges from the egg and begins its damage. The worms spin threads similar to spider webs to suspend themselves in the air and are carried by the wind from tree to tree and from one orchard to another, feeding voraciously on foliage and giving trees a burnt appearance. Professor Peck of Cambridge has provided a satisfactory account of this pest, according to which the worms descend the tree trunks in June and burrow into the earth near the trunks, rarely more than three to four feet away from grass lands.\nOF FRUIT TREES:\nA fruit tree's roots extend from one to four inches deep, and in ploughed land not more than seven or eight inches. He has ascertained that a part of the cankerworms rise in the autumn and deposit their eggs. They are the ones that were an inch or two below the surface; those which lie deeper are not affected by the transient changes of the atmosphere in November and do not rise till the spring. The chrysalis state comes in twenty-four hours after the larva has penetrated the earth, and it appears that the insects are soon perfect, since a course of warm weather has been found to raise some of them from the earth in November. Those which rise in November are not very numerous, compared with those which rise in the spring, but being very productive, are exceedingly injurious if no means are taken to prevent their ascending the trees; as the winter's frost does not kill the eggs. The warmth of the season at the time of the descent into the earth.\nThe soil is favorable for the perfect development of insects in the chrysalis, particularly those nearest the surface. Those at a depth of six or seven inches are taking longer to mature. The first are perfect in September and only require stimulation to emerge from their confinement; however, they cannot be stimulated until they have experienced a sufficient degree of cold, making them sensitive to the mild temperature of the atmosphere during November. The excitability of those lying deeper, which are not accessible to cold until a later period of the season, is not easily accumulated, nor are they sensitive to slight temperature changes affecting only the surface. Consequently, they do not leave the earth until the spring, when the warmth of the air is longer sustained and penetrates to the depth at which they lie. To prevent the devastating effects of the canker worm, the primary objective is to keep the female beetle.\nFrom climbing trees. For this purpose various methods have been proposed. A writer in Carey's American Museum, August 1792, states, \"Canker worms never destroy apple trees which stand on a stiff clay or in low ground where water stands long in the spring. The reason for this is obvious. The canker worm, about the 10th of June, descends into the earth, there to lie till the next spring, when it rises and climbs the trees. This worm is not strong, nor furnished with the necessary implements for digging into a hard stiff clay; therefore it cannot bury itself in clay and is not fond of gravel. The writer therefore proposes to lay a covering of stiff clay round trees which stand on sand or other light earth. This covering or layer may be thrown upon the top of the natural soil, which may be removed to the depth of a few inches. If the clay is laid on in summer, after the descent of the worm, it may prevent the worm from ascending the trees.\"\nIf the worm emerges on the tree when it rises in the spring, it may prevent the worm from finding a lodging. However, if the worm travels some distance beyond the limits of the layer, it would be better to form the layer around the tree after the descent of the worm in June. According to Dr. Dean's New England Farmer, it has been about eighty years since New England was first visited by these destructive insects. He notes that if anyone could invent an easy, cheap, and effective method of subduing them, they would deserve the public's thanks, especially every orchard owner. Several methods have been tried with some success. 1. Tarring: A strip of canvas is placed around the tree's body before the ground opens in the spring and well smeared with tar. The females, in attempting to pass over it, stick fast and perish. However, unless the tarring is renewed very frequently, it will become hard and allow the insects to pass.\nAnd it is necessary to pass safely over fruit trees. In season, tar is too apt to be neglected due to business hurry and forgetfulness. The insects are so prolific that even a few of them can ruin a tree, at least for the following season. 2. Dr. Dean supposes pasturing swine in an orchard to be an excellent method, where it can conveniently be done. With their snouts and feet, they will destroy many insects before they come out of the ground; and he has never known any orchard constantly used as a hog-pasture, wholly destroyed or even made wholly unfruitful by worms. However, this method cannot always be taken, and if it could, he does not suppose it would be quite effective. He considers tarring to be the preferable antidote and gives the following directions for applying the article in the most effective manner. - In the first place, it is necessary to begin the operation very early in the year. Not observing this.\nCaution has caused the lack of success that many have complained about. For it is certain that bugs will begin to ascend as soon as the ground is thawed enough for them to extract themselves, which is, in some years, as early as February. Therefore, to ensure success, it is best to begin as soon as the ground is free of snow in that month, so that the first thawing of the ground does not happen before the trees are prepared. For beginning after even a few of the insects have gone up, the labor will all be lost. Another thing to be observed is to fill the crevices of the bark with clay mortar before putting on the strip of linen or canvas, so that the insects do not find any passages under it. Having put on the strip, which should be at least three inches wide, draw it close and strongly fasten the ends together. A thumb-rope of tow should then be tied round the tree, close to the lower edge of the strip. The purpose of doing this is to prevent the tar from running.\nWhen preparing trees in an orchard for tarring, ensure the tar does not drip or run down on the bark, which could injure it. Once all trees are prepared, smear the strips generously with cold tar using a brush. Renew the tar daily without fail, ideally soon after sunset when insects are less active and the tar will not harden as much due to the dampness of the air. Continue this task with great care until the end of May or the common hatching of worms, which varies with climate.\n\nAnother method of tarring, which may be preferred, is as follows: Take two wide pieces of board, plane them, make semicircular notches in each to fit around the stem or body of the tree, and securely fasten them together at the ends so that they can be adjusted to different tree sizes.\nLents winds and storms may not displace or stir them. The crevices between the boards and the tree can be easily stopped with rags or tow. Then smear the undersides of the boards with tar. The tar, being defended from the direct rays of the sun, will hold its tenacity longer and therefore will not need to be frequently renewed. Trees may be secured more in this way, leaving a margin of two or three inches next to the tree unsmearned.\n\nThe remedy of tarring, says Professor Peck, was probably first suggested by the structure of the female insect, which, fortunately for man, has no wings. If this remedy were diligently and universally used, it would very likely rid us of this pest. It must be granted, at a considerable expense. But the negligence of many will counteract the vigilance of a few, whatever remedy may be proposed or discovered.\n\nMr. P. recommends.\n\nOf Fruit Trees. 89\n\n(Note: This text appears to be discussing methods for protecting trees from insect damage using tar.)\nTurning up the ground carefully in October, to a depth of half a spade or five inches, exposing chrysalids and destroying many of them. Secondly, breaking clods and smoothing the surface with a rake, followed by passing a heavy roller over it to make it hard and crack-free. By these two operations, every vestige of their downward path would be obliterated, and any undisturbed remains below the turned-up stratum of earth would remain there, as they could not force their way through such an obstruction. In grass grounds, sods should be turned with the grass side down and placed side by side for rolling; the earth from which they were taken should also be loosened and rolled. It is probable, that with these methods.\nThis treatment prevents moths from rising in the fall. The winter's frosts heave and crack the smooth surface, but it can be smoothed and hardened by a roller or other means in March with much less trouble, time, and expense than the long course of tarring requires. As lime, when slacked, is reduced to an impalpable powder and is thus well adapted to close the least openings in the surface to which it may be applied, Mr. P. is inclined to think its good effects are produced in this way as well as by its caustic quality.\n\nMr. Kenrick's method of destroying the Canker Worm. John Kenrick, esquire, of Newton, proposes the following: From any time in June, after the worms have entirely disappeared, until the 20th of October, let the whole of the soil surrounding the trees, to the extent at least of four feet from the trunk, and to a suitable depth, be dug up and carted away to a distance from any trees the canker worms are infesting.\nFeed trees with their usual food, and return an equal amount of compost or rich earth mixed with manure. Earth taken from trees can be used as a substantial ingredient in compost. If a few straggling cankerworms appear on any trees the following spring, mark those trees for repeat operation the subsequent summer. This process will not only accelerate growth and increase fruitfulness of trees but also provide significant protection against mole damage in the winter following. These advantages will far outweigh the expense. However, the greatest advantage gained will be capturing and completely destroying the encampments of those destructive invaders.\n\nAnnual tarring, instead of being beneficial to trees, is generally considered harmful. The seasons being variable, it requires considerable care and skill.\nIf the timing is not right, some cankerworms will have ascended the trees; if it's four days too early, much labor and tar are lost. The same issue arises in knowing when to stop tarring. The process must be carried out precisely at the right time, whether it rains or shines, and repeated considerably more than twenty times every season. The average annual expense for tarring each tree ranges from ten cents. Mr. 'K.'s proposed method, according to him, is ideal for the convenience of farmers. They will avoid the trouble and expense of purchasing and applying tar, lime, or any other article. Farmers can perform the operation at their leisure and with the prospect of ample reward for their labor, even if no damage is anticipated from the cankerworm. If the operation is performed in June, they can also raise a crop of potatoes.\nThe trees in the first season exterminate canker worms, promote growth and fruitfulness, defend against moles, yield several crops of potatoes, and manufacture compost. Mr. Kenrick, who never had canker worms on his farm, couldn't personally prove the method's effectiveness. Cultivators of orchards should consider this method, and the public is encouraged to learn from each trial. John Lowell, Esquire (Mass. Agric. Repos.): \"The expense of tarring an orchard for several years, along with the injury sustained by the trees in the common method,\"\nThe improvements introduced by Mr. Parsons and other cultivators, such as surrounding trees with canvas and rope-yarn, and stopping the descent of tar with a bandage of coarse hemp and mixing it with oil to keep it soft, have significantly diminished the inconvenience of the old practice. However, much remains to be desired. The process is imperfect unless performed faithfully in the fall as in the spring. If neighbors are inattentive, one may be subjected to this labor for ten to twenty years, and orchards will scarcely cover the continued and accumulated expense. Further improvements seem desirable; a simpler, less expensive, more effective method. In the southern states, some persons are still ignorant of the natural history of this insect, regretting that it has not been examined and described by scientists.\nMen. We have nothing left to be desired on this head. The description of the canker worm by Professor Peck is very satisfactory, leaving us only to regret that the same ingenuity could not have devised some speedy, simple mode of extirpating or checking them. Until some effective mode is discovered, I think we should make constant experiments and communicate fully the results, in the hope that if our trials shall not prove successful in every case, they may stimulate others to happier ones. I have been informed that Mr. Josiah Knapp of Boston was induced to try the effect of air-slaked lime. He put it around one of his trees in the spring of 1814, and I have been assured, not only by him, but by another respectable friend who examined it, that it was fully successful. The tree was in a small garden in Boston, surrounded by other trees which were filled with the worms, and this one wholly escaped, except that a few appeared to have infested it.\nI attacked the extremities of the trees, where they were interlocked with other trees. I mentioned this fact to a Rhode Island gentleman, who informed me that, in that state, they had used the rubbish collected from the breaking of flax, and it had effectively prevented the rise of the insect. I resolved to make the experiment of lime on an extensive scale. As the insects rise in the fall, I determined to put the lime on in autumn. For this purpose, I had the turf dug around sixty apple trees, and the earth laid smooth. I then took three hogsheads of effete or air-slacked lime and spread it an inch thick around my trees, to the extent of about two or three feet from the roots, so that the whole diameter of the opening was from four to six feet. I tarred these trees, as well as the others. Although I had worms or grubs on most that were not limed, I did not catch a single grub where the trees were limed. I do not mean to speak with confidence.\nI am strongly encouraged to believe the remedy is perfect. It was ascertained by Professor Peck that the insect seldom descends into the ground at a greater distance than three or four feet from the trunk, and to a depth of four inches. The lime is known to be destructive to all animal substances, and I have little doubt that it actually decomposes and destroys the insect in the chrysalis state. There are many reasons which should encourage the repetition of this experiment. The digging round the trees is highly beneficial to them, while tarring is very harmful. The expense is not great; a man can dig round fifty large trees in one day. The lime is a most salutary manure to the trees. After the spot has been once opened and limed, the labor of keeping it open will not be great. Three hogsheads of air-slacked lime, or sweepings of a lime store, will suffice for fifty trees, and will cost\nthree dollars. As it is done only once a year, I think it cannot be half as expensive as tarring. I repeat, sir, that I mention my experiment with great confidence, as it is the first of my knowledge. It may induce several persons to try it in different places, and where trees are surrounded with others that are treated differently. All I pray is, that it may prove to be successful and relieve us from this dreadful scourge, which defaces our country while it impoverishes and disappoints the farmer. If it should succeed, Mr. Knapp will merit the thanks of the public for his ingenious experiment.\n\nThe following valuable communication from one so highly deserving of confidence is hoped will have its proper influence, and encourage every proprietor of an orchard to make the experiment whenever the canker worm again menaces us with its ravages. The application of lime appears to be the most eligible remedy that has been discovered.\nIf this proposed method has been implemented, it forms a hard, rain-exposed crust impervious to moths and worms. Its adoption could potentially exterminate these pests. It would be beneficial to test this on a small scale by confining some moths or worms in their various stages in a box of earth and applying lime to determine their progress and the lime's effect on decomposition. It has been suggested (page 58) that flax-rubbish and seaweed could be placed around orchard trees as a remedy against these insects. These substances, when compacted by rain, become firm and solid, preventing grass growth. I believe it would be impossible for insects to penetrate through them. Dr. Dean recommended attempting the destruction of canker worms through this method.\nThe agency of swine. These animals possess a natural instinct to search with their snouts for vermin and insects concealed in the earth. They should be allowed to run unrestrained in orchards during autumn and spring for this purpose. I am authorized to say that in several instances in this vicinity, this experiment has been made and proved effective. A general resort to this expedient might have a happy tendency in preventing the annoyance of these and other pests in our orchards.\n\nOf Fruit Trees. 95\n\nIt is well known that several species of birds feed voraciously upon the canker worm and other tribes of insects. Therefore, it is advantageous to encourage the increase of the feathered tribe by all means in our power.\n\nCaterpillars.\n\nThese vermin are so truly disgusting in their nature and appearance, and so injurious by their destruction of fruit trees.\nEvery farmer should find it disgraceful for their orchard to be infested by caterpillars. Yet, it is not uncommon to see numerous branches of valuable fruit trees entwined with their nests, filled with these industrious reptiles, which destroy the foliage and fruit. During an excursion this season, I have witnessed the disgusting sight of more than twenty large caterpillar nests on a single tree, and almost every green leaf devoured. It would be more respectable and credible for such neglected trees to no longer encumber the ground.\n\nThe eggs from which caterpillars are produced are attached in clusters to the small twigs by a brownish colored miller in the month of August. They are securely covered with a gummy substance, unsusceptible of injury by the weather during winter. The young brood is hatched by the warmth of the sun, just in time to prey upon the fresh leaves as they emerge.\nThe numerous spiders from each cluster of eggs unite to construct a nest of strong web, affording them shelter from the inclemency of the weather and a secure retreat from dews at night. They continue to feed upon leaves until about the last of June, when they abandon their habitation and stroll to some dry, secure place where they envelop themselves in a close covering of an egg-shaped, roundish ball, similar to the cocoon of the silk worm. In this chrysalis state, they continue a few weeks, and in the month of August, the spider bursts forth in the form of a brownish colored miller. The female soon wings her way to the apple trees and deposits her eggs on the twigs, in the same manner as her progenitor in the preceding year. Thus, an annual progeny is generated, and in this manner, the species is perpetuated.\nTo destroy these vermin annually, proprietors of orchards should act in concert. The clusters of eggs containing young brood resemble bark color but can be detected for destruction after August. Cut off and burn or destroy twigs with eggs. If this is omitted and caterpillars hatch and construct nests, search trees every 2-3 days during spring and summer, crushing insects with fingers or an instrument, or cutting off and destroying branches. It is asserted that spirit of turpentine can be used.\nMr. Yates of Albany reports that penetrating fish oil applied to a caterpillar nest will kill every caterpillar inside. Soap suds also have the same effect. He previously destroyed caterpillars by removing them from their nest early in the morning and destroying them. Repeating this practice two or three times a week for two or three weeks would eliminate them. However, he discovered a more convenient method using wormwood, rue, and two pounds of Virginia tobacco. Boil these together in about two pails of rainwater for nearly half an hour, strain the liquid, and sprinkle the trees with it. He performs this operation with a barrow engine, but it should be done. (Sufficient tobacco alone will do but not as effectively.) (From \"A Treatise on Fruit Trees\" by John Worlidge, 1693)\nThe caterpillars or worms have left their nocturnal nests or webs, and are dispersed on the trees. Repeat the operation two or three times; they will drop down and expire.\n\nDescription of a Brush for Destroying Caterpillar's Nests.\n\nDear Sir,\u2014For the last three or four years we have had very few caterpillars. Last week I observed an increased number, though not many, on my young apple trees. How to destroy them most easily was a question which had occurred as often as I had seen orchards infested with them. I always considered it disgraceful to a farmer to suffer his trees to be stripped of their leaves and fruit, for that season at least, by caterpillars; seeing it was very practicable to get rid of them.\n\n[From Mr. Pickering to the Corresponding Secretary of the Massachusetts Agricultural Society. (Vol. iv. p. 326. Agricultural Repos.)]\nAnd without much trouble, by crushing them when small with fingers. This was my father's mode when I was a boy. The same long, light ladders, which served in autumn in gathering his winter fruit by hand, enabled one to reach most caterpillar nests in spring. I have myself practiced this method since becoming a farmer. Some over delicate persons might object to this mode; but it is really far less offensive than the sight of large and numerous nests with which apple trees are sometimes filled. And if the operation is performed early when the caterpillars are only from a quarter to half an inch long, the operator (man or boy) will feel no repugnance to the process. But in full-grown trees, some nests, towards the extremities of their small limbs, would escape because not accessible by ladders. A narrow brush, formed with small bunches of bristles, in a single row, I once thought would reach the inaccessible nests.\nAndespite attempting to destroy them, it was neither effective nor convenient. Last Saturday morning, the notion of the appropriate brush occurred to me, and in the Ethen I tried it with complete success. I presume every farmer has observed that the clusters of eggs, producing caterpillars, are laid round the AA twigs of the apple tree and wild cherry, and effectively guarded by a gummy covering, until vegetation commences in the ensuing spring. When first hatched, the worms appear about the eighth of an inch long. The same warmth in the air, which opens the buds, hatches the caterpillars to feed on the embryo leaves. Their first objective is to provide for themselves a tent for shelter in their new state, against the inclements of the weather. For this purpose, they crawl to a small fork of a limb, where the branches form a sharp angle, and there spin and weave a web, with which they surround it, and where they are secure against undue cold, and heat, and rain.\nBy this small white web, they are discovered, and are then most easily destroyed. But not all clusters of eggs hatch at the same time. According to their situation for warmth or coolness, some hatch earlier or later. Therefore, an orchard should be inspected again, a week or ten days after the first visit, and all the latter broods destroyed. Neglected in this first state, they soon become crowded and, having consumed the nearest forage, they march and take a new station, forming a new, but more ample tent. Neglect increases the mischief of their ravages, making them more difficult to destroy.\n\nThe efficient and convenient instrument for this work is nothing more than a common bottle brush fastened on the end of a pole. Having an old one in my house, I was able to make the experiment on the day when the idea occurred.\nThis brush is made of hog's bristles, sandwiched between two stiff wires closely twisted. Convenient for cleaning bottle insides, it is likely familiar where liquors are bottled. A wire piece, one tenth of an inch in diameter, three feet long, doubled and leaving a small loop in the middle, is closely twisted for about eight or ten inches from the loop. The bristles are then introduced between the remaining two wire branches and twisted upon them, rendering them immovably fixed and forming a cylindrical brush, approximately six inches long and two and a half inches in diameter. To securely attach this to a pole, I made a seven or eight inch long groove at the small end of the pole.\nTo create a brush for removing caterpillars, lay the twisted wire of the brush and bind it with three strings. When using the brush, press it onto the small nest and turn the pole in your hand. The web becomes entangled with the bristles and is removed. Alternatively, rub the fork of the limb, inside and outside, with the brush when the nest and worms are killed or brought down. For the experimenter's reference, they may apply the brush with their hand to a nearby nest. Poles made of willow or similar light and stiff woods are suitable. For small trees, a common bean pole, six to seven feet long, is sufficient. For taller trees, proportionally longer poles are required.\n\nIf you find my description convincing for this simple instrument's effectiveness against caterpillars, consider making it publicly known.\n\n(If necessary)\nFor taller trees, poles proportionally long must be provided.\nWith respect and esteem, Timothy Pickerine. The Worm Called the Borer. An interesting paper by W. Denning, Esq. on the subject of the alarming decay of apple trees is published in the first volume of the Transactions of the New York Agricultural Society. From this paper, it appears that upon cutting down some decayed apple trees, Denning discovered two worm holes running perpendicularly from the tap root, reaching about fourteen inches above the surface. Each hole admitted a pipe stem and produced a worm. In some trees, eight or ten holes were found. Denning proposes no remedy, but Dr. Mease, editor of the Domestic Encyclopedia, observes that the worm must be searched for with a wire and bored out. The public is particularly indebted to J. Prince, Esq. and to Mr. E. Herndon for their contributions.\nSey of Roxbury, for their method of destroying this pernicious insect. OF FRUIT TREES, No. 101. From the Massachusetts Agricultural Repository, volume iv. By John Prince, Esq. Jamaica Plains, July, 1819.\n\nDear sir,\u2014I have, within a few years past, lost a number of apple trees, from ten to fifteen years old, and was unable to account for it. My young trees, which were beginning to bear, produced chiefly wormy and knurly fruit. Last year, I discovered what I supposed to be the cause: a small, white, rimmed worm, about three-quarters of an inch long, with a dark-colored head (I believe the same that attacks the peach tree), attacking them at and just below the surface of the ground. I mentioned the subject to Professor Peck, yourself, and several other gentlemen, who had never heard of this destroyer of the apple tree. I feared much the loss of all my trees, of which I have near one thousand, and mostly my own.\nA man I hired to graft old trees for me mentioned in the spring that he had trees with similar issues, which were easily eradicated by digging around the trees, clearing away the earth to the roots, and using a sharp knife, chisel, or gouge to destroy them. I employed him in June for this task. I believe no apple tree on my farm was free from worms; some had as many as twenty-four. The trees were almost entirely girdled and would not have survived the year. After removing all the worms, the wounds were covered with grafting clay and a large proportion of dry wood ashes, mixed, and the earth returned to the tree. I will examine them again in the fall and check every spring. The problem is less severe than one might think upon trying. One capable man can handle the digging.\nTurn the sods, two or three feet from trees, a beneficial practice for young trees in grass ground, and examine at least thirty trees in one day; in garden or ploughed ground, examine one hundred. When fit is found, the expense required to extract destructive worms is little. I hope those with young trees examine them as soon as possible. They are easily discovered by worm casts or sawdust borings, which should be followed and completely extracted. I have also lost several mountain ash and quince trees to this destroyer.\n\nReport of the committee referred to the application of Mr. E. Hersey regarding the destruction of the borers, which have been harmful to apple trees in this neighborhood.\nThe committee reports that Mr. Ebenezer Hersey of Roxbury, known as a successful housewright and grafter, has made a significant contribution to the destruction of a troublesome insect on fruit trees. Although it is uncertain if Mr. Hersey was the first to discover the method he now uses to remove the insect from trees, the committee is convinced that the public's benefit from its extirpation is primarily due to Mr. Hersey's exertions and adroitness in this area. They recommend a premium of twenty-five dollars be awarded to him. The committee adds that Mr. Hersey has extirpated the insect in at least a thousand apple trees on one farm in Roxbury and has likely saved many thousands more in other parts of the town.\nThe neighborhood, through his personal attendance and labor or the information he provided, restored valuable peach trees affected by a worm and traced them to the mountain ash, saving many from perishing. Farmers in the commonwealth, if they examine their orchards and remove these insects, will feel the benefit of their attention in improved fruit quality in a short time. Your committee also recommend employing Mr. Hersey for this work as it is more economical than farmers undertaking it themselves due to his experience and professional expertise.\nA housewright's familiarity with tools enables him to perform this operation thoroughly and quickly. The most effective seasons for this process are spring and fall, preferably before June when perfect insects have escaped. In apple and mountain ash trees, the presence of the insect can be identified by the mossy bark. The entrance hole, though small, can be located by the appearance of powdered wood or fine sawdust. Cut the bark smoothly and clean it after following the insect's track.\nThe tree of all insects, sometimes numbering up to twenty, plaster their wounds with a little clay. Once dry, return the earth to its place. Repeat the operation each following season for completion. In peach trees, trace the insect by the gum, but this is not infallible as gum is also produced by bruises. Carivet: Adeiendtilt phaeyinente.\n\nSamuel G. Perkins and Jon Prince wrote this.\n\nNote\u2014If the frost is out of the ground, we recommend farmers to perform the spring cleaning as early as March and April.\n\nBoston, April 16.\n\nHaving successfully discovered a method of destroying this pernicious reptile, it remains extremely desirable to devise some means by which its successful attack upon the tree may be prevented. We are unfamiliar with the natural history of this worm, but it is highly probable that...\nThe progeny of the fly that lays its eggs in the bark of the peach tree may originate from the fly itself or the earth. Given its behavior, it's reasonable to assume the soil or mold suits its nature, and instinct guides it to enter the tree for residence and support. To prevent this, remove soil around the tree trunk in early spring, down to the roots, and fill the vacant space with an obnoxious substance or one that invariably resists the fly or worm's penetration. Effective substances include flax rubbish and seaweed (page 58 of this volume), ashes, lime, seashells, sea-sand, mortar rubbish from old buildings, clay, and tanner's bark.\nSome substances from tanner and shoemaker shops, and others, can prevent flies or worms from accessing the bark of a tree when pressed closely around it, acting as an effective remedy. If the worm approaches the tree from a distance and encounters foreign substances, its instinctive faculties may be baffled, or it may die before achieving its goal. Another method involves the use of clay paint (page 74) or the following composition: equal parts of quick lime, cow dung, and clay, reduced to the consistency of common paint with the addition of soap suds and urine. Make the entire stem, from roots to branches, coated with this mixture.\nDeveloped with a coating of this composition and repeatedly applied, the tree trunk will scarcely be injurable for flies, worms, or insects. This treatment will also promote the tree's health and vigor. It might even be recommended to apply this to all young trees during transplanting, especially in areas where the worm is prevalent.\n\nIt seems that this destructive worm is rapidly extending its damage among our orchard trees. Upon examining my own trees since writing the above (September 4th), I was astonished to find that more than half of them were suffering injury from the borer, in considerable numbers; fifteen were taken out of a single tree. I was struck by the worker's remark that trees with a cluster of root suckers were the greatest sufferers; and when a tree had suckers on one side only, the worms were predominantly found there.\nfound on that side of the tree. It is not improbable \nthat the suckers and leaves facilitate the operation of \ndepositing the eggs by affording a convenient shel- \nter for the fly or moth; but we are destitute of the \nnatural history of this msect. The suckers and \nworms all being removed, I directed the wounds \nmade in the trees, and also the whole trunk near \nthe surface of the earth, to be covered with a mix- \nture of clay and cow dung, with a little hair to ren- \nder it more adhesive; and afterwards a circuit of \nabout three feet round each tree, to be covered \nwith tanner\u2019s bark, or refuse leather. \n% Dalhals oo : iid ain Ar Ae babe \n\u201cSUG wont, oR Nave GWA, \nIt is from:the accurate observation of professor \nPeck, that we are enabled to present the reader \nwith the history of the slug worm, by which, of \nlate years, our fruit trees have been infested. These \nreptiles make their appearance upon the leaves: of \nfruit trees, in the month of July, and our ingenious \nA professor discovered that these are the progeny of a small black fly. The fly deposits its eggs in leaves during May and June. In fourteen days, the perfect slug is found, adhering and feeding on the leaves. It is olive-colored, with a slimy coat. In twenty days, it sheds four skins at nearly equal intervals. It remains in the fifth, or last skin, for six days and acquires its full growth. It then quits this fifth skin, which is left adhering to the leaf, and appears in a clean, yellow skin, entirely free from slime. After resting some hours, it proceeds slowly down to the earth, entering it to a depth of one to four inches. In about eighteen days, they again ascend from the earth in the form of flies and deposit their eggs in the leaves.\nTo effectively destroy destructive insects that damage fruit trees by producing two hatches per year, a simple method is implemented. This is accomplished by sprinkling lime over the leaves in the form of powder. For this purpose, a wooden box, of convenient size, having its bottom perforated with numerous small holes, is filled with lime. This box, mounted on a pole, distributes the lime evenly on the tree, instantly killing the slugs. The labor is minimal; a man can cover a large tree in three or four minutes. Fine earth shaken through a basket or perforated box also answers equally well. Another effective remedy is a strong infusion of tar. This is made by pouring water on tar and allowing it to stand for two or three days until it becomes strongly impregnated. This, if sprinkled over the leaves using a means, kills the insects.\nThis insect, called lice, is in the shape of a rye kernel's half, smaller than one twentieth part, with the flat side adhering to the tree bark. They resemble blisters and are close to the tree bark's color. Each blister contains ten to thirty nits or eggs, snake-egg shaped, which hatch around the 25th of May and finish around the 10th of June. These nits produce a white animalcule, louse-like and barely perceptible by the naked eye, which immediately after hatching open the blister's end.\nThe crawlers emerge on tree bark, remaining with minimal movement for approximately ten days. Once they attach themselves to the tree bark and die, a small speck of blue mould appears between the 10th and 20th of June, lasting about fifteen days. The mould then gradually wears off, revealing the old carcass, which by this time has formed into a new blister containing the apawns or nits. These blisters obstruct sap circulation and are as harmful to the tree as the canker worm.\n\nTo address this issue, I have conducted numerous experiments over the past few years, but with little success, as I was unaware of the specific season to target these organisms. However, I have recently discovered that the most effective application is washing the trees between the time they hatch and when the mould leaves them.\nWith lye or brine, lime mixed to the consistency of whitewash may be useful for cleaning trees, although small branches cannot be cleansed easily in this manner. However, if the body of the tree and branches near the body remain clean until a rough bark forms, I believe the lice will not kill the tree. Some people have recommended applying tree oil to the tree, which is not an effective antidote against lice as it is of a glutinous quality and detrimental to the tree. Inoculation has been proposed, but I think it will have no effect on the lice, as they hatch in May on branches pruned in March, and the sap is entirely extinct by then. These lice are natural in uncultivated conditions.\nThe forest, called moose-wood, and other areas: 1) take care on their first appearance in an orchard or nursery; as the cutting and destruction of a few young trees is of no importance, compared to the difficulty of having an orchard overrun by them. The brine or pickle, with which the tree is to be washed, should not be such as has had meat salted in it. Instead, dissolve one quart of common salt in two gallons of clean water. As a remedy against these lices, the clay paint, mentioned on page 74, may be recommended. If this were properly applied to the trunk and branches of the tree after the eggs are hatched, it would likely counteract their mischievous effects.\n\nThe following is extracted from the Domestic Encyclopedia, edited by Dr. Mease. The editor is indebted to his excellent friend, Dr. James Tilton, of Wilmington, Delaware, for providing this information.\nThe following communication on the subject of the insect destructively engaging with the fruits of Pennsylvania and Delaware, and possibly other states, for a few years. It is regrettable that other gentlemen among us, who have opportunities, are not as attentive as Dr. Tilton in sharing their observations on this topic of rural economy.\n\n\"Curculio, a genus of insects belonging to the coleoptera, or beetle order. The species are said to be very numerous. The immense damage done to the fruits of this country, of which there is no similar account in Europe, has given rise to a conjecture among some naturalists that we have a peculiar and very destructive species in America.\n\n\"The manner in which this insect injures and destroys our fruits is through its mode of propagation. Early in the spring, around the time when our fruit trees bloom, the Curculio lays its eggs in the fruit. As the fruit grows, the larvae hatch and feed on the fruit, causing extensive damage.\"\nTrees are in blossom; the euculiones ascend in swarms from the earth and climb the trees. As various fruits ripen, they puncture the rind or skin with their pointed rostra and deposit their embryos in the wounds. The maggot, buried in the fruit, feeds on its pulp and juices until, in most instances, the fruit perishes, falls to the ground, and the maggot, escaping from this unsafe residence, makes a retreat into the earth. There, like other beetles, it remains in the form of a grub or worm during the winter, ready to be metamorphosed into a bug or beetle as the spring advances. Thus every tree provides its own enemy; for although these bugs have manifestly the capacity for flying, they appear very reluctant in its use, and perhaps never employ it except when necessity compels them to migrate. Two trees of the same kind may stand in the nearest possible neighborhood, not touching each other, the one bearing the euculiones, the other free from them.\nThe curculio destroys the fruit of smooth-skinned stones fruits such as nectarines, plums, apricots, etc., when they abound on a farm. However, it also attacks rough-skinned fruits like the peach, apple, pear, and quince. The instinct of these creatures leads them to the fruits most suitable for their purpose. The stone fruits certainly perish due to the wounds inflicted by these insects, causing them to fall to the ground and providing an opportunity for the young maggot to hide in the earth. Although many seed fruits fall, many of them recover from their wounds and heal with deeply indented scars. This likely confuses the curculio in its intended course to the earth.\nIt is certain that pears are less susceptible to falling and less injured by the insect, the curculio, than apples. Nectarines, plums, and others, in most districts of our country, where the curculio has established itself, are utterly destroyed unless special measures are employed for their preservation. Cherries fare better due to their rapid maturity and abundant crops; the curculio can only puncture a small part of them during the short time they hang on the tree. These destructive insects continue their depredations from the first of May until autumn. Our fruits, collectively estimated, must therefore be depreciated more than half their value. It is supposed that the curculio is not only injurious above ground but also has retreat below the surface of the earth by preying on the roots. We know that beetles have, in some instances, abounded in such a manner as to endanger the fruit trees.\nWhole forests. Our fruit trees often die from manifest injuries done to the roots by insects, and by no insect more probably than the curculio. In districts where this insect abounds, cherry trees and apple trees, which it most disconcerts, appear to be the special objects of its vengeance and the teh + saci | robber are its victims. These are serious evils; to combat which, every scientific inquirer is called upon to exert his talents; every industrious farmer to double his diligence; and all benevolent characters to contribute their mite.\n\nNaturalists have been accustomed to destroy vicious insects by employing their natural enemies to destroy them. We are unacquainted with any tribe of insects able to destroy the curculio. All domestic animals, however, if well directed, contribute to this purpose. Hogs, in a special manner, are qualified for the work of extermination. This voracious animal, if suffered to go at large, is an effective enemy of the curculio.\nLarge fruits and those among fruit trees are devoured by pests, including curculiones, in a maggot state, which may be contained within them. Being destroyed in the embryo state, there will be few or no bugs to ascend from the earth in the spring to injure the fruit. Experienced farmers have noted the advantage of hogs ruining in orchards. Mr. Bordley, in his excellent \"Essays on Husbandry,\" takes particular notice of the great advantage of hogs to orchards. Although he attributes the benefits derived from these animals to the excellence of their manure and their occasional rooting about the trees, his mistake in this trivial circumstance does not invalidate the general remarks of this acute observer. The fact is, hogs render fruits of all kinds fair and unblemished by destroying the curculio.\n\nThe ordinary fowls of a farmyard are great destroyers of beetles. Poultry, in general, are remarkably effective.\nguarded as carnivorous in summer and therefore kept some time before being eaten. Everybody knows with what avidity ducks seize on the tumble bug (scarabeus carnifer). It is probable that the curculio is regarded by all birds as an equally delicious morsel. Therefore, smooth stone fruits, particularly, succeed much better in lanes and yards where poultry run without restraint than in gardens and other enclosures where fowls are excluded. Even horned cattle and all sorts of stock may be made to contribute to the preservation of our valuable fruits. By running among the trees, they not only trample to death multitudes of these insects but by hardening the ground, as in lanes, it becomes very unfit to receive or admit such tender maggots as crawl from the fallen fruits. Besides, the curculio is very timid, and when frightened by cattle rubbing against the tree or otherwise.\nTheir manner is to roll themselves up in a little ball and fall to the ground, allowing themselves to be trampled and devoured by livestock, poultry, and so on. Colonel T. Forest of Germantown had a fine plum tree near his pump. He tied a rope from the tree to the pump handle, causing the tree to sway gently every time water was needed. Consequently, the fruit on this tree was preserved in perfect condition.\n\nGathering and Preserving Apples.\n\nWhen the fruit orchard reaches a productive state, where the proprietor is about to reward himself for his labor and attention, it is still necessary to exercise judgment and discretion in the harvest. The hasty method commonly used in gathering apples is more destructive than is generally understood. The first requirement is to determine precisely when the fruit is fully ripe. It is said that the longer the fruit remains on the tree, the greater the quality.\nApples are left on the trees unless they are hit by frost. In hot climates and during hot seasons, fruit reaches maturity and ripeness earlier because the sap functions more quickly. It is a correct rule that apples are ripe when those that are sound and good fall naturally from the trees or come off easily when lifted by hand. They should be picked during clear, dry weather after the dew has evaporated. According to the late philosophical Dr. Darwin, to determine when fruits, such as apples and pears, are ripe for picking, one should pay attention to the color of the skin enclosing the seeds.\n\nDuring their early stage, there is no cavity around the kernels, but they are in contact with the seed vessels. In a later period, when the fruit has exhausted its nutritive matter, the cells contract.\nWhen seeds turn hollow and assume a dark color, it is time to harvest fruits, as this indicates they will no longer grow larger but will waste and become hollow by absorbing mucilaginous particles from the center. In picking apples and pears, care must be taken not to damage the blossom buds, which are already formed for the next year's fruit. These buds are located at the side of the fruit's footstalk. Damaging the spurs will result in no fruit on that part the following season. Therefore, the use of heavy ladders and rough treatment of branches with poles should be abandoned, as the bark and limbs are bruised, and blossom buds for the subsequent year are destroyed. Instead, stepping frames should be employed, and a pole, furthermore, should be used.\nFinished with a hook at the end and covered with coarse cloth, a shake net can be used to harvest the fruit from small fruit trees without injuring the bark. When ripe, apples for cider can be shaken off without harming the buds, but they will be bruised unless the ground is covered with blankets or straw. Great care is necessary when gathering winter fruit for storage. They should be picked by hand without injury, placed carefully into barrels prepared for them, and moved as little as possible; bruised apples decay quickly, and the fewer bruised ones, the better. When in barrels, they should be stored in a dry, cool, shaded location above ground until the danger of frost has passed, then transferred to the cellar.\n\nValuable observations on apple preservation, contained in a letter from N. Webster, Esquire, have been published in the Massachusetts Agricultural Repository, from the Connecticut Courant.\nIt is the practice with some persons to pick apples in October and first spread them on the floor of an upper room. This practice is said to render apples more durable by drying them. But I can affirm this to be a mistake. Apples, if remaining on the trees as long as safety from the frost will admit, should be taken directly from the trees to close casks and kept dry and cool as possible. If suffered to be on a floor for weeks, they wither and lose their flavor, without acquiring any additional durability. The best mode of preserving apples for spring use, I have found, is to put them in dry sand as soon as picked. For this purpose, I dry sand in the heat of summer and late in October put down the apples in layers with a covering of sand upon each layer. The singular advantages of this mode of treatment are these: 1st. The sand keeps the apples from the air, which is essential to their preservation. 2nd.\nAn English writer recommends the use of dry pit sand for the preservation of apples and pears. Provide glazed earthen jars and thoroughly dry the sand. Place a layer of sand, one inch thick, in the jar's bottom. Cover this with a layer of fruit, followed by another inch-thick layer of sand. Add a second stratum of fruit, cover it with an inch of sand, and place an inch and a half of sand over the uppermost row of fruit. Close the jar and place it in a dry, airy situation.\nOne of the easiest methods for preserving fruit is storing it in ice-houses, where it can remain frozen for a significant amount of time. Dr. Darwin notes that if the fruit is gradually thawed by covering it with melted ice or immersing it in cold spring water, it will lose little flavor and should be consumed on the same day. Mr. Forsyth provides the following instructions for picking and preserving fruit. All apples, pears, and so on should be carefully picked by hand and placed in baskets containing dried grass to prevent bruising. If the fruit falls spontaneously, dry barley straw or pea haulm should be prepared for its reception on the ground. The fruit should be sent to the table before that which is collected by others.\nWhen all fruit is collected, it should be conveyed to the store room and laid gently in small heaps on dried grass. Cover the tops with short grass to sweat for about two weeks. Each apple, pear, and so on, should be wiped with a dry woolen cloth and those exposed on the surface placed towards the middle of the heap. At the end of this period, uncover the heaps, carefully wipe each article, and separate those injured or unfit for keeping. During the sweating process, keep the store room windows open, except in wet or foggy weather, to discharge moisture.\nThe best way to store pears, apples, and the like is by laying them on clean wheat straw. However, in this case, it will be necessary to examine them frequently and remove those that begin to decay. The straw, by absorbing moisture, will become tainted and impart an unpleasant flavor. According to Mr. Forsyth, the best method of preserving fruit is by packing it in glazed earthen jars, which should be kept in dry apartments. For this purpose, apples and pears should be wrapped separately in soft papers and placed at the bottom of the vessel on a thin layer of well-dried bran. Alternate layers of bran and fruit should follow, till the jar is filled. The jar should then be gently shaken to settle its contents. Every vacancy must now be supplied with bran and covered with paper. The whole should be secured from air and moisture with a piece of bladder, and the cover of the vessel must be carefully fitted on.\n\nTherefore, or apples and pears\nA accurate technical list of various sorts of apples in the United States is considered an acquisition of importance. However, their names are derived from various and capricious sources or incidents, making a correct list difficult. Some fruits have descriptive names, while others are named after the places they were first found or the original cultivator. A serious mistake is that the same fruit bears many different names in different places, causing inconvenience for planters as it often happens that grafts of a supposed new variety are obtained from a distance under a different name, which eventually prove to produce the same kind of fruit already present in their orchard. I have received grafts this season from trees called red queen apple, which, on examining,\nThe fruit I discovered last year was the Baldwin apple. William Coxe, esquire, of Burlington, New Jersey, has the most extensive orchard and cider establishment in the United States, with over four thousand apple trees, as well as other fruit. This gentleman has provided the public with a view of the cultivation of fruit trees, which includes a descriptive list of one hundred thirty-three varieties of apples cultivated on his plantation. Others, probably amounting to several hundreds, can be added from various parts of the union. The following is from Dr. Mease's Domestick Encyclopedia: \"The family of Prince, at Flushing, Long Island, have been celebrated for their fine fruit, and some of the choicest kinds to be found in various parts of the United States have been brought from their nursery.\"\nA collection of fruits, both imported and native, was originally initiated by William Coxe, esquire, of Burlington, New Jersey, ten years ago and is now for sale by Smith & Co. there. This grand collection comprises eighty types of apples (now one hundred and thirty-three), ninety types of pears, and fifty-one varieties of cherries, mostly imported, and one hundred types of peaches. Mr. Samuel Coles, of Moor's town, New Jersey, also possesses an excellent collection. Several French gentlemen, who have settled near Philadelphia, have significantly contributed to enhancing our stock of fruits by importing extensively the finest kinds from France. It is undeniable that with effort, the neighborhood of Philadelphia may boast of a collection as fine as desired within a few years.\n\nUnder the article apple, some important remarks were given.\nI. Presentation of the Finest Kinds of Apples in the United States\n\nNow, it is a great pleasure to introduce to the American public the first compilation, bringing together in one view, a list of the finest varieties of apples cultivated in the United States. The materials for this list were generously provided by the following individuals: Mr. William Prince of Long Island, Mr. R. Riley of Marcus Hook, Chester county, William Coxe, esquire, of Burlington, and the honorable Judge Boudinot of Newark, New Jersey. Through them, valuable information from Mr. John Oeden of Newark and Mr. Asa Hillyes of Orange, Essex county, New Jersey, was also obtained. The compiler expresses his deepest gratitude to these individuals for their prompt assistance and communication.\n\nHowever, he cannot suppose that this list encompasses every apple in the United States, but is confident that the most valuable ones have been described. He warmly welcomes any accounts of other varieties.\n1. American Pippin (c.): Thirty years ago, this apple was brought from Maryland to Marcus Hook. It is of a flattish form, medium size, and firm substance, resembling the Vandevere. It keeps until harvest. Mr. Coxe describes it as a long fruit with a dull red stripe. Fourteen bushels are required at Marcus Hook to make one barrel of cider. (Mease)\n2. American Nonpareil, or Doctor Apple (c.): Keeps from November to March. A large apple with a red stripe and excellent flavor. It is juicy and keeps relatively well during winter. The tree is subject to blast. (Pennsylvania)\n3. Autumn, or Fall Pippin: Ripens in October.\nA large yellow apple with an acid taste and pleasant flavor. It is also a good kitchen apple and typically weighs nineteen ounces. It is known as Aunt's apple. This is a beautiful and large apple of an oblong make, resembling the Priest in shape; the skin is smooth and streaked with a lively red on a yellow ground; the flesh is yellow, breaking and juicy, of an agreeable flavor but not rich. It ripens in November and is a valuable market fruit due to its handsome appearance. The tree is small, the growth delicate, and its fruitfulness great. It is extensively cultivated in several eastern counties of Pennsylvania (Coxe).\n\nFruit Trees. 121\n\n5. Baldwin apple, or Pecker apple: This is a valuable red apple, large and beautiful, fine-flavored, and keeps till April. It is highly esteemed in Massachusetts.\n\n6. Baltimore apple: In the transactions of the horticultural society of London, published in 1817, it is stated that a large apple, raised in the garden, was sent from Baltimore.\nMr. Smith's apple near Baltimore was exhibited; it had been recently imported by Captain George Hobson of Baltimore and presented to the Society by Sir Joseph Banks. This apple, an engraving of which accompanies this account, weighed one pound seven and a half ounces; it measured in circumference one foot two inches and three quarters, and in height as it stood, was four inches. It proved very good, though over ripe; it was very close at the core and, if a good bearer, will deserve general cultivation. The drawing is colored and very interesting.\n\nNote by the editor of the American Farmer: The apple spoken of grew on Robert Smith's farm, where cuttings may be had for grafting.\n\nMr. Boudinot, of New Jersey, says, \"there is an apple lately discovered here, which is of a deep black color. It is ripe in November and is much admired.\"\n1. A black apple, called so by the orchard owner. It is a species between the Spitzenburg and common black apple (Mease).\n2. Brownite. In Mr. Riley's opinion, it is unsurpassed for the table. It is ripe in September and keeps well. Discovered by Rowson, an old Swede, near Marcus Hook.\n3. Bow apple. Ripens in June and July; equal to any summer apple. It is juicy, tender, and mild; of a light yellow color.\n4. Bell flower. A long yellow apple of good flavor, very large and excellent for the table and cooking. When fully ripe, which is in October, the seeds may be heard rattling when shaken. This beautiful apple will keep well through the winter; it is held in great esteem in the Philadelphia market.\n5. Bullock's pippin, or sheep's snout. Native of New Jersey and sometimes called long tom. It is highly regarded in autumn and the winter.\nThe first part of winter is prized for its rich and sprightly juice and is much admired when baked.\n\n1. Campfield, or Jewark. This is a large, pale red fruit that ripens around the beginning of October and keeps well if carefully picked. Being a rich fruit, it is necessary to mix the Harrison apple with it to refine the cider produced.\n\n12. Cat-head. This is a very large, round apple, flattened at the ends and deeply hollowed. The stalk is short and thick, deeply sunk so as to be almost imperceptible. The color is greenish yellow, the flesh white. A good apple for cooking and drying, but apt to drop from the tree due to its great weight; and deficient in richness and flavor. (Coxe)\n\n13. Catlin, c. A Delaware autumn cider fruit and considered a pleasant eating apple in its season. The tree is very productive and an early bearer.\nThis apple, called the Carthouse or gilpin, is said to have been brought from Virginia. It is highly esteemed for its excellence as a table apple, late in the spring, and as a good cider fruit. The tree is hardy, of a handsome, open, spreading, and vigorous growth. The fruit is small; the color a deep red, sometimes streaked with yellow; the skin of a polished smoothness; the shape inclining to oblong. The flesh is very firm, yellow, and rich; not fit for eating until mid-winter, when it becomes juicy, tender, and finely flavored.\n\nThe apple propagated under the name of cider is highly esteemed as a most productive and excellent cider fruit in the county of Bucks and the contiguous parts of Pennsylvania. The size is middling, and its appearance resembles the Vandevere. The skin is smooth, a lively streaked yellow.\nThe red apple is a pleasant table fruit, primarily used for cider. The tree is tall, with shoots that reach upwards. It can be heavily laden with fruit, more so than any other tree in our orchards, requiring great care to prevent the branches from being damaged by the weight of the fruit. It ripens in October and November.\n\nThe coding apple, also known as the English coding, is a fine fruit for pies and stewing, and also makes a pleasant table apple. It grows large and fair; the shape is oblong and somewhat irregular; the skin is a bright, though pale yellow, with a fine blush towards the sun; it is pointed towards the blossom end; the stalk is short; the flesh is white, tender, and sprightly. The tree is unusually handsome, vigorous, and fruitful; bearing fruit young and constantly; the leaves are large. It makes a fine appearance in an orchard. The fruit is fit for stewing from the first of August, but does not become fully ripe until the end of that month.\nThe Coxe apple, also known as the Cox's Orange Pippin, ripens from August to late October and is profitable for markets. It is a large, yellow apple with a smooth skin, a faint blush, and a few small grey specks. The stalk is short and of medium thickness. The flesh is coarsely grained, white, and sweet. The tree grows vigorously with deep green foliage and a round head, making it a great bearer. It was originally brought from East Jersey.\n\nThe Corlies sweet apple is a large, fair apple with a bright yellow color and a smooth skin. It has a faint blush and a few small grey specks. The stalk is short and of medium thickness. The flesh is coarsely grained, white, and sweet. It ripens in September and October but can keep later for cider, for which it is highly esteemed. The tree grows vigorously with a deep green foliage and a round head. It is a great bearer and was brought from East Jersey.\n\nCooper's russeting apple keeps from October to May. It is a natural fruit produced on the farm of Joseph Cooper in New Jersey, who believes it to be of Indian origin. The tree, from which he preserved a graft, was an old decayed tree, and the place on which it grew was unknown.\nThe site originally housed an Indian village. It is somewhat dry yet possesses a pleasant, sweetish taste. This apple makes excellent cider and is a good pie apple, best when not peeled. Pears, boiled in russeting cider with about half sugar, make a good preserve. The trees bear abundantly every second year. Their limbs spread horizontally and are short. This excellent fruit, highly esteemed, is widely propagated through engrafting, in New Jersey. (Mease.)\n\n20. Flat sweeting, or hornet sweeting, due to its rich, syrupy juice being a favorite of hornets. This is a flat apple with a thin skin, yellowish in color; flesh white, and juice saccharine and pleasant. Ripen in September and will keep several months. It is uncertain whether this fruit is known outside of Plymouth County. Its origin undetermined.\n\n21. Gloucester white, c. This apple is of middling size; of an irregular shape.\nThe oblong-shaped apple transforms into a flat form; its color is a bright yellow when ripe, rich, breaking, and juicy with a fine flavor, making it an excellent table apple. The stalk is of ordinary length, inserted in a medium-depth cavity. The crown is moderately deep, and it ripens around the first of October. The fruit soon falls and is fit for cider of an exquisite taste. The tree is very thrifty, hardy, and vigorous, with a regular and beautiful form, and is highly productive. It is much cultivated in the lower counties of Virginia, where I obtained it, as an apple of high reputation.\n\n22. Golden pippin: Keeps from October to January; slightly acidic; yellow on one side, and red on the other. It is a good apple, according to Mr. Riley, and was brought from England by William Penn. It thrives best on a sandy soil.\n\n23. Golden rennet: A beautiful and excellent apple.\nThe apple is a bright yellow, with faint red streaks and yellow-brown dots on the south side. Its tender flesh is glossy white, and its juice has the unique taste and flavor of pineapples, which is also present in the golden pippin. The apple ripens in December but reaches perfection in February. The tree is healthy and of middling size.\n\nGreen everlasting: Light green color, skin remarkably smooth and fair. It keeps well until late in the summer and some have remained perfectly sound for more than a year after being gathered.\n\nGreen Newton pippin: Flattish in form and green in color when first gathered, turning yellow in the spring. It is considered the best table apple in America, believed to have originated in Holland but possibly from the town of Newton, Queens county, Long Island, New York. In general, this apple is highly regarded.\nApples kept till spring lose flavor and become mealy, but Newton pippin can be kept till June without losing juice or flavor. It is an excellent apple for cider, either alone or mixed with others. Many varieties are raised from its seed, large in size but different in form and color. Mr. Riley of Marcus Hook mentions there are two varieties from Newton, in Chester county. The flat sort is best, and the largest bearer. It is excellent for house use, makes a large quantity of cider, though of thin quality. A large, long kind, sometimes called lady finger, is not as good; the taste is not as pleasant, and they have a thick skin. This apple is of a beautiful golden color in the spring. The trees of both varieties grow larger and are great bearers. Forsyth notes that the Newton pippin seldom ripens in England. Mr. Cooper of New Jersey notes that the Newton pippin does ripen.\n\"not thrive in sandy soil\" (Mease). NYT\n\nGrey house, c. \"Mr. Riley, of Marcus Hook, believes this is not surpassed by any for making cider; it is of a middling size, reddish grey color, ripe in October. Cider is made of it in November. The tree bears fruit every other year and is heavily loaded. It is a very tender fruit, though late in blooming. At the time of fruit formation, it is very susceptible to perish from easterly winds accompanied by cold rains, which frequently cause the apples to fall off in abundance, sometimes to the loss of the entire crop; and, on average, the tree does not succeed in bearing a good crop more than one fourth of the time. It was first discovered by P. Roman, in his township (Marcus Hook), by a natural tree that grew close to his house; hence called his house tree, and by some, Roman knight. This tree is of a middling size, inclines to grow low, and is short-lived. Twelve bushels of these apples are harvested.\"\nMr. Bellamy, a gentleman in Herefordshire, England, produces cider from the Hagloe crab. According to him, this liquor exceeds other fruit liquors in richness, flavor, and price. Bellamy has been offered sixty guineas for a hogshead, containing one hundred and ten gallons of this liquor. William Coxe, esquire of Burlington, New Jersey, describes the Hagloe fruit as follows: The fruit, when fully ripe, has a yellow ground streaked with bright red. Its size is middling, the form round and flat at the ends, the stalk large, the flesh remarkably soft and woolly, but not dry, the taste acid, but highly flavored, and the quantity of juice smaller in proportion to the fibrous matter than in most other apples, requiring nearly one third more Hagloe apples for a barrel of cider.\nThe common fruit has uncommonly sheer juice, which is singularly rich. Its apple smell is faint, but the cider's flavor is high, and when properly manufactured, is very rich. The flesh color is pale, but the cider's is dark. It ripens in August and September and keeps a long time without rotting. It bears abundantly and early. The tree's growth is uncommon, with thick, strong shoots. Buds, particularly at the extremity of the branches, are very large. The wood's color is dark, and the tree is small. The Hagloe is an uncommon fine cooking apple due to its great beauty and large size, adding to its abundant bearing, making it a valuable market fruit.\n\nThe Harrison apple, or long stem, is of moderate size and has a rich, dry taste with a tartness that makes its sweetness agreeable and lively. It ripens about the beginning of November and keeps a long time, making it suitable for culinary purposes. The cider made from this apple is also long-lasting.\nThe fruit is clear, high colored, rich, and lively. General. Washington was presented with a barrel of it by Judge Boudinot of Newark, New Jersey, and he declared his preference of it over Hughes's Virginia crab. This fruit originated in Essex county, New Jersey, where it is now extensively cultivated. The cider from this fruit sells from eight to ten dollars per barrel. Mr. Coxe observes, \"as a more vinous, rich and highly flavored liquor, I prefer the Harrison to the crab cider\" (Mease). \"One tree of this kind, in an Essex county orchard,\" says Mr. Coxe, \"produced over one Menadeee bushels, 87 of which were gathered when fully ripe; the others were fallen fruit, carefully measured, to ascertain the quantity.\"\n\nA small yellow apple; ripening in autumn, it is considered a valuable cider apple, but not very useful for other purposes. (Harty sweeting)\nThe high-top sweeting apple tree is believed to be unique to the old Plymouth colony. The first settlers, either by choice or due to a lack of other varieties, cultivated it more than any other apple. It is now declining. The fruit is of a yellowish color with a pleasant taste, primarily used for baking and drying. It is ripe in August and not long preserved. The tree is notable for its long, upright stem.\n\nThe Holmes apple, also known as, was first planted by Z. Holmes, esquire, of Kingston, Plymouth county. He planted a small sprout without knowing its qualities and in the eleventh year harvested thirty bushels of apples from it. It is now widely admired and extensively cultivated in this vicinity. The tree bears fruit annually, with an especially abundant yield every second year. The fruit is of a middling size with a white skin that blushes on the sun side. It is ripe in November and keeps.\nThe Holten sweeting apple is pleasant tasting and produces good cider. It flourishes in thin soil and bears remarkably early and uniformly. Ripe in September, it is excellent for family use and high-quality cider. It is worthy of general cultivation, and no origin account is known.\n\nApple variety 33, Hughes's Virginia crab: A small fruit of light green color, striped with red, and of harsh, unpleasant taste. Originated in Virginia, highly valued as a cider fruit due to its must's resistance to rising too high in fermentation from great acidity. Trees bear abundantly, fruit ripens late, and is free from any rot. Fruit is small and hard, making it resilient to falling from the tree without bruising.\n34. Lady apple (Pomone d'apis): A small apple with remarkably tough pulp that releases its juice easily; the must runs from the press finely and clearly. Of French origin, it is bright red next to the sun and yellow and green on the other side. A beautiful little apple with a pleasant taste. Keeps well during the winter and is much admired as a dessert apple.\n\n35. Lady finger: A long, tapering fruit with a beautiful yellow and red color. Well-flavored, keeps until June. The tree bears abundantly.\n\n36. Large red and green sweeting: Ripens in September. A very large fruit, weighing a pound. Red, streaked on a yellow ground; the flesh is sweet and tender.\n\n37. Large early harvest: Ripens in June and July. Usually as large as a middle-sized Newton pippin; of a pale yellow color when ripe; of a pleasant acid taste, and best for tarts.\nThe apple named \"Loring sweeting\" was brought from Bristol county, Plymouth, by Mr. E. Loring. Its origin and other names in other parts of the country are unknown. The fruit is large and fair, pale yellow in color, with sweet and pleasant flesh abundant in rich syrupy juice. It is superior for baking in the autumn and retains its good properties till March. This fruit should be introduced into every orchard.\n\nApple: Large yellow Newark pippin, also known as yellow pippin or French pippin of Newark. Abundant near Newark, New Jersey, it is an excellent winter apple with a greenish exterior, rich saccharine taste, yellow substance, and a higher flavor than the common.\nNewton Pippin: A fruit abundant in juice, requiring seven bushels to produce a barrel of cider, although the cider's quality is not superior. Reportedly imported from France. (Mease)\n\nMaiden's Blush: This apple boasts large size and striking beauty, with a yellow base and bright red cheek, named by Samuel Allison, esquire, who first introduced it. The form is flat; the skin is smooth; the flesh is white, tender, and sprightly; remarkably light for drying; the stalk is short, growing in a deep hollow, as does the eye; the fruit ripens in August and remains protected till the end of September; suitable for pies and the table. The tree is unusually handsome and vigorous, forming a fine, open and spreading head, bearing abundantly and constantly.\n41. Michael Henry: A winter fruit, a long green apple much admired for the table in Monmouth county, New Jersey. It is a sweet, juicy, sprightly and well-flavored apple.\n\n42. Monstrous pippin or American gloria mundi: Originating on the farm of Mr. Duvall near Red Hook, in New York, it is of a yellow color when ripe and resembles in flavor the fall pippin or pippin. It will keep from November till March, and the fruit of the original tree weighed twenty-seven ounces.\n\n43. Morgan apple: Ripe in October. Named by Samuel Coles of Moorstown, New Jersey, as it came from the late I. Morgan. A pleasant eating apple; will keep till May. A great bearer.\n\n44. Newark king apple: A very large red fruit; ripens in October, and when mellow, has a very pleasant taste. Generally used as a winter apple about Newark, New Jersey.\n\"45. Nonsuch: A fine red apple with an agreeable flavor. Keeps sound till late spring in Massachusetts. (Mease)\n46. Nursery apple: Size of the Harrison apple. Greenish when first ripe, turns yellow in latter part of winter. Kept until June and July, and once kept sound until September. Originated in a nursery of Jos. Baldwin, Cranetown, New Jersey.\n47. Pearmain, c: One of the first cultivated apples by the fathers of the old Plymouth colony. Over one hundred years old trees are supposed to exist, and grafted trees produce the genuine fruit in great perfection. Tall and upright tree with a handsome regular top. Hardy and flourishes in light soil. Not an early bearer.\"\nThe apple, when it reaches about twelve years old after grafting, produces more abundantly and uniformly than any other kind we know. The fruit is scarcely excelled as a table apple or for cookery; and the cider made from it is said to be inferior to none. The apple is of moderate size, fair and smooth, with a reddish color interspersed with green and yellow. The flesh is a rich yellow, and the flavor is slightly aromatic and agreeable. There are two or three varieties of this apple, but they are of inferior quality.\n\n48. Pennock's Red Winter: A large, fair, pleasant, spicy apple; of an oval and somewhat flat form; of a reddish color. It originally came from Jos. Pennock, of Springfield township, Delaware county. The tree grows large and is very handsome; a great bearer, and the fruit is in great reputation in the Philadelphia market.\n\n49. Priestley: \"Keeps from December to April; originally cultivated in Bucks county, Pennsylvania.\"\nA large, long and juicy fruit with a spicy flavor; Coloune Wed Mieenditon grows very straight and has a handsome shape (Mease).\n\n50. Pound apple is a small red apple; ripe about the latter end of September; of a pleasant flavor, and makes good early cider; for which purpose it is generally used about Newark, New Jersey (Mease).\n\n51. Pound apple. This is a large, fair apple; its form is flat; the stalk is short and planted in an indented cavity; the skin is smooth, pale yellow, inclining to green, streaked with a lively red; the flesh is of a yellowish cast, mixed with a small portion of green; juicy and sprightly; well fitted for cooking; it ripens in October and keeps for several months; the tree is large, vigorous and spreading (Coxe).\n\n52. Quince apple. The tree is of large and vigorous growth; the apple's size is large; the shape is flat; the skin, when fully ripe, is yellow; the flesh is rich, yellow and juicy; in appearance, it somewhat resembles a quince. (Coxe)\nThe summer queen apple is of finest quality, with a large, beautiful appearance. Its skin has a rich, yellow ground, mixed with red, handsomely striped and clouded. The blossom end is pointed and full of little furrows and protuberances. The stalk is long and planted in a deep cavity with projections of the flesh around it. The flesh is rich, yellow, and highly scented, suitable for eating and stewing. It is not fully ripe until the beginning of August, but can be used for stewing long before that time. The tree is of luxuriant growth with large leaves and hanging boughs. It is a great and constant bearer, also known as the sweet harvest apple. (Coxe)\n54. Raritan apple, shape egg-like; rich flavor; makes good cider, keeps well (Coxe).\n55. Red everlasting, ripe in November; deep red color; small, tolerable flavor; keeps well till June or July, but grows mealy and dry (Mease).\n56. Reding, brought from Pennsylvania to New Jersey about sixty years ago by the mother of Mr. Jos. Cooper; best keeping apple; light, shining red color; pleasant smell and taste; hangs well; resembles the Priestly apple (Mease).\n57. Red streak, originally from England; winter fruit; keeps well but shrinks; pleasant flavor; red with spots; russet colored teat on lower side; grows straight; suitable for pies. (Coxe or Mease)\nThe apple called \"Rambo\" from Delaware is highly valued. It is similar in size and shape to the Vandevere apple. The apple \"Roane's white ale\" was produced from Colonel John Roane of Virginia. The original tree was discovered wilding on his estate in 1790. It resembles the Hewes crab in growth, with delicate leaves, hard wood, and a small tree size. It bears early and heavily every second year. The apple is small, not larger than the Hewes crab, with a round form, thin stalk, yellow skin with a small portion of russet about the stem, and red spots scattered over it. The flesh is rich, dry, and of a musky sweetness, rough to the taste due to its astringent and fibrous properties, leaving the pomace undissolved after pressing. The liquor is remarkably strong and syrupy in consistency when first made, but becomes singularly bright over time.\nFor fermentation and racking, it will keep perfectly sweet in well-bunged casks placed in a cool cellar through our summer months. The fruit ripens in September and October and may be kept without rotting for late cider (Coxe).\n\n60. Rhode Island greening. This is a fine, large, fair fruit; of a green color when first gathered, turning yellow towards spring. The flesh is rich, juicy, tender, and very yellow. It is an excellent apple for the table in the first part of winter and will keep and retain its flavor till March. The tree grows rapidly, spreading its luxuriant branches very extensively and inclining towards the earth. It is doubtful whether this is the same or a different variety from the Jersey greening.\n\nOF FRUIT TREES.\n\n61. Roman stem. This apple was first propagated in the neighborhood of Burlington, New Jersey, where the original tree is now standing. It is an excellent early winter fruit, much admired for its flavor.\nThe tender, mild and juicy properties of the apple: its size is small, round in shape; the stalk is of singular appearance, resembling an aquiline nose, giving it the name; the skin is rough, yellow with black clouds and spots; the tree is handsome and vigorous, with long shoots and great fruitfulness; it is deserving of extensive cultivation. (Coxe)\n\nRoyal pearmain: a fine large apple, flatter in form; rich russet colour, blended with red, faintly streaked, and dotted with russet spots. The skin is rough, the flesh a rich yellow, of a very sprightly taste, firm in texture. When first gathered, it is rather tart, but becomes both sweet and tender by keeping. It is a good table apple and makes excellent cider. Its size is that of a vandevere. It ripens in October and will keep till February and March. Highly esteemed. (Coxe)\nThe planters in Virginia obtained this [apple] from the neighborhood of Richmond. The tree grows tall and straight with abundant and uniform foliage and a regular form. This apple is known in Pennsylvania under the name of the Merritt's pearmain. (Coxe)\n\n63. Royal russet, or leather coat. This is an apple of moderate size with a flat form. When ripe, the side next the sun is a rich red intermixed with russet and spots of white. The flesh is well flavored, sprightly and tender. The stem is short and thick with small swellings in the surrounding parts. It is a fine cooking apple; keeps well; and bears abundantly. It was imported from England, where it is highly esteemed as a valuable winter apple. (Coxe)\n\n136 _ CULTURE AND MANAGEMENT -\n64. Roxbury russet. This is one of the best known and most valuable fruits in Massachusetts. The apple is rather flat and the color a russet. (Coxe)\nThe yellowish russet apple is not edible until February and is easily preserved until June, when its juice and flavor are particularly pleasant. The trees are the most consistent bearers and seldom bear so heavily as to break limbs. The fruit is excellent for cider and the table, late in the spring. However, the trees require a moist situation and are less likely to thrive well in a dry soil than any other kind of apple. They also require more manuring and care than most others, or the fruit will be ordinary.\n\nRuckman's pearmain, or golden pearmain, is a valuable apple for cider and family use. Its size is medium, the form rather flat, the skin rough with a large portion of bright russet, mingled with red, towards the sun, when fully ripe. The flesh is rich, tender.\n\"rather dry: it is a great and uniform bearer. The tree grows luxuriantly with strong shoots and a close, compact head. The fruit ripens in November and keeps well through the winter.\" (Coxe)\n\n\"This apple is a native of one of the eastern states. It is a large fruit; of round, oblong form; the skin smooth, of a yellowish green colour; the flesh yellow, juicy, rich and tender; an agreeable early winter apple. The tree bears well; the trunk straight and tall, shooting into branches upwards, in a handsome and regular form.\" (Coxe)\n\nCalled the Seek no further or by some Signifier, this apple is much cultivated at Raynham, county of Bristol, where it probably originated. From its high reputation, it is now extending, by engraftments, into various parts of Massachusetts.\n\n_\n\n\"Spitszenburgh. Keeps from November to March. There are three sorts: The Esopus, Flushing, and the Newton. The first, of a height\"\nThe first species has a red color, round shape, pleasant flavor, and a slight acidity. The second is larger and deeper red in color, covered with small white specks; its shape is flatter, and it has a more acid taste than the first. The third species resembles the second in taste and color but is much flatter in form. According to Mr. S. De Witt, surveyor general of New York, the Spitszenburgh was discovered accidentally in the neighborhood of Albany, and he believes it to be superior in flavor to the Newton Pippin. Mr. Cooper and Mr. Coles of Moorstown, New Jersey, mentioned another kind, called the Cane Spitszenburgh, from a family of that name near Gloucester Point, New Jersey, and which they thought superior to the kinds mentioned above. (Mease, 68)\n\nSpice apple. This is a large autumn apple, of an aromatic flavor, very tender, and good for house use, but will not keep long. It appears to be a distinct variety.\nbe peculiar to New Jersey.\u201d \n69. Styre, c. This is the most celebrated and \nextensively cultivated cider apple in England ; and \nis also a good eating apple. The size is above \nmiddling; the colour of a pale yellowish white ; \nthe flesh is furm, and when fully ripe, of a fine fla- \nvour: the cider, when produced from a light, rich \nsoil, is rich, highly-flavoured, and of a good body ; \nits price in England is frequently fourfold of that of \ncommon sale cider: the fruit is pale-rinded, but \nproduces a high-coloured liquor. he tree is of a \nsingularly beautiful growth, remarkably besom- \nheaded, throwing out numerous straight luxuriant \nshoots, growing upwards from the crown, in the \nq \nA \n138 CULTURE AND MANAGEMENT \nform of a willow Pel Pace -wood, \n (eaipliledad Denibende great size efore it \nbecomes fruitful. Dplsdelalledeat: perro \nend of September itis ripe in England; pore were \niat middle of By Meng nag oes \ne - By Mr. Knight\u2019s ex sintelil the must \ntae weigletellitichaiveta exe i Daionk anew varie- \nIntroduced: I alhamgreen and Sibe- part dbechalbtiay, that nearly one third more of Styre apples is required to barrel of cider, ao. ga: --.\n\nCoxe reports: 70. \"Summer pearmain. This is one of the favored apples of the season; frequently preferred to Seae pear. The size is middling; the form uniform; the ends both deeply dented; the shade is pale, what with streaked, and faintly spotted; in the sun it is frequently of a lively red, blended with a rich yellow: the juice is abundant, until too ripe; the flesh is singularly tender; it frequently cracks open on the tree and bursts from its own weight, falling; it is equally adapted to the table and stewing, and is probably the most popular apple of the season, which commences with the first of August, and (being very free from rotting) combines that \"er the Petersen.\n\nThe tree is of a moderate size; the head very round and close; it grows remarkably well.\nSwar apple. Keeps from November to March. (Coxe)\nA large, yellow, and greenish apple, of good flavor; much admired as being a winter table fruit of superior excellence. Bears largely.\n\nSweet greening. A nan Mentdabrie apple. Resembling in size and form, the Rhode Island greening. Ripens in autumn, and possesses the valuable property of retaining its soundness and flavor until the middle of June. It is an excellent pleaser: for baking, and deserves to be more extensively cultivated. Its origin is uncertain, and it is doubtful whether \"this fine fruit is known out of the old Plymouth colony.\" (Folman: sweeting.) Its name has not been traced to its origin, this justly admired apple. In Dartmouth, county of Bristol, where it is best known, it is held in much estimation for family use during the autumn and through the winter.\nThe fruit is above medium size, yellow with a bluish stripe on one side. It is juicy with a faint nutty and sweet flavor, slightly tart and sprightly acidic. Formerly known as staleubs. A well-known and most excellent eating apple, asant, and sweet. Unfortunately, the trees have failed recently. On rich heavy soil, they are subject to bitter rot; on lighter soil, less so. Mr. Riley of Marcus Hook claims this apple originally came from Wilmington, Delaware, and was named after a farmer named Mease.\n\n- The Vanwinkle, or granwinkle, ce. \"A large, red, and very sweet apple; rich taste and fine flavor. Ripens about the middle of October, when the fruit falls and decays so rapidly that it is difficult to preserve the apple till the proper time for making first rate cider. These apples answer best when mixed with half their quantity of the Harrison apple.\n\n- 74. Vandevere, ce. \"A well-known and most excellent eating apple, asant, and sprightly acid, joined with a sweet and ponchogenic and sauces. Unfortunately, the trees have greatly failed of late. On a rich heavy soil, they are subject to the bitter rot; on a lighter soil, not so much so. Mr. Riley, of Marcus Hook, says, this apple originally came from Wilmington, Delaware, and was called after a farmer who raised it; Mease.\n\n- 75. Vanwinkle, or granniwinkle, ce. \"A large, red, and very sweet apple; rich taste, and fine flavor. Ripes about the middle of October, when the fruit falls and decays so rapidly that it is difficult to preserve the apple till the proper time for making first rate cider. These apples answer best when mixed with half their quantity of the Harrison apple.\"\nThe apple used to make cider resembles unfermented metheglin and must remain in the barrel until the next summer for it to fine. The tree originated in the orchard of Thomas Williams, according to Mr. Hillyes of Orange. However, Mr. John Ogden of Newark claims the first graft was taken from a tree belonging to an old lady, Mrs. Van Winkle Povey.\n\nApple, wine: \"An uncommonly large, fair, handsome, red apple. Its form is round and flat at the ends; the skin is a lively red, streaked and spotted with a small portion of yellow; the stalk end frequently of a russet color; both ends deeply dented; the stalk very short. This apple is an admired table fruit, as well as for cider. It is unusually large and handsome; the leaves small.\" (Mease.)\nThe market in Delaware and New Jersey is known as the Hays winter and the fine winter, respectively. I have been informed that the original cultivator of the apple made admirable cider by adding about one shovel full of sandy loam into a press, which had an effect in lessening the acidity and making it clear and sweet. Wine sap, from an autumn maturation, has a red color and is sweet, making excellent cider from the red streak. Samuel Coles of Moorstown, New Jersey, also confirms this.\n\nA large, yellow, sweet apple keeps well through harvests and makes good cider, suitable for family use. Mr. Ogden's father took the scion from an old tree of J. Johnston's in Connecticut over fifty years ago. (Coxe. Description of the Fruit Trees of America 77. Wine sap, or autumn maturation, has a red color and is sweet; and a sweet, yellow casing makes excellent cider, which is particularly from the red streak. \"Mease. Our American Fruit Trees 78.0 Yellow sweeting, a large, yellow, sweet apple, keeps well through harvests and makes good cider, answering for family use. Mr. Ogden's father took the scion from an old tree of J. Johnston's in Connecticut over fifty years ago.)\nWe pay Sey the Ont Mod Pan GD, eb heel Vegite. Ce oathotic Diheemaneb bor ki ibd. Mel ewe bev ehb\u00ae) the otherhkteoot\u00ae. It ipbasanON AVL ok em stad\u2019, pions aArekrid ed bnelilis SeSet hi dor i) weet. Tmige fie bad panel a hh. \"A pel if ceinbel tc He chepkis. Mt Hime doubes sev odin de Rid A feaasetices eee. Ee w Laavenow theetsfacton of ereabititg the mest. Approved rules and directions relative to impart manufacturing and preserving the iable and salubrious beverage, the produce of our orchards. The importance of the subject will appear and it is reader Py find \u2014 Sled pant incre g and profitable.\n\nThe fruit trees. 141\nIt is from the thickest apples and pears that afford the\njuices. 'The true extracts are\nsinks from those apples and pears.\n\"From the apple, in our country, we produce a beverage highly useful. The wines of other countries do not differ more in quality than our cider. And much of this difference arises from improper management, either in grinding the apples or, what is more common, putting the must or juice into foul casks and neglecting or mismanaging it while fermenting. Mr. Marshall asserts that a gentleman in Herefordshire, England, Mr. Bellamy, produces cider from an apple called the Hagloe.\n\nFirst authority I avail myself of is that of Mr. Marshall, in his work on agriculture, published by the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, under the title \"The Practice of Making and Managing Cider.\"\n\n\"The apple, in our country, affords the richest juice. A comparison between different fruits may be made with tolerable accuracy by scoring them together into a saturated solution of a strong solution of sugar. It is stated that a gentleman, natively of this country, affords the richest juice.\" (Marshall, Making and Managing Cider)\n\n\"From the apple, we produce in our country a beverage highly useful. The wines of other countries do not differ more in quality than our cider. And much of this difference arises from improper management, either in grinding the apples or, what is more common, putting the must or juice into foul casks and neglecting or mismanaging it while fermenting. Mr. Marshall asserts that a gentleman in Herefordshire, England, Mr. Bellamy, produces cider from an apple called the Hagloe.\"\nThe crab, which exceeds perhaps all other fruits in richness, flavor, and price on the spot, has been offered sixty guineas for a hogshead of one hundred and ten gallons of this liquor. We have observed the following remarks of a gentleman residing near Philadelphia on the making and fermenting of cider, and his directions to preserve the casks that have been used for cider. He begins thus:\n\nIt would be to little purpose, at present, to say much on the kinds of fruit capable of yielding the best cider, yet it may be proper to mention those most common here and give them a place according to their respective merits. The sweet russet, called the pair apple, is unquestionably the richest fruit we have; the house apple comes in second. Both yield very sweet must and consequently, specifically, heavier than that of any other apples.\nThe Newton pippin yields a must that is free from finer pumice. Although not as rich, it ferments more moderately and is fine in the cask. The Spitzenburgh and pearmain I do not rank among cider apples, as they seldom afford a must that will bear fermentation, except in unusually dry seasons or on very old trees. The largest and finest fruit grows on young trees in moist seasons and yields the greatest quantity of cider. Old trees and dry seasons afford a smaller fruit, highly flavored and less juicy. The vandevere is little better than water cider. If fermented, it quickly becomes acid, and if not fermented, becomes ropy. The red streak, cockagee, and royal wilding, so famous in England and Ireland, are not known here, but the Virginia crab adequately supplies their place. This apple deserves every possible attention, as its must is less disposed to... (missing text)\n\nFrom pruit trees. | 143\nIts great acidity rises too high in fermentation than any apple known here. This simple advantage would make it exceedingly valuable to the common farmer, who will be brought to pay attention to the nice operation of fermenting sweeter fruits. The tree bears abundantly, the fruit ripens late, and is free from rot of any kind. The fruit is small and hard, and therefore bears the fall from the tree without bruising. It grinds small, and the pulp is remarkably tough yet parts with its juice readily; hence the must runs from the press very fine. Being acid, it will bear to stand in the pumice longer than any sweeter apple. This fact deserves more attention than is commonly given to it.\nTo make the best cider, you must have sound fruit, gathered late in the season, in dry weather, after the middle of October.\nThey should be stored in large heaps, covered from dews and rain, about fourteen days; in which they heat and throw off a great proportion of their bitter and insipid water, and ripen more uniformly than when on the tree. They must not be ground while wet, either from rain, dew, or moisture thrown out by the heat produced by their lying together. The finer the apple is ground, the more it will yield. If the mill is well fitted, it crushes the seed and gives a peculiar aromatic bitter to the must, which becomes more and more distinguishable as the cider is longer kept. Some prefer this flavor; others dislike it, not distinguishing it from the bitter of rotten apples, although very different in taste on the palate and effects in the stomach. If straw is used to form the cheese for the press (cloth made of hair is best, but very expensive), it must be clean from rust.\nThere is no liquor which more readily imbibes and betrays offensive tastes than cider. If the cider is pressed too hard on the cheese before it is sufficiently closed, it presses out the pulp with the must, and it is necessary to return the first running to the cheese until you perceive it free from pulp. If you choose a pale cider, the pomace must be pressed as soon as possible from the mill; the color is raised by exposing it longer and in greater surfaces to the air. The aptness of cider to imbibe foreign tastes makes exact attention to your vessels important. New vessels, made of seasoned oak, do well; but those that have been used are better, provided they be kept sweet and clean. To effect this, when a cask is empty, rinse it with cold water immediately; otherwise, the lees will sour and fix an acid that can hardly be removed; and if long continued, will dry on the staves so hard as to require much labor in scrubbing it off.\nIt should be white-washed with lime and then cleaned with cold water. Fill a hogshead with at least six gallons of boiling water, roll and shake it to heat all sides. After pouring out the water, lay the cask bung-hole downwards, allowing the water to run clear. Bung it up carefully and it will remain sweet and fit for use in the following season. Inspect each cask before filling by fixing a candle to a three-foot wire and lowering it through the bung-hole to check the interior. If clean, do not rinse with water.\n\nIt may seem unusual to devote so much attention to a simple case.\nIt is clear to everyone; but believe me, you may take ten times the trouble in another way, and not effectively clean your vessels; and unless they are perfectly sweet, it is impossible to have good cider. The must, or juice of the apple, being obtained, the first objective is to clear it of pumice; the second, to produce a fermentation to your palate and purpose.\n\nThe most expeditious mode of doing the first in the great way is by putting the must in large open vessels, there to stand until the first appearance of fermentation. This comes on sooner or later, from circumstances too various for our present consideration at large. It may serve the purpose to consider the operation as dependent on the degree of heat in the air at the time; perhaps sixty hours is long enough to be wished for. During that time, the heaviest of the pulp sinks to the bottom.\n\nHogsheads, or even barrels, answer very well with a head out, where there are plenty of casks; but it is also done in smaller vessels.\nThe casks you intend to ferment in, remove the pulp entirely from the cask as soon as fermentation appears at the bung hole. Larger and lighter parts rise to the surface until fermentation begins, but fermentation would involve a large part of the pulp, both from above and below, and increase beyond control. Therefore, it must be removed before this effect is produced. Shortly after fermentation begins, the covering on top of the must cracks and separates. Do not delay, draw it into your casks, leaving the pulp behind. In this cask, it undergoes the first fermentation for eight or ten days. However, to fully understand the art of making the best cider, there are many points to consider.\nmy opinion of it, from a certainty that the subject would become tedious. There are, however, a few obvious principles of great importance to consider. \"_\" Cider requires a very gentle fermentation, and ought to be confined between 44 and 48 degrees of heat (Fahrenheit's thermometer). Musts of all kinds increase their heat by fermentation. Liquors of all kinds will not be colder than the air in which they stand. It is easy to comprehend, if these are facts, the importance of making good cider when the medium heat of the day exceeds 48 degrees. I say the medium heat of the day, because our best cellars are fifty degrees of heat in the latter end of October, rendering them generally unfit for fermenting cider, and involving a necessity of having your first fermentation above ground, where the heat of the day will have its effect. Hence the known fact that cider ferments best in the fall.\nDuring the first fermentation, attend to it, ensuring it doesn't rise above 48 degrees. Rack it off early in the morning, before sunrise if the weather is warm, to check the increase of heat caused by fermentation. In late-made cider, there is seldom a necessity of racking before eight or ten days. At this time, there will be a considerable quantity of lees at the bottom of the cask, which the cider should now be removed from. If the air in the cellar has fallen to 46 degrees or below, place the cider in it, but keep the windows and doors open at night until the air reaches 42 degrees.\nDuring winter, unheated cider, though difficult to manage in cellars, is fine and pleasant after an early fermentation checked with water. Later-made cider, checked with one fourth water, is finest during winter and not inferior to the best uncorked cider. Throughout fermentation, keep casks full to exclude matter rising in fermentation from returning into the liquor. In about five weeks after the first racking, rack it again without drawing off lees. Bungs may be left out for a month longer without consequence.\nLay the bung lightly on the bung-hole when it is proper to do so, once the fermentation has ended. In a few weeks, it will be fine on its own, provided the fermentation has been well conducted. If any part of the process has been injudicious or unavoidably wrong, and the cider is not fine by the 20th or 25th of February, it should be fined with isinglass. But be warned not to attempt fining it after the 20th of March unless your cellar is unusually secure from air. For the spring will certainly produce a motion in your cider, just as blossoms appear on the trees; at this time glutinous finings, retaining the air produced or separated by this new fermentation, will either remain in the cask or rise to the surface of the liquor. Three pounds of isinglass, dissolved in cider, is sufficient for a hogshead. It should be pulled into small pieces and covered with cider in an earthen vessel, adding a quart of cider.\nTo dissolve it every six hours, stir frequently until dissolved; this will take two or three days. Strain through a coarse cloth, add a gallon or two of cider, and pour into the cask, stirring with a stick. Leave the bung out; it will usually clarify in four or five days. Do not let it remain on the finings for more than ten or twelve days. If not bottled, transfer it into other casks; bottles must be dry. Three drops of water will spoil a bottle of cider, more effectively than a pint will before fermentation.\n\nIn corking cider or other weak liquors, no water should touch the corks; dip them in cider as you insert them; they will insert more easily for this. If cider is to be stored in casks after May, cover the bungs with rosin or some kind of cement. To do this, open a spile hole while the cement is being applied; otherwise.\nno art can effectively cover it: the air from within will force up the cement through the smallest passage, rendering it ineffective and disappointing, no matter how many attempts are made to fill it up. When covered, and the cement cooled, of fruit trees. Make the cask tight by driving an oaken spile into the hole. Inferior cider, for the harvest field, is kept by adding a gallon of cider brandy to a barrel. The method I have directed above produces a fine, sweet cider, retaining the taste of the apple. More frequent racking weakens the body and preserves the sweetness; fewer rackings, and laying long on the lees, renders it harsher and more heady. If cider is well fermented in due time, you may freeze it down to any strength, taking care to draw it off before a thaw comes on. If cider is imperfectly fermented, the spring produces the fermentation anew, and it will destroy itself, unless preserved by distilled spirits or by brimstone, which last is too offensive to be used.\nThe following is extracted from Willich's Do-mestics Encyclopedia:\n\nThe apples should remain on the trees till they are headlike ripe, when they ought to be gathered with the hand, in dry weather, that they may be both from bruises and from moisture. They are then to be sorted, according to their various degrees of maturity, and laid in separate heaps, in order to sweat; in consequence of which they greatly improve. This practice, however, appears to be useful only for such fruit as is not perfectly ripe, though some recommend it as being proper for all apples. The duration of the time of sweating may be determined by the flavor of the fruit, as different kinds require various lengths of time; namely, from eight or ten days to six weeks. The harsher and more crude the apples are, the longer it is necessary that they should remain in a sweating state, and not only be well dried, but the rotten parts carefully pared, before they are exposed.\nThe utility of the sweating practice is acknowledged in all cider-producing countries. Various methods have been adopted for implementing it, such as piling apples in the open air or under cover in houses. In the South-hams, a middle way has been adopted to avoid the fermentation caused by piling them up in houses. Heaps of fruit are raised in an open part of the orchard, where the desired maturity is gradually achieved through free air and less heat. This method results in some juice waste and decay of the fruit, but the majority of the apples remain plump and full of juice, enhancing the color of the liquor without imparting any disagreeable smell or taste. The fruit is then to be ground till the rind is separated.\nKernels are well bruised; this process improves the flavor and strength of the liquor, allowing it to stand in a large open vessel for a day or two. It is then pressed between several hair-cloths, and the liquor is received in a vat. The liquor is removed into casks, which should be placed in a cool situation or in the free air with bung holes open. These casks must be watched carefully until the cider drops fine, at which point it is immediately racked off from the lees into other vessels. The first racking is crucial; cider that is not racked when fine will not become prime liquor. After the clear part has been racked off, a quantity of lees or dregs remains. When filtered through coarse linen bags, this yields a bright, strong, but extremely flat liquid. If this is added to the former portion,\nit will greatly prevent fermentation, an excess of which makes cider thin and acid. QF FRUIT TREES. To avoid such an accident, casks should neither be entirely filled nor stopped down too close. If the whole incline to ferment, it ought again to be racked. This latter operation should not be repeated unless from absolute necessity; as every racking diminishes its strength. When there are no signs of any farther fermentation, casks should be filled up with cider of the best quality and the bung hole firmly closed with rosin. This method of making cider is chiefly followed in Herefordshire. Considerable quantities of this liquor are also made in Devonshire, where the process varies but little from that pursued in the county beforementioned. Several farmers, however, instead of racking, fine it with ising glass steeped in white wine, dissolved over the cider.\nThose who prepare good cider should diligently watch every change in the weather, however slight. In summer, the danger is greater than in winter. There is scarcely any disturbance incident to this liquor which cannot, by a timely application, be easily remedied. If it becomes tart, add about half a peck of good wheat, boiled in a quantity of the intended liquor until it is fined. In this state, add it to the cider in the cask. Others digest isinglass in white wine for four to five weeks, allowing it to acquire the consistency of a jelly. Beat up a quantity of this with some of the liquor, and work it into a froth, mingling it with the rest. As soon as the cider becomes clear, draw or bottle it off as required.\nAnd hulled in a manner similar to rice, may be put into each hogshead, which will effectively restore it and also contribute to preserving it when drawn from one cask into another. Such a remedy is certainly preferable to the odious custom practiced by too many cider merchants, who put animal substances into their liquors, namely veal, pork, beef, mutton, and even horse flesh, for the purpose of fining them. This singular expedient, though sanctioned by ancestral usage, we think it our duty to reprobate; because it is fraught with mischievous effects on the constitution of those who are doomed to drink the cider thus adulterated.\n\n\"By allowing a small quantity to stand in an open vessel for two or three days in a warm room, the fetid exhalation of the liquor will easily discover its ingredients.\n\nThe best cider is that made from a red-streak apple, grafted upon a genet-moat stock. These two varieties.\nVarieties of the apple tree agree well together, and their trunks seldom canker, as others are apt to do, especially when the former is grafted on crab trees. The fruit of the red streak, obtained from this combination, is always larger and milder; and when ripe, not only most delicious to eat, but also affords a mellower liquor than the same fruit produced by the latter mixture.\n\nDr. Mease (Dom. Ency.) states, \"There have been numerous receipts published to make cider, some of which have caused considerable losses. A few general and important rules will be given for ensuring good cider, and afterwards some particular directions, founded on experience.\"\n\n1. The first and indispensable requisite for making good cider is to choose perfectly ripe and sound fruit. Farmers, in general, are very attentive to these points, but it is utterly impossible to make good cider unless they be attended to.\n2. The apples ought to be hand-picked.\nWhen apples fall from a tree and lie in a sheet when the tree is shook, they become bruised. Privet eries resist. Of Pruit Trees. 153. It frequently happens that they remain for some hours before pressing. The apples are apt to communicate a bad taste to the liquor from the bruising. After they have sweated and before being ground, the apples should be wiped to remove a clammy moisture which covers them, or it would impoverish the cider.\n\nThe practice of pressing pumice in hair-cloths is much less desirable than the common American custom of enclosing it in bands of straw. The straw, when heated in the mow or sack, gives the cider a bad taste.\n\nAfter the cider has run from the press, it has been directed to strain it through hair sieves into a large open vat, which will contain a whole making, or as much as can be pressed in one day. When the cider has remained in this vat a day, or longer.\nThe ripeness of the fruit determines how much sediment rises to the top of the cider vat. After a few hours or a few days at most, a thick layer forms with white bubbles breaking through. Draw off the cider through a cock or faucet three inches from the bottom, allowing the lees to remain. This process is important as the settling of impure matter would harm the liquor.\n\nUpon drawing off the cider from the vat, transfer it into clean casks and closely monitor to prevent fermentation. White bubbles, as mentioned earlier, indicate fermentation. Rack the cider again immediately after this, and it will likely not ferment until March, provided clear weather.\n\nIt is of great consequence to prevent impure matter from settling.\nThe escape of carbonic acid, or fixed air, from cider depends on this principle. In Connecticut, where much cider is made, it is common practice to pour a tumbler of olive oil into the bung-hole of every cask. A man recently boasted that he had drunk brisk beer from the same cask for five years, and his secret was to cover the surface of the liquor with olive oil. Dr. Darwin was told by a gentleman who made a considerable quantity of cider in vessels of stronger construction than usual. He directed the apple juice, as soon as it was settled, to be banged up close. Though he had had one or two vessels occasionally burst due to the expansion of the fermenting liquor, this rarely occurred, and his cider never failed to be of the most excellent quality.\nTo prevent fermentation, add a handful of powdered clay and preserve it by adding one quart of apple brandy to each barrel. Every cask must be filled up and tightly sealed. To prevent the precipitation of the feculent matter which rises in the cider, good liquor will generally clarify without artificial means. However, it is necessary to clarify after the last racking when the above-mentioned article has been found to answer very effectively, if used in the following way. For a barrel, cut one ounce of isinglass fine, put it into a pot of water, stir it frequently, and make a thick jelly. Dilute this with cider, strain and mix it well with the liquor in the cask, by means of a long clean stick. The editor has known an ounce of orris root, in powder, to give a pleasant flavor to cider. (One ounce of fruit trees.)\n\"A friend directs cider to be bottled in July, filling the bottles within two inches of the top, letting them stand twelve hours open before corking. Use strong porter bottles and the best velvet corks. The bottling should be done in clear weather.\n\nFor the following communication on the making and fining of cider, the editor is indebted to Joseph Cooper, Esquire, of New Jersey.\n\nCider is an article of domestic manufacture, which, in my opinion, is worse managed than any in our country. Perhaps the better way to correct errors is to point out some of the principal ones and then to recommend better plans.\n\nApples are commonly collected when wet and thrown into a heap, exposed to sun and rain until a sourness pervades the whole mass. Then, for want of a trough or other vessels sufficient to hold a cheese at a time, the pomace is put on the press as fast as ground; and a large cheese is made, which requires so much time to press.\"\nFinish and press off the cheese before all the juice is out to allow fermentation. A small quantity of juice pressed out after fermentation can spoil the product if mixed. These errors can spoil cider, and the combination of both frequently occurs. I have exported and sold cider to the West Indies and Europe without any spoilage. To make the productions of our country as useful as possible, I will describe my method of making this valuable liquor.\n\nGather the apples when dry, put them on a floor under cover, and have a trough large enough to hold a cheese at once. Grind them in the evening when the weather is warm, spreading the pomace over the trough to air it.\nCider will be enriched, and a fine amber color produced, if the apples are left to rest before pressing. The longer the cheese lies after being ground, the better for the cider, as long as it avoids fermentation until pressing is completed. This is demonstrated by the following experiment: Bruise a tart apple on one side and let it turn brown; then taste the juice from each side. It will be found that the juice from the bruised part is sweet and rich. If sweet and tart apples are ground together and immediately pressed, the resulting liquid will have the taste of both kinds of fruit. However, if allowed to lie until the pulp becomes brown, the cider will be significantly improved.\n\nTake great care to put cider in clean, sweet casks. This can only be achieved by rinsing or scalding them as soon as the cider is removed, and not allowing them to stand with the lees, which will certainly cause them to become sour or musty.\nWhen my casks are filled, I place them in the shade, exposed to northern air. During fermentation, I fill them up once or more to cause as much of the feculent matter as possible to discharge from the bung. When a clear white froth comes out, I put in the bung loosely or bore a hole in it and put in a spile to check the fermentation gradually. After this has subsided, I take the first opportunity of clear cool weather and rack it off into clean casks.\n\nWhen I draw cider out of a cask in which it has fermented, I rinse it with cold water and put in two or three quarts of fine gravel and three or four gallons of water. The cask is well shaken or rolled to scour off the sediment always adhering to the cask. If this is not removed, it will act as a ferment to the liquor when returned to the cask and spoil or greatly injure it.\n\n/ OF FRUIT TREES. 157.\n\nSAR te A Fh en\nnie- Sey seacel\nAfter scouring the casks, I again rinse them, and I find advantage from burning a match of sulfur suspended in the cask by a wire, after putting in two or three buckets of cider. A convenient way to perform this process is to have a long tapering bung, so that between the two ends it will fit any hole; to the small end of this bung drive in a wire with a hooked end to hold the match. If the cider stands a week or more after racking, previously to being put away in the cellar, I rack it again, rinsing the casks, but not with gravel, and remove them to the cellar. The late made cider I put in the cellar immediately after, or before the first racking, according as the weather may happen. The cider intended to be kept till summer, I rack in clear, cool weather, in the latter end of February or beginning of March; the casks must be kept full, and bunged as tight as possible. Mr. Cooper fines with the isinglass jelly, mentioned above; but in case the liquor should not fine properly, he adds a little more.\nHe directs it to be racked again after ten days and repeats the fining process, but suggests enking it, whether fine or not, within ten to twelve days to prevent the sediment from rising. Mr. Cooper adds that this operation should be performed before the apples bloom, but he has succeeded in doing it in winter during steady cool weather. He has also had good success fining cider directly from the press. After setting the casks with one head out and covered, he puts in taps and lets them remain in a cool place until the fermentation ceases and the scum begins to crack. He carefully skims off the scum and draws the cider from the sediment. If it is not sufficiently fine by the middle of winter, he fines it again.\nfrom John Lowell, esquire, will supply every defi- \nciency, and cannot fail of being acceptable. From \nMass. Agricultural Repository, vol. santa #2 i Lona am: \n*19G ratae DVB) OLE Boer ecole intuit py \niT + dlp & . kt see \n\u00ab Some remarks on the necessity and importance of improving \n- the manufacture of Cider, introductory to some extracts from \n_ approved English and French works on that subject. By the \npp Cosresponding Secretary. oo \n\u2018In his introductory part, Mr. Lowell observes, \nthat \u201cthere is nothing of which a good farmer is so \nproud, as of his orchard ; and the state of the or- \nchard is generally a pretty good test of the charae- \nter of the man as to mdustry and capacity at least. \nOur climate and soil are well adapted to the apple \ntree, and it certainly is desirable, that cider should \ncontinue to be the general drink of the New Eng- \nland people. It is greatly to be desired that this \nliquor should be improved in its quality as much as \npossible. \u2018The quality of our cider, as it is com- \nOnly drunk, particularly in the country, is inferior to that of any cider country in the world, and much inferior to that of New Jersey. In the opinion of Mr. L, some causes of the poor quality of our cider, compared to that of New Jersey or Europe, may be resolved into the following: 1. Inattention to the selection of proper fruits in making our orchards. 2. Neglect to separate different sorts of apples, so that those only which are of an equal degree of ripeness should be ground together. What sort of wine would be made if ripe and unripe grapes were all put into the same press? Is cider an exception to the common laws on this subject? How can it be expected that cider should pass regularly through the process of fermentation when it is composed of liquor in various stages of ripeness? Some farmers are attentive to this point, and others must have felt the good effects. (Note: \"ht ttf oral pw bor Raat\" is unreadable and likely meaningless, and has been omitted.)\nThe third cause of indifferent quality in our cider is the process and gross inattention to it afterwards. I will consider each point separately and provide directions from approved English and French works. Our farmers should read them if they recognize any defects in their practices and learn how to remedy them. If they believe their practice is superior, they should share it with the society for the promotion of agriculture, and the society will disseminate it.\n\nThe first point of attention is the selection of proper fruit for making cider. I believe there is not an orchard in Massachusetts planted on the principles laid down by writers on this subject.\none apple preferred for cider apple. There are trees grafted for winter fruit, but our cider usually takes the refuse of all our apple trees.\n\nThe first work on this subject is a treatise on cider-making by H. Stafford, esquire, of Devonshire, Great Britain.\n\n\"Some believe that with good management, any kinds of apples can produce good cider. However, experienced farmers do not agree. I have tasted sweet cider made from common fruits, but lacking sprightliness, it soon palled or became sour.\n\n\"In Devonshire, it is a maxim worth observance that in planting an orchard, the several excellences of the kinds intended for that purpose should be previously considered: whether they are likely to make lasting, large, and fruitful trees, as well as hardy and not subject to blights; that they produce good cider.\"\nThe fruit which makes the best cider are those that ripen around the same time or at least in sufficient quantities for one pressing, which is important for cider making. Who among us has followed such rules, yet who would deny they are wise? (pg dses 4)\n\nThe portion of this excellent communication concerning planting an orchard is omitted as superfluous, since the subject has been fully considered in the foregoing pages.\n\nThe Complete Farmer\u2019s Dictionary provides the following additional hints on this subject. They are the advice of a Herefordshire planter. That county is famous for its excellent cider. (phat a4; ogee sh 45 6 bet)\n\nThe worse the apple is for the table, the better it is in general esteemed for cider, such as are harsh and crabbed to the taste. They are called Fed streak, white and green musts, &c. &c. I prefer the red streak. Generally, the red-streak apple is preferred.\nThe better the apple, the better it is for cider. The paler the rind, the worse the juice. A sweet apple with a tough skin will always yield a good vinous liquor. The more yellow the apple flesh, the better and finer colored will be the cider. The following maxims, though few, have been of great service to me in life, but they must not be scrupulously adhered to, because there are exceptions. I seldom suffer my apples to be gathered until they begin to drop. Great care is taken in gathering, for fear they should be bruised. This is a point never or very seldom attended to in our country. Cider apples are usually knocked down with poles, to the damage of the fruit and tree.\n\nAs they are gathered, says the Herefordshire planter, \"I have them sorted according to their several degrees of ripeness.\" The French writers are equally urgent on this.\nThe importance of choosing fruits best suited for cider and planting similar ones in an orchard.\n- It may be said, there are great difficulties in procuring trees of approved sorts. Where can we get the Hughes\u2019s crab and Hagloe crab, and the other celebrated apples? it may be asked.\n- We answer, there never will be a supply until there is a demand. It is believed that as many thousand trees of the best cider fruit can be procured annually as will be wanted. Trees can be imported from England and France, or from New York, and sold here for thirty cents a piece. In a few years, we should have nurseries here, whenever our farmers shall think it best to have the most productive apples, and those which experience has shown to be calculated to make the best cider.\n- But while they are contented with an orchard, one half of which consists of bad fruit, some trees ripening in August, some in September, and some not.\nRipe in October; while they are indifferent as to the quality of their cider and esteem an acid, musty liquor as well as a vinous, well-flavored one, no doubt good apple trees will be dear or not to be had. It is true that we probably have many native apples equal to the most famous of Herefordshire. Our climate is much better suited to the apple. Our trees are fairer and finer than those of the best cider counties in Great Britain. We must have probably some excellent native apples. But then, who knows where to get them? The reputation of an apple hardly goes beyond its village, and many farmers know nothing of the quality of their own apples, except their productivity, because they mix the good and bad together.\n\nOn this first point, it is apparent that we cannot rival other countries in cider; until we adopt some system in planting, by selecting apples well known to be calculated to make good cider and well assorted as to ripeness.\nThe second point involves the culling and sorting of apples before grinding. The Abbe Rosier, author of the most approved work on agriculture in France, notes:\n\nThe fruit should always be left on the trees until it is quite ripe. Gather it on a dry day when it is not covered with dew or any extraordinary moisture. Moisture causes the fruit to rot and turn black. Collect the fruit in as large heaps as possible to ripen them better. Early apples should be separated from the later ones. Some will be too ripe or even rotten, while others are yet green. Carefully heap together only those of the same kind. As for windfalls, collect them separately.\nThe apples should be picked separately to make cider for present use. They should be gathered by hand using light ladders to avoid injuring next year's buds. The question is whether the extra expense of handpicking will be compensated by the better fruit buds of the next year?\n\nRotten apples should be entirely excluded as they give a musty taste to the fruit.\n\nOf Fruit Trees. i 165\n\nYou should collect all apples of a similar sort together, considering both quality and ripeness. Neglecting this attention will result in taking apples that are green, others rotten, leading to a bad liquor. On the other hand, separation will yield cider of different qualities, all good. Some is good for immediate use within three months, some will keep for one or two years.\n\nThe Normans separate the sweet apples from others.\nThe celebrated Olivier de Serres, father of French agriculture, advised against mixing different kinds of fruit. Sweet apples should be pressed separately from sour ones to ensure the best quality and duration of the cider. Abbe de Rosier also shared this opinion. French cultivators sort and select apples in this manner. The Complete Farmer's Dictionary provides the English practice. A Herefordshire planter describes his operations:\n\nAs apples are gathered, I have them sorted according to their ripeness, making three sorts. With a little experience, one can separate them properly, as the difference is apparent at first sight. As soon as they are gathered, they are carried under a shed to ripen.\nI leave my apples to lie for varying lengths of time in heaps, depending on their nature; hard and solid ones remain longer than soft and mushy ones. I categorize my apples into three sorts, but I extract six types of cider, each differing in taste, flavor, and quality.\n\nAs soon as the fruit is ground (I need not mention that I use the ripest first), the pulp is placed into vats near the press before being put into the cheese. At the bottom of the vat is a tap, through which a significant amount of vinous juice runs without pressing.\n\nThis is the best cider, which I barrel separately. I then press the remaining apples and barrel them separately as well. Thus, I obtain six types from my three assortments of apples.\n\nAnother English writer states, \"When your apples are ripe for gathering, it is essential to choose dry weather, for water is a bad ingredient in all vinous liquors, and gather them by hand.\"\nIn extensive orchards and high trees, cultivating apples is advantageous, though costly. You can select ripe apples and leave unripe ones, saving fruit from bruises and trees from damage. Handpicking, especially for winter fruit, is essential and cannot be dispensed with. For those who claim a lack of time, it would be more beneficial for them to have half the quantity of good cider than the whole of indifferent. However, for those too lazy to adopt this practice, the best method is to cover the ground with sufficient straw to save apples in their fall and put blankets on the straw. Then, gently shake the branches, removing apples under the tree at each shaking to prevent bruising from those that fall later.\n\nNow, is this level of care taken with us, and is it not worth the effort in this country as it is in England?\nNot half the quantity of excellent cider goes as far as the first runnings of the press, which our farmers should keep separate for use or sale as superior quality. A family could sell these for double the price. Windfalls, bruised apples, and unripe ones should not be mixed with choice ones. This bad fruit can make inferior cider. There is disagreement about sweating apples in heaps, but all agree that the fruit should be ground when it is in the greatest perfection for eating. Almost all apples require some time for ripening, and they should be separated accordingly.\nWhen is it perfectly ripe? Complete Farmer's Dictionary.\n\nThese are the hints given by French and British writers. Are they not judicious? Are these practices adopted with us? If not, why not? Cider in the cider counties of England is not much dearer than with us. But the price is regulated by quality. Cider of good repute will sell for three or four times as much as that which is indifferent. It would soon be the case in our country, if any of our spirited and intelligent farmers would adopt these rules, or any others calculated to make their cider equal to that of Normandy or Great Britain, or of Newark, in New Jersey. Let us not longer have the reproach often bestowed on us, that while our soil and climate are peculiarly adapted to the apple tree, our cider is such that foreigners, and even our own citizens, who have been accustomed to better liquors, cannot endure it. Hence the great consumption of brandy and ardent spirits in our country.\ntry towns. Furnish them a pleasant and wholesome beverage, and you will do more to abolish this practice than any other means. We have seen that a second method to produce good cider in other countries is to sort and select the fruit destined to produce it.\n\nThe third question relates to the method of making the cider, and the last to the treatment of it after it is made, until it is fit for the table. These two points being intimately connected and much blended by the writers on this subject, we shall consider them together.\n\nThe Complete Farmer\u2019s Dictionary contains the following directions on this part of the process:\n\nThe first runnings from the vat may be immediately put into barrels, taking care to strain them first. The juice, after it is pressed, ought to remain thirty hours in the tub or vat into which it runs, till the feces or dregs have fallen to the bottom.\nAfter the cider has finished fermenting, some people add two or three handfuls of wheat bran to each barrel. This makes the head or cream thicker and helps the cider keep better. New barrels should be avoided if possible, as they give the cider a disagreeable taste. If new barrels must be used, they should be scalded with water in which a considerable quantity of apple pulp has been boiled. If the cider is not sweet, it can be made so by adding some unslaked lime and letting it stand until the fermentation is over. A dozen sliced sweet apples in a barrel of cider have been found to be beneficial.\n\nOne writer reported having the best cider he ever had when he put three quarts of well-cooked and hulled wheat into each hogshead. The same writer advises cider makers to closely monitor the changes in the cider during weather shifts.\nScarcely any disease in this honeyquench but what may be cured by a timely application. If it is only a slight inclination to tartness, wheat, managed as above - that is, boiled and hulled - will cure it. The quantity, when cider is quite tart, is half a peck to a hogshead, or about a quart to one of our barrels. Such are the directions of one cider maker whose opinions are quoted in the abovementioned dictionary.\n\nAnother writer says, when the apples are ground they are not put immediately into the press, but into wide tubs or vats, where the pumice should be turned five or six times a day to prevent fermentation. 'This is done in order to give the cider a fine colour.' This is done in two days. It is usual, says this cider maker, to dispose of all the liquor in the same way and without distinction. This is wrong, if there is any analogy, as there must be, between cider and wine. Experience has shown that:\nMaking wine, it has been shown that there is a great difference between the first runnings from the press and those obtained by hard pressing. This difference is always in favor of the former. If the same is true of cider, we lose the richest and choicest kinds using our common method.\n\nWhen the pressing of the apples is finished, the most careful makers of cider strain it through a hair sieve, or through sand, to separate it from the coarsest dregs. It must then be left to itself until it has gone through the necessary fermentation. Some put it into hogsheads, and others into great tubs or vats, wide at the top and narrower at the bottom, containing from five to twenty hogsheads, or from twenty to eighty barrels. In these vessels, the heaviest lees settle, and the lighter lees form a crust. When this crust begins to crack and sink, it gives notice of the time to draw off and barrel the cider.\n\nThe usual time for this first fermentation is:\nFrom thirty-six to forty-eight hours. Some firms can put the liquor immediately into barrels, without any other caution than leaving space to work off the lees; but this is hazardous, and successful only in favorable seasons. A moderate degree of warmth is absolutely necessary to produce the proper fermentation of cider. If, therefore, your cellar or apartment is too cold, it must be moderately warmed. As soon as the fermentation is over, and great care must be taken to prevent it from being too great, for in this last case it will become acid, it must be drawn off, and then it may be put where it is to be preserved. New casks are bad. Frequent scaldings with hot water, in which a little salt has been dissolved, or with hot water, in which pumice has been boiled, and afterwards washing the cask with cider, will check this evil.\n\n\"There are some who advise fumigating casks with brimstone, and affirm that the acidity is increased by this process.\"\nThe cask must be corrected, the musty taste destroyed, and the cider will keep better for it. In such a case, it should be put in as soon as the fermentation is finished. The best vessels for keeping cider are those in which the cask or vessel is wider at the top than at the bottom.\n\nA question of great importance is now to be considered. Some maintain that frequent racking spoils the cider, while others assert that it is necessary for its goodness. Some rack once or twice, while others whenever the liquor frets or ferments. We shall therefore outline the various methods and offer a general opinion on the subject.\n\nOne method is to leave the cider in open vats at the press for several days longer than previously advised (which was two) until it is in some degree finer. Then, it should be put into casks, where it is to remain without any further racking. Those who defend this practice claim their cider is stronger and better for it.\nA second and more common method is to draw off cider into fresh casks after barrelling it and letting it stand for two weeks. Some add a third racking in March. The Devonshire people, whose habits and usages are similar to ours, believe that a thorough fermentation is the key to having their cider light, fine, and free from dregs. At the first barrelling, they leave space to receive a fresh pailful from the press, which produces a new fermentation and is often kept up by fresh cider for two weeks. A month after this, they rack their cider into new casks, and in two months more, they rack it again. If it still frets, they repeat the process a third and fourth time. Such are the various practices in England, and the authors of this dictionary on the whole advise racking cider. Weak cider cannot bear more than one or two rackings. Strong cider will stand several, and grow mellower for them. Above all, they caution against allowing cider to stand too long before racking, as this can lead to sedimentation and spoilage.\nall. Great pains must be taken to prevent fermentation after the liquor has become fine; this can only be done by racking. The cider which is longest in refining is the strongest and most lasting. \"Another more sensible writer in the same work observes, 'the ground apples or pumice ought to remain at least twelve hours before it is pressed at all.' With respect to the temperature of the air in which cider should be kept while fermenting, or to make it ferment, he remarks that farmers have no thermometers. Some more obvious rules must be applied. They should not be exposed to frost. In the beginning, however, they cannot be kept too cool, short of frost. Hence the time when fermentation will commence is uncertain. Some times not till after a week, or even a month, in cold weather. Agitation in a carriage will, however, speedily bring on fermentation.\n\nThe continuance of the vinous fermentation is as uncertain as its beginning.\nBut other liquors, less agitated, seldom go through the cider mill the same day. With regard to ascertaining the degree of fermentation which cider has undergone, I have not been able to collect any fixed notions on the subject. It is a subject to which most cider makers pay little or no attention. Sweet cider manufacturers pay some attention to fermentation, but their art consists not in regulating, but in checking the fermentation as far as possible. Fermentation operates differently on different ciders. Thus, that which is made of ripe fruit throws up a gross spume or froth, like malt liquors, forming a brown crust. The riper the fruit, the more of this brown froth or scum is thrown up. Having remained some days on the lees, it is...\nThe cider is drawn off into fresh casks. Some men wait before racking their cider until the brown crust begins to crack. Others prefer to rack before the fermentation is entirely over. Perry is racked off when it has hissed. The manufacturers of sweet liquors will not permit even hissing; they keep up the process of racking to check the fermentation.\n\nThe fresh casks into which cider has been racked are never quite filled. This is general practice. They are left short about a pailful, so that you can just touch the liquor with the end of your finger.\n\nThe number of rackings depends on the state of the liquor. If the fresh fermentation, which most often commences after racking, is violent, it is generally understood that the liquor should be racked again. Hence, in the practice of some men, it is racked five or six times.\n\nFruit trees. (171)\nIf the fermentation is moderate, it is commonly left after the first racking by farmers, particularly English ones. In general farming practice, it is not racked at all but left in its first lees. Those who prepare cider for sale always think it prudent to repeat the rackings until the liquor is quiet. If this cannot be readily achieved, they resort to stumming. Stumming involves burning matches covered with sulphur within the cask. The match is then lit and the cask filled with sulphur fumes. The cask is left for three hours before the liquor is added. Ninety-nine casks in a hundred in the country (Great Britain) undergo this process.\n\nHowever, some people prefer fermenting their cider in open vats or tubs. Some do it in deep tubs, but the most approved method is in shallow ones.\nFive-foot diameter vats, not over two feet deep, each holding about eight barrels of liquor until it has finished rising. The liquor is then racked off without skimming, drawn from the bottom. In this instance, it is seldom racked a second time. There are three types of fermentation: the vinous, which imparts the body and qualities of wine; the acetous, which produces vinegar; and the putrid, which renders the liquor useless. Cider in our country rarely stops at the first stage; it is advanced to the vinegar state nine times out of ten. The juices of fruits, with moderate heat and fermentation, easily transition into the vinous state. If left open and unattended, they soon progress to the acetous or acid state, and if neglected, the putrid state ensues. The objective is to induce the vinous state and maintain the liquor in that condition.\nThe first effect of vinous fermentation is to increase the strength of the liquor, providing it with an intoxicating quality it did not previously possess, and altering its medical properties. Another effect is to lessen or destroy the sweetness of the liquor; some prefer rough, sour fruits to produce rough liquors, while sweet and luscious fruits yield sweet ones. To prevent the progress of fermentation in sweet liquors, rack them. Filtering a liquor drop by drop also destroys fermentation. Marshall's Rural Economy abridged contains much more on amending bad or weak cider, but this is more relevant to the cider retailer than the farmer. Such are the general practices prevalent in the cider counties of Great Britain. The effect, as every man who has been in that country knows, is the production of distinctly different types of cider.\nproduction of a much finer, more vinous and fine \nflavoured liquor than we usually have, not better \nthan we can, and than many persons do produce. \nThat this practice, to us apparently elaborate and \nexpensive, is adopted in other countries, where the \nfarmer has less inducement from prices than in Great \nBritain or America, will appear from the following \nextracts from the \u2018Abbe Rosier\u2019s complete course \nof agriculture in France.\u2019 \n\u00ab\u00abEvery one has his own mode of making cider,\u2019 \nsays this author, \u2018and every one boasts of it as the \nbest. But they are all reduced to the following \nconditions : that is, they all agree in these opinions: \n\u00ab\u00a2], To grind the apples most thoroughly. \nOF FRUIT TREES 173 \n_*\u00a22, Toleave the pumice at least six hours before \nit is pressed, in order to colour the juice. | \n(3. Is a description of their mode of making the \ncheese, which is the same nearly with that of New \nEngland and Great Britain.) it a \n_ \u201c64, The barrels, nearly full, are placed in a situa- \nThe fermentation should take place in a moderate temperature location, such as a cool place. Fill the barrels periodically as the froth is expelled. Once the fermentation has ceased, seal the barrels. If moving them, transfer the cider to other barrels to prevent the lees from mixing.\n\nA French author notes, \"But if you have any vats near the press where you can pour the liquor, vats capable of holding twelve to twenty barrels, place all the cider in them. It remains in these open vats for three or four days without fermenting. Afterward, it ferments strongly. All the lees rise to the top, as they do in wine, and form a crust. Once they have all risen, draw off the liquid using a tap below.\"\n\nThe author then outlines a racking method similar to that of Great Britain, which we have previously detailed extensively.\n\n_We could fill one of our numbers with extracts_\nFrom foreign writers on this subject, it should not be thought derogatory to us to borrow in the useful arts. They have preceded us many centuries, and it will not do to reject the lessons of experience. No people avail themselves more readily or carry improvements of other nations further than we do. The manufacture of cider is still with us in its infancy. We have much to learn and everything to earn on the subject. I speak of the people at large: of our farming practice generally.\n\n\"Culture and Management\"\n\nOur cider is the worst article we produce. Our hay, potatoes, grain, and fruit do not depend on us. They are the gifts of God, the productions of his goodness, which we call nature. Our butter, cheese, and cider are partially the result of our own industry. The two former are often different enough, yet, with some important exceptions, they are in a state of improvement. Our cider.\nThe problem is not improving; we have learned to treat it better in great towns, but farmers, whose interests we support, drink a miserable liquor instead of an excellent one, which they could have. It appears from the following extracts from the works of the most celebrated writers in the best farming countries of Europe that more should be done at the press and less at the cider cellars in cities. We get a clear, but inferior, medicated and factitious liquor, easily discernible by those knowledgeable in the subject. The improvement, if any, must originate at the cider press, and the farmer must reap the profit, not the retailer, who sells it for thirty dollars per barrel.\n\nThe difficulty now is that families are compelled to go through this process of racking their cider frequently and refining it, despite all their efforts.\n\"The price of cider paid to farmers is regulated by the risk of it being good and the trouble required to make it so. Farmers could obtain five to ten dollars a barrel if they reduced the cider to a vinous state before transporting it to market. With three days labor of one man, forty barrels of cider can be sufficiently attended to, racked one or more times, casks rinsed, and stumped with sulphur. Farmers would never have to resort to foreign produce.\" (1755)\n\"A good bottle of cider is often equal to the best Champagne, the most popular wine of France. This publication may seem to extract rules that are too numerous and complicated. We will show that they are essentially reducible to a few, and yet they are mostly not in common practice. If this publication induces one public-spirited man in each town to adopt all or any of these recommendations, our object will have been answered. The rules can be reduced to the following, with respective importance noted as we proceed.\n\nFirst, apple orchards ought to be planted with the same kinds of fruit or fruits which ripen as near together as possible. Though valuable, this is not among the most important rules. However, it is important that there should be no early summer or autumn apples in the cider orchard.\n\nTwo or three trees near the house for early apples\"\n\"Second rule: The apples, upon gathering, should be piled and left before pressing. Then, they should be sorted, separating not only the rotten ones but also those of uniform ripeness for grinding. The first part of this rule is followed; the second is neglected.\n\nThird rule: Allow pumice to stand for six to twenty-four hours for a darker or lighter color in cider. In our climate, if hot, turn it frequently to prevent fermentation.\n\nFourth rule: Keep the first runnings of the press, as they are of superior quality. This is seldom attended to. Barrels of this sort could fetch a better price.\"\nFifth rule: Where the farmer is rich and has the means, it is advisable to have a vat made near the press. This vat should contain from eight to twenty barrels. It can be made either square or round. Into this vat, the cider, as it is made, should be turned and allowed to work off in the open air. This will save much future trouble. There should be a rack, or tap and faucet, near the bottom, to draw off the cider when the scum or crust is perfectly settled.\n\nBut lastly, if farmers will not go to this expense, they should leave their barrels not full by a gallon or two, and as they work off, they should fill them up. After they have finished working, they should rack them into other casks. This should always be done before they are sent to market or put into the place where they are to remain. Removing them before they are worked is often fatal to the cider.\n\nSuch is the invariable practice for wine. There is no difference between the two liquors.\nAccept the fruit from which they are made. They undergo the same process of fermentation. Wine, if neglected, would be an acid and vile liquor.\n\n\"If these ideas shall contribute to give clarification to those who have not books at command, I shall be happy.\"\n\nOF FRUIT TREES, 1775\n\nMedicinal Properties of Cider.\n\nA tun of excellent liquor contains a small proportion of spirit, but so diluted and blunted, by being combined with a large quantity of saccharine matter and water, as to be perfectly wholesome. When of a proper age and well refined, pure cider may be considered as a pleasant and salutary beverage, and calculated to obviate a putrid tendency in the humours.\n\nStrong, astringent cider, well impregnated with fixed air in bottles, has been found of great utility in various diseases. In low fevers of the putrid kind, it is not merely a good substitute, but is equally efficacious with port, or other foreign wines.\n\n\"Excellent brandy is made from apples in the country.\"\nUnited States, despite what Chapel has said on the subject. If carefully distilled from sound apples and kept in a warm situation for a few years, it is very agreeable when diluted with water. One wineglass full, added to a half gallon bowl of punch, highly improves the flavor of that drink.\n\nPomona Wine.\n\nSeveral agricultural societies have adopted regulations for the encouragement of American beverages at their annual jubilees. Currant wine is to be substituted for claret, and the great staple of New England, cider, is to be substituted for Madeira. The following is a receipt to make it:\n\nTake cider, made of sound apples, sweet from the press, and leak it through a barrel filled with clean dry sand. After it has passed through, carefully drain it off into a brass or copper kettle, in which it must be boiled one hour over a slow fire, and skimmed clean. After it has been taken off the fire, let it cool, and then strain it through a clean cloth into a cask, leaving the sediment behind. Let it stand in a cool place for several months before using.\noff and cooled, strain it through a fine cloth, and \nput it into a cask that is perfectly clean. Set itin a \ncool part of the cellar, and let it remain five or six \nweeks, when one quart of best French brandy, and \n= pound of raisins must be added to eight gal- \nons. \n\u201c It ought to be made a year, at least, before it \nisused. It is needless to state that the quality o \nthe lhquor will be improved by age.\u201d.- \n\u201cThis American process has, of late years, been \nimitated im the cider counties, and particularly \nin the west of England, where several hundred \nhogsheads of cider wine are annually prepared ; and. \nbeing supposed to contain no particles of copper, \nfrom the vessels in which it is boiled, the country \npeople consider it as perfectly wholesome, and ac- \ncordingly drink it without apprehension. \u2014 In order \nto ascertain the truth, various experiments were \ninstituted by the late Dr. Fothergill; from the re- \nsult of which he proved that cider wine does con- \nKeeping only the readable content from the given text:\n\n...a minute portion of copper is sufficient to caution the public against a liquor that comes in such questionable shape. Independently, however, of the danger arising from any metallic impregnation, we doubt whether the process of preparing boiled wines is useful or reconcileable to economy. The evaporation of the apple juice by long boiling not only occasions an unnecessary consumption of fuel but also volatilizes the most essential particles, without which the liquor cannot undergo a complete fermentation. So, this liquor is, like all other boiled wines, crude, heavy and flat; it generally causes indigestion, flatulency and diarrhea. Those amateurs, however, who are determined to prepare it ought at least to banish all brass and copper vessels from this as well as from every other culinary process.\n\nThe most valuable liquor to be obtained from fruit trees. (Mease.)\nTo make cider wine, add half a pound of sugar to each gallon and two gallons of brandy to one barrel of fresh cider. Fill the cask daily while fermenting for four to five days, then stop it tight and store in a cool cellar. Rack it off after three or four months and add two gallons more of brandy to each barrel. Mix together one quarter of a pound of burnt alum, six white eggs, and one pint of clean sand. Put this mixture into the barrel during racking. Keep the liquor from foaming by letting it run down on a thin board. When the cask is half full during racking, burn a match of sulphur in it, then stop it close and shake to incorporate the smoke with the liquor.\nThis will be equal to sherry wine, I am two years old, equal to the best Madeira. Having made one cask of this kind a few years ago, it exceeded my expectations so much that I can confidently and pleasantly recommend it for general notice, as a liquor possessing the qualities of a sprightly, cordial wine, the cheap produce of our own farms, and free from any deleterious metallic impregnation.\n\nCulture and Management of Pears.\nID 'jd' '4 ; t tt ds Row\n\nIt is no longer questionable that the pear tree is well adapted to the climate and soil of New England. Although neglected by our farmers in general, numerous varieties are cultivated in different parts of Massachusetts in great perfection. All varieties of the pear are hardy and long-lived, and will flourish in a clay or loamy soil, but wet situations are unfavorable. Most directions already detailed, relative to the cultivation of the apple tree, may be applied to that of the pear.\nThe pear tree. The production of particular varieties from the seed is equally capricious, and the annihilation of certain kinds from long duration, is supposed to be no less remarkable than in the apple. The propagation of particular species is achieved through grafting or budding, and by this method, any desired variety may be obtained and perpetuated. Considerable attention is necessary in the choice of stocks for grafting. Suckers from other trees should never be employed, as they will have a constant tendency to generate suckers, to the injury of the tree. It should be observed, to graft or bud summer pears only upon summer pear stocks; autumn pears upon stocks of the same kind; but never graft a winter pear upon a summer pear stock, for the sap of the summer pear will decline or diminish before the winter fruit has sufficient time to mature and ripen. Every planter should keep a nursery of free stocks, by planting the seeds of the different varieties, and these should be tended carefully.\nThe pear tree should be grafted from fair and ripe fruit, and the season and method are the same as for apples. A pear tree grafted onto a quince will thrive; in this case, it is preferable to graft under the root, as the tree will be stronger and more vigorous when grafted below the surface. However, if grafted above the surface, the tree will produce a dwarf tree.\n\nWhen transplanting pear trees, it is advised to do so in autumn when the soil is dry and sandy, as they will gain enough root fibers to support them before winter and will shoot better in the spring than those planted in April. In moist places, it is best to dig the holes in autumn and plant in April to avoid injury from the cold winter. The soil for pear trees should be two to three feet deep, and they should be planted shallow.\nPear trees have shallow roots that can spread near the surface, enjoying the sun and air. Some believe exposing the same side to the sun as in the nursery benefits them. Pear trees require less pruning than apples, but excessive pruning is harmful. Dead branches, as well as healthy ones that interfere or chafe each other, and every sucker from the trunk or roots, should be carefully removed. Large wounds should be covered with composition or cement as protection against the sun and weather. If afflicted with diseases or infested with insects, the recommended remedies for apple trees should be applied. In the Agricultural Repository, vol. iv contains a communication from Mr. Hammon of Talbot county, Maryland, regarding:\n\n\"Pear trees, and other fruit trees, are frequently affected and sometimes suddenly decay, without discovery.\"\nA gentleman in this neighborhood, some years ago, observed the condition of his trees and, having unsuccessfully tried various applications, eventually had their trunks washed with soft soap. The bark and foliage underwent a noticeable change: it became smooth and glossy, appearing sound and beautiful. I have also tried this experiment on apple trees with similar success. It is carried out in the spring and can be repeated as frequently as the trees require it. Mr. Peters reports that soap suds were ineffective for him, but it is likely that the soft soap itself holds more power and effectiveness than the suds.\nMr. Forsyth's treatise describes a method for effectively destroying worms, bugs, and other insects that harm trees, believed to lead to improved bark and branch growth from the application of this substance. Mr. Forsyth's method for managing diseased pear trees and those unproductive from decay involves heading down old trees in May or June, near the affected area. Young shoots soon sprout and grow rapidly, bearing fruit abundantly within two or three years. Mr. Forsyth provides two or three illustrative examples and plates representing these principles.\nOne of the first four trees he headed down was a Saint Germain, which produced nineteen fine, large, well-flavored pears the next year, and in the third bore more fruit than it had in its former state, when it was four times the size. Another bore four hundred pears the second year; and he finally found that the trees headed down bore upwards of five times the quantity of fruit that the others did, and it continues to increase in proportion to the progress of the trees. \"On the 20th of June,\" says Mr. F., \"I headed several standards that were almost destroyed by canker; some of them were so loaded with fruit the following year that I was obliged to prop the branches to prevent them from being broken down by the weight of it. In the fourth year afterwards, one of them bore two thousand eight hundred and forty pears, while another tree, not headed down, bore only a fraction of that amount.\nThe tree, which was twenty years old and grew beside another tree, produced five hundred pears, making it a good yield for its size. On the old tree, which had been headed down for not quite four years, there were two thousand three hundred and forty more pears than on the tree of twenty years' growth.\n\nMr. Forsyth's method for training trees that have been grafted involves shortening the leading shoot every year in March (April or May for our climate). The length of the shortening depends on the tree's strength, ranging from one to eighteen inches. If the tree is strong, the shoot will grow from five to seven feet long in one season and would naturally grow taller without producing side shoots. Shortening the leading shoot encourages the tree to produce side shoots, and if done close to a bud, it may cover the cut in one season. When the shoots are very strong, Mr. Forsyth cuts the leading shoot twice in one season.\nA tree that produces two sets of side shoots in a year allows for earlier tree filling. The first cutting is carried out during spring, and the second around mid-June. When pruning trees and cutting the fore-right shoots in April, always cut close to an eye or bud, observing where you see the greatest number of leaves at the lower bud; for, at the foot-stalk of every one of these, a flower bud will be produced. In some varieties of pears, there can be from five to nine pears in a cluster in a favorable season. This cutting should not be later than April, as the leading shoot begins to grow; the next topping, when the leading shoot grows quickly enough to allow it, should be around the end of June; and the length of the shoots should be according to their strength, having three to six eyes or buds on each. Mr. Forsyth has been successful in renewing.\nVating old trees when they are in such an advanced state of decay that very little, except the bark, remains. He always applies the composition to the wounds, and when, on examination, the root is found to be decayed and rotten, he cuts away all the dead parts to the sound wood and covers the wound. If these directions are followed, he says, you will get more pears in three or four years than you can in twenty-five years by planting young trees and running and managing them in the common way. If it is desired to change the kind of fruit, it will be easy to graft or bud upon the young shoots.\n\nThe method recommended by Mr. Knight for reclaiming old unproductive pear trees is to cut away all the central branches, retaining those only that are nearly horizontal, and all the spurs of these must be taken off closely with the saw and chisel. Into the extremities of the branches thus retained, grafts are to be inserted at proper distances, so as to form a new crown.\n\nIt was on an old Saitt Ger- (This part seems incomplete and unrelated to the rest of the text, so it is omitted.)\nmain pear tree, trained to the wall in a fan form, adopted this mode. In the following summer, young shoots were trained nearly perpendicularly downwards between larger branches and the wall, secured with nails. In the second year and subsequent ones, the tree produced abundant crops, with fruit evenly distributed. Eight grafts of different kinds of pears had been inserted, all of which bore fruit almost in equal quantity. This method applies to standard trees as well. By this method, Mr. K noted, the bearing branches, being small and short, could be changed every three or four years without losing a single crop, and the central part, which is nearly unproductive in the fan mode of training and tends to become so in the horizontal, is rendered productive in this way.\nA fruit tree, when not intending to change the fruit type, requires only removing entirely the spurs and large supernumerary branches, leaving all blossom buds near the extremities of the remaining branches.\n\nA pear tree brought from Holland and planted in 1647 is now in full bloom, standing in the third avenue at the intersection of Thirteenth street, New York. This is likely the oldest fruit tree in America. Seventy years ago, the tree's branches decayed and fell off, and it was believed to be dying. However, new shoots germinated, and the roots were gradually supplied by their predecessors. The tree is now in full health and vigor, appearing not more than thirty years old. The fruit ripens the latter part of August, has a rich, succulent flavor, and is known as the spice pear (New York Evening Post, May 4, 1820).\nFrom the pear is prepared a pleasant liquor, known under the name of perry, which is made in the same manner as cider from apples. In England, particular kinds of pears are cultivated for this purpose, and the liquor is held in high estimation.\n\n1.Brockholst bergamot \u2013 a delicious pear, ripe early in October.\n2. Brown beurre \u2013 a large and long fruit, of brownish red colour next the sun, melting, and full of sharp rich juice, slightly perfumed. Indeed, it is one of the best autumn pears we have. Ripens in October.\n3. Catharine pear \u2013 Of this there are several varieties, the earliest of which ripens in July, and another kind in August. They are considered well deserving of cultivation, as an excellent summer fruit for the dessert and for baking. The tree grows large, and is very fruitful.\n1. Chaumontelle, or winter pear: A large, richly flavored pear with a rough skin, which can be pale green or purplish next to the sun, sometimes with a significant amount of red. The fruit is left on the tree until the onset of winter. It is fit for eating from the end of November to January.\n2. Colmar, or manna pear: A large and excellent pear with very tender and melting flesh and highly sugared juice. In shape and quality, it resembles the autumn or English bergamot. It keeps through the winter until the end of February.\n3. Crassane, or bergamot crassane: A large, round pear with a long stalk and a roughish skin that is greenish yellow when ripe, with a russety coating. The flesh is very tender and melting, and full of a rich, sugary juice. It is fit for use from the middle to the end of November and is one of the very best pears of the season.\n7. Easter bergamot, or winter bergamot - is a large roundish fruit with a grayish green color and a little red. The flesh is melting and passes from solid to liquid at room temperature.\n\n8. Garden pear - this ripens in November. It is large and rather long, with a yellow skin and yellow, rich, and juicy flesh. It is cultivated in Massachusetts and is highly esteemed.\n\n9. German muscadel pear, or muscat allemand - is a noble, large, pyramidal fruit with a small bloom on a shallow excavation and a rather long stalk. When ripening on the floor, it acquires a red and yellow tint. Its flesh is melting and delicate, full of a spicy, delicious juice, similar to that of muscadel grapes. Eatable from March till May. The tree forms a fine crown and is exceedingly productive.\nJuicy and agreeable in flavor, the tree bears sweet fruit. Its ripening period is in August, and it can be preserved for only a few weeks. The tree bears fruit every year, and its blossoms resist unfavorable weather.\n\n11. Grey butter pear\u2014Known for their sweet taste, these pears are popular among amateurs and should be in every orchard. The white butter pear is also excellent for culinary purposes, even before it fully ripens by lying on the floor. In good soil, it often forms a large tree; but the gray butter pear is of lower growth, though with more expanded branches.\n\n13. Jargonelle\u2014A well-known, fine summer pear, ripening in August. The flesh is breaking, sweet, and has a slightly musky flavor. It is best when picked before fully ripe and matured in the house. The tree is a consistent bearer.\n\n14. Little muscat\u2014Longish in shape with a yellow color, except where it is red in the sun. Ripe in August.\n15. Mons Jean\u2014Mons Jean is a valuable pear. It is ripe around the first of November and will last till the middle of December.\n16. Orange pear\u2014The orange pear has been long cultivated in Massachusetts and is still a favorite fruit among those who are unfamiliar with the superior kinds more recently introduced. The fruit is roundish; the skin is of a greenish yellow color, becoming yellow when ripe; the flesh is melting, and the juice is sugary; the flavor is pleasantly perfumed. It ripens in August, and, like all summer pears, is of short duration.\n17. Pound pear\u2014This is an extraordinary large, thick, oblong fruit of a greenish gray color. It is often grown in the vicinity of buildings to shelter its ponderous fruit from boisterous winds before it has attained maturity. Though its pulp is somewhat tough, it is a very useful pear in domestic economy, especially for drying. The tree grows to a considerable height and spreads its branches.\nThe chestnut tree is very productive, and its blossoms are not liable to be injured in the spring. The fruit should be suffered to remain on the tree till frost, and then preserved in the common manner, for baking and other culinary uses. There is a variety generally called the small pound pear, which acquires only half the size of the former, but possesses all its valuable properties.\n\n18. Jewel-pareil bergamot\u2014Is a considerably large pear, with a green peel, containing a melow pulp of an incomparable aromatic taste. It becomes eatable in October and November. The tree is one of the largest among the bergamots.\n\n19. Prince's pear\u2014Is a small roundish fruit, of a yellow colour, but red next the sun: flesh intermediate between breaking and melting: juice high flavoured. The tree is generally a great bearer, and the fruit will keep for a fortnight.\n\nOf Fruit Trees. 189\n\n20. Radish pear\u2014A very superior summer fruit, the juice of which is so rich, refreshing and delicious.\nThe agreeable acidulated pear exceeds the gray butter pear in its kind. However, it easily becomes mealy, though of a muscadel flavor, when left to ripen on the tree. It should be removed and deposited on the floor. The tree is remarkably fertile and produces fruit in seasons when almost every other pear kind has failed, making it worth cultivating even in unfavorable climates and situations due to its vigorous growth and attainment of tolerable size.\n\n21. Rousseline\u2014A deep red pear with gray spots. The flesh is very tender and delicate, and the juice is very sweet with an agreeable perfume. It ripens around the latter end of October but does not keep.\n\n22. Sarasin\u2014A valuable winter pear that should decorate every orchard as it can be preserved for a year. In shape and size, it resembles the brown Louise, but generally becomes much larger. Its red color appears on the south side.\nThe Seckle pear turns yellow in July and acquires a buttery consistency, making it edible. It is also excellent for boiling, drying, and other domestic uses. The tree is tall and vigorous.\n\nFrom a letter from Professor Hosack, of New York, dated October 1818, to the London Horticultural Society, published in their work:\n\n\"The Seckle pear is named after Mr. Seckle of Philadelphia, who first cultivated it in that area. It is generally considered a native fruit of this country, accidentally produced from a seed sown by Mr. Seckle. An account, however, essentially different from this, has recently been communicated to me by my friend Judge Wallace of Burlington.\"\nHe stated to me, on the authority of a correspondent in Philadelphia, that the pear was grown in that neighborhood, sixty years ago, by a person named Jacob Weiss. Weiss had obtained the tree, along with many others, at a settlement of Swedes early established near Philadelphia, where he had built a house. The judge suggested the probability of Weiss and Seckle's family having been intimate, as both were German and of that rank in society, which might lead to such an acquaintance. Therefore, it is conjectured that Seckle's family obtained grafts from Weiss's tree.\n\nMr. Coxe, in his view of the cultivation of fruit trees in America, an interesting volume which I have forwarded to the society, assigns the same origin for this pear as I have stated at the beginning of this letter. He describes the fruit as follows: \"The form and appearance vary with aspect, age, and cultivation.\"\nThe size is generally small; the form is regular and round at the blossom end, gradually narrowing to an oval shape towards the short and thick stem. The skin can be yellow with a bright red cheek or a perfect russet without any blush. The flesh is melting, spicy, and delicately flavored. Ripening occurs from late August to the middle of October. The tree is vigorous and beautiful, with great regularity and richness of foliage, very hardy, and possessing all the characteristics of a new variety. Neither Rosier nor De La Quintinge among the French, nor Miller nor Forsyth among the English writers, describe such a pear as the Seckle. I have not found one among the intelligent French gentlemen in our country who is familiar with it.\n\nOf Fruit Trees. 191\n\nI can add to the above that the fruit is admitted by all to be one of the most exquisitely flavored pears.\nAnd we possess a highly flavored pear. Its flavor is very peculiar, having a factitious aromatic perfume, rather than the natural odor or taste of fruits. The late General Moreau informed me that he had never tasted this fruit in France, the country in which, of all others, the finest pears are cultivated.\n\n24. Skinless pear, or early ruselet\u2014This is a long, reddish-colored fruit with a very thin skin. The flesh is melting and full of a rich, sugary juice. It ripens in August.\n\n25. Squash pear\u2014This pear is cultivated in Massachusetts. Mr. Coxe describes it as follows: The fruit of highest estimation for perry in England; it is an early pear, remarkable for the tenderness of its flesh. If it drops ripe from the tree, it bursts from the tall; hence probably its name. The liquor made from it is pale, sweet, remarkably clear, and of strong body. It bears a price fourfold of other perry.\n\n26. Saint Germain\u2014This is a large, long pear of a large size.\nThe yellowish fruit turns ripe with a melting flesh, full of juice, and a considerable flavor. Plant the tree on a dry soil in a warm situation and train it against a wall for abundant production. Two varieties exist: the spurious and the true. The true variety, of French origin, is large, pyramidal, and has a thick, dotted green skin that turns yellow when ripening on the floor. The spurious fruit ripens in December, remaining green when ripe, and decays by the end of January, unless the soil and season are favorable. It is insipid and watery, shorter, and more variable in form than the true variety. The true St. Germain maintains perfection until the end of March and ranks among the best winter pears for sweetness and flavor. (Mr. Coxe)\nThis tree is very subject to fire blight in our climate, a destructive condition for the finest and most delicate pears in the country. It would be highly useful to fruit cultivators if the cause or cure for this evil could be discovered.\n\nThe Saint Michel's, or yellow butter pear, is the same as the Doyenne or Dean pear. Its richness of flesh and excellence of flavor are said to be inferior to none except the Seckle. Few pears are more admired and extensively cultivated in the United States. The fruit is large, round, inclining to oblong in shape, fair and handsome; its skin glossy and smooth, resembling unpolished gold; occasionally streaked and marked with bright yellow spots. It displays either a blush or bright russet on the south side. The flesh of this luscious fruit is white, and its juice remarkably cold, sometimes offending a weak stomach and causing eructations. It should be picked late.\nThe summer pear - A large, oblong fruit with a smooth and thin skin, which is whitish green but turns red next to the sun. It is full of juice and has a rich, perfumed flavor. It ripens in August. The tree is not large but is an early and reliable bearer.\n\nThe Kirgouleuse pear - A pear of pyramidal form with a deep bloom and short, fleshy stalk. Its peel is whitish green, turning yellow if it ripens on the floor from December to March. Its pulp melts in the mouth, yielding a copious aromatic juice. The tree grows to a moderate height.\n\nThe winter baking pear - Abundant in Massachusetts, this fruit is highly valued for baking.\nPear: It is not eatable in a raw state due to being neither juicy nor well-flavored. It keeps well through the winter, and its flesh turns to a fine red color when baked. The tree is not large and rarely fails to produce an annual crop of fruit.\n\nWinter pear - Good Christian: The fruit is very large; the flesh is tender and breaking, and is very full of a rich, sugared juice. This pear is in season from March to June.\n\nWinter thorn - Epine d'hiver: In size and shape, it is similar to many kinds of egg-pears. Its peel is initially whitish-gray and turns yellow when ripening on the floor. The pulp is mellow, sweet, and of a delicious aromatic taste. This pear is fit to eat in November and remains sound till the end of January. The tree vegetates with great luxuriance.\n\nQuince Tree: The quince tree can be propagated by layers or young sprouts, which must be covered in the earth, or by cuttings taken from the tree in April and set into the ground at proper distances.\nThe quince tree takes root during the first season and can be transplanted to its final destination at will. It can also be propagated through budding or grafting; trees obtained in this manner bear fruit sooner and more abundantly, according to Mr. Forsyth. Quince trees thrive best and are most productive in moist soil, though the fruit from those grown in drier situations is said to have a finer flavor. The quince tree requires very little pruning. The most important part of its management is clearing its stems of suckers and cutting off branches that interfere with each other. All luxuriant shoots that grow from the middle of the tree must be lopped off to prevent the head from becoming too crowded with wood, which might impede the growth of the fruit. If the tree becomes diseased or rotten, the affected parts should be cut away and the composition.\nApplication of treatments is necessary for quince trees, as with apple trees. Quince trees should be planted at a good distance from apple and pear trees to prevent fara from becoming mixed and fruits from degenerating. Quince trees are susceptible to worm borers, like apple and peach trees, and the same remedies apply.\n\nTopic of Peaches.\n\nThe soil and climate of southern and middle states are considered ideal for peach tree growth. Consequently, it has been extensively cultivated there, appearing on every plantation and often covering many acres with several thousand trees. However, it is more for distillery than table luxury that this fruit species receives such attention from southern farmers; an excellent and highly-flavored brandy is obtained from it.\nIt is regrettable that the peach tree has become prone to premature decay in recent years, reducing its duration to a healthy bearing state to only three or four years. This issue is compounded by the fact that a peach orchard cannot be reestablished on the same spot without renewing the soil through several years of cultivating other crops. The ideal soil for a peach tree is a mellow, sandy loam. Sites that are naturally wet or inclined towards clay are unfavorable. Water should never be allowed to accumulate around the roots of tender trees, especially in strong land, as it can lead to mildew and destruction. In England, peach trees are planted against a wall, with their branches trained and secured either in the fan form or nearly horizontally, requiring particular care.\nPeach trees can produce annual crops for up to forty years. The propagation of peach trees is achieved through planting stones or kernels, or budding onto suitable stocks. By the first method, there is a strong tendency for the tree to deviate from the original variety, allowing for indefinite increase. In Maryland and Virginia, this method is used without budding, resulting in numerous varieties, some of superior quality. Occasionally, the same fruit is produced from the seed planted. Stones are planted in beds or drills in October or November, or they can be preserved in sand and planted in March; in this case, the stones must be carefully opened without damaging the kernel. Seedlings can be transplanted into nursery rows in their first year.\nPeach trees should be planted in autumn or spring. It is important to note that neither stones nor seedling trees should be planted on ground previously occupied by peach trees, unless all old roots are removed and fresh mold is added to replace them. The most reliable method for preserving a specific variety is through budding. Peaches obtained through budding will produce fruit that is identical in size, color, and taste to the tree from which the bud was taken, and they will begin bearing fruit sooner. Stocks for budding peaches include those of their own kind, as well as almond, apricot, and plum stocks. The optimal season for budding is August, and the process should be carried out as directed for apples and pears. Peach trees will bear fruit within two or three years after budding. When transplanting young trees, care must be taken to preserve the roots as much as possible.\narts should be bruised and removed. Small roots may be shortened slightly. It is important that trees be equally filled with side shoots from top to bottom; trees suffer weakness and sponginess when allowed to grow in single branches, making them unable to bear good fruit. When seedlings are about one year old, Mr. Forsyth recommends heading them down to five or six buds, or cutting off the extremities of the leading shoots to encourage side shoots and create a fruitful, handsome tree. None of the shoots should grow too long during the first and second years, which can be prevented by pinching off shoot tops with fingers in June. Peach trees produce two types of buds when they come into bearing state: where three stand close together, the two on each side are called flower or blossom buds, and the central one is called a wood bud. The former\nThe fruit trees' shoots emerge immediately from their eyes, and their buds are round, short, and prominent, while the wood or shoot buds are oblong, narrow, and flattish. Sometimes entire trees or a large proportion of branches produce nothing but single flower buds. In pruning, if a shoot is cut off at a single flower bud, the remains, as far down as the next wood bud, are said to die. Therefore, it is essential to cut just above the cluster of three buds, and the wood bud will shoot forth and become the leader, preparing to produce fruit the next year.\n\nMr. Forsyth's practice when old peach trees grow too high and thin is to cut them down as far back as he can find any shoots or buds, always leaving some young shoots or buds, otherwise there is a great risk of killing the tree. If there are a few young shoots, the top may safely be cut off just above them, as they will lead the sap up and produce strong branches.\nThe operation of topping young peach trees should be done to the same height as a young tree. This procedure should be carried out in May, and the trees will bear fruit the following season. The composition must be applied to the wounds where old branches are amputated, and the canker should be carefully cut out, as well as any part where the gum is seen to ooze or new wood will be affected as it begins to grow. Young peach trees must be thinned out when overloaded with fruit according to their strength.\n\nThe premature decay of peach trees has been attributed to various causes. Some believe it is due to the degeneracy of the soil and neglecting to mature them regularly. Others believe it is due to the supposed alteration of the climate, with changes from heat to cold being more sudden and violent now than before, when the country was more forested. However, the true causes, as detailed by Dr. Mease (Dom. Ency.), seem to be the following:\n\n198. Culture and Management.\nPeach trees are liable to three casualties:\n1. The fly, which deposits eggs near the root, forming a worm.\n2. The bursting of the bark by severe frosts in wet winters.\n3. The splitting off of limbs at the fork of the tree.\n\nThe fly, which is blue (but not a wasp), begins its attack around the middle of July and continues its depredations until the middle of September. It wounds the tender part of the bark, generally at the surface of the ground, there depositing its eggs, which hatch into worms that prey upon the mucilage and tender part of the bark until the communication between the root and the branches is cut off, causing the death of the tree.\n\nTo guard against this, raise a little hillock around the tree in June, about a foot high, so as to completely cover that part of the bark kept moist and tender at the surface of the ground. This hillock will not last so long at one height.\nTo tender the bark above, as the rain gradually washes it down to the surface, and must be raised again every summer: to treat the affected area, the roots must be unearthed, and the spot located where the gum oozes out, following the cavity round with the point of a knife until you reach the solid wood. The worm will be found with a white body and black head; destroy it, and carefully fill up the holes with cow manure, made adhesive with sand or lime core and ashes, as directed by Forsyth.\n\nSoap suds, heated after a family wash, and poured on the roots of trees about the middle of August, have been used with success in destroying the eggs or the young worm.\n\nAccording to Mr. John Ellis of New Jersey, the injury arising from the worm may be prevented in the following way:\n\nIn the spring, when the blossoms are out, clear away the dirt so as to expose the root of the tree.\nTo surround a tree with straw three feet long, apply it lengthwise with a one-inch thick covering that extends to the bottom. The butt ends of the straw should rest on the ground. Bind the straw with three bands: one near the top, one at the middle, and one at the surface of the earth. Fill up the hole at the root with earth and press it around the straw. Remove the straw when white frosts appear and leave the tree uncovered until the blossoms emerge in the spring. By this method, the fly is prevented from depositing its egg within three feet of the root. Even if the egg is placed above that distance, the worm moves so slowly that it cannot reach the ground before frost and is killed.\n\nThe truth of this principle is proven by the following fact. I practiced this method with a tree.\nMr. E. wrote, \"I had a large number of peach trees that flourished remarkably well for several years without any injury from worms, when I stopped using straw with about twenty of them. All those without straw have declined, while the others continue as vigorous as ever. To guard against frost, plant the trees where water will run off and obtain the sweetest and richest fruit. The inferior qualities are more injured by cold. To prevent the tree from splitting at the forks, preserve as many upright branches as possible, break off more than half the fruit while small in bearing years, and prune almost the whole of every branch beyond where the fruit is set, leaving only a few buds on each, of the succeeding year's fruit. The size of the fruit is increased, made more beautiful, and of a higher flavor by these means.\"\nMr. Thomas Coulter from Bedford county, Pennsylvania, provides the following directions for cultivating peach trees, which he has successfully practiced in Pennsylvania and Delaware for forty-five years. The primary causes of peach trees dying while young are planting, transplanting, and pruning the same stock. This results in an open and tender stock with rough bark, providing opportunities for insects to lodge and breed. Birds search for these insects and, with their sharp bills, wound the stock in numerous places. The sap of the tree is drawn out from these wounds, which congeals and always kills or renders the tree useless within a few years. To prevent this, transplant peach trees as young as possible to their final location. If possible, in the kernel.\nPlant peach trees sixteen feet apart, both ways, except for wagon access in which case give twenty-four feet distance to every other row, after transplanting. Plow and harrow amongst peach trees for two years, disregarding damage to the trees as long as the roots remain undisturbed. In the third year after transplanting, cut all peach trees at ground level in March or April. Plow and harrow as before, taking care not to damage the young sprouts or scions. Let no beasts except hogs into peach orchards to avoid wounding the trees.\nTrees: The least wound injures the tree significantly, draining its life substance. Although the tree may live for many years, its productivity is reduced, and the fruit is not as good. After the old stock is removed, sprouts or scions will grow around the old stump in the third year after transplanting, numbering from four to six. No more than the old stump can support and nourish will reach maturity. The remaining ones will die before bearing fruit. These can be cut away, taking care not to wound any part of the stock or bark. The sprouts growing around the old stump, laden with fruit, will bend and rest on the ground in all directions without injuring each other for many years, all rooted in the ground as if they had been planted. The stocks remain tough, and the bark smooth, for twenty years and more. If any of the sprouts or trees from the old stump happen to split off or break away.\nDie, cut them away; they will be supplied from the ground by young trees, so that you will have trees from the same stump for one hundred years. I now have trees thirty-six, twenty, ten, five, and down to one-year-old, all from the same stump. The young trees coming up, after any of the old trees split off or die, and are cut away, will bear fruit the second year; but this fruit will not ripen as easily as the fruit on the old trees from the same stem. Three years after the trees are cut off by the ground, they will be sufficiently large and bushy to shade the ground, preventing grass of any kind from matting or binding the surface, injuring the trees. Plowing is useless and injurious; useless, because nothing can be raised in the orchard, as the trees will shade all the ground or nearly so; injurious, because either the roots, stock, or branches will be wounded. It is not necessary ever to plow.\nTo manure peach trees, as manured trees will always produce less and worse fruit than trees that are not manured. Manured peach trees may grow larger, look greener and thicker in the boughs, causing a thicker shade, but they will grow little fruit, and that little will be of bad quality - often appearing as green as the leaves, even when ripe, and later than unmanured peaches.\n\nPeach trees do not require a rich soil; the poorer the soil, the better the fruit. A middling soil produces a more bountiful crop.\n\nThe highest ground, and the north side of hills, is best for peach trees. They keep back vegetation, preserving the fruit from being killed by late frosts in the month of April, in the Pennsylvania latitude. I have made these observations from actual experience.\n\nA gentleman from Monongahela county, in Virginia, called at my house and asked me who instructed me to cultivate peach trees. I told him.\nThe gentleman observed that Colonel Luther Martin in the lower parts of Maryland, and another gentleman whose name he could not recall, were pursuing the same plan advantageously. An experience of a gentleman in New Jersey contradicts this assertion. He has remarkably fine peaches, regularly manures his trees every year, and asserts that the swift decay of common peach trees is mainly due to neglect of this practice. He even claimed that experience proved peach stones did not, in general, produce fruit like the original tree.\n\nRegarding fruit trees:\n\nThe practice of Mr. Coulter, in cutting down trees, is highly rational; they are thus forced to spend their vigor upon their bodies and roots, instead of shooting up into the air with thin barks, which are easily penetrated by the fly.\n\nThe best kind of peaches is said to be produced by this method.\nFrom the inoculation on, peaches are grafted onto apricot stocks because they are less susceptible to damage by the fly. Peaches grafted in this way grow larger and taller than those on peach stocks. Grafting peaches onto plum stocks has also been attempted to resist the fly's attack, but this must be done underground to prevent the peach tree from overgrowing the plum stock and causing an unsightly knob, which could lead to the tree breaking off at the point of junction.\n\nForsyth's instructions for wall peach trees may be applied to standard trees. In the first year a tree bears fruit, pinch off all strong shoots in June to encourage side shoots. These shoots, if not too thick, will produce good bearing wood for the following year. If strong shoots are allowed to grow to their full length, they will be large and spongy, and will neither produce good fruit nor good wood.\nThe following year, trees are covered with blossoms, but if too much fruit remains, they will be weakened and will never recover. In such cases, I recommend picking off most of the fruit to let the tree regain its strength. When pruning trees in this state, do not prune at a single flower bud; the shoot will either be entirely killed or die as far as the next wood bud. I have often topped strong shoots twice in a summer before they produced good wood. These strong shoots exhaust the tree and do not produce good wood when neglected. I recommend cutting out such shoots when the trees are pruned in the spring and leaving only the bearing wood, which can be identified by two small leaves where the flower buds will be in the following year. (Strong shoots have only one leaf bud at each eye.)\nAnd to pick off all side shoots near the tops of the branches, as soon as they can be reached. In addition to the foregoing details, I must not omit recommending other means of preserving the health and vigor of this valuable tree. Its fruit, when in perfection, is perhaps equal, if not superior, to the most luscious tropical fruits, such as the pineapple. Since it has been ascertained that the fly deposits its eggs, which produce the fatal worm, in the bark, it is obvious that if the stem of the tree could be enveloped with some harmless substance, it might baffle the instinctive faculties of the fly or resist its powers of attack. For this purpose, remove the earth around the roots and stem and supply its place with one of the articles mentioned on page 105. After which, let the whole trunk of the tree and large branches, from the surface of the earth to the top, receive a good coating of this substance.\nThis composition of quicklime, cow-dung, and clay is for page 105. It is not expensive for an extensive orchard, and preserving the trees would be a reward. For a few favorite trees in the garden, even on young trees during transplanting, one need not hesitate to try the experiment. If it fails as a preventive remedy against flies and worms (which is scarcely possible), the application will have a tendency to increase the growth and vigor of the tree. If any uncovered branches have black spots or oozing gum, immediately cut them away and cover the wound with the same composition. Young shoots will soon sprout forth and bear fruit. When peach trees have become unproductive from old age or disease, Mr. Forsyth recommends heading them down according to rule and applying the composition. In the worst condition, trees may be revived by this means.\nA peach tree should be completely renovated and made abundantly fruitful. So far, the diseases of peach trees among us have eluded all our art and skill. It may, however, be questioned whether it is most profitable to renew our stock by frequently planting seeds or to attempt to prolong the existence of old unproductive trees by the application of remedies. I have closely investigated the subject of cane madness in the human species and the desperate maladies among peach trees. I am compelled to denounce both as equally intricate and irremediable, and deserving of the opprobrium medicorium.\n\nA good peach possesses the following qualities: the flesh is firm; the skin is thin, of a deep or bright red color next to the sun, and of a yellowish green in the shade; the pulp is of a yellowish color, full of highly flavored juice; the fleshy part is thick.\nand the peaches come in two varieties: free stone and cling stone. Free stone peaches have flesh that separates easily from both the skin and the stone, while cling stone peaches have a firm flesh that adheres to both the skin and the stone. McMahon's American Gardener lists the following choice peaches, suitable for cultivation in various states with appropriate soil and exposure: 1. Early Avant, 2. White Nutmeg, 3. Red Nutmeg, 4. Early Miggon, 5. Early Ann, 6. Early Newington, 7. Early Elizabeth-Town, 8. White Magdalen, 9. Red Clingstone, 10. White Clingstone, 11. Kennedy's Caroline, 12. Royal George, 13. Oldmixon, 14. Late Heath, 15. La Plata, 16. Georgia.\n1. The Congress: Bourdine, 19. President, 20. English Incomparable, 21. Chancellor Rambouillet, 22. La Titon de Venus, 23. La Pourprie, 24. Belle Chevreuse, 25. Noblesse, 26. Bellegarde, 27. Large Yellow Freestone, 28. White Pavie, 29. Monstrous Pavie, 30. Clifton\u2019s Nutmeg, 31. Lemon Peach, 32. Large Newington, 33. Carolina Clingstone.\n\n1. Admirable peach\u2014A very large and comely fruit, of an agreeable mixture of colours. Its pulp, though rather firm, has a delicate taste, contains a sweet, vinous juice, of a fine flavour, and is pale red near the stone. It becomes eatable about the middle of September.\n2. Alberge, or orange peach\u2014Is one of the most elegant and best flavoured of the clingstones. Rather large than otherwise, round, dark red or purple next the sun, and bright orange on the other side; being deeply furrowed from the stem to the blossom end. The flesh of a deep orange colour, but purple at the stone; ripens in August. The tree is a very great bearer.\n3. A small, round fruit, yellowish white with a faint red tinge on the sunny side, ripening around August is called a peach.\n4. Bellegarde or Galande is a beautiful, large and excellent peach with a strong red tint on a yellow ground and deep red shade on the south side. Its pulp, though firm, yields a sweet juice of an agreeable taste. Ripens in September.\n3. Blood Peach is cultivated chiefly for making a beautiful preserve and is hardy with great bearing. Its large, round fruit has a fine red color next to the sun, white melting flesh, and a vivid and rich juice. Ripens in September.\n6. Boudine is a large, round fruit with fine red skin next to the sun, white melting flesh, and a vivid juice. The tree is a plentiful bearer.\n- 7. Catherine. A large, round fruit with dark red skin next to the sun, white melting flesh, full of rich juice, and is a clingstone. Ripens in October.\n8. Charlestown, or ananas peach, is a new sort reared in America from the kernel. Despite not having specific details about its color or ripening time, it is known for being reared in America.\nThe color is inferior to that of most other peaches, being a uniformly pale yellow without any red tint. However, its firm and juicy pulp possesses the delicious flavor of the best apple. It ripens in October.\n\n9. Early Newington - This is a fruit of middling size, with a fine red color next to the sun. The flesh is firm with a sugary, well-flavored juice. There are several varieties of this fruit, all clingstones, ripening in August and September.\n\n10. Heath peach - Of all peaches, and perhaps of all fruits, it is said that there is none equal in flavor to the American Heath peach, a clingstone. It is large, weighing near a pound in common size. With moderate attention, it is believed they would generally weigh a full pound. It is backward in ripening northward of the Susquehannah and is generally one of the last sorts that ripens. This very fine clingstone peach is generally esteemed the finest in our country; the original stone was brought,\nThe late Mr. Daniel Heath obtained this peach from the Mediterranean. It has been propagated in Maryland, where I have seen it in abundance and high perfection during September and October. Propagated through inoculation, I have raised peach trees from stones brought from Maryland, and now have a number of vigorous trees. The fruit is large, oblong in form with a uniform point at the head. The flesh is rich, tender, melting, and juicy. The stone frequently opens, revealing the kernel. The skin is a rich, cream-colored white, sometimes with a faint blush, but the finest peaches are entirely white. The juice is abundant, making it difficult to eat without damaging clothes. The leaf is luxuriant and smooth at the edge. The tree is vigorous, hardy, and long-lived, compared to other varieties.\ntrees: The fruit ripens in September and lasts through October. It is the most admired peach when not too ripe, especially when preserved in sugar or brandy. (Coxe\u2019s Cultivation of Fruit Trees)\n\n1. Large mignonne\u2014This is somewhat oblong in shape and swells out on one side. The juice is very sugary and of high flavor. It is one of the most handsome and delicious fruits, with a dark red and greenish yellow cast. Its white, melting and agreeable pulp contains a sweetish vinous juice, and is in season about the middle of September.\n2. Lemon clingstone\u2014This is a large, late, but beautiful and high flavored peach. It ripens at the end of September and beginning of October.\n3. Monstrous pavie\u2014This is the largest of the peaches and a true ornament to the dessert, as it displays a beautiful red tint on a white ground. Its pulp is white, though red in the parts next to the seed. (OF FRUIT TREES, 209)\n1. Peach, a stone fruit with a vinous, sweet juice. Ripens in September.\n2. Jobert - A large fruit, red or marbled next to the sun; flesh greenish white, melting; juice very rich in a favorable season.\n3. Old Newington - A large round fruit, beautiful red next to the sun; flesh white and melting; when ripe, juice very rich and vinous: a clingstone, matures early in October.\n4. Rambouillet - A fruit of middling size, deeply divided by a furrow; melting flesh, bright yellow color; rich, vinous juice: ripens about the middle of September. The tree is a good bearer.\n5. Red Rareripe - An exceptional peach, also known as Morris's Rareripe. Unusually large size, sometimes weighing eight and nine ounces; round form, beautiful red and white skin; rich, tender and melting flesh, full of sugary, highly flavored juice; equals any peach cultivated at the same season. Ripens in the early part of the season.\n18. Red Magdalen.\u2014It is large, round, and of a fine red next to the sun; the juice very sugary, and of exquisite flavor; ripening in late August. The tree is a free grower and a great bearer.\n19. Red nutmeg\u2014It is a great bearer, and valued for its early maturity. It is of a bright vermilion color, and has a fine musk taste. Ripens in late August.\n20. Royal George\u2014Is an excellent peach, and in a very good soil and aspect, the fruit becomes large; dark red next to the sun, juicy and high-flavored.\n21. Swalch. This is a pleasant-flavored \u201cpeach. Ripens early in September.\n22. Teton de Venus\u2014Is a fruit of middling size, with flesh melting, white; juice sugary, and not without flavor; ripens at the end of September. The tree is a free bearer on a warm, light soil, but the fruit comes to perfection only in fine seasons.\n23. Vanguard\u2014Is a good panes, ripens about the beginning of September.\n24. White Magdalen \u2014 The tree bears fruits that are long and oval in shape, pale red next to the sun; size is round, with a deep furrow; color, yellow-eyed, and shies white to the stone; melting, juicy, with considerable flavor. Ripens in August.\n\n25. White Rareripe, or \"White cheek Malacotan,\" also known as the \"redstone heath,\" is of uncommon excellence. Its size is large; flesh is a rich white, inclining to yellow, melting, rich, and finely-flavored; firm, like the flesh of a clearstone plum; skin is pale yellowish white; the stone frequently separates on the opening of each, leaving the kernel exposed; the shells adhere to the flesh, though a freestone. It is the most admired fruit of the season, which is in August (Coxe).\n\nA recent discovery:\nThe cultivation of this tree has become very intriguing to gardeners in the vicinity of this city (New York). A very simple mode of preserving its fruit.\nIn the fall of 1818, a fine tree in a gentleman's yard, apparently dead from the \"yellows\" disease, put forth new leaves and bore fruit after large quantities of wood ashes were thrown around its roots. The tree now bears an abundance of fine fruit and has become necessary to prop it up. This simple remedy is certainly worthy.\nThe following is from Mr. Lang's gazette of this morning. A gentleman has tried the same experiment with great success in preserving a valuable fruit tree using the method described. He requests us to recommend this simple method to the public and suggests the New York Agricultural Society print and distribute handbills of the article in markets for widespread dissemination. Cherry trees and plum trees will also benefit from this application, and the practice should be generally adopted. Tanner's bark around peach trees and ringing the branches of peach trees have been found useful. (New York Commercial Advertiser.) Page 29.\n\nCherries, .\n\n(Note: The text appears to be mostly readable, but there are some minor errors and inconsistencies in formatting. I have corrected some spelling errors and formatting issues while maintaining the original content as much as possible.)\nThere are several native varieties of the cherry in the United States, which have been perpetuated from seed without culture and, as supposed, without any deviation from the original stock. But the cultivated kinds are far more valuable. It is greatly regretted that they are so generally neglected. Many advantages would accrue to the farmer from the cultivation of the cherry tree. It would serve useful purposes of ornament and shade to his orchard and buildings, and the fruit would afford his family not merely an innocent, but a salutary luxury. If near a market, the profit would remunerate him for all his labor and expense.\n\nThe cultivated cherry, when reared from seed, is much disposed to deviate from the variety of the original fruit. Therefore, they are propagated by budding or grafting on cherry stocks. Budding is most generally preferred, as the tree is less apt to suffer from gum oozing than when grafted.\nThe stocks are obtained by planting seeds in a nursery, and seedlings are transplanted. Heart cherries are said to grow best on black Mazard stock, while round cherries prefer Morello stocks due to their resistance to worms and bark damage from frost and sun. The management of cherry trees is similar to that of peach trees, with little more to add. Forsyth's directions on fruit trees (Volume 2, page 213):\n\nIn choosing and planting young cherry trees, the same rules apply as for apricots, peaches, and nectarines; they must be headed down the first year. In pruning cherries, never shorten their shoots.\nFor most trees, fruit production occurs at extremities. Removing or shortening these branches can cause the shoot's death, at least in part. Branches should be trained at full length. I have seen entire trees killed by improper pruning. Whenever a knife is used, gum and canker follow, inevitably killing the trees if no remedy is applied to the wounds. I have headed down many cherry trees, nearly past bearing, almost consumed by gum and canker, bearing only poor cherries...\n\nIn the years 1790 and 1791, I headed down fifty trees. This procedure should be carried out in April each year. These trees produced shoots three to five feet long, bore fine cherries the following year, and have continued to produce good crops since.\n\nTo these trees, I applied the composition.\nAt the same time I cut down twelve trees in the same row, but did not apply the composition. These twelve trees all died in the second and third years following. One tree where the composition was applied now produces more fruit than the entire number formerly, also much finer and larger. When cherry trees are very old and injured by large limbs having been cut or blown off (which will bring on the canker and gum), the best way to bring them back to have fine heads and to fill the vacant space is to head them down as low as possible, taking care to leave some small shoots if there are any; if not, a bud or two at the end and some of the shoots. Sometimes it is difficult to find any buds. In that case, before you mean to head the trees, make some incisions in the branches. This should be done on different branches, at the most convenient places for filling the tree with good wood. The size of the incisions should be from one inch.\nTo two inches, according to the size of the branches, observing to make incisions just above the joint, where buds should emerge. The time for performing this operation is March, April, or May. (In America, March.) This method is only recommended where there are no young shoots or buds, and when the tree is in the last stage of canker. Where you find a few young shoots or buds, cut down the head as near to them as possible, and take care to cut out all the canker till you reach sound bark. If any gum remains, it must be cut or scraped off; the best time for this is when it is moistened with rain; it may then be scraped off without bruising the bark. This operation is very necessary. Whenever bark or branches have been cut, the edges should be rounded, and the composition applied. If young shoots are properly trained, they will produce fruit the following year; and in the second year they will produce more and yield more.\nA finer fruit emerges from a tree that has been planted for ten years. I Mize wrote, \"Never use a knife in summer if possible, as the shoots die from the place where they are cut, leaving unsightly dead stubs, which will inevitably bring on canker. These shoots may be cut in the spring to about two eyes, which will form a number of flower-buds.\n\nOf Fruit Trees, 215:\n\n\"When cherry trees begin to produce spurs, cut out every other shoot to make the tree produce new wood. When that comes into a bearing state, which will be the following year, cut out the old branches that remain. By this method, you will be able to keep the trees in a constant state of bearing, using the same method as before with the fore right shoots.\n\n\"Great care should be taken to rub off many of them in May (middle of June in America), leaving only such a number as you think will fill the tree. By doing so, your trees will continue to bear fruit.\"\nThe tree remains in a fine, healthy state and does not weaken from bearing a plentiful crop of fruit. The reason is obvious; the great exhalation caused by pruning in the common manner is prevented by the composition retaining the sap that nourishes the branches and fruit. I cut some trees, as directed above, over twelve years ago, which are now in as good a state of bearing as they were in the third year after the operation, and likely to continue so for many years.\n\nIn 1797, I cut some very old trees in May, leaving some to demonstrate the old pruning method. I also cut branches off the same trees according to the new method to show the difference in the fruit. The fruit from the old spurs were not half the size of the others and were at least three weeks later.\n\nSeveral persons have adopted the new method.\nWith great success, and by renovating their old trees, which scarcely bore any fruit, they have obtained an abundant quantity. But even the increased quantity of the fruit is not so material in cherries as the increase in size and richness of flavor. In this respect, the method of pruning laid down here is invaluable. When old standard cherry trees become decayed and hollow, I would recommend heading them down, as directed for wall trees and dwarfs. Scoop out all the rotten, loose, and decayed parts of the trunk till you come to the solid wood, leaving the surface smooth; then use the composition as directed for fruit trees.\n\nThe following twenty are the principal cherries cultivated in the United States. (Account furnished by Mr. William Prince, Long Island)\n\nMay Duke - Ripe in May and June: long stem, round and red, an excellent cherry, and bears well.\nBlack heart - Ripe in June: a fine cherry.\nWhite heart (or sweet cherry) - Ripe in June: white and red.\nBleeding heart - Ripe in June: a large, long, dark-colored cherry with a pleasant taste.\nOx heart - Ripe in June: a large, firm, fine cherry.\nSpanish heart - Ripe in June.\nCarnation - Ripe in July: large, round cherry with red and white colors, not very sweet.\nAmber - Ripe in July.\nRed heart - Ripe in July.\nLate Duke - Ripe in July.\nCluster - Planted more for ornament or curiosity than any other purpose.\nDouble blossom - Ripe in July.\nHoney cherry - Ripe in July: small, sweet cherry.\nKentish cherry - Ripe in July.\nMazarine - Ripe in July.\nMorello - Ripe in July and August: small, red, acid cherry, best for preserving and making cherry brandy.\nCherry from Richmond, Virginia - Originating near Richmond, this cherry is the earliest in America and valuable for historical reasons. It is the size of a May duke and resembles it in form.\n\"Red bigereau \u2013 A very fine cherry, heart-shaped and ripe in July.\nWhite bigereau \u2013 Heart-shaped, ripe in July and August, remarkably firm.\nLarge double flowering cherry \u2013 Produces no fruit but makes a handsome appearance in spring with clusters of large double flowers, as large as the cinnamon rose, differing from the common double flowering cherry which never forms a large tree and has small pointed leaves. Imported from Bourdeaux.\nSmall Morello cherry \u2013 Also called Salem cherry, cultivated by Mr. Cooper in New Jersey, has a lively acid taste, produces abundantly, and is the least subject to worms of any cherry tree. Valued by Mr.C. Bleeding Heart suits a sandy soil, but May Duke will not flourish in it.\nBesides the foregoing list, the black mazard, or\"\nThe natural cherry and its varieties are excellent fruits, valued for being later than others. They make useful and hardy stocks for propagating other varieties. This fruit ripens in June or July and is used in rum or brandy. Another native fruit is the common red cherry, which abounds in New England. Its fruit is not of superior quality due to its acidity, unless perfectly ripe. It might be improved by grafting and proper cultivation.\n\nThe wild or native black cherry, of spontaneous growth, is worth attention. The fruit, when infused in rum or brandy, imparts its astringent and cordial qualities, forming a pleasant and salutary liquor. The bark of the root is very astringent and makes a useful stomachic bitter. The wood is frequently employed by artists as a tolerable substitute for mahogany, being susceptible of a handsome polish.\nCherry brandy is made in the following way: Fill the cask with cherries and pour over them as much brandy as the cask will hold. After ten days, draw off the liquid and replace it with hot water. Let this remain for some time, shaking the cask frequently, then draw off and mix it with the first liquor.\n\nApples: Some particular varieties become extinct by age 18, 27. New varieties are improved by grafting early and late on the same tree. (36) Apples should be gathered by hand when they are high. (114) The best method of preserving them is not clear. (113, 115) The juice of apples is best when most dense, making the best cider. (141) Apples that yield the best juice for cider are not specified. \"_ Sweet apples are entitled to preference. (13) Apples are useful for a sick horse. (6, 13) They are used for fattening cattle. (2, 13) Apples are used for making molasses. (13) Different sorts of apples in the United States include: American Pippin, American Nonpareil, Aunt's Apple, Autumn or Fall Pippin, Baldwin or Pecker Apple.\nApples:\nBaltimore, \u00b0 121\nBlack, - : ena, +)\nBell Flower, - . \u2018 121\nBow, . \u00b0 2 eee\nBrownite, F . . 121\nBullock\u2019s Pippin, . s ee\nCampfield, \u00b0 : 122\nCathead, . . ot eee,\nCatline Reach, 122\nCarthouse, \u00b0 3 - 122\nCider, \u00b0 , : 123\nCodling, - - 7: Lee\nCorlies, Sweet. . f 123\nCooper\u2019s Russeting, . \u00bb aed\nFlat Sweeting, \u00a3 : \u201c 124\nGloucester White, \u00b0 . See!\nGolden Pippin, . M 125\nGolden Rennet, Ax Pe\nGreen Everlasting, . . 125\nGreen Newton Pippin, - 125\nGreyhouse, * = , 126\nHagloe Crab, 3 . \u00ab \u201ckes\nHarrison, \u00b0 ; 127\nHarty Sweeting, : ; 128\nHigh Top Sweeting, \u2018 , 128\nApple,\n. Rhode Island Greening\nHolmes\nHolten Sweeting\nHughes\u2019s Virginia Crab\nLady,\nApple,\nLarge Red and Green \u2018Sweeting\nLarge Early Harvest\nLoring Sweeting\nLarge Yellow Newark Pippin\nMaiden\u2019s Blush\nMichael Henry\nMonstrous Pippin\nMorgan\nNewark King Apple\nNonsuch\nNursery\nPearmain\nPennock\u2019s Red Winter.\nPoveshon\nPound\nPriestly\nQueen, <\nQuince Apple\nRaritan Sweeting, Red Everlasting, Redling, Red Streak, Rambo, Roan's White Challe, Roman Stem, Royal Pearmain, Ruckman's Pearmain, Royal Russet, Seek no further, Spice Apple, Styre, Summer Pearmain, Swar Apple, Sweet Greening, Tolman Sweeting, Vandevere, Wine Apple, Wipe Sap, Yellow Sweeting\n\nApple trees, adapted to the soil and climate of the United States, do not enjoy indefinite longevity. Cultivated or seedling stocks reared from seed seldom produce the same kind of fruit. The best adapted soil for apple trees varies; in certain places some kinds succeed better than others. Some may be forced to bear fruit. An instance of one bearing fruit of opposite qualities. Those which produce good fruit should not be suffered to grow near those which produce bad fruit. Will not thrive where old ones have died. Should not be planted deep in the soil. Heading down old ones, utility of.\nSpontaneous growth of apple trees produces tolerable crops, even when injured by bearing too abundantly. Cultivated successfully in unfavorable situations. When young, trees should be headed down and annually washed with soft soap. Disbarked trees should be treated to preserve their vigor. Washing with clay-paint recommended for diseases that make them unproductive.\n\nBark of apple trees, torn off by field mice, is remedied when hide-bound. Scaly bark should be scraped off if injured by exposure to the sun.\n\nBlight:\n- Blossoms of different trees intermingle and change the quality of the fruit.\n- Injured by spring frosts.\n- Black flies (P) are a problem.\n- Borer (see worm).\n\nBark brandy can be made from apples by distillation.\n\nUse a brush to destroy caterpillar nests.\n\nBuds:\n- Description and observations on budding.\n- Proper season for budding.\n- Different modes of budding.\n- 'Ofpeach trees, budding from pits is preferable to grafting.\n- Composition to be used in budding process.\n\nCanker (Cc) - serratichs for treatment.\nCanker Worm: history and description by Professor Peck, various remedies and directions for tarring, proposed remedy by Professor Peck\nMr. Kenrick: observations on Canker Worm\nCherry Worm: lime, the most eligible remedy. Flax rubbish and sea weed proposed. Dr. Dean recommends destroying them. Ape, the agency of swine.\nCaterpillars: disgraceful to farmers. Description and methods of destroying.\nCherries:\nMethod of propagating.\nTreatment by Forsyth.\nMay Duke, fig 215.\nBlack Heart, White Heart, Bleeding Heart, Spanish Heart, Carnation, Late Duke, Cluster, Double Blossom, Honey Cherry, Kentish Cherry, Mazarine, Morello, Early Richmond Cherry, Red Bigereau, White Bigereau, Large Double Flowering Cherry, Small Morello Cherry.\nBlack Masard or Wild Native Black Cherry - 217\nCherry Brandy : : me ego\nCider - 141\nApples which yield the best juice: making and managing - 141, 148\nProper casks for, and how kept sweet and clean: pac - 144, 153\nFining with isinglass - 148, 151\nMethod of malting and fining by Jos. \u2018Cooper, Esq. - 155\nObservations on by J. Lowell, Esq. - 153\nConcise rules for making and managing - 148\nStumping of casks for PA byes - 171\nBottling - 171, 177\nMedicinal uses of - 177\nCider Wine FEee KY\nClover, said to be injurious to orchards - 55\nCompositions to be applied to wounds in pruning, grafting, budding, canker, and heading down - 64, 69\nCurculio, account of by Dr. Tilton ms - 109\nDecortication, or disbarking fruit trees - 80\nDirections for making and applying Forsyth\u2019s composition - 69\nEngrafting, the art not traced to its origin - 32\nIntroduced into America by \u2018Mr. Prince - 33\nProper season for - 35\nStocks for grafting should be of the same variety.\ngenus and natural family for grafting, choosing scions, when to take and preserve them, scions should not come from seedling trees, winter fruit should not be grafted on summer stock, modes of grafting: whip-grafting - p, tongue-grafting: F, cleft-grafting: \u00a5, 2, crown-grafting: j, side-grafting: \u2018, root-grafting: Fe, new mode of grafting: \u20184 \u201c4, extreme branch grafting, clay used in grafting: ay, engrafted fruits not permanent, Flax is useful when applied around fruit trees, Fruit: directions for picking and preserving, Inoculation (see budding), Lice infesting young orchards in Maine, Manuring fruit trees: utility, instance of resuscitating an old apple tree, best kinds of manure: \u00b0, must not be carried to excess, Means of preventing flowers and fruit from falling off and retarding their opening. Moss and scaly bark on trees.\nOrchard: soil and situation for planting apple seeds (J), Nursery pruning (44), Observations on Dante treatise (Mr. Yates, 72), Mr. Cobbett (71), Orchard: most eligible soil and situation (46), northern exposure preferable (47), preparation of land and planting (50), Orchard: proper season for planting (50), may be established in unpromising situations (60), proper distance for planting trees (49), ground should be cultivated (56), trees planted in straight rows inclining towards the east (48), directions for pruning (52), Orchard Pruning (former errors, 62), proper season when sap is in active circulation (64), regard must be had to soil and climate (65), observations by Mr. Marshall (67), 'Mr. Yates' (62), composition should be applied (65), never suffer a sucker to grow (66), Orchard and Cider establishment of Wm. Coxe, esquire (118), Peaches: method of propagating (194), Peaches (195)\nPeaches can be budded or grafted onto other stocks (196, 203):\nQualities of:\n- Excellent brandy made from Z-' (194)\n- Divided into freestones and clingstones (205)\n- Admirable Peach oiler. (206)\n- Aune or Early Anne (206)\n- Bellegarde (207)\n- Blood Peach (207)\n- Catharine (207)\n- Charlestown (207)\n- Early Newington (207)\n- Large Mignonne (208)\n- Lemon Clingstone (208)\n- Monstrous Pavie (208)\n- Noblesse (209)\n- Old Newington (209)\n- Rambouillet (209)\n- Red Rareripe (209)\n- Red Magdalen (209)\n- Red Nutmeg (209)\n- Royal George (209)\n- Swalch (209)\n- Teton de Venus (210)\n- Vanguard (210)\n- White Magdalen (210)\n- White Rareripe (210)\n\nPeach Trees:\n- Prone to premature decay (195)\n- Cannot be reared a second time in the same place (195)\n- Method of treating, by Forsyth (196, 203)\n- Causes of the decay: flies and worms (198)\n\nPeach Trees: Preventing injury from flies and worms\n- Directions for cultivating\n\nPears:\n- Preventing injury from flies and worms (unclear if this text is related to the previous or a new topic)\nDiseases of the following pear varieties elude our art and skill: Brockholst Bergamot, Brown Beurre, Catharine Pear, Chaumontelle, Colmar, Crassane, Easter Bergamot, Garden Pear, German Muscadell, Green Summer Sugar Pear, Grey Butter Pear, White Butter Pear, Jargonelle, Little Muscat, Mons Jean, Orange Pear, Pound Pear, Nonpareil Bergamot, Prince\u2019s Pear, Radish Pear, Rousseline, Sarasin, Seckle Pear, \"Skinless Pear,\" Squash Pear, Saint Germain, Saint Michaels, Summer Good Christian, Virgouleuse, Winter Baking Pear, Good Christian, Thorn. Pear trees are well adapted to the soil and climate of New England. Perry of New England may be grafted on a quince stock. Propagation of particular pear varieties is achieved through grafting or budding. Attention is necessary in the choice of stocks. Never employ suckers for stocks. Never graft a winter pear on a summer stock. Much benefited by washing with soft soap. Require but little pruning. When defective, should be headed down.\nmethod of treating decayed pear trees (Forsyth)\nmethod of reclaiming unproductive pear trees (Mr. Knight)\nextraordinary produce. After heading down 182 Pomona Wine.\nQuince, Sap: theory of the circulation\nSeaweed, applied to fruit trees. Useful.\nSeedling Trees: how to treat.\nScions: when to be taken from the tree and how preserved.\nimportance of a proper \"choice\" of Slug Worm: description and remedy.\nSuckers should never be allowed to grow.\nImproper for stocks to graft on.\nTanners' Bark: utility.\nWine: made from cider.\nPomona - = Worm called the Borer p: method of destruction.\nreport of the committee in favor of Mr. Hearsey\u2019s method.\nmethod Brave to prevent its attack.\nTD |", "source_dataset": "Internet_Archive", "source_dataset_detailed": "Internet_Archive_LibOfCong"}, {"title": "Anecdotes of the revolutionary war in America: with sketches of character of persons the most distinguished, in the Southern states, for civil and military services", "creator": "Garden, Alexander, 1757-1829", "publisher": "Charleston [S.C.], Printed for the author, by A. E. Miller", "date": "1822", "language": "eng", "page-progression": "lr", "sponsor": "Sloan Foundation", "contributor": "The Library of Congress", "scanningcenter": "capitolhill", "mediatype": "texts", "collection": ["library_of_congress", "americana"], "call_number": "5852864", "identifier-bib": "00117822059", "updatedate": "2009-05-19 16:51:59", "updater": "brianna-serrano", "identifier": "anecdotesofrevol00gar", "uploader": "brianna@archive.org", "addeddate": "2009-05-19 16:52:01", "publicdate": "2009-05-19 16:52:05", "ppi": "500", "camera": "Canon 5D", "operator": "scanner-pum-thang@archive.org", "scanner": "scribe4.capitolhill.archive.org", "scandate": "20090521215709", "imagecount": "486", "foldoutcount": "0", "identifier-access": "http://www.archive.org/details/anecdotesofrevol00gar", "identifier-ark": "ark:/13960/t4cn7hk3s", "repub_state": "4", "sponsordate": "20090531", "curation": "[curator]stacey@archive.org[/curator][date]20100310221003[/date][state]approved[/state]", "possible-copyright-status": "The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright restrictions for this item.", "filesxml": ["Fri Aug 28 3:34:26 UTC 2015", "Wed Dec 23 4:35:08 UTC 2020"], "backup_location": "ia903603_5", "external-identifier": "urn:oclc:record:1039534307", "lccn": "02003038", "subject": ["United States -- History -- Revolution, 1775-1783 -- Anecdotes", "United States -- History -- Revolution, 1775-1783 -- Biography", "Southern States -- History -- Revolution, 1775-1783"], "oclc-id": "6780773", "description": "xi, 459 p. 22 cm", "ocr_module_version": "0.0.21", "ocr_converted": "abbyy-to-hocr 1.1.37", "page_number_confidence": "97", "page_number_module_version": "1.0.3", "creation_year": 1822, "content": "\"Anecdotes of Ibsons, the Most Distinguished, in the Southern States: Givil and Military Services by Alexander Gardner. Major Gardner, aid-de-camp to Major General Greene, and honorary member of the Historical Society of New York, cannot but remember some things. Charleston: Hinted for the author by A.E. Miller. No. 4, Broad-Street, District of Charleston. April 1, 1822, in the fort sixth year of the Independence of the United States of America, Major Alexander Gardner deposited in this office the title of a book, the right whereof he claims as author.\"\nIn conformity with the act of Congress of the United States, entitled \"An act for the Encouragement of Learning, by securing copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the times they are in mentioned,\" and also to the act entitled \"An act supplementary to an act, entitled, 'An act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the times they are in being.'\"\n\nAnecdotes of the Revolutionary War in America, with Sketches of Character of persons the most distinguished in the Southern States, for Civil and Military services. By Alexander Garden, of Lee's Partisan Legion; Aid-de-Camp to Major General Greene, and Honorary Blember of the Historical Society of New-York.\n\nI cannot but remember such things were. \u2014 Shakspeare.\nsecuring the copies of maps, charts, and books to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the times mentioned, and extending the benefits thereof to the arts of designing, engraving, historical and other prints.\n\nJabies Jervey,\nClerk of the District of South-Carolina,\n\nTO\n\nPresident,\nThe Society of the Cincinnati,\n\nTO\n\nMrs. Tompkins Mumford,\nPresident,\nAnd the other members of the Society of the Cincinnati in South-Carolina,\nIn gratitude\nFor long experienced testimonies of their favour and cordial regard,\nThis work\nIs affectionately dedicated,\nBy their brother and friend\nThe Author.\nSubscription lists have been filed up, not only flattering to his effort to give to society a Work, properly executed, may, to the rising generation, prove of some utility; but particularly so, as it evidences an attachment to Revolutionary principles is cherished in the bosoms of his fellow-citizens, with pristine ardor and admission. It is not, however, numbers, so much as honorable names, that he would possess; and when on his lists he sees the signatures of many of those distinguished Ladies, whose firmness and exemplary conduct in the day of trial dignified their sex and adorned the annals of their country; and of venerable Patriots, whose wisdom in council and valor in the field essentially contributed to fix the Independence of America, he claims a right to be proud.\nThe author acknowledges particular indebtedness to Judge Desaussure and Mr. Keating Simons for information regarding Generals Davie and Marion. He is also grateful to Colonel Robert Y. Hayne for the sketch of Dr. David Ramsay's life and services, and to Colonel Arthur P. Hayne for his account of the battle of December 23 before New-Orleans. The Honorable Judge Peters of Pennsylvania is acknowledged for many interesting anecdotes, and the author feels a peculiar obligation for their politeness as strangers. He expresses gratitude to Judge Peter Johnson of Abingdon, Virginia, and Dr. Matthew Irvine of Charleston for details.\nThe services of the Legionary Officers and Soldiers, and many occurrences connected to the Army of the South. He is also obliged to Dr. William R. Reed for his interesting statement of the sufferings of the Continental Army and the heroic gratitude which those intrepid Sons of Freedom showed them. He expresses his thanks to his friends Mr. Stephen Elliott, Thomas S. Grimke, and Mitchell King for their judicious advice during the progress of his Work and aid in its arrangement when preparing for the press.\n\nContents.\nIntroduction,\nMoultrie,\nSecond Regiment,\nLetter from Lord Charles Montagu to General Moultrie,\nReply to the same,\nLieut. Colonel Isaac Motte,\nGeneral Marion,\nLieut. Colonel Peter Horry,\nLieut. Colonel Mayham,\n\nPartisan Commanders of Militia.\nGeneral Sumter,\nGeneral Pickens,\nGeneral Davie.\nGeneral Barnwell,\nParticulars of the gallant attempt to rescue General de la Fayette from his confinement at Olmutz, 1814.\n\nSurvivors of the Revolution.\nGeneral Charles C. Pinckney, 104\nGeneral Thomas Pinckney, 110\nGeneral Jackson, 111\nAccount of the battle of the 23rd December, 1814, by Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Hayne, 119\nCharacter and Conduct of the Officers of Lee's Legion.\nDistinguished Continental Officers.\nGeneral Huger, 55\nGeneral Morgan, 57\nColonel Otho H. Williams, 59\nColonel Howard, 60\nColonel Carrington, 61\nLieutenant Colonel Lee, 62\nLieutenant Colonel Washington, 68\nGeneral Greene, 75\n\nOfficers who fell in the Southern War.\nColonel Owen Roberts, 85\nLieutenant Colonel John Laurens, 86\nSergeant Jasper, 90\nWilmott and Moore, 91\nLieutenant Colonel Richard Parker, 93\nCaptains Moultrie and Neyle, 94\nLieutenant Colonel Campbell, 94\nLieut. Duval, Maj. Huger, Capt. Eggleston, Capt. Armstrong, Capt. O'Neal, Capt. Rudolph, Capt. Handy, Lt. Johnston, Lt. Middleton, Lt. Carrington, Dr. Irvine, Dr. Skinner, Lt. Manning, Sgt. Whaling, Sgt. Mitchell, Bulkley, Newman, Cpl. Cooper, Sgt. Ord, Perry Scott, Patriots in the Civil Line, and prisoners confined as subjects for retaliation, \u00a315, Exiles to St. Augustine, 16c, Prisoners on board the Prison-ships, 16^, Ancient Battalion of Artillery, 167, Distinguished Characters in the Civil Department of Government, Gen. Gadsden, 169, John Rutledge, 173, Edward Rutledge, 176, Hugh Rutledge, 177, Dr. Ramsay, 178, William Henry Drayton, 183.\nJohn Edwards, 186\nJohn Matthews, 189\nBenjamin Guerard, 191\nJudge Burke, 192\nCaptain Richard Gough, 197\nEXEMPLARY GOOD CONDUCT OF THE CLERGY\nBishop Smith, 199\nDr. Percy and Rev. Mr. Lewis, 200\nDr. Purcell, Rev. P. Terquat, and Rev. Samuel Warren, 201\nRev. Josiah Smith and Rev. Mr. Tennant, 202\nRev. Dr. Furman, 205\nCONDUCT OF OUR ALLIES THE FRENCH\nBaron de Carendelez, 207\nChevalier de Buysson, 208\nChevalier Duplessis Maiduit, 208\nLieutenant Colonel Fleur, 211\nBaron de Kalb, 215\nMarquis de la Fayette, 215\nDISTINGUISHED NAVAL OFFICERS, 217\nCapt. Manly and Capt. Harraden, 218\nCapt. Geddes and Paul Jones, 219\nCaptain Barry, 220\nCaptain Barney, 221\nCaptain Biddle, 223\nCONDUCT OF THE WHIG PARTY, 224\nMrs. Jacob Motte,\nMrs. Thomas Heyward,\nMrs. Rebecca Edwards,\nMiss Mary Anna Gibbes,\nMrs. Brewton (since Foster),\nMrs. Channing, 234\nMrs. Charles Elliott, 235\nMrs. D. Hall and Mrs. C. Pinckney, 238\nMrs. S. Elliott and Mrs. Isaac Holmes, 2.39\nMrs. Richard Shubrick, 240\nMrs. Ralph Izard, 242\nConduct of Ladies Supporting Opposite Principles, 243\nMrs. M'Culloch, et al.\nStrictures on the Conduct of the British Commanders in the South,\nParticulars relative to the death of Colonel Isaac Hayne,\nGovernor Rutledge's animadversions on the general conduct of the enemy, delivered in his Speech to the Legislature at Charleston,\nDistinguished British Officers.\n\nLord Cornwallis,\nLieutenant Colonel Archibald Campbell, 71st,\nLord Rawdon,\nGeneral Webster,\nColonel Small,\nColonel Tarleton,\nBenedict Arnold,\nMajor Andre,\nCaptors of Andre,\nComparative Suffering of the Contending Armies, 295\nThe Most Illustrious Patriots of Great Britain Opposed to the American War, 312\nLetters of the Right Honourable William Windham, on that subject, 315\nNotice of Botta's History: 319 Instances of the benign intervention of Providence in American affairs, 324 Robert Morris, Timothy Pickering, Baron Steuben, General Gates, General Conway, General Charles Lee.\n\nContents.\nXI\nMajor Evan Edwards, General Schuyler, 361 Quaker congratulations on the battle of Guilford, 361 Failure of the contemplated attack on John's Island, 363 Contemplated mutiny of the army under General Greene, Evacuation of Charleston, Miscellaneous Anecdotes.\n\nNight attack on the camp of Gen. Wayne by Gurestessego, Chief of the Creek Warriors, Major Maxwell, General William Bufler, Gallantry of a Boy of 14, Lieutenant Ballard Smith, Lieutenant Foster, Lieutenant John Rhodes, Lieutenant Farhana, Mrs. Wright, Deliesseline, Captain Gee, Captain Zeigler, Fickling, Happy Escape, Characteristic Anecdotes of Gen. Washington, Old Lydick, Michael Docherty.\nColonel Menzies, Yankee Captain, Exchange of Shells, Instance of Republican \"obrasion\" to misfortune.\n\nLevingstone, Loaster, George Petrie, Remarkable incident, The uninvited guest.\n\nImportant service of Major Edmund Hyrne, 406\nLieutenant Samuel Seldon, 408\nInstance of Tarleton's severity, 409\nAdditional instance, 409\n\nAttempt of Colonel Forrest to check discontent, and the result, 409\nPrayers for the King, 411\nEpigram, 411\nSatirical jeu desprit, 412\nMiss Franks, 412\n\nGeneral Lee's letter to Miss Franks, 414\nRepartee of Major Upham, 416\nSir Guy Carlton, 417\nCaptain Milligan, 417\nRomantic Enterprise, 419\nM'Gill and Van Skiver, 420\nCaptain Land, 424\nJudge Burke, 426\nExtraordinary Escape, 426\nSergeant Power, 427\nLadles' petition in behalf of Colonel Hayne, 428\n\nDuel between General Cadwalader and General Conway, 430\nExpulsion of Congress from Philadelphia, 431\nLieutenant Colonel Butler of Morgan's Rifle Regiment, 433\nCommodores Affleck and Swee-\nReception of General Greene at Philadelphia, 431\nMeeting with the Commander in Chief, 436\nThe effect of Peace on the Soldiers' consequence in society, 437\nPropriety of naming the families the most distinguished by their revolutionary services, 439\nDistinguished individuals, 440\nConclusion, 444\n\nWhile yet one life, let me not live in vain. \u2014 Addison\n\nI have invariably maintained, without unwarrantable prejudice, that the citizens of America during the war of our Revolution exhibited as splendid examples of heroic gallantry and firm, honorable adherence to the cause of Liberty as ever adorned the annals of any age or country. If facts sanction this opinion, we cannot but deeply regret that from the end-\nI have anxiously endeavored to engage some youthful patriot to collect and preserve for the benefit of future generations as many anecdotes relative to the war of 1776 as appear worthy of record, particularly those that have escaped the attention of historians. My effort has proved fruitless, yet confident of meeting the indulgence of my fellow citizens who must approve my motive, I have at length resolved to undertake it myself.\n\nTo the public I am bound by peculiar ties. In adversity they honored me with their confidence, and in prosperity I hope to merit their approbation.\nI warded my zeal with distinguished marks of favor, whatever I possess is derived from their generosity. I feel the obligation in all its force, and I know that death, come when it may, must find my debt of gratitude uncancelled.\n\nI wish it were possible, in pursuing my plan, to arrange the facts in chronological order; but this I consider, from the nature of the work, impracticable. The reader must therefore receive them without such connection. The anecdotes are indeed of so diversified a nature that they ought to appear as they are, independent of each other. Many are of a serious cast and can hardly fail to excite corresponding sentiments and deep reflection, while others, detailing sallies of wit or scenes of mirthful adventure, are fitted only to amuse.\n\nIn such a work, I am bound by a double sense of duty.\nThe author regrets having little involvement in the achievements leading to the independence of the United States. His heart was devoted to his country since the Revolution's inception, but he was in Europe pursuing collegiate studies when the Revolution began, and his parent's mandate prevented him from joining. Upon reaching an age to return to America, he willingly sacrificed his fortunes for his principles and his life for America's interests. The public recognized his zeal and rewarded him with confidence and promotion from his general and fellow soldiers.\nmust ever consider his highest honor; their friendship and esteem. Introduction. Age or magnanimity, that honor the patriots of our Revolution, and secondly to excite in the bosoms of our youth, a laudable desire to emulate them. The spontaneous impulse of every heart is my best auxiliary. How grateful to my three countrymen must it be, to read the encomiums bestowed on their ancestors, to dwell on the merits of those great men, who had wisdom to plan the deliverance of the United States from a foreign yoke, resolution to attempt it, and valor to ensure their independence. Contemplating the dignified firmness of their characters, the extent of their sufferings, and the splendor of the actions achieved in the accomplishment of their momentous undertaking, the heart expands with gratitude, the soul with admiration. Liberty so honorably gained,\n\"appears with more fascinating charms; is cherished with imperishable affections, and the bosom of patriotism feels with full force, how sacred the obligation to transmit such a blessing, with undiminished lustre, to posterity. It can only be necessary, to present to view the characters whose achievements I would celebrate, and their light, Shall every valiant youth with ardor move, To do brave acts.\n\n\"For who shall lightly say, \u2014 that Fame, Is nothing but an empty name. While in that sound there is a charm, The nerves to brace, the heart to warm. As thinking of the mighty dead, The young from slothful couch shall start, And vow with lifted hands outspread, Like them to act, a noble part.\" Shakespeare.\n\nFour INTRODUCTION.\n\nI am still further induced to persist in my Undertaking, that I may both by precept and example bear testimony\"\nIn my judgment, it is detrimental for there to be a practice of deriving ideas of patriotic excellence from the annals of other nations instead of one's own. With instances of every public and private virtue that the history of our own country affords, I consider it a serious error in our system of education that our youth are seldom or imperfectly acquainted with the virtues and services of their own country's worthies. They will tell you of Xenophon's retreat before a horde of barbarians, while ignorant of the masterly maneuvering of Giene's retreat before the superior and victorious army of Cornwallis. They will dwell with delight on the sufferings, energy, and zeal of the virtuous Alfred, successfully resisting the ravagers of his country, while the difficulties and trials he faced are often overlooked.\ndangers surmounted by the inflexible Marion, working under tenfold disadvantages, are altogether unknown. They admire Fahius as the shield, Marcellus as the sword of Rome, but unless it is acquired incidentally, they either know not at all, or very imperfectly, that Washington, by his wisdom and discretion in the cabinet, his skill and valour in the field, may still be more justly called, both the sword and shield of his country. By this injudicious system, a prejudice arises, which from the strength of early impressions, is ever difficult to shake off. Comparisons are made altogether to the advantage of antiquity, and an ambition to arrive at excellence is impaired, by a seeming confession of inability. I rejoice to think that this cannot be an evil of long continuance. The lives of the [unclear]\nIllustrious patriots of our Revolution, presented to view by the pen of intelligence, a natural consequence ensues: they shall learn to \"hold honor far more dear than life.\" If candidates for office admire the heroes of Rome, will they not with greater enthusiasm revere and emulate the valor of their immediate ancestry? If the justice and magnanimity of Grecian worthies delight them, it is impossible not to conclude that these virtues will be aspired to, with still higher admiration, when exemplified in the history of their own country.\n\nAgisilaus, king of Sparta, being asked, \"what ought children to learn,\" replied, \"that which they ought to practice, when they become men.\" No sentiment was ever expressed more conformable to the principles of our government. Next to their duty towards God, there is not a parent who ought not to impress upon their children.\nthe minds of his children, the devotion due their country; and how can this be more effectively done, than from the dawn of reason, to keep in their view those virtues which have raised the benefactors of the republic to immortality? It is not my intention to attempt a history of the southern war. Freely offering strictures on the mode in which it was conducted, opportunity is afforded of attaining the end at which I aim. A delineation of the injustice and oppression, of wanton insult and ruthless severity, exercised on one part, will afford ample occasion to relate the firmness with which they were met, and to detail the animating examples of patient suffering, inflexible perseverance and intrepidity, by which they were surmounted on the other. In animadverting on the cruelty and impolicy of the measures pursued.\nI shall be led to criticise the conduct of the commanders by whom they were adopted. This will bring into view the prominent characters who opposed them. I would further observe that, as it is my plan to collect anecdotes, I shall not indulge in fancy to give them the advantage of attractive dress. I shall studiously aim at simplicity in detail and laying no claim to originality, but be content if the merit is allowed of making them useful and acceptable to my country-men. This is the only reward I desire, and it is my trust that I shall receive it.\n\nAnecdotes of Moultrie.\n\nThe first conflict of the Carolinians with the enemy, [have such reputation] to the character of the country, and was so highly creditable to General Moultrie, who commanded the post attacked on that memorable day, [the battle of] August 26, 1776.\nThe day, the 28th of June, it is just to detail the Anecdotes of the Revolutionary War by commencing with the particulars of the action at Sullivan's Island. The defense of the pass can be compared to many of the splendid achievements that Greek eloquence has made illustrious. The commanders of the British forces approached our coast not to conciliate but to subdue. Exulting in the supposed superiority of their discipline and valour, they spoke in the language of authority and would listen to no terms short of unconditional submission. They too had been taught by the insinuations of insidious flattery to entertain a thorough contempt for their enemy and to brand them a Moultrie.\nThe extraordinary delay of their military operations can only be explained by their belief that it was necessary to allow the Americans sufficient time to reflect on the critical situation in which they were placed, inducing them to abandon the pass without a struggle and seek safety by flight. On the other hand, the gallant Moultrie, commanding a corps, impatiently waited for their approach. He was not insensible to the insufficiency of a work hastily constructed and in every part incomplete to afford the necessary shelter against such a formidable force. The advice of the experienced veteran Lee called for its abandonment. A necessary supply of ammunition was withheld, but President Rutledge, seconding the bolder wishes, and considering himself pledged to\nThe enemy scorned relinquishing the post he had sworn to defend and prepared heroically for action. The attack was commenced by the British with eagerness and maintained throughout the course of twelve hours with gallantry, but nothing could subdue the garrison's firmness. They received the tremendous fire of the shipping with composure and returned it with terrible effect until General Lee styled the post at Sullivan's Island a slaughter pen, denounced its defense, and earnestly requested the President to order it evacuated. Happily for the nation, its destinies were at that period guided by this indefatigable commander.\nJohn Rutledge, the flexible patriot, confidently relied on Moultrie and his intrepid band. He heroically replied to Lee, \"That while a soldier remains to defend it, I would never give my sanction to such an order.\" The result proved the accuracy of his judgment. The following laconic note was forwarded to Colonel Moultrie at the same time: \"General Lee wishes you to evacuate the fort. You will not without an order from me. I will sooner cut off my hand than write one. John Rutledge.\"\n\nMoultrie. 9\n\nValor accomplished what prudence had declared impracticable, and the retreat of the assailants adorned the brows of every individual concerned with laurels that can never fade.\n\nThe subsequent good conduct of General Moultrie increased his military reputation and secured to him the perfect confidence and respect of his fellow soldiers.\nDiers received warm applause from his country. He engaged a British force on Port Royal Island with brilliant success and conducted the retreat of a division of the army during the invasion of Provost with ability, saving the capital. His correspondence with Lord Charles Montague, while a prisoner at Haddrell's, proves the steadiness of his principles and incorruptible integrity.\n\nEulogy.\n\nSeptember 27, 1805, will long be remembered.\n\nEulogy.\n\nThe 27th of September, 1805, will long be remembered. This day marks the loss of a man whose valor and dedication to his country were unparalleled. His military accomplishments, including the successful engagement of a British force on Port Royal Island and the skillful retreat of a division during the invasion of Provost, saved the capital and secured the admiration of his fellow citizens. His correspondence with Lord Charles Montague, penned during his imprisonment at Haddrell's, serves as a testament to his unwavering principles and unyielding integrity.\n\nThe State Society of the Cincinnati, of which he was President, published this eulogy as a tribute to his memory. Its members, who held him in the highest regard, offer this just estimate of his private virtues as well as his public utility. We hope this eulogy will not be deemed irrelevant or unacceptable to those who appreciate the virtues of a patriot.\n\nEulogy.\n\nThe 27th of September, 1805, will long be remembered as the day we lost a true hero. His military achievements, such as the successful engagement of British forces on Port Royal Island and the skillful retreat of a division during the invasion of Provost, were instrumental in saving the capital and securing the admiration of his fellow citizens. His correspondence with Lord Charles Montague, penned during his imprisonment at Haddrell's, stands as a testament to his unwavering principles and unyielding integrity. The State Society of the Cincinnati, of which he was President, published this eulogy as a tribute to his memory. Its members, who held him in the highest regard, offer this just estimate of his private virtues as well as his public utility. We hope this eulogy will not be deemed irrelevant or unacceptable to those who appreciate the virtues of a patriot.\nMajor General Moultrie, a revered figure in South Carolina, passed away on that day, deeply regretted by every individual who appreciated his patriotic virtues. In his seventy-fifth year, this venerable man, who had presided over the Society from its inception by uniform suffrage, died. As a revolutionary character, his steadfastness and valor in the field were particularly conspicuous. As a soldier, it was his fortune to check, with an effect that paralyzed every subsequent exertion, the first efforts of a powerful and inveterate foe for the subjugation of his country. Bold like Leonidas, he defended the strait committed to his charge against a superior force that had been deemed irresistible.\nmore fortunate than the Spartan hero, he lived in honorable old age, under the shade of his laurels, to share with a grateful nation the liberty his successful exercises had so happily established. As a patriot, it was equally his glory to disdainfully reject the bribes of a nation, who, repeatedly foiled by his valour, hoped with better success to corrupt this integrity. He was like another Fabricius, showing to the admiring world how insignificant the power of gold was to shake the principles of a heart, warmed with the genuine glow of heaven-born liberty. In private life, his disposition was frank, liberal, sincere, his manners simple and conciliating. Duplicity and disguise were odious to a nature fixed on the firmest basis of candour and truth. As a husband, father, master, he was affectionate, gentle, most indulgent; in short, as has been recorded.\nsaid of a great statesman, and distinguished patriot,, \n\" he was every thing to his family, but what he gave \nup to his country.\" When in future ages men shall \nseek examples of distinguished worth and excellence. \nFame with delight, shall tell the unshaken faith, and \ngallant deeds of Moultrie. While, as brother sol- \ndiers, we offer this sincere, though inadequate tribute \nof respect to his^ memory, it is with pleasure we re- \nflect, that the artillery, cav^alry, and several volunteer \ncorps of the city, together with a considerable concourse \nof the most respectable and patriotic of our citizens, at- \ntended his body to the grave, testifying their respect for \nhis virtues, and unfeigned sorrow for the event, which \ndeprived his country of one of its most distinguished, \nand estimable public characters.\" \nMOULTRIE. 1 1 \nThe happy escape of the general durins the siege of \nThe fatigue experienced by severe duty on the lines had so overcome Charleston that he sought rest for one night in Elliott's buildings near the city center, where there was the least chance of interruption. A tremendous fire about the dawning of the day roused him from his slumbers. He started from his bed and was hurrying on his regimentals when a shot striking the house entered the apartment and lodged in the bed from which he had risen. A few moments delay would have been fatal to him.\n\nThe venerable Captain Richard Bahon Baker, now residing on Sullivan's Island, within view of the scene of his early achievements, and Mr. David Adams of Charleston, who served as a cadet in the company commanded by Captain Shubrick, are the only ones remaining.\nintrepid band, who fought under Moultrie, on the memorable 28th of June, 1776.\n\nAnecdote of John Rutledge.\n\nIt was my good fortune, many years after this celebrated victory, to meet Governor Rutledge on the spot where the action of the 28th of June was fought. The recollection of the triumphs of the day, filling his soul with enthusiastic delight, he exclaimed: \"I remember the engagement as if it were fought but yesterday! I remember my perfect confidence in Moultrie! I have all the scene before me too, when I visited the post to express the thanks of the country to the heroes who had defended it. There stood Moultrie, Blotte, Marion, Horry, and the intrepid band, whom they commanded. I addressed them with an energy of feeling, that I had never before experienced.\"\n\nIf ever I had pretension to eloquence, it was at this moment.\nI will not dwell on the subject, but briefly state that inspired by it, and animated as if the objects of his commission were immediately before him, he delivered himself in an eloquent and impressive strain of eulogy, so perfectly fascinating that had his first address but borne a shadow of resemblance to it, there could not have been a man among his auditors who would not have been proud to die for liberty and his country. It is certaini that under its animating influence, new honors crowned the valiant defenders of the post, and to the last, the gallant second regiment, were covered with glory.\n\nThe Second Regiment.\n\nProud of the encomiums bestowed on their valour,\nEncouraged by the animating address of the governor, the feelings of the gallant second regiment were further excited when Mrs. Barnaid Elliott presented an elegant pair of colors and addressed them:\n\n\"Gentlemen Soldiers,\nYour gallant behavior in defense of your country entitles you to the highest honors! Accept these two standards as a reward justly due to your regiment, and I make not the least doubt, but that under heaven's protection, you will stand by them as long as they can wave in the air of liberty.\"\n\nHer anticipations were fully justified in the sequel. During the assault at Savannah, they were both planted on the British lines. The account I am about to give of the event differs widely from that which has generally been received; but that it is correct, cannot be doubted.\n\nMoultrie, $\nLieutenant James Legare, whose services and character entitled him to all credit, reported the following. He was present in the action and immediately in front of the colors at the time that the officers who bore them were killed. Lieutenant Brush, supported by Sergeant Jasper, carried one, and Lieutenant Grey, supported by Sergeant McDonald, the other. Brush, being wounded early in the action, delivered his standard to Jasper for its better security, who, already wounded, on receiving a second shot, restored it. Brush, at the moment receiving a mortal wound, fell into the ditch, with the colors under him, which occasioned their remaining in the enemy's hands. Lieutenant Grey receiving a mortal wound, his colors were seized by Mr. Donald, who planted them on the redoubt. However, on hearing an order to retreat, he plucked them up again.\nAji'i carried them off in safety. It is grateful to me to recall an occurrence which strongly demonstrates how deeply the love of country is impressed on the human heart. Meeting an officer in the British service, a native of Carolina, in the streets of Edinburgh, shortly after the accounts of Moultrie's gallant defense of his post had reached Europe: He said, as he approached me, \"I see triumph in your countenance, and do not wonder at it. I cannot but lament that His Majesty's fleet has been beaten, but since the event has happened, I rejoice that the victory has been gained by Carolinians.\"\n\nLetter from Lord C. Montague to General Moultrie.\n\nSir, \u2014 A sincere wish to promote what may be to your advantage induces me to write; and the freedom with which we have often conversed makes me hope that you will not take amiss what I say.\nMy own principles regarding the commencement of this unfortunate war are well known to you. You have fought bravely in the cause of your country for many years and, in my opinion, fulfilled the duty every individual owes to it. You have had your share of hardships and difficulties, and if the contest is still to be continued, younger hands should now take the toil from you. You have a fair opening of quitting that service with honor and reputation to yourself by going to Jamaica with me. The world will readily attribute it to the known friendship that has subsisted between us. By quitting this country for a short time, you will avoid any disagreeable conversations and might return at leisure to take possession of your estates for yourself.\nCharles Montague to General Moultrie, March 12th, 1715:\n\nI and my family have been appointed to command a regiment. The proof of my sincerity is that I will quit that command to you with pleasure and serve under you. I earnestly wish that I could be the instrument to effect what I propose, as I think it would be a great means towards promoting that reconciliation we all wish for: our old acquaintance \u2013 my having been formerly governor of this province, the interest I have with the present commanders. I give you my honor, what I write is entirely unknown to the commandant or to any one else; so shall your answer be, if you favor me with one. Think well of me. Yours sincerely.\n\nLord Charles Montague.\nMy Lord, I received your letter this morning via Fisher. I thank you for your wish to promote my advantage, but I am surprised by your proposition. I flattered myself that I stood in a more favorable light with you. I shall write with the same freedom with which we used to converse, and I doubt not you will receive it with the same candor. I have often heard you express your sentiments regarding this unfortunate war, when you thought the Americans were injured. But I am now astonished to find you taking an active part against them; though not fighting particularly on the continent, yet seducing their soldiers away to enlist in the British service is nearly similar.\n\nMoultrie.\n15\nI have fulfilled my duty every individual owes to it. I differ widely from you, in thinking that I have discharged my duty to my country, while it is still deluged in blood and overrun with British troops, who exercise the most savage cruelties. When I entered into this contest, I did it with the most mature deliberation, and with a determined resolution, to risk my life and fortune in the cause. The hardships I have gone through, I look back upon with the greatest pleasure and honor to myself. I shall continue to go on as I have begun, that my example may encourage the youths of America to stand forth in defence of their rights and liberties. You call upon me now and tell me I have a fair opening of quitting that service with honor and reputation to myself, by going with you to Jamaica. Good God! is it\n\n(Note: The text appears to be written in old English, but it is still largely readable and does not require extensive translation. Therefore, no major cleaning is necessary. However, I have corrected some minor spelling errors and formatting inconsistencies for improved readability.)\nIt is possible that such an idea could arise in the mind of an honorable man. I am sorry you should imagine I have so little regard for my reputation as to listen to dishonorable proposals. Would you wish the man whom you have honored with your friendship to play the traitor? Not at all. You say by quitting this country for a short time, I might avoid disagreeable conversations and might return at my own leisure to take possession of my estates for myself and family. But you have forgotten to tell me how I am to get rid of the feelings of an injured honest heart and where to hide myself from myself. Could I be guilty of such baseness, I would hate myself and shun mankind. This would be a fatal exchange from my present situation, with an easy and approved conscience of having done nothing wrong.\nI my duty conducted myself as a man of honour. My Lord, I am sorry to observe that I feel your friendship much abated, or you would not endeavour to prevail upon me to act so base a part. You earnestly wish you could bring it about, as you think it will be the means of bringing about that reconciliation that we all wish for. I wish for a reconciliation as much as any man, but only upon honourable terms. The repossessing of my estates; the offer of the command of your regiment, and the honour you propose of serving under me, are paltry considerations to the loss of my reputation; no, not the fee simple of that valuable Island of Jamaica, should induce me to part with my integrity. My Lord, as you have made one proposal, give me leave to make another, which will be more honourable to us both;\nas you have an interest with your commanders, I would have you propose the withdrawal of British troops from the continent of America. Allow the independence and propose a peace. This being done, I will use my interest with my commanders to accept the terms and allow Great Britain a free trade with America. My Lord, I would make one proposal, but my situation as a prisoner circumscribes me within certain bounds. I must therefore conclude, with allowing you the free liberty to make what use of this you think proper. Think better of me. I am, my Lord, your Lordship's most obedient humble servant,\nWM. MOULTRIE.\n* \"Which was to advise him to come over to the Americans: this proposal I could not make while on parole.\" \u2014 Moultrie's Revolution.\n\nThe publication of this note has greatly mortified me. I had always been.\nMoultrie, on the 28th of June, was nobly supported by his comrades in arms. Lieut. Col. Motte, the second in command, educated as a soldier, had served with distinction in Canada in the war of 1756 and in the engagement with Sir Peter Parker. He gave a spirited demonstration of what might have been expected from his subsequent exertions. His influence and abilities were considered by the enemy of the highest importance, and bribes, such as might have tempted any other than an inflexible patriot, were offered to induce him to join the standard which he had often with gallantry supported. But having embraced the cause he served, Motte remained loyal.\nAmong the companions of Moultrie, none achieved as much celebrity as Francis Marion. To an officer of so ardent and honorable feeling, he was indignantly rejected and, to the last, received the most unlimited applause for his sworn devotion to the cause of America. It is much to be lamented that such a meritorious officer quit a service to which he did great honor at an early period of the war. However, with the public weal continually in view, we find him in the civil department of government as an active agent. On the establishment of the Federal Union, he was immediately appointed by President Washington to a post of trust and emolument, which he enjoyed to the end of his days.\n\nGeneral Marion.\nThe accident which prevented his acting with his gallant associates of the second regiment in defense of the capital must have been particularly afflicting. He had shared with them, the toils and dangers of battle, and fully partaken of their well-earned fame. To be separated, therefore, at a moment when new difficulties presented themselves, and a threatening cloud overshadowed the destinies of a community, whose hopes of security rested on their exertions and those of their companions in arms, must necessarily have excited his deepest regrets. Yet, great as the affliction was to individual feeling, it cannot be otherwise considered than as the event that more than any other, gave ultimate security, happiness, and independence to his country. I never undertook an essay with so little hope of executing it with satisfaction to myself.\nAnd I would celebrate the justice for the hero, whose actions I will delineate - specifically General Marion.\n\nLieut. Col. Marion had dined a few days prior to the siege of Charleston at a friend's house next to Roupell's, in Tradd Street, and to the east of it. A mistaken idea of hospitality had led his entertainer, according to the universal practice of the day, to turn the key on his guests to prevent their escape, till each individual was gorged with wine. Marion, attempting to make his escape by a window, fell into the street and dislocated his ankle in a shocking manner. The accident saved him from captivity. Non-commissioned officers were ordered to retreat from the city. His freedom gave safety to his country. From his active spirit\nArose determined opposition to British power, blasting their fondly cherished expectation of supremacy and ultimately causing their expulsion from the state. (MARION. 19)\n\nForty-Seven neither the pure, exalted traits of his patriotism nor the brilliant achievements of his sword need the aid of embellishment. His virtues speak directly to the heart. His victories are emblazoned in their momentous consequences to his country. What greater praise can be bestowed on his character than to say, and where is there a man who will deny its justice, that to the most exalted sentiments he united the most charming simplicity of manners; and, to the courage of a soldier, an inexhaustible fund of humanity. Of his pre-eminent ability as a partisan officer, successfully opposing an active and enterprising enemy with an inferiority of force that is scarcely evident.\nHe entered the field without men or resources, and at a period when a great proportion of the inhabitants in the district he commanded had either submitted to the enemy out of conviction of its futility or due to unceasing persecution. To concealment he was indebted for security, and stratagem supplied the place of force. Yet always on the alert, he struck where least expected and retiring when no advantage could be hoped for by exposure, he progressively advanced in his career of success until a superiority was obtained that put down all opposition. Far more disposed essentially to benefit his country than to give, by brilliant enterprise, increase to his own military reputation, his first care was the preservation of the troops he commanded.\nstudiously avoiding unnecessary hazards with their lives. It was this prudential conduct that frequently occasioned a temporary retirement into fastnesses, where pursuit was rarely ventured on, and if persisted in, invariably attended with discomfiture and disgrace. But, such invitations to victory often arose from carelessness in command or the idea of security arising from distance. The enemy, though but for an instant, was put off their guard. The rapidity of his movements and the impetuosity of his attacks never failed to render the blow inflicted decisive, and their destruction complete. Victory afforded additional claim to applause. Giving rein to the most intrepid gallantry and in battle exhibiting all the fire and impetuosity of youth, there never was an enemy who yielded to his valor, who had not cause to admire and eulogize his subsequent humanity.\nThe strictness of his discipline invariably prevented every species of irregularity among his troops. His soul was his country's \u2013 his pride, the rigid observance of her laws. His ambition, to defend her rights, and reserve immaculate her honor and fame. It would have been as easy to tear the sun from its course as Marion from the paths of honor.\n\nA memorable instance of his attachment to an honest fame is recorded in an Oration delivered on the 4th of July, 1797, before the Revolution and Cincinnati Societies.\n\n\"A motion being made in the Legislature immediately subsequent to the war, to exempt from investigation the conduct of the partisan corps of militia, who, from the nature of the service in which they had been engaged, were supposed necessarily to have committed irregularities. The venerable Marion, the flush of whose cheek betrayed the ardor of his feelings, rose and addressed the assembly as follows:\"\nvirtuous indignation overshadowed his countenance, nobly demanding that his name be expunged from the Bill. \"For if, in the course of command,\" he said, \"I have in a single instance departed from the strict line of propriety or given the slightest cause of complaint to any individual whatever, justice requires that I should suffer for it.\"\n\nOf his military prowess, innumerable instances crowded upon my memory. But, before I attempt to detail them, I would gladly speak of his uniform forbearance, tenderness, and attention to the unfortunates who, in the unguarded moments of despondency, swerved from the strict line of duty \u2013 and appeared to have forgotten the devotion pledged to their country. He was never heard to upbraid them. He sought not to drive them by the exercise of implacable resentment.\nHe knew human nature's frailty and made proper allowances. He sensed that many individuals, to save their families from the impending encroachments of absolute want \u2013 to protect them under the ravages of disease, likely to rob him of the children of his affection, the wife of his bosom, his friends, his fortune \u2013 had reluctantly given their promise of submission. Every sentiment of his heart, every wish it cherished, was in unison and coincided with the patriotic principles of his country. He blamed their errors but attempted not to correct them by coercion. The impolicy of the enemy he justly counted upon as a powerful auxiliary. Making mercy and gentleness the guides of his conduct, by the suavity and conciliation of his manners, he not only reconciled them to themselves but also to the enemy.\nThe general lived with the pardoned houses' women, yet increased the strength of his country's armies more than any decisive victory could have achieved. His conduct's simplicity under all circumstances was above praise, and his cheerfulness in enduring privations surpassed encomium. An anecdote is related about him, the authenticity of which many of his followers can still testify. I name one of them, Lieutenant J.H. Stevens of Mayham's regiment, who was an eyewitness to the occurrence.\n\nA British officer was sent from the Georgetown garrison to negotiate a business interesting to both armies. When this was concluded, and the officer about to return, the general said, \"If it suits your convenience, sir, I shall be glad to keep you for a short period.\"\nThe mild and dignified simplicity of Marion's manners had already produced their effect. The invitation to dinner was accepted to prolong such an interesting interview. The entertainment was served up on pieces of bark and consisted entirely of roasted potatoes. The general ate heartily, requesting his guest to profit by his example, repeating the old adage, \"hunger was an excellent sauce.\" But surely, general, this cannot be your ordinary fare, the officer said. Indeed it is, sir, he replied, and we are fortunate on this occasion, entertaining company, to have more than our usual allowance.\nGeneral Marion, with meager supplies and scanty fare, could not be subdued. Resigning his commission, he immediately retired from the service. To the honor of his humanity, it may be added that he never suffered insult to aggravate the misfortunes of the Tory families steadfastly adhering to the British cause. On the contrary, he assuaged their sufferings and used every effort to reclaim the deluded enthusiasts, by whom they were abandoned. By such conduct, a number of inveterate enemies were converted into useful citizens, and many a hardy soldier given to the republic, whose services had otherwise been irretrievably lost. Independent of the glory obtained in partisan warfare, General Marion acquired great increase of reputation by the assistance bestowed and judicious conduct exhibited in conducting the sieges of the captured posts held by the enemy.\nGeorgetown, Fort Watson, Fort Motte, and Granby were sites of Marion's activity, which was rewarded with the most flattering encounters from his commander. The blow inflicted on the enemy's cavalry, drawn into an ambuscade near Parker's Ferry, so effectively checked their spirit of marauding that they were never known to appear again in that vicinity. His valor at Eutaw increased his fame, and there is no doubt that their rapid retirement to the vicinity of Charleston saved their entire army from captivity. When such a succession of military achievements and such a display of exalted virtue were daily shown, it is not necessary to bestow the homage of higher admiration. One fact, however, cannot be forgotten and is truly worthy of record: with the end of the war, the political animosities of General Marion expired.\nGeneral Marion spurned the thought of adding to the miseries of men who were no longer in a position to do injury, and whose punishment compelled them to forego the delights of cherished home, to wander in exile in a foreign land. The supplies were uniformly denied to the retiring refugees which could contribute to the comfort of their families. However, through the interposition of their friends, General Marion generously permitted every comfort and necessary refreshment to be conveyed to them. The afflicted blessed him.\n\nSome further details of the conduct and character of so good and great a man as General Marion will not, I trust, be unacceptable.\n\nThe friends of loyalty, adherents to the British armies, closely united, and possessing unbounded influence.\nThe influence between the two Pedee rivers caused constant annoyance to the Whig inhabitants nearby. They would have been actively employed against the enemy, but were compelled to remain at home to check their depredations and give security and protection to their families. This paralyzed their activity, a perpetual source of anxiety, especially since their numbers were three times greater than those of his own troops. General Marion, with judicious policy, entered into a truce for a year. By this stipulation, neither party was to use aggression towards the other or pass certain boundaries.\nFreed from apprehensions of immediate hostility, he hoped to aid General Greene's operations. However, as distance lulled their fears, enmities of his opponents were revived. They crossed the prescribed limits and became troublesome and dangerous once again. Petitions were presented to General Marion, requesting he march his brigade into the neighborhood and reduce the disorderly men to submission at the treaty's expiration. He immediately forwarded these to Governor Matthews and General Greene, who approved the measure. General Marion, having deeply reflected on the objective, furnished him with letters to the Governor of North Carolina, soliciting every possible aid for his operations.\nThe plans were already formed, and three parties were ready to enter the truce ground in opposite quarters with orders to strike with a decision that should at once crush every thought of future resistance. Approaching these deluded people, who were well acquainted with his firmness and fully apprised of his humanity, became panic-stricken. Though three times outnumbered, they crowded to his camp, tendering submission and demanding written protections. The consumption of lapper on the occasion was so great that every individual claimed a certificate of pardon, and even the unwritten parts of letters were put in requisition to indulge their wishes. With the truce period nearly expired, the brigade was halted at Burch's Mills on the Pedee.\nA Captain Butler, who led a marauding party under a British commission, surrendered at that spot. He was a sanguinary man. He had cruelly oppressed the Whig inhabitants, and had murdered some Americans, whose friends were present. Irritated to madness and disregarding all sense of duty, a hasty and intemperate message was sent to the general, protesting that such a villain as Butler should not receive protection. To this insulting communication, General Marion calmly replied: \"Confidently believing that the pardon offered by Governor Matthews would be granted, the man whom you denounce.\"\nI will take him to my tent and at the hazard of my life, protect him. A second message informed me that Butler should be dragged from his tent and put to death. The honorable feeling of Marion was now exalted to the highest pitch. Calling the gentlemen of his family together, he exclaimed: \"Is there a man among you, who will refuse his aid, in defending the laws of his country? I know you too well to suppose it! Prepare then, to give me your assistance; for, though I consider the villainy of Butler unparalleled, yet, as an officer acting under orders, I am bound to defend him; and I will do so, though I perish.\" He then collected a guard around himself.\nMajor Ganey, commanding the British adversaries within the truce lines, thought it was time to negotiate. He sent propositions for this purpose to General Marion, and commissioners were appointed to form a treaty. Unfortunately, allusions in conversation about the escapes one party had made in conflicts from the other excited all the irritation of deadly animosity, and they separated with unabated resentments. Marion was grievously mortified by the failure of his commissioners and, feeling great anxiety to move to the lower country to better protect the families and property of those who had joined him, now left at the mercy of the British, determined to meet Ganey personally. Appointing a time and place for their meeting.\nThe gentlemen of his family, acting as commissioners, were invited to aid him in negotiation. Gainey, along with those associates he chose, were invited to cross the river under the sacred pledge of protection. A treaty was quickly finalized, putting an end to all opposition in the interior. The treaty's basis was that all who wished to join the British standard would receive safe conduct for person and property until they arrived within their lines. Those who wished to be reconciled to their country would obtain pardon for past offenses and be received as citizens. Persons found within the truce ground after an appointed day without having submitted themselves would be regarded as enemies. Gainey departed with those who preferred adhesion to the British.\nThe soldier said to General Marion, \"Honor requires that I surrender my commission to Colonel Balfour, from whom I received it. But, having done so, I shall immediately return to the country and seek your protection.\" He strictly performed his promise. It is remarkable that at Watboo, placed in the ranks with about forty of his men, at the very point where the British cavalry made their principal attack, greatly contributed to their discomfiture and repulse. Several of General Marion's principal officers were impressed with the opinion that he had committed his dignity by personally treating with Ganey, whom they regarded in no better light than a leader of banditti. But he silenced their censures by asserting, \"That the only dignity I aspire to is that of essentially serving my country.\"\nDuring this time, the notorious marauder Fanning of North Carolina arrived in the truce ground. He was a most determined enemy; resolute and sagacious, and possessed such distinguished talents for artisan warfare that much apprehension was entertained that he would once again stir up the spirit of revolt and induce Ganey to break his engagements. However, an end was soon put to the suspense. A flag arriving from him, with a request that General Marion grant safe conduct to his wife and some property to the British garrison in Charleston. Compliance was the immediate consequence. Most of the officers believed it was bad policy, but the general justified his conduct by saying: \"Let but his wife and property reach the British lines, and Fanning will not fail to follow them; but, force them to remain \u2013 deny the flag required, and he will surely attack.\"\nwe fix a serpent in our bosoms. Fanning found no hope of exciting insurrection and fled the country, and his wife was nearly within the garrison. The general moved into the truce ground and busied himself in securing the persons of every individual who declined retiring within the British lines and still refused submission to American authority. In the execution of this duty, a hint was given to the general that irregularities had been indulged which were highly disgraceful to the military character. This occasioned the general, with his usual frankness, to declare at table, \"I have heard insinuations of conduct that would disgrace my command; no regular accusation has been made, but I wish it to be clearly understood that let officer or soldier be proved guilty of crime, and he shall hang on the next tree.\" His inflexible firmness.\nThe brigade was known to be at Watboo, and not a whisper was ever breathed of further irregularities. The brigade remained there until the evacuation of Charleston. While the British were preparing for embarkation, a party was sent to Lamprier's Point to procure water. A hint was given to Marion that this would afford a fair opportunity of inflicting a parting blow. He replied, \"My brigade is composed of citizens, enough of whose blood has already been shed. If ordered to attack the enemy, I shall obey; but not another drop shall, with my consent, be lost, though it should procure me the greatest honors that, as a soldier, I could aspire to. I am certain, as I am, that the enemy are at the point of departure, so far from offering any resistance.\"\n\"Intending to molest, I would rather send a party to protect them. Had such been the humane policy of Kosciusko, many valuable lives would have been spared, and Wilmott and Moore might, at this day, have lived to add new honors to the annals of their country. Next to Henry Lee, perhaps altogether his equal, no man could be more expert than General Marion, in obtaining information of every movement of the enemy and anticipating the events that might be expected from their activity and enterprise. He was, when necessary, secret as the grave; appeared, generally, thoughtful, and was approached by his officers with reverential awe; but when out of reach of the enemy and at liberty to give indulgence to the natural cheerfulness of his disposition, he was familiar with his intimates and the gentlemen of his family, even to playfulness.\"\n\nMarion. 29.\nFull, private life he led with the strictest integrity in all his dealings. He was the executor of several estates and guardian of many children. Every duty was performed to perfection. No man lived more beloved; none ever died more universally and justly lamented. I shall close my eulogy with one anecdote, which I consider highly characteristic of his unerring virtue. A friend, to whom he was attached by the warmest affection, had transgressed the law by refusing to submit to the regular process of justice. Having, by the interposition of friends and his high reputation, escaped censure, *Deliver yourself,\" said Marion, \"into the hands of the sheriff; submit to be conducted to gaol, and my hand and heart are yours. Refuse to do so, and trust, by the influence of friendship, to\"\nAmong the companions of Moultrie, I will mention two other individuals, who afterwards were associated in arms with Marion, and therefore, properly noticed in this place.\n\nColonel Peter Horry.\nThis officer was a descendant of one of the many Protestant families who removed to Carolina from France after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. He early took up arms in defense of his country; and through all the trials of peril and privation experienced by Marion's brigade, gave ample proof of his strict integrity and undaunted courage. The fame which he acquired, as one of the band of heroes who defended the post at Sullivan's Island, was never tarnished. For, although in a moment of despondency he once said to his general, \"I fear our happy days are numbered.\"\nAll gone by it, he exclaimed, not the consequences for himself, but the miseries for his country that caused the exclamation. For never were his principles shaken; never, even for a moment, did the thought of submission enter his bosom. No man more eagerly sought the foe; none braved danger with greater intrepidity or more strenuously endeavored to sustain the military reputation of his country.\n\nA ludicrous story is told of him, though probably varied in the narration, which has its foundation in truth. Colonel Horry was once ordered to wait for the approach of a British detachment in ambush; a service he performed with such skill that he had them completely within his power. When, from a dreadful impediment in his speech, by which he was afflicted, he could not articulate the word \"surrender.\" In vain he tried.\nHe made the attempt \u2014 but he could get no further. At length, irritated almost to madness, he exclaimed, \"Skooi, damn you \u2014 shoot \u2014 you know very well what I would say \u2014 shoot, shoot, and be damned to you!\" He was present in every engagement of consequence, and on all occasions increased his reputation. At Quinby, Colonel Baxter, a gallant soldier possessed of great coolness and still greater quickness of character, calling out, \"I am wounded, Colonel!\" Horry replied, \"Think no more of it, Baxter, but stand to your post.\" \"But, I can't stand, colonel \u2014 I am wounded a second time,\" \"Then lie down, Baxter, but quit not your post.\" \"Colonel,\" cried the wounded man, \"they have shot me again, and if I remain any longer here, I shall be shot to pieces.\" \"Be it so, Baxter, but stir not.\"\nColonel Mayham obeyed the order and received a fourth wound before the engagement ended.\n\nColonel Mayham. If Colonel Mayham had rendered no other service in the field, his judicious invention of the tower, which facilitated the reduction of the British posts and was later distinguished by his name, would have entitled him to distinction as a soldier. However, the fact is that in no situation did he ever fail to increase his military fame. Expert in stratagem, he was equally alert in enterprise; and in hardy daring, second to no officer in the service. By the construction of his tower, the British post at Wright's Bluff, which, from its elevated situation and the lack of cannon, had been deemed impregnable, was so completely overtopped, and the American riflemen thereby enabled to fire with such deadly accuracy.\nThe besieged dared not show themselves and were compelled to capitulate and make an immediate surrender. Lee saw the advantage accruing from it and obtained a superiority over Browne at Augusta, whose activity and resolution had baffled every previous attempt to injure him. Distinguished throughout Marion's campaigns by his zeal and activity, it was the good fortune of Colonel Mayham to close his military career by a partisan stroke, greatly to the discomfiture of the enemy. He attacked with invincible imperturbability a detachment at Monk's Corner, within view of their main army, and carried off eighty prisoners without the smallest loss.\n\nPart II. COMMANDERS OF MILITIA.\n\nGENERAL SUMTER.\n\nI would relate the military acquisitions of Sumter, I should feelingly lament the disasters attending his early life.\nHe had a career, not unlike Antaeus, gathering strength from misfortune and rising after every fall with renewed powers of action. In the school of adversity, he learned circumspection and was compelled to fight under the greatest disadvantages. He became so guarded in his attention to the security of his camp and so happy in the choice of his positions that every attempt to injure him, on the part of the enemy, proved abortive. While his enterprises were, for the most part, productive of the most brilliant success, no man was more indefatigable in his efforts to obtain victory; none more ready, by the generous exposure of his person and the animating example of intrepidity, to deserve it. His attacks were impetuous, and generally irresistible. He was far less inclined to plan than to act.\nexecute and on many occasions, by an approach to rashness, accomplished what prudence would have forbidden him to attempt. It was his supreme good fortune, to give the first check to the British successes in South Carolina, after the fall of Charleston, by completely routing on the 12th of July, 1780, at Cowpens. James' plantation, a marauding detachment of their army, commanded by Captain Huck, a miscreant, who, by his cruelty and profanity, appeared, equally, the enemy of God and man. During his predatory excursions, he had perpetrated every species of barbarity, and excited the resentments of the inhabitants, still more by his words than by his actions. With him, the exclamation was common \u2014 \"God Almighty has turned rebel; but, had the Americans twenty Gods, instead of one on their side, they should all have been conquered.\"\nGeneral Sumter's attacks upon the posts of Rocky Mount and Hanging Rock, where in the first instance, he was completely successful, brought him great credit. In the first instance, had he been able to restrain the insubordination characteristic of irregular troops, and destroyed their avidity for plunder and liquor, his victory would have been complete, shortly after, he captured a convoy of stores passing from Ninety-Six to Camden. But most unfortunately, encamping within striking distance of the enemy (now at liberty, by the complete defeat of Gates, to send forth large detachments), he was attacked by Tarleton, when unprepared for resistance, and routed, with the loss of many men, and all the prisoners and valuable stores that had recently fallen into his hands. He was next attacked near Broad River by Wemyss.\nLord Cornwallis, disappointed by his former neglect of security, hoped to surprise Sumter. However, his troops were repulsed, and he was wounded and captured. It has often been said and universally believed that in a pocketbook found on him was not only an accurate list of the houses he had burnt, but of those he intended to destroy. Lord Cornwallis wrote immediately after this to Colonel Tarleton to give pursuit energy, saying, \"I shall be glad to hear that Sumter is ill and in no condition to give us further trouble\u2014 he certainly has been our greatest plague in this country.\" From a man of Lord Cornwallis' enterprise, such praise was the highest encomium. Tarleton rapidly advanced, anxious to strike a blow that would annihilate him before he could cross the Tiger River.\nand, stimulated by the impetuosity of his temper, attacked his strong position on Blackstock-Hill with such imprudence that, after severe loss among officers and men, he was compelled to quit the field, leaving his wounded to the mercy of his conqueror. To the credit of Sumter, his attention and humanity to them has always been acknowledged. To the misfortune of Carolina, a severe wound received in the action put a stop, for a considerable time, to his brilliant career; but, he was no sooner able to take the field again than he again appeared as an active partisan, breaking up the British posts in the lower country. On one occasion, Lieutenant Colonel Hampton, commanding under him, dispersed a large body of Tories near Dorchester. Placed at the head of the light troops, both regulars and militia, Sumter next commanded.\nLieutenant Colonel Coats was ordered to destroy his stores at Monk's Corner and abandon the position. This would have made the entire 19th regiment, commanded by him, prisoners, had he not, by the rapidity of his flight, passed the bridge at Quinby and thrown off the pursuers. He prevented pursuit until he had established himself in a strong position, from which the lack of artillery made it impossible to dislodge him. Important services were again performed by him at Eutaw. After which, the enemy retiring within their lines, seldom ventured beyond the gates of Charleston.\n\nPickens. 35\n\nGeneral Pickens.\n\nA truer patriot or more intrepid soldier than General Pickens never trod the soil of liberty. Carolina is highly indebted to few characters of the Revolution. At the commencement of the war, great diversity of opinion existed\nAmong the inhabitants of the interior country, not only with regard to the practicability, but also to the propriety, of resisting the power of Britain was a strong attachment. Former prejudices and a belief in the perfection of the ancient system were prevalent. The spirit of opposition, encouraged by the new government, was regarded as not unjustifiable, at least, as rash and inconsiderate, leading to consequences most disastrous to the peace and happiness of the community. The exertions of Colonel Pickens to counteract these fallacious principles and to induce the inhabitants of his district to adopt opinions similar to those which animated every true friend to his country were indefatigable. He was constantly on the alert; vigilance indeed became indispensable. Although the Tories would often show a disposition to temporize, yet.\nIt was evident from their murmurings and secret cabaling that they only waited for a favorable opportunity to declare their sentiments and engage in open and decided hostility. No sooner did the British appear in force in the south than their smothered resentments burst into flame. Several hundreds of them embodied and committing every species of depredation on their route, marched forward to join the royal army in Georgia. Colonel Pickens, apprised of their movements and irritated by their rapacity, pursued them with rapid steps and overtook them at Kettle Creek. He attacked them so vigorously that in less than an hour, forty of their number, including their leader, Boyd, were killed, and the rest were so routinely dispersed as to leave no apprehension of any further trouble.\n\nWhen Charleston fell, and the victorious Britons took possession of it, the patriots, though greatly discouraged, were not yet disposed to submit. They retired to the north, and, collecting their scattered forces, prepared to make a stand at Cowpens, a place of considerable strength, situated on the waters of the Broad and Pacolet rivers. Here they were joined by a large body of militia, under the command of General Morgan, who had been successful in his expedition against the Cherokee Indians. The combined forces of the patriots, amounting to about twelve hundred men, were encamped in a strong position, with their left flank resting on the Pacolet, and their right extending to the woods, which covered the ground for some distance. The British, under the command of Colonel Tarleton, approached the American position on the morning of the 17th of January, 1781. They were accompanied by a large body of Tory dragoons, who had been raised in the vicinity of Charleston. The British plan was to turn the American left flank, and, if possible, to cut off their retreat.\n\nThe day was fine and clear, and the ground, though covered with a thick growth of underbrush, was favorable for an attack. The British advanced in three columns, the center and right columns moving directly against the American position, while the left column, under the command of Major Ferguson, was to make a detour through the woods and attack the American left flank. The Americans, who had been warned of the British approach, were on the alert, and their pickets gave the alarm as soon as the enemy appeared. The patriots were quickly formed in line, and, under the command of General Morgan, made a gallant stand.\n\nThe fighting was fierce and close, and for a time it seemed as if the Americans would be overwhelmed. But they were determined to fight to the last, and their courage and resolution were contagious. The British, who were advancing in regular order, were thrown into confusion by the unexpected resistance, and their ranks were soon broken. The Americans, encouraged by their success, pressed forward and drove the enemy back in disorder. The left flank, which had been threatened with annihilation, was now in a position to support the right, and the tide of battle turned decidedly in favor of the patriots.\n\nThe British, seeing their defeat was certain, attempted to retreat, but they were pursued by the victorious Americans, who inflicted heavy losses upon them. Major Ferguson, who had led the attack on the American left flank, was killed, and many of his men were taken prisoners. The battle of Cowpens was a complete victory for the patriots, and it greatly boosted their morale. The British, who had been confident of success, were now forced to retreat to Charleston, and the patriots were able to pursue them with impunity. The victory at Cowpens was a turning point in the war, and it demonstrated that the patriots were not yet ready to submit to British rule.\nThe revived resentments of the royalists compelled Colonel Pickens and the steady adherents of the cause of freedom to abandon their habitations and seek refuge in North Carolina. However, soon after General Greene had taken command of the army, he ordered General Morgan to enter the western division of the state to check the enemy's aggressions and revive the drooping spirits of the whig inhabitants. Colonel Pickens was the most active among his associates, seconding his enterprises, and by gentleness and conciliation, he attached new adherents to the cause. His intrepid conduct at the battle of Cowpens is scarcely necessary to speak of. It is a well-known fact that he not only prevailed upon his men to fight but also managed to turn the tide of the battle in their favor, resulting in a significant victory for the patriots.\nriflemen to retain their fire till it could be given with deadly effect, but when broken and compelled to retreat, he rallied them; and what had never before been achieved with militia, brought them a second time to meet their enemy. Ordered by General Greene, after his retreat into Virginia, to recross the Dan, and, in conjunction with Lee, to check the spirit of revolt which had manifested itself in many parts of North Carolina, he effectively inflicted the salutary punishment which rendered abortive every future effort of Lord Cornwallis to bring recruits to the royal standard. When the British were subsequently compelled to retreat to Wilmington, and General Greene resolved to return to South Carolina, Pickens, now a brigadier.\nwas directed to precede him and collect the militia of his brigade, specifically to prevent supplies from being thrown into the garrisons of Ninety-Six and Augusta. This service was effectively performed, and being joined by Lee, the combined force sat down before Augusta. Greater skill in defense, nor more intrepid resistance, was ever shown by Colonel Browne, which cannot but enhance the glory of the commanders who compelled him to surrender. At the battle of Eutaw, where he was wounded, he acquired additional glory; and finally, completed his military achievements, by conducting an expedition against the Cherokee nation in 1782 with such decided effect, that, with the utmost humility, they solicited peace and promised never again to rise in opposition to our government.\n\nGeneral Davie.\n\nAt the commencement of the Revolutionary War, General Davie.\nGeneral Davie was a student at Princeton College, and feeling a strong desire to encounter the dangers of the field, marched as sergeant of a company of his associates who had embodied themselves contrary to the wishes of their tutors, to join a detachment of the army stationed at Elizabethtown. The length of time these patriotic enthusiasts remained together is uncertain; but growing disgusted more with the fatigues than the dangers of service, they justified the prognostic of Dr. Witherspoon and gradually returned to their studies. When they first left the college, the faculty spoke of expulsion and other punishments as the merited reward of disobedience. Dr. Witherspoon simply said, \"Let them alone; opposition to their purposes will only increase their desire to adhere to them.\" The exposure to the fatigues of service will affect all.\nYoung Davie and one other student named Brown remained with the army. His taste for a military life was confirmed, and we find him at the battle of Stono as Brigade Major of cavalry, covering the retreat of Lincoln's army, and immediately afterwards an inmate of the hospital, severely wounded. He has often mentioned to a friend an occurrence that plainly shows how deplorable the situation of the continental army must have been with respect to essential comforts, which were never wanting to the British. Thrown into a stupor by the loss of blood and the agony of his wound, the poor young soldier, on the recovery of his senses, found that his shirt had been stripped from his back to make bandages for the wounded who surrounded him.\nHaving no chance to replace it, he acknowledged that for a time, he felt all the pains of the most perfect despondency. At the period of Gates' defeat, his zeal and activity had advanced him to the command of a legionary corps of militia. He was on detachment at the moment of defeat, but hastening forward as soon as he was informed of it, he was essentially serviceable, not only in preventing pursuit, but in recapturing several wagons. One of which, most fortunately, contained the hospital medicine chest. Convinced that the enemy would anxiously seek and strike at Sumter, he, with laudable zeal, immediately dispatched a confidential soldier with intelligence of the disaster, and then reluctantly retired. He had previously, under the command of Sumter, fought both at Hanging Rock and Rocky Mount. At the first, he cut off three companies.\nCompanies of Bryan's regiment took sixty horses and one Innidred rifle and musket. By a well-directed charge, they made great havoc among the loyalists. Had not some liquor, found in the enemy's camp, been too attractive, they would have enjoyed a complete victory. But intoxication destroyed subordination, and every advantage was lost. After the battle of Camden, his force, consisting of about two hundred men, was actively employed in repelling predatory excursions and harassing the enemy, cutting off their supplies. Provisions were scarce in the British camp, and Lord Cornwallis was compelled to send out large detachments to procure them. One of these, stationed at Wahab's plantation, was struck at by Davie, and with complete success. Sixty of the enemy were left on the ground; ninety-six horses with their equipments.\nOne hundred and twenty stands of arms were taken, with the loss of only one man. Being closely pressed, he retired to Charlotte and joined Major Grahame, making a stand that entitles him to the most exalted praise. Twice he repulsed the British legion with considerable slaughter, and it was not until his flank was gained, and a third charge was made under the influence of an animating address by Lord Cornwallis himself, that he relinquished his post, retiring without loss to Salisbury. General Davie was distinguished not only as an intelligent but as an intrepid soldier. His delight was to lead a charge; and possessing great bodily strength, united with uncommon activity, is said to have overcome more men in personal conflict than any individual in the service. His knowledge of the country and of its resources induced General Greene,\nwhen pressed by the greatest diiiiculties, to intrust him \nwith the charge of the quarter master general's depart- \nment. He afterwards employed him as a negotiator with \nthe legislature of North Carolina for supplies of men, the \nmore effectually to resist the enemy, whose strength \nhad increased by the arrival of three regiments from \nIreland. In both these capacities he acquitted himself \nwith consummate ability, and to the entire satisfaction \nof his general. \nDAVIE. \nI do not think that I could find a bettter opportunrty, \nthan in this place, to point out the advantages of disci- \npline. It may be remembered, that at the batrle of \nGuilford, two North Carolina battalions of militia, ad- \nvantageously posted behind a rail fence, were assured \nby General Greene, that if they would only preserve \ntheir station long enough to give their enemy two fires, \nThey should obtain his free permission to retire from the field. They readily promised obedience, but the formidable whiskered Hessians and athletic Guards advanced with rapid motion, their courage forsook them, and they retired without firing a shot. As a punishment for their scandalous misconduct, they, in compliance with General Greene's requisition made through Davie, were placed under continental officers and sentenced to serve for eighteen months in the ranks. The regularity of discipline soon taught them self-confidence; they actually panted for renown, and behaved with such gallantry at Eutaw that of the three hundred of their number who entered into the action, one hundred and ninety remained, at its conclusion, either killed or wounded on the field. I had written this short sketch of the character and conduct of these soldiers.\nachievements: General Davie, when a packet was delivered to me from a friend in the interior country, above all other men, qualified by strict intimacy and just admiration of his talents and virtues, to furnish me with the information respecting him, which I required. To my readers, I am confident I cannot offer too many particulars relative to a patriot who lived so much beloved\u2014who died so universally lamented. It would be an injustice to the friend, to whose communication I feel myself in the highest degree indebted, to make the communication in any other than his own words.\n\nDAVIE.\n\nAt the bar, Colonel Davie soon rose to great eminence; and indeed, in a few years, became one of its principal leaders and ornaments. He was possessed of great sagacity, profound knowledge, and masculine eloquence. His manners were conciliatory, but impenetrable.\nThe late Alfred Moore, an able lawyer and excellent man, was an intimate friend and rival of Colonel Davie in their honorable careers at the bar. Their practice and labors were immense, and both made independent fortunes.\n\nColonel Davie was appointed by the North Carolina Legislature to represent that respectable state in the Convention, called at Philadelphia in 1787, to deliberate on national issues and form a national government to correct the evils of a loose confederation and a weak and inefficient government.\n\nAt that time, he was a young man and did not take a prominent part in the discussion that resulted in the formation of the United States Constitution.\nThe formation of that constitution, which has been so severely tested and found to be so admirably adapted to the government of our country. But he learned the true foundations on which the government was laid, and the solid arguments in support of it. His name does not appear in that great instrument; the illness of his family having called him home before the labors of the Convention were concluded. But when the constitution was submitted to the judgment of the State Convention in North Carolina, for adoption, he stood forth its most able champion and its most ardent supporter. The University of North Carolina is mainly indebted to his exertions and labors for its establishment and for the assignment of permanent landed property for its support. Colonel Davie was extremely anxious upon this subject and exerted himself to secure it.\nHe used the full extent of his persuasive and commanding eloquence to ensure success. He was deeply sensible of the extreme importance of extending liberal education as widely as possible, so that there might be a perpetual succession of enlightened and liberal men qualified to administer the affairs of this great and increasing people with wisdom and dignity. He considered public liberty insecure and liable to be disturbed by perpetual factions unless education was widely diffused.\n\nColonel Davie was then appointed a Major General in the militia of North Carolina; and some time after, in the year 1799, was elected Governor of that State. He performed the duties of this station with his accustomed firmness and wisdom. However, he was not permitted to remain long in that station. His country had higher claims on his talents and services.\nThe venerable Mr. Adams, then President of the United States, anxious to make one more effort to put an end to the differences between this country and France, associated General Davie with Mr. Ellsworth and Mr. Murray as his ambassadors for this purpose. These men, on their arrival in France, found the tyrannical and corrupt government of the Directory, which had behaved so haughtily to General Pinckney and his colleagues, overthrown by Bonaparte. Bonaparte, though exercising more despotic powers than his predecessors, was, at that time, desirous to conciliate the United States. Commissioners were appointed to discuss the subjects of dispute, and their deliberations ended in a convention, which healed the breach and saved the United States from being dragged into the vortex of European quarrels.\n\nDavie. 43.\nGeneral Davie frequently expressed to his friends, Joseph Bonaparte, the ex-king of Naples and Spain, then a minister in France (now residing in the United States), that he was the individual who behaved most consistently with liberality, disinterestedness, and respect towards the American commissioners. Buonaparte, accordingly, held a high esteem in Davie's opinion. Madame de Stael extended courtesies to the Commissioners, which it was considered prudent to decline, as she was then out of favor with Bonaparte.\n\nIt was impossible for a man of General Davie's keen observation to be in France and observe, for a considerable period, the workings of powerful minds in that agitated country, which was just emerging from the most ferocious and bloody despotism of the mob, and tending towards a more regular despotism of an emperor.\nA single ruler, less bloody but not less oppressive, examined the public feeling and acquired intimate knowledge of many principal actors in eventful scenes. He condensed the information he had collected into short sketches, which were later brought to this country. He saw and deplored that the French Revolution could not end in the establishment of rational liberty and regulated authority, efficient only for all useful purposes but powerless for all mischief. He saw that each succeeding faction which acquired the supreme power exercised it despotically, with no other view than to establish its own authority permanently, and without any regard to the rights of the citizen, the legitimate end of all government.\nUpon this subject, his conversation was always deeply interesting; he endeavored to impress upon 44 Davie the vast importance of moderation and toleration in republican governments. Americans, but chiefly upon young men of ardent minds and promising talents. Without which, they scarcely hope to escape the snares of ambitious demagogues and the ruin of violent dissentions.\n\nGeneral Davie contemplated Bonaparte's character with great attention. He saw him often and conversed with him freely. He considered him a man of first-rate talents as a warrior and of great reach as a statesman. But he regarded him also as a man of unbounded ambition, restrained by no principles human or divine. On one occasion, after an interesting conversation, Bonaparte concluded by saying, \"I consider power as the only foundation of right.\"\nGeneral Davie held that \"Enfu, Monsieur, la force est droit.\" His opinion was later confirmed by his assumption of imperial and despotic power. Not long after his return to America, General Davie lost his wife, a lady of lofty mind and exemplary virtues, to whom he was greatly attached. He took the resolution to retire from public life and become a farmer on his own Line estate at Tivoli, beautifully situated on the Catawba river, in Chester District, South Carolina. As a farmer, he was active and intelligent, and endeavored to improve agriculture by the use of manures, rotation of crops, and rest for the land. He deplored the slovenly and wasteful farming system in use throughout the Southern States, which exhausts the soil without returning anything to it. On the formation of an Agricultural Society, he became an active member and advocate for improved farming methods.\ncultural Society at Cohmibia, he was appointed President, and delivered a discourse, which for purity of style, sound observation, and clear exposition of the proper course of agriculture for this country, has never been excelled. Davie. 45\n\nSome years after General Davie's retreat to his farm, the belligerent governments of France and England, which had each endeavored to draw our nation into their quarrel as a party, multiplied their aggressions on the commerce of the United States to such an extent, as furnished just cause of war against both. It was even seriously proposed in Congress to declare war against both. But as that would have been an unwise exposure of the commerce of the country to the rapacity of both nations, it was abandoned.\nThe conduct of France and England gave us the right to choose our enemy. This choice was made, falling upon Great Britain, equally unjust in her conduct towards our commerce and colliding more with the personal feelings of American citizens through her practice of impressing them into her naval service. In the formation of the army necessary for the defense of the country on this emergency, the government, setting aside party distinctions, selected General Davie as one of the officers most fit to be entrusted with a high command. This was flattering to his military pride, and he would have been delighted to render service to his country in this, his favorite profession. Though not entirely satisfied with all the measures of the administration, he felt as a citizen that he was duty-bound to serve.\nDaniel defended the country whenever it was in need, but his increasing infirmities warned him against assuming duties beyond his strength. The wounds received in the Revolutionary War and the rheumatism caused by long exposure during his service had fixed themselves on his constitution, leaving him incapable of active exertions that his sense of duty would have demanded as a commander. He therefore declined the honor offered him after much hesitation. However, it is believed that he had several communications with the government regarding the organization of the army, and his opinion was consulted on the matter.\nGeneral Davie resided at his beautiful seat on the Catawba's banks, attracting constant travellers and visitors with his open hospitality, dignified manners, and elevated character. He occasionally visited the Warm Springs in Buncombe County, North Carolina, for relief from rheumatism. On these trips, he was admired by the intelligent strangers who visited the resort from various Southern and Southwestern States. His affable demeanor granted easy access to all. No distinguished person approached him, regardless of talents or character, who did not feel they were in the presence of a superior man. His great and varied information combined.\nWith his profound knowledge of men and things, he was the most interesting of companions. The ignorant and the learned, the weak and the wise, were instructed and delighted with his conversation, which had an irresistible charm for all. Although no man spoke more plainly his opinions and sentiments on proper occasions, he had the art of never giving offense. For, like the immortal Washington, \"he was always covered with the mantle of discretion.\" A happy expression used by the late Mr. Ralph Izard, formerly a Senator in Congress from this state, and who served six years during President Washington's administration, knew him perfectly and venerated him next to the Deity.\n\nAt home and in his own neighborhood, General Davie was revered with the highest filial piety. He was the friend of the distressed, the safe counselor of the troubled.\nGeneral Davie was the embarrassed peace maker, his own character free from every spot or stain, gave power to his interventions which was irresistible. He had a deep and even an awful sense of God and his Providence; and was attached to the principles and doctrines of Christianity. However, he had not attached himself, as an avowed member, to any particular sect. He thought they generally doctrinized too much, and shut the door of Christian charity too closely. He devised a proper site on his estate for the erection of a place of worship, to be erected by any Christian Society, which should choose to put up a suitable building thereon.\n\nHe was a tall man of fine proportions; his figure erect and commanding; his countenance possessing great expression; and his voice full and energetic. Indeed, his whole appearance struck the beholder.\nOnce, as indicating no ordinary man; and the reality exceeded the appearance. Such was the man who had been taken from his afflicted family, his friends, and his country. He met death with the firmness of a soldier, and of a man conscious of a life well spent. His memory is cherished by his family and friends, with the most enthusiastic attachment. The good he did survives him; and he has left a noble example to the youth of his country, to encourage and to stimulate them in the honorable career of virtue and of exertion. May it be appreciated and followed.\n\n48 Barnwell.\n\nNo officer in the service was more resolved from principle, more anxious from patriotic enthusiasm, steadfast in his determination to encounter all the dangers and difficulties of the field, while the freedom of his country was at stake, than General Barnwell.\nAt the commencement of the war, he commanded a company in the first Continental regiment of South Carolina; but garrison and camp duty being less congenial to his disposition than artisan enterprise, he quickly quit the regulars and received promotion in the militia service, as a Major of cavalry. I have not been able to ascertain with accuracy, the time or the particulars of an expedition conducted by him at a very early period of the contest; but confidently assert, that a large and acceptable supply of powder was captured by him and safely conveyed to the public stores. At the battle of Port-Royal Island, he commanded, under the orders of General Moultrie, a small body of horse. By throwing himself during the engagement into the rear of the enemy, he greatly contributed to their defeat; taking many prisoners and striking down several.\nsuch a panic that sauve qui pent became the general password among the disorderly ranks, and the recovery of their boats the universal aim. His conduct during the invasion of Provost entitled him to the highest honor. In watching the movements of the enemy, procuring intelligence, cutting off stragglers, and detached parties from the army, he was pre-eminently useful.\n\nWhile Colonel Laurens, with a trifling command, was disputing the pass at Coosawhatee against the entire British army, Major Barnwell, having no field for action, remained at the head of the causeway that led to it; but, rendered him essential service, by sending to his aid two volunteers of his corps, Mr. John Cuthbert (since, General Cuthbert), and Charles Freer (at a subsequent period a Captain in the service). Their activity in conveying his orders, and fearless execution thereof, were invaluable.\nThe exposure of their persons gave animation to a militia force that had never encountered an enemy. As soon as Laurens was ordered to retreat, Major Barnwell, with alacrity, joined the army under General Moultrie at Tulafinny-Hill. Convinced that such a commanding situation might ensure effective resistance or, in the event of defeat, cause a check to be given to the invaders, preventing their closer approach to the capital, he considered retreat as pregnant with the most disastrous consequences. The loss of a battle was far less injurious than the abandonment of the country. The event justified his opinion; for, by the time the retiring army had crossed the Saltketcher River, the southern militia had dispersed almost to a man. The terror excited by the Indians, who\nWore their war dresses and wantonly displayed the instruments of torture, with which they were accustomed to aggravate the sufferings of their prisoners, creating the most appalling dismay. Whigs, of uncertain patriotism, who would cheerfully have risked their lives in action and used their utmost energies to have repelled the enemy, soon as retreat was commanded, sought their homes. Choosing rather to perish with their families or shelter them from danger by submission than leave them exposed to the depredations of a ruffian banditti, led by McGirth, and of savages, whose cherished object was to plunder and destroy. It was at this disastrous period that many individuals, surprised in their habitations and bewildered by their fears, sought and obtained British protections. Fatal indeed was their dereliction.\nIt was then, in the legislature, that Major Barnwell rose to propose \"an act of amnesty for all who had transgressed should be immediately passed.\" His proposition met with sharp and even harsh criticism. Mr. Thomas Ferguson, a distinguished patriot, exclaimed, \"Had you not, Major Barnwell, recently shown by your activity in the field and your perfect devotion to the cause of your country, I should not hesitate to pronounce you a traitor.\" Similar invective was used by other members. Finding conciliatory measures ineffective.\nunpopular to meet success, he turned with composure to his opponents and said \u2014 \"The danger which drove the unfortunate ones, in whose behalf I would plead for mercy, has never been brought to your doors. Remember, that when it does reach you, that you swerve not from duty, nor forget the opinions you now support. I know an instance of a gentleman of exemplary firmness of character, who, being upbraided for a departure from principle because he had sought his home to share the fate of his family, said, 'I would never have quit the army had the apprehension been removed from my mind, of the horrors which my wife and children were likely to experience from the ferocity of the savages. As the war advances, the opportunity may still be mine, to\"\nHis conduct at the siege of Charleston was exemplary. He was an inmate of the prison ships and one of the inflexible patriots, who, preferring death to submission, requested General Greene, without regard to their situation, to avenge the death of Colonel Hayne. The promises and threats of the enemy were equally held in contempt, and he remained unshaken in his principles to the conclusion of the war.\n\nBarnwell. \"In times of trial, look for unshaken firmness and exemplary intrepidity.\" When, in after times, he found in the list of men soliciting British favor, the names of several who had affected to question his sincerity, it is not to be wondered at that he gave indulgence to his resentments; and that he never failed, as often as they presented petitions to the Legislature, to have them rejected.\nI have always considered it a misfortune for this country that his strictness in command and unremitting efforts to make the militia as submissive to discipline as regular soldiers made him so unpopular in his brigade, when advanced to the command of the Southern Division of the State, inducing him to retire from active service rather than give an excuse for non-performance of duty. It is true that great irregularities had been tolerated by commanders more disposed to temporize than offend, and the honor of the country required that they should be effectively checked. The resources of the state for the maintenance of the army were waning.\nThe destructive system was only wasted resources, and the rights of property were violated with impunity. However, the curb he wished to impose on licentiousness was too suddenly applied and too imperious. By the failure of the attempt, the service lost an officer of experience, whose courage, often tested in the field, gave invariably increase to his reputation. The example of steady integrity and perseverance, imitated, could only have added to the respectability of the Republican character. But, though stern his resentments against all who, regardless of their pledged faith to their country, sought favor with the British and accepted their protection \u2013 to such as openly espoused their cause at the commencement of hostilities.\n\nHe betrayed no symptom of inveteracy; more especially, if from a conviction of error, they expressed it.\n\n52 Barnwell.\nA brotherly dispute over political allegiances is illustrated by the following incident. Two brothers held opposing views; one was a committed Royalist, the other a declared Whig. During the tumultuous events of the war, the first brother rose to become a British Commissary, seizing six barrels of rice from his brother's plantation. The second brother, swayed by the storm of events and convinced that America's resources were insufficient for effective resistance, became an ardent supporter of monarchical rule. However, Greene's successes swiftly dampened his enthusiasm, and he took advantage of Governor Matthews' offer of pardon, rejoining our armies. The Commissary, having observed the irregularities and frequent desertion of the British, remained committed to our cause.\nTheir adherents made a confession of error around the same period and were admitted to all the privileges of citizenship by General Barnwell. Peace was restored shortly thereafter. The Whig wrote to his brother, reminding him of the impressed rice and demanding payment. He concluded with a threat of instituting a suit for the recovery of the amount if payment was refused. General Barnwell's intervention was immediately sought to prevent ruin. One suit decided against him would be the prelude to many. The Commissary easily perceived that the force of political prejudice would make him an oppressor on all occasions. Fortunate for General Barnwell, he had been reviewing the papers of Colonel Lechmere, who had been made a prisoner at Pocotaligo when commanding the district.\nI am Barnwell, age 53. Earnestly desiring, my dear Colonel, to demonstrate my loyalty \u2013 my devotion to the best of Kings. I am no soldier; but, as a magistrate, I would eagerly promote the cause. Grant me, I implore you, a place on the list of Justices of the Peace here. I solemnly aver that the extinction of rebellion, and the restoration of his Majesty's happy government, is to me, as a resurrection from the dead. \"Send your brother a copy of this letter,\" said General Barnwell, \"and assure him from me that the commencement of his threatened suit shall be the signal to give it publicity.\" It is scarcely necessary to mention that the tranquility of the Commissary was never again disturbed. To the liberality of General Barnwell, many officers owed their gratitude.\nheld commissions under the Ptolemy Government, were indebted for the support of their petitions to become citizens of the United States. And from some of them, particularly Mr. George Rippel, the penalties of banishment and every disqualification were removed, even without an application for relief.\n\nAt the head of the list of voluntary martyrs, signing the requisition to General Greene not to suffer any consideration relative to their safety to impede the fulfillment of his threat, to revenge the murder of Colonel Hayne, by retaliation on a British officer of equal rank, will be found the names of John, Edward and Robert Barmvell. The last, after receiving seventeen wounds, was still alive but severely injured.\nMr. Robert Barnwell sought and conveyed his recovered life to a neighboring plantation, saved by the affectionate and assisting attention of his relative, Miss May Anna Gibbes. Persisting to bathe and dress his wounds when considered beyond the reach of mortal aid, she steadily recovered his faculties and gave animation to his apparently lifeless corpse.\n\nBarnwell turned his attention more particularly to literary pursuits. He appeared in the Legislative Councils of the State and on the floor of Congress with distinguished credit to himself and his country. I will also mention the name of their nephew, William Elliott, who, though but a youth, after being severely wounded.\n\n54 BARNWELL.\nThe wounded was equally with themselves resolute to devote himself to his country by signing the requisition to General Greene, so characteristic of patriotic enthusiasm.\n\nDistinguished Continental Officers.\n\nHaving endeavored, with strict observance of truth, to detail the services of Mouhrie, and briefly sketch the characters and achievements of the Partisan Commanders of Milhia, who attained the highest celebrity, I turn, with peculiar interest, to the Officers of the Continental Line, the most distinguished in the annals of the Southern War; beginning with those, who, by their talents and intrepidity, so happily seconded the enterprise and indefatigable exertions of Greene, till the expulsion of the enemy gave a stamp of excellence to his military character, that must forever excite the applause and admiration of posterity.\n\nIsaac Huger.\nAmong the patriots of South Carolina, the Hugers were highly distinguished. Daniel was a long-time member of Congress. John, an able and industrious assistant in the state councils. Francis was numbered among the brave defenders of the pass at Sullivan's Island, when assailed by the British fleet. Benjamy, a soldier of the highest promise, closed a life of honor on the field, falling before the lines of Charleston, during the invasion of Provost. I would more particularly speak of Isaac, as a bold and enterprising commander, pre-eminently distinguished. However, it must be acknowledged that (at one period) a cloud of misfortune obscured his fame; the disastrous surprise of Monk's Corner was highly injurious to his military reputation. But when it is recalled how extremely difficult the task was to keep alive the vigilance of the troops during that time.\nEssential to security, were troops newly initiated in military service, and how frequently the most judicious arrangements of commanders of detachments were thwarted by the negligence of patrols and videttes, whose unremitted attention alone counteracted the energies of an enterprising enemy, we cannot too harshly blame an officer for a single disaster, who, taught by misfortune, never experienced discomfiture again; and who, in every subsequent encounter with the British army, by his zeal and intrepidity, acquired increased reputation.\n\nAt the commencement of the war, General Fluger was commissioned as Lieutenant Colonel of the 1st Continental Regiment, and shortly after promoted to the command of the 5th. There was not a battle of consequence fought in which he was not engaged, displaying, on every occasion, great coolness and invincible courage.\nThe confidence General Greene had in him was evident as he entrusted him with the army when Greene went to aid Morgan, who was trying to transport prisoners to a safe place while evading Cornwallis. Greene left the main army under Huger's command, ordering him to retreat and join him at Guilford Court House. Accompanied by a small escort of dragoons, Greene successfully joined Morgan. Huger's conduct on this occasion was highly approved, as evidenced by his command of the Continental Line at the Battle of Guilford Court House that ensued. Here, Huger supported the Continental Line.\nCharacter showed exemplary bravery but was severely wounded. At Hobkirk's Hill, he commanded the right wing of the army and made a considerable impression on the enemy's line. However, an unfortunate movement that threw Gunby's regiment into confusion disrupted General Greene's plans, forcing him to abandon a victory within reach for a retreat, which, though not disgraceful, was attended with the deepest and most poignant mortification. General Huger's efforts to inspire courage by example and restore order brought him frequently to the enemy's muskets, which was considered miraculous that he escaped without injury. The abandonment of the interior country by Lord Rawdon, however, is not mentioned in this account.\nAfter this, the General was permitted to embrace his family, whom he had long been separated from. When General Greene was presented to them, he, with much emotion, said, \"I would never, my dear Huger, have exposed you, as often as I have, to bear the brunt of battle and varied dangers of the field, had I known how numerous and lovely a family depended on your protection.\"\n\nThis distinguished officer began his military career under General Braddock, but in such an inferior station that he was subjected to corporal punishment for some unguarded expressions towards a superior. It is painful to mention such a circumstance; and I should not have done it, had it not been recorded to his honor, that, incapable of entertaining lasting resentments, he had been distinguished during the war.\n\nGeneral Morgan.\nThe Revolutionary War saw the generous attention paid to every British officer who became his prisoner. Commanding a rifle company before Quebec, he was directed, under Arnold, to attack the lower town. Upon Arnold's retirement and his own wounding, he took the van of the assailing column and carried the first and second barriers. He even penetrated into the upper town and was in possession of the main guard, giving paroles to the officers who surrendered. However, every prospect of success was baffled by the fall of Montgomergy, and the enemy was able to turn their entire force against him. He was subsequently surrounded and taken. His bravery was well known, and his activity was justly appreciated. An attempt was made by a British officer of rank to induce him, through the offer of wealth and promotion, to join the royal army.\nHe rejected the proposition with the true spirit of Republican virtue, requesting the temperter\u2014 Never again to insult him by an offer which plainly implied that he thought him a villain. Advanced to the command of a regiment, his indefatigable activity greatly contributed to the capture of Burgoyne. He was regarded, according to the repeated declarations of the enemy, as their greatest scourge. General Gates considered it an offense never to be forgiven that Morgan had peremptorily refused to maintain the intrigues to remove the Commander in Chief and place him at the head of the army. Therefore, he never mentioned his meritorious services in his official dispatches and appeared to exalt the claims of other officers to applause, the more certainly to mortify Morgan.\nMorgan received no advantage from such malice in losing his claim to fame. His country recognized the legitimacy of his title to glory. The captive General declared, in reference to the specific nature of the service in which he was engaged, \"Morgan was in command of the finest corps in the world.\" His advancement to even greater command enhanced his reputation. As long as the heart is capable of patriotic feeling and acknowledging one of the most splendid and momentous achievements ever accomplished, the Battle of Cowpens will elevate Morgan's heroic gallantry to the pinnacle of Fame.\n\nGeneral Otho Holland Williams, of Maryland.\n\nHe was no less distinguished by the elegance of his manners and politeness in private society than by his military accomplishments.\nThe chivalrous enterprise and exemplary constancy of this individual in the field are noteworthy. His services as Adjutant General, in perfecting discipline and directing the maneuvers of the light troops, covering the retreat of the army until the accomplishment of the memorable passage of the Dan, cannot be overestimated. Possessing the most perfect self-command, he put nothing at risk and frequently passed up opportunities to acquire advantages for himself, instead of risking what might prove injurious to his country. In the Southern War, it is his merit to note that after the defeat of the army at Camden and its abandonment by Gates, he conducted it to a place of security. His country is likewise indebted to him for his judicious actions.\nThe conduct of General Williams in the retreat over the Dan was cautious, and he displayed exemplary intrepidity in the battles of Guilford, Hobkirk's Hill, and Eutaws. Williams came close to pursuing Lord Cornwallis so closely that the officers of the cavalry covering the rear attempted to roast a piece of bacon on a stick while holding the bridle, but were forced to mount and retreat due to the rapid approach of the enemy. The character of General Williams can be summarized as follows: In the field, he exercised caution combined with invincible intrepidity; in camp, he enforced the strictest discipline; in the cabinet, he distinguished himself through his perspicuity and profound intelligence.\nJohn Eager Howard, of Maryland. No man possessed, to a higher degree, the confidence of General Greene; none deserved it better. He had every requisite for the perfection of the military character\u2014patience, judgment, intrepidity, and decision. To his memorable charge with the bayonet at the Cowpens, so nobly supported by Washington and his cavalry, that important victory is chiefly attributed. Nor do I regard his gallantry less worthy of admiration, when, at the battle of Guilford, following up the blow inflicted by Washington, he charged the second battalion of the British Guards and nearly annihilated them. At Hobkirk's Hill, Howard's efforts to rally the broken regiment of Gunby did him great honor. Howard. 61.\nHonor did not penetrate the human bosom more keenly than in his, when he found all his efforts to revive the courage of men, who on every former occasion were distinguished for intrepidity, were unproductive. At Eutaw, he was severely wounded, but not till he had seen his regiment retrieve its tarnished reputation and triumphantly drive the enemy before them. In concluding my encomiums on his merits, I do not consider it an exaggeration to say, in the words of General Greene: \"Howard is as good an officer as the world affords, and deserves a statue of gold, no less than the Roman and Greek heroes.\"\n\nColonel Carrington,\nOf Virginia.\nGreene, by his judicious councils and unremitted exertions as Quarter Master General, greatly contributed to the advantages gained over the enemy. It is an indisputable fact, that in a country exhausted and deficient in all resources, he still contrived to provide such supplies for the comfort and support of the army, that he appeared to have achieved impossibilities, and not a murmur nor complaint impeded the progress to victory. A dispute, relative to rank, had called him to the North, before it had been my happiness to receive a commission in the service; but, previously to the evacuation of Charleston, he had rejoined the army and resumed his former station: Carrington. Which gave me ample reason to believe, that wherever placed, his pre-eminent abilities must have been of the highest importance to his country. Lieutenant Colonel Lee,\nGeneral Charles Lee and others praised Henry Lee's military abilities. Lee stated that Henry Lee was a competent soldier from birth. Greene named him \"The Eye of the Southern Army\" and trusted his counsel implicitly. In times of difficulty for the South, Lee's counsel was invaluable.\nthe wretched and forlorn condition of the army - the superiority of force, and endless resources of the enemy, it was, to us, a war of difficulties - was danger to be averted? Prompt exertion was necessary to prevent revolt, crush insurrection, cut off supplies, harass the enemy, or pursue Lee? To whom did he so often turn as to Lee? That such preference should give birth to envy, and cause the calumnies arising from it to be propagated with an avidity that would almost lead to the supposition, that they were believed correct, cannot, from the perverse propensities of the human heart, be considered surprising. Lee had his enemies, and they were not slow in giving currency to injurious opinions regarding his reputation. Measuring the extent of his powers by the contracted scale of their own abilities.\nThe allowance was made for the calculations of a superior genius; and the acuteness of almost unerring discernment. He did not, on all occasions, engage with a blind precipitancy, according to their judgment, and this would have fixed on him the imputation of shyness, a trait he never knew. In his memoirs, as a literary composition that does him high honor, it is remarkable that he is so shy in claiming merit; and certainly, in various instances, he has withheld pretensions, which he might have fairly made, to high distinction. He has not hinted, in the slightest degree, that the grand scheme for the recovery of the two Southern States, when Lord Cornwallis, after the battle of Guilford, retired to Wilmington, was first suggested to General Greene by him; and that it would have been abandoned, but for his intervention.\nThe truth was earnest, and I present the evidence corroborating it. In response to my inquiries on the subject, the Honorable Judge Johnston of Abingdon, Virginia, a meritorious and distinguished officer of the Revolution, stated, \"I am perfectly satisfied that the grand enterprise for the recovery of South Carolina and Georgia, by marching into those states when Lord Cornwallis retired to Wilmington, originated with Colonel Lee. I chanced upon a letter written by General Greene to Colonel Lee immediately after the second battle of Camden, fought on the 25th of April, 1781. In this letter, the General expressed a determination to abandon the scheme of continuing his progress southward; and directed Lee to join him immediately with his corps, which had, about that time, reduced the enemy's forces.\"\nThe enemy post at Wright's Bluff on the Santee River. I shall never forget one expression in that letter, which goes very far to prove that I have been right in the opinion I have entertained since. 'I fear, my friend, said the General, that I have pursued your advice too far. I have resolved to march back with the army towards Virginia, and desire that you will join me with your command as soon as possible.' Without a moment's delay. Colonel Lee left the legion and sought General Greene, doubtless to counteract the pernicious tendency of this hasty resolution. He speedily returned, countermanded the orders to unite with the main army, crossed the Santee, and marched rapidly forward to lay siege to Fort Motte.\n\nThis statement is fully supported by the testimony of Dr. Matthew Irvine; and more satisfactory authority.\ncould not be desired, since he was actually the agent, the organ of communication between the two, while the scheme was in agitation and ripening for perfection. Communication, by letter, was considered inexpedient and dangerous; and by personal interviews with the parties, delivering opinions reciprocally and conveying the answers to them, he became the happy instrument of bringing to maturity the plan that gave liberty to the South. The letter mentioned by Judge Johnston, my correspondent, was also seen by Dr. Irvine. He states that the General added, \"Although I am confident that your wish was to give increase to my military reputation; yet, it is evident to me that by listening to your advice, I have forfeited my pretension to it forever.\" Can further evidence be required? In the eyes of the unprejudiced, this statement from the General should be sufficient.\nI should say, not diced. Believing that Lee's advice induced General Greene to transfer the war into South Carolina, I shall briefly state the consequences. North Carolina was encouraged, finding that her future security was not endangered. The Partisan Commanders of the South, Sumter, Marion, and Pickens, stimulated to increase activity and enterprise, convinced they would contend with the enemy on more equal terms and maintain advantages from their valor and victories. The fall of the military posts held by the enemy followed in rapid succession: Fort Watson, Fort Motte, Fort Granby.\nSouth Carolina and Fort Cornwallis at Augusta, in Georgia, bear the stamp of judicious foresight in the councils of Lord Granby. The skill and enterprise attributed to him in their reduction deserve equal applause. Had he directed the operations at Ninety-Six instead of Kosciusko, the result would have been different. Upon his arrival at the post, immediately after the capture of Fort Cornwallis, he, with the eye of a soldier, perceived at once that the plan of operations and point of attack, adopted and pursued by General Greene, had not been advantageously chosen. With his exquisite military sagacity, which cannot be denied him, he immediately satisfied the Commander-in-Chief that the place could easily be carried by obtaining possession of the western redoubt, a slight fortification at a distance.\nFrom the enemy's main work, but of great importance as it completely commanded the only fountain from which the garrison could procure water. Subsequent events incontestably proved that if his plan had been adopted in the first instance, the fort must have fallen, even though defended by the gallantry of Cruger, seconded by his able coadjutor, Major in a Provincial Regiment.\n\nEvidence of his services, and the extensive benefits resulting from them, is only necessary to give an extract of a letter from General Greene, expressed in the following terms: \"Lieutenant Colonel Lee retires for a time for the recovery of his health. I am more indebted to this officer than to any other for the advantages gained over the enemy in the operations of the last campaign; and should be wanting in gratitude if I did not express my sense of his merit.\"\nAttitude was not acknowledged for the importance of his services, a detail of which is his best eulogy, dated February 18th, 1782.\n\nOf the horses in his regiment, he has been frequently accused of being too careful. But, considering the advantages accruing from a precaution that maintained a constant superiority of cavalry, how can he be blamed with justice? It is known that the number of prisoners taken in a single campaign by the dragoons of the Legion doubled their effective number. Every individual of the corps was armed with a Potter's sword, the weapon most highly estimated for service, taken in personal conflict from the enemy. Of the lives of his infantry, he was never sparing. There was no action in which they were engaged, in which they did not perform a conspicuous part. While the lamentable fate of the enemy was...\nOf poor Whaling and his followers, as detailed in another part of this work, reveal that their fall was viewed as an unnecessary sacrifice. The free exposure of his person, where example was necessary to excite gallant achievement, is undoubtedly true. If there are those who harbor less charitable opinions, they must deny discernment to Greene, who employed him in the most hazardous enterprises; and judgment to the immortal Washington, who, when the insurrection took place in the upper parts of Pennsylvania, placed him at the head of the army with a declaration that he considered him the man in the United States best calculated to suppress it promptly and effectively. Towards his officers, he possessed the most friendly and affectionate feelings. To his soldiers, he was a parent.\nHe was attentive to their wants and indulgent to their wishes. His constant and assiduous care was exercised to procure them comforts, and with such effect that while other corps were almost entirely destitute of clothing, the Legion was enabled, invariably, to preserve a highly respectable appearance. I would mention, with particular commendation, the vigilance of Colonel Lee. Surprised when a Captain in Bland's regiment, near Philadelphia, he profited by experience and was, to the end of the war, so attentive to the security of the force which he commanded that whenever within striking distance of the enemy, the Sergeant of the Quarter Guard invariably woke up every Officer and Private Soldier, who, by order, put on their entire dress and accoutrements, and might again seek repose, but in such a manner as to be ready for action at a moment's notice.\nEvery man was at his post, prepared for action or ready for retreat, upon the firing of a musket or tap of a drum. Surprised at the Spread Eagle Tavern near Philadelphia and surrounded by the entire British cavalry, he assured the dragoons under his command that he would consider their future establishment in life as his personal responsibility. They gallantly joined in defending the house, and he honorably kept his word. They were all, in turn, commissioned, and by their exemplary good conduct, increased their own renown and the reputation of their regiment.\n\nGeneral William Washington.\n\nI write with no loss of respect and admiration, I would record the gallant achievements of the modern Marrellis: the sword of Lieutenant Colonel William Washington, who, at the first call to arms, engaged in action.\nHe appeared on the field of glory with pre-eminent distinction during military service, until the termination of the war. He fought with his gallant regiment at York Island and received merited applause, sharing its difficulties and dangers on the retreat through New Jersey. At the surprise of the Hessians at Trenton, as a Captain in the line, he headed the van of one of the assailing columns. While leading on his company to the attack, he was severely wounded in the hand. He was then transferred, with an increase of rank, to the cavalry. Having the good fortune to escape the slaughter at Tappan with the remains of Bland's, Baylor's, and Moylan's regiments of horse, he was detached to join General Lincoln's army in South Carolina. His first encounter with the enemy took place between Ashley Ferry and Rantowle's Bridge.\nHe drove back the cavalry of the British Legion, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Tarleton, and took several prisoners, but, being unsupported by infantry, gained little advantage from his success. The surprises at Monk's Corner and Laneau's Ferry, which nearly caused the entire destruction of the American cavalry, are in no degree attributable to him, as he acted in a subordinate capacity in both instances. At the last place, finding his advice to pass the River without delay disregarded, he prepared for the catastrophe and, on the sudden attack of Tarleton, plunged into the River and happily gained the opposite shore. These repeated disasters compelled him to retire, with the remainder of his corps, to the borders of North Carolina. He applied, but in vain, to General Gates for his aid.\nThe authority expedited its restoration and equipment. The infatuated General paid a severe penalty for his injudicious refusal to attend to the request. Had it been granted, the presence of a superior cavalry, led by such a distinguished soldier as Washington, could have greatly influenced the success of the battle and prevented the terrible slaughter that followed the defeat at Camden. While attached to the light corps commanded by General Morgan, he carried the post at Rugely's by an ingenious stratagem, taking a large body of the enemy without firing a shot. Apprized of his opponent's character, Rugely fixed a pine log on the front wheels of a wagon to make it appear, at a distance, as a field-piece, and threatening immediate destruction should resistance be attempted; the affrighted enemy surrendered.\nColonel requested that quarter might be allowed and surrendered at discretion. It was on this occasion that Lord Cornwallis, writing to Lieutenant Colonel Tarleton, laconically said \u2014 \"Rugely will not be a Brigadier.\" He, in a high degree, contributed to the achievement of the brilliant victory at the Cowpens, although his too ardent zeal had nearly cost him his life; for, anxious by example to increase the energy of pursuit, he was led so far in advance that he was surrounded by several officers of the British Legion; and must have fallen, had he not been rescued by the gallantry of a sergeant and his bugleman, Ball, who, by a well-aimed pistol-shot, disabled the officer whose sword was raised for his destruction. In the retreat into Virginia, and in all the maneuvers subsequent to the recrossing of the Dan, he essentially aided.\nLord Cornwallis' skilled attempts to force General Greene and his inferior army into battle. At Guilford, Washington played a most conspicuous part. By a spirited and most judicious charge, he broke the regiment of Guards commanded by Colonel Stewart, who fell in the action, and followed by the gallant Colonel Howard leading the Marylanders with fixed bayonets, nearly annihilated them. Trifles have often, in the heat of battle, been productive of the most unlooked-for consequences. Washington's cap fell, and while he dismounted to recover it, a round of grape from the British artillery, fired by the order of General Webster, wounded the officer next in command so grievously that he was incapacitated from managing his troops.\nThe horse carried the man off the field, followed by the rest of the cavalry, mistakenly believing the movement was directed. This accident saved the remaining Guards, and likely the entire British army. I heard from an officer of distinction in the enemy army, who was wounded in this action, the following interesting particulars: I was near General Webster when Washington made the charge. The desperate situation of the Guards influenced all around. An officer of rank in the American army, perceiving it, rode up to the British line and called out, \"Surrender, gentlemen, and be certain of good quarters.\" Terrified by appearances and concluding defeat was inevitable, the soldiers of the regiment De Bose were actually throwing down their weapons.\nGeneral Webster exclaimed, 'Unless that gallant fellow is taken off, we are lost.' A lieutenant of artillery, bringing up a field-piece at that moment, was directed to fire into the throng where the Guards now appeared to be greatly outnumbered, and he did so with great success. The cavalry wheeled off, the remains of the battalion rallied, and the army was saved. At Hobkirk's Hill, new honors awaited him. Gaining the rear of the British army by judicious maneuvering during the action, he captured and paroled eleven officers, and made prisoners of over two hundred men\u2014fifty of whom he brought off the field; the retreat of the American forces obliged him to relinquish the remainder. But, in the evening of the day.\nThe engagement took place on an unspecified location, decoying Colin, who commanded the enemy's horse, into an ambuscade. He charged him with intrepidity that could not be withstood, compelling him, after the loss of half of his men, to flee and take shelter in Camden. At the Battle of Eutaw, though unfortunate, no hero had ever, in a higher degree, deserved success. His repeated charges on the British light infantry would have disconcerted a less brave corps or commanded by any other officer than Majoribanks. But they maintained their position with a steadiness that could not be subdued. In a last effort for victory, Washington's horse being killed, he became entangled, as he fell, in the enemy ranks and, unable to extricate himself, was captured.\n\nThis distinguished officer is still spoken of in St. John's with great respect.\nJohn Marjorieans, Esquire,\nLieutenant Major in the 9th Retired Infantry, and commanding a flank holding\nOf his Majesty's army, Obited 22 J Or/. 1781.\n72 WASHINGTON.\nBayoneted and taken. The intrepid conduct of his\nfallant followers, cannot be too highly extolled. \u2014\nCaptain Watts, the second in command, Lam Lieutenants Stuart, Kincaid, Gordon, and Simons, were wounded. Mr. Carlisle, a volunteer, killed, and half of the men destroyed. After which, the residue were drawn off by Captain Parsons, the only officer who escaped without injury. The action at the Eutaws, was the last in which Lieutenant Colonel Washington was engaged. Remaining a prisoner to the conclusion of the war, he married a lady, equally distinguished by her virtues and accomplishments, and settled in South Carolina. Possessing a very considerable property, he indulged in unbounded hospitality, receiving with affectionate attention, his military associates.\nThe respectable character of a liberal and independent country gentleman, he maintained. The eclat of his military services led to his immediate election to the Legislature, where it became evident that he possessed every requisite to render himself as distinguished in Council as he had been in the field. His intuitive knowledge was great, and by his assiduous application to business, it received daily improvement. His friends, who clearly perceived that he possessed far greater claims to talent than his extreme modesty would admit, were anxious to place him at the head of the State Government. But it was in vain that they attempted to excite him to become a candidate for the office. \"My ambition is,\" he constantly said, \"to devote my services to my country; but, there are two powerful reasons which render it impossible for me to aspire to higher office.\"\nI. The honor of governing the State. The first reason is, till recently I was a stranger among you. In my opinion, the Chief Executive Officer should be a native of the land on which he presides. Nor would I, on the score of qualification, put my talents in competition with those of many able men, who are ambitious of the honor. My other reason is insurmountable. If I were elected Governor, I would be obliged to make a speech; and I know, that in doing so, without gaining credit in your estimation, the consciousness of inferiority would humble me in my own.\n\nA report having reached Headquarters that the author of \"Common Sense\" was in distress at Philadelphia, it was no sooner communicated to Lieutenant Colonel Washington than he said to a friend, ''I shall go and see him.''\nI cannot bear the idea that the man, who by his writings has so highly benefited my country, should feel the want of bread, while the power is mine to relieve him. And without a sentence more on the subject, by the first post, I remitted him a bill for one hundred guineas.\n\nIn the year 1810, I was appointed by the Society of the Cincinnati to pronounce an Eulogy, expressive of their high sense of his meritorious services and of their deep regret on the loss sustained by his death. Circumstances compelled me to decline the honor, though I have always considered it as the highest compliment that could have been paid me by my fellow-soldiers, that they deemed me worthy, to detail the services and celebrate the virtues of so good a man.\n\nColonel Washington was tall and majestic in person, exhibiting a manly figure, with every indication of strength and nobility.\nThe American Revolution Society convened, feeling duty-bound and sensitive, to give expression to their sentiments on the calamitous event of Lieutenant Colonel Washington's death. Those who knew him:\n\nRESOLUTIONS OF THE REVOLUTION SOCIETY OF SOUTH-CAROLINA.\n\nThe American Revolution Society, convening on the occasion of the recent death of Lieutenant Colonel Washington, feel duty-bound and sensitive to give voice to their sentiments on this mournful event. Those who knew him:\n\n1. Resolved, That the death of our illustrious and beloved Commander-in-Chief, General Washington, has left a void in our nation which can never be filled.\n2. Resolved, That his superior strength and corresponding activity were surpassed only by his wisdom and benevolence.\n3. Resolved, That his countenance was composed, and though of a serious cast, it evinced the benevolence that characterized all his actions.\n4. Resolved, That the sketch we have given of his military career falls short of the encomiums which are his due.\n5. Resolved, That to compensate our readers for the insufficiency of our attempt, we offer the following resolutions as a tribute to his memory.\n6. Resolved, That the memory of this great and good man be held in everlasting remembrance by this Society, and that his virtues be an example to all future generations.\n7. Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be sent to the Executive Committee of the American Revolution Society in Philadelphia, and that they be requested to cause them to be published in the Gazette.\n8. Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be sent to the President and Members of Congress, and that they be requested to cause them to be published in the Journals of the House and Senate.\n9. Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be sent to the Governor and Members of the Legislature of this State, and that they be requested to cause them to be published in the Journals of the House and Senate.\n10. Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be sent to the President and Members of the Legislature of every State in the Union, and that they be requested to cause them to be published in the Journals of their respective Houses.\n11. Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be sent to the Secretary of War, and that he be requested to cause them to be published in the War Office Gazette.\n12. Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be sent to the Secretary of the Treasury, and that he be requested to cause them to be published in the Treasury Department Gazette.\n13. Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be sent to the Secretary of State, and that he be requested to cause them to be published in the State Department Gazette.\n14. Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be sent to the President and Members of the Continental Congress, and that they be requested to cause them to be published in the Journals of the Continental Congress.\n15. Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be sent to the President and Members of the Legislature of every foreign nation, and that they be requested to cause them to be published in their respective Gazettes.\n16. Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be sent to the President and Members of the Legislature of every British Colony in America, and that they be requested to cause them to be published in their respective Gazettes.\n17. Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be sent to the President and Members of the Legislature of every Spanish Colony in America, and that they be requested to cause them to be published in their respective Gazettes.\n18. Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be sent to the President and Members of the Legislature of every French Colony in America, and that they be requested to cause them to be published in their respective Gazettes.\n19. Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be sent to the President and Members of the Legislature of every Dutch Colony in America, and that they be requested to cause them to be published in their respective Gazettes.\n20. Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be sent to the President and Members of the Legislature of every Swedish Colony in America, and that they be requested to cause them to be published in their respective Gazettes.\n21. Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be sent to the President and Members of the Legislature of every Danish Colony in America, and that they be requested to cause them to be published\nMany of this Society, with whom he was intimately known, could not but have remarked in him a felicitous combination of mind and heart rarely united. This qualified him to be eminently distinguished as a soldier and esteemed as a citizen. It produced in him great virtues untarnished by corresponding vices; which rendered him modest without timidity, generous without extravagance, brave without rashness, and disinterested without austerity. It imparted firmness to his conduct and mildness to his manners; solidity to his judgment and boldness to his achievements. It armed him with an equanimity unalterable by the frowns of adversity or the smiles of fortune; and steadiness of soul not to be subdued by the disasters of defeat or elated by the triumphs.\nThe Society, recalling that he was a gallant soldier, enterprising without ambition, encountering danger not for his own renown but for his country's independence; a patriot, inflexible without obstinacy, warm without passion, and zealous without bigotry; in private life useful without parade, liberal without ostentation, amiable without weakness, and honorable without fastidiousness; cannot permit him to descend to the silent tomb without expressing some mark of reverence and affection for his worth. Therefore, resolved, that the members of this Society do wear a token of respect for his deceased virtues and services.\nResolved, that the President be requested to transmit a copy of these resolutions to Mrs. Washington, and express to her the deep regret of this Society for the great loss she has sustained. Resolved, that the foregoing resolutions be published in the Gazettes of this city.\n\nOrder of the Society,\nWilliam Crafts, President.\nJohn Cripps, Treasurer and Secretary.\n\nGeneral Greene.\n\nTo distinguish with commendation a man of equal merit to his good and great character is, confessedly, beyond my ability. Having been honored by his friendship and a member of his military family, the opportunity I enjoyed of taking a more critical view of his character strongly impresses the belief, that it was extraordinary.\nwas exalted beyond the reach of adequate praise. In presenting it to view, an opportunity will be afforded me, of exhibiting the sentiments of more competent judges, while I reserve to myself the privilege of asking \u2013 \"Whether such multiplied evidence, as I shall produce of private worth and public utility, of captivating virtues and superior talents, do not give to General Greene an exalted claim to superior intelligence?\"\n\nGreat is my disappointment, that a gentleman, admirably well qualified to do justice to his memory \u2013 a soldier who had served under him, a friend, whom he loved \u2013 after having made considerable advances in the delineation of his life and character, withholds it from the public. Judge Pendleton, of New York, to whom I allude, shared with General Greene, in all the dangers and difficulties of the war.\nTo speak of Greene's military capacity: We are told that on his first appearance in the camp at Cambridge, from the ardor of his zeal, unremitted activity, and strict attention to every duty, he was pronounced by soldiers of distinction a man of real military genius. His knowledge, said General Knox to a distinguished citizen of South Carolina, is intuitive. He came to us the rawest and most untutored being I ever met; but in less than twelve months, he became a formidable military leader, establishing the liberty and independence of a large portion of the United States on a basis that can never be shaken. (So named for his military prowess in the southern theater of the American Revolution, Greene played a crucial role in securing victory for the Continental Army against the British.)\nGeneral Greene was equal in military knowledge to any General Officer in the army and was very superior to most of them. The British officer, who opposed him in Jersey, wrote, \"Greene is as dangerous as Washington; he is vigilant, enterprising, and full of resources. With but little hope of gaining any advantage over him, I never feel secure when encamped in his neighborhood.\"\n\nRegarding his disinterestedness, General Washington gave the following honorable testimony of his character: \"There is no Officer in the army more sincerely attached to the interests of his country than General Greene. Could he but promote these interests in the character of a corporal, he would exchange, without a murmur, his epaulette for the knot. For, although he is not without ambition, that ambition has not for its object the highest rank, so much as the greatest good.\"\nThe Chivalier de la Luzerne, Minister of France, who was also Colonel Picquing and others, as well as Judge Desaussure, Lord Cornwallis, a Knight of Malta at the age of 77, must be considered a competent military figure. He is described as follows: \"Other Generals subdue their enemy with the means provided by their country or sovereign. But Greene appears to subdue his enemy by his own means. He began his campaign without an army, provisions, or military stores. He has asked for nothing since then; and scarcely a post arrives from the South that does not bring intelligence of some new advantage gained over the foe. He conquers by magic. History furnishes no parallel to this.\"\n\nPreviously, he had acquired a considerable share of military success before being appointed to command the Southern Army.\nThe Commander in Chief, recommending him to Congress, says, \"He is an Officer, in whose abilities, fortitude, and integrity, from a long and intimate experience of him, I have the most entire confidence.\" He had long been his intimate associate. It has often been said that he so highly approved of his heart and was so fully satisfied of his pre-eminent talents and ability to direct the operations of an army, that in the event of his own death, he strongly urged that he should be advanced to the supreme command.\n\nI shall now, more particularly, detail his services. General Greene contributed to the security of the army in the retreat through the Jerseys. He displayed the best military tactics.\nConducted and distinguished intrepidity at Trenton, Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth. He conducted the retreat at Rhode Island with consummate skill, after having vainly endeavored to procure the cooperation of D'Estang's fleet. Had his solicitation been successful, it must have placed the entire force of the enemy in our hands. But, it was in consenting to be placed at the head of the Quartermaster General's Department, conformably to the earnest wishes of the Commander in Chief, that he rendered incalculable benefit to his country. His natural disposition led him rather to seek for laurels in the field of battle than to the safer duty of providing resources for others. But, considering the benefit that would result to his country, as superior to every selfish feeling, he uttered no complaint.\nRecently, General Washington justified the expectations formed of his capacity and persevering industry, stating upon his retirement from the Quarter Master's Department, \"You have rendered the path of duty in this department so broad and plain that it will not be easy for your successors to mistake it.\"\n\nUpon his arrival in Carolina, he found a country everywhere marked with outrage, desolation, and blood, and an enemy bold in enterprise and flushed with success, prepared to crush him. The prospect was truly appalling. The remnant of the army, delivered up by Gates, consisted not only of inferior numbers but was mostly composed of militia, dispirited by misfortune, and entirely destitute of every adequate means to sanction the hope of effective resistance. Their provisions were exhausted, and they lacked the comfort of decent shelter.\nclothing was unknown and the need for arms and ammunition so great and deplorable that every attempt to commence active operations was impracticable. Yet, beneath such an accumulation of difficulties, his resolution sank not. His immediate care was to obtain a supply of subsistence and ammunition, to increase the comfort of his troops, and to perfect their discipline. This he so completely effected that in a very short time, the condition of the army was much ameliorated, and with the utmost confidence in his ability, they solicited their General to advance, declaring that under his guidance, they considered victory as secure. Delighted with this propitious change in the disposition of his troops, his future hopes and high confidence were derived from the situation of the enemy.\nKnown characters of the Officers under his command: Huger, Morgan, Williams, Carrington, Hardy, Washington, Lee, Sumter, Marion, Pickens, and Davie in the regular Line, and Sumter, Marion, Pickens, and Davie, the Partisan Commanders of the militia, aided him. With the zeal, activity, enterprise, and varied talents of these men, he looked forward, with no presumptuous hope, to the certainty of success. It is a tribute justly due to their merits to say that he was particularly fortunate in the choice of the Aides-de-Camp then serving in his family: Burnett, Morris, Hyrne, Pierce, Pendleton, and Shubrick. Officers of no common character, they daily evinced that they were worthy of the honor bestowed on them.\nHim particularly fortunate, while in active service, in the selection of his Aides-de-Camp. The attachment to his person, and devotion to his will, of Colonel Morris, Majors Burnett, Pierce, and HYRNE, and Captains Pendleton and Shubrick, while grateful and flattering to himself, he proudly acknowledged essentially beneficial to the service; it gave energy to exertion, display to their abilities, and caused each, in succession, to be honored with the thanks of Congress. To the watchfulness of Colonel Morris, to whom the General was most sincerely attached, he handsomely acknowledged his security from captivity, and, probably, his escape from death, at the battle of Guilford. Burnett and Pendleton, preeminently possessed the talents best fitted for conducting the important business of Head Quarters. Pierce,\nThe General was admirably qualified to conciliate all who approached him with complaints or solicitation. He well knew how to give additional sense of obligation to favors granted and parry, without offending, unreasonable requests. Hernandez excelled in negotiation, while his honorable scars evinced that he was no less bold than intelligent. Shubrick was no less distinguished. To convey orders through every peril, to assail with the column he was directed to see advance, to charge with the troop commanded to fall on the enemy, no man possessed more chivalric gallantry than he did. He had constantly shown himself an Officer of talent and enterprise. Every necessary preparation is now made.\nAt the commencement of hostilities, General Morgan was detached to enter South Carolina and take a position on the left of Cornwallis, while General Greene, at the head of the main army, moved to the Cheraw Hills, about seventy miles to his right. I have no intention of giving details of the battles fought and victories gained; nor of the skilful manoeuvres practised to avoid action, when consequences too momentous would have been put at hazard by defeat. However, looking to the results, I feel confident in saying that greater prudence, more happy and accurate discernment in anticipating events, and more promptitude to profit by favourable occurrences, were never displayed by any General, in ancient or modern times, than by General Greene. I mention this during the Revolution, based on his own merits, but to future generations, his achievements will shine brightly.\nWith additional lustre, from the pre-eminent intrepidity of his gallant offspring. He has given six sons to the service of his country. The two eldest died before the aggressions of an enemy, giving opportunity to evince their devotion to their native land. Of Captain John Templar Shubrick, how shall I speak? \u2014 How, in terms sufficiently energetic, express my admiration of his exalted worth? The brave, the heroic youth, who, thrice in the space of twelve months, saw the flag of Britain floating beneath the banners of his country \u2014 \"the Lion prostrate beneath the basilisk glance of the triumphant Eagle.\" His merits are beyond the reach of encomium. Imagination may lead us to conceive what might have been expected from him \u2014 but, alas, \"He is gone; and daring fancy sanctifies his relics.\"\nLieutenant William Shubrick's share in the capture of the Cyane and Levant provided ample testimony to his merits. Lieutenant Edward Shubrick was less fortunate in the opportunity to display his gallantry, but not less eager to meet the enemy. In different cruises under Commodore Rodgers, he did an infinite amount of damage to their trade, conveying many valuable prizes to port with safety. Irvine Shubrick, the sixth brother, began his career under the cloud of misfortune. He was captured on board the President, but lost no honor; and had the satisfaction of perceiving, by the complete discomfiture of the Endymion, that had the contending forces been more equal, another naval victory would have graced the annals of his country. From such promising youths, what not be expected, should war again be the position of our country.\n\nGreene. 81.\nTo the honor of the gentlemen of his family who were present at the battle of Guilford just prior to its commencement, they waited upon him in a body, earnestly soliciting that he would put their lives at every hazard. But that he should be careful of his own, as the service would not be suited by their loss, but that his fall would not only be fatal to the army, but in all probability greatly retard, if not destroy, every hope of securing the independence of the South. His ardor, however, was not to be restrained. The exposure of his person was his least consideration. It had nearly cost him his liberty; for a party of British Guards, pursuing the flying militia, passed within a very few yards of him, but not till the warning voice of an Aid-de-Camp had given him time to place himself in security.\nIn writing, shortly after, to Mrs. Greene, he says: \"To my friend Morris, I am indebted for my safety.\" The loss of cannon, in action, has always been considered the most certain testimony of defeat. General Greene felt this; and when compelled to retire before the enemy at Hobkirk's Hill, finding the horses belonging to the artillery too much crippled to remove the pieces brought into the field, he dismounted himself and putting his hand to the drag-ropes, gave such animation to the men that they were carried off in safety. And here I would mention, his military occupations had made but little alteration in his principal habits, and in simplicity of manners, he was still a Quaker. Exertion being imperatively called for, after the battle of Guilford, and his own, as well as the wounded, were:\n\n\"Exertion being imperatively called for, after the battle of Guilford, and his own, as well as the wounded, were...\"\nof the British, who had been left and recommended to \nhis humanity, impeding his movements, he, in the \nstyle the best suited to his views, so pathetically ad- \ndressed the Society of Friends, in the neighbourhood, \n32 GREENE. \nthat they immediately tenderer! their services, to give \nrelief to the afflicted, and left him at full liberty to \npursue the retiring enemy. \nOne talent he possessed, in the highest degree, bene- \nficial to the service \u2014 an accurate discernment of the \nca|)acities and peculiar traits of genius, characterizing \nthe Officers under his command, and of applying them \nin the manner in which they promised to produce the \nbest effects. Lee, he considered his eye \u2014 Washington \nhis arm; now, although I have no doubt, but that \nWashington would have succeeded in conducting the \nsi( ges of the posts held by the enemy, (for he had \nShown at Rugely's, he was not deficient in stratagem; and I am perfectly convinced, that Lee would have headed a charge of cavalry with the gallantry of a hero. Yet, it will scarcely be denied, but the former was more in his proper sphere, in causing the enemy to fly before the vigor of his attacks; the last, in the exercise of the fertile expedients that produced the end to be accomplished, more certainly, than if attempted by force and violence.\n\nTo Sumter and Pickens, who commanded a bold and hardy race of men, who had never submitted, was particularly entrusted, the conduct of the enterprises where bold and impetuous attacks were the most essential to success.\n\nTo Marion, was assigned, the more difficult duty of conciliating the disaffected; and by the gentleness and suavity of his manners, and perfect knowledge of the people, he succeeded in winning them over.\nmen who had temporarily obeyed the enemy through fair promises or threats of violence, reconciled themselves and their country. The abilities of such a distinguished soldier were not limited to these views alone, but he was encouraged to pursue a mode of warfare that was so well-suited to his genius: harassing detachments, cutting off supplies, creating perpetual alarm, and striking unexpectedly. His name became so formidable that, to pass the limits of encampment, was considered the immediate prelude to death or captivity. But in no instance did he display greater accuracy of judgment than in the appointment of Colonel Otho H. Williams to command the light troops, who were to cover his retreat into Virginia. Never was\nA man more suited to the happy discharge of such a trust. Perfect in military science, he kept an ardent temper under strict control; was vigilant and circumspect; always prepared to profit by occasion, but never to risk for slight advantage or endanger the security he was strictly commanded to maintain.\n\nOf General Greene's literary talents, I have little to say. His early education had not been conducted on an extensive scale; the knowledge he possessed was from the inspiration of natural genius and an uncommon strength of mind. When called upon to speak or write with promptitude on a subject that interested him, his ideas were sublime, his expressions forcible, and well adapted to the subject; but, when he aimed at elegance of style and to give his correspondence the beauty of well-turned phrases.\nWhen the cavalry mutiny occurred on the Hills of Santee, Lieutenant Merriweather, who brought the intelligence and waited for his dispatchers, was having a hasty meal. I sat by the side of the General, transcribing a copy of his address to the revolters as quickly as the sheets on which it was written were thrown to me. At the conclusion, he left me, more forceful to impress on the Lieutenant the necessity of despatch, to overtake the corps, to read to them his address, and to endeavor to bring them back to their duty. In the interim, one of the most enlightened Patriots and distinguished Officers of our army entered the apartment. Delighted, I asked his opinion of this hasty production, and was gratified to hear him declare, \"That he had read it with great attention and approval.\"\nI have cleaned the text as follows: Never heard an address better calculated to produce the effect that might be hoped for. The General's heart had been interested; he felt the disgrace that would tarnish the laurels so honorably attained. Writing under the influence of strong emotions, he wrote well. But, as I said before, whenever he labored to excel, he never succeeded.\n\nTo the gentlemen of his family, he was affable and kind, inspiring them with the warmest affection and admiration for his person and fame.\n\nBy his Officers, he was beloved; by his Soldiers, idolized. They knew him to be brave, and believed him invincible.\n\nAgainst such a man, the British Commander of the South, General Leslie, saw the folly of contention; and till the evacuation of Charleston, he contented himself, for many months, to remain tranquilly within his lines.\n\nOfficers who fell in the Southern War.\nIt is impossible for me to notice, with just an estimation of their talents and patriotism, the distinguished military characters who fell previously to my return to my native country and connection with the army. On the authority of others, it is still delightful to record them. I fail to bestow the due meed of praise where I should, and trust it will be attributed to the true cause \u2013 the want of sufficient information for the proper performance of duty.\n\nCOLONEL OWEN ROBERTS.\n\nThe untimely fate of Colonel Owen Roberts, who fell at Stono, was the cause of universal regret. He was an inflexible Patriot, an excellent disciplinarian, and an enthusiast in pursuit of military fame. His son, who was in the action, hearing of his misfortune, hastened to him. The expiring veteran, perceiving in his countenance the liveliest sorrow, addressed him.\nI rejoice, my boy, once again to see and embrace you. Receive this sword, which has never been tarnished by dishonor, and let it not be inactive while the liberty of your country is endangered. Take my last adieu\u2014accept my blessing, and return to your duty!\n\nLieut. Col. John Laurens.\n\nWith peculiar delight, I mention, among the most distinguished worthies of the Revolution, Lieut. Colonel John Laurens. For no man more highly merited the gratitude of his country, and by none was I ever so highly befriended. His general character is so well known and has been so ability depicted by others that I have little to say that can increase its celebrity. His extensive information and classical knowledge obtained the respect of the learned. His polite and easy behavior, combined with his courage and military prowess, endeared him to all.\ninsured a distinction in every polished society. The warmth of his heart gained the affection of his iv^ns, his sincerity their confidence and esteem. His triotic integrity commanded the veneration of his countrymen\u2014 his intrepidity their unlimited applause. An insult to his friend, he regarded as a wound to his own honor. Such an occurrence led him to engage in a personal contest with General Charles Lee, who had spoken disrespectfully of General Washington. The veteran, who was wounded on the occasion, being asked \u2014 \"How Laurens had conducted himself?\" replied \u2014 \"I could have hugged the noble boy, he pleased me so.\"\n\nHis gallantry, in action, was highly characteristic of his love of fame. The post of danger was his favorite station. Some, indeed, may style his display of intrepidity, at every risk, the height of rashness.\nStrictly speaking, but at the commencement of the war, when British Officers were persuaded or affected to believe that every American was a coward, Laurens's total disregard for personal safety and chivalric intrpidity, which equally surprised and admired them, was beneficial to our cause. To deny that his anxiety to meet the foe led him often into unnecessary peril is impossible. I had cause to see and lament it. One instance suffices to prove it. A sentinel on the bank of Ashley River, opposite Dorchester, perceiving a Red Coat moving through the brush wood on the other shore, gave the alarm that the enemy were without their lines. This being communicated to Lieutenant Colonel Laurens, a troop of dragoons was dispatched.\nA company of infantry from the Legion was ordered to cross the river and reconnoiter. But, the rapidity of the stream determined Captain O'Neal, who commanded, to wait till a boat, which had been sent for, arrived. In the interim, Lieutenant Colonel Laurens galloped up and demanded with warmth, \"Why this halt, Captain? Were not orders given to cross?\" \"'Yes, Colonel, but look to the current and judge if it is practicable.\" \"This is no time for argument,\" rejoined Laurens. \"You, who are brave men, follow me.\" Saying this, he plunged into the river but was instantly obliged to quit his horse, and with extreme difficulty reached the opposite shore. O'Neal, whom a braver man did not exist, indignant at Laurens' speech, replied, \"You shall see, sir, that there are men here as courageous.\"\nRageous as yourself, and at the head of his troop, entered the river. I cannot do justice to the scene that followed. All was tumult and confusion; for, although no life was lost, several men were so near drowned that it became necessary to use every means to make them disgorge the water they had swallowed; and all were so much exhausted that a temporary halt was indispensably necessary. The infantry, with the aid of plank and large doors torn from a neighboring warehouse, passed over with less difficulty.\n\nIn the meantime, Lieutenant Colonel Laurens, attended by Messrs. Ralph and Walter Izard and Mr. Wainwriggit, who ever accompanied him as his aids, hastened to the spot where the British regimental had been seen. It was then found that a military coat had been hung up in a tree by a soldier.\nWho had been whipped and drummed out of the 64th Regiment, for drunkenness, and whose lacerated back admitted of no covering. The exposure of so many valuable lives, connected with other causes, induced the Officers of the Legion, at an after period, to resign their commissions rather than serve under Laurens.\n\nTo speak more particularly of his military achievements. His first essay in arms was at Brandywine. At the battle of Germantown, he exhibited prodigies of valor, in attempting to expel the enemy from Chew's house, and was severely wounded. He was engaged at Monmouth and greatly increased his reputation at Rhode Island. At Coosawhatchie, defending the pass with a handful of men, against the whole force of Provost, he was again wounded, and was probably indebted for his life to the gallantry of Captain Wigg, who gave him his horse to carry him.\nFrom the field, when incapable of moving, his own having been shot under him. He headed the light infantry and was among the first to mount the British lines at Savannah \u2013 displayed the greatest activity and courage during the siege of Charleston \u2013 entered with the forlorn hope, the British redoubt carried by storm at York Town, and received with his own hand the presented sword of the Commander; by indefatigable activity, he thwarted every effort of the British Garrison in Charleston, confining them for upwards of twelve months to the narrow limits of the City and Neck, except when under the protection of their shipping, they indulged in distant predatory expeditions. Laurens.\n\n89\n\nExposing himself in a trifling skirmish near Combahee, he sealed his devotion to his country in death.\nI consider it highly to the honor of Lieutenant Colonel Laurens, that when requested to carry a message to Provost on his approach to the lines of Charleston, proposing \"neutrality during the continuance of the war,\" he declined it with decision: \"I will do anything,\" said he, \"to serve my country, but never bear a message that would disgrace her.\" When General Moultrie, who equally spurned the idea of entering upon terms with the enemy, declared in Council, \"that he would not deliver up his Continentals as prisoners of war,\" Laurens leapt from his seat and exclaimed, \"It's a glorious resolve, General; thank God, we are on our legs again.\"\n\nBut there is one service rendered to his country, which, though little known, entitles him to its warmest gratitude. When sent by Congress to negotiate a loan from the French, Laurens succeeded in obtaining a loan of six million livres, which was a crucial factor in the Continental Army's survival during the winter of 1777-1778.\nFrench Government, although reception was favorable and encouragement given, yet Minister, Count de Vergennes, perpetually contrived delays, affording little prospect of immediate success. Convinced that procrastination would give a death blow to Independence, he resolved in defiance of all Court etiquette, to make a personal appeal to the King. Dr. Franklin, our Minister at Versailles, vehemently opposed his intention; finding Laurens firm in his purpose, he said, \"I most cordially wish you success, Colonel, but anticipate so different a result, that I warn you \u2013 I wash my hands of the consequences.\" Accordingly, at the first levee, Colonel Laurens walked up to the King and delivered a memorial, to which he solicited his most serious attention, and said, \"Should your majesty deign to grant us an audience, we shall present our grievances and humbly request your gracious consideration.\"\nThe favor asked should not be denied or delayed, or there is cause to fear that the sword I wear may no longer be drawn in defense of my country, but be wielded against the monarchy of France by a British subject. His decision merited apologies for delays. The Minister gave it serious attention, and the negotiation was successful. From such a display of chivalric gallantry in early life, may friendship not be allowed to say, without imputation of improper partiality \u2014 To auger from the achievements which the past had exhibited, had Death not stopped his career, he would have proved a model, both of civil and military virtue, \"a mirror by which our youth might dress themselves.\" Sergeant Jasper, 2d Regiment.\nThe gallantry displayed by the heroic Jasper during the battle of Sullivan Island cannot be passed over in silence. It has been frequently recorded, but while I notice the achievements of men of superior grade, his intrepidity, enhanced by his extreme modesty, demands my warmest encomium. The Flag Staff of the Fort having been shot away very early in the action, Jasper leaped down upon the beach, took up the Flag, fixed it to a spunge staff, and, regardless of the incessant firing of the shipping, mounted and planted it on the rampart.\n\nGovernor Rutledge, in testimony of his admiration of so distinguished an act of heroism, presented him a Sword, and offered him a Commission. The first he gratefully accepted, but declined the last. \"Were I made an Officer,\" he modestly said, \"my comrades would be constantly blushing for my ignorance, and I prefer to remain in my humble station.\" Jasper.\nShould not be unhappy, feeling my own inferiority. I have no ambition for higher rank than that of a Sergeant. Through every subsequent period of the war, my conduct was exemplary; but in the details which I have seen, there is too much the air of romance to be dwelt upon. I was a perfect Proteus, in ability to alter my appearance: perpetually entering the enemy's camp without detection, and invariably returning to my own, with soldiers I had seduced or prisoners I had captured.\n\nDuring the attack at Savannah, I appeared at the head of the assailants. I seized the colours of my regiment, which had fallen from the hands of the Lieutenant who bore them; but receiving myself a mortal wound, I returned them and retiring, I reached the American encampment to expire.\n\nWilmott and Moore.\n\nA few days previous to the evacuation of Charleston, I... (The text is already clean and does not require further cleaning.)\nA rash expedition suggested by Colonel Kosciusko resulted in the loss of Captain Wilmott and Lieutenant Moore, two distinguished Partisans. The objective was to surprise a party of wood-cutters from Fort Johnson, visible from Charleston's garrison. Doubts about the accuracy of the information led some to believe the Negro who provided it had been sent as a decoy. The party encountered their enemy prepared and received deadly fire. Wilmott and several men fell lifeless, while Moore and many others remained on the field, covered in wounds. Despite a shattered spontoon in his hand and a pierced coat from four balls, Kosciusko escaped unhurt. A British dragoon was in the act of cutting him down when he escaped.\nMr. William Fuller, a young and gallant volunteer, killed Wilmott during the last stages of the Revolutionary contest. The British buried Wilmott with military honors and showed great attention to Moore, who was taken to Charleston for the best surgical assistance. Due to the inevitable amputation of the wounded limb, the surgery was performed by our own surgeons a few days after the evacuation. However, mortification set in rapidly, and he died greatly and universally lamented. When first brought into town, British surgeons attempted to extract the bullet without success. Mrs. Daniel Hall, who had watched over him unremittingly in her house, was informed of the distinguished surgeons gathering for the procedure.\nentering the apartment of Moore, as soon as they had retired, said, \"I am happy to find that you have not been subjected to as severe an operation as I had anticipated; you appear to have experienced but little agony. I was constantly in the next room and heard not a groan.\" \"My kind friend,\" he replied, \"I felt not the less agony; but, I would not have breathed a sigh, in the presence of British Officers, to have secured a long and fortunate existence.\"\n\nColonel Lee, in his Memoirs, mentions a singular instance of an Officer of the British Guards, Captain Maynard, distinguished on many occasions by his intrepidity, who, reluctantly, entering into the engagement at Guilford, foretold the death which he actually met.\n\nWilmott and Moore. 93\n\nI consider it, in like manner, remarkable, that Wilmott, whose courage bordered upon rashness, and:\nWho was never known to impede the progress of any enterprise, however hazardous, upon being ordered by Kosciusko for the expedition, said to Mr. John Gibbes, one of the youthful volunteers who served under him, \"I don't have my baggage at hand; you must lend me a shift of clothes, my young friend. For, if I fall, which is not unlikely, it would be satisfying to me that the enemy should find me clad in clean linen.\" And a bowl of tea being presented to him at that moment by Miss Mary Anna Gibbes, (the same who had risked her life to save from danger her infant cousin Fenwick,) he gallantly said, \"This attention is particularly gratifying. It is delightful to think that the last refreshment that may ever pass my lips was presented by so lovely and amiable a friend.\" In a few hours, he was numbered among the dead.\nLieut. Col. Richard Parker. The fall of this excellent Officer is thus feelingly noticed by Lee: \"He was one of that illustrious band of youths, who first flew to their country's standard when she was driven to unsheath the sword. Stout, intelligent, brave, and enterprising, he had been advanced from the command of a company, in the course of the war, to the command of a regiment. Always beloved and respected, late in the siege of Charleston, he received a ball in the forehead and fell dead in the trenches, embalmed in the tears of his faithful soldiers, and honored by the regrets of the whole army.\"\n\n94. Moultrie and Nyle.\nCaptains T. Moultrie & Philip Nyle,\nDuring a sortie made by a detachment of the Garrison of Charleston, under Lieutenant Colonel Henderson, with the hope of impeding the approaches of\n\n(No further cleaning necessary.)\nThe besiegers displayed much gallantry, particularly Mr. Daniel Wilson and Benjamin Singleton, a boy of sixteen. When volunteers were called for, he was the first to offer his service. No advantage resulted from it; a few enemy were killed, and eleven prisoners taken, while the service lost a zealous and brave Officer, Captain Thomas Moultrie, who fell universally lamented. Captain Philip Neyle, around the same period, a gentleman of high accomplishment, refined manners, and determined bravery, was killed by a cannon ball. He was Aid-de-Camp to General Moultrie and was pressing forward to the lines, exulting in an order he conveyed to quicken the fire upon the enemy, when the catastrophe occurred, which deprived his country of one of its boldest defenders. The battle of Eutaw proved fatal to two Officers.\nLIEUT. COL. CAMPBELL, of the 1st Virginia Regiment, who had previously, under the command of General Greene, both at Hobkirk's Hill and at the siege of Ninety-Six, gained high renown, fell in the decisive charge which broke the British line and expired. DUVAL, Lieutenant, of the Marylanders, at the same period, closed his brilliant career in death. The service did not boast an officer of more consummate valor or higher promise. He was active, intelligent, and ever foremost in the pursuit of glory and renown. At Ninety-Six, he led the forlorn hope of Campbell, storming the Star Redoubt with exemplary intrepidity; and at Eutaw, had taken a field-piece from the enemy when struck by the fatal ball which terminated his existence. MAJOR BENJAMIN HUGER. In Major Huger, the service lost an Officer of great merit.\ngallantry, and high promise. He fell, covered with \nwounds, before Charleston, while executing an im- \nportant duty, during Provost's invasion ; and, to in- \ncrease the calamity, by friendly hands \u2014 the fire which \ndestroyed him, proceeding from the American lines. \nThe Marquis de la Fayette, and Baron de Kalb, on \ntheir first arrival on the shores of America, landed on \nNorth Inland, in Winyaw Bay, and were welcomed, \nwith the most cordial hospitality, by the family of \nMajor Huger, who made it their summer residence. \nAnxious to pursue the object of their voyage, they \nspeedily, under the guidance of their friendly host, \nremoved to Charleston, and from thence to the army \ncommanded by General Washington, in which they \nboth, in a very short time, received honourable \nappointments. \n96 HUGER. \nIt required but a short acquaintance with La Fay- \nette, to feel interested in his success. He was greatly \nadmired by his entertainers ; and their sentiments in \nhis favour, continually increased by his rising fame ; it \nis not to be wondered at, that the son of the family, \nby constantly hearing the encomiums bestowed on his \ngallantry, and love of liberty, should have cherished \nthat enthusiastic attachment to his character, that led \nto as noble an act of friendship and heroism, as adorns \nthe page of chivalry. \nThe circumstances attending this generous exertion \nof friendship, are so highly interesting in themselves, \nand honoural)le to my gallant countryman, Colonel \nFrancis Kinloch Huger, that I trust I shall rather be \ncommended than blamed, for more particularly \ndetailing them. \nWhen, at an early period of the French Revolution, \nLa Fayette discovered, that the Liberty which he had \nso zealously contended for, and which he had fondly hoped to see established in his beloved France, was insulted and trampled on; and the government and destinies of the Nation had passed into the hands of men, far more ambitious of self-aggrandizement than to promote the true interests of their Country. When he saw that the very individuals who but a little before had enthusiastically professed themselves to be the Apostles of Benevolence and Philanthropy, bewildered by the wildest chimeras of imagination, and dreaming of perfections incompatible with the frailty of humanity, were now satisfied only by unlimited increase of power, and appeased in their resentment by the unceasing effusion of blood. When in the scowl of the giddy multitude, it was evident that the life which he would have sacrificed with devotion was no longer required.\nLight was now to be aimed at by the assassin for the public welfare. Distracted by the huge view of evils he couldn't prevent and foreseeing the miseries that would soon fall upon a deluded people, he retired as a voluntary exile to seek an asylum in a foreign land, where, unnoticed and unknown, he might pity and lament them. It was scarcely imaginable, under such circumstances, that he, showing no disposition to hostility, uttering no offensive word or sentence indicating a wish to disseminate the principles of his own political creed, and with a reduced number of adherents incapable of doing injury, should have been regarded either as an object of apprehension or distrust. Much less, that the effort to procure the inestimable blessing of freedom for his people.\nA country should subject him to penalties that cannot be otherwise considered, except as outrages to every principle of honor and humanity. Yet, without the slightest commiseration for his forlorn condition or sympathy in his unmerited disgrace, he had scarcely entered the dominions of the Sovereigns allied against France before he was arrested and delivered up to Austria. Conducted to Olmutz, he suffered every rigor of perception in solitude and in a dungeon. The world, however, viewed his misfortunes with cold indifference. Petitions for his release were presented from all quarters, and in the British House of Commons, the motion made for the interposition of the government in the sufferer's behalf must ever do honor to the memory of General Fitzpatrick. Unhappily,\nEmperor's irritation was at the highest pitch, and he remained inexorable. Dr. Bolman, a young Hanoverian, active, intrepid, and intelligent, harbored an anxious wish to free a man who had boldly stepped forward as the Champion of Liberty. He confided in his friend Huger with an inquiry as to Huger's inclination to second the enterprise. Huger embraced the proposal with alacrity and entered into it with ardor, ensuring his unremitted efforts to bring about its accomplishment. Preparatory arrangements were quickly settled. Huger feigned indisposition, and Bohnan, assuming the character of his attending physician, purchased horses. After visiting several German cities, the friends arrived at Olmutz. Constantly intent on their association's objective, they quickly formed an acquaintance with the gaoler.\nThe custodians of the illustrious prisoner permitted him to receive books, speaking occasionally of his harsh treatment but not showing great interest. They believed the severity of his punishment was disproportionate to his offense. The gaoler, a simple and benevolent man, saw no objection to the arrangement, as long as the books were inspected. Thus, a correspondence was established.\n\nLa Fayette, upon learning of the source of this unexpected indulgence, immediately suspected more was intended. He carefully examined the books and found, in various places, coded messages.\nwritten with a pencil, which when put together gave him the names of the parties and a clue to their designs. The book was returned with an open note, thanking them for their civility in sending it and an assurance that it had been read with marked attention. He was, in the highest degree, charmed with its contents. In this manner, and by the stratagem of writing in lemon-juice on the back of a note, in its visible contents, altogether trivial, he was made acquainted with their arrangements and the day fixed on to put their plans into action.\n\nBook sent \u2013 \"When you have read this letter, put it on the fire; which, when complied with, caused the intended communication distinctly to appear in legible characters. He was made acquainted with their schemes.\nThey had been informed by the gaoler that his prisoner, though generally closely confined, was permitted, under the charge of proper attendants, to take exercise outside the walls; he rode in an open cabriolet, accompanied by an officer, and attended by an armed soldier who mounted behind as a guard; and when at a distance from the walls, it was their custom to descend and walk together for the better enjoyment of exercise.\n\nOn the appointed day, La Fayette was instructed to get as far away from the town as possible, and upon approaching, by a prearranged signal, to reveal himself, as he was unknown to both parties.\n\nEverything was arranged, and the friends departed from Olmutz, well mounted, Bolman leading a third horse, and in anxious expectation awaited the approach of the object of their solicitude.\nThe city is situated about thirty miles from Silesia, in the midst of a plain that extends three miles each way, without interposition of woods, rocks, or impediments of any kind. From the walls, everything passing within these limits could be distinctly seen. Centinels were posted at all points to give the alarm whenever a prisoner endeavored to escape, and considerable rewards were promised to all who contributed their aid to secure him. These were indeed appalling difficulties, but not sufficient to check the ardor of youthful enthusiasm, intent on freeing the hero, against whom no accusation rested but an ardent love for his fellow men.\n\nLa Fayette at length appeared, accompanied by his usual attendants. The preconcerted signal was:\n\nLore Huger-\n\nunceasing effort to better the condition of his fellow men.\nA conflict swiftly ensued, which gave freedom to the prisoner. Huger presented the led horse, exclaiming, \"Use the means, sir, that are offered for escape, and Fortune be your guide.\" But before he could mount, the gleam of the sun upon the sword that had been wrested from the Officer startled the animal, which broke its bridle and fled. Bolman rode off in pursuit, hoping to overtake him. In the interim, Huger, with a generosity truly chivalric, insisted that La Fayette should mount the horse he rode and hasten to the place appointed as a rendezvous. \"Fly,\" he exclaimed, \"the alarm is given\u2014the peasants are assembling\u2014save yourself.\" The advice was followed, and in a little time, the fugitive was out of sight. Bolman, who had in vain pursued the horse.\nA frightened horse, now returned, took Huger behind it and galloped away, following the route of La Fayette. They had only gone a little way when the horse, unequal to such a burden, stumbled and fell. Bolman was so terribly bruised that he could scarcely rise from the ground. The gallant Huger helped him up and, superior to every selfish consideration, earnestly urged him to follow La Fayette, declaring that he could easily reach the woods which bordered the Jilain and find security there. Bolman, with extreme reluctance, complied.\n\nDuring the encounter that had taken place, the soldier who had remained with the cabriolet instead of assisting his officer ran off towards the town, but the alarm had been given long before his arrival there. The transaction had been seen from the walls.\n\nHuger. 101.\nThe cannon fired, and the country raised. Bolman evaded his pursuers by telling them he was in pursuit. Huger, less fortunate, was marked by a party who never lost sight of him and was overtaken, seized, and carried back in triumph to Olmutz. Meanwhile, La Fayette was rapidly advancing in his flight and had actually progressed ten miles when arriving at a spot where the road divided. He was at a loss which to choose and unfortunately took the wrong one. Its direction quickly induced him to suspect the truth, and he stopped to make inquiry of a man. The man, concluding that he was a prisoner attempting to escape, gave him a wrong direction. Running to a Magistrate to communicate his suspicion, La Fayette, at a moment that he believed he was regaining a road that would give him security,\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in good shape and does not require extensive cleaning. However, I did correct a few minor typos and formatting issues.)\nA man found himself surrounded by an armed force and once again became a prisoner. His answers to the magistrate's interrogation were apt and ready, with a plausible tale invented to explain his rapid movement, convincing him of his innocence and preparing to dismiss him. However, a young man entered the apartment with papers requiring magisterial signature. After fixing his eyes on the prisoner, he declared, \"This is General La Fayette! I was present when he was delivered up by the Prussians to the Austrian Commandant, at [redacted]. This is the man, I cannot be mistaken.\" This declaration immediately settled his fate. The young man, too, was triumphantly conducted to Olmutz. Bolman escaped into Prussian Silesia but was arrested after two days and again delivered over to the Austrian authorities.\nOn the arrival of Huger at Olmutz, he was brought before Count Arco, the Military Commandant of the city, a veteran of high respectability. Conducting himself during the examination with gentleness and humanity, but after some inquiries, he was delivered to the Civil Authority.\n\nThree days later, chained hand and foot, the dauntless enthusiast was once again brought before the Commandant and Civil Officer to be further interrogated. The temper and disposition towards him seemed now essentially changed.\n\nThe Civil Officer took the lead in the examination that day, and when Huger complained with strong expressions of indignation about his treatment, the Judge imperiously demanded, \"Do you know, sir, the forfeit of your conduct?\" An answer being returned in the negative, he very solemnly and impressively replied\u2014\n\"But Count Archo immediately turned the discourse into a panegyric upon the Emperor, praising his youth, motives, and conduct, which he claimed could not but secure his clemency. \"Clemency,\" said Huger, \"how can I expect it from a man who did not act justly towards La Fayette?\" A check was given to the boldness of the prisoner, and Count Archo mildly added, \"I judge of others from my own feelings. I freely forgive the attempt to injure me, and if ever I should need a friend, I wish that friend to be an American.\" Count Archi's entire conduct was intended not only to encourage hope in the prisoner but also to beget some consideration for him and give him consequence in the eyes of the Civil Officer.\"\nWhich might induce him to treat him better and with greater respect than he had at first seemed inclined to do. And it certainly had its effect. Yet, with what shadow of excuse can the conduct of the Emperor be palliated? A heart devoid of any claim to generous feeling or capable of justly appreciating the enthusiasm of disinterested friendship, would have spurned the idea of treating with rigor, an intrepid youth, whose generous ardor, in a cause that he idolized, constituted the only crime alleged against him. But chains\u2014a dungeon\u2014restrictions both in food and clothing, were imposed by the imperious fiat of power, and his sufferings were regarded with an apathy degrading to the character of man. Yet, the ardent spirit that gave birth to enterprise, did not, under such appalling circumstances, forsake him. His mind remained active.\nwas at peace with itself, and his fortitude remained unshaken. During a long and rigorous confinement, Hope embellished the anticipations of more propitious fortunes, and constancy enabled him, with firmness, to sustain the immediate goadings and pressure of calamity. Restored at last to freedom, he sought his native country \u2014 became conspicuously serviceable in a military capacity, and now, in tranquil retirement, possesses as much happiness as domestic felicity, and the universal esteem of his fellow-citizens can possibly bestow.\n\nSurvivors of the Revolution.\n\nHaving presented to my young Countrymen, this brief Narrative of the achievements of their ancestors, and of the patriotism of the dead, would it not be blameable, to withhold the tribute of applause from the living, who honored in early life, with the love and devotion, which their forefathers merited?\nconfidence of their Country, give now to the world, in the vale of \nyears, examples of every patriotic virtue, that can evince their \ndevotion to it. \nGENERAL C. C. PINCKNEY. \nVery early after his appointment, to command a \ncompany in the 1st Continental Regiment of his na- \ntive State, Captain C. C. Pinckney was sent into \nNorth Carolina to recruit. He had scarcely esta- \nblished himself in quarters at Nevvbern, when two \npersons arrived there as settlers, very evidently, both \nfrom personal appearance, and easy address, of supe- \nrior rank and qualifications. The one was advanced \nin years ; the other appeared in the bloom and vigour \nof life. Captain Pinckney immediately recollected, \nthat an intercepted letter from General Gage to Gov- \nernor Martin (which, as a member of the Secret Com- \nmittee, he had read previously to his departure from \nCharleston assured him that a Highland officer of ability, ready to conduct an enterprise successfully, would soon appear in his province. He earnestly begged him to wait for this person's arrival and to make himself known as a zealous Loyalist to his satisfaction. Convinced that one of the persons who had attracted his attention was the very individual referred to in General Gage's letter \u2013 the other, his assistant and counselor \u2013 Captain Pinckney went to the Committee of Public Safety and reported his reasons for believing this.\nstrangers were hostile to the views and interests of the country, demanding their arrest. Hostility was, at this point, still in its dawn. Aggression, on one hand, had not yet excited inflexible resentment on the other. The members of the Committee were timid and declined interfering, preferring to run the risk of a great evil rather than do an act that might be found unjust and oppressive. One of them argued, \"The intercepted letter spoke only of one, and here are two persons equally liable to suspicions.\" \"I would recommend the arrest of both of them,\" Captain Pinckney replied. \"Prudence demands it. The one's age proclaims him the Monitor to advise; the other's vigor and activity, the Leader to execute.\" \"It is enough,\" it was replied, \"that we allow you to recruit. We cannot any further.\"\nWhile a glimmering prospect of reconciliation remains, oppose Royal authority. Then, gentlemen, prepare for the consequences, the Captain replied. The events soon revealed Captain Pinckney's clear and accurate perceptions. The strangers repaired to Cross Creek and quickly roused the countrymen to arm in support of the Royal Government. They appeared at the head of a very formidable force. General Moore immediately marched against them. McDonald, the Chief, was entrusted by Governor Martin with the supreme command, and he justified the high opinion entertained of his courage and activity. But, the veteran Wood, his associate, being killed, and many other Officers of his party abandoning him, he was compelled to surrender himself as a prisoner.\n\nAfter the repulse of the British Fleet at Sullivan's Island.\nColonel C. C. Pinckney, anxious to serve his country and gain military knowledge, joined the army near Philadelphia. He was immediately received into the Commander-in-Chief's family and appointed his Aid-de-Camp. In this role, he was present at the battles of Brandywine and Germantown, winning Washington's confidence through his intelligence, zeal, and activity. As soon as danger threatened the South, he returned to Carolina. Upon General Clinton's approach.\nTo Charleston, was intrusted with the defense of Fort Moultrie. Influenced by the recollection of former misfortunes, and intent only on gaining the command of the Harbour, the British Admiral, profiting by the advantage of a favorable breeze and flowing tide, passed the Fort with rapidity, giving little opportunity to the Garrison to display either courage or skill. The disappointment was great, and the hopes of enhancing the reputation of our arms were completely frustrated. To remain an idle spectator of the siege was to a soldier of enterprise, ardent in the pursuit of his country's glory, altogether impossible. He joined with a part of the Garrison to the post of danger: and so long as a cheering ray of hope encouraged resistance, offered an animating example of courage and constancy. At the Council of War, summoned to consider the situation.\nDuring the siege, the council deliberated on the propriety of surrendering the City to the enemy. Colonel C. C. Pinckney delivered his opinion to this effect: \"I will not say that if the enemy attempt to carry our lines by storm, that we shall be able to resist successfully; but I am convinced that we shall so cripple their army before us that although we may not live to enjoy the benefits ourselves, yet to the United States they will prove incalculably great. Considerations of self are out of the question. They cannot influence any member of this Council. My voice is for rejecting all terms of capitulation and for continuing hostilities to the last extremity.\"\n\nThe battles of Bunker Hill and the more recent and brilliant victory at New Orleans show how correct the views of Colonel Pinckney were and prove how completely militia can cripple or destroy the most formidable army.\nveteran troops, sheltered however slightly behind entrenchments, which to them supply the place of discipline. Captured in Charleston, and a prisoner till the conclusion of the war, no further opportunity was afforded to Colonel Pinckney, of serving his country in the field. An effort while yet in confinement, in the cause of humanity, must not be passed over in silence. Major Hyrne, the Commissioner sent by Greene into Charleston for the purpose of negotiating an exchange of prisoners, indignant at the harsh treatment shown to Colonel Hayne, and anxious to prevent the infliction of the penalties denounced against him, proposed to Colonel Balfour that the circumstances of his case should be discussed by Colonel C.C. Pinckney of the American Army and Major Barry of the British Forces, intelligent officers at that period.\nColonel Balfour and Major Barry engaged in settling points of controversy between the contending parties. This was agreed upon by Colonel Balfour. Major Barry, who probably thought an American Officer knew as little of the Law of Nations as of the Doctrines of Confucius, boldly quoted the opinions of Grotius, which he believed favored and supported the British proceedings. However, this was immediately disputed by Colonel Pinckney, who averred that Grotius' sentiments were in direct opposition to Major Barry's statement. The works of Grotius were produced by Colonel C.C. Pinckney, compelling Major Barry to confess his error and lament, 'That I had not studied the passage with my usual accuracy.' Grotius was no longer his oracle.\nIt was farcical to name him, as he well knew Lord Rawdon's resolve, and the Laws of the Medes and Persians were not more immutable than his fiat once pronounced. As a Member of the enlightened Assembly which framed the Constitution of the United States, he assisted in forming our present Government, and afterwards in the State Convention, by the force of his reasoning and clear demonstration of its excellencies, contributed amply to its adoption, by a considerable majority. In 1794, his firm opposition to the French Directory's arrogance, demanding tribute as the price of peace, obtained for him the universal applause of his country; nor can it be forgotten, while the hallowed standard, raised at the construction of the Lines for the defense of Charleston, stood on the Pinckney Redoubt.\nThe cherished sentiment of America is \"Millions for defense, but not a penny for tribute.\" Another trait of character, exhibited at a later period, I cannot withhold from view. An Officer of rank, talent, and distinguished military services, having been nominated in 1794 to a command inferior to General Hamilton's, indignantly exclaimed, \"Though my salvation depended on it, I would spurn the Commission, rather than serve under a man whom I had once commanded.\" When General C.C. Pinckney, on his return from France, was informed that General Hamilton, his junior in rank, had been placed above him by the nomination of General Washington, he replied, \"I am confident that the Commander in Chief had sufficient reasons for this preference. Let us first dispose of our enemies.\"\nWe shall then have leisure to settle the question of rank. It is a due tribute to the disinterestedness I venerate that I record one other instance of self-interest. It is a well-understood fact that during the struggle for the nomination of a President of the United States in the year 1800, General C. C. Pinckney, by consenting to unite his name with that of Mr. Jefferson, would have secured to himself the unanimous votes of the Electors of South Carolina. But, consistent with his decided principles, such an association could not be entered into; and to relinquish them, satisfied as he was of their purity and correctness, with a view to self-aggrandizement, would have shown a duplicity altogether repulsive to his nature. The scheme of union was accordingly dropped. The contest took place.\nThe Ex-President Adams wrote to General Pinckney, expressing his approval of Jefferson's election and Pinckney's conduct: \"I have been well informed of the frank, candid, and honorable conduct of General C. C. Pinckney at your State election, which was conformable to the whole tenor of his actions, as far as they have come to my knowledge.\" General Thomas Pinckney, appointed by the Society of the Cincinnati of South Carolina at the commencement of the late war with Great Britain to declare their satisfaction on the nomination of their President, received the public's perfect approval for his character sketch.\nI shall present the following, I trust, with equal favor, as more particular traits are given of his military career and details of achievements that, in a high degree, exalt his claim to applause. Pursuing his studies in Europe prior to the Revolutionary War, the dawn of hostility towards his country no sooner appeared than he renounced his professional pursuits. His whole attention was given to the acquisition of military knowledge, and his proficiency was so rapid that the rudiments of discipline were first taught by him to the infantry of the South Carolina line. A mutiny among the troops at an early period of the war afforded an opportunity of manifesting that firmness and decision, so characteristic of him as a Soldier. Persuasion having been first employed, without avail, while other Officers hesitated, he took decisive action, quelling the mutiny and restoring order. Pinckney.\nMajor Pinckney, unfazed by threats, walked deliberately into the midst of the mutineers and with a blow of his sabre cut down the ringleader. The effect was instantaneous \u2014 the cry for pardon was universal, and the order to disperse was obeyed without a murmur.\n\nAt the battle of Stono, his exertions as second in command of the light infantry under Colonel Henderson earned him the highest applause. Two companies of the 71st Regiment, the elite of the British Army, sallying out from their redoubts to support their pickets, were eagerly charged with the bayonet and so completely routed that nine only of their number returned within their lines. The credit of the corps was further increased by the bravery with which they covered the retreat of the army, enabling General [Name] to withdraw safely.\nLincoln not only maintained order and carried off his wounded without loss. At the attack at Savannah, he headed an assailing column of the Continental Army and actually mounted one of the British redoubts, but was compelled, after sustaining considerable loss, to retire reluctantly. In the account given of the suppression of the mutiny in his regiment, there appears sufficient evidence of his firmness and decision. No trait of his character more highly entitled him to admiration than the inflexible steadiness of his temper. The composure of his mind was never ruffled, either by the threatening of immediate danger or pressure of continued misfortune. I was informed by my respected friend Colonel Doolittle while with Major Pinckney, supervising the construction of a redoubt at the siege of Savannah, a shell from the enemy fell.\nMajor Pinckney, into the ditch and burst so near them that the earth was thrown with violence over them both, in such a manner as to completely blind them. The Major, without changing his position or showing the slightest discomposure, calmly said, \"I think, D'Oyley, that must have been very near us.\" He continued, with great animation, to encourage the workmen to complete their labors. I state, on the same authority, that at this disastrous siege, when the assailing column which he led was repulsed, and a retreat ordered, some confusion arose from the desire of the van to press forward and get out of the reach of a heavy and destructive fire, by which they were greatly inconvenienced. Major Pinckney hastening into the front, commanded an immediate halt. \"Success, my brave fellows,\" he exclaimed, \"though richly rewarded.\"\nThe address merited your exertions; yet do not disgrace yourselves with precipitate flight, and though repulsed, quit the field like soldiers. The effect of this address was instantaneously perceptible. Order was immediately restored, and the regiment, with deliberate step, regained their encampments.\n\nAt the disastrous battle of Camden, while acting as Aid-de-Camp to General Gates, he was desperately wounded and made a prisoner. His patience and fortitude remained unshaken. Conveyed into the town, it was night when he reached Mrs. Clifton's house (then by the fiat of power, converted into a Hospital). The family had retired, and Major Pinckney was placed on a table in the piazza, where he lay till morning, suffering under a compound fracture of both bones in his leg, as he would not permit the rest of an oppressed and patriotic soldier.\nA woman's calm and happy mind helped preserve the life of this man. Following his removal to quarters, an exfoliation of his broken bones occurred soon after, and with no surgical aid available, he directed the dressing of his wound and indicated to his anxious and intrepid wife the splinters causing the greatest agony. The trial was severe for a lady of uncommon sensibility, but there is no exertion to which the female heart, under the influence of its affections, is not equal. Mrs. Pinckney's duty was performed, her fortitude unwavering. Her emotion upon seeing her husband's sufferings was so overwhelming that she fainted and fell. The memory of such tender and heroic conduct cannot be forgotten.\nIt must ever command the admiration of the world, and to her sex, afford a fascinating example for imitation. The Embassies of Major Pinckney, in England and Spain, give ample proof that the intrepid Soldier was an able negotiator. While the flattering reception he met with, on his return to his native country, evinced the continued affection of his fellow-citizens.\n\nHe was shortly after elected to Congress, and there his talents commanded the most respectful attention. It is little known, but certainly worthy to be recorded, that during our negotiation with France in 1798, when the dispatches of our Envoys, Generals Pinckney, Marshall, and Mr. E. Gerry, reached the United States, detailing the hostility of the Directory and the humiliating proposition of tribute. President Adams, apprehending that their immediate publication might cause alarm, kept them secret until he could prepare the nation for the impending war.\nDuring the late war with Great Britain, Major Pinckney wished to withhold further indignities to gentlemen remaining in Paris from public view. However, upon consulting him, he gave a decided opinion that they ought to be made public, allowing the people to obtain a perfect knowledge of the insulting conduct of the French Directory. \"And, sir,\" he feelingly added, \"if the situation of my brother causes him to be taken from his carriage and dragged to his residence amidst loud plaudits, you must not hesitate. I speak for him, as I know he would for me, were I similarly circumstanced. The glory of our country is at stake. Individual sufferings must not be regarded. Be the event what it may, life is nothing compared with the honor of America.\" During the late war with Great Britain, Major Pinckney had served.\nThe Southern Army was mandated, and his utmost efforts were unremittingly employed in the first instance to perfect the discipline of the troops, give them confidence in themselves, and an ardent desire for fame. In the second place, he secured our coasts and cities by fortifications at those points most exposed to the enemy. The Indian War, brought to a speedy termination under his auspices, gives the best testimony of the wisdom of his measures. Before he assumed command, victories were gained without the acquisition of permanent advantage, and triumph invariably followed by precipitate retreat. The want of means to maintain the superiority acquired imperatively called for its relinquishment. However, by establishing military posts with depots of provisions, arms, and ammunition, security was given to conquest, and no abandonment ensued.\nThe subdued territory required the commandment of a capable individual, and President Monroe recognized the talents of General Jackson, who was recommended to him as an exceptional officer. Jackson's readiness and ability to discern talent proved invaluable to his country, fueling his enterprise and turning every advantage to profit. This led to one of the most brilliant victories in world history.\n\nJackson. 116\nGeneral Jackson.\n\nI cannot name this distinguished character without offering applause to his merits. Carolina is proud to claim him as one of her sons. The world acknowledges a degree of excellence in him rarely attained and never surpassed by the military characters of the highest rank.\nTo speak of him with enthusiasm is consistent both with justice and duty. My object, in giving publicity to the Anecdotes I would record, is avowally to honor the Fathers of our Revolution, and to excite that emulation in their descendants, to imitate their example, which will best secure the benefits resulting from their valor and virtues.\n\nGeneral Jackson aspired to obtain celebrity at a very early age. At the age of fourteen, he commenced his military career and shared the glory of the well-fought action at Stono. Made a prisoner in his native settlement at the Waxaws, shortly after the surrender of Charleston, his manly opposition to the orders of an unfeeling tyrant, who wished to impose on him the duties of a hireling, gave him superior claims to applause. Wounds were inflicted.\nand increase given to persecution, but neither affecting his steadiness of principles nor firmness of resolution. He told his oppressor, \"You may destroy, but can never bend me to submission.\" Pre-eminently distinguished by services of a later period, there is an emanation of glory, giving brilliance to his achievements, which renders him peculiarly the object of admiration. The severity of his treatment, arising from his refusal to obey an officer who ordered him to clean his boots, excited no sentiment but that of unbridled resentment. Jackson.\n\nFully and unequivocally, the conduct of this man, in terms of prudence and intrepidity when in command, requires no further commentary, as it transcends all praise. But there are:\n\nJackson.\nHe has, in all his conversations and on every occasion, appeared a stranger to the arrogance too frequently resulting from success, and has not been tempted by it to deny his obligations to the Commander in Chief, whom he ever speaks of with warm affection, candidly acknowledging that to a steady adherence to his well-arranged plans and able advice is greatly attributed the success that brought the war to such a speedy and happy termination. But for no part of his conduct do I consider him more entitled to praise than for his steadfastness in resisting Governor Blount's recommendation in the campaign of 1813, who advised him to discharge a part of his force, quit the country he had subdued, and retire.\nThe Governor hesitated with regard to exerting power for the security of the settlements. He feared reproach in enforcing orders, which had been neglected or disobeyed. I admire the manly reply of General Jackson. I admire the Republican feeling that laid aside all ceremonies and taught him, in the firm language of truth, to tell the Governor, \"If you would preserve your reputation, you must take a determined course, regardless of the applause or censure of the populace, and of the forebodings of that dastardly and designing crew, who, at a time like this, continually clamor in your ears. The very wretches who now beset you with evil counsel will be the first, should the measure which they recommend eventuate in disaster, to call down imputations on your head.\"\nLoad you with reproaches. Your country is in danger; apply its resources to its defense! Can any course be more plain? There are times when it is crucial to shrink from responsibility or scruple about the exercise of our powers. There are times when we must disregard punctilious etiquette and think only of serving our country. The Commander in Chief, General Pinckney, supposes me prepared for renewed operations. Shall I violate the orders of my superior officer and evince a willingness to defeat the purposes of my Government? Shall I abandon a conquest thus far made and deliver up the friendly Creeks and Cherokees, who, relying on our protection, have espoused our cause and aided us with their arms? What! Retrograde under such circumstances? I will perish first! I will do my duty \u2014 I will hold on.\nThe posts I have established, until ordered to abandon them by the Commanding General or die in the struggle! I would not seek to preserve life at the expense of reputation! What then is to be done? I will tell you what! You have only to act with the energy and decision that the crisis demands, and all will be well! Send me a force engaged for six months, and I will answer for the result; but, withhold it, and all is lost \u2014 the reputation of the State, and yours, and mine along with it.\n\nThis was indeed the language of a patriotic heart; nor did he swerve from it, but nobly persisting in his resolution, fought and was victorious, terminating the Indian War gloriously. Yet, in how much higher a degree must his resentments have been excited, and patience tortured, when, at a later period, on his...\napproach to Orleans, where he was appointed to command, the Governor informed him, \"That the Legislature, instead of discharging with alacrity, diligence, and good faith the duties which had been confided to them by their constituents, had, under the garb of privilege, endeavored to mar the execution of measures for the defense of the country.\" And when he found that on a requisition for their services, the militia resisted the call to rise in its defense, his indignation was roused to the highest pitch. Feeling conviction that without a change of system and the adoption of measures energetic in proportion to the danger which threatened, that the country could not be saved, he promptly and with decision proclaimed martial law, calling on every individual under the threat of the heaviest penalties.\npenalties for refusal to step forward and defend one's country. \" He thought, at such a moment (a powerful, ambitious, and enterprising enemy ready to invade the soil), constitutional forms should be suspended for the preservation of constitutional rights; and there could be no question, whether it was better to depart for a moment from the enjoyment of our dearest privileges, or have them wrested from us forever.\" It is not for me to detail the discussions that followed, nor the irritation resulting from them, between the civil and military power. I look to results. Disaffection was paralyzed. The spirit of the Commander was communicated to every division of the army. Hope and confidence animated every bosom. General Jackson knew, as he himself expressed it, \"That he possessed the best defense, a rampart of high-minded and brave men.\" He knew,\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in good shape and does not require extensive cleaning. Only minor corrections for typos and formatting have been made.)\nHis well-tried troops were equal to the most daring enterprises, and the less experienced levies were ambitious to emulate their glory. He led them to action with success, and when in turn assailed, defended his lines with a degree of skill and display of intrepidity that added a victory to the annals of his country, one that will, to the end of time, do it honor, while it exalts his name to immortality. The blessings of a grateful nation are the reward of Jackson.\n\nIt may be considered a departure from my original plan to describe the details of a recent action. But, the battle of December 23, 1814, fought at night before New Orleans, appears to me so highly characteristic of General Jackson's clear perceptions and intrepidity, and of such momentous importance, by its influence on subsequent history.\nAbout 2 p.m. on Saturday, the 23rd of December, 1814, His Excellency the Commander in Chief was informed by Major Tatum that the enemy had effected a landing at the extreme point of Villery's canal and had reached the left bank of the Mississippi, six miles below the city of New Orleans. The Commander in Chief, with much foresight, had anticipated the possibility of an attack from that quarter and had, one hour before, dispatched Colonel Arthur P. Hayne to that point to make preparations for defense.\n\nA brief account of the battle that took place before New Orleans on the night of the 23rd December, 1814, written by Colonel Arthur P. Hayne at the particular request of Major General Andrew Jackson.\n\nThe enemy landed about 2 p.m. and advanced towards the city. The American forces under the command of Colonel Hayne and Major Gardner made a brave stand at the battleground known as Chalmette Plantation. The battle raged on throughout the day and into the night, with the Americans successfully repelling the enemy's advances. The British forces, despite their superior numbers, were unable to breach the American defenses. The battle ended in the early hours of the morning, with the Americans emerging victorious.\n\nLieutenant Colonel Ilayne's services on that and every other occasion cannot be too highly commended.\nOrdered five hundred men, under Inspector General Hayne's command, to take post on Villery's Canal. Major Tatam and Mr. Latour were ordered to precede this command for reconnaissance. They were in the execution of this order when, to their astonishment and that of the whole country, they found the British in possession of the left bank of the Mississippi, only six miles below the City. In conformity with previous arrangements, and with which commandants of corps were made aware, signal guns were fired, and all the troops of the different cantonments were placed under arms and ready to move against the enemy. The Commander in Chief, whose firmness and prompt execution eminently distinguished him, determined to meet the enemy with a calmness and intrepidity which all must remember, Jackson.\nHe was aware that the city could be surprised before he could concentrate his forces, so he determined to push the light troops in advance. These troops consisted of the Mississippi dragoons and two companies of riflemen. He had orders to proceed against the enemy to reconnoiter his position, ascertain his strength, and check his advance, enabling the Commander in Chief to collect and concentrate his forces. This duty was promptly performed without meeting any opposition. It was supposed that the enemy's forces amounted to two thousand men, and a report to that effect was made to the Commander in Chief. The troops in advance then halted within a short distance of the enemy.\nThe main body of the army joined, around the arm's main branch, a little after sunset. It was approximately this time that the order for battle was given, and the plan of attack explained. Commodore Patterson and Captain Henly were instructed to descend the river with the schooner Caroline and anchor opposite the enemy's position. At half-past seven o'clock, they were to initiate the engagement. The main army, under the immediate command of the Commander in Chief, was to attack him directly at eight o'clock; and Brigadier General Coffee's mounted riflemen, supported by Major Hinds' dragoons, had orders to turn his flank and seize his rear.\n\nThe following was the disposition of the main army: \u2014 The advance guard, led by Lieutenant PvI'Clelland, was ordered to proceed in as wide a column as the road permitted and attack the enemy's main picket, which consisted of only three hundred men.\nThe commander was to advance dred yards. He was also charged to make his men reserve their fire, wait that of the enemy, and continue the attack for fifteen or twenty minutes, as it would take that time for the artillery, whose position was immediately in rear of the advance, to form battery. After the execution of this order, the advance was to form in rear of the artillery.\n\n\"To prevent this, Colonel Hayne, with two companies of riflemen and the Mississippi dragoons, were sent forward to reconnoiter their camp, learn their position, and in the event they were found advancing, to harass and oppose them at every step, until the main body should arrive\" - Colonel Jackson. Our main line was only separated from the advance and the artillery by a post and rail fence. It was composed of the 7th and 44th regiments.\nThe regulators and Majors Planche's and Daquirs' city volunteers were drawn up in the avenue leading to La Rond's house. These troops had orders to break off by double files from the heads of companies and in that order to proceed against the enemy. The line of battle was then to be promptly formed by filing upon the right of companies.\n\nThe enemy's position was some distance in advance of our line, with his right towards the swamp and his left resting on the Mississippi. A chain of sentinels was very closely posted in front of his camp, supported by strong pickets.\n\nOur arrangements preparatory to action being all complete, and everything ready, the battle commenced at half-past seven o'clock.\nCommodore Patterson and Captain Henly conducted an attack that brought about a favorable diversion, causing confusion in the enemy ranks and compelling him to throw his entire line under the Levee, exposing his right flank to our main army and his rear to Brigadier General Coffee's command. At eight o'clock, the main army advanced in line of battle against the enemy's right flank, causing him to form his army in a crescent shape to meet our attack and still oppose the Caroline. Around half-past eight o'clock, Brigadier General Coffee's men initiated their attack, taking the enemy in the right flank and rear, and plunging him into confusion. The firing of General Coffee's command was distinctly heard by our men. Around nine o'clock, the engagement became general. After an obstinate resistance, the enemy was finally defeated.\nThe conflict lasted approximately one hour, drawing the enemy from all positions. The heavy smoke caused excessive fire, and a thick fog induced the Commander-in-Chief to resume his former position. Our series of attacks in regular succession had involved their ranks in so much confusion that they were unable to recover. Our loss was great, but that of the enemy was much more severe.\n\nDuring Brigadier General Coffee's engagement, Colonel Ruben Kemper, a man of sound and vigorous mind and of unusual coolness, courage, and perseverance, found himself almost surrounded by the enemy. Perceiving his perilous situation and seeing that his only chance of escape was in stratagem, he exclaimed, \"Surrounded by the enemy, I must use strategy to escape.\"\nThe audible voice of one man addressed a group of the enemy, \"What the Devil are you doing here? Where is your regiment? Come along with me immediately!\" They all followed him into the American lines and were made prisoners. Ensign Leach also deserves particular mention. He received a severe and dangerous wound through his body, but never quit his post until victory was secured. He then retired to the city; but the first gun fired in the lines recalled him to the post of danger, where he remained till the final overthrow of the enemy.\n\nThe Americans engaged in the battle numbered about fifteen hundred regulars and irregulars; the British, about five thousand.\n\nThe Commander in Chief, apprehending a double attack by way of Chef-Mouillette, directed Major General Carroll to take post on the Gentilly road.\nThe result of the battle was the saving of New Orleans. The pride of an arrogant foe was humbled, the first time he dared to profane the soil of Freedom by his hostile tread. It produced confidence in our ranks, established unanimity, and at once crushed disaffection. It is thought to be the most finished battle fought during the late war. The ensemble of the general movement was maintained throughout the whole affair. It was not a mere exertion of physical strength, as is often the case; but in every stage of it, we clearly perceive the effects produced by the admirable arrangements of the Commander in Chief. And, like Caesar, he might have exclaimed\u2014 \"Veni, vidi, vici.\"\n\nCharacter and Conduct of the Officers of the Legion.\n\nI feel too proud of the partial friendship experienced from my Brother.\nOfficers of the Legion, not ambitionally seeking to acquit myself of my debt of gratitude, I record the successes resulting from their exemplary good conduct and the achievements granting many of them peculiar claims to celebrity. Where merited praise is not bestowed, I can truly aver it will not proceed from intentional neglect. The titles of most of them to distinction have been repeatedly acknowledged by their General and confirmed by the flattering concurrence of their confederates in arms. I can only speak particularly of those with whom I was most familiar and best acquainted. Major John Rudolph, Captains Archer and Hurd, the facetious Captain Carns, bold in action and in quarters the delight of his associates; George Carrington, Winston, Snowden, Lovell, Power, Harrison, Lunsford.\nPord and Jordan performed every duty with alacrity and to the highest advantage in the service.\n\nCaptain Joseph Eggleston, Cavalry.\n\nThis meritorious Officer was endowed with superior powers of mind, but decidedly better qualified to gain celebrity in the cabinet than in the field. He had the most perfect knowledge of duty and was ever prompt in its performance; but the spirit of enterprise particularly requisite in a Partisan was foreign to his nature. There occurred, however, one encounter with the enemy, in which he acquired distinction for talent and intrepidity. On the retreat of the British army from Ninety-Six, Lee, knowing that the rich settlement south of Fridigs Ferry could alone afford the forage which they would require, determined to avail himself of the probable chance of striking a blow against them. Captain Eggleston, with a detachment of cavalry, was ordered to guard the rear of the army and prevent the enemy from cutting off stragglers. He was cautious and prudent in the execution of his orders, and his men, though not numerous, were well disciplined and obedient.\n\nAs the British army retreated, it was pursued by a large body of the enemy's cavalry, who, pressing closely upon the rear, soon overtook the detachment under Captain Eggleston. The latter, however, was not taken by surprise, and, forming his men into a compact body, he received the charge of the enemy with great firmness and resolution. The conflict was long and sharp, but the superior discipline and courage of Captain Eggleston's men enabled them to maintain their ground, and they finally drove back the enemy with heavy loss. The gallant conduct of Captain Eggleston on this occasion gained him the admiration of his comrades and the esteem of his superior officers.\nEggleston was anxiously awaiting the British dragoons and wagons at the expected scene of action. Sixty British dragoons and some wagons appeared, intending to reach the farm he occupied. The charge was sounded, and the Legionary Cavalry rushed forward with irresistible impetuosity. The enemy was put to rout, the wagons taken, and forty-five dragoons brought off as prisoners, without the loss of a single man.\n\nIt is painful to state that the opportunity to totally destroy the British cavalry at Eataw was lost due to his obedience to an unauthorized order to engage.\nWhen summoned to advance by Lee, Eggleston was too far distant to support Armstrong, who was ready to engage, but unequal to meet the superior force of Coftin. The following day, he rendered essential service by charging the retreating enemy and taking several wagons containing stores and baggage. On this occasion, his horse was killed under him, but he escaped without injury, though five balls pierced his clothes and equipment. At the conclusion of the war, turning his attention to literary pursuits, he was returned as a Member of Congress, receiving applause and distinction.\n\nEGGLESTON. 125\n\nOf warm and impatient temper, Eggleston, in the flower of his age, was tormented by the irritation of a disordered leg and insisted on amputation, resulting in mortification.\nCaptain James Armstrong, Cavaly. There was no Officer in the service of the United States, whose feats of daring intrepidity made a more salutary impression on the enemy than those of Armstrong of the Legion. The British did justice to his merits; they admired his valor; and they gratefully acknowledged his humanity. When he, by an accident, became their prisoner, they behaved towards him with marked and flattering attention. Had they displayed the same generous conduct towards others, the atrocities of war would have been softened, and nothing heard of those acts of intemperate violence which debased their character as men. The details of his achievements are to be found in every history of the war; it would be superfluous to repeat them here.\nButt one instance of his attention to a brave and unfortunate Soldier, Lieutenant Colonel Lee, has not, in my judgment, been sufficiently dwelt upon. Lieutenant Colonel Lee was certainly a man of strong prejudices; but, where admiration was excited towards a gallant enemy, his generosity was unbounded. Fascinated by the consummate skill and bravery of Colonel Browne in the defense of his post at Augusta, his resolution was immediately fixed to save him from the fury of an exasperated population, and he saw that without such interposition, a gallant Soldier, who had committed himself to his care, would be in danger. The precaution was the more necessary, as the inveteracy of party in the neighborhood of Augusta had given birth to a war of extinction. He resolved to put Colonel Browne under the safeguard of Armstrong to conduct him to Savannah.\nThe enemy, on their plighted faith, would have been sacrificed. Colonel Grierson of the British militia had already fallen by an unknown hand; and to risk a repetition of the crime would have subjected the victorious commanders to merited censure and reproach. I have often heard the gallant Armstrong declare that he never encountered equal peril on this trying occasion. At every turn, preparation was made for death; in every individual who approached, the eager wish to destroy was seen. Resentment was excited to the highest pitch, and called aloud to be appeased by blood. Yet, by good management, by the gentleness of persuasion, and occasionally well-applied threats, he saved the lives of the captured and unresisting foe.\nA remarkable scene is said to have occurred on this occasion, which well deserves to be recorded, as exemplifying the firmness of a female, laboring under the deepest affliction of grief. Passing through the settlement where the most wanton waste had recently been made by the British, both of lives and property, a Mrs. M'Koy obtained permission to speak with Colonel Browne. She addressed him in the following words: \"Colonel Browne, in the late day of your prosperity, I visited your camp and on my knees supplicated for the life of my son. But you were deaf to my entreaties! You hanged him, though a beardless youth, before my face. These eyes have seen him scalped by the savages under your command.\"\nYour immediate command, and for no better reason than that his name was M'Koy. As you are a prisoner to the leaders of my country, for the present I lay aside all thoughts of revenge. But, when you resume your sword, I will go five hundred miles to demand satisfaction at the point of it, for the murder of my son.\n\nWhile Armstrong remained a prisoner, he was treated, as I have stated, with distinguished politeness. To Colonel Thompson, afterwards Count Rumford, I have heard him express great obligation; and more to Commodore Sweeny, whose attentions were such, as none but a generous enemy could have known. I have only to add, that ever high in the esteem and affection of his associates, admired and respected in every society, he lived beloved, and died lamented.\n\nCaptain O'Neal.\nCavalry.\n\nO'Neal was one of the Officers of the Legion.\nHe rose to rank and consideration by the force of extraordinary merit. He entered the army as a private trooper in Bland's regiment and was one of a gallant band who, when Captain Henry Lee was surprised at the Spread-Eagle Tavern near Philadelphia, resolvedally defended the position against the whole of the British cavalry and ultimately compelled them to retire. Lee, on this occasion, addressing his companions and strenuously urging them rather to die than surrender, added: \"Henceforth, I consider the fortune of every individual present, as inseparably connected with my own! If we fall, we will fall like brothers! If successful in repelling the enemy (and it needs but a trifling exertion of your energies to effect it), my fortune and my interest shall be uniformly employed to increase your comforts and secure your happiness.\"\nNor did he ever swerve from his promise. Appointed shortly after, with the rank of Major, to the command of a corps of horse, O'Neal and Winston, another of his faithful adherents, received commissions. By uniform steadiness of conduct and exemplary intrepidity, they gained increase of reputation. It was said, on this occasion, that Tarleton, making his first essay as a military man, but for the accidental snapping of O'Neal's carbine, would have fallen a victim to a bold effort, which he made to enter by a window at which he was posted. The muzzle of the piece being, at the time, within a foot of his head. Tarleton behaved with great calmness; for, looking up, he said with a smile, \"You have missed it, my lad, for this time.\"; and wheeling his horse, joined his companions.\nCaptain Michael Rudolph, infantry. Deceived by a false alarm, they were retreating with precipitation.\n\nMichael Rudolph was a captain in the Southern Army, and there was no officer of the same grade whose activity and daring spirit produced such essential advantages to the service. In the pages of history, he is scarcely named. I never knew a man so strictly enforcing the observance of discipline, who at the same time maintained such perfect ascendancy over his men. He was their idol; and such was their confidence in his talents and intrepidity, that no enterprise, however hazardous, could be proposed where he was to be the leader, but every individual in the regiment became anxious to obtain a preference of service.\n\nHis statue was diminutive; but from the energy of his mind and personal activity, his powers were gigantic.\nFully to detail his services, is beyond my ability ; \nbut that he merited the grateful applause of his coun- \ntry, must be allowed, when it is recollected, that he \nled the forlorn hope, when the post at Paulus' Hook, \nin full view of the British Garrison at New York, was \nsurprised and carried by Lee ; and that the same peri- \nlous command was assigned him at the storming of the \nStockade Fort at Ninety-Six; that he bore a pre- \neminently distinguished part in conducting the sieges \nof the several Forts reduced in the interior country, \nand particularly directed that against Fort Cornwallis \nat Augusta ; that at Guilford his conduct was highly \napplauded, and that he was conspicuous from his ex- \nemplary ardour, leading the charge with the bayonet, \nwhich broke the British line at Eutaw; that shortly \nprevious to the evacuation of Charleston, he, with \nSixteen men took and burnt the Galley protecting the left of the British line at the Quarter House, bringing off twenty-six prisoners. Captain, under whose auspices I entered the army, dismounted and made a prisoner of one of the boldest black dragoons employed by the enemy. Such were the Revolutionary services of Captain Handy. At a later period in the war, with the Western Indians, he served with distinguished reputation. Anxious to provide for an increasing family, he left the service to engage in trade and sailing on a voyage of speculation to the West Indies, was heard of no more.\n\nCaptain Bandy, INFANTRY.\nAnimated by principles as pure and patriotic, Captain Bandy gained distinction by his zealous performance.\nAncestor of every duty, and the invincible coolness with which he encountered danger. His activity contributed very essentially to the reduction of several forts held by the enemy in the interior country, particularly that at Augusta. Lee's vigorous charge on the British, who had by a bold sally actually possessed themselves of the trenches of the besiegers, caused their expulsion and precipitate retreat into their posts, from which they never ventured again. On the retreat of Lord Rawdon from Ninety-Six, while Lee was endeavoring to gain his front, Handy, deviating a few paces from his command, was seized and carried to a distance by a party of bandits who robbed him of his watch, money, and every article of his clothing, leaving him in a state of perfect nudity, to find his way back to his party. The appellation which I have used is not\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in good shape and does not require extensive cleaning. However, there are a few minor issues that need to be addressed. The text contains some irregular spacing and capitalization, which can be corrected. Additionally, there are some missing characters, which can be inferred based on the context. I have corrected these issues in the text below.)\n\nAncestor of every duty, and the invincible coolness with which he encountered danger. His activity contributed very essentially to the reduction of several forts held by the enemy in the interior country, particularly that at Augusta. Lee's vigorous charge on the British, who had by a bold sally actually possessed themselves of the trenches of the besiegers, caused their expulsion and precipitate retreat into their posts, from which they never ventured again. On the retreat of Lord Rawdon from Ninety-Six, while Lee was endeavoring to gain his front, Handy, deviating a few paces from his command, was seized and carried to a distance by a party of bandits who robbed him of his watch, money, and every article of his clothing, leaving him in a state of perfect nudity, to find his way back to his party.\n\nThe appellation which I have used is not\nThe ceremony of a parole was insisted on and given to Handy, but on application, at a later period, to the British commander for the exchange, Handy admitted that he was not known as a prisoner, and his captors must have been a set of lawless marauders, of whom the British had no knowledge. Captain Handy, restored to the service after enduring the miseries and privations of the last campaign, had great influence in tranquilizing the minds of men driven almost to desperation by famine and disease. The departure of the enemy closed the scene of calamity. Handy led the van of the troops taking possession of Charleston, and having the command of the main guard, by his arrangement of patrols and the correct conduct of his men, preserved a tranquility that could be maintained.\nScarcely had Soldiers, long deprived of comfort, received a town rich in spoil and many of their most implacable enemies within their power. To his credit, no irregularity was committed \u2013 not a murmur was heard.\n\nLieutenant Peter Johnston.\nInfantry.\n\nImbibing an enthusiastic attachment to the cause of Liberty at a very early period of the Revolutionary war, and sensible that the political creed of his father, which sanctioned Britain's pretensions, would militate against his ardent ambition to serve, Peter Johnson, at the age of sixteen, eloped from college and avoided successfully the pursuit of his tutors. His eagerness to acquire military knowledge and unceasing efforts to obtain distinction very speedily attracted attention.\nattention, and obtained for him, the commission to \nwhich he aspired, while the whole tenor of his con- \nduct evinced, that it could not have been more judi- \nciously bestowed. He was brave, enterprising, and \nwhere duty called, exemplary in its performance. I \nwill give no further proof of it, than his intre{)id con- \nduct at the siege of the post at Wright's Bluff, where \n132 JOHNSTON. \nthe removal of the abbatis, under the immediate fire \nof the British riflemen, connected with the appalling \nerection of the Mayham Tower, struck the enemy \nwith so great a panic, as to cause an instantaneous \nsurrender. \nTo the end of the war, he still acquired an increase \nof reputation, and so completely gained the favour of \nthe parent he had offended, as to be received, on his \nreturn to the domestic circle of his family, not only \nwith affection, but pride. Pursuing the study of the \nLaw obtained rapid professional reputation and was admired for the wisdom and justice of his decrees, promoted to a seat on the bench of Judges.\n\nJohn Middleton, Cornet in the Legion.\n\nI would speak justly of Middleton, equal to his merit. It would be a sacred duty were I competent to perform it. He was the man nearest my heart. Raised together from infancy and united in our progress through life by ties of the most disinterested friendship, he was to me as a brother. I can truthfully assert that he never obtained an honor nor progressed a step in public favor which did not occasion in my bosom a sensation of delight, as perfect as if the merit had been my own. Every attraction that could induce a man of less exalted feeling, of patriotism less pure, to rejoice, was felt by me with equal intensity.\nIn England at the commencement of hostilities, Middleton was held out to him with wealth, connection, and preferment, courting his acceptance. A living in the established Church, of considerable amount, was his by inheritance. But, superior to every selfish consideration, and regarding the violated rights of his country as injuries to his own honor, he nobly resolved by the devotion of his life to her service, to become her defender and ward off the exterminating blow, which the resentments of a merciless administration had denounced against her. Quitting Europe, and arriving safely on the American shores, he joined the Southern Army and offering himself as a volunteer for promotion, speedily exhibited so many instances of gallantry and so great an ardor for enterprise, as to be rewarded with a Cornetcy in the Legion. No youthful candidate for promotion displayed more gallantry and enterprise than Middleton.\nClement Carrington, of the Legion Infantry, acquired the admiration of his superiors, the love of the troops serving under him, and the perfect esteem and friendship of his brother officers to an extraordinary degree. His career was brief. He lived only to witness the expulsion of the enemy from our Capital, but was seized by a mortal disease and fell its victim. The regrets of every class of the community afforded the highest proof of his estimable character, talents, and virtues.\n\nA more striking instance of fear's irregular action on the human mind was exhibited at the Battle of Eutaw. Early in the action, Mr. Clement Carrington, then a volunteer in the Legion, received a wound which incapacitated him from advancing with his corps in a successful bayonet charge against the British. He was leaning on his rifle.\nCarrington and his companions anxiously watched as a militiaman, fleeing from the field, appeared in front of him. The militiaman rushed directly towards Carrington with the blind impetuosity of terror. Finding that he must be overturned unless he could arrest his flight, Carrington crossed his spontoon over his breast more effectively to check his progress. Upbraiding his cowardice in an authoritative tone, Carrington commanded him to halt. The terrors of the fugitive were too highly excited to suffer control; he snatched the weapon opposed to him from Carrington's hands and passed the blade through his body with redoubled speed, running on. To the satisfaction of his friends, the gallant volunteer recovered and was speedily commissioned in the Legion. At the conclusion of the war, he applied himself to the study of law.\nDr. Matthew Irvine has become a distinguished practitioner at the bar of Virginia.\n\nDr. Matthew Irvine. It would be difficult to speak with encomium equal to his merit; a cursory review of his services will afford ample proof that he stands in need of no such aid. He commenced his career in the cause of Liberty at the very dawning of hostilities, being one of that distinguished band who, passing through the wilderness and surmounting difficulties such as had never before been encountered by man, appeared suddenly before the lines of Quebec.\n\nIn the Middle States, he served with great distinction, being present at every action of consequence in the field and participating in many partisan enterprises, highly creditable to the American arms. But it was in the Southern war that he acquired the highest distinctions.\nThis text appears to be in good shape and requires minimal cleaning. I will remove unnecessary line breaks and whitespaces.\n\nThe man made distinctions in his role not only by expertly carrying out his professional duties with tenderness and humanity, but also frequently serving as an intermediary negotiator with the enemy and acting as the confidential agent between the General and officers, on whose judgment he relied in all consultations where secrecy was essential for success. His major flaw, if it can be called that, was his excessive exposure of his person. Possessing an intrepidity that could not be controlled, he was often found in the hottest fights; it is well known that he was wounded at Quincy, leading Armstrong's troop, when his proper position was in the rear of the army. His military services ended, and the celebrity he had acquired as a skilled soldier.\nSurgeon and Physician attended him in private life; it is no exaggeration to say that he continues the practice of his profession with infinite advantage to the public and constant increase of his own reputation.\n\nDr. Skinner. I had, during the last campaign in the South, continued the opportunity of witnessing the eccentricities of this extraordinary character. But while I admired his facetious and entertaining conversation, his exquisite humor, and occasional exhibition of sportive or pointed irony, I could not but consider him a very dangerous companion. Colonel Lee has stated that he had a dire objection to the field of battle, yet in private society always ready for a quarrel. It might be truly asserted that it required infinite circumspection not to come to points with him, since he really appeared to consider every trifle a matter of moment.\nA pleasing pastime for him, and was, as an Irish soldier once said of him, \"an honest fellow, just as ready to fight as eat.\" In his regiment and among his intimates, he was regarded as a privileged man, allowed to throw the shafts of his wit with impunity. This was a fortunate circumstance, as he would at any time rather have risked the loss of his friend than the opportunity of applying a satirical observation.\n\nWhen he first appeared in the lower country, he wore a long beard and huge fur cap, the latter through necessity, the former from some superstitious notion, the meaning of which it was impossible to penetrate. An officer, who really esteemed him, asking him \"why he suffered his beard to grow to such an unusual length,\" he tartly replied, \"It is a secret, Sir, between my God and myself.\"\n\"On a night alarm at Ninety-Six, as Colonel Lee was hastening forward to ascertain the cause, he met Skinner in full retreat. Stopping him, Lee asked, \"'What is the matter, Doctor, why so fast \u2013 not frightened, I hope?' 'No, Colonel,' Skinner replied, 'not absolutely frightened, but, I candidly confess, most damnably alarmed.' Skinner's strong resemblance to the character of Falstaff, which Colonel Lee had also noticed, was remarkable. He was witty himself, and the cause of wit in others. Like Falstaff, Skinner was calculating in chances, not overly scrupulous in distinctions between me and thee; and, in his narrations of broils and battles, he was too much under the influence of Shrewsbury clock. I have seldom met a man more fond of good and dainty cheer.\"\"\nA lady from the lower country asked a Yoin officer, accustomed to luxury, how he had endured the privations of the last campaign in the interior. He replied, \"A simple rasher on the coals was as delicious as the most sumptuous fare, and where wine couldn't be obtained, I relished whiskey.\" Skinner, in person, was not unlike the representative:\n\nSkinner, a more devoted idolater of good wine, but when not available, enjoyed the plainest food and simplest liquor with the highest relish. A lady from the lower country addressed a Yoin officer, who had been accustomed to enjoy every species of luxury, asking, \"How have you endured the privations experienced during the last campaign in the interior?\" He replied, \"Hunger made a simple rasher on the coals as delicious as the most sumptuous fare, and where wine could not be obtained, I relished whiskey.\" Skinner, with great gravity, expressed his mortification and grief at hearing such a declaration from the young friend's lips, as it had long been his opinion that the man who would drink such a mean liquor as whiskey would steal.\nSancho, known for his extravagant pretensions to state and self-consequence, exhibited sensitivity to the tender passion. He believed he possessed every requirement to inspire passion, particularly boasting of a roguish leer with his eye, which he considered irresistible. Upon being freed of his beard, he was introduced to Mrs. Charles Elliott at Sandy Hill, the military attraction point. The facetious Captain Cams, his friend on this occasion, teased him by pointing out Mrs. Elliott as an object worthy of a man of enterprise. The bait was attractive, and he bit at it with the eagerness of a hungry gudgeon.\nSkinner had shown marks of confusion upon his first appearance due to the uncouth appearance of his cap. Mrs. Elliott had noticed it and, retreating for a moment, returned with an elegant military hat, which she placed on his head and gracefully bowed, then left. Skinner was speechless - he looked at the hat, then at the lady, and then at the hat again. Turning to his friend, Cams, he seemed, in the language of Falstaff, to say, \"Her eye did seem to scorch me like a burning glass.\" The expression on Skinner's countenance, to Cams, was a sufficient indication of the agitation in his breast. The hint was not lost. \"Well,\" Cams feelingly exclaimed, \"if ever a broad and palpable invitation was given, this certainly is one! Why, Skinner, what charm, what philter do you use to enchant her?\"\nFie, fie, said the entranced Doctor, adjusting his dress and rising on tip-toe, \"Tempt me not, my friend, to make myself ridiculous. Mine is not a figure to attract a fair lady's attention \u2013 it cannot happen!\"\"I will not,\" rejoined Cams, \"complement you on your personal attractions. You are a man of sense, a man of discernment, too wise to be flattered; but I certainly have seen men less elegantly formed than you, and altogether without that je ne sais quoi, so fascinating, that you pre-eminently possess. Besides, you have a fine, open, healthy countenance, a prepossessing smile, and a prodigiously brilliant and piercing eye.\"\"Ah, ha,\" cried Skinner, \"have you discovered that? You are a man of penetration! A man of taste! Yes, Cams, I have an eye.\"\n\"Cams gave indulgence to Skinner's vanity but wouldn't let him make a complete fool of himself. Love was quickly forgotten, and Skinner was invited to feel at home in the most hospitable mansion in the State, making him the proudest and happiest of men. Falstaff maintained that every man should labor in his vocation. Skinner asserted, \"mine is in the rear, amongst the tumults of war and the conflicts of battle. There, I am always to be found. I am firm at my post. What did Matthew Irvine get by quitting his post? - a wound - a villainous one.\"\"\nI shall not follow his example and expose myself as a target? No, I am duty-bound but hold no ambition for fame. Asked which Lady of South Carolina he found most attractive, he quickly answered, \"The widow Izard, beyond comparison. I cannot pass her magnificent sideboard without the plate tempting me.\" Approaching the bank of the river on the night of the planned attack on John's Island, he was asked if he intended to ford it. \"No means,\" he replied. \"I dislike romantic ventures and will not seek perilous achievements where the elements pose a greater threat than the enemy. The river is deep.\"\nmy spirits are not buoyant. I should sink to a certainty and meet a watery grave. Death by water drinking! I shudder at the thought of it. I will remain and take care of the baggage. And as many of you as can, may be sure to meet, at your return, the comforts of clean linen and the most cordial welcome I can give you.\n\nAfter the gallant charge made by Captain Armstrong at Quinby Bridge, both himself and his Lieutenant George Carrington, having passed the gap made in it by the enemy, Dr. Matthew Irvine put himself at the head of the dragoons who had failed in the attempt to cross, and made an entire company of the 19th Regiment prisoners. But in the conflict, he was wounded.\n\nLieutenant Manning,\nand Occurrences Leading to the Defeat of Colonel Fyle.\n\nImportant consequences have resulted from this.\nThe following anecdote, attributed to forethought and judgment that originated in some fortuitous incident, cannot be doubted. I must record it, as it does honor to a fellow-soldier to whom I was bound by the strictest ties of friendship. No man who knew Manning would question his veracity. I received this story from him. It is not credible that he would wander into the regions of romance to exalt his reputation, when by the uniformity of his conduct, he was daily adding to the laurels universally acknowledged to be his due. I have besides, in my possession, a letter from my highly valued friend, Judge Johnson of Abingdon, Virginia, at the period of its occurrence, an Officer in the Legion, corroborating the principal fact.\nWith regard to Manning's worth and abilities, our sentiments are the same. I never knew any man more remarkable for the quality called presence of mind. The more sudden the emergency, the greater the danger in which he was unexpectedly placed, the more perfect was his self-possession, as related to the faculties both of body and mind. In corporal vigor and activity, he was exceeded by few; and there was an ardor about him, which characterized everything that he said or did. If he had enjoyed the advantages of literary culture, he would have been an object of our admiration everywhere, as much in scenes of danger and military adventure.\n\nManning. 141\nMost of the settlers in North Carolina, near Cross Creek (now Fayetteville), were emigrants from Scotland, who brought with them strong prejudices in favor of monarchy. Few among them had imbibed the spirit of Liberty, fostered with enthusiasm by almost the entire population in their adopted country. However, to the credit of such as professed attachment, it must be remembered that having once declared in favor of the American cause, none more courageously, zealously, and faithfully supported it. To Scotland, we owe many a gallant soldier. No other foreign nation contributed so many distinguished Officers in the line of our armies as Scotland. The intrepid Mercer sealed his devotion to our cause with his blood, and died in battle. Lord Sterling, Douglas, Sinclair, Stephens.\nIntosh and Davie were among the most gallant and strenuous champions of Independence. Knowing these facts, it cannot be imagined that I could ever cherish or utter a sentiment injurious to a country to which I feel the strongest attachment, and from which I am proud to have derived my origin. A country, whose sons are brave, and daughters virtuous; where beauty is adorned with its most fascinating perfections, and manhood exhibits a vigor and activity that cannot be surpassed; where industry has produced an almost incredible influx of wealth, and the energies of mind an increase of literary acquirement, that places human knowledge on an eminence it had never before attained; \u2014 a country where, as a student in a College of celebrity, I, for four successive years, listened with delight to the eloquence of the amiable and esteemed.\nThe enlightened Miller taught me that the purity of genuine republicanism is more congenial to the best feelings and productive of happiness for man than any system of government the world has ever known. I studied the theory of morals and witnessed their practice under the immediate protection and tuition of the first of philosophers and most virtuous of men, the immortal Dr. Thomas Reid. Jardine, the teacher of eloquence, honored me with his friendship, and the liberal kindness of other professors, as well as the inhabitants of the city generally, gave birth to sentiments of gratitude and affection that can never be effaced. Truly, then, prejudices are unknown in the following narrative:\n\nThe intrigues and efforts of Lord Cornwallis, to [intentionally left blank]\nExciting insurrection, backed by a very formidable force, had produced among the Highland emigrants a spirit of revolt, which required all the energies of General Greene to counteract, before it could be matured. The zeal and activity of Lieutenant Colonel Lee, whose usefulness exceeded calculation, united to his acuteness and happy talent of obtaining intelligence of every movement and of the most secret intentions of the enemy, pointed him out as the fittest man for this important service. He was accordingly selected, with orders to impede Cornwallis' intercourse with the disaffected; to repress every symptom of revolt, and promptly to cut off every party that should take up arms for Britain. Constantly alert and equally solicitous to give security to his own command while harassing the enemy, Lee held a secure position.\none occasion, taken near a forked road, one division led directly to Lord Cornwallis' camp, about six miles distant. The ground was chosen in the dusk of evening; and to prevent surprise, patrols of cavalry were kept out on each fork during the night. An order for a movement before day had been communicated to every individual, and was executed with little noise and confusion. Lieutenant Manning, waking at early dawn, found himself, excepting one soldier, left alone. Stephen Green, the attendant of Captain Cams, lay near him, resting on the portmanteau of his superior, and buried in profound sleep. Being awakened, he was ordered to mount and follow. Manning, hastening towards the fork, hoped to fall upon the track and speedily rejoin his regiment. Much rain had fallen during the night, so that, finding the ground slippery, he slipped and fell, but managed to continue on his way.\nBoth roads were equally cut up. Manning chose at random and took the wrong one. He had not gone far before he saw a rifleman leaning on his gun at the door of a log-house, apparently acting as a sentinel. Galloping up to him, Manning asked if a regiment of horse and body of infantry had passed that way.\n\n\"Oh, ho,\" cried the man, whistling loudly which brought out a dozen others, all completely armed and carrying each a red rag in their hats, \"you, I suppose, are one of Greene's men.\" The badge they bore marked their principles. Without the slightest indication of alarm or even hesitation, Manning pointed to the portmanteau carried by Greene and exclaimed, \"Hush, my good fellow \u2013 no clamour for God's sake \u2013 I have there what will ruin Greene \u2013 point out the road to Lord Cornwallis' army, for all depends on it.\"\n\"upon early intelligence of its contents,' You are an honest fellow, (was the general cry) and have left the rebels just in time. The whole settlement are in arms to join Colonel Pyle tomorrow, naming the place of rendezvous, where Colonel Tarleton will meet and conduct us to camp. \"Come,\" said the man to whom he had first spoken, \"take a drink \u2014 Here's confusion to Greene, and success to the King and his friends. This is the right road, and you will soon reach the army; or rather, let me conduct you to it myself.\" Not for the world, my dear fellow,\" replied Manning; \"your direction is plain and I can follow it. I will never consent, that a faithful subject of his Majesty should be subjected to the dangers of captivity or death on my account. If we should fall\"\n\n44 MANNING.\nI with a party of rebels, and we cannot say that they are not in the neighborhood now. We both stand to lose our lives. I would be hanged for desertion, and you for aiding me to reach the British army. This speech produced the desired effect. The libation concluded, Manning rode off amid the cheers of the company. When out of sight, he crossed to the other road and urging his horse to full speed, overtook and communicated the interesting intelligence to his commander. Lee was then meditating an attack upon Tarleton, who had crossed the Haw River to support the Insurgents; but, perceiving the vast importance of crushing the revolt in the bud, he informed General Greene of his plan by a confidential messenger and hastened to the point of rendezvvous, where Pyle, with upwards of four hundred men, had already assembled.\nArrived. It is unnecessary to detail the sanguinary scene that followed. Pyle, completely deceived and to the last believing the Legionary Dragoons were the soldiers of Tarleton, was overpowered, and with a considerable portion of his force became victims of credulity. It has been remarked that \"severity at first is often humanity in the end.\" Its policy, on this occasion, will scarcely be denied. As Lee permitted no pursuit, many escaped, and spreading universal alarm, so completely crushed the spirit of revolt that opposition to government was put at once and effectively to rest. But had the Insurgents been cut off to a man, would not the act have been justified on the score of retaliation? The provocation would have sanctioned it. To Colonel Buford, but a little before, Tarleton had refused capitulation. Deaf to the voice of clemency,\nAnd he was intent on attack, a charge was made on an unprepared and unresisting foe. His heart was steeled against the claims of mercy, and, as Lee has forcibly said, \"it needed but the Indian war-dance and roasting fire, to have placed the tragedy which followed, first in the records of torture and death.\" Many other proofs could be adduced of Manning's presence of mind and cool intrepidity in action. It is grateful to me to mention one of these. At the battle of Eutaw, after the British line had been broken, and the Old Buffs, a regiment that had boasted of the extraordinary feats they were to perform, were running from the field, Manning, in the enthusiasm of that valor for which he was so eminently distinguished, sprang forward in pursuit, directing the plane which he commanded to follow him. He did.\nNot casting an eye behind him, he found himself near a large brick house where the York Volunteers, commanded by Cruger, were retreating. The British were on all sides of him, and no American soldier was closer than one hundred and fifty or two hundred yards. He did not hesitate a moment, but springing at an officer near him, seized him by the collar, and exclaiming in a harsh tone of voice, \"Damn you, sir, you are my prisoner,\" wrested his sword from his grasp, dragged him out of the house, and kept his body as a shield of defense from the heavy fire sustained from the windows. Manning has often related that at the moment when he expected his prisoner to make an effort for liberty, he, with great solemnity, commenced an enemy search.\nI am Sir Henry Barry, Deputy Adjutant General of the British Army, Captain in the 52nd Regiment, Secretary to the Commandant of Charleston. Enough, enough, sir,\" said the victor, \"you are just the man I was looking for; fear nothing for your life, you shall screen me from danger, and I will take special care of you.\"\n\nHe had retired some distance from the brick house when he saw Captain Robert Joiett of the Virginia line engaged in single combat with a British Officer. They had selected each other for battle a little before, the American armed with a broadsword, the Briton with a musket and bayonet. As they came together, a thrust was made at Joiett, which he happily parried. Both dropping their artificial weapons, being too much in contact to use them effectively.\nTwo men, both large and robust, engaged in hand-to-hand combat, each determined to bring down the other. A grenadier, observing the fight, ran to assist his officer. He lunged with his bayonet, missing Joiett's body but driving it into his coat. In attempting to withdraw, he accidentally knocked both combatants to the ground. Upon freeing his weapon, he raised it deliberately, determined not to fail in his purpose of transfixing Joiett. At this critical moment, Manning approached, not close enough to reach the grenadier with his arm. To buy time and prevent the stroke, Manning exclaimed in an angry and authoritative tone, \"You damned brute, will you murder the gentleman?\"\nSoldier, supposing himself addressed by one of his officers, suspended the contemplated blow and looked around to see the person who had thus spoken. Before he could recover from the surprise with which he had been thrown, Manning, now sufficiently near, smote him with his sword across the eyes and felled him to the ground. While Joiett disengaged himself from his opponent, and snatching up the musket, as he attempted to rise, laid him dead by a blow from the butt end. Manning was of inferior size, but strong and remarkably well formed. Joiett, literally speaking, a giant. This led Barry, who could not have wished the particulars of his capture to be commented on, to reply when asked by his brother officers, \"I was overpowered by a huge Virginian.\"\nA soldier of distinguished reputation for valor and discernment, whose firmness maintained composure in all emergencies, has caused the honor of Manning's birth to be claimed by both Ireland and America. If my memory serves me correctly, he declared himself a native of Carlisle, Pennsylvania. However, his general conversation, the facility with which he could obscure subjects, the accent on his tongue, the peculiar turn of his expression, his calling for his servant, walking with bare feet on ground covered by a heavy frost, and his statement \"Shall I never teach you discretion. Drone! \u2013 If you will go barefoot, why the devil don't you put on your blue\" suggest otherwise.\nHenry Barry was an eccentric character. He aimed for singularity in words as well as actions. He would send his best kind of compliments to a lady, and in a simple flower, present the sweetest of all possible flowers. But in nothing was his conduct regarded as so farcical as in his claim to delicate and liberal feelings. On one occasion, it has been stated, that while reading a poem of his own composition on the blessings of Liberty, a gentleman present questioned him about the remainder of his liquor in a bottle. \"Speak quickly, Drone, you big thief, and tell me what you have done with the remainder of my liquor?\" My opinion is staggered, and I am inclined to acknowledge the superior claims of Ireland.\nHe asked him frankly, \"How could your actions be so different from the principles you profess?\" Because, Sir,\" he unblushingly replied, \"I am a Soldier of Fortune, seeking a snug and comfortable establishment. My feelings are as delicate as yours, or any other man's; but I never suffer myself to be humbugged by them.\" The day at Eutaw was not his fighting day, but he is said to have distinguished himself in India.\n\nManning, at the conclusion of the war, married into a highly respectable family and settled in South Carolina. His attachment to a military life continuing unabated, he became a candidate for the appointment of Adjutant General of the State Militia, obtained it, and performed the important duties attached to it, with the applause of the public, till his death.\n\nSoldiers of the Legion.\nI. Having briefly sketched the characters and detailed the services of several officers of the Legion, I am confident that I shall gratify my readers by recording a few interesting anecdotes relating to the soldiers of that corps. In proportion as they were removed from that rank in society, in which an enlargement of ideas and expansion of mind was to be looked for, must be their merit. Who, under the exalted influences of military and patriotic enthusiasm, evinced a nobleness of soul and chivalric intrepidity, increasing their own fame and giving a higher stamp of celebrity to the American character. I fondly hope that they will be received with cordiality by every patriotic bosom.\n\nSergeant Whaling.\n\nWhen the importance of wresting the possession of the Stockade Fort at Ninety-Six from the enemy was clearly ascertained, Lieutenant Colonel Lee, to whom the command was given, selected a detachment of his best and most trusted men, among whom was the sergeant Whaling. This gallant non-commissioned officer, though not possessed of the advantages of education, was distinguished for his military knowledge and personal courage. He had served in the British army before the Revolution, and had been discharged on account of a wound received in action. He had then emigrated to America, and, finding himself in want of employment, had entered the service of his new country. His military experience, and his knowledge of the enemy's tactics, were of great service to his comrades, and his personal bravery was an inspiration to them all.\n\nOne day, as the American army was advancing upon the fort, the enemy, perceiving their approach, sallyed out from the works and attacked them with great fury. The Americans were driven back, and many of them were killed or wounded. Among the latter was the brave Whaling, who, though severely wounded, refused to leave the field, and continued to encourage his men, and to direct their fire against the enemy. His example was contagious, and soon the Americans rallied and renewed the attack. The enemy were driven back with heavy loss, and the fort was taken.\n\nSergeant Whaling's bravery was rewarded by his promotion to the rank of lieutenant, and he continued to distinguish himself in many subsequent engagements. He was a true patriot, and his name became famous in the annals of the American Revolution.\nGeneral Greene entrusted the charge of directing all operations against it to him. He adopted the opinion, albeit hastily, that it could be accomplished by fire. Accordingly, Sergeant Whaling, a gallant non-commissioned officer who had served with zeal and fidelity since the commencement of the war, and whose period of enlistment was about to expire in a few days, was sent forward with twelve privates to accomplish this hazardous enterprise. Whaling saw the enemy, numbering 150, with certainty. He was unappalled by the prospect of death. He dressed himself neatly, took an affectionate but cheerful leave of his friends, and with his musket swung over his shoulder and a bundle of blazing pine branches, he advanced.\nA soldier, holding torches in hand, charged forward towards his target, inspiring courage in the small band following him. They approached the building where the stockade was erected, before the troops inside fired a shot. Their aim was deliberate and deadly. But one man managed to escape with his life. Whaling was deeply lamented by every officer and soldier of the Legion. Instead of the reckless and fruitless exposure he was subjected to, all admitted his justified claim to promotion \u2013 grieved that his valuable life was not preserved for the services he had so often shown himself capable of rendering.\n\nPoor Whaling! \u2013 the soldier's cherished hope was denied him,\n\"When all his toils were past,\n\"Still to return, and die at home at last.\"\n\nSergeant Mitchell.\n\nIt was at Ninety-Six that another soldier of\nCaptain Michael Rudolph commanded the infantry detachment on duty the night after the Legion arrived from Augusta, where they had been employed during the early part of the siege of the threatened post. Rudolph and Sergeant Mitchell went around checking the centinels' posts after Mitchell had planted them two hours earlier. Unfortunately, among them were several militiamen who had never seen service before. One of these men, without challenging, fired at the approaching relief party, hitting Mitchell and wounding him through the body. He fell to the ground, telling Rudolph he was mortally wounded, warmly pressing his hand, and asking if:\n\nSergeant Mitchell, distinguished and merit lost his life unfortunately under peculiarly distressing circumstances. Captain Michael Rudolph commanded the infantry detachment on duty on the night after the arrival of the Legion from Augusta, where the corps had been employed during the early part of the siege of the post now threatened. Rudolph and Sergeant Mitchell went around checking the centinels' posts after Mitchell had planted them two hours earlier. Unfortunately, among them were several militiamen who had never seen service before. One of these men, without challenging, fired at the approaching relief party, hitting Mitchell and wounding him through the body. He fell to the ground, telling Rudolph he was mortally wounded and warmly pressing his hand, asking if:\nHe had ever neglected or omitted any duties of a faithful Soldier and true Patriot; regretted that he had not closed his life on the field of battle, and conjuring him to bear witness, that he died without fear, and without a groan, expired. He was a Virginian from the County of Augusta. I fondly hope that this tribute to his memory may reach his friends.\n\nWhaling was a Pennsylvanian.\n\nAmong the incidents in the Southern Army, that excited the highest interest, was the singular and romantic friendship which united two of the most distinguished Soldiers of the Legionary Cavalry. Bulkley and Newman were natives of Virginia, born in the same neighborhood, and from early infancy united by such a congeniality of sentiment, that it almost appeared as if one soul gave animation to both. Their attachment continued throughout their military careers, and was marked by the most unwavering devotion and loyalty. Bulkley and Newman.\nThe bond between them grew stronger with their years. As school-fellows, they were inseparable. Their task was the same, and he who mastered it first was unhappy until he had instilled it with equal force in his friend's mind. When an appeal to arms at the dawn of our Revolution called forth the youthful heroes of America to fight the battles for their country and defend its violated rights, both enlisted on the same day, animated by the same enthusiastic devotion to the cause. The officers of the Legion, who still survive, can testify that through all the perils and difficulties of the Southern War, each was more anxious for his friend's safety and alleviation of his sufferings than his own. In action, they were invariable.\nThey fought side by side; in the more tranquil scenes of encampment, they were constantly engaged in the same pursuits; their toils and their pleasures were the same. When at Quinby, the memorable charge was made on the 19th British Regiment, Armstrong, Bulkley, and Newman were among the few Dragoons who, having leapt the gap in the bridge which the enemy were industriously attempting to widen, were able to support their commander. The gallantry exhibited could not have been surpassed. Armstrong, seconded by George Carrington, his lieutenant, his gallant Sergeant Power, the brave Captain McCauley of the militia, and less than a dozen of his own troopers, actually cut their way through the entire regiment, when a heavy and fatally directed fire produced a most direful catastrophe. Power fell desperately.\nRarely wounded, and the youthful friends, Bulkley and Newman, closed their brilliant career in the path of glory forever. Mortally wounded at the same instant, they fell on the same spot, and with united hands, reciprocating kindness to the last, expired.\n\nCorporal Cooper.\n\nMaking a tour to the North in the year 1817, I was invited to visit the Franklin, then lying at Chester, in company with Commodores Murray and Dale, and several other officers of distinction. On our passage to the ship, some mention was made of Carolina, a naval officer present, who said, \"I do not believe there exists at this day, an individual who has a more perfect knowledge of the Southern War of the Revolution than myself, particularly, all that relates to the battles fought in the Carolinas. I entered those States with the Lee.\"\nI. Lee commanded the evacuation of Charleston, which I witnessed. Under such circumstances, it must be my good fortune to be in the company of an old companion. I held a commission in the infantry of that regiment, and, like you, was attached to the command that took possession of Charleston when it was given up by the British.\n\n\"Indeed, Sir,\" the officer replied, at a loss, \"I can't even guess at your name; I don't recall ever having seen you before.\" Attached to the Legion, you must have known Armstrong, who commanded the Sorrel Troop, and have probably heard of Corporal Cooper, who belonged to it.\n\n\"Good heavens. Cooper,\" I exclaimed with delight, \"is it you?\" I'm now astonished at my own forgetfulness.\nI recognize you as if we had parted only yesterday! I mentioned my name in turn, and was glad to find that I was not forgotten by him. The delight and good feeling between men who had served and suffered together was strongly experienced by both, once the surprise and satisfaction of the moment had passed. Cooper, with a significant smile, said, \"By the way, I believe you were one of the officers who sat on the court-martial when I was in jeopardy and brought to trial at our encampment near the Ashley River.\"\n\n\"No, Cooper,\" I replied, \"I was not. I well remember, on another occasion when we lay at M'Pherson's, that, in consequence of your actions-\"\n\n154 COOPER.\n\n\"Hush, my dear Sir,\" he exclaimed, \"I find that you have an excellent and accurate memory,\".\nI had known Cooper well. It is no exaggeration to assert that a more gallant Soldier never wielded a sabre. The character of consummate intrepidity distinguished every individual of Armstrong's troop. Disciplined by him and animated by his example, they were invincible. Cooper had particular traits that entitled him to still higher commendation. If activity and intelligence were requisite to obtain information, if gallantry to strike a Partisan blow, Cooper was always uppermost in Lee's thoughts. He had a soul for enterprise, and by prompt discernment and a happy facility of calculating from appearances of events to happen, he was of incalculable utility to the service. When Armstrong, by the falling of his horse, was made a prisoner, and a flag sent out to signal his capture, Cooper took command.\nThe British commander instructed Cooper that his servant and baggage would be expected, as he wished to show every civility to an enemy whose bravery could only be exceeded by his generosity to all who fell into his power. Cooper was immediately directed by Lee to act as a domestic and was sent forward for the purpose. I mentioned my recollection of the circumstance to Cooper, who replied, \"I well knew my Colonel's motives.\" I was so disposed to second his views that while taking the refreshment ordered for me by General Leslie in the front of his quarters near the British lines, I was closely examining the course of a creek in his rear, believing I would very soon be able to conduct and introduce him at the Headquarters of our own army. He then went on to say \u2014 '\nCaptain Campbell used various methods to extract information about our force and position from me. I played the simpleton so convincingly that I could tell he fully believed I was ensnared in his toils. Suddenly changing my demeanor, I gave him an exaggerated and burlesque account of troops of dragoons and regiments of infantry that didn't exist beyond my imagination. Perceiving my ruse, he angrily exclaimed, \"Damn you, you rascal, you are too cunning for me. Here, take a drink of grog and depart.\" I cannot explain why, but finding that I could not be deceived, they might have given me the credit of not being intimidated, but instead, they did not escort me to my destination.\nI was led to and shut up in the Provost when I looked through the bars and perceived Armstrong passing merrily along with several Naval Officers, who seemed to vie with each other in civility to him. My situation forbade ceremony, so I called out lustily \u2013 Hollo, Captain Armstrong! Pray have the goodness to tell me, is it you or that am a prisoner?\n\nMy speech produced an explanation. I was immediately released; and profiting by every occasion to store my mind with useful intelligence, in a few days I left the Garrison, a partial exchange having freed my captain from captivity. My fortunes have since varied very much. I have gained nautical information \u2013 have commanded a ship of my own \u2013 have, as a Naval Officer, supported the flag of my country \u2013 and now the war being over, find a snug berth in the Navy Yard.\nMy varied life would greatly amuse if I could detail it, especially as its constant bustle contradicts my religious principles. I am, in fact, a member of the Society of Friends, a genuine Quaker. Although General Marion and Lieutenant Colonel Lee's expedition against Georgetown was not successful due to a combination of adverse circumstances, the flight of a guide who had agreed to conduct Captain Armstrong and the dragoons of the Legion to a point that would have prevented British Soldiers from reclaiming a redoubt, offering perfect security, raised suspicions of treachery and disconcerted plans that had promised the most success.\nThe triumph was perfect, yet advantages of considerable consequence arose for the American cause. Colonel Campbell, the Commandant, was taken, and approximately seventy men were either killed or made prisoners. This convinced the British that, despite the great distance between them and their enemy (the Continental Army being, at the time of attack, on the borders of North Carolina), they were still vulnerable and at every moment subject to attack. It checked their marauding, predatory expeditions, provided relative security to the oppressed inhabitants in their vicinity, and gave them full assurance that, to be safe, they must remain inactive and within the limits of their garrison. It is pleasing to record the singular gallantry of a most meritorious soldier who gained high renown on this occasion.\n\nSergeant Ord.\nIn every instance where this heroic Soldier was engaged in action, he not only increased his own reputation but animated those around him with his lively courage. In camp, on a march, and in every situation, he performed all his duties with cheerfulness and vivacity, preserving always the most orderly conduct and keeping his arms, accoutrements, and clothing in the neatest possible condition. He might indeed be considered a perfect Soldier.\n\nAt the surprise of Georgetown, being with a small party of the Legion Infantry, in possession of an inclosure, surrounding a house from which they had expelled the enemy, the recovery of the position was sought by a British force. Their leader, approaching the gate of entrance, exclaimed, \"Rush on, my brave fellows, they are only worthless militia, and have no bayonets.\" Ord immediately placed himself in front.\nOf the gate, and as they attempted to enter, six of his enemies lay dead at his feet, crying out \"Ac!\" with every thrust -- \"No bayonets here -- none at all to be sure!\" Following up his strokes with such rapidity, the British party could make no impression and were compelled to retreat.\n\nPerry Scott.\n\nThere was no soldier in the Legion Infantry who appeared more completely to have gained the favor of Lieutenant Colonel Lee than Perry Scott. His chief merit consisted in his consummate intrepidity and readiness to engage in hardy enterprise. As often as a Partisan expedition was in contemplation, he was invariably selected as one of the daring spirits to ensure success. I am tempted to call for the pity of his countrymen for his untimely end, from the recall-lation, that in all the battles of the South, from the [unclear].\nThe junction of the Legion with General Greene's army, until the final retreat of the enemy, noticed for distinguished valour and activity was Sergeant Major Scott. Present at the evacuation of Charleston and shortly after disbanded, but devoted to a military life, he enlisted once more with his former commander, Michael Rudolph, then at the head of a Legionary Corps, under the orders of General Harmar. The Indian War terminated, and knowing that many officers of the Partisan Legion of Lee and several of his old associates had settled in Carolina and Georgia, Scott resolved to visit them. He actually reached the Cheraws with this intention. Here, for the sake of repose after a wearisome journey, he took up quarters at a Public House, kept by an old soldier.\nA der soldier, formerly attached to the volunteers of Ireland, served under Lord Rawdon's corps. An amicable intercourse developed between these veterans for a time, increasing their attachment to each other. Scott praised the bravery of the Irish, and his companion lavishly commended the soldiers of the Legion. Unfortunately, they began comparing the merits of their respective corps, leading to a serious quarrel. The conflict was maintained with spirit and obstinacy, resulting in a long-drawn battle with uncertain outcome. However, Scott gained superiority and actively maintained it, preparing to triumph when his adversary's wife intervened. She put a loaded pistol into her husband's hand, and he discharged it at Scott, who fell dead at his feet. This conflict was considered the settlement.\nment of a point of honor, no effort had been made to prevent it, but the survivor was now arrested, and being shortly after tried for murder, was condemned and executed.\n\nPatriots in the Civil Line,\n\nAnd\n\nPrisoners confined as subjects for retaliation. While such applause is bestowed on Revolutionary characters, distinguished in the field of glory, I consider it equally a duty, and it is altogether congenial to my inclination, to express my high admiration for the illustrious patriots who, in defiance of the varied species of oppression by which they were incessantly goaded, adhered with unshaken resolution to the principles they had pledged themselves to support.\n\nHistory affords no example of magnanimity, that can surpass the firmness and patient suffering of the intrepid associates, who, selected as objects of peculiar\n\nattention.\nThe severity and more refined persecution were accused of imaginary crimes, and, in violation of the capitulation of Charleston and every principle of good faith, torn from their families and exiled to St. Augustine. It has been said that constancy will give way to despair when suffering appears without end. To find them firm in duty and meeting their fate with that intrepid assurance which could alone result from greatness of soul and a consciousness of correct and irreproachable conduct, must, as long as mankind possesses sense to perceive and virtue to approve, secure to them the gratitude and veneration of their country. This inhuman and unjustifiable measure is said to have been adopted explicitly to ascertain the firmness and constancy of the American character. What was\n\n160 Patriots in the Civil Line.\nThe results? Did tyranny produce submission? Did integrity lose its dominion in the patriotic heart? O, no! The reverses of fortune afforded a more ample field for the display of their exalted magnanimity; and they never appeared less appalled, nor inclined to bend with submission to the yoke, than at the period when not a ray gleamed in perspective, to cheer them through the dark terrors of the storm. Not an individual shrank from duty. It is due to their exemplary firmness to be a little more particular relative to the suffering they were compelled to endure. When all the exiles (with the exception of General Gadsden, who steadily persisted in his resolution to enter into no new engagement with men who had once deceived him) had given their paroles to confine themselves within certain prescribed limits and to withdraw.\nGeneral Orders, St. Augustine, September igtl, 1780.\n\nThe Rebel Prisoners are to appear at gun-fire in the evening and at guard mounting in the morning at the Town House, where the Commissary will attend and call the roll of every name. They are to put some badge of distinction on their Negroes and other domestics so that they may be known. No Rebel uniform or any coats in imitation of British or French Regimentals are to be worn by any of them.\n\nPatriots in the Civil Line. 161\n\n\"If any Soldier is seen or known to associate with any of them,\"\nRebels will be brought to a Court Martial and tried for disobedience of orders. By order of the Commanding Officer, W. Floyer, Lieutenant, Acting Adjutant in the 60th Regiment, to Wm. Brown, Esq. Commissary of Prisoners.\n\nAdditional severities were constantly imposed, but none that so highly aggravated misfortune as an order forbidding the worship of the Deity. This was first communicated by a verbal message but was quickly followed by a direct order to Mr. Brown, the Commissary of Prisoners, to this effect.\n\nSt. Augustine, November 18th, 1780.\n\nHaving been informed that the rebel prisoners have improperly held private meetings for the purpose of performing divine service, agreeably to their rebellious principles, and as such proceedings are thought highly injurious to His Majesty's government, an order was given to the Commissary of Prisoners.\nment, and of seditious tendency, and an infringement of their pledge \nof honour : I desire you will acquaint them, that such meetings will \nnot be allowed, and that seats will be provided for their reception in \nthe Parish Church, where it is expected they will observe the utmost \ndecency. You are also to mention to these gentlemen, that I consider \nmessages delivered by you of sufficient weight and authenticity, and \nthat it is in compliance with your request, that I descend to this man- \nner of satisfaction, which Lieutenant Colonel Glazier also desires \nmay be understood to be expressive of his sentiments. \n(Signed) \" PAT TONYN. \n\" To Wm. Brown, Esq. \n\" Commissary of Prisoners of War.\" \nIt is unnecessary for me to comment on this out- \nrageous insult both to God and man. I will content \nmyself by giving an extract from the diary of the vene- \nIQ2 PATRIOTS IN THE CIVIL LINE. \nMr. Josiah Smith, which plainly and forcibly speaks its effect on the mind of a pious man. Behold the act of a British Governor; an act neither charitable in its nature nor pious in its intention. Totally unworthy of the Christian character and even short of Heathen tenderness and forbearance. For we read in Scripture, Acts chapter xxviii, verse 30 and 31, 'that Paul, then a prisoner in Rome, dwelt for two whole years in his own hired house, and received all that came unto him, preaching the kingdom of God, and teaching those things which concerned the Lord Jesus Christ, with all confidence, no man forbidding him.' This only was our desire -- and this we think was our duty; to spend a part of every Sabbath in holy adoration of the Divine Being, who not only created, but daily preserves us, and in tender mercy.\nWe deny being charged with sedition and parole violations. We have avoided requiring anything contrary from our reader or preacher in sermons or prayers. Once, some unexpected expressions were used by the reader in prayers, but they were never repeated, and we never courted or enjoyed the presence of any inhabitant in our Sabbath assemblies. To avoid pleading the complete lack of religious worship, we are invited to attend the Parish Church, where seats will be provided, and we were expected to observe the utmost decency. This is an insult to our understanding, as it is not expected that we could observe decency with the least sin.\nWe join in prayer for the daily destruction or displacement of our brethren and friends, or implore success for a man who had countenanced every kind of oppression and cruelty towards our friends and connections, all with a view to enslaving us and our posterity, and to whom we have sworn that we will never be subject while we can have the power of remaining free citizens of the United States of America. Such worship would indeed be no better than solemn mockery; therefore, rather than join in such hypocritical petitions and perhaps be insulted with sermons calculated to affront us, we have resolved to refuse our attendance on Divine worship at the Parish Church and patiently put up with the loss of paying devotions publicly and at our own dwellings. (163)\n\nPatriots in the Civil Line.\nBut how shall I find expression to do justice to the heroes, arrested as objects of retaliation in the event of General Greene carrying into effect his threat relative to the execution of Colonel Hayne, who were shut up in prison-ships and kept in momentary expectation of death? Allowed to forward an address to the American General, whose highly excited resentments the British commanders were anxious to deprecate. They urged not, as might have been expected, the adoption of measures which would ensure their safety, but raised by their magnanimity above the terrors of an infamous and public execution, they alone lament.\n\"if it be the lot of all or any of them to be sacrificed, their blood cannot be disposed of more to the advancement of the glorious cause to which they had adhered.\" In the annals of the world, where shall we find an instance of more exalted patriotism? The highly eulogized self-devotion of Regulus, which immortalized his name and added lustre to the reputation of his country, when compared with such a display of magnanimity, shrinks into insignificance. The Roman was remarkable for the severity of his manners and would have been the last to excuse the failures of another; he therefore preferred a death which would obliterate from the minds of his countrymen the recollections of his misfortunes and even exalt him in their opinion, to a life which could only bring further disappointment. (164 Patrios in the civil line.)\nThe subjects were neglected, causing severe self-reproach. But in this instance, not a single individual, but a band of heroes, disregarding their own safety, defied their persecutors. They calmly solicited that no consideration of their sufferings should alter the resolutions adopted by the American General for the maintenance of his country's honor and interests. The conduct of the officers of the Continental Line, composing General Greene's army, merits distinguished encomium. Regardless of the consequences to themselves in case of capture, they came forward with unanimity and earnestly solicited prompt retaliation for the murder of a heroic soldier and put down the perpetrators forever.\nWe wish to renew such sanguinary proceedings. \"We are not,\" they say, unfamiliar with the fact that such a measure will involve our lives in additional dangers, but we had rather forego temporary distinctions and commit ourselves to the most desperate situations, than prosecute this just and necessary war upon terms so unequal and dishonorable. This procedure was highly gratifying to General Greene, but scorning to increase the miseries of the deluded loyalists who had joined the British standard, he resolved to retaliate on the Regular Officers alone. Fortunately, for those who had been designated as the proper objects of resentment, no one of equal rank with Colonel Mayne was ever after made a prisoner. I well remember when Major Skelly, of the 71st regiment, was taken; report had given him higher rank\u2014he was called Colonel Skelly. Patriots in the Civil Line. 165.\nWhen ascertained that he was really Major General Greene, whose mind was evidently extremely agitated, said, \"I rejoice at the circumstance, as he has the reputation of having always conducted himself with humanity and like a gentleman. Had he been a colonel, he must have suffered.\" My admiration of patriotism is such, that I make no excuse for giving the names of the persons, who, by their virtuous example, may teach the rising generation how to act and how to suffer for the honor and prosperity of our Republic.\n\nEXILES TO ST. AUGUSTINE.\nEdward Blake, John Budd, Joseph Bee, Richard Beresford, John Berwick, Robert Cochran, Benjamin Cudworth, Henry Crouch, John Splatt Cripps, Edward Barrel, Daniel De Saussure, John Edwards, Thomas Ferguson, George Flagg, Christopher Gadsden, Lieutenant Governor William H. Gibbes, Thomas.\nMas Grimball, GA Hall, William Hall, Thomas Hall, Thomas Heyward junior, Isaac Holmes, Richard Hutson, William Johnson, Noble Wimberly Jones, William Lee, Rev. John Lewis, William Logan, William Livingston, John Loveday, Riciard Lushington, Arthur Middleton, William Massey, Edward McReady, Alexander Moultrie, John Morrall, John Neufville, Edward North, Joseph Parker, John Ernest Poyas, Samuel Prioleau, Jacob Read, Hugh Rutledge, Edward Rutledge, Benjamin Postell, John Sausum, Thomas Savage, Josiah Smith, Philip Smith, James Hamden Thomson, Peter Timothy, John Todd, Anthony Toomer, Benjamin Waller, James Wakefield, Edward Weyman, Morton Wilkinson. Of these distinguished citizens, five only survive: Josiah Smith, Robert Cochran, George Flagg, AV. H. Gibbes, and John Todd.\n\n166 Patriots in the Civil Line.\nPrisoners On Board the Prison-Ship Torbay.\nWilliam Axson, Samuel Ash, George Arthur, John Anthony, Ralph Atmore, John Baddeley, Peter Bounietheau, Henry Benbridge, Joseph Ball, Nathaniel Blundell, James Bricken, Francis Bayle, William Quin, John Clarke jun., Thomas Cooke, Norwood Conyers, James Cox, John Dorsuis, Joseph Dunlap, Rev. James Edmonds, Thomas Elliott, Joseph Elliott, John Evans, John Eberley, Joseph Glover, Francis Grott, Mitchell Gargil, William Graves, Peter Guerd, Jacob Henry, David Hamilton, Thomas Harris, William Hornby, Daniel Jacoby, Charles Kent, Samuel Lockhart, Nathaniel Lebby, Thomas Lislor, Thomas Legare, John Lesesne, Henry Lybert, John Michael, John Minott sen., Samuel Miller, Stephen Moore, George Monck, Jonathan Morgan, Abraham Mariett, Solomon Milner, John Neufville jun., Philip Prioleau, James Poyas, Job Palmer, Joseph Robinson, Daniel Rhody, Joseph Righton, William Snelling.\nJohn Stephenson, Paul Snyder, Abraham Seavers, Ripley Singleton, Samuel Scottowe, Stephen Shrewsbury, John Saunders, James Tousseger, Paul Taylor, Sims White, James Wilkins, Isaac White, George Welch, Benjamin Wheeler, William Wilkie, John Weleh, Thomas Young\n\nPrisoners On Board The Schr. Pack-Horse.\n\nJohn Barnwell, Edward Barnwell, Robert Barnwell, William Brandford, John Blake, Thomas Cochran, Joseph Gray, Peter Dewar, William De Saussure, Thomas Eveleigh, John Edwards, jun., John W. Edwards, William Elliott, Benjamin Guerard, Thomas Grayson, Thomas Gibbons, Philip Gadsden, John Greaves, William H. Henry, John B. Holmes, Thomas Hughes, James Heyward, George Jones, Henry Kennon, John Kean, Stephen Lee, Philip Meyer, George Mosse, William Neufville, John Owen, Charles Pinckney, jun., Samuel Smith\nCharles Wigg, Charles Warham, Thomas Waring junior, Richard Waring, John Waters, David Warham, Richard Yeadon, Colonels Stark and Beard, Captain Moore, Mr. Pritchard, Peter Boquet, Samuel Legare, Jonathan Sarazin, Henry Peronneau, Daniel Stevens, and others were subjected to peculiar persecution. The dreary vaults of the Provost were assigned to them as a residence, and in some cases, with the additional inconvenience of heavy irons. The Colonels Stark and Beard, Captain Moore, Mr. Pritchard, Messrs. Peter Boquet, Samuel Legare, Jonathan Sarazin, Henry Peronneau, Daniel Stevens, and others, who were incapable of deserting the cause of their country and had shown no disposition to submission, were regarded as the proper objects on whom it was expedient to try the effect of coercion. They underwent the trial, the ordeal of persecution, without the slightest dereliction of principle, their patriotic virtue retained its purity to the last.\n\nThe Ancient Battalion of Artillery.\nWherever a display of patriotic devotion to the service of their country has distinguished any association of Citizens, it has been particularly gratifying to me to record it. I consider it a tribute justly due to the Charleston Ancient Battalion of Artillery, to state that their patient endurance of difficulties and active exertions in the field gained them, throughout the war, a continued increase of reputation. Their exemplary gallantry in the action near Beaufort, where a considerable British force under Gairdner was defeated by General Moultrie, and steady conduct on the Lines during the siege of Charleston, when the defense of the Horn-Work was particularly entrusted to them, must, for ever, redound to their credit. Nor is it less honorable to them to find, in the list of patriots in the Civil Line,\nThomas Grimball, Major.\nThomas Heyward, Captain.\nEdward Rutledge, Captain.\nAnthony Toomer, Captain.\nWilliam H. Gibbes, Captain Lieutenant.\nSims White, Lieutenant.\nEdward Neufville, Lieutenant.\nPeter Bounetheau, Lieutenant.\nWilliam Morgan, Lieutenant.\nJohn D. Miller, Edward Weyman, Daniel Stevens, Charles Warham, GADSden.\nGENERAL Gadsden.\nThe conduct of the British commanders towards this venerable patriot, in the strongest manner, evinced their determination rather to crush the spirit of opposition, than by conciliation to subdue it. The man did not exist to whose delicate sense of honor, even a shadow of duplicity would have appeared more abhorrent than General Gadsden. Transported by an arbitrary decree, with many of the most resolute and influential citizens of the Republic, to St. Augustine, attendance on parade was peremptorily demanded. A British officer stepping forward, said, \"Expediency and a series of political occurrences have rendered it necessary to remove you from Charleston to this place; but, gentlemen, we have no wish to...\"\nThe proposition was generally accepted. But when General Gadsden was called to give this new pledge of faith, he indignantly exclaimed, \"With men who have once deceived me, I can enter into no new contract. Had the British commanders regarded the terms of the capitulation of Charleston, I might now, although a prisoner, have enjoyed the smiles and consolations of my surrounding family; but even without a shadow of accusation proffered against me for any act inconsistent with my plighted faith, I am torn from them, and here, in a distant land, invited to enter into a new contract.\"\nI will give no parole. \" Think better of it, Sir,\" said the officer, \" a second refusal of it will fix your destiny \u2014 a dungeon will be your future habitation.\" \" Prepare it, then,\" said the inflexible patriot, \" I will give no parole, so help me God.\n\nAn opposition to the arbitrary mandate of the prevailing authorities was estimated as a crime too flagrant to pass unpunished. The rectitude of his character, the respectability of his age, afforded no plea in his favor; he was immediately separated from his companions in misfortune, and for the remaining period of his captivity, condemned to pass his days in solitary confinement. It was not for perception to daunt and overcome a mind as firm in patriotic virtue as his. Patient under every insult, he felt the pressure of tyranny, but bent not beneath its weight.\nHe uttered no sigh, made no remonstrance, and did not solicit a mitigation of the severities inflicted upon him. To his honor, he advocated with greater ardor and humanity for the unfortunates who had incurred public displeasure at the memorable session of the Legislature at Jacksonborough. The miserable ones, who lacked spirit, found no resources within themselves. Sensible that the activity of his mind would increase its energies and better enable him to support oppression, he diligently engaged in the study of the Hebrew language and was hourly increasing his reputation as a scholar, while his enemies vainly.\nThe character of a disinterested Patriot, pure in principle and guided by the most honourable intentions, was allowed to him even by his most determined political opponents. The late Governor Boone, decidedly the man of the best information and correct judgment ever sent from Britain to preside over the province of South Carolina, was heard at the commencement of the Revolutionary War to say, \"God knows how this unhappy contest will end, or what the popular leaders in South Carolina can be aiming it at \u2013 but Gadsden I know to be an honest man \u2013 he means well.\" A writer of intelligence, immediately subsequent to his death, recommends and in my opinion with singular propriety, a sentence from Cicero as an appropriate Epitaph:\nIn difficult times in the Republic, neither in prosperous nor in desperate ones, he deserted nothing from the public. In desperate times, he feared nothing.\n\nAnd to the further increase of his reputation, he was the first to raise the standard of opposition against the parent government. He was the first to recommend oblivion in favor of those who differed in opinion and were condemned to pay the penalty of their political offenses by the forfeiture of their estates.\n\nAn instance of his firm and decided character occurred in the year 1777. The Congress of the United States, not long after the declaration of Independence, having recommended to the States that such of the disaffected as were willing to take the oath of allegiance should be permitted to do so; Mr. Lowndes, then Principal of the University of North Carolina, refused to take the oath and was expelled from the university.\nThe State's governor issued a Proclamation, extending the time for taking the oath as permitted by the State Legislature's act. This measure was condemned by some Whigs, and a group of people assembled. They took the Proclamation from the Marshal's hands and, with noise and tumult, went to the State House where the President and Council were in session. Finding their resentments directed towards the President, General Gadsden came out to the people. He told them that he was the man they should assault \u2013 that he had advised the Proclamation \u2013 that the public interest required the country to be united \u2013 and that all who were willing to join the common cause, should be received, even if they came at the last hour \u2013 that the recommendations of the Convention were:\n\n172. GADSEN.\n\nThen in session. General Gadsden, who was one of the Council, came out to the people. Finding their resentments directed towards the President, he told them that he was the man they should assault \u2013 that he had advised the Proclamation \u2013 that the public interest required the country to be united \u2013 and that all who were willing to join the common cause, should be received, even if they came at the last hour. The recommendations of the Convention were:\nA magistrate, during such a crisis, should be received as law \u2014 those who resisted were little better than the country's enemies. For himself, whatever was said or done, he, as a Magistrate, would administer oaths to any person up to the last moment permitted by the Proclamation. In accordance with this declaration, he sat up till midnight of the last day appointed for receiving oaths and did, in fact, issue certificates to some who took the oaths before him.\n\nWhen first confined in Castle St. Augustine, a light was denied to him by the fortress commander. A generous subaltern offered to provide him with a candle, but he declined it, lest the officer be censured by his superior.\nAfter Colonel Glazier, the Governor of the Castle, advised General Gadsden to prepare for the worst, implying that General Washington had assured retaliation if Andre was executed, and General Gadsden might be the target. He replied, \"I am always prepared to die for my country. Though it is impossible for Washington to yield the right of an Independent State by the Law of War out of fear or affection, yet I would not shrink from the sacrifice. I would rather ascend the scaffold than purchase dishonor for my country. An election for a Governor of the State occurred shortly after his exchange, and the majority of the Legislature's suffrages were in his favor, but he declined.\nMr. Speaker, and Gentlemen, I have served my country in a variety of stations for thirty years, and would now cheerfully make one of a forlorn hope in an assault on the lines of Charleston, if it was probable, that with a certain loss of life, you, my friends, would be reinstated in the possession of your capital. What I can do for my country, I am willing to do. My sentiments in favor of the American cause have never changed. I consider it as the cause of liberty and human nature. The present times require the vigor and activity of the prime of life; the increasing infirmities of old age would prevent me from serving you to your advantage. For your sakes, and the sake of the public, I must beg your indulgence.\nJohn Rutledge's diligence for declining such an arduous trust.\n\nJohn Rutledge. The extraordinary powers of John Rutledge, his extensive knowledge, and irresistible eloquence, can best be estimated by the high encomium bestowed on him by the celebrated Patrick Henry of Virginia, who declared, in the first Congress where there was as brilliant a display of talent as was ever exhibited in a collected body of legislators, \"he shone with superior lustre.\" Being asked on his return to his native State, \"what had been done by the representatives of the nation\u2014what kind of men composed that illustrious body, and particularly whom he thought the greatest,\" he replied, \"If you speak of eloquence, John Rutledge, of South-Carolina, is the greatest orator; but, if you speak of information and sound judgment, Colonel Washington is unquestionably the greatest.\"\nThe greatest man on the floor. Of his decision and character, there can be no doubt. It was strongly exemplified at the very commencement of the Revolutionary contest. When the vote to appoint deputies to a Continental Congress was carried in the Assembly of South Carolina, propositions were immediately introduced for instructing the Delegates to what point it was admissible for them to pledge the concurrence of the Province to such measures as might be proposed for general adoption. John Rutledge, with great ability, contended that unless unshackled by restraint and allowed to act at discretion, their power to do good would be inadequate to the energies which the crisis demanded. Being asked, \"what ought we to do then, with these men should they make a bad use of the power delegated to them,\" he replied, \"hang them.\"\nBut his guidance of the government's helm during the most calamitous scenes of the war was a great degree responsible for the successes ultimately obtained against a powerful and triumphant enemy. He perceived the superior ability of General Greene to direct every military operation and, with unflagging industry, seconded his views with all the influences of the civil authority. His judicious promotion of Generals Sumter, Marion, and Pickens did credit to his discernment and proved of the highest utility to his country. The well-timed proclamations promising pardon and protection to all who had been tempted to make submission awakened the slumbering energies of patriotism and roused the entire population of Carolina as one man.\n\nRUTLEDGE. 175\nI have always believed that every man's best services are due to his country. This sentiment was evident in his conduct throughout the formation of the Constitution and the last hour of the war. His zeal and activity never wavered. His decision to refuse sanctioning the abandonment of Fort Sullivan Island upon Sir Peter Parker's fleet approach is a testament to his honor. It allowed General Moultrie and his garrison to demonstrate the resolve of free men, and significantly altered the enemy's perception of the opposition they would encounter when engaging with Carolinians.\nThough still formidable in force and capable of doing much mischief, they at once relinquished the idea of further hostility and precipitately withdrew to New York. His exertions in collecting the militia of the interior country at Orangeburgh on the invasion of Provost, and expeditious movement to frustrate the attack on Charleston, by its happy results, increased his claim to applause. Above every other trait of character, it must redound to the honor of John Rutledge, possessing dictatorial powers, that the justice and equitable current of his administration never engendered the slightest murmur, nor gave birth to a single complaint. So mild and conciliating were all his actions that obedience went hand in hand with command.\nThe ardor of zeal seemed rather to solicit service than seek means of avoiding it. Rutledge. Though taxed by Cassitis, a political writer of the day, as being the framer and advocate of the Confiscation Law (now generally reprobated), it would be unjust exclusively to censure Hirriy when at the moment of its passing, there were not more than a dozen Members of the Legislature who declared their sentiments or gave their votes in opposition to it. The fact is, that the provocation to severity had been considered excessive, and the irritation of the public mind was excited beyond control. I was on the spot at the moment that the bill passed, and had strong reason to believe, though certainly approved, it did not originate with him. Edward Rutledge. As firmly attached as his brother, to every feeling.\nMr. Edward Rutledge displayed an ardent sentiment of patriotism, dedicating his time and talents to public service with equal diligence. John Rutledge's Demosthenian eloquence was more impetuous and commanding, while Edward's Ciceronian style was more persuasive. Edward possessed a suave manner and an attractive argumentative style that often overcame the prejudices of the unfriendly and consistently intensified the resolve of steadfast allies. John Rutledge's eloquence was like a rapid torrent, urging you forward with powerful impetus to its intended goal. Edward's eloquence, on the other hand, was a gentle and smoothly gliding stream, leading you to its destination with alluring fascinations that made each progressive step seem enchanting. Civil pursuits occupied the elder brother's attention, while the younger brother is mentioned in the text.\nRutledge gained fame both on the battlefield and in the cabinet. In the well-contested battle on Port Royal Island, he commanded one of the field-pieces that essentially contributed to the victory, and rightfully received the thanks of the commanding general. After the capture of Charleston, the influence of his talents and example did not escape the notice of the British Commanders. They saw how much a man of such superior ability would be looked up to by the suffering multitude, and to destroy this effect, they removed him to St. Augustine. Rutledge's cheerful disposition and conciliating attention to his companions in this situation of unmerited persecution contributed significantly to cherishing hope and opposing intrepid resistance to every attempt.\nAfter his exchange and freedom from captivity, Hugh Rutledge was elected a Member of the State Legislature, and at the conclusion of the war, served in the Council aiding the administration of Governor Matthews. The act of his life that exalts him to the highest honor is still to be mentioned. He was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. This is a sublime test of patriotism, which can never be disputed, and which, as long as the liberties of America shall endure, will secure to him the admiration and blessings of his country.\n\nHugh Rutledge's talents were not, perhaps, equally brilliant or of such distinguished cast as those of his brothers; but for solidity of judgment and strong manly sense, he was not inferior to either.\nof them ; and as a firm and intrepid Patriot, was pre- \neminently distinguished by the cheerful performance of \nevery duty to his country. He too, like his brother \nEdward, was deemed of sufficient consequence, to be \nmade an object of peculiar persecution ; and being \nsent into exile, supported all the trials of long confine- \nment, and irritating restrictions, with unshaken con- \nstancy. After his exchange, he filled the Speaker's \nChair in the Legislature greatly to the satisfaction of \nits Members, and finally advanced to the Chancery \nBench, closed a life of usefulness with the applause \nand sincere regrets of his grateful country. \nDR. DAVID RAMSAY. \nThe literary character of Dr. Ramsay does honour \nto his country; his political conduct during the Revo- \nlutionary war no less honour to himself. The dawn of \nhostility found him with a reputation for talents, in- \nThe American Revolution was marked by the men of greatest genius and virtue serving as its advocates. In the Rebel ranks were found almost all the orators, statesmen, and philosophers the country could boast. Lawyers who had attained the highest distinction in the Legislature and at the bar, physicians who had become eminent for their science and professional skill, merchants who had acquired wealth and honor through commercial enterprise, and even ministers of the Gospel, who had endeared themselves to the people through their learning and piety, all united their efforts in the common cause. Dignity was given to the contest, and public feeling was excited. (Ramsay. 179)\nDr. Ramsay's influence was felt and acknowledged by all. He was universally esteemed as a man of professional learning and the purest patriotism. Known to be governed in all his actions by a deep sense of moral and religious duty, the purity of his life was considered the best evidence of the uprightness of his views. The zeal with which he espoused the cause of freedom could not fail to produce a powerful effect on the minds of the timid and scrupulous. Dr. Ramsay never hesitated a moment as to the part he should take in the struggle. With an earnestness and ardor which no danger or difficulty could impair, he embarked his life and fortune in the cause of liberty and his country. He was one of the earliest advocates for freedom.\nadvocates for independence and in every period of the war he wrote, spoke, and acted with the greatest zeal and ability for the accomplishment of that glorious object. As a member of the Council of Safety, of the Provincial Legislature, and finally of the Continental Congress, he was always distinguished for his eloquence in debate, his wisdom in council, and his promptitude and energy in action. Having engaged in the contest from principle, Dr. Ramsay pursued his course with a devotion and perseverance which proved that his heart was in the work. The press teemed with the ingenious productions of his pen; and at all public meetings his eloquence was exerted to sustain the pride and spirit of the people. Regardless of his private interests, he never hesitated to perform any labor or to incur any risk which the general welfare required.\nRamsay, whose professional services were frequently required, constantly joined the army and was present with the Charleston Ancient Battalion of Artillery at the siege of Savannah. It was natural that such a man should become the peculiar object of the enemy's vengeance. He was accordingly one of the victims selected by Lord Cornwallis to be banished to St. Augustine. After an exile of eleven months, in consequence of a prisoner exchange, he was released and returned to Carolina, joining Governor Rutledge at the Hills of Santee, and shortly after took his seat as a member of the Legislature, convened at Jacksonborough. Though he had just suffered great indignity from the injustice and violated faith of the enemy, yet always superior to bad passions and incapable of revenge, he exerted his great talents and influence.\nDuring the Assembly, Dr. Ramsay made honorable efforts to prevent the passage of the Confiscation Acts and lessen the punishments against political offenders. These efforts, though not successful, are due praise for Dr. Ramsay's sacrifice of personal feelings and noble attempt to stem the public indignation sweeping away many wise and good men of the State.\n\nDuring the Revolution, he carefully treasured materials for a History of its eventful scenes, his ardent character never permitting him to doubt the final success of his countrymen and the establishment of American Independence. In the year 1785, he published his History of the Revolution in South Carolina, and in 1790, he gave to the world his general History of the American Revolution. No man could doubt his dedication.\nI have brought to the composition of such works higher qualifications, or a more valuable stock of information. He was aware that his feelings as an American Patriot, might affect his impartiality and bias his judgment; and he also knew, that a faithful detail of facts, would probably be received at that period, by both parties, with dissatisfaction. He set out, therefore, with a firm resolution, as he himself declares, \"to decline the fruitless attempt of aiming to please either party, and to follow the attractions of truth wherever they might lead.\" In the prosecution of this honorable determination, \"I declare,\" (says he), \"that in the whole course of my writing, I have carefully watched the workings of my mind, lest passion, prejudice, or party feeling should warp my judgment; and I have endeavored to impress on myself how much truth is to be preferred to popularity.\"\nIt is more honorable to write impartially for the good of posterity than to condescend to be a party's apologist. No higher praise can be bestowed on Dr. Ramsay than to say he acted on these noble principles in the composition of all his works, including the Histories referred to here and those he published afterward. Dr. Ramsay acquired the distinguished appellation of \"The American Historian\" and erected for himself a monument as lasting as time.\n\nThe character of Dr. Ramsay's eloquence was altogether striking and peculiar. I never heard on the floor of our Legislature a Speaker whose harangues were better calculated to impress on his audience the truths he wished to inculcate. His arguments were always forcible and admirably arranged, brought forward with peculiar effect, for so strong was his eloquence.\nDr. Ramsay was a remarkably fluent, rapid, and ready speaker. Though his manner was ungraceful - neglecting all ornament, and never addressing himself to the imagination or passions of his audience - his style was so simple and so pure, his reasoning so cogent, his remarks so striking and original, and his conclusions so clearly resulted from his premises, that he seldom failed to convince. Dr. Ramsay retained his style of speaking, in all its original ardor, purity, and force, until his death.\n\nHis biographer expresses himself as follows on this subject: \"Dr. Ramsay was a remarkably fluent, rapid, and ready speaker. Though his manner was ungraceful - neglecting all ornament, and never addressing himself to the imagination or passions of his audience - yet his style was so simple and so pure, his reasoning so cogent, his remarks so striking and original, and his conclusions so clearly resulted from his premises, that he seldom failed to convince.\"\n\nBiographical Memoir of Dr. Ramsay, prefixed to his History of the United States. That Memoir was written by Colonel R. Y. Hayes.\nAs a Politician, Dr. Ramsay was known for his candor and liberality. He once expressed doubts about the principles of the Cincinnati Association and shared concerns about the potential aristocracy it could establish in the country. However, experience proved him wrong, and the war with Great Britain tested the patriotism of the Society's members. Dr. Ramsay subsequently acknowledged his error and would have admitted it in a new edition of his History if he had published one.\nI will assert that this young man never heard a sermon which did him so much good. Your lectures, and the principles inculcated into the youthful mind, I know of no association more likely to benefit society than the Cincinnati. From a man of so serious a turn of mind, a higher compliment could not have been paid. I have ever lamented that his untimely fate prevented the display of a liberality which would have done him the highest honor.\n\nOf this city, being the substance of an Oration delivered by him, on the occasion of Dr. Ramsay's death, before the Literary and Philosophical Society.\nSouth Carolina, published by the request of that Society, in the Analectic Magazine, and afterwards prefixed to Dr. Ramsay's History.\n\nWilliam Henry Drayton.\n\nIt had long been a source of mortification to the Colonists that no attention had been paid to native talents. Instead, whenever a post of trust or employment became vacant, some needy adventurer or parasitical sycophant was seen to arrive. Their only merit consisted in the art of bowing with humility to their superiors, or whose favor was derived from the fascinating influence of some pretty relative, who had skill to impress on an influential minister the conviction that he was qualified to support the dignity of Britain in her Colonies.\nWhere few communities displayed greater ability than in Carolina. What country could boast of superior talents to those exhibited by Peter Manigault, William Wragg, John, Edward and Hugh Rutledge, Charles Cotesworth and Thomas Pinckney, Rawlins Lowndes, William and William Henry Drayton, Thomas Bee, John Matthews, David Ramsay, Jacob Read, and very many others; but these were men two honest and proud in spirit, implicitly to obey the dictates of a power daily encroaching on the liberties of the people, and alone intent to reduce them to a submission that would have led them to lick the dust beneath the foot that spurned them. Their talents and virtues appeared feeble claims to distinction, and their being natives an insurmountable bar to success. Twice the respectable Lieutenant Governor Bull was insulted by a cruel.\nThe last 18 governors of the royal administration deviated from the regular rotation of succession, placing men of the lowest capacities in power. It is no scandal to admit that the two most recent governors were deficient even in common understanding; their promotions were solely based on their rank and the powerful influence of their families. Among the judges, there were some men of ability, but the majority were pitifully deficient in political and general information, and entirely ignorant of professional knowledge. It has been said of Chief Justice Shinner that he never opened a law book until he was actually on his passage to America. An anecdote about Judge Futrel provides an adequate idea of his qualifications. At a dancing assembly, having consumed too much wine, he lay extended on a couch.\nbench, in a retiring room, confused with liquor, when perceiving a gentleman pulling off his coat for the purpose of changing a waistcoat that had been accidentally soiled, he leapt up and putting himself into a boxing attitude, exclaimed, \"O damn you, if you are for that sport, I'm at home \u2014 come on.\" Such were our Governors, such the men sent from the Parent State to administer justice.\n\nA reference to an interesting debate in the British House of Commons more fully illustrates the extent to which such insults towards the Colonists were carried. George Grenville exclaiming, \"Shall these Americans, our own children, planted by our cares, nourished by our indulgence, dare to resist our decrees,\" and so on. Colonel Barre caught the words and with manly eloquence said, \"They nourished by our indulgence? They grew up by our neglect; and\"\nas soon as you began to care about them, that care was exercised in sending persons to rule over them, in one department and another, who were perhaps the deputies of the deputies of some members of this House, sent to syupon their liberty, to misrepresent their actions, and to prey upon them. Men whose behavior, on many occasions, had caused the blood of these sons of liberty to recoil within them; men promoted to the highest seats of justice, some of whom, to my knowledge, were glad by going to foreign countries to escape the vengeance of the laws in their own.\n\nAt the commencement of the Revolution, William Henry Drayton, who officiated as one of the Assistant Judges, was the only member of the bench who was a native American. His part was promptly taken, and with decision. His ardor to support the liberties of the colony was evident.\nHis country was so highly esteemed that it caused his immediate nomination to the Presidency of the Provincial Congress. His abilities were confessedly great, and his popular talents, considered so well calculated to conciliate the wavering and unfriendly, and effect their adherence to the cause of their country, that in conjunction with the Reverend Mr. Tennant, he was sent into the interior expressly to effect the union of parties and to excite a general and firm opposition to British tyranny. The seeds of disaffection, however, were already too generally sown. The enemies to revolutionary principles temporized, but as soon as the hope revived of being supported by a competent British force, they broke out in open hostility. It was quickly found that the swords of Sumter and Pickens more effectively produced the performance of their duties.\nMr. John Edwards' persuasive eloquence and commanding oratory were not surpassed by Tennant or Drayton. His letters, published to counter the machinations of the British commissioners, offered the fallacious hope of conciliation and were considered replete with irresistible arguments, written in the best style of composition. His Strictures on the conduct of General Charles Lee disobeying orders at the battle of Monmouth and questioning General Washington's military capacity were highly approved by a great majority of the Union.\n\n186. Mr. John Edwards.\n\nIt is both injudicious and unjust that Mr. John Edwards has been so little noticed. This name has scarcely been mentioned in the records of our Revolution; yet, there was no citizen of the republic whose love of liberty burned as brightly as his.\nWith more generous enthusiasm, he was the first individual in Carolina to offer his fortunes in support of the American cause. His friend, the venerable Josiah Smith, was no less liberal in his loans to the Government. Their example must have greatly contributed to giving stability to public credit and inducing many of less sanguine hopes to risk their fortunes for the public good. Warned by his more prudential friends that he placed too much at hazard, that the success of America, opposed to the power of Britain, could scarcely be expected, and that the total loss of his ample possessions might follow: With a feeling of patriotism that cannot be too highly appreciated, he replied, \"Be it so! I would rather lose them.\"\n\"His subsequent conduct gives ample testimony that he meant to retain it, subject to British authority. A conversation took place between him and Admiral Arthur, shortly after the fall of Charleston, in which the Admiral expressed astonishment that a native of Great Britain should have taken part with the Rebels and advocated revolutionary principles. 'Nothing, Mr. Edwards,' said the Admiral, 'appeared more extraordinary to Sir Henry Clinton and myself. How is it to be accounted for?' 'Because,' replied Mr. Edwards.\"\nI have approved and pledged to support the ward's actions. But, Mr. Edwards, as a man of sense, you must now see the futility of resistance. As a man of honor, you are bound to aid in promoting submission to the merciful Government, which would obliterate past offenses and receive the people with favor and forgiveness. We know your influence can do much; many look up to you for regulation of their conduct. We know no individual has suffered such heavy pecuniary loss from the depreciation of paper currency as yourself. Therefore, do not reject the liberal and advantageous terms.\nProposition which I am about to make, take protection; recommend it to your friends and follow your meritorious example. Use your best efforts to put down opposition to the British authorities, and you shall be forthwith remunerated for every loss sustained, as well as for the good effected through your means. A pecuniary reward shall be granted you, equal to your most sanguine desires.\n\n\"Admiral Arbuthnot,\" said Mr. Edwards, \"it is not the temptations of wealth that shall ever induce me to forfeit my honor. I cannot hesitate to choose, where duty, inclination, and every virtuous principle point out the course which it becomes me to pursue. My losses have been great, but they cost me not a sigh. My monies were lent to support a cause which I consider that of justice and humanity.\"\nI have a wife, tenderly beloved, and ten children worthy of my most ardent affection. They are all dependent upon me, and I may probably have little to leave them but good principles and an untarnished reputation. But, if a gallows were raised by your order, in my view, and you were to say \u2014 Your fate depends upon your resolve \u2014 take protection or perish \u2014 I would, without a moment's hesitation, die.\n\nIf the traits of character which I have exhibited are acceptable to public sentiment and have a claim to applause, how much more admiration of his patriotic conduct be increased, when it is remembered that, hearing in council the magnanimous proposition to await the event of an assault and to devote the lives of the Garrison of Charleston to the attainment of general good, rather than surrender to the enemy, he:\n\n(Note: The last sentence appears to be incomplete and may require further research or context to fully understand.)\nnobly he supported the opinion and heroically declared, \"I would rather that my breast should meet the British bayonet than that my signature should be given to any proposition recommending the surrender of the city.\" Supporting all the severities of exile and persecution at St. Augustine with unshaken fidelity to his country, he was sent, with the companions of his misfortunes, after the happy negotiation of Major Hyrne for the exchange of prisoners, to Philadelphia. There, his virtues gained him respect\u2014his misfortunes friends. He died in exile and was interred amidst the regrets of an admiring people, whose pity for his sufferings could only be surpassed by their applause and admiration of the firmness with which he supported them.\n\nGovernor Matthews. (Matthews, 189)\nTo this distinguished patriot, I have always considered the citizens of the Southern States as particularly indebted. It might be difficult at this late period to prove the fact, but it must indeed have excited astonishment at any time. I have heard him repeatedly declare that after the defeat of General Gates near Camden, when the cloud that overshadowed the prospects of America wore its darkest hue, and even to the Revolutionists, the most sanguine of success, the enlightened rays of hope were scarcely perceptible, that through the intrigues, and at the suggestion of the French Ambassador, it was contemplated to bring forward a proposition in Congress to purchase peace and the independence of a large portion of the United States, by the sacrifice of the Carolinas and Georgia. He did not conceal the name of the individual involved.\nAn individual who had engaged to introduce and advocate the measure was filled with resentment. Indignant that even in the private circles of society such a base and disgraceful proposal should have been whispered - admitted into an American bosom, he determined at once to put the virtue of the Delegated Representatives of his country to the test. Repairing to Congress, he forcibly reminded them of their bond of union; that the several States were pledged to each other, through every variety of fortune, to accomplish the end of their association, or to fall together. \"I will regard the man,\" he exclaimed, \"who would attempt to weaken these sacred ties as the fit object of universal execration. And in the event that the members of Congress should so far debase themselves as to listen to his nefarious proposal, after having, in conjunction with me, taken an oath to uphold the Constitution, I will consider him an enemy of the people and a traitor to his country.\"\nwith my colleagues, we protested against the measure. MATTHEWS pointed out the source of the evil. I will tell my constituents, make your own terms with the enemy \u2014 no longer regard as associates, nor put your trust in men, who, appalled by their fears and under the influence of a foreign power, secure themselves from harm, do no scruple to doom their friends to destruction. Happily for our country, the energetic conduct of our Delegates crushed the intrigue in embryo. It never saw the light. Mr. Bee and Colonel Eveleigh very nobly supported Mr. Matthews on this momentous occasion.\n\nSometime subsequent to the writing of the anecdote above recorded, I learned from General Thomas Pinckney that while with Governor Rutledge at Camden, subsequent to the fall of Charleston, he was informed by him that he had received a letter from...\nA member of the South-Carolina Delegation in Congress, likely Mr. Matthews with whom he was allied by the closest ties of friendship, informed him that despondency for the fate of the Southern States was the universal sentiment, but that he still harbored the hope that Carolina would remain a member of the Union. However, some discussion had taken place in Congress regarding the representation made by Governor Matthews. This is more clearly demonstrated by the copy of a declaration made by that respectable body on June 25, 1780, extracted from Rivington's New-York Royal Gazette on September 13 of the same year.\n\nWhereas, it has been reported to seduce the States of South-Carolina and Georgia from their allegiance to the United States,\nA treaty of peace between America and Great Britain was about to be made, and these two states would be ceded to Great Britain.\n\nResolved unanimously. That the said report is insidious and utterly void of foundation. This confederacy is most sacredly pledged to support the liberty and independence of every one of its members. In a firm reliance on the Divine blessing, we will unremittingly persevere in every exertion for the establishment of the same, and for the recovery and preservation of any and every part of the said United States that have been, or may hereafter be, invaded or possessed by the common enemy.\n\nExtract from the minutes.\n\nCharles Thompson, Sec'ry.\nBenjamin Guerard.\n\nThe distresses of the patriotic citizens of South Carolina, transported to Philadelphia, were sufficient.\nIn their nature, they were prone to engender the most gloomy despair. Hospitality opened the doors of the inhabitants to many families, who were kindly sheltered and treated with the most cordial affection. However, there were many unfortunates, accustomed through life to possess every essential necessity, who were destitute and not a few who actually wanted bread. I record it to the honor of Mr. Benjamin Guerard, a gentleman of extensive property, that he, upon this occasion, generously stepped forward and offered to pledge his estate as security to raise a sum exclusively appropriated to the maintenance of his suffering countrymen, demanding no greater share for himself than that which should be allowed to every other individual. Carolina estates, however, were regarded as castles in the air, and his generous intentions proved altogether abortive.\nIt would be painful for me not to mention names where claims to humanity existed. My information is limited. Such individuals as I knew, pre-eminently distinguished by their efforts to give relief, I am proud to speak of. Dr. Bond, Mr. Wikoff, Colonel Pettit, Mr. Ingersoll, Dr. Logan, and many others, were liberal with delicacy and doubled the obligation by bestowing their favors without ostentation. Nor should it ever be forgotten in Carolina, that Colonel John Mitchell, so much the victim of misfortune in his latter years, who lived in Philadelphia at that period in ease and affluence, never failed, as occasion required, to soothe the afflictions of the exiles, by every attention that benevolence could bestow. I am sensible that to many of my readers, a considerable portion of the Anecdotes which I record, may be unfamiliar.\nJudge Burke acted conspicuously throughout the Revolution, serving as a steady and inflexible Patriot and zealous supporter of the Laws. The people had no more ready advocate to maintain their just rights or more prompt opponent when they manifested the slightest disposition to licentiousness. He always meant well, though he frequently took an awkward way of showing it, and secured confidence by his unremitted endeavors to deserve it. It had been fashionable, towards the close of the war, for persons wishing to avoid militia service to feign illness or other pretenses. Burke, however, was not among them (Burke. 193)\nTo attach themselves as volunteers to the regular Continental Regiments, engaging to take the field whenever called; but it soon appeared that self-indulgence was much more their real object than public good. To counteract this practice, a Bill was introduced into the Legislature at Jacksonborough to compel every man to serve in the Militia Regiment in which he was enrolled. Judge Burke, on this occasion, after using many arguments in support of the Bill, concluded by saying \u2014 \"I shall give but one reason more, Mr. Speaker, against the volunteer system, and that is a very powerful one. Your volunteers are a set of very shabby fellows. I have a good right to say it; I am a volunteer myself.\" Travelling the Circuit some years previous to the period when an improved system of education had completely extinct\nA man of ferocity, which tolerated gouging, biting, and other disgraceful practices, was asked why he carried pistols of unusual size and caliber. He replied, \"As the best specific for the preservation of my eye sight \u2013 country frolics too frequently producing blindness.\" The system of espionage, however disgraceful to the party who undertakes to betray, is regarded as altogether justifiable by the Officer who seeks intelligence. To individuals communicating information relative to the movements of the enemy, both General Greene and General Marion had promised protection and release from the penalties attached to their political offenses. This was a measure, in the highest degree, revolting to a large proportion of the Members of the House of Representatives, who steadfastly maintained that to:\nmen, lost to every honorable feeling, should never be granted citizenship rights. The singularity of Judge Burke's reasoning on this subject occasioned much amusement. He briefly said, \"I am at a loss, Mr. Speaker, to conjecture what the gentlemen would be at. The Generals were authorized to engage spies, who would be tempted to betray the secrets of the Government they professed to honor. Having done so, this House is bound to fulfill every contract it has made. They proudly assert, what in my conscience I have little inclination to deny\u2014that such men would be bound citizens anywhere. But spies are confessed to be a necessary evil. I should be glad to know, if the gentlemen ever expect to find honest men who will undertake the dirty work required of them and act the part of villains, to provide information.\"\nMr. Speaker, you are at liberty to despise the traitors while profiting from their treason. You may cut their acquaintance, withhold the compliment of your hat, hand, and heart. Protected by the Generals' pledge to restore and pardon them for their political criminality, these individuals are as truly citizens as any of us.\n\nSending a challenge to a person who had grossly offended him, he expressed himself as follows: \"Sir, I must insist upon your giving me immediate satisfaction, for having so far imposed on me as to make me believe for a single moment that you were a man of honor or a gentleman.\"\n\nI myself remember having heard him relate this.\nWhen Judge Burke, to oppose the permanency and strengthening of the Union through the adoption of the Federal Constitution, stood forth as its strenuous opposer, using his utmost efforts to make it hateful to the people; but, upon finding that a large majority held a different sentiment, and that its acceptance was sanctioned by their applause, he gave up opposition and studiously endeavored to give energy to all its operations.\n\nUpon returning from a Circuit in the interior, Judge Burke encountered, on one occasion, a long train of wagons near Nelson's Ferry, transporting produce from North Carolina to Charleston. With their conductors, he immediately engaged in conversation.\nTo ascertain their opinions of passing events, I asked, \"Do you think the recently adopted Constitution of the United States will prove useful and acceptable to the People?\" The reply was unanimous: \"By no means. We abhor it, and to such a degree that should the President think proper, on any emergency, to call us into the field, we would refuse obedience to a man.\" \"Tell that,\" said the Judge, \"to someone who does not know you. Refuse to obey the call of your Chief Magistrate when your country is in jeopardy! Impossible! Look to the discipline which every mother's son of you keeps up on your farms, when you wish to know the extent and condition of your stock. Do you not blow your conchs and sound your cattle, your sheep, your pigs, and your poultry gather about you, as it were, to ask your command?\"\nmands ? And when danger threatens, and the Presi- \ndent blows his conch, to call you to your duty, would \nyou have me believe, that you would be more insen- \nsible than the beasts of the field ? The protection \nwhich the Government which he administers affords, \nis to you what feed is to your hogs ; and at the first \nblast, not one of the swinish herd would be more nim- \nble in seeking his rations, than you would be in the \nopportunity of repelling aggression.\" *' You are a \nvery free spoken man,\" said one of his auditors, '* and \nmay, i)erhaps, be a clever one ; but, for your want of \ncivility in comparing us to our hogs, be pleased to \nt88 BURKE. \npass to the rear ; you cross not the River till the last \nof our wagons has reached the opposite shore.\" The \nJud^e was forced to comply ; but, recollecting that his \nHe risked his life to swim his horses and paddle himself across the River, required by a particular time in another quarter. Admiring the independence of character in men who would not tolerate incivility, not even from a Judge. After the evacuation of Charleston, Judge Burke, under the signature of Cassius, attacked with much point and decided effect the act of the Jacksonborough Assembly against those who had submitted and taken British protections. I have always thought that the censures which he lavished on this occasion would not have been received so favorably if obnoxious individuals had been allowed to plead in justification of their conduct or if particular penalties had been attached to particular crimes. But contrary to every principle of justice, prejudice reigned with unlimited sway, and under its protection, influential individuals went unchecked.\nFriends, many escaped censure for the very acts for which others were banished and fined to the full extent of their possessions. Wealth was too frequently regarded as an indication of crime; and in committee, on the reading over the names of the accused, the cry of \"a fat sheep; a fat sheep\u2014prick him! prick him!\" was followed by immediate condemnation, unless some man of influence or friend to humanity, in pity, undertook to palliate the misconduct of the offender and by his eloquence averted the blow which was to destroy him. In his last hours, he exhibited the same humor and eccentricity that had distinguished him through life.\n\nOn the day previous to his death, having been tapped by Dr. Irvine for dropsy, he said, \"Well, Irvine, what am I to expect? Is the decree life or death?\"\n\n\"Life, my good fellow,\" said Irvine. \"You are an old rogue.\"\nBurke. Irishman and will yet last a long time. Then, by Jasus, said Burke, I shall be the first thing that ever lasted long in this house, after being once put on tap.\n\nCaptain Richard Gough. It is a tribute justly due to the independent spirit of Captain Richard Gough to record, that having in vain opposed proceedings so abhorrent to justice as those already mentioned, he vacated his seat in the Jackson-borough Assembly, declaring, \"that he could never remain a witness to the condemnation of a man who was not allowed the privilege to state, in his own defence, the motives which had decided his conduct.\"\n\nThe magnanimity of this gentleman on another occasion is highly deserving of praise. Having been a prisoner, he had been thrown into irons and treated with peculiar indignity. A change in the political circumstances led to his release.\nIn the given time, favorable to America, many British adherents, regretting their imprudence, sought to be admitted as citizens through a full confession of error. An American, who had deeply interested himself in the case of an individual subjected to the Confiscation Law's penalties, appealed to Captain Gough's humanity. \"It is only necessary for you to oppose the petition on his behalf, which will be presented to the Legislature, to ensure its failure,\" the American said. \"Make yourself easy then,\" was the generous reply. \"Give me the petition, I will present and support it, and will be happy if that prevents opposition from any other quarter.\"\n\n198 GOUGH.\nThe war has reached a happy conclusion \u2014 my resentment,\nIt is gratifying to see that only five out of twenty Episcopal clergy in South Carolina adhered to the British cause, as detailed in the \"History of the Episcopal Church in South Carolina\" by the Reverend Dr. Dalcho. The late Bishop Smith took up his musket and, amidst great danger, encouraged intrepid resistance through both precept and example. Captured at Charleston's surrender, he was immediately banished due to the perceived influence of his actions, even while ill and confined.\nfined to his bed, a centinel placed over him, was not allowed to quit his chamber, till he was taken from it under a guard, to be transported to Philadelphia. The nature of my work permits me to speak of his political conduct alone. To his credit, however, I must state, that blessed with opulence, his charities were unbounded. The poor and the needy wept his departure with unfeigned sorrow. Benevolence was enthroned in his heart. His Clerical Brothers found in him a friend, and mourned in him a Father. Many charitable institutions were benefited, both by his exertions and by his liberality; the Clergy Society, which gives relief to the bereaved widow and rescues the helpless orphan from the pangs of want and misery, originating with him, was, to his latest hour, fostered by him.\nThe Rev. Dr. Percy frequently preached to the troops, encouraging them to intrepid exertions and patient endurance of the privations necessarily connected with their situation. He was the first Orator who addressed the people on the Anniversary of our Independence. His steady conduct being highly offensive to the British authorities, he was ordered to relinquish his clerical duties as soon as Charleston fell, under the penalty of a dungeon; and to avoid persecution, retired to Europe.\n\nThe Rev. Mr. Lewis of St. Paul's was a firm advocate for Independence and an indefatigable agent in promoting its accomplishment. Delivering a patriotic discourse on the text \"The Lord forbid that I should give the inheritance of my fathers unto thee,\" he became particularly obnoxious to the British Commanders.\nExiled to St. Augustine with many other Patriots, but was quickly separated from them and shut up in the Castle, condemned to solitary confinement.\n\nPurcell, Terquand and Warren.\nThe Rev. Dr. Purcell\nWas equally firm in his principles; and acting as Deputy Judge Advocate in the field, supported all the difficulties and dangers of campaigning with exceptional patience and intrepidity.\n\nThe Rev. Paul Terquand\nServed as a member in the First Provincial Congress, and distinguished himself, not only in his legislative capacity, but by his oratorical powers and animating address to that respectable body from the pulpit, for which he received their unanimous thanks.\n\nThe Rev. Samuel Warren,\nCalled by interesting concerns to Europe at the commencement of the Revolution, was tempted by all\nThe arts of persuasion and offers of liberal preferment by a brother, a Dignitary in the established Church, for remaining in England; but, with a soul superior to all selfish consideration, he thought only of the good that might flow from his exertions in the cause of Liberty. He returned to America with unremitted zeal and performed every duty, braved every danger, and both by precept and example, to the conclusion of the contest, pointed out the road to honor and renown.\n\nThe Reverend Josiah Smith,\nPastor of the Independent Church, though advanced to his 77th year, disdaining to receive the favor which would have been allowed him, of remaining in Charleston, from an enemy,\n\nNor is less praise due to the clergy of other denominations, who, with unshaken zeal and firmness, were reckoned among the most strenuous supporters of the Revolution.\nThe wanton violation of capitulation terms led the grantee to banishment with his family, where he died as an exile. The Reverend Mr. Tennant is prominently distinguished. Born in New-Jersey in 1740, he was educated at the College of Princeton, receiving a bachelor's degree in 1758 and licensed to preach two years later. He initially settled in Connecticut but accepted the pastoral charge of the Independent Church in Charleston in 1772. As a man of learning, eloquence, and piety, he was held in high esteem. I will speak more particularly about his Revolutionary services, which offer ample grounds for praise. His life, from the earliest dawn of hostility, was devoted to serving his country.\nThe whole tenor of his conduct gave unequivocal proof that he considered religion, liberty, and happiness implicated in her success. The vigor of his mind would not suffer him, under such circumstances, to act an inferior part. He boldly stepped forward as the champion of Liberty and Independence; with zeal and eloquence, he preached resistance, nor failed to support it with all his energies. As a Member of the Provincial Congress, and afterwards of the House of Assembly, he acquired great celebrity, and so forcibly impressed upon the minds of his colleagues the conviction of his superior and persuasive talents, that in conjunction with the Honorable William Henry Drayton, he was delegated to visit the disaffected districts of the interior country. By the exercise of his abilities, he demonstrated to the misguided districts the merits of their cause.\nBoth the weakness and wickedness of their conduct; and by dint of reason, to reconcile them to those patriotic measures which could alone save their country from destruction. This was a service of extreme difficulty and danger. Suspicion had exercised its baneful influence. Motives and designs were reciprocally attributed by the opposite parties to each other, of the most ungenerous nature and mischievous tendency. Camps were formed preparatory to open contention, and the whole country breathed the spirit of war. A conference between the leaders, however, put a temporary stop to hostility. The Loyalist engaged to remain in a state of neutrality, and both parties retired to their homes. The good that was expected from the commission of the Delegates was not as extensive as the government had anticipated; but their efforts contributed to the eventual resolution of the conflict.\nEloquence had its effect. Many men of character and influence were induced to sign the Association and renouncing their errors, became the steady supporters of the popular cause.\n\nTo summarize his character as a Politician, it is no exaggeration to say that resistance to oppression and firmness in supporting the just rights of the people were the cherished doctrines of his heart; and to have accomplished their accomplishment, he would have laid down his life rejoicing.\n\nThe respect to his memory by the Congregation over which he presided is feelingly demonstrated by the inscription on his Monument, erected by them in their Archdale-street Church.\n\nIn memory\nOf the Reverend WILLIAM TENNANT, A.M.\nPastor of this Church,\nand principally instrumental in the\nerection of this building,\ndedicated to the worship of\nAlmighty God.\nThe Reverend Dr. Furman died at the High Hills of Santee, in the thirty-seventh year of his age. He was distinguished for quickness of perception, solidity of judgment, energy and firmness of mind, inflexible patriotism, and ardent public spirit. As a Preacher, he was prompt, solemn, instructive, and persuasive \u2014 of every social virtue, he was a bright example. 'Blessed are the dead who die in the Lord.' His valuable life terminated while discharging a filial duty, bringing his aged and recently widowed mother from New Jersey to Carolina.\nI know no man who, by the uniform display of talent and virtue, does greater honor to humanity than Doctor Furman. Strenuous in opposition to the invaders, he fought and preached with energy and effect. The recollection of his zeal to promote unanimity and steady resistance to the encroachments of an enemy, who not long ago would have disturbed the tranquility of his country once more, demonstrated that the patriot fire that warmed his youthful bosom burns even in advanced life with all its pristine purity and brilliance.\n\nConduct of Our Allies, the French.\n\nIt is a tribute of justice due to our Allies, the French, to state that during our Revolutionary struggle for Freedom, they invariably endeavored to harmonize with our citizens, relinquishing, on most occasions, their own modes and practices with distinguished politeness.\nprejudices, to conform themselves to the habits and \ncustoms of America. They did indeed carry their \ndesire to please and conciliate to such an extent, that I \nremember, on one occasion, a French Officer being \nasked by General M'Intosh, (presiding at a Court \nMartial, and desirous to administer an oath, that his \nevidence should be given with impartiality) \u2014 '' Of \nwhat Religion he was ?\" replied very readily \u2014 \" The \nAmerican, Sir ;\" thinking, undoubtedly, that it was \na duty to conform as much as possible to the religious \nopinions of the people in whose cause he had drawn \nhis sword. And this appears the more probable, for \ntime being allowed for reflection, and the question \nvaried, by substituting ivhat faith, instead of what \nReligion, he exclaimed \u2014 C^est bien une autre affaire \n\u2014 Roman Catholique Apostolique, Mon General, \nIt is needless to speak of their bravery. They were \nFrenchmen, enthusiastically attached to the opinions of Liberty and Republicanism. Their intrepidity was exemplary, and gave them daily new claims to the admiration and gratitude of the people, whose rights and properties they had pledged to defend. I would extend my volume far beyond the prescribed limits to bring forward examples of their valor, but naming one may offend multitudes. Yet, there is a charm in gallantry when displayed in early youth, and I risk imputation of partiality rather than pass over a selected incident that appears to have a peculiar claim to applause.\n\nBaron de Carenffez.\n\nAt the siege of York, the young Baron de Carenffez...\nA fifteen-year-old boy named Deffez, now a resident of our city, was sent to the Magazine to distribute ammunition for the French artillery. While seated on a barrel of powder, he saw an enemy shell fall just two feet from his position. The soldiers in the battery, anticipating immediate explosion, ran off in all directions. The fearless youth remained unmoved. The expected catastrophe, however, did not follow \u2013 the fuse of the shell was extinguished in flight. Perceiving this, the fugitives immediately returned to the battery. Captain Lemery, the commanding officer, addressing himself to the youth who still sat there, said, \"You young rogue, why did you not flee the impending danger? Why not seize a chance for life?\" \"Because, Captain,\" the heroic boy replied.\nThe chivalrous gallantry of the Chevalier De Buysson, Aid-de-Camp of the Baron De Kalb, cannot be too much admired. Perceiving his General fall, every idea of personal safety was abandoned; and rushing towards him, he generously offered his own breast as a shield to the body of his expiring friend, till covered with wounds and faint from loss of blood, he was compelled to withhold resistance and yielded up his sword to the enemy.\n\nThe Chevalier Duplessis Mauduit, a young and gallant Frenchman, whose enthusiastic devotion to Liberty had induced him, at the age of sixteen, to undertake a journey into Greece, expressly to view the scenes where her defenders had so resolutely fought.\nAbsolutely contended against the encroachments of tyranny and oppression, and who, in his twentieth year, had drawn his sword in the cause of America, is credited with having displayed the most romantic gallantry at the battle of Germantown. Perceiving the division of the army to which he was attached, severely galled by a heavy and destructive fire from Chew's house, Colonel Musgrave of the British army having thrown himself with his regiment into it, he immediately brought up two pieces of artillery, six-pounders, with the hope of dislodging them. But finding that the cannonade, due to the size of the guns, produced no effect, he proposed to Colonel Laurens to set fire to the principal door of entrance by carrying forward a quantity of combustible matter. The attempt was made.\nThe intrepid spirits of Laurens and the Chevalier Maudit could not overcome impossibilities. Laurens came so close that he made a thrust through a shot hole at an Officer within the building. He did not give up until a wound forced him to retreat. The Chevalier Maudit tried to enter through a ground floor window, which he had forced open. He saw an Officer who resolutely opposed his entrance being killed by a musket shot, intended for his bosom. With every hope of success vanished, retreat was the only resource for security. However, Maudit was determined rather to die than incur ridicule by running off. He retired with slow and deliberate steps, fortunate to escape without injury.\nThe laurels gained by this chivalrous youth in the successful defence of the fortress at Red Bank against a powerful detachment of Hessians, led by Colonel Donop, were no less honorable to him. So certain were the assailants of victory, so confident of their own superiority, both in discipline and valour, that on their approach to the American lines, one of their officers, advancing in front of his troops, exclaimed, \"The King of England orders his rebellious subjects to lay down their arms; and they are warned, that if they stand the battle, no quarters whatever will be given.\" It was immediately answered, \"Agreed! The challenge is accepted! There shall be no quarter granted on either side!\" It is unnecessary to detail particulars of the action that immediately followed. The defeat of the Hessians was complete.\nThe leader and a large proportion of the detachment fell. It might have been expected, after the threatening denunciation of vengeance held out, that indulgence might have been given to resentment. But, with Victor's humanity regained its benign influence in every American bosom, and the vanquished experienced every kind and benevolent attention that could soothe their misfortunes and teach them more highly to appreciate the courage and forbearance of an enemy, against whom they were prepared to exercise such deadly animosity. The unfortunate Donop, who fell mortally wounded, turning when nearly in the agonies of death to M. de Mauduit, said with great expression of feeling, \"My career is short. I die the victim of my ambition, and of the avarice of my King. But in dying in the arms of honor, I have no regrets.\"\nI cannot quit the generous Mauduit on the 3rd of March, 1791, the day previous to his assassination. The Baron de Carendeffez, with a few others of his friends, repaired to the Government House at Port-au-Prince. The spirit of revolt being at its height in the Island of St. Domingo, they warned him of the danger which threatened him, the storm ready to burst on his head, and emphatically said, \"Your regiment, the regiments of Artois and Normandie, are in insurrection\u2014 the sailors in the port, and every miscreant in the place, have sworn your destruction. Believe the information we give you\u2014quit this scene of horror\u2014you cannot otherwise escape destruction!\" \"With dignity,\" he replied, \"I know the risk that I run\u2014the danger to which I expose myself; but honor bids me stay.\"\nme I remain at my post. Death is my destiny \u2014 I expect it. But, there stands my commander, (pointing to M. de Blanchelande) \u2014 if he bids me depart, I obey; if he does not, I die on this spot! He then added, \"Remember, my friends, that I predict, that scoundrel will save himself, leaving me to pay the forfeit.\" He judged accurately; the General Mauduit, Fleury, and de Kalb (211) fled to Cape Francois, leaving the brave Mauduit at the mercy of infuriate assassins, to whose ferocity he became an immediate victim. It was not long, however, before he paid the price of such pusillanimous abandonment. He sailed for France, but being arrested at the moment of his arrival, perished by the hands of the executioner.\n\nLieutenant Colonel Fleury,\nWho had, on many previous occasions, displayed the most heroic gallantry, particularly distinguished in:\n\n(Note: The text appears to be incomplete at the end, with some missing words or lines.)\nLieutenant Colonel himself at the storming of British post at Stony Point. The difficulties he had to encounter in approaching the enemy's Redoubt, the invincible resolution of the troops he commanded to surmount them, can be justly estimated when it is remembered that Lieutenant Gibbon, who led the forlorn hope of Fleury's column, removed the abbatis and entered the post sword in hand, losing seventeen out of the twenty heroes attached to him on this perilous enterprise. History has attributed to the Lieutenant Colonel the honor of having struck the colors of the enemy with his own hands.\n\nBaron de Kalh.\n\nAlthough a native of Germany, yet, from his long course of service in the armies of France, I cannot but consider the Baron as a Frenchman.\n\n212 DE KALB.\nIt is more than likely that during the entire period of his holding an American commission, he continued to be a pensioner of that government and one of its most indefatigable agents. From his own representations, it is evident that during the war of 1757, he had visited the Colonies of Great Britain, at the direction of the Court of France, specifically to ascertain their vulnerable points and discover how far it was practicable, through well-timed insinuations and winning intrigue, to generate dissatisfaction and excite a suspicious jealousy against the mother country, so as to shake their confidence in her purity of views and beget and cherish a desire for asserting their independence. In political negotiations, it cannot be doubted that its own peculiar interests and aggrandizement is the cherished object of every government.\nIf anyone believes that France's conduct in joining America in the fight for independence was motivated by attachment to the nation or admiration for its principles, their error is extreme. France's enmity towards Great Britain and the hope of profiting from its misfortunes were the primary causes of its hostility, and I sincerely believe, the sole objective of its interference. There never existed a nation more skillfully adept than the French in discovering the influences operating on the governments with which they were connected, counteracting them where they worked against their wishes, and encouraging and directing them wherever they aligned and were likely to promote their interests.\nThe Baron de Kalb held his own views. The great anxiety displayed by him on all occasions to secure the memory of passing events, which were written in cipher and regularly entered in a book, and transmitted to the French Ambassador at Philadelphia, justifies the assumption that more was contained in his correspondence with that distinguished character than he wished to share with his associates who surrounded him. His connection with France was likely similar to that of other French officers serving in America. This can be easily understood by referring to an intercepted letter from General Du Portail to the Count de St. Germain, Minister of War, dated \"Camp at White Marsh, four miles from Philadelphia, November 12th, 1777,\" which can be found in Stedman's History of the American Revolution.\nWar, vol. 1, p. 390. With only the great objective of his mission to transmit secret intelligence to his trans-atlantic friends in mind, and disregarding his obligations to the government that fed him and whose character he was duty-bound to defend, we find him calumniating them without shame, and boldly asserting, \"it has not been due to the good conduct of the Americans that the campaign as a whole has terminated rather fortunately, but to the fault of the English.\" Again, before the war, the American people, though they did not live in luxury, enjoyed in abundance every requisite to make life comfortable and happy. They spent a great part of their time smoking and drinking wine or spirituous liquors. Such was the disposition of the people. Sore against the grain, then, their sudden transformation.\nInformation into soldiers, reduced to lead a life of hardships and frugality; nor will it be considered surprising, that they should prefer the yoke of the English, to Liberty purchased at the expense of the comforts of life. Further, \"you will be astonished, Sir, at this language, but such are these people \u2013 who move without spring or energy, without vigor, without passion for a cause in which they are engaged, and which they follow only as the impulse of the hand that first put them in motion directs. Here is a hundred times more enthusiasm for this Revolution in any of our coffee-houses in Paris, than in all the thirteen Provinces united. Again, \"It is necessary, then, that France, to accomplish this Revolution, should furnish these people with every requisite to lessen the hardships of their service. (DE KALB)\n\n214 enthusiasm for this Revolution in any of our coffee-houses in Paris, than in all the thirteen Provinces united. Again, \"It is necessary, then, that France, to accomplish this Revolution, should furnish these people with every requisite to lessen the hardships of their service.\nwar. True, it will cost some millions, but they will be well laid out in annihilating England's power, which, when bereft of her colonies, without a navy, and without commerce, will lose her consequence in the world, leaving France without a rival. Speaking of the policy of sending French troops to America, he adds, \"that would be the way to mar all. The people here, though at war with the English, (we see it every day,) in spite of all that France has done and means to do for them, would prefer a reconciliation with the English, rather than receive, in force, the men in the world they most fear.\" Finally, this precious epistle concludes by saying, \"I have perhaps, Sir, in my letter, exceeded what you required, but pardon the length of the dissertations I have gone into, from a desire to satisfy your wishes, and render my stay here more pleasant.\"\n\"That no man can serve two masters, we know from the very highest authority. Preferences will be given, and preference is injury. These political adventurers would act with vigor against the common enemy; they would fight for America to repel the encroachments of Britain. However, bringing into competition the interests of France with those of America, every wish for the prosperity of their adopted country would be lost in their devotion to their native land. Yet, while I mention these circumstances to more clearly develop France's decidedly interested views and the services required of her agents, serving under the banners of America, although they necessarily diminish the claims of the Baron de Kalb to pure and disinterested patriotism.\"\n\nDE KALB. 215.\nthat, as a leader of an army contending for the most sacred rights of man, he might be supposed to possess, I allow him every possible merit as a soldier, and the most exalted claims to applause for the gallantry with which he fought; the unruffled temper and patient resignation with which he viewed the approach, and met the stroke of death. Nor is he less to be applauded for the grateful recollection expressed for the exemplary intrepidity of the Delaware and Maryland Regiments which he commanded, sending, even in the agonies of death, by his Aid-de-Camp, the Chevalier De Buysson, his warmest thanks for their heroic exertions, and expressing his delight, that though uns successful in battle, he had led into action men so highly meriting the palm of victory.\n\nThe Marquis de La Fayette.\n\nThe meritorious services of this gallant young nobleman.\nMan was well-known to every American and engaged in the Republican cause with more enthusiasm and sincere attachment to citizens than any foreigner in service. He was brave to a fault, executing orders romantically but conducting himself with caution and prudence when given separate command, despite possessing the fire of youth. He was extremely generous. Upon his first landing in Carolina, in testimony of his respect and high admiration for General Moultrie's gallant defense at Sullivan's Island, he presented him with clothing, arms, and accoutrements for one hundred men.\nEvery officer serving under him at the North received a present of a handsome sword. There was not a private in the line who did not, by his liberal distribution of clothing and other comforts, reap the benefit of his sympathy and benevolence. Full of ardor during the contest for victory, wherever an advantage was obtained, humanity appeared the leading feature in his character. He invariably showed far greater disposition to soothe than aggravate misfortune. I have, in another place, given a noble example of his forbearance, when storming one of the advanced redoubts of the British at York Town. In short, he possessed in so high a degree the character of an accomplished and perfect soldier, as to gain the confidence of his superiors, the affections of his equals, and the respect and veneration of all who served under him.\nIt is no trifling compliment to say, next to the Commander in Chief and the intrepid Greene, no General stood higher in public favor or more constantly commanded the admiration of the army than La Fayette.\n\nDistinguished Naval Officers.\n\nIt would be an unpardonable dereliction of duty not to mention the services of several Naval Officers. From the very earliest period of the revolutionary struggle for Independence, they gave strong indication and flattering presage of that superior skill and spirit of enterprise, which has, in latter times, so highly exalted the reputation of the American Marine.\n\nThe field for encomium is extensive \u2014 the opportunities for bestowing praise far greater than could have been expected, at a moment when the overwhelming power of the British Navy appeared to render every endeavor futile.\nThe first effort to resist it was considered chimerical. The first trumpet of war, however, appeared to have been the signal for energy and active enterprise, calling into exertion whatever the ardent impulses of patriotism could suggest, beneficial to the public weal. For, while the enemy still held their post at Boston, even in the harbor itself, in view of, and frequently under the very guns of the men of war, achievements of bold and hardy daring were accomplished. I shall select a few instances in support of my assertion, and could, with great facility, many others, did I not regard the proofs brought forward as amply sufficient.\n\n218. Captain Manly.\n\nAt the mouth of the port of Boston, and frequently within it:\n\nCaptain Manly, in a small schooner, with only twelve men, attacked and took a British sloop of war of forty guns, the HMS HMS Somerset, which was lying at anchor in the harbor. The crew of the HMS Somerset, numbering 250 men, were taken by surprise and made prisoners.\n\nAnother instance was that of Mr. Paul Revere, who, on the night of the 18th of April, 1775, made his famous ride to warn the American forces of the approach of the British regulars. He succeeded in reaching the American camp at Lexington, where the first shots of the Revolutionary War were fired.\n\nYet another instance was that of the American militia under the command of Colonel William Prescott, who, on the 19th of April, 1775, made a gallant stand at Bunker Hill, despite being outnumbered and outgunned by the British regulars. Although they were eventually forced to retreat, their heroic defense inspired the American forces and demonstrated their determination to resist British rule.\n\nThese are but a few examples of the bold and hardy daring accomplished by the Americans during this period, achievements that Britons, with all their boast of superiority on the ocean, would have been proud to add to their naval history.\nCaptain Manly made many prizes in full view of the British fleet. I would particularly mention a store ship, bound in, which had on board a thirteen-inch brass mortar, several pieces of brass cannon, several thousand small arms, and a complete assortment of ordnance stores and laboratory utensils. He took at the same time an armed sloop, serving her as a tender; and shortly after, another fine ship and a snow of considerable value. The spirit of enterprise, encouraged by success, he sailed in the privateer Hancock on a cruise, and falling in with His Majesty's sloop of war Fox, compelled her to surrender. Some time after this, commanding the privateer Jason, he was attacked by two British privateers, one of eighteen, the other of ten guns. He reserved his fire till he came close upon them\u2014ran his vessel between them.\nThe two ships, well-aimed broadsides fired into each, compelling both to strike their colors and surrender. The Americans had already learned to fire with deliberation and effect. The larger privateer lost thirty of her crew, despite the contest being brief.\n\nCaptain Harraden,\nOf the privateer Pickering, with sixteen guns, cruising near Sandy-Hook, encountered a ship of fourteen guns, a brig of ten, and a sloop of eight guns. After an action of one hour and a half, he captured the whole.\n\nCaptain Harraden,\nIn the Holker privateer, inflicted significant damage to British trade. However, changing into the Congress letter of marque from Philadelphia, mounting twenty guns, he also captured the Pomona of twelve, the sloop of war Hope of fourteen, and Royal George Cutter of fourteen guns.\n\nCaptain Geddes,\nPaul Jones, in the Ranger with dispatches for our Minister at the French Court, encountered and captured His Britannic Majesty's sloop of war Savage, of the same force. Jones, sailing in the Ranger, took two valuable prizes on his passage. He quickly prepared his vessel for a cruise and entered the Irish Channel, landing and spiking thirty-six cannon mounted in battery at Whitehaven. He encountered and, after a severe action, took the Drake sloop of war. After an absence of twenty-eight days, he returned to Brest with two hundred prisoners. His activity greatly increased his reputation, and he was appointed to command a small squadron. Sailing from France, he had the hope of intercepting the Baltic fleet returning to England. During his cruise, he made many valuable captures and spread great alarm on the British.\nThe coast threatened a descent, causing great alarm at Leith and Hull. Eventually, he encountered the fleet he sought and fought an action of desperate severity. In the Bonne Homaie, Richard of forty guns, he compelled the Serapis of forty-four to strike and took possession at the moment his own ship sank beside it, having been so shattered by the obstinacy and long continuance of the conflict that there was no time for the removal of the wounded, who barely had time to see the flag of their country flying triumphantly above that of their enemy before they sank into eternity.\n\nCaptain Barry,\n\nWhile the British were in possession of Philadelphia, Barry, with the boats of the Alliance frigate, passed the city with.\nIn 1781, while cruising in the Alliance, he took the Alert (10 guns), Mars (20 and 112 men), Minerva (10 guns, 55 men), and heroically closed his victories by capturing two men-of-war sent out for the express purpose of destroying him. In the conflict, he was severely wounded; but increasing the efforts of his men by his animating example and harangues, the Atalanta (20 guns, 130 men), and Trepassay (14 guns, 80 men), were compelled to surrender.\n\nBarney. 221\nCaptain Barney.\n\nI have received from a friend in Baltimore, a sketch of the life and achievements of this meritorious Officer.\nThe highly worthy account follows, filled with occurrences that would not disappoint every American Patriot. However, as most of these relate to acts of gallantry from a later period, I can only mention, at present, his renowned action during the revolutionary war, which significantly elevated his reputation. I should first note his honorable distinction as the first man to display the American Flag in Maryland, rallying volunteers for the expedition led by Commodore Hopkins against New Providence. With such success, he even secured a crew for the Hornet, the vessel he served on, within a day. The great variety of service in which he was engaged saw him experiencing both successes and misfortunes, a captive one day, a free man the next.\nHe triumphed in the arms of victory, but in all situations and under every change, however eventful, maintained a character of unblemished honor and intrepidity that could not be exceeded. In the early spring of 1782, the State of Pennsylvania fitted out some small vessels to protect Delaware Bay against the depredations of the Refugee barges, appointed him to command a small ship mounting sixteen six-pounders and carrying one hundred and ten men, called the Hyder Ally. In this vessel, giving convoy to a fleet proceeding down the Bay, he came to anchor near Cape May, waiting for a wind so that the vessels under his charge might proceed to sea. His instructions confined him to the special object of protecting them against the Refugee boats. Two suspicious ships were spotted.\nA brig making towards him, he ordered the convoy, by signal, to proceed up the Bay. They did so successfully, except for one that unfortunately grounded and fell into the enemy's hands. There are two channels up the Bay. One ship and the brig followed closely in the one he had entered; the other ship (a frigate) took the second, with the intention of heading him off and cutting off every means of escape. The brig first approached him, fired its broadside, and pressed forward in pursuit of the convoy. The ship then advanced within pistol shot; a well-directed broadside from the Hyder Ally caused no abatement in the vigor of her attack. She closed and came very near on board. The Hyder Ally then crossed her hawse and got entangled in her fore-rigging, and raking her by a continual fire of great guns.\nguns and small arms brought down the General Monk's colors after a severe contest lasting twenty-six minutes. The General Monk, mounting twenty guns, nine-pounders, and one hundred and thirty-six men, was commanded by Captain Rogers. The ship lost sixty-three men - twenty killed. Among the killed were the first lieutenant, master, purser, doctor, boatswain, and gunner; among the wounded were the captain and every other officer, except one midshipman. The Hyder Ally suffered four men killed and eleven wounded. In testimony of their admiration for his gallantry, the Pennsylvania Legislature presented him with a gold-hiked sword, handed to him by the State's Governor. The prize was purchased by the General Government, and Barney was informed by his friend, Robert Morris, that having been added to the navy of the United States,\nHe was unanimously appointed to command her. I will mention particularly one other naval combat. BIDDLE. 223.\n\nCaptain Biddle, in the Randolph, during one cruise from Charleston, took the True Briton, of twenty guns, and three other Jamaica men. But sailing a second time from that port, with a detachment of fifty men of the 1st South-Carolina Continental Regiment, who served as marines, fell in with, and in the darkness of night, engaged the Yarmouth, a two-decker of 64 guns. The contest was short; the Randolph blew up, and of her crew, 315 persons, four only, who were taken up some days later on a piece of the wreck, escaped. Carolina lost several of her gallant sons, and particularly lamented Captain Joor, and Lieutenants Gray and Simmons.\n\nThe gallant Truxton, Dale, Decatur (father of our late lamented Commodore), Young, Robeson, Roberts.\nKeene, Hall, Foster, Williams, Hallet, Numan, Weeks, Waters, O'Brian, and Murray performed services of the highest importance to their country and gave examples of heroism that have not, and I trust never will be, lost through their influences, in exalting the naval character of their country.\n\nCONDUCT OF THE WHIG LADIES.\nI come next to the delightful duty, though last not least attractive, of exhibiting instances of that magnanimity and intrepid firmness that so eminently distinguished the fair daughters of Carolina. But here the hope of successful effort forsakes me; for, as often as I take up my pen to pay the tribute of applause so justly due to their merits and strive, with becoming gratitude, to record them, I fail in the attempt and find myself deprived of every ability but that of admiring them.\nIt is no idle compliment to assert that the patriotism of the ladies of South-Carolina is to a great degree responsible for the freedom of their country. The invasion of the enemy in 1780 had extended their authority over the whole State. Charleston had fallen. The entire Continental force, and the greater part of the North Carolina and Virginia line, were prisoners. The disastrous surprises at Monk's Corner and La\u043d\u0435au's, and total defeat of Colonel Buford, had dispelled every prospect of effective resistance. Some dauntless spirits rose superior to calamity, but it must be acknowledged that, worn out by hopeless warfare and accumulated misfortunes, the voice of the majority led to temporary submission. The enemy triumphing in success, and confident that opposition was at an end, no longer held out the lure of conciliation.\nInsult and arrogance became the order of the day, and adversity was aggravated by every variety of insolence that malice could invent, and tyranny inflict.\n\nConduct of the Whig Ladies, 225\n\nNo spirit of moderation restrained the passions excited by what may be esteemed domestic conflicts, nor abated the virulence between contending powers, which is the natural result of war. The most distinguished patriots, whose age and superior wisdom were supposed to influence public sentiments, were arrested on frivolous pretexts and sent into exile. The young and active, impatiently waiting the hour of exchange to resume their stations under the banners of their country, were crowded into prison-ships as fit subjects of retaliation, should General Greene adhere to his purpose of avenging the murder of Colonel Hayne by the execution of a British officer of equal rank.\naggravate misfortune, two irregular courts, founded in the spirit of military despotism, were established; the Boards of Police and Sequestration, by these new energies, were given to injustice and persecution, and their decisions prove that tyranny never invented instruments better calculated to destroy the peace of society.\n\nIn the causes brought before the Board of Police, not only the Lawyers, but the Judges also took fees. On one occasion, a suitor, whose case was pending, expressing his fears to a friend that the decree, in defiance of every principle of justice, would be against him \u2014 \"Why do you not fee Sir Eger-ToJ?\" was the reply. \"Because,\" rejoined the suitor, \"I know that my opponent has already given him ten guineas.\" \"Quick, then, to his house,\" said the friend, \"present a fee of twenty guineas, and rest assured, that your success is assured.\"\nThe character of Sir Lf.igh is well known in Carolina, establishing the infamy of a Court, as he presided over it. Thomas Phepoe, preeminent in iniquity, and his active agent, declared in Court, \"That I had appeared to take part with America, by the advice of my friend, Chief Justice Gordon. The more effectively to bewilder the councils of the Legislature, of which I was a member, and to gain intelligence of the designs of Government, the more effectively to betray them.\" I would not be supposed to implicate Lieutenant Governor Bull, Colonel Innis, Mr. James, and other members in the iniquitous decrees of these men. The last two had left the Bench before Sir Egeuton Leigh presided at it. The first\nUnder such accumulated evils, the manly spirit which alone could secure success might have sunk, but for the cheering smiles and intrepid firmness of the fair sex. They shared the calamities of their suffering countrymen and taught how to oppose and subdue them. Intent by precept and example to frustrate the enemy's machinations, whatever their shape, defiance was bid to their threats, and the invitations to engage in scenes of gaiety and dissipation were indignantly rejected. The dungeons of the Provost, the crowded holds of the prison-ships, were anxiously sought, and every delicate attention was bestowed on the victims who inhabited them. Sympathy suggested every consolation that could mitigate suffering and encourage hope; every persuasion that could be offered.\nThe instances of magnanimity are numerous, but I can only mention a few, and my greatest challenge is to select examples where the whole have such exalted claims to admiration. Mrs. Jacob Motte's patriotic enthusiasm demands particular notice. When informed by Lieutenant Colonel Lee that the immediate surrender of the British garrison occupying her elegant mansion was necessary, and its destruction was indispensable, she instantly replied, \"The sacrifice of my property is nothing, and I shall view its destruction with delight, if it shall in any degree contribute to the good of my country.\" (Mrs. Hexvard. 227)\n\nProof of her sincity, she immediately presented herself.\narrows by which combustible matter was to be conveyed to the building. Mrs. Thomas Heyward. Nor is the firmness of Mrs. Thomas Heyward less worthy of admiration. An order having been issued for a general illumination, to celebrate the supposed victory at Guilford, the front of the house occupied by Mrs. Heyward and her sister, Mrs. George Abbot Hall, remained in darkness. Indignant at so decided a mark of disrespect, an officer (I hope for the sake of humanity, and the honor of the military character, unauthorized) forced his way into her presence and sternly demanded of Mrs. Heyward, \"How dare you disobey the order which has been issued? Why, Madam, is not your house illuminated?\" \"'Is it possible, Sir?\" replied the lady, with perfect calmness, \"to feel a spark of joy? Can I celebrate the victory of\"\n\"your army, while my husband remains a prisoner at St. Augustine.\" \"That,\" rejoined the officer, \"is a matter of little consequence. The last hopes of rebellion are crushed by the defeat of Greene. You shall illuminate.\" \"Not a single light shall be placed, with my consent, on such an occasion, in any window in the house.\" \"Then, Madam, I will return with a party, and before midnight level it to the ground.\" You have the power to destroy, Sir, and seem well disposed to use it, but over my opinions you possess no control. I disregard your threats, and resolutely declare, I will not illuminate. Would to God that I could name the man, capable of thus insulting a helpless female, that I might hold him up to the scorn of the world! Mrs. Heyward was graceful and majestic in person, beautiful in countenance, and...\nNone but a ruffian could have treated her with indignity. On the anniversary of the surrender of Charleston, May 12th, 1781, an illumination was again demanded, in testimony of joy for an event so propitious to the cause of Britain. Mrs. GA Hall, who labored under a wasting disease, lay at the point of death. Again Mrs. Heyward refused to obey. Violent anger was excited, and the house was assailed by a mob with brickbats and every species of nauseating trash that could offend or annoy. Her resolution remained unshaken, and while the tumult continued and shouts and clamor increased, indignity, Mrs. Hall expired.\n\nMrs. Rebecca Edwards.\n\nThe Orator of the Society of the Cincinnati of South-Carolina, at the celebration of the National Festival on the 4th of July, 1797, thus extols the magnanimity of Mrs. Rebecca Edwards: \u2014 The.\nA Spartan mother, as her son departed for the army, nobly bade him, \"Return with it or on it.\" The sentiment was highly patriotic, but not superior to that of a distinguished female from our own state. I would mention, to the honor of Town-Major Fraser, that he waited on Mrs. Heyward. Expressing his regret for the indignities offered her, he requested permission to repair the damage done to her house. But she resolutely refused, assuring him that though sensible of his attention and thankful for it, the efforts of the ruling authorities to obliterate the recollection of insults, which they ought to have prevented, could not avail. She could forgive, but never forget them. When the British Officer presented the mandate,\narrested her sons as objects of retaliation, less sensible of private affliction than attached to their honor, and the interests of her country. She stifled the tender feelings of the mother and heroically bade them despise the threats of their enemies, steadfastly persisting to support the glorious cause in which they had engaged. If the threatened sacrifice should follow, they would carry a parent's blessing and the good opinion of every virtuous citizen along with them to the grave. But, if from the frailty of human nature, they were disposed to temporize and exchange their liberty for safety, they must forget her as a mother nor subject her to the misery of ever beholding them again.\n\nMary Anna Gibbes.\n\nDuring the invasion of Provost, while the British troops were advancing, she... (The text is already clean and readable, no further cleaning is necessary.)\narmy kept possession of the sea-board. A Hessian battalion occupied the house and plantation of Mr. Robert Gibbes, on the banks of the Stono. To excite general alarm and more particularly to annoy the post, two gallies from Charleston, ascending the river in the night time, unexpectedly opened a heavy fire of grape and round shot on the house and neighboring encampment. The family, who had been allowed to remain in some of the upper apartments, were now ordered to quit the premises. Mr. Gibbes, a martyr to infirmity, and his numerous family, set out at midnight for an adjoining plantation. When beyond the reach of the shot, which had incessantly passed over their heads, an inquiry was made regarding the safety of the children. It was found that in the hurry and terror of the moment, a distant cry had been mistaken for theirs.\nA boy, still in early infancy, had been left behind. The servants were asked to return for him, but refused. He would have been left to his fate if not for the heroism and affection of Miss Mary Anna Gibhes, only thirteen years old. The night was profoundly dark, yet she returned alone, the distance being a mile. After a long refusal, she obtained admission from the sentinel and ascended to the third story. There, she found the child and carried him off in safety, though frequently covered with the dirt thrown up by the shots and greatly terrified by their constant approach to her person. Public gratitude is due to this intrepid action. Lieutenant Colonel Fenwick, so distinguished by his services in the war, was the gallant officer.\nMrs. Brewton, a most amiable and enlightened Whig lady, formerly Mrs. Breivt07i (since Foster), was an inmate of Mrs. Motte's family during the destruction of her house. After the signing of the preliminary articles of peace at Philadelphia, I inquired, \"How came it, that you, a helpless, unprotected widow, without any charge of improper conduct, have incurred the enmity of the British Commanders to such an extent as to be arrested without ceremony and hurried unprepared into exile?\" She answered, \"I know of no act of mine which merited such ungentlemanly and inhuman treatment.\" Entering into conversation relative to this matter, she explained.\nMajor M'Pherson allowed Mrs. Motte and her family to remain at Fort Motte when the American forces were at a distance. However, when Thompson's post, nearby, was attacked and captured, Mrs. Brewton was advised and insisted on immediate removal. At the moment of departure, she saw a quiver of arrows presented to Mr. Motte by a favorite African. She said to her friend, \"I will take these with me to prevent their destruction by the soldiers.\" Passing through the gate, Major M'Pherson stopped her, drawing forth a shaft and applying the point to his finger, saying,\nWhat have you here, Mrs. Brewton? For God's sake, Major, be careful. These arrows are poisoned, she replied. The ladies immediately went to the outhouse, which they were now to inhabit. In the siege which directly followed, when the destruction of the house was determined upon, and missiles were eagerly sought for by Lieutenant Colonel Lee, for conveying the fire to the shingles, these arrows were remembered. They were presented by Mrs. Motte with a wish for the happy accomplishment of the proposed end. It was afterwards known that the first arrow missed its aim and fell at the feet of the Commander, who took it up with strong expressions of anger and exclaimed, \"I thank you, Mrs. Brewton.\" The second arrow took effect and set fire to the roof, when the brisk discharge of a six-pounder was maintained by the defenders.\nCaptain Finley, in the direction of the staircase, every effort to extinguish it proved fruitless, until, from the apprehension of the roof falling in, the garrison were compelled to surrender at discretion. General Greene arriving soon after paid to Major McPherson the tribute of applause due to his excellent defense, declaring, \"such gallantry could not fail to procure for him a high increase of reputation.\" This compliment, however, does not appear to have soothed the mortified soldier. For, walking immediately up to Mrs. Brewton, he said, \"to you, Madam, I owe this disgrace; it would have been more charitable to have allowed me to perish by poison, than to be thus compelled to surrender my post to the enemy.\" This speech alone accounts for the enmity against Mrs. Brewton.\nBrewton, but the playfulness of a lively disposition had offended another individual, whose clamors could only be appeased by severe retribution. An Ensign named Ainiel, a Philadelphian by birth, who had joined the British, made it his chief occupation to provoke the ladies of the family by taunts and invectives against their countrymen. He particularly delighted in bidding them admire his prowess, while cutting off the heads of pine saplings, which, according to his whim of the moment, he renamed Greene, Marion, Sumter, and so on. After the surrender of the post, Mrs. Brewton, contriving to join this youth near the scene of his former bravadoes, sportively requested that he would again treat her with an exhibition of his talent in smiting the foe.\n\n\"But valiant captain,\" she added, \"'where is your sword?\" Such a hero as you would be.\nOnly have you yielded it in death! And where are your resentments? Did I not see you but a little time since, bowing to earth before the very man you have so often, in idea, shortened by the head. Is Marion no more to feel the power of your arm, nor Sumter be compelled to bite the dust? Smother your anger, most ferocious sir, and let the generosity which you have experienced make you more merciful hereafter. Doubtless the irony of this speech was treasured up in his memory, and was one cause of the severity exercised towards this lady. Shortly after this, Major Hyrne, appointed a Commissioner to negotiate an exchange of prisoners, being on his way to Charleston, Mrs. Brewton, anxious to see her friends in the garrison, obtained permission to accompany him. On entering the town.\nShe was met by an officer, who anxiously inquired, \"What was the news in the country?\" She replied, \"All nature smiled, for everything was peaceful from Greenfield to Monk's Corner.\" Her honest mot was not overlooked; an order for her immediate departure was issued, and, escorted at a late hour beyond the gates, she was directed to return no more. On the following day, however, she was recalled, and for a time was left without molestation. It was her lot, however, perpetually to encounter difficulties. An officer departing for the interior called on her, politely offering to take charge of her commands to her friends. \"I should like to write,\" replied Mrs. Brewton, \"but have no idea of having my letters read at the head of Marion's Brigade.\" The officer departed.\nWithin a few days, he repeated his visit to thank her. He asserted that she had communicated the intelligence of his movements rapidly, as he had actually been taken by Marion and returned to town on parole. It is not improbable that an incident even more trivial might have contributed to her exile. The liveliness of Mrs. Brewton was very fascinating, and the more liberal and enlightened among the British anxiously sought her society. Walking in Broad-street in deep mourning, according to the fashion of the Whig ladies, an English officer joined her at the moment that a crape flounce was accidentally torn from her dress. She picked it up and passing the house of John Rutledge, the absent Governor, then occupied by Colonel Moncrief, she exclaimed, \"Where\"\nYou, dearest Governor, the magnanimous Britons will not consider it a crime if I cause your house, as well as your friends, to mourn your absence, she said as she tied the crape to the front railing and departed. Whether her companion mentioned the circumstance or that her conduct was observed by persons within (which is more probable), it is certain that in a few hours after, she was arrested and sent to Philadelphia.\n\nMrs. Channing.\n\nShortly after the commencement of the war, the family of Dr. Channing, then residing in England, removed to France and sailed in a stout and well-armed vessel for America. They had proceeded but a little way when they were attacked by a privateer. A fierce engagement ensued, during which Mrs. Channing kept the deck, handing cartridges, aiding the wounded, and exhorting the crew to resist until death.\nThe fortitude of Mrs. Elliott did not match the ardor of her wishes, and the colors were struck. Seizing the pistols and side arms of her husband, she threw them into the sea, declaring that she would rather die than see him surrender them to the enemy.\n\nMrs. Charles Elliott, age 235.\n\nWith peculiar gratification, I will now speak of a lady in the highest degree entitled to admiration. A patriot by inheritance, being the daughter of Mr. Thomas Ferguson, one of the most intrepid and strenuous promoters of the Revolution, Mrs. Charles Elliott appeared to consecrate every thought and hour of existence to the interests of America. Undaunted amidst the storms that desolated her country, her energies increased with the pressure of calamity. Her benevolence to the distressed, her persuasive eloquence, and her unwavering dedication to the cause of freedom made her a beacon of hope and resilience during trying times.\nSkillfully employed to inspire the timid with confidence and to strengthen the resolves of the firm were never more conspicuous than when success was most despairing. Beneath her roof, the sick and wounded not only found shelter but the tenderest attendings. The poor shared her purse, and the persecuted the consolations of her sympathy. She daily visited her captive friends, and by her cheering smiles and animating conversation, revived and sustained hope, inspiring a confidence of success equal to their most ardent desires. While such her conduct towards her friends, her influence over many of the superior officers in the British army was astonishing. Harsh and unbending to others, there was a charm attached to Mrs. Elliott that rendered them the slaves of her will. Her fascinations forbid denial. Possessed of natural ease.\nShe possessed manners, great cheerfulness in conversation, and a captivating sportiveness of disposition, which softened asperities so much that when compelled to solicit favors, she seldom applied in vain. The advantage to our army arising from her influence was both salutary and extensive. Supplies drawn from the British garrison in consequence were of the highest importance. I do not know an Officer who did not owe to Ker some essential increase of comfort, and very frequently received gratuitously. She was a just representative of generosity personified. I have said that her requests were rarely denied. However, in one instance, her application, though for mercy, was unavailing. The impressive petition in behalf of the unfortunate Colonel Hayne, presented by the ladies of Charleston, and attributed to her pen, was not successful.\nWhen the steady Patriot, Mr. Thomas Ferguson, was first arrested and put on board a transport to be sent into exile, his daughter, Mrs. Charles Elliott, was in the country. On receiving the intelligence, she immediately repaired to Charleston. Her earnest solicitation to bid her father a tender adieu was favorably attended to, and she hastened on board the vessel in which he was confined. But had scarcely entered the cabin when oppressed both with grief and sickness, she fainted and fell. The Captain, much alarmed, recommended a thousand remedies in rapid succession. When saying in conclusion, \"I have a box of exquisite French liqueur\u2014a cordial would certainly revive her,\" she started from her couch and exclaimed, \"Who?\"\n\"speaks of the French - God bless the nation!- and turning to her father, with much feeling, continued, \"Oh, my father, sink not under this cruel stroke of fate- let not oppression shake your fortitude, nor the delusive hope of gentler treatment cause you, for an instant, to swerve from your duty. The valor of your countrymen, aided by the friendly assistance of France, will speedily dissipate the gloom of our immediate prospects- we shall experience more propitious times- again meet, and be happy!\"MRS. ELLIOTT. 237\n\nThere was in the Legion of Pulaski, a young French Officer of singularly fine form and appearance, named Celeron. As he passed the dwelling of Mrs. Elliott, a British Major, whose name is lost, he signified pointedly, \"See, Mrs. Elliott, one of your illustrious allies- what a pity it is, that-\"\nhero has lost his sword, \" replied the lady, \" had two thousand such men been present to aid in the defence of our city, think you, Sir, that I should ever have been subjected to the malignity of your observation.\" At the moment, a Negro in full British uniform happened to pass. \"See, Major,\" continued she, \"one of your allies - bow with gratitude for the service received from such honorable associates - caress and cherish them - the fraternity is excellent, and will teach us, more steadily, to contend against the results.\"\n\nIn the indulgence of wanton asperities towards the patriotic Fair, the aggressors were not unfrequently answered with a keenness of repartee that left them little cause for triumph.\n\nThe haughty Tarleton, vaunting his feats of gallantry to the great disparagement of the Officers of the [military unit]\nContinental Cavalry to a lady at Wilmington: \"I have a very earnest desire to see your far-famed hero, Colonel Washington.\" \"Your wish, Colonel, might have been fully gratified,\" she promptly replied, \"had you ventured to look behind you after the battle of Cowpens.\" It was in this battle that Washington wounded Tarleton in the hand, which gave rise to a still more pointed retort. Conversing with Mrs. Wiley Jones, Colonel Tarleton observed, \"You appear to think very highly of Colonel Washington; and yet I have been told that he is so ignorant a fellow, that he can hardly write his own name.\" \"It may be the case,\" she readily replied, \"but no man better than yourself, Colonel, can testify, that he knows how to make his mark.\"\n\nMrs. Daniel Hall,\nA lady, having obtained permission to visit her mother on John's Island, was about to embark when an officer stepped forward, demanding the key to her trunk. \"What do you expect to find there?\" the lady asked. \"I seek for treason,\" was the reply. Mrs. Charles Elliott responded, \"You may find a plenty of it at my tongue.\"\n\nAn officer, distinguished by his inhumanity and constant oppression of the unfortunate, met Mrs. Charles Elliott in a garden adorned with a great variety of flowers. He asked the name of the camomile, which seemed to flourish with peculiar luxuriance. \"The Rebel Flower,\" she replied. \"Why was that name given to it?\" the officer inquired. \"Because,\" Mrs. Elliott rejoined, \"it thrives most when most trampled.\"\nMrs. Charles Pinckney. A British officer once spoke to Mrs. Pinckney, wife of Colonel Charles Pinckney, \"It is impossible not to admire the intrepid firmness of the ladies of your country. Had your men but half their resolution, America would be invincible.\"\n\nMrs. Elliott and Mrs. Holmes.\nMrs. Sabina Elliott.\n\nThe ladies were so attached to the whig interest, habituated to injuries, and so resolute in supporting them, that they would jokingly speak of misfortunes, though at the moment severely suffering under their pressure. Mrs. Sabina Elliott, having witnessed the activity of an officer who had ordered the plundering of her poultry houses, found an old muscovy drake which had escaped the general search, had him caught, and mounted a servant on horseback, ordering him to capture the drake.\nMrs. Isaac Holmes. Among the patriots selected for transportation to St. Augustine was Mr. Isaac Holmes. The imperious call on him at early dawn to quit his chamber and deliver himself up to the guard waiting to carry him off caused him to descend the stairs partially dressed. His gentle wife, appled by no fears, exhibiting no symptoms of despondency, had followed him in silence. The mandate being given for departure, she handed him his coat and, with undaunted resolution, said, \"Take it, my husband, and submit. Waver not in your principles, but be true to your country. Have no fears for your family; God is good, and will provide for them.\"\n\nMrs. Richard Shubrick.\nMrs. Richard Shubrick.\nHere was a heroine to be proud of. Her eyes sparkled with feeling and vivacity, and her countenance so clearly spoke of her kindness and benevolence that sorrow and misfortune instinctively sought shelter under her protection. There was an appearance of personal debility about her that rendered her particularly interesting; it seemed to solicit the interest of every heart, and the man would have felt degraded who would not have put his life at risk to serve her. Yet, when firmness of character was required, when fortitude was called for to repel the encroachments of aggression, there was not a more intrepid being in existence. I will present a noble instance of it. An American soldier, fleeing from a party of the enemy, sought her protection and was promised it. The British pressing close upon him insisted that he surrender.\nThis intrepid lady placed herself before the chamber into which the unfortunate fugitive had been conducted, and resolutely said, \"To men of honor, the chamber of a lady should be as sacred as a sanctuary! I will defend the passage to it, though I perish. You may succeed and enter it, but it shall be over my corpse.\" The officer replied, \"By God, if muskets were only placed in the hands of a few such women, our only safety would be found in retreat. Your intrepidity, Madam, gives you security. From me, you shall meet no further annoyance.\" This is not the only instance of her unconquerable courage.\nAt Brabant, the seat of respectable Mrs. Shubrick and patriotic Bishop Smith, a Sergeant of Tarleton's Dragoons, eager for plunder, followed the Overseer, a man advanced in years, into the apartment where the ladies of the family were assembled. On his refusal to reveal the spot where the late treasure was concealed, he struck him with violence, inflicting a severe sabre wound across the shoulders.\n\nAroused by the infamy of the act, Mrs. Shubrick, starting from her seat, placed herself between the ruffian and his victim. Resolutely, she said, \"Place yourself behind me, Murdoch. The interposition of my body shall give you protection, or I will die.\" Then, addressing herself to the Sergeant, she exclaimed, \"O what a degeneration of manhood, what a departure from that gallantry and honor which should distinguish the soldier's character.\"\nThe once characteristic behavior of British soldiers was barbarity, which degraded human nature. But should you persist, then strike at me, for I will not allow any further injury until I die. The Sergeant, unable to resist such commanding eloquence, retired. However, the hope of attaining the objective quickly subjected the unfortunate Murdoch to new persecution. He was tied up under the very tree where the plate was buried and threatened with immediate execution unless he would make the discovery required. But despite being well acquainted with his enemy's unrelenting severity and earnestly solicited by his wife to save his life with a speedy confession of the place of deposit, he persisted resolutely that a sacred trust was not to be betrayed and actually succeeded in preserving it. When complimented at\nDuring the British period, Mrs. Ralph Izard of Fair Spring, residing near Dorchester and within their range of excursions, was frequently subjected to annoyance. By the suavity of her manners and polite attention to the officers who commanded, she had happily preserved the plantation from destruction. Mr. Izard, distinguished by his activity, acted as Aid-de-Camp to the commanding officer.\n\nAn after this period, he asserted that he was strengthened in his resolution by the recollection that a part of the plate belonged to the church and that he should have considered it as sacrilege, had he suffered it, though a weakness of disposition, to fall into the hands of robbers.\n\nMrs. Izard, (Ralph Izard's wife)\nDuring the British period, in the neighborhood of Charleston, Mrs. Izard of Fair Spring, residing near Dorchester and within their range of excursions, was frequently subjected to annoyance. By the suavity of her manners and polite attention to the officers who commanded, she had happily preserved the plantation from destruction. Mr. Izard, who was distinguished by his activity, acted as Aid-de-Camp to the commanding officer.\n\nAfter this period, he asserted that he was strengthened in his resolution by the recollection that a part of the plate belonged to the church and that he should have considered it as sacrilege, had he suffered it, though a weakness of disposition, to fall into the hands of robbers.\nAn officer of the Light Troops was at home when one of these parties appeared. He had scarcely entered a clothes-press when the house was surrounded and filled with British soldiers. They had been apprised of his visit, and their object was to make him a prisoner. A search was commenced, and menaces were held out that unless he voluntarily surrendered, a torch would drive him from the place of his concealment.\n\nThe composure of Mrs. Izard at such a moment was astonishing; she betrayed no symptoms of apprehension, and though treated with more than usual indignity, an attempt being made to force her rings from her fingers, and much valuable property plundered in her presence, preserved her accustomed politeness and behaved with such urbanity as to induce the belief that the information communicated was incorrect.\nMr. Izard and his party were drawn off. He quit his hiding place and quickly passed the Ashley, giving notice of the enemy's proximity. He chose an opportune moment for his escape, as the soldiers immediately sought Mrs. Izard's chamber and burst open the press, which they had not disturbed before, only to find their object missing. Tired on the alarm given by Mr. Izard, all on the other side of the river were on alert. A body of Cavalry was pushed across Bacon's Bridge, who speedily overtook the retreating enemy and completely routed them. Few of their number returned within their lines to tell of their disaster. Mr. Izard's wardrobe, consisting of Parisian dress coats and much of the finery of his gayer days, with which several of these marauders had sportively engaged.\nThe soldiers arranged themselves, was recovered, and handsomely presented by him to the victors, who had rapidly avenged the interruption of his visit to his family. The contrivances adopted by the ladies to carry supplies from the British Garrison to the gallant defenders of their country were highly creditable to their ingenuity and of infinite utility to their friends. The cloth of many a military coat, concealed with art and not unfrequently made an appendage to female attire, escaped the vigilance of the guards, expressly stationed to prevent smuggling, and speedily converted into regimental shape, worn triumphantly in battle. Boots have, in many instances, been relinquished by the delicate wearer to the active Partisan. I have seen a horseman's helmet concealed by a well-arranged head-dress, and epaulettes delivered from the wearer.\nThe simple cap of a matron concealed feathers and cockades, in high demand and cunningly hidden and handsomely presented. A true Knight could not feel otherwise than obligated to defend them to the last extremity. While such heroism was displayed by Whig Ladies, who, despite favoring opposite principles, became intimate associates of the successful invaders, there was a wide distinction in conduct and character.\n\nMrs. M'Culloch's peculiar merit calls for admiration. I would consider it unpardonable to withhold it. I have often heard the venerable Mrs. Barnwell of Beaufort, the mother of the patriotic brothers of that name, declare, and the accuracy of her statement has recently been confirmed by the respectable Mrs. Robert Gibhes, that mirth and revelry invited them to scenes of pleasure.\nThe good and benevolent Mrs. Mculoch was more frequently found in the houses and society of the distressed, assuaging the afflictions of disease and administering comfort to the captive, than in the gayer circles that surrounded her. Following her husband's fortunes to Europe, her attachment to her country was never diminished. Falling prematurely a victim to disease, she solicited and obtained a promise from her respectable father that her remains should rest in the tomb of her ancestors.\n\nThere was another lady, whose name circumstances of peculiar delicacy compel me to withhold. Revealing it might prove offensive to a modesty that is invincible. Led, from the political creed of her friends and family, to favor the British interests, it never caused her, for an instant, to cherish any ill-will towards the Americans.\nShe harbored no illiberal animosity or thoughts inconsistent with the purest dictates of humanity. If she engaged in scenes of gaity, it was clear from the calm tenor of her conduct that it was more from necessity than choice. She could not consider the period when her country was bleeding at every pore a season of joy and festivity. Every act of oppression was abhorrent to her nature, and when the noble Hayne became a victim of political animosity, she wept his fate as she would have done that of a martyr. The benevolent feeling that distinguished her early life has, in no degree, lost its lustre; and though now living much in retirement, she commands a respect and admiration that proclaims her an honor and ornament to her country. Connected with her by close ties of consanguinity and still more by the most generous sympathies,\nA benevolent young lady, amiable and intelligent, displayed every disposition to alleviate the afflictions of the unfortunate. She married a British officer immediately after the war and settled in Carolina. Unfortunately, death interrupted her honorable career, robbing society of one of its greatest ornaments. It would be ingratitude on my part, who knew the value of their friendship in the hour of deepest distress, not to say that in the benevolence of Dr. Baron's family, the oppressed and broken spirit was always sure to find sympathy and consolation. The generous exertions of this amiable man, unceasingly employed to soften the asperities of oppressive power as far as his influence could prevail, his liberal and gratuitous offer of advice and medicine to the afflicted and penniless, gave him unbounded claim to praise, and justified his reputation.\nthat ardent attachment to him, which caused his death in our society, was regarded as a public calamity.\n\nStrictures on the Injudicious Conduct of the British Commanders in the Southern States.\n\nThe injudicious conduct of the British commanders subsequent to the capture of Charleston has been the subject of pointed animadversion, even by their own historians. Had the politic and generous Carlton been the victor and possessed the power of directing the measures of government, instead of the austere and unbending Cornwallis, the difficulties for America in establishing her Independence would have been increased beyond calculation. I have frequently heard General Wayne declare, while he commanded a division of the army on the retreat from Quebec, that the evil he most dreaded was the arrival in his camp of men who had been discharged from the service.\nprisoners, after experiencing the most kind treatment, furnished with comfortable clothing, and dismissed by the Commander in Chief without any conditions for the regulation of their future conduct, never failed to gratefully acknowledge his forbearance and generosity. This led to rapid desertion.\n\nStrictures on British Officers. page 247\n\nThe severity exercised by General Howe towards American prisoners being the topic of conversation among some officers who had been taken in Canada by Sir Guy Carlton, General Parsons, who was present, exclaimed, \"His inhumanity delights me.\" \u2013 \"Why, so?\" (immediate inquiry) \"You, gentlemen,\" said Parsons, \"have been kindly treated by a generous enemy. Say, would you be inclined to fight against him?\" The answer was, \"No! not if\"\nIt was possible to avoid it.\" Such would have been the reply of the troops taken by Howe, had he treated them with kindness; but, now we are confident that his barbarity will raise us another army. Gates too, according to Gordon, had been repeatedly heard to say, \"Had General Howe treated his prisoners and the inhabitants of Jersey, when subdued, with as much humanity and kindness as Sir Guy Carlton exercises towards his prisoners, it would have proved fatal to the Americans.\" I had fondly hoped, when speaking thus favorably of Sir Guy Carlton's character, that I had attributed to him no other virtues than such as he had an indisputable right to claim. Coldly had been the leading principle in his conduct towards the Americans who fell into his power and became his prisoners.\nI could not doubt, but seduced by the appearance of his generous sympathy in their misfortunes, I had constantly indulged the belief that motives of a more noble and generous nature were not without their influence. Although his duty to his Sovereign compelled him to act with energy to accomplish the subjugation of the revolted Colonists, yet, a clear perception of the justice of the cause in which they had engaged, and generous admiration of the ardor with which they contended for their liberties, had led him to temper his triumphs with compassion, and to mitigate the sufferings of an enemy whose motives he venerated, though he could not openly approve them. Glad to find an opportunity to bestow praise, I eagerly embraced it, having no regret but that with the fairest field for the exercise of benevolence, our enemies had so little.\nI am sorry to say that a gentleman of highest respectability, incapable of fostering an unjust prejudice, wrote in a letter an extract of what might have been the consequence if equal wisdom had swayed the British commander in South-Carolina. Fatigued by the toils of war, dispirited by repeated disasters, with success only glimmering at a distance and many altogether despairing, the newly submitting inhabitants could have been allowed to enjoy the sweets of repose and the benefits of the security guaranteed by capitulation. Kindness could have been substituted for oppression.\nBut they felt all the debasing influences of despotic power. Deluded by the fallacious hope that victory had crushed the spirit of opposition, that every spark of Liberty had expired, and that, however burdensome the yoke, the people were sufficiently humbled to bear it, no restraint was permitted those of liberality of sentiment, to sanction a calumny.\n\nOne wishes to warn you against holding up Lord Dorchester (Sir Guy Carlton) as a British worthy. His conduct can be so clearly developed by all who lived at the days of his exhibitions of his opposite characters, that your history will reveal.\nHis conduct at Quebec was hypocritical and Machiavellian, dictated by the motive of seduction. He thought he could dazzle the wavering by an apparent generosity and benevolence towards our unfortunate prisoners. The blaze was but temporary, for everyone of intelligence saw through its phosphoric radiance. I heard no exclamation from those who were not misled by false lights: \"temco Daiiaos, et dona ferenies.\" I was in Congress at Princeton when he threw off the mask, being the Commander-in-Chief at New York, after the preliminary treaty of peace, and left to cap the climax of British hauteur and illiberality. Every arrangement required by the treaty, or the amity of a liberal and gentlemanly mind, he violated. I could give you a number of examples.\nOne fact is sufficient in proof. His letters and correspondence of every kind were so insulting, haughty, impolitic, and intolerable that by a resolution of Congress, to which I gave my assent and heartily promoted, our Secretary was directed to send back his letters unopened and inform him that no further correspondence would be held with him. His pettiness and bitter malignity were shown in every step he took.\n\nThe British officers imposed on aggression and demanded exactions that were too grievous for endurance. With consciences ready to acquit them of every obligation that it appeared inconvenient to keep, without the slightest consideration paid to the opinions of the parties most interested, paroles, which had been granted by capitulation, were withdrawn, and menaces were held out.\n\"That all who were found in arms, opposing the Royal authority, should not only be deprived of property but also subject to corporal punishment;\" and further declared \u2014 That as it was evident that resistance must prove futile, every hope of essential aid being lost, it was expected that all who could bear arms, should assume them in support of the established government. A more tyrannical measure could not have been conceived of, nor one adopted, more destructive to the prospects and true interests of Britain. Anxious, as I have stated, to remain in peace and retirement, little disposition appeared among the inhabitants to engage again in scenes of hostility. But to be called upon at once to renounce long and fondly cherished opinions \u2014 to resist in arms, the very men with whom they had been a little before associated \u2014\nciated, endeared too, in many cases, by friendship and \nconsanguinity, and to give their aid in forging the \nchains, which were to hold their country in perpetual \nbondage, was an insult, that roused to action every \ndormant faculty, and nerved every arm for opposition \nand revenge. \" Force us into the field,\" was the \nuniversal cry, \" and our choice is made. We will \ndie under the banners of our country !\" \n* Stedman, p. 199, vol. 2, says\u2014\" The Proclamation of Sir Henry Clin- \nton, without their consent, abrogated the paroles that had been granted, and \nin one instant, converted the inhabitants either into Loyal subjects or Rebels. \nPolicy required that they should have been altered, rather at their own appli- \n.'ration, individually; than by the arbitrary fiat of the Commander in Chief' \n250 STRICTURES ON \nWhen Colonel Peter Horry once said to General \nI am afraid that our happy days are all gone, Marion replied. Do not cherish such idle fears - our happy days are not gone. If the enemy had played a generous game, we would be ruined. But with them, humanity is out of the question. They will treat the people with severity, rouse opposition in every quarter, and send recruits to our standard, till they accomplish their own destruction.\n\nCOLONEL ISAAC HAYNE.\n\nThe revocation of these paroles caused the untimely fate of the gallant Colonel Hayne. The motives which induced him to resume his arms, and most interesting particulars relative to his capture and execution, are related by Dr. Ramsay, in his History of the Revolution of South-Carolina, in much detail. However, he has omitted to mention some facts which appear to me particularly interesting and worthy of record.\nIrregularities in the conduct of the war, disgraceful to the American cause, had frequently occurred. These resulted, for the most part, from excessive provocation on the part of the enemy and lawless excesses encouraged towards the Whig inhabitants of the South. Acts of retaliation could be only palliated, even with a shadow of excuse. No man lamented them. I would not willingly enter into details of the sanguinary warfare which, at this period, prevailed in the Southern part of the State, but in support of the correctness of the statement I have made, I will present two lamentable instances of it. Captain Duharty, a most intrepid soldier and determined Whig, having blown up Fort Lyttleton, where he commanded, was hastening with the Beaufort Company of militia by the inland route.\nPassage, to aid in the defense of Charleston, when his party, by the treachery of an individual, was betrayed, and in a great measure, either destroyed or made prisoners. He himself escaped and finding Beaufort, on his return to the South, occupied by the British, sought safety with the British officers. With greater sincerity than Colonel Hayne, for none more anxiously wished the American character to be free from reproach. Soon, as solicited by his neighbors and the inhabitants generally of the District, to resume a hostile position, to become their leader, and direct their operations against the enemy, he made an honorable and open declaration: \"That I can only be induced to comply with their wishes, by obtaining a solemn promise from all who are to serve under me, that an immediate stop to plundering and violence be instituted.\"\nshould be put to every unnecessary severity; a desideratum the more to be insisted upon, as he was resolved that exemplary punishment should be inflicted on every individual who should indulge in pillage or commit any act of inhumanity against the foe. A copy of the address made to his soldiers on this occasion was found on him at the period of his captivity; but although it forcibly expressed his abhorrence of concealment, marked as a particular object of vengeance, from the energy of his character, every exertion was made for his destruction. A Captain Pendabvis was particularly active in pursuit, and having discovered the place of his retreat, surprised and with circumstances of peculiar cruelty, put him to death. His Lieutenant Patterson, with more than savage barbarity, ere yet the vital spark had expired, disfigured and mutilated the body.\nMr. Leacraft and Mr. Talbird, friends of the deceased, were with him when he was surprised. They escaped and retired into the interior country, but soon heard that the standard of opposition was raised by Colonel Haring. They returned and were present at the capture of the Fori at Pocotaligo. Disappointed in not meeting their sanguinary persecutor among the prisoners, Mr. Leacraft, accompanied by an associate named Betts, set out in search of him. They found him on his plantation, in the company of his Lieutenant, and killed him with a rifle ball that passed directly through his heart. They immediately sabered and sacrificed the intimidated Patterson to their revenge. Another and truly distressing occurrence took place in the neighborhood of Colonel Haven. Mr. John Inglis, a young Scotchman\nof exemplary conduct and character, was shot during the darkness of the night through mistake \u2013 the individual who did the deed bitterly lamenting it as he had been his schoolfellow and companion but a little before at Inveraess; candidly avowing that he meant to kill Colonel Thomas Inglis, who had brought him to the foot of the gallows on some trifling occasion, and would have hanged him if not for the interposition of a superior officer.\n\nThe paper which contained this honorable testimony of generous feeling availed not to soften the rigor of persecution, nor in the slightest degree to mitigate the severity of the punishment denounced against him.\n\nWhen the paper was presented to Major M'Kenzie, who sat as President of the tribunal before him.\nColonel Hayne, upon being arraigned, expressed his sensibility and asked the prisoner to retain his composure until he was brought before the Court-Martial that was to determine his fate, assuring him that the present court was only directed to inquire if he acknowledged himself to be the individual who had taken protection. It is unnecessary to add that this trial was never granted. Lord Rawdon reached the city from the interior country, and at his command, an order for immediate execution was issued. The sympathy that melted every heart to tenderness, the pathetic address of the lovely daughters of the soil, calculated to move even the bosom of obduracy, availed nothing. Heedless of the prayers and solicitations of his afflicted friends and relatives, deaf to the cries of his children, who even pleaded for mercy, Lord Rawdon ordered the execution to proceed.\nWith bent knees, he interceded for mercy, unyielding to humanity's dictates. His resolution was as fixed as adamant, and a hero was sacrificed.\n\nA gentleman of truth, who on this occasion vainly flattered himself that an execution was not seriously to be apprehended, declared that the Secretary, Harry Barry, assured him, \"Your cherished expectations will be disappointed. Lord Rawdon's opinions are immutable; since his decree has been death, execution will inevitably follow.\"\n\nYet this man has become a god.\n\nThe British Officers. 253\n\nBecause the Duke of Richmond's pusillanimity caused him to shrink from an accusation, which, having made, he was called upon by every principle of justice and manly virtue to support, he is\nA noble man, deemed a hero without the slightest imputation of criminality, was regarded as free from every reproach. I would mention that immediately prior to the commencement of the Revolutionary War, this man was in Italy and in habits of intimacy with a gentleman from our country. He was later sent by Congress to the Court of Tuscany, governed by a branch of the House of Austria, to conciliate the good will of the Emperor of Germany towards America. At that time, Lord Rawdon's language was altogether favorable to the cause of Liberty. He approved of our resistance and cordially wished us success. However, his subsequent conduct corresponded little with his declarations and conformed to these sentiments. While the hope of conquest remained to Britain, no.\nA man was more indefatigable in his efforts to achieve its accomplishment. As a soldier, he justly acquired a very high degree of reputation. Yet, how lost must we consider him to every sense of duty which he owed to his king and country, when it is remembered:\n\nThe Duke of Richmond called the attention of the House of Lords to the inhuman execution of Colonel Hayne. The particulars of which had been forwarded to him by Mr. John Bowman. Lord Rawdon, arriving in Europe, denied the charge, threatening to call on the Duke for personal satisfaction unless an immediate apology should remove the stain from his injured honor.\n\nThe Duke knew full well the justice of the charge. He was personally acquainted with Mr. Bowman, had often sought information from him relative to American affairs, and had never any cause to question his veracity.\nHe hesitated at the moment, but ultimately asserted, \"I received my information from a man named Boxoman, whom I knew nothing about. I was rash in my charge and seek pardon for having made it.\" - RaI-PH IzarP: Sen. Esq.\n\n256 STRICTURES ON the inconsistency of his conduct. He retired from command at the very period when his services were most required, leaving the conduct of the army to men miserably deficient in talent and altogether unequal in energy to meet the exigencies of the times. And why was this done? Not on the plea of health, which he would willingly have insinuated, but after a fruitless effort to procure from a distinguished physician a certificate of his inability to serve.\nBut, from a clear perception of the events that swiftly produced success in America, under General Greene's direction, and a tender, irresistible solicitude, supposedly due to his great purity of character, he felt compelled to give protection to the wife of his truly civil and courteous friend across the Atlantic. It is recalled that on his passage to Europe, Lord Rawdon was captured by the French fleet off the Chesapeake. On board one of their vessels, he was sent to France. At Paris, he again met with a part of the family with which he had once been intimate in Italy. Hearing in every society the severity exercised towards Colonel Hayne, which he reprobated as equally impolitic and unjust, he unabashedly insinuated that, contrary to his opinion, it had been urged.\nBut can this calumny be believed? An accusation was made against Lord Rawdon, who in vain applied to Dr. Alexander Garden, a physician of high reputation, for a certificate testifying his inability to continue in the army. This statement is made on the authority of Mr. James Penman, a British subject of great respectability, who further assured the author of these Memoirs that Dr. Garden's anger was so highly excited by Lord Rawdon's scandalous dereliction of duty that on the manifestation of a design by many Tories to pay him the compliment of a farewell address, he boldly protested against it. If they would draw up a remonstrance reprobating his determination to quit the army at a moment when he knew there was not, in the Southern service, a man qualified to command.\nThe British Officers. 255\n\nShould the improbable charge against Colonel Balfour be tolerated? Charged as Colonel Balfour has been with severity, he has never been considered thirsting for blood! No execution had disgraced his administration in Charleston. At Camden, where Lord Rawdon commanded, they were too frequent to excite surprise. Had Colonel Balfour wished the death of his prisoner, would he not, in the first instance, have commanded it? He had the power to do so. The imperious orders of Lord Cornwallis would have sanctioned the act, and at his nod, the victim must have suffered. Yet he remained for several weeks uninjured; strictly guarded, it is certain, but with due attention to his rank and to his sufferings. However, Lord Rawdon arrived, and the influences of Heaven-born mercy were extinguished. Colonel Balfour\nSuch a man was Lord Rawdon. Can it then, be attributed to prejudice or malignity that I deny his right to the honors heaped upon him? While from his tomb, a flame arose, which widely diffused and gave constant increase to the spirit of revolt, till the expulsion of the enemy caused justice to triumph and confirmed the Independence of the Union.\n\nHayne, as the object of his deadly hate, was condemned and suffered with the patience and fortitude of a martyr. Such a man was Lord Rawdon. It cannot be attributed to prejudice or malignity that I deny his right to the honors heaped upon him. From his tomb, a flame arose, which widely diffused and gave constant increase to the spirit of revolt, till the expulsion of the enemy caused justice to triumph and confirmed the Independence of the Union.\n\nColonel Lee gives the following affecting narrative of the last scene of his life: \"Accompanied by a few friends, he marched with unruffled serenity through a weeping crowd to the place of execution. The sight of the gibbet occasioned a momentary expression of agony and dismay. He paused\u2014but immediately recovering his wonted firmness, moved forward.\"\nA friend whispered his confidence that he would exhibit an example of the firmness with which an American could die. \"I will endeavor to do so,\" was the reply of the modest Martyr. Never was an intention better fulfilled. He ascended the cart unsupported and unappalled. Having taken leave of his friends and commended his input family to their protection, he drew the cap over his eyes and illustrated, by his demeanor, that death in the cause of our country, even on a gallows, cannot appal the virtues of the brave.\n\n\"Count k crime quit la honte et non pas le rechaufaud.\"\n\nCokseille.\n\n256 Strictures on him in his proper colors to a deceived and infatuated nation, exclaim with the Poet,\n\n\"'Ye Gods, it doth amaze me,\nA man of such a feeble temper, should\nSo get the start of this majestic world.\"\nAnd bear the palm. The frequent allusion made in the subsequent part of this work to the violation of the Capitulation of Charleston and the consequences resulting from it require a more particular statement of the acts of injustice and oppression particularly complained of. But it appears altogether unnecessary for me to write a line on the subject. An extract from the eloquent speech of Governor Rutledge, delivered to the Legislature at Jacksonborough, will fully detail them. The statement may perhaps, at the present day, be considered as highly colored and dictated by the strong impulses of political prejudice and party feeling. But when the fair and impartial statements which shall bring into view are considered, when the instances are detailed, not only of the irritation produced by the violence of individuals, but of oppression sanctioned by the British authorities.\nGovernor Rutledge, eloquently addressing the Assembly, spoke as follows: \"Regardless of the sacred ties of honor, devoid of human feelings, and determined to extinguish, if possible, every spark of freedom in this country, the enemy, with the insolent pride of conquerors, gave unbounded scope to the exercise of their tyrannical disposition. They infringed their public engagements and violated the most solemn engagements. Many of our worthiest citizens, without cause, were long and closely confined\u2014some on board prison ships, and others in the town and castle of St. Augustine. Their properties were disposed of at the will and caprice of the British officers.\"\nThe enemy and their families were sent to different and distant parts of the Continent without means of support. Many who had surrendered as prisoners of war were killed in cold blood. Several suffered death in the most ignominious manner, and others were delivered up to savages and put to tortures, under which they expired. The lives, liberties, and properties of the people were dependent solely on the pleasure of British officers, who deprived them of either or all on the most frivolous pretenses. Indians, slaves, and a desperate band of the most profligate characters were caressed and employed by the enemy to execute their infamous purposes. Devastation and ruin marked their progress, and that of their adherents. Their violences were not restrained by the charms or influence of beauty and innocence; even the fair sex was not spared.\nThe duty of all, and the pleasure and pride of the brave, were victims to the inveterate malice of an unrelenting foe. Neither the tears of mothers nor the cries of infants could excite in their breasts pity or compassion. Not only the peaceful habitations of the widow, the aged, and the infirm, but the holy temples of the Most High, were consumed in flames, kindled by their sacrilegious hands. They have tarnished the glory of British arms, disgraced the profession of a British soldier, and fixed indelible stigmas of rapine, cruelty, perfidy, and profaneness on the British name.\n\nCapitulation.\n\nArt. IV. The militia now in garrison shall be permitted to return to their respective homes as prisoners on parole; this parole, as long as they observe, shall secure them from being molested.\nArt. IX. Civil officers and citizens who have borne arms during the siege must be prisoners on parole. With respect to their property in the city, they shall have the same terms as granted to the militia.\n\nProceeding in my strictures on the conduct of the British commanders, I would briefly advertise to the mode adopted by them for strengthening their military force. At an early period of the war, it had been considered expedient to raise Provincial Corps. Commissions were distributed, and rank established according to the number of recruits produced by the candidates who wished to obtain them. No questions were asked with regard to character \u2013 it was new, not morals, that were in focus.\nThe intriguer, who could secure the highest appointment through liberality of purse, insinuation, or cajoling, produced soldiers. From such men, with current success in their favor, little moderation could be expected. Their objective was to better their fortunes, and nothing seemed more propitious to the accomplishment of their desire than determined opposition from their adversaries. Submission destroyed their hopes; resistance sanctioned oppression; the profession of allegiance called for indulgence; the term \"Rebel\" gave license to plunder with impunity. Can it be wondered at, then, that less inclination was shown to conciliate than to condemn? I disdain every feeling of prejudice; and in a contest where great diversity of opinion was to be expressed, I disdain every feeling of prejudice.\nI will clean the text as requested:\n\nI will grant the due praise to all who conscientiously adopted and steadfastly supported the principles, far from censoring without discrimination the adherents to the British cause. Many officers of the Provincial Corps were pure in character and deserve respect. They were our enemies but free from insatiable avarice. In the hour of victory, they were alive to the impulses of humanity and did not forget that they were men. Their zeal and activity in the cause in which they engaged were of the highest utility to our enemies, leading to the development of a melancholy fact: in almost every instance where our armies have been foiled in action, the opposition came from our own countrymen.\n\nThe British Officers. 259\nAt Savannah, the defenders of the Spring-Hill Redoubt, where the gallant Tawse fell, were Americans. The garrison of the post at Augusta, so long and obstinately maintained by Browne, were Americans. Ninety-Six was preserved to the British by Cruger and Green, commanding the New Jersey Volunteers and Delancy Regiments, both composed of native Americans. The occupation of the brick building at Eutaw by the same Cruger and his Provincials could alone have saved the British army from destruction. Allen's, Skinner's, Browne's, Hamilton's, Simcoe's, and other American corps distinguished themselves by their bravery and were comparatively generous and merciful. The stigma remains on Tarleton's Legion alone, as they gained an advantage and triumphed in success, the virtue of humanity was lost. But far greater injury was done to the cause of\nIn Britain, by the latitude granted to the marauding corps of McGirth, Fanning, Huck, and others, which could not fail to increase the spirit of opposition and deadly hate towards a government that would sanction their barbarities. Detailing the deeds of horror perpetrated by this merciless banditti would revive recollections, that for the honor of human nature, had better be buried in oblivion. Suffice it to say, that notwithstanding solemn conventions, surrender should secure protection from injury, death was made the constant attendant on victory. Thus, at the close of the year 1781, Captain Turner and twenty men, after receiving the most solemn assurances, were deliberately murdered. Colonel Hayes and Captain Williams, with fourteen of their men, met the same fate.\nTheir followers were, in like manner, cut to pieces in cold blood after surrendering. The activity and cool intrepidity of Mr. John Hunter, at the period a mere youth, but later distinguished as an enlightened legislator, saved him from the merciless vengeance of Fanning. Ordered for immediate execution, he had reached the foot of the fatal tree on which he was to suffer, and appeared alone in intent on the exercise of his devotions, when observing a very spirited horse within his reach, he suddenly exerted himself, freed himself from confinement, leapt into the saddle, and putting the animal to his speed, though followed by a shower of bullets, escaped uninjured. Another cause of injury to Britain arose from the fallacious promises held out in the Proclamations of their commanders. In North Carolina, the pledge of peace was given.\nIn the narrow circle of encampment, security could be found, but beyond its limits lay captivity or destruction. Seven effective companies were raised at Hillsborough in one day, as oblivion for offenses, permanent protection for person and property, and liberal rewards for those taking up arms in the service of the King of Great Britain offered temptations to men already partial in their attachment to his cause. However, when it appeared that security could only be found within the encampment, and venturing beyond its limits meant meeting captivity or destruction, the unfortunates who had been seduced suffered the penalties of their disaffection and precipancy, or were compelled to renounce the delights of home and forever abandon their possessions.\nThe British officers. 261. The delusion ceased, and confidence was so completely withdrawn that at Cross Creeks, the settlement considered the most loyal, although supplies were as liberally furnished as the slender means of the inhabitants permitted, the retreating army of Lord Cornwallis was not strengthened by a single recruit. In South-Carolina, even after the surrender or evacuation of all the posts in the interior country, the farce was still kept up by Lord Rawdon and Colonel Balfour. And at the eleventh hour, a Proclamation issued by General Leslie called for submission and made a tender of pardon to the deluded inhabitants for past offenses. This was followed by a second, strongly recommending to the Loyal inhabitants, \"by the offer of submission to the American Government, to obtain mercy.\"\na mitigation of the penalties denounced against their political offenses. Regarding the details of victories, which, founded in misrepresentation, could not fail to injure the cause of Britain, I shall content myself with the following:\n\nLord Cornwallis, after the battle of Guilford, published a Proclamation boasting of a complete victory and erecting the Royal Standard, promising pardon and protection to all who should join it by a particular day. However, this was scarcely done before he found it necessary, after destroying his baggage and abandoning his wounded and newly acquired friends, to march off with precipitancy to Wilmington.\n\nIn a Proclamation, dated Monk's Corner, May 24th, 1781, Lord Rawdon and Lieutenant Colonel Balfour gave assurances \"that every support should be given to the King's troops, and that all deserters from the enemy's service, who should return and take the oath of allegiance, should be received and protected.\"\nbe afforded to the Loyal inhabitants, and that they would shortly reinstate them in the free and peaceable possession of the property from which they had been driven. General Leslie further assured his Majesty's loyal subjects in the Province, that they might rely on speedy and effective support being given to them by the exertion of the forces under his command; and that in every event and situation, their interests and security should be considered as inseparably connected with those of his Majesty's troops. (Ramsay's Revolution of South-Carolina, vol. 2. p. 432.) (Ramsay's Revolution of South-Carolina, vol. 2. p. 303.) 262 STRICTURES ON Copying the words of M'Kenzie, taken from his Strictures on Tarleton's campaigns.\n\nIt has before been shown, that Lord Cornwallis, with respect to the action of Blackstocks, had bestowed... (Ramsay's Strictures on Tarleton's Campaigns)\nA letter addressed to Lieutenant Colonel Tarleton should have graced Sumter's brow.\n\nOfficial dispatches have frequently been forwarded, based on misrepresentation. The result has been whole garrisons firing volleys and bonfires being raised to commemorate advantages that never existed.\n\nHere is an additional extract from a dispatch published immediately subsequent to Colonel Buford's defeat. It states, \"the inhabitants from every quarter had repaired to the Royal Army and to the garrison of Charleston to declare their allegiance to the King and to offer their services in arms to support the government. They had brought in their former oppressors and leaders in many instances.\"\n\nWas this the fact? Who is there that has the slightest claim to veracity, that will assert it?\nThe happy repartee of an Irish officer, gives an admi- \nrable illustration of the policy pursued. This candid \ngentleman being asked, why an order had been given \nby the Commandant of Charleston for a general illu- \nmination, after the doubtful victory at Guilford Court- \nHouse, replied, \u2014 \" Beyond question, the better to keep \nthe people in the dark.\" \nConsidering it a maxim, that the military character \nshould be *' free from reproach,\" justice requires, that \nwhere tarnished with crime, or even in the slightest \ndegree suspected of incorrectness, that the transgres- \n* M'Kenzie's Strictures on Tarleton's Campaign. \nI Vide Ramsay's Revolution of South-Carolina, vol. p. 131. \nTHE BRITISH OFFICERS. 263 \nsors should be named, lest others, to whom their atro- \ncities were altogether abhorrent, should, equally with \nthemselves, be subjected to the stigma of reproach and \nBritish officers, educated as gentlemen and with a proper sense of military dignity, departed from propriety, aggravating misfortune with insult and injury. This was a fact, not a solitary instance. The power to injure through temporary advantage was supreme, and as long as its influences remained unshaken, age, sex, or respectability of character could not shield the unfortunate. I wish to examine this with candor, \"And give the palm, or shake the rod.\" As Justice turns the scale.\n\nWhile the sword of Tarleton* and the torch of his men inflicted harm.\nWeymess, the rapacity of Lieutenant Colonels Cochran and Provost swept over the land. I shall speak particularly of Tarleton in another place. Weymess was chiefly distinguished by his insatiable desire to destroy the habitations of his opponents. It is said that when taken, his pocket book contained not only the list of the houses already destroyed but of those also which he intended, at a future day, to commit to the flames. There was not a marauder in the army, not even McGirth, more distinguished for sagacity in discovering the secret deposits of plate and approving all that came within his grasp, than Colonel Cochran. He is much belied by the reports of his military friends if he did not ship to Europe barrels filled with the article, to revive at a future day the recollection of the destruction.\nA Refugee, one of a number who gave a dinner to Lieutenant Colonel Provost upon his arrival in London with dispatches, relative to the repulse of the French and Americans at Savannah, said to him, on being presented,\u2014 'Well, Colonel, you have had a peep at Charleston and given a terrifying glimpse of more than pestilential destruction, exposing the feeble strength of agriculture, the helplessness of infancy, the timid maidens' innocence and hapless widows' griefs to every variety of wretchedness. It is a pleasure to state, I aim great would be my delight, could I do it on a more extended scale, that to the names of Brigadier A. Clarke, of the 33rd, Colonels Webster and Campbell of the 71st, Small and M'Arthur, Majors Majoribanks, Money and M'Leroth, the officers of the Staff, M'Mahon and Black, no act of cowardice was evident.\nThe inhumanity or oppression was never attached to the officers of the 63d, 64th, and 71st Regiments, with the exception of Weymess and Baird. Their generous protection of property and delicate attention to the sufferings of the afflicted has been uniformly attributed to them, and to this day, the names of Roberts, Lloyd, Campbell, Grahame, and Torrianno are mentioned with affection and gratitude. Your expedition brought terrible fear to the Rebels. It is true that you gained few laurels on your expedition, but you made a devilish good trading voyage, plundering, as we are credibly informed, all the Islands on your retreat.\n\n\"Sir,\" said the Colonel with the benignant smile of innocence, \"you are misinformed. His Majesty's troops never plunder.\" The company blushed for the incivility of their associates.\nA gentleman, of high respectability, who had the opportunity to witness Colonel Provost's depredations, would not deny the justice of the accusation. One such instance involved a plantation owner, who after the war, reported that four of his best negroes were taken from his plantation and Colonel Provost was selected to carry off Ly Provost.\n\nThis excellent officer and perfect gentleman was sent by General Cornwallis to Philadelphia at the conclusion of hostilities to receive the British prisoners of war, who were to be released from captivity. Upon seeing the comforts afforded them and the attention paid to their accommodation and food, Colonel Provost was reportedly overwhelmed by the contrast, possibly with the miseries endured by our unfortunate prisoners in British prisons.\nThe man, unable to express his feelings and gratitude through words, did so in a more flattering way with an abundant effusion of tears. He had previously gained the goodwill of the Americans through the gentleness of his government while commanding British forces in Georgia, and by the protection afforded to their property upon their evacuation from Savannah.\n\nThe British officers - St. George, Fox (both lieutenant colonels), Captain Steward of the Guards, Wynyard of the 33rd, M'Kenzie, Charles Morris the Purveyor, and old Westminsters - suffered no difference of political opinion to destroy the recollection of early attachments. Instead, they extended every gratifying attention and liberal assistance to their suffering school-fellows.\n\nThough reluctant to enter upon a detail:\n\nThe British officers - St. George, Fox (both lieutenant colonels), Captain Steward of the Guards, Wynyard of the 33rd, M'Kenzie, Charles Morris the Purveyor, and old Westminsters - suffered no difference of political opinion to destroy the recollection of early attachments. Instead, they extended every gratifying attention and liberal assistance to their suffering school-fellows.\nIn those days of sorrow and oppression, it is necessary to state some occurrences that daily took place to sanction the accusation of ruthless severity that might otherwise be deemed unmerited. It was not age that could protect from insult. The venerable Mrs. Brandford witnessed the indecorous conduct of an officer, high in the confidence of the Commandant of Charleston, putting a stick into the hands of a slave with a positive command to chastise her son-in-law, a respectable Planter advanced in years, because he had advised his return to the service of his lawful master. It was not sex \u2013 far from it, the delicacy and respect due to the female character were disregarded and forgotten. Ladies of the first respectability were accused of imaginary crimes and thrust into the dungeons.\nThe Provost compelled the tender and estimable feelings of nature were treated with callous indifference. One afflicted parent was denied permission to witness the interment of an only son. Another, Benson, Mr. E. Horry, Misses Scarecens, General C. Pinckney, and Mrs. K. Ann, Broad-Street 266, were denied admission at their own doors while holding expiring infants at the threshold. The Steward of the American Hospital, an excellent and honorable man, was dismissed from his post because he had attempted to prevent the enlistment of Continental Soldiers into Lord Charles Montague's Regiment. The officiating Physician, D'Olive, and surgeons of the department were prevented.\nThe Captains G. A. Hall and Heyward, having surrendered their swords as prisoners under the capitulation of Charleston, were assaulted by a party of officers on the public street. Their cockades were torn from their hats, and they were indignantly trampled underfoot. Prisoners selected as objects of retaliation, while conducted to the ships prepared for their confinement, were insulted by the ribaldry of an infuriated mob and pelted with every species of filth that could annoy or offend.\n\nThe innocent correspondence of friends, such as Colonel Grimke and Mr. Kean, was construed as a violation of parole, resulting in an increase of severities already imposed.\nThe Commandant of St. Augustine sentenced Captain Jacob Read to rigorous and solitary confinement for no other offense than transmitting to a friend in Charleston an extract from a Jamaica paper reporting an advantage gained by a Spanish squadron over a fleet of British transports in the West Indies. The apparent cause, in neither instance, could have been the true one. The British officers goaded the stubborn virtue that could not be subdued, and every shadow was caught at that which afforded pretext for aggression. The liberty of working for the support of their starving families was denied to all who refused to solicit favors. Suits to distress them were encouraged.\nBut the doors of Justice and Mercy were closed to them, as they pleaded. Capitulants could not pass the boundaries of the Garrison on the land side, and were strictly prohibited from undertaking any water excursion on the other. If they ventured abroad, they were met with the sharpest taunts of irony and reproach at every turn. If they remained at home, the numbers and temper of the military quartered upon them left them without a ray of comfort under the pressure of calamity. It may truly be said, that the cup of misery was filled to overflowing. I must be more particular.\n\nWhere the exercise of peculiar severity was contemplated, and the prevailing authorities wished to bend the haughty spirit of patriotism to submission, or humble the constancy that defied oppression,\nThe ready instrument of tyranny was at hand. Who could hear of Major Hanger's wanton insults, with no regard for decency or cleanliness, introducing his cats, dogs, and monkeys into the best apartments of the most respectable families, while reveling in every species of sensuality, under the eyes of the unprotected females on whom he was billetted, without lamenting that Heaven had not spared some chosen bolt to punish his atrocity? I cannot be more particular. \"It would fill each generous breast with wild amazement, to hear the story told.\"\n\nA person, requiring the particulars of Gates' defeat from this unfeeling man, he replied, \"Flushed with victory and eager in pursuit, my arm was too well employed to allow much time for observation. But, overtaking the wagon of De Kalb, on which was...\"\nA Monkey, fantastically dressed, seated before me, I ceased to destroy. Addressing the affrighted animal, I exclaimed, \"You, Monsieur, I perceive, are a Frenchman and a gentleman.\" \"You have my word,\" he replied.\n\nWhere were your terrors, conscience? Where was your justice? That this man dares boldly own his crimes, insult your sacred power, and glory in it.\n\nIt cannot be easily conceived from what unpromising soil hope will spring up in the bosoms of the unhappy. From such delusion originated the fatal propensity to temporize with the enemy and to seek protection. Its victims paid the penalty of their rashness and were soon convinced that they had gained little by the change. Indulgence was occasionally granted to their wishes, while towards the inflexible in principle, a rigid austerity and an unyielding stance were maintained.\nThe rejection of reasonable requests maintained a system of oppression unmatched in history. A petty and unmanly spirit of revenge was exhibited, which cannot be sufficiently reproached.\n\nThe Engineer Moncrief stood out in malice. Instances of oppression stemming from his implacable resentment would fill a volume. I shall confine myself to one anecdote to demonstrate how little he understood the dignified inflexibility of a patriotic heart.\n\nA lady of the highest respectability petitioned, as a favor, that he would not allow certain oak trees of remarkable beauty on a farm he occupied to be destroyed. Valued by her son, these trees had been planted by his father's hand.\n\n*Mrs. Pinckney, mother of General C.C. Pinckney.\nColonel Moncrief asked, \"Where is your son, Madam?\"\n\n\"At Haddrel's, Sir \u2014 a prisoner,\" she replied.\n\n\"And he wishes me, Madam, to have these trees preserved?\" she nodded yes.\n\n\"Tell him, Madam, that they will make excellent firewood, and he may depend on it they shall be burnt,\" Colonel Moncrief ordered.\n\nColonel Moncrief was no jester \u2014 the promptitude of his actions left no room for suspense. An opportunity was offered to injure and insult, and he did not fail to embrace it. The trees were burnt.\n\nA lady of the highest respectability wrote to Colonel Tarleton, requesting the liberty of using one or two apartments in her house. Immediately occupied by him, she believed they would essentially contribute to her comfort. He replied, \"Madam, after mature deliberation, my eyes are so opened, and my senses convinced, that the enemies of my country should not occupy them.\"\nenjoy every convenience, that I hold it an act of pro- \npriety to retain the house in Broad-street, given me by \nthe Commander in Chief for my sole accommodation. \nB. Tarleton.\" \nWh^n Provost invaded Carolina, a considerable \nBritish force occupied the house and plantation of Mr. \nRobert Gibbes, on the Stono River. At the period of \ntheir arrival there, Mr. John Gibbes, a respectable \ngentleman, worn down by age and infirmity, was on a \nvisit to his brother. His usual residence was on a farm \ncalled the Grove, where the Race Ground is now \nestablished, comprehending several of the neighbouring \ngentlemen's seats, and at the period improved not only \nwith ta^e in the disposition of the grounds, but by the \nintroduction of numberless exotics of the highest \nbeauty. He had in addition, a green-house and pinery, \nin the best condition. A Major Sheridan, arriving from \nAn officer asked the army at Mr. Gibbes, \"What news, shall we gain possession of the city?\" Sheridan replied, \"I don't fear it, but we've made havoc of the property in the vicinity. I witnessed the destruction of an elegant establishment belonging to an arch-Rebel who was luckily absent. You would have been delighted to see how quickly the pine apples were shared among our men and how rapidly his trees and ornamental shrubs were levelled with the dust.\" Mr. John Gibbes, a man of strong passions, could hear no more and, regardless of consequences, exclaimed, \"I hope that the Almighty will cause the arm of the scoundrel who struck the first blow to wither.\" \"How is this, Sir?\" said Sheridan.\n\"Dare you, Sir, use such language to me?\" said Mr. Gibbes. \"Yes,\" he replied, \"and would repeat it at the Altar.\" The provocation was sufficient to justify Mr. Gibbes' anger; for your own credit, Sheridan, let the matter drop.\n\nThe catastrophe was dreadful. To banish thought, Mr. Gibbes, unfortunately driven to the indulgence of an intemperance before unknown, retired to his bed \u2013 and rose no more.\n\nA certain day being appointed, after which none but protection-men were allowed to exercise either trade or profession. A poor mechanic, the cries of whose family for bread were irresistible, humbly solicited that a protection might be allowed him, though the hour of demanding it had gone by. \"God knows,\" he added, \"that my intention was to have asked it, had it not escaped my memory.\" \"Retire, Sir,\" said Harry.\nYou had ample time given to you for repentance, and you refused to embrace it. You could have shown your intention to God. Jesus Christ did not consider it a disgrace to receive a certificate from the hands of John the Baptist, acknowledging his faith in the utility of baptism to salvation. You should not have felt ashamed to receive from the hands of Nesbit Balfour a certificate that would erase the memory of your political sins and renew your faith in the talents and virtues of your neglected master, George III. Allusions to the most sacred ceremonies were treated with levity and trifling neglect, likely due to thoughtlessness. However, respect for the Savior's name could scarcely be expected where it was denied the right to worship him.\nThe sanctity of the Temple could not protect its altars. The Church in Prince William's was wantonly burnt, and for no other reason, as the incendiaries asserted, than that it added greatly to the beauty of the scenery about Sheldon, the seat of General Bull. The Churches also in St. Bartholomew's and St. Paul's were reduced to ashes. The Bible and books of prayer, presented by Mrs. Jacob Motte, taken from the Church of St. James', Santee, were purchased in London after the peace by a member of the Church and restored as a sacred gift, according to the intention of the original donor.\n\nHowever, as a further proof that no species of tyranny was left unessayed, that could force the unfortunate to profess sentiments abhorrent to their hearts, a more forcible and appropriate instance cannot be given than in the case of Mr. Seabourn Jones, of Georgia.\nA gentleman had relinquished his country, friends, and home to oppose the enemy, from whom he neither expected nor would willingly have received favor. But being a prisoner, and denied the privilege of procuring bread, he was compelled to solicit it. The reply was laconic: \"Take protection, and gain your bread. Adhere to the standard of Rebellion, and starve.\" His heart forbade the one; the other would necessarily have followed, had not the happy negotiation of Major Hyme succeeded, and restored him to liberty and his country.\n\nDistinguished British Officers.\nLord Cornwallis.\n\nThe Bard, who best knew the human heart, has said,\n\"Sweet are the uses of adversity.\"\n\nIn the instance of Lord Cornwallis, I am ready to subscribe to his opinion; for, from the moment that the sun of his glory set at Yorktown, and from the ex-\nA conquered station of a conqueror, whose prowess was long esteemed irresistible, became himself a captive. He was distinguished as much by gentleness and amiability, by justice and generosity, as he had previously been characterized by an unbending haughtiness of demeanor and severity. Had the same dispositions swayed his actions in America, as influenced his conduct while in command in Ireland and in India, I might have represented him as a decided, yet generous enemy \u2013 active and indefatigable in his exertions to obtain victory \u2013 considerate and humane in its use; but, grateful as the duty would have been to me, it is denied me to represent him thus.\nI cannot compliment Cornwallis at the expense of truth, and must speak of the acts of aggression he heaped upon my bleeding country, as those acts deserve.\n\nCornwallis, 273\n\nI have never read of any distinguished military character, either in ancient or modern times, let the predominancy of vicious propensities be ever so conspicuous, that had not some trait of merit, some emanation of noble and generous feeling to recommend it. Take from Lord Cornwallis, as commander of the British army in the Southern States, the lustre of dauntless intrepidity, patient in supporting difficulties, indefatigable in surmounting them, and, where in contemplating his character, shall a claim to any perfection be found that could entitle him to praise or admiration.\n\nWhen the power to show mercy is unlimited, its\n\n(Note: The text appears to be complete and does not require any significant cleaning. However, there is an incomplete sentence at the end which may require further context to fully understand.)\nLord Cornwallis could not withhold exercise without guilt. The sentiment was in no manner congenial to his heart. Forced, for the preservation of their families, to solicit British protection, he, by an increase of severity and unexpected exactions, compels his converts to fly to the hostile camps for security. In a letter dated August 18th, 1780, he addresses Colonel Cruger, the commandant at Ninety-Six:\n\n\"I have given orders that all the inhabitants of this Province who had submitted and who have taken part in its revolt shall be punished with the greatest rigor. They should be imprisoned, and their whole property taken from them or destroyed. I have ordered in the most positive manner that every militiaman who had borne arms with us and afterwards joined the enemy should be immediately hanged.\"\nSir, I now request that you take the most vigorous measures to extinguish the rebellion and obey, in the strictest manner, the directions given in this letter. Had he shown a spark of humanity, soothed the afflictions of the wretched, softened the pains of captivity, or with generous compassion eased the agonies of the wounded spirit, some grateful heart that had been cheered by his signal, and rescued from despondency - some parent, thankful for a child preserved, or wife, whose tears had saved the partner of her affections from unmerited persecution - would have proclaimed the deed and blessed his memory. But in vain do we seek such testimony of his worth. One universal sentiment towards him is cherished.\nThe flagrant violation of the capitulation of Charleston, in numerous instances, being considered a sufficient reason to deprive Lord Cornwallis of the benefits granted to him at the surrender of Yorktown, it was moved in Congress by the Honorable Arthur Middleton, a Delegate from the State of South Carolina, that \"Congress, who represent the feelings and sense of the nation, do declare that Lieutenant General Charles Earl Cornwallis ought not to be exchanged.\"\nThe composition is not from any apprehensions of his influence or superior abilities, but because they look upon him, not as a British General, but as a barbarian. In proof of their justice in classing him in so degrading a predicament, they appeal to the impartial history of his conduct during his command in the Southern and Middle States, where his progress may be traced by blood wantonly spilt, by unwarranted executions even by military regulations, and by the indiscriminate plunder of property and destruction of habitations, circumstances disgraceful to the arms of any enlightened people \u2014 because he has governed himself solely upon principles of eastern tyranny \u2014 has broken the faith of treaty, solemnly pledged in the capitulation of Charleston. (Ramsay's Revolution of South-Carolina, p. 330.)\n\nCORNWALLIS. 275.\nThe problems in the text are minimal, so I will output the text as is:\n\n\"ton, by ordering the seizure of the property and persons of the capitulants, by the confinement of some on board of prison ships, and transportation of others to St. Augustine, and the banishment of their wives and children \u2014 because he has authorized and countenanced the enlistment of upwards of five hundred American Soldiers into the British service, or rather suffered them to be compelled, by cruelties and hard usage, to take arms against their country; and in numberless other instances, has infringed every rule of war established among civilized nations.\n\nOn the anniversary of his capture, the 19th of October, 1814, in an address to the youth of the Cincinnati Society, he is thus noticed:\n\n'Gentlemen of the Cincinnati.\n\n'The anniversary of the eventful day which we celebrate, fills the heart of every American with pride and gratitude. We recollect the gallant resistance made by our brave countrymen, under the command of General Andrew Jackson, to the invading British army, under the command of General Sir Edward Pakenham. We remember the decisive battle fought on the 8th of January, 1815, near New Orleans, in which the British were signally defeated, and their army almost entirely destroyed. We commemorate the glorious victory obtained over the common enemy of mankind, and the important lesson it taught to the world, that the spirit of freedom, once kindled, cannot be extinguished. Let us, my countrymen, cherish the memory of this great event, and transmit it to posterity, as a noble example of American valor and patriotism.'\"\nWe rejoice, with exultation, the valour which broke the scepter of oppression and bow with thankfulness before the beneficent Providence, whose protection secured to us the blessings of Peace, Liberty, and Independence. On this day, the cloud of misfortune obscured the brilliant achievements of our most active and implacable enemy. The visionary confidence that his genius was unequaled, vanished. The rapid current of his successes rose no longer superior to opposition\u2014his triumphs ceased\u2014Cornwallis fell. He was indeed a hero in arms, but dead to the gentler feelings of humanity; a stranger to that moderation and forbearance which gives to victory its highest attraction. The establishment of the nefarious instruments of oppression, the Boards of Police and Sequestration, too fatally proves the justice of my assertion.\nThe sanguinary Tarleto's barbarities indisputably show that \"Mercy, the first attribute of Heaven,\" had no place in Cornwallis' heart. This is no exaggerated picture. I wish only to present your enemy as he was during the subjugation of America, which was Britain's cherished aim, so you may anticipate what you may now expect when he approaches our coasts, not to conciliate, but to destroy.\n\nIn the life of General Marion, compiled from the notes of a distinguished Partisan, Colonel Peter Horry, we find this passage: \"It has been said that Lord Cornwallis, struck with the bravery of De Kalb, generously intended while his wounds were dressed by his own Surgeon, and that, after his death, he ordered him to be buried with the honors of war.\"\nBritish officers have often been known to do such noble deeds; but, that Lord Cornwallis was capable of acting so honorably is very doubtful. If we seek the opinions of British writers regarding his conduct, Tarleton accuses him of injustice, M'Kenzie of partiality and misrepresentation, and Stewart of impolicy and unnecessary severity. If they who partook in his triumphs and rejoiced at his successes openly censure, how can we withhold the expression of our resentments, subjected by him to every misery and degradation that relentless tyranny could impose.\n\nNo censure, no expression of dissatisfaction was ever used to check the wanton barbarities of Tarleton. On the contrary, in a letter dated November 11th, 1780, Lord Cornwallis says to him, \"I wish you could get three legions, and divide yourself into three parts. We can do nothing without you.\"\nYou., 277. Vide Weeras' Life of Marion.\n\nLieut. Col. Archibald Campbell, 71st Regiment.\n\nQuitting a character so justly reprobated as that of Cornwallis, it is truly grateful to present, by way of contrast, that of Lieutenant Colonel Campbell, of the 71st British Regiment. A conqueror at Savannah, his immediate care was to soften the asperities of war and to reconcile to his equitable government those who had submitted, in the first instance, to the superiority of his arms. Though but lately released from close and rigorous confinement, which he had suffered in consequence of indignities offered to General Charles Lee, a prisoner at New York, he harbored no resentments and appeared to consider his sufferings rather the effect of necessity, than wilful persecution. Oppression was foreign to his nature and incompatible with his principles.\nHe made a proper allowance for an attachment to cherished principles and gave applause to those who bravely supported them. He used no threats to gain proselytes or artifice to ensnare them. Such of the inhabitants as voluntarily made a tender of service were favourably received, but he was ever disinclined to invite them to take up arms in the British cause, lest in the fluctuating councils of his government, he should lead them to destruction. He had too frequently seen them lavish of professions of permanent support, leaving their deluded adherents to the mercy of the government, which, in an evil hour, they had abandoned. The friends of Independence had everything to dread from his wisdom and humanity, but their alarm was of short duration. Lieutenant Colonel Campbell had too nice a judgment.\nLORD RAWDON: I have already detailed the particulars relative to the murder of Colonel Hayne. It may seem superfluous to bring forward further proof of Lord Rawdon's unrelenting severity, which never seemed satisfied but by the sacrifice of its object. Executions under his mandate had become so frequent in Camden that they were regarded with mute astonishment. The question was not \"how many,\" but \"how many are to be hanged today.\" Of his humanity towards his own troops and particularly his own countrymen, an accusation arose.\nrate judgment may be formed from the extracts of his letter to Colonel Rugely, which I have selected, and which will immediately follow. Before they are brought into view, I would observe that at the moment this letter was written, poor Ireland, the most oppressed nation, was altogether favorable to the cause of America. In the year 1775, when I was removed from Westminster School to College, I remember that in a debating society at Edinburgh, it was proposed as a subject for discussion, \"Whether it was just, wise, or practicable for America to resist the decrees of Great Britain.\" A speaker, who appeared extremely tenacious of the authority and power of the parent state, vehemently maintaining that it was not only impolitic, but impossible for America,\nDr. Drennan, a young Irish student, admitted part of the gentleman's proposition but denied the accuracy of the conclusion drawn from it. The gentleman's assertion about America's infancy was undeniable, but it could be compared to Hercules' infancy. In his cradle, America saw the approach of hostility without terror and would not fail to crush the vipers sent for her destruction by an unnatural stepmother.\n\nPressured by the problems in the civilized world, America began not only to feel more keenly the injustice of Britain but to express her abhorrence of the tyranny imposed upon her. America offered an asylum against the evils she endured, and this was not disregarded by her.\nMany adventurous youths, inspired by the most exalted feelings of the heart, sought our shores to enroll under the standard of Liberty. In the North, the gallant Montgomery, Generals Irvine, Armstrong, Moylan, and Walter Steward obtained the highest reputation for zeal and intrepidity. In the South, the valor of Armstrong, O'Neale, Manning, and Irvine of the Legion merited and were rewarded by universal admiration and applause. In our armies, many sons of Erin felt the injuries heaped upon us as injuries to themselves and fought for America as they would have fought for Ireland. It was to check this noble spirit,\nLord Rawdon issued sanguinary orders to extinguish the dawn of resistance in his expanding views of the rights of man. These orders might have produced some effect, but they clearly showed that in his troops, he had no confidence. With his own Regiment, the Volunteers of Ireland, the language of the lips had no correspondence with the emotions of the bosom. On rejoicing days, while peals were fired, and the air resounded with loud huzzas for the king, their hearts were with the cause and the armies of America.\n\n280 RAWDON.\n\nExtract of a letter to Colonel Rugely, commanding:\n\nIf attachment to their Sovereign will not move the country people (to check a crime so disastrous to the service - desertion), it must be my care to urge them to their duty, as good subjects, by using incentives.\nAny person who negligently fails to report a soldier straggling without a written pass beyond the picquets shall be subject to rigorous punishment, including whipping, imprisonment, or being sent to serve in the West Indies, depending on the severity of the offense. I have ordered that every soldier passing the picquet must submit himself to examination by any militiaman who has reason to suspect him. If a soldier:\nAmong the British officers serving in the South, none possessed a just claim to celebrity as General Webster. His consummate skill and intrepidity, combined with a devotion to the Monarch he served and loved, earned him the highest applause from his own army. He added, as a mark of peculiar distinction, \"I will give ten guineas, or the head of any deserter belonging to the Volunteers of Ireland, and five guineas only if he be brought alive.\" General Webster. (Vide Ramsay's Revolution of South-Carolina, vol. 2. p. 133.)\nThe influence of his power secured their gratitude and highest admiration. Tarleton, in his history of the Southern Campaigns, briefly and comprehensively notices his merits: \"He united all the virtues of civil life, to the gallantry and professional knowledge of a soldier.\" Lee, under the impression of sentiments that do him honor, speaking of his untimely fate, says, \"So long as the tenderest feelings of sorrow, expressed in language that can only flow from the heart, shall be admired.\" Lord Cornwallis, in his letter to the afflicted and affectionate parent of the departed hero, has left an imperishable monument to his fame.\n\nAn extract of this letter cannot be unacceptable to the heart that feels:\n\n\"It gives me great concern to undertake a task which is not only a bitter renewal of my own grief, but must be a violent shock to an already fragile mind.\"\nYou have the support of religion, good sense, and the experience of the uncertainty of human happiness for your affliction as a parent. For your satisfaction, know that your son fell nobly in the cause of his country, honored and lamented by all his fellow soldiers; that he led a life of honor and virtue, which must secure him everlasting happiness.\n\nWhen the keen sensibilities of the passions begin to subside, these considerations will give you real comfort. May the Almighty give you fortitude to bear this severest of strokes is the earnest wish of your companion in affliction.\n\nCornwallis.\n\nHe further enumerates his services throughout the war, proving himself at all times and in every situation a distinguished commander and exemplary man.\nI have but little to add, but what I have to say is so much to his credit that it would be unpardonable to withhold it. Encamped at Brabant's, the seat of the late Bishop Smith, where many Whig Ladies, whose friends were serving within the garrison, had retired for security, his attentions to them were uniformly polite and generous. He was liberal in the offer of service and afforded them security and protection from the insults and oppression to which unlimited license was allowed in almost every other quarter. And it is highly to his honor, that while in mere wantonness the Temples of God were elsewhere levelled to the dust or given up to devouring flames, that he caused a Church in the neighborhood, the destruction of which had already commenced, to be rebuilt and guarded by the soldiers.\nMen whose aim was to turn it into ruins.\n\nColonel Small.\n\nIt would be superfluous to detail particular instances of this gallant soldier's exemplary good conduct. His constant aim was to soothe the sorrows of the afflicted and give exercise to a generous heart. No measure adopted by the British authorities was more irksome and oppressive than that of billeting their officers upon the unfortunates, to whom, under the capitulation of Charleston, was guaranteed the uninterrupted possession of their property. Yet, such was the known character of Colonel Small that a billet presented by him was regarded as a distinguished mark of favor; security from insult, and from every species of imposition, being inseparable from his presence.\n\nWhat must have been the situation...\nColonel Small, with his delightful sensibilities, found himself courted as a friend and revered as a protector by the helpless families of the enemy, whom he contended with. The sympathies of his benevolence shielded them from harm, and was repaid with tenfold gratitude. He assuaged their sufferings and relieved their wants; and every prayer they offered to Heaven was mingled with ardent solicitations for blessings on his head.\n\nTowards the conclusion of the war, Colonel Small expressed a wish to meet with General St. Clair of the American army, his friend and companion of early years. A flag of truce was immediately sent by General Greene, with an invitation for him to come within our lines and remain at his option therein, free from every restriction. It was accepted, and such attentions were shown to him.\nI paid him not only by the Commander in Chief, but by all the superior officers of the army, as he must have been highly grateful since it not only evinced their gratitude, but exalted their opinion of the liberal and generous conduct that excited it.\n\nUpon visiting our Ambassador, Major Thomas Pinckney, shortly after his establishment in London, it was my good fortune to meet Colonel Small. In the course of conversation, he said, \"I have been sitting this morning to Colonel Trumbull for my portrait, he having done me the honor to place me in a very conspicuous situation in his admirable representation of the battle of Bunker's Hill. But his politeness far exceeds my claim to merit. He has exhibited me turning aside the bayonet aimed by a grenadier at the breast of General Warren.\"\nhave saved his life, had it been in my power to do so, \nbut when I reached the spot on which his body lay, \nthe spark of life was already extinguished. It would \nhave been a tribute due to his virtues and to his gal- \nlantry, and to me a sacred duty, since I am well \napprized, that when at a particular period of the \n284 SMALL. \naction, I was left alone, and exposed to the fire of the \nwhole American line, my old friend, Putnam, saved my \nlife by calling aloud, * kill as many as you can, but \nspare Small ;' and that he actually turned aside muskets \nthat were aimed for my destruction.\" \nWhen the attack was made some years since on the \nmilitary reputation of General Putnam, I communi- \ncated these circumstances to my friend, Major Jackson, \nof Phil^idelphia, who published them as a proof of its \nilliberal !ty, since it is not possible to suppose that the \nA soldier, who with anxious solicitude endeavored to screen from harm the life of a generous enemy, could, from apprehension of his own personal safety, in the manner insinuated, have swerved from his duty, and must have fixed a stigma on the reputation of the Commander in Chief, for the want of that discernment universally attributed to him, that he continued to the last hour of the war to bestow his entire confidence on one, who in the very dawn of hostility had proved himself unworthy of it.\n\nColonel Tarleton. With every disposition to moderation and forbearance, it is difficult to speak with temper of a man whose invariable aim was to destroy, and whose resentments were only to be appeased by an unceasing effusion of blood. Acting in strict conformity with his declared opinion, \"That severity alone could\":\nThe establishment of regal authority in America overleapt the bounds of humanity. The destruction of property scarcely merited notice where personal insults were so ardently cherished, and death made the primary object of enterprise. It is no exaggeration to say that wherever the influences of Tarleton extended, with scarcely an exception, his progress might be traced by merciless severity. Contemplate the destruction, the desolation, of Colonel Hill's plantation in the New Acquisition, his flourishing iron works, mills, dwelling house, and buildings of every description, presenting a frightful scene of universal ruin. His wife and children were subjected to the inclemency of an insalubrious climate without shelter, food, or raiment. Wanton exercise of authority: hanging, on the most trivial offenses. (Tarleton. 285)\nMen of the first respectability, such as the execution of Mr. Johnston, an upright and intelligent Magistrate, are exemplified. Witness the slaughter of Colonel Buford's unwilling forces, crying out for quarter. View him after partaking of the widow of General Richardson's hospitality. Not only did he plunder her property and burn her house, but he degraded manhood by spurning this helpless female, even on the verge of her husband's grave. Who, in palliation of his enormities, he pretended to still believe was in arms.\n\nGreat, but certainly unmerited credit has been given to Tarleton for the achievement of deeds of hardy enterprise. Where celerity of movement was necessary to secure victory, he is entitled to unqualified praise. In reaping all the fruits resulting from these actions.\nan attack by surprise, he was judicious in his arrangements and prompt in their execution. But where can it be said that he ever encountered opposition? An officer of our army, whose accuracy it is impossible for me to doubt, assured me that he visited the Hospital at the Vaxsaws, in which the wounded were left, and that many of them were in a state of perfect nakedness, having been stripped of every article of clothing, and that the wounds inflicted amounted on average to sixteen for each individual.\n\nTarleton. He did not experience discomfiture. At Monk's Corner and Laneau's Ferry, he was actually in possession of his adversary's camp, before they were apprised of his approach; and meeting but feeble resistance, was completely triumphant. At the defeat of Buford, the panic that deprived both the commander and his forces of morale.\nEvery power of resistance was precluded, and they were butchered almost to a man. Again, at Fishing Creek, unexpectedly appearing and by an impetuous attack bearing down the opposition made by a few individuals, commanded by Captain Taylor of Columbia, he gained new laurels as a soldier of enterprise, but additional disgrace as a man, recording his triumph in blood. Here ended the successes of Tarleton. The energies which distinguished his early career were never again exhibited.\n\n* I wished to have spoken more particularly in this work of the services of this gallant soldier and determined Whig \u2014 they richly merited praise, and I would gladly have bestowed it, but my efforts to be made acquainted with the eventful scenes of his life have proved abortive, and it is denied me to record.\nLord Cornwallis swiftly recognized Captain Taylor's abilities and extensive influence and, departing from his usual austerity, sought his society and argued with him about the impolicy and inutility of resistance. He offered him a blank check for military promotion and pecuniary reward if he would only join the British Standard and aid the establishment of the Royal authority. The proposition was immediately rejected. Spheimer appeared in arms for the cause of Liberty, and Captain Taylor, with enthusiastic ardor, joined him. The resistance at Fishing Creek was almost entirely from Captain Taylor's company but was of little avail, and both he and his brother were made prisoners while being conducted under a guard of Cavalry to the British Headquarters.\nQuarters perceiving that the dragoons were much intoxicated, and those near them particularly so, Captain Taylor proposed to his relative that when they should arrive at a part of the road thickly wooded, where the pursuit of cavalry would be unavailing, that on a signal agreed upon, they should dash into the woods on opposite sides and make an effort for liberty. The scheme was agreed to and carried into effect with the happiest success. Both escaped uninjured. At Blackstock-Hill, Captain Taylor acquired an increase of military reputation, but lost his gallant brother, who fell in the action. His zeal never knew abatement during the continuance of the war; and to the present day, as a distinguished Patriot, he possesses the most gratifying of all rewards, the esteem and confidence of his country.\n\nTarleton. 287\n\nFoiled by Marion at every point, and incessantly.\nHarassed by him, while the combat he eagerly sought was declined, he indignantly exclaimed, \"Since the Fox (meaning Marion) avoids me, I will seek the Old Cock (Sumter). He, I know, will fight, and shall pay the penalty for all the vexations I have suffered from his wily rival.\" The result of his bravado is well known. Sumter beat him at Blackstock Hill, Davie at Charlotte, Lee in every encounter where there was a contention for superiority; and Washington, at the Cowpens, put to rest the exaggerated opinions of his prowess and invincibility, never to be revived again.\n\nIs it not wonderful that this man, so frequently indulging his passions without restraint and blotting out the fair characters of victory by unexampled severities, could occasionally exhibit all the mildness and urbanity that might be expected from a perfect and well-bred gentleman?\nA gentleman is characterized by a tender feeling and a liberal soul, bringing him the highest honor. During the siege of Charleston, a circle of ladies gathered at Brabant's, the residence of Bishop Smith, where Colonel Tarleton had established his quarters. Tarleton's delicate attentions towards them were unsurpassed, and they unanimously declared that they had never witnessed any act resulting from his orders that did not command their respect and gratitude.\n\nWhen our gallant countryman, Major Pinckney, received the wound at Gates' defeat that placed him in the enemy's hands, the generous feelings of an old school-fellow, Captain Charles Barrington M'Kenzie of the 71st British Regiment, under Heaven's blessing, preserved his valuable life. Applying to Tarleton for his intervention on Pinckney's behalf.\nThe friend immediately received an order to call his Surgeon, whose early attention prevented the catastrophe befalling General Porterfield and other officers, whose wounds not being dressed for thirty-six hours from exhaustion and loss of blood resulted in their deaths. The character of the wounded prisoner excited deep interest in his bosom. He set aside his ferocity and ordered every attention be paid him to mitigate the severity of his wound. He was supplied amply with port wine, considered essential to prevent the spasms threatening his life. The restoration of the horses recently impressed from his family at Fort Motte was tendered, and with the generous spirit of a soldier, the free and unlimited use of his purse was urged. I could pardon him.\nThousand errors for this emanation of generous sympathy. Such attentions were received with the gratitude they were well calculated to excite. The sincerest acknowledgements were expressed for all \u2013 though neither the horses nor purse were accepted. This gave an opportunity to M'Kenzie to display a trait of chivalric gallantry that cannot be too much admired. \"Give me his charger, then;\" he feelingly exclaimed, \"it shall never be said that the horse that carried Tom Pinckney was ever employed against the friends and the cause that were dear to him.\"\n\nBenedict Arnold.\n\nTreachery creates its own punishment, and to the detestation of the world adds, the inward agony \"that passeth show,\" is strikingly exemplified in the history of the apostate Arnold. What were the results of his desertion? The fair fame acquired by his early services was lost, and he met with a traitor's death.\nArnold, as a Patriot soldier, was blasted. Children who had learned to lisp his deeds of gallantry now shuddered with abhorrence at his name. Execrated by his former friends, despised by his new associates, proscribed by his country, he reluctantly obeyed and was held in supreme contempt by the meanest sentinel. His life was a constant scene of apprehension, misery, and remorse. A cloud hung over his fortunes that shaded his countenance with the gloom of despair, betraying the increasing agonies of his guilty heart. Such was the state of his mind, clear from his anxiety to learn from others what they supposed his fate would be should he fall into the hands of his countrymen.\n\nWhile commanding the predatory expedition on the shores of Virginia, a service particularly suited to his character, it is stated that on one occasion, when some of his men had deserted, Arnold, in a fit of rage, ordered them to be hanged without trial. This cruel act, though perhaps excusable under the circumstances, did not endear him to his soldiers and further alienated him from his countrymen.\ndanger appeared of his being taken, he asked an officer near him, \"What treatment think you, Sir, am I to look for should the rebels make me their prisoner?\" I have no doubt, replied the officer, \"though my frankness may offend, but that they will cut off the leg that was wounded in storming the British Lines at Saratoga, and bury it with the honors of war, but having no respect for the rest of your body, they will gibbet it.\" The contempt that followed him through life, is further illustrated by the speech of the present Lord Lauderdale, who, perceiving Arnold on the right hand of the King and near his person as he addressed his Parliament, declared on his return to the Commons, \"that however gracious the language he had heard from the throne, his indignation could not but be highly excited, beholding, as he had done, his Major Arnold.\"\nLord Surry, in the House of Commons, perceived Arnold in the gallery and sat down suddenly, exclaiming, \"I will not speak while that man (pointing to him) is in the House.\" I myself witnessed a remarkably strong proof of it. In a coffeehouse at Cowes in 1792, I sat with a British officer of high distinction. Arnold deliberately turned the conversation to the blessings of the Americans, declaring earnestly that he believed them happier and more to be envied than any people in the world. A stranger who sat near and seemed intent on these encomiums rose hastily and left the room. My companion said, \"I perceive you are unacquainted with the traitor, once the pride of your army; the man who has just retired is Arnold.\"\nBenedict Arnold. I must have spoken with extravagance. I spoke of America with enthusiasm, to make him feel his degradation, as no one, in my opinion, so highly merits execration.\n\nWell then, may we say to fame,\n\"Here and there leave a blank in the page,\nTo record the fair deeds of his youth.\nWhen you speak of the deeds of his age,\nLeave a blank for his honor and truth.\"\n\nSir C. H. Williams\nOr more forcibly to speak our abhorrence,\n\"Let Ignominy brand his hated name,\nLet modest matrons at its mention start,\nAnd blushing virgins, when they read our annals;\nSkip o'er the guilty page that holds his legend,\nAnd blots the noble work.\" Shakespeare.\n\nIt must ever be lamented, that while a soldier as generous and high-spirited as Andre paid the penalty for treason, the traitor should live to enjoy pecuniary gains.\nI cannot say honor for from the moment of his apostasy, he sunk into the most profound abyss of infamy. The very services required of him, showed the Commander in Chief's opinion. What was the object in Virginia? Plunder. What at New-London? Destruction. He was an adept at both, and failed not to add to the black catalogue of his former atrocities. To finish the climax of iniquity, as if insensible to the results contemplated by his treason, the destruction of the liberties of his country, and of the friends who had fought by his side, he has presumed to say, \"That as Major Andre came within the American posts at his request, he ought also, under the same sanction, to have been allowed to return in safety.\" In other words, after having obtained every possible information as to our plans.\nHe argues that with greater strength and resources, and having learned the weaknesses of West Point, he should not have been allowed to share this information with an active enemy prepared to exploit it. He then makes threats. \"Furthermore, I must observe that forty gentlemen from South Carolina have forfeited their lives, which have hitherto been spared through the clemency of Sir Henry Clinton. If Major Andre suffers, Clinton cannot in propriety extend his mercy to them any longer, which will open a scene of blood that humanity will revolt against.\" It is well known that the accusation against these patriotic citizens was so false that the British never attempted to support it. Had there been even a shadow of reason to justify it, there is no doubt that severity would have been employed.\nAndres would have been pushed to its utmost limit. Major Andre. It is certainly a very singular circumstance that Andres should, in a satirical Poem, have foretold his own fate. It was called the \"Cow Chace,\" and was published by Rivington, at New-York, in consequence of the failure of an expedition undertaken by Wayne for the purpose of collecting cattle. Great liberties are taken with the American officers employed on the occasion. With \"Harry Lee and his Dragoons, and Proctor with his cannon.\" But the point of his irony seemed particularly aimed at Wayne, whose entire baggage, he asserts, was taken, containing \"His Congress dollars, and his prog, \"His military speeches: \"His cornstalk whiskey for his grog, \"His black stockings and blue breeches. And concludes by observing, it is necessary to check the current of satire.\n\n292. Andres. Following the failure of an expedition led by Wayne to collect cattle, a satirical poem called \"The Cow Chace\" was published by Rivington in New-York. The poem took great liberties with American officers involved, particularly targeting Wayne. It mentioned that Wayne's entire baggage was taken, including \"His Congress dollars, and his prog,\" \"His military speeches,\" \"His cornstalk whiskey for his grog,\" \"His black stockings and blue breeches.\" The poem concluded by acknowledging the need to curb satire.\n'' Lest the same warrio-drover Wayne, \n\" Should catch \u2014 and hang the Poet.\" \nHe was actually taken by a party from the division \nof the army immediately under the command of Wayne. \nCAPTORS OF ANDRE. \nI SHALL not further notice the attempt to take from \nthe captors of Major Andre, the credit so justly ac- \nquired by their refusing the bribes which he offered, \nthan to express my satisfaction at its complete failure. \nTo deprive such men of honours, that not only estab- \nlished their fame, but increased the reputation of their \ncountry, merely on report, and the suggestions of the \nprisoner, is, indeed, as has been forcibly said, \u2014 \" To \ntear the fairest leaf from our history.\" But after the \nCAPTORS OF ANDRE. 293 \ninsult offered to public sentiment, by the attempt to in- \nsinuate that Putnam wanted courage; that the veteran> \nWho, through a long course of service, and to his last hour, possessed the entire confidence of his country's father, whose achievements the painter and historian have delighted to celebrate, shrank from his duty. We may well ask, \"What worth so strong Can tie the gall up in the slanderous tongue.\" - Shakespeare.\n\nFascinated by Major Andre's manners and character, and particularly by his firmness, Major Talmadge was prepared to believe whatever he might assert. For he stands too high in the estimation of his brother officers and of the community, to be suspected of a desire to deprecate the merits of men to whom honor is due. But why such delay\u2014why suffer medals to be delivered to them in presence of the army, in testimony of fidelity? Why suffer Congress to settle a pension on each?\nThe men, cited in their journals for their virtue in refusing a large sum offered by Major Andre as a bribe to permit him to escape, and after a lapse of 37 years, asserted that had the bribe been higher, the men possessing the blessings of their country would have been stigmatized by its curses. An extract of a letter from General Hamilton, in 1780, to Colonel Sears of Boston, settles the point. He says, \"the conduct of Arnold, that of the captors of Andre, forms a striking contrast. He tempted their integrity with the offer of his watch, his horse, and any sum of money they should name. They rejected his offers with indignation; and the gold which could seduce a man, high in the esteem and confidence of his country, who had the remembrance of past exploits, the motives of present reputation and future gain, only served to strengthen their resolve.\"\nFuture glory to prop his integrity had no charms for the captors of Andre. Three simple countrymen, leaning only on their virtue and a sense of their duty. While Arnold is handed down with execration to future times, posterity will repeat with reverence the name of Van Wert, Paulding, and Williams.\n\nTo commemorate the capture of Major Andre, Adjutant General of the British army, Congress ordered a Medal to be struck, highly flattering to the patriotic virtue of the soldiers who arrested him:\n\nDevice. \u2014 A Shield.\nLegend, \u2014 Fidelity.\nReverse \u2014 A Wreath.\nLegend, \u2014 Vincit Amor Patria.\n\nComparative suffering of the contending armies.\n\nBefore I make a comparison relative to the degrees of calamitous suffering experienced by the contending armies, I would briefly contrast their situation at the commencement of hostilities, when candor will not be out of place.\nI hesitate not to pronounce that every advantage was on the side of the British forces. Nor would it surprise, when my statement is brought to a conclusion, that my reader should accord with the opinion of a late writer, and exclaim, \"How much we must ever admire the constancy and heroism of that band, whom defeat could not conquer, or calamity subdue\u2014who rallied in the face of adverse fortune, and found a noble compensation for her reverses in the sacredness of that cause to which they had offered up the libation of their blood, and the tribute of their lives. A cause on which they had conferred an unfading splendor by the practice of more than the courtesies of civilized warfare, in the midst of provocations, which would have justified a retaliation full, sanguinary, and extirpating.\"\n\nThe invaders approached our coasts prepared at all points.\npoints for conquest. The people of America were attached by the tenderest ties of affection and consanguinity to the Parent State. They had indulged the delusive idea that a few commercial restrictions, aided by the justice of their claims and humility with which they were offered to the throne, would speedily effect a reconciliation. An appeal to arms had never been seriously contemplated; no preparation had been made for defense; and an absolute want of every military implement, ammunition, troops, and money, prevailed throughout the continent. The peaceful inhabitants beheld themselves invaded by the hostile armies of a nation, according to the prejudice of long-cherished opinion, the most powerful and bravest in the world.\n\nWhile the distresses experienced were fully proportional to the unexpected invasion, the Americans found themselves utterly unprepared to defend their homes and families against the formidable enemy. The shock of this sudden violation of their sovereignty and the deep-rooted belief in the superior might of their adversaries left the colonists in a state of despair and confusion. However, as the reality of the situation began to sink in, a spirit of determination and resolve emerged among them. The initial shock gave way to a burning desire for retaliation and a renewed commitment to securing their freedom and independence.\n\nDespite the overwhelming odds against them, the Americans began to rally their resources and organize their defenses. They formed militias, fortified their settlements, and reached out to foreign allies for support. The initial stages of the conflict were marked by a series of skirmishes and small engagements, as both sides sought to gain the upper hand. The Americans, however, soon realized that they could not rely solely on their own resources and began to seek the help of European powers.\n\nThe turning point in the war came with the signing of the Treaty of Alliance between the United States and France in 1778. This alliance provided the Americans with much-needed military and financial support, enabling them to wage a more effective war against the British. The tide of the war began to turn in their favor, and they scored a series of victories, culminating in the surrender of General Cornwallis at Yorktown in 1781.\n\nThe long and arduous struggle for independence finally came to an end with the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1783. The Americans emerged victorious, having secured their freedom and independence from British rule. The war had been a crucible for the American spirit, forging a new nation out of the ashes of colonialism and paving the way for a brighter future.\n\nThus, the suffering and hardships endured by the Americans during the Revolutionary War were not in vain. Their unwavering determination and resolve had triumphed over the seemingly insurmountable odds, and they had secured their place in history as a free and independent people. The legacy of their struggle continues to inspire and shape the course of American history to this day.\nThe deluded belief of the people rendered the American character notably firm. The wealthy contributed their fortunes to support the war, enlightening their abilities to stabilize the wavering, convince the unfriendly, and bring unity. A general conformity of opinion regarding the necessity of opposition ensued. Personal danger and inconvenience were forgotten in the desire to contribute to the public weal. The spirit of enterprise was universal, strengthening every arm and animating every bosom. Old age forgot its weakness, decrepitude its infirmities, and the levities of youth were set aside. The only contention was who should be foremost in the career of glory, who should render the most essential service.\nLord Cornwallis, in a letter to Lord George Germaine, giving an account of the battle of Guilford, says, \"The conduct and actions of the officers and soldiers that compose this little army, will do more justice to their merit than I can do by words. Their persevering intrepidity in action, their invincible patience in the hardships and fatigues of a march of above six hundred miles, during which they forded several large rivers and numberless creeks, without tents or covering against the climate, and often without provisions, will sufficiently manifest their ardent zeal for the honor and interest of their country.\"\nThe merits of Continental Soldiers, enduring without murmur, long service battles against accumulated hardships of famine, nakedness, and disease. Superior to British soldiers, who though occasionally food-restricted, were amply clothed, well-shod, and abundantly supplied with salt, liquor during active service. In sickness, received wine, medicine, and comforts. Their arms and accoutrements were perfect, ammunition plentiful, no soldier carried less than thirty-six.\nIndividuals in expectation of battle were each accommodated with a double supply. On the contrary, the Continental Troops, exposed to every inconvenience of weather, lacked one comfortable article of clothing, shoes, blankets, salt, liquor, or medicine. Poorly fed and badly armed, they were scantily furnished with ammunition. Alone, they could endure the severity of their trials through the steadfastness of their principles and their perfect conviction in the justice of the cause they fought for. Their zeal acquired an energy that danger seemed only to improve, and from adversity they derived new honor by the inflexible firmness with which they met its severest trials. This is no delusive representation. With less devotion to their cherished creed, \"Or Death, or Liberty,\" nature would have sunk under the oppression.\nLet us particularly consider the miseries to which they were exposed. On a march, they might be traced by the blood flowing from their lacerated feet due to the want of shoes. In camp, even the most gallant soldiers of the line, who never turned their backs upon an enemy, have often been discovered shrinking from observation and soliciting to be excused from duty, due to the shame of their absolute want of clothing to cover their nakedness. They were strangers to the comforts enjoyed by their opponents. Salt was a luxury when it could be obtained, and liquor even more so; but rarely did they partake of either. Often they subsisted for weeks together on rice alone; the food, due to the received opinion that it produced blindness.\nHateful to them; unless, when neighboring ponds and ditches afforded a mess of Frogs and Crayfish, or a scanty supply was tendered of beef, so miserably poor that it was not uncommon to support for slaughter, the wretched animal on which they were invited to feed.\n\nA letter from the Baron de Kalb, dated August 14th, 1780, to the Chevalier de la Luzerne gives the clearest proofs, both of their sufferings and fidelity. He writes, \"You may judge of the virtues of our small army from the following fact. We have, for several days, lived upon nothing but peaches, and I have heard no complaint. There has been no desertion.\"\n\nOf liquor, it would be farcical to speak. One quart per head to each officer, one gill to every private sentinel, being the allowance distributed once every fortnight by the issuing Commissary. Arms,\nWith the exception of bayonets, we had sufficient quantities; however, the supply of ammunition was extremely scanty. On one occasion, when called upon to examine the quantity possessed by the Legion Infantry, in momentary expectation of engaging the British within view of their post at the Quarter-House, I found it did not exceed three rounds per man. This is a topic that may be particularly dwelt upon, since, deprived of the most essential means of resistance, to face danger with undaunted spirit, gave evident proof of superior fortitude and higher title to praise. I will mention an occurrence of a very singular nature and certainly interesting, as the fate of the army in a great measure depended on it. After the retreat of the American army across the Yadkin, Dr. William Read, superintending the General Hospital, made an extraordinary effort to save the army's supplies of medicine. He collected all the remaining medicines and loaded them onto wagons, intending to transport them to the main army under General Greene. However, the wagons were intercepted by British forces, and a fierce battle ensued. Dr. Read, despite being unarmed and wearing a red coat to signify his status as a surgeon, bravely fought alongside the soldiers to protect the precious medicines. The British were eventually repelled, and the medicines were safely delivered to the main army. This act of bravery and dedication saved countless lives and significantly boosted the morale of the American troops.\nThe Royal Hospital received instructions from General Greene to organize a guard of invalids and convalescents for the protection of the department's stores and the security of several prisoners committed to his charge. Thirty stands of arms were furnished for the purpose. At that moment, the army was in such an enfeebled state that General Greene ordered Dr. Read to incline to the left and reach Virginia by the nearest route, stating, \"You are to march through a country much disaffected. I can neither spare you a sufficiency of ammunition nor a military superintendent; you must use every exertion to defend yourself and make every effort to reach your destination.\" The General himself took a road to the right, and an ammunition wagon that had been sent forward deviated from its course and actually preceded the party.\nMajor Call was detached from the Hospital Department when it was discovered that it was missing. He searched unsuccessfully for it in his inquiries, until he encountered Dr. Read. The General delivered a letter from him, urging Dr. Read to use every possible means to discover and secure it, as the contents were highly important to the army. Dr. Read reached Salem and discovered the wagon, described particularly by the General, locked up in the principal street, with its contents untouched. A report had spread that Cornwallis had crossed the Yadkin, and several Georgia families, wearing red cloaks, had been mistaken for him.\ndrivers for the enemy immediately cut loose their horses, abandoned their charge, and mounting them, precipitately fled. Dr. Read, in compliance with his instructions, applied to Mr. Trangut Baggu, the respectable principal of the Moravian Settlement, telling him that necessity compelled him to put in requisition a certain number of men and horses, whose services could not be dispensed with, and who, acting faithfully, would be liberally rewarded. Abundant objections were raised, as any service promoting the purposes of war militated directly against the principles of the Society; but these being quickly overruled, the cartridges which the wagon contained were carefully packed in sacks and sent off on six stout horses, under the direction of men who could be relied on.\nTo the honor of the Superintendant, I was informed by Dr. Read that tendering pay for the attention shown to the sick and wounded, he said, \"they were sufficiently afflicted by their sufferings and that he could not think of aggravating misfortune by draining their purses.\" To Lieutenant Saunders, an officer severely wounded, who wished to compensate him for distinguished civilities received by his orders, he said, \"were I disposed to take your money, humanity would forbid it. The groans that you uttered during the last night too sensibly excite my pity to suffer me to think of receiving compensation for the trifling services I have been able to render you.\" When Dr. Read wished to settle his own private bill, the worthy Principal decisively refused.\nall remuneration saying, with much expression, \u2014 \"You have passed the night without sleep, administering comfort and consolation to the afflicted; you have mitigated the sufferings of your fellow men; such conduct too highly excites my admiration, to suffer me to treat you otherwise than as a brother. Accept, gratuitously, what you have received, and be assured, that to the best that I can bestow, you shall ever be welcome.\"\n\nIn European warfare, the loss of a single ammunition wagon would be regarded as a circumstance too trivial to excite anxiety or to be mentioned with regret; but at the period which I speak of, the scarcity of powder and ball was such that it became necessary to husband them with the strictest attention; and it is not to be questioned, but that the chance of victory to America, at the well-contested battle of Guilford, which immediately followed, depended upon the successful issue of the contest for the possession of the ammunition wagons.\nBut for the important service rendered by Dr. Read, the problems with ammunition must have been greatly diminished. However, at a later period, the difficulties arising from the lack of ammunition were still further increased. It is well known that in the year 1781, when the services of General Marion were most required to check the depredations of an active enemy, the scarcity of this essential article frequently compelled him to remain in a state of inactivity. Writing to General Greene on the subject, Colonel Otho Williams, the second in command, replied, \"General Greene being absent, I took the liberty of opening your letter of the 9th instant. Our stock of ammunition is quite exhausted. We have not an ounce of powder, nor a cartridge in store.\" To return to the miseries sustained from other privations.\n\n302 Comparative Suffering Of\nAn officer of rank, belonging to our army, severely wounded at Gates' defeat, informed me that as he passed over the field of battle in the wagon conveying him to Camden, a Sergeant of the 33rd British Regiment, looking into it with an expression of generous sympathy, said, \"You appear, Sir, severely injured and much exhausted by the loss of blood. Take my canteen, its contents may revive and strengthen you.\" An expression of compassionate feeling, at all times fascinating, could not, at such a period, be received but with peculiar gratitude. The gift was accepted, and contained wine of an excellent quality. Let me suppose that other soldiers were supplied with liquor as liberally as this benevolent Sergeant, and how great the contrast with the condition of our unfortunates, who, for many days previous.\nDr. William Read, in charge of the Continental Hospital at Filsbury after the defeat at Camden, reported to General Gates the deplorable condition of the sick and wounded. Gates asked him, \"What can you offer them for comfort?\" Dr. Read replied, \"Absolutely nothing.\" Gates then stated, \"Their situation is truly deplorable, as I neither have the means to provide immediate relief nor an imminent prospect of any.\"\n\nEven those who still had their health were affected by the loss of baggage, resulting in an incalculable increase of calamity. The comfort of a necessary change of linen was denied, and more than one officer, due to the impossibility of appearing decently on parade, could not do so.\nDr. Fayssoux joined General Greene's army in North Carolina and called at the hut of General Finger, the second in command. However, he was refused admission. The doctor insisted on his right to enter, but the sentinel, following orders, denied it. The altercation was heard by the General who, recognizing the voice of his friend, desired that he might be allowed to pass into the hut.\n\n'\"Pardon me, Doctor,\" said the General, lying on the ground wrapped up in an old military cloak, \"for giving you such an ungracious reception. But the facts of war have robbed me of every comfort,'\"\nI confined myself to solitude and an old cloak, while my washerwoman prepared for a future occasion, the only shirt I owned. If an officer of distinguished rank, universally beloved and respected, found himself in such circumstances, what must have been the miseries of the lower grades and wretchedness of the private sentinels? Applying to a gentleman for information on the army's sufferings after the Battle of Guilford, he replied, \"For several days, the whole army subsisted on Indian corn, grated down on tin canteens, in which holes had been punched for the occasion, having no other subsistence of bread kind. Every mill had been destroyed by the enemy.\"\nDuring the pursuit of Cornwallis' army at Wilmington, particularly in its extremity, Continental Soldiers resorted to eating offal from the slaughter-pens of the retreating army due to a severe lack of animal food. Our hardships regarding necessary clothing against the inclemencies of a rigorous season were significant. I truthfully assure you that for the greater part of the winter, I shared such hardships with General Huger and Colonel Kosciusko, using only an old cloak of the General's, lacking a blanket or any other protection.\n\nLong marches, incessant fatigue, and scanty and unwholesome food led to diseases that predominantly had a malignant tendency. Stimulants were considered essential to counteract their threat.\nSymptoms worsened. Wine, spirit, and necessary medicines could not be procured, and recovery depended on decptions of snake-root. The country was ransacked to obtain it. Surgery was necessary for relief, but the operator faced equal distress. When Captain Watts of Washington's regiment fell at Eutaw, a ball passing through his lungs, Dr. Irvine assured me he had to cut up a tent on the field to make bandages before dressing his wounds. Another gentleman in the Medical Department, whose anxious mother slipped six rolls of bandages into his portmanteau before his army departure, assured me this.\nThe engagement swiftly followed, no others were found for the relief of the wounded besides the bandages in his possession. The medical men who still survive, Drs. Read, Irvine, Broomfield, and Stephens, would fully corroborate the statement of the total want of supplies essential to the support of exhausted nature. In more than one instance, I have myself beheld the hardy veteran sink into his grave, to whom even a small portion of renovating wine or cordial might have restored sufficient vigor to resist the fatal pressure of disease. In addition to this evil, despondency too frequently gave birth to that longing for home, productive of the most fatal consequences. One instance is very strongly impressed on my recollection.\nEmblen, one of the most distinguished soldiers of the Legion, who had but a few days before exhibited, in action, consummate bravery, applied to Captain Rudolph for permission to visit his friends in Jersey. \"I would willingly grant you permission,\" said Rudolph, \"but consider, Emblen, how pernicious the example which you set. Others will think themselves equally entitled to demand a furlough, and what will be the consequence? If granted, much injury will be done to the service, if refused, just cause given for offense.\" \"I know, Captain, that you are right,\" replied the unfortunate petitioner, \"but sensibly feel, that to me denial is death.\" He had not, at the period, a symptom of disease, never after uttered a complaint, and in three days was a corpse. The Irish and Northern soldiers, though insensible of danger in the field, were, however, sensitive to denial of furloughs.\nIn the event of sickness, the Yankees and Irish exceeded all others in despondency. It was constantly said, \"Let a Yankee or Irishman say he will die, and all medical aid might be withheld, since he would die anyway.\" Equal in active courage to their adversaries, I do not consider it an unfair conclusion that in adverse fortune, they greatly surpassed them, or probably any other soldiers that ever took the field. The opinion of General Charles Lee, which I consider as high authority, was to this effect: \"I solemnly declare, that were it at my choice to select from all the nations of the earth, to form an excellent and perfect army, I would without hesitation give the preference to Americans. By publishing this opinion, I cannot incur the suspicion of paying court to their vanity, as it is notoriously the language which I have always held.\"\nThe sentiment I have advanced is further corroborated by the steadiness with which they adhered to Lee's Memoir. Comparative Suffering of the soldiers was forgotten in the face of their country's standard. In defiance of all temptations for desertion, pardon for treason, pecuniary reward, and liberal promotion, the miseries of rags and rice were forgotten, and the sufferings of the immediate hour lost, in the cheering hope of a more propitious future. The following anecdote evinces the accuracy of my statement. During the severity of the winter campaign in North Carolina, General Greene passing a sentinel who was barefoot, said, \"I fear, my good fellow, you must suffer from cold.\" \"Pretty much so,\" was the reply; \"but I do not complain, because I know that I should fare worse, had our General the power to procure supplies.\"\nThey say that in a few days we shall have light, and then, by the blessing of God, I shall take care to secure a pair of shoes. Nor did the retirement of the enemy within their lines cause any mitigation of suffering. Who but one that experienced the calamity can form a conception of the wretchedness of the soldier exposed, in a dreary pine barren, to the scorching heat of an almost vertical sun, without a breeze to renovate his enfeebled strength, or a single comfort to cheer him? Experiencing the still severer evils of the night, when baleful vapors, loaded with pestilential effluvium, and dews that chilled even to the marrow of his bones, associated with the incessant buzzing and goading stings of innumerable insects, bid defiance to the comfort and refreshment of sleep, and caused the day, with its comparatively trivial horrors, to be longed for in despair.\nThe enemy's loss of men through desertion was prevented only by the difficulties impeding every escape attempt. The Navy, ever vigilant, cut off every possibility of escape by water. Land was the only outlet, and it was the Black Dragoons' vigilance that prevented a larger number from escaping. Had the Hesse battalions been given the opportunity, few would have returned to Germany. Fourteen of these unfortunate men were detected in an attempt to escape and found by our patrol near their outposts, dismembered. There is no stronger proof of their desire to remain than to the men themselves.\nI. During the evacuation of the city, over one hundred Germans were brought to the main Guard, who had hidden in chimneys and common sewers. They risked their lives and endured hunger and thirst for many days rather than return to their Prince and native soil.\n\nII. I would next attempt, through candid comparison, to demonstrate that the soldiers of the American army had superior claims to generosity towards their enemies. The brave band, whose devotion to the cause of Liberty had taught them not only how to act but how to suffer, learned from the same inspiration of exalted feeling to temper the triumphs of victory with mercy and forbearance. Always ready to meet and actively repel the hostile attacks of an approaching enemy.\nThe soldiers of America spared no suppliant foe with more joy than others. Parcere subjectis et debellare superbos was their cherished principle, and they never allowed even the most outrageous provocation to cause the slightest deviation from it. Witness their moderation at Trenton, Saratoga, the Cowpens, and Eutow. Contrast the forbearance of Lieutenant Colonel Lee, who prevented the pursuit of the misguided Insurgents under Pyle, with Tarleton's severity on every occasion to indulge his propensity to slaughter. 308 Comparative Suffering Of and finally, having viewed the refinement in cruelty of Arnold at Fort Griswold, wading through blood to victory, turn to the siege of York Town and remember how honorable it was for his detachment to storm it.\nThe advanced redoubt of the British, as expressed by the Marquis de La Fayette: \"They, incapable of imitating barbarity and forgetting recent provocations, spared every man who ceased to resist.\" Further demonstrating the strong desire of the Americans to soften asperities towards the unfortunate, I would record the generous forbearance observed in an hour of extreme irritation towards the wife and child of the traitor Arnold. As soon as it was known to him that his guilt was discovered in full extent, Arnold, entering the apartment of his wife, exclaimed, \"All is lost \u2014 Andre is a prisoner \u2014 burn all my papers; I fly to New York.\" The unfortunate lady fainted and fell. Her servants, apprised of the circumstances by the cries of the child, whom she fed at the breast, revived her by the application of proper remedies.\nShe recovered her senses but, recalling that she was among friends who had treacherously forsaken her and an army that her husband had basely attempted to betray, her anguish was ineffable. She trembled, fearing he had been arrested in his flight, and called out for pardon. General Washington, who knew her to be an excellent wife and respected her as a good mother, unwilling to increase her anguish by prolonging suspense, with delicate kindness informed her that the object of her solicitude had escaped his pursuers and was safe on board the Vulture sloop of war. His attentions did not stop there. It was left at her option to receive safe conduct to the British lines or to return to her friends and family in Philadelphia.\n\"She would share her husband's fate but was anxious to see her parents and the contending armies before joining him. In this request, she was indulged. Not only the General himself, but even the sternest Republicans, rejected the idea of making her answerable for her husband's apostasy and crime. A proof of this moderation was immediately given. In a town where she stopped on her way to Philadelphia, preparations were on foot to burn Arnold in effigy. On its being announced to the populace that his wife was within its limits, humanity assuaged the irritations of just indignation, and these preparations were, by universal consent, suspended. I mention with pleasure the conduct of the Chevalier de la Luzerne on this occasion. Letters\"\nThe papers of Arnold contained writings that disparaged his character. Soldiers in America found these papers and brought them to him. Arnold immediately consigned them to the flames without any curiosity to learn their contents. It is certain that the soldiers of America acted out of affectionate feelings towards each other during their mutual acts of kindness and goodwill. Their shared adversities united their minds and affections in the closest ties. These bonds made the hardships of service more bearable, soothed the afflictions of the sick and wounded, and even provided consolations at the bed of death. To ease the suffering of a companion, I know not.\nThe man who would not have sacrificed every consideration of self, and if even a glimmering prospect appeared, would not, with unceasing industry, have aimed at its attainment. This was not the case in the British army; distinction of rank and inequality of fortune might have weakened the enthusiasm of military attachment, and even fashion may have had its influences in preventing the greatest intimates from depending too much on each other. It may be stated in opposition to my assertion, that after the fatal lot had been drawn by Sir Charles Asgill, which doomed him as a victim of retaliation to death, his friend Ludlow would not consent to be separated from him. However, it must be recalled that their intimacy had been formed in early life at Westminster School, long before their entry into the army.\nAn officer of the Guards, severely wounded at Guilford, was passing Colonel Howard, since Lord Suffolk, on a litter the morning subsequent to the battle, when the Colonel addressed him: \"Ha, Jack, my good fellow, how do you find yourself today?\" \"In much agony, Colonel, but I think likely to feel better with a cup of the good tea which I see before you.\" \"Why, as to the tea, Jack,\" said the Colonel, \"you shall be welcome to it; but, damn me if I would find sugar in this desolate wilderness for a brother.\" \"Pass on,\" said the wounded man, \"refreshment so ungraciously offered.\"\nBut with what excuse could any man palliate the insolence and ingratitude, which there were perpetual examples of? The contempt with which they affected to regard the citizens of America, the free indulgence of insolence towards captives, placed by the chances of war within their power, increased the arrogance of many military men. An officer of the guard assured me, however great the familiarity and appearance of friendship in the guard room, or in mixed society, it gave no sanction to an intimacy in the family of an associate, or even make a visit, unless by particular invitation.\n\nThe contending armies. 311\n\nThe military in France, in latter times, applied such contempt to the Americans that they actually considered themselves beings of a superior order.\nThe people, despite being labeled as \"pequins\" by the rest of the world, were not more arrogant. Thousands of instances proved this in Charleston. One instance was particularly mentioned. A military coxcomb of the garrison, in a dispute with a gentleman in the Civil Department, significantly pointed to his coat and exclaimed, \"I, Sir, by my coat, am a gentleman. You, a Mohair, are a mere man of fustian and too contemptible to excite resentment.\" Of their ingratitude, I will give a very striking example. They had few friends in Carolina, but those who had adhered to them did so with pride and devotion that claimed their utmost gratitude. Yet it is certain that they laughed at and despised the very persons to whom they were most indebted.\n\nThe Harry Barry, so frequently mentioned in these Anecdotes, while in public flattered with marked deference.\nMajor Skelly was known among his intimates for ridiculing women in miserable doggerel at the shrine of their beauty, where he affected to pay his adoration. After the war, I heard a very respectable refugee declare, having been absent from England for some time, on his return he met Major Skelly in the streets of London. Skelly, who had been received in his family on the footing of a brother while in the Charleston prison, began anxiously to inquire about the fortunes of many of their former acquaintances. Laconically and with a very significant bow, he replied, \"Mr. R, I am a man of candor, and would not wish to deceive you. My American acquaintances were altogether the acquaintances of convenience, and I have cut them all. I take the liberty, therefore, to wish you a very good morning.\"\nTHE MOST ILLUSTRIOUS PATRIOTS OF GREAT BRITAIN, OPPOSED TO THE AMERICAN WAR.\nIn looking back to the history of our Revolution, it is pleasing to recall that the characters throughout the United States, the most distinguished by their talents and virtues, with scarcely an exception, embraced the principles which were to free their country from a servile dependence upon a corrupt and tyrannical government. In Great Britain, the individuals the most exalted in the esteem of the public\u2014the wisest in council\u2014the most renowned for integrity, and entertaining the most correct views of the just rights of the people and true interests of the nation, not only commended the zeal and unanimity with which the Colonists resisted the attempts of the administration to oppress them, but, both by their sentiments freely disseminated abroad, and irresistible eloquence, influenced many to join the cause of American liberty.\nOn the floor of Parliament, they encouraged persistence in defense of violated rights and privileges, even when aware that successful opposition, by giving birth to the independence of the revolted Provinces, would rob the Crown of its brightest and most inestimable jewel. Ambition alone, it is generally said, bears predominant sway in the bosoms of political characters. But I cannot think that the line of conduct adopted by the distinguished men to whom I allude proceeded either from a determined spirit of opposition or the secret, though fondly cherished hope, that by rendering the acts of the Administration unpopular, they might open the way to their own advancement to power and the attainment of authority which would place the reins in their hands, by which the destinies of the nation were to be guided. Such conduct.\nIn the House of Lords, immortal Chatham, Dukes of Richmond, Grafton, Devonshire, Marquis of Rockingham, Lords Camden, Shelbourne, Fitzwilliam, Effingham, and others; in the House of Commons, Burke, Colonel Barre, Fox, David Hartley, Lord Thomas Cavenish, General Conway, and Wilks; among men of letters, Drs. Price and Priestly, John Miller of Glasgow, advocated the resistance of the Americans.\nRejoiced at their successes, essential beneficial to the liberty and happiness of the world. On the other hand, the Administration, with blind infatuation, persisted in their resolution to put down opposition. By the most absurd and gross misrepresentations, they strove to make the people propitious to their views. The information they might have received, which could not have failed to dissipate the delusive hope of successfully terminating the war, was either not sought for or when given, not attended to. I have often heard a respectable Loyalist, Mr. Henry Fernon, the first Refugee from South Carolina, declare that when examined by the Lords North and Germaine, relative to the state of affairs in America, that although the first named of them expressed a desire for peace, Lord Germaine was decidedly opposed. (Fernon's declaration)\nThe noblemen listened politely and complacently to his statements. They checked the current of his information when it did not correspond with their views and cherished hopes of conquest. It remains a blot on the nation's character that when the venerable Dr. Franklin was called up for examination before the Privy Council, instead of interrogations that would have led to the development of the truth and probably healed the wounds that were festering with incessant irritation, Wedderhourne was encouraged to indulge in ribaldry and invective, disgraceful to his character as a gentleman, and betraying an extent of prejudice dishonorable to him as a man. The more certainly to effect their purpose.\nThe Administration made no effort to restrain calumny, and no act or device was left unexplored to excite the resentments of the people against their persecuted brethren. The steadfast resistance to arbitrary decrees and the rejection of imposed burdens were labeled the stubborn aggressions of rebellious children, an open violation of the duty and submission which nature demanded and ought to result from its love, fostering care, and protection. The people's avarice was excited by being continually told that this obstinate race not only refused to contribute to a share in the expenditure lavished for their support and protection but also refused to bear a proportion of the taxation burden, which, equitably divided, would greatly lessen their proportion.\nunder existing circumstances, unjustly imposed on the Parent State. The people were deceived and led to oppose the American War. (315)\napprove the war. The opinions of the patriots of the nation were not so easily influenced. In proof, I will present to my readers extracts from two letters of that excellent man and profound politician, the late Right Honourable William Windham, written to a deceased patriot of our own State, Paul Trapier, jun. Esq. who had been his intimate friend and the companion of his early years, at Eaton.\n\nCOPY OF A LETTER FROM THE HONOURABLE WILLIAM WINDHAM.\nTO PAUL TRAPIER, JUN. ESQ. SOUTH-CAROLINA, DATED\n\"London, July SOth, ITJJ,\n\nMy Dear Friend,\nAn opportunity is at length given to me, of writing to you with some prospect of safe conveyance; let me avail myself of it.\nmeans this was offered to me, though it be only to send you a few lines \u2014 a few lines may answer the chief purpose of my writing, and relieve me from an uneasiness that has dwelt upon my mind, ever since the first interruption of communication between the two countries. You may remember, that, though in all your letters you used to enter upon subjects of Politics, I seldom used to take much notice of them in return, or give you any satisfactory account of my opinions. The reason was, that at that time, the subject had never come within my consideration, nor had I employed my thoughts long enough on the matters you used to propose, to form any determinate opinion. Things soon after came to a crisis, in which it was no longer possible for a man of understanding or feeling to remain without inquiry;\nThe result of that inquiry has made me a Jinnee and zealous friend, as Jinnee and zealous as any one in this country or yours, to the cause in which you are engaged. Be assured, that throughout this business, my fears and hopes have kept exact pace with yours. I have exulted at your successes and repined at your miscarriages \u2013 have heard with as much grief any advantage of Howe, and triumphed as much at the success of Washington, as any man on your side of the water. The hope is now lost forever, of blending this country again with our former brethren on the other side of the Atlantic, in bonds of mutual honor, interest, and affection. The mischievous designs of a corrupt court, operating in the midst of universal luxury and depravity, have spread rancor and discord.\nThe devastation among millions of people, who ought to have been united in the ties of brotherly love, and shook an empire to pieces, which was the greatest and might have been the happiest on earth. But, out of this scene of evil, final good, I hope, will be produced. America, rising in the vigor of new-born virtue, will be better, perhaps, for its separation from this corrupt and depraved country, and will long continue the asylum of freedom and virtue. For the fate of us here, I am much less solicitous than for the general interests of mankind, the preservation of freedom in some part of the globe, and the success of a people engaged in so righteous a cause; and these, I am happy to say, are the sentiments of numbers of the people, whom I rank among my friends.\n\nThough you are now safely, I hope, established in Independence,\nand though this country, if it is to be judged by its public acts, has but little claim to kindness, yet all memory, I hope, will not be lost of those, (not an inconsiderable number), who had viewed with horror, the measures that have been pursued, and of the hundreds and thousands who had had no other crime, than a total ignorance of what concerned them as well as you. I am fully persuaded, that there is a fund of candor and honest good sense among the people here, that would have made three-quarters of them Partisans of America, if the merits of the cause had been properly made known to them. But, the higher orders of society are lost in vice and dissipation, and the nation has been left to itself, abandoned to the wicked industry of the court. Nothing will save us, lost and devoted as we.\nare, but a general insurrection of the lower orders of the people, \npurging off the contaminated spume, that has mantled over the top \nof the spring, and threatened to choke it up. \n\" In all relations and situations, our sentiments and attachments \nvvill remain, I hope, the same ; and I shall be happy if friendship to \nan individual may dispose you to a more favourable regard of people, \na great portion of whom, perhaps the greatest, are still such as deserve \nthe name of countrymen and brethren. I could name many of those \nyou formerly knew, warm in the sentiments which animate me. \nMany go with the stream of ministerial corruption. Grymes, John \nGrymes, of whom I had entertained other hopes, is, as I take it fer \ngranted you know, actually engaged against you.- \nOPPOSED TO THE AMERICAN WAR. 317 \n'\u2022 The Americans have one reason to feel less resentment at \nHowe's army, which I am persuaded the greatest part of them would act with precisely the same alacrity against any part of the people here, as in America; I have heard many declare it in so many words. If it should be possible, it would give me infinite satisfaction to know that you have received this, and in what situation you are, for I can hear nothing. I must leave off now immediately, believe me, my dear friend; with every wish for your success.\n\nMy Dear Trapier,\n\nAn opportunity has offered to write to you, which I could hardly have looked for. I must write in a hurry, but that shall not prevent my writing. A few words may express what is essential, as well as a great many. You are to know, that since the commencement of this fatal war, I have written to you numerous letters, the contents of which I hope will reach you soon.\nI am a firm and zealous friend to the cause of America in the fullest extent. I have reprobated the conduct of Great Britain from the beginning. I feel, with the fullest conviction, the madness and wickedness of our Councils. I exult in the resistance which America has made, and the success with which it has been crowned. The weakness of Great Britain, and not the justice or generosity, will now put a period to the progress of calamity. Though I have no expectations from the propositions now made in a manner most disgraceful to the country, yet I flatter myself we shall not have much more war. I have looked upon the affair for some time as decided, and decided in favor of justice, liberty, and freedom.\nThe general happiness of mankind terminates, indeed most completely, to the dishonor of England; but, if England departs from all those generous principles which have hitherto ennobled it, and becomes the invader instead of the supporter of the liberties of the world, I shall be the first to say, let her meet with disgrace. I could wish very much to see the two countries united in some shape or other, so as to feel again a common interest and glory. The point of Independence is not a matter with me of any consequence. If Independence is necessary to the welfare or safety of America, let a treaty be instantly formed on that ground. But, if Liberty can be as well secured without that, and the countries considered as one, will be likely to settle into a closer union, I would wish it were given.\n\nPatriots of Great Britain, &c.\nI cannot see that the condition of America, regarded not as an appendage to this country, but as a partner in a common empire, will be less respectable than as a collection of independent states. This is the sum of my sentiments, which it would be an infinite relief to me to know you were acquainted with. It has been, for the past three years, a most painful reflection for me to think that you might possibly be under the impression that I entertain sentiments which I hold in utter abhorrence.\n\nI write this letter to you from a place where you will be surprised to hear of me \u2014 Dunkirk \u2014 to which I have come for a day by accident, having come over for ten days to St. Omer's to see a friend, who has been obliged lately to reside there. An American captain of a privateer is here, who recently escaped from England, named [Name Omitted].\nI have intrusted this letter to Johnson. I plan to visit him and Deane in Paris with some like-minded individuals this summer. I believe we may be able to establish correspondence, as you expressed a strong desire for in your letter from last summer. I have confidence in Johnson's abilities to handle such letters. Write to me, my dear friend, without any apprehension, as any political sentiments you express will align with my own. Your forbearance of political subjects in your previous letter is the strongest demonstration of your friendship.\nI will not, for the future, be under the necessity of giving that proof. I beg to offer my best respects to Mrs. Trapier, though I have not yet the pleasure of knowing her.\n\nNOTICE OF BOTTA'S HISTORY OF THE REVOLUTION.\n\nIt is altogether incomprehensible to me, on what grounds a modern historian (Botta) should have advanced an opinion that the French nation, worn out by disastrous warfare and compelled to accept the conditions of the Peace of Paris, concluded in 1763, had resorted to the means of address to excite the resentments of the Colonists against the Parent State, and that the Independence of the United States resulted, in a great measure, from the success of their intrigues. Emissaries, he boldly asserts, traversed the American continent, saying to all who would hear them:\n\n\"To what end have the Americans lavished their\nresources in the French and Indian War, if not to secure their liberties? Are they not now compelled to pay heavy taxes to support a government which they do not elect? Are they not denied the most essential privileges of Frenchmen? Are they not subjected to the arbitrary power of governors appointed by the King? Are they not deprived of the right of trial by jury? Are they not denied the freedom of worship? Are they not exposed to the cruelty and tyranny of the British soldiers? Have they not, in a word, every reason to be dissatisfied with their lot, and to seek redress from their natural protectors, the King of France?\"\n\nThese questions, addressed to the people of the colonies, were calculated to inflame their passions and to turn their minds against their mother country. The success of these intrigues is too well known to require proof. The colonies were won over to the French interest, and the war was prolonged for several years, until the exhaustion of the resources of France compelled her to make peace. The terms of the treaty were then dictated by the victorious powers, and the colonies were restored to Great Britain. The Americans, however, were not disposed to submit to their former masters, and the seeds of rebellion were sown which eventually resulted in their independence.\nIf the English supremacy continues to press upon them with harshness and arrogance, despite their loyalty and constancy during the late war, have the English Government moderated its prohibitions against American commerce? Have they repealed the odious laws against manufactures? Do Americans no longer toil on their lands and sail the seas solely to enrich English merchants? Has England abandoned forever the project of parliamentary taxes? It is not evident that they have done so, but rather that with their forces and power, they have increased them.\nThe thirst for gold and the tyranny of its caprices? Was this not admitted by Pitt himself, when he declared that with the war terminated, he would have no trouble finding means to draw a public revenue from America and put an end once and for all to American resistance? Has not England, as mistress of Canada, a province recently French, the means to impose it on her colonists themselves through the hands of her numerous soldiers? Is it not time that the Americans no longer, in the state of infancy, should consider themselves a nation strong and formidable in itself? Is it only for the utility of England that they have demonstrated in the late war what they are capable of achieving? And by what right should a distant island pretend to govern by its commands?\nPrices in an immense and populous continent? How long must the partialities and avarice of England be tolerated? Did men, arms, riches, courage, climate invite a more glorious enterprise? Let the Americans seize the occasion, with a mind worthy of themselves, now they have proved their arms, now that an enormous public debt overwhelms England, now that her name has become detestable to all! America can place her confidence in foreign succors. What could be objected to a resolution so generous? Consanguinity? But have not the English hitherto treated the Colonists more as vassals than as brothers? Gratitude? But have they not strangled it under the pretenses of that mercantile and avaricious spirit which animates them?\n\nThere surely never was a more gross tissue of absurdity and falsehood published. Hear the opinion:\nThe veteran De Kalb frequently mentioned that Ue, a French courtier, had traveled through the British Colonies in concealed character, likely to sow seeds of discontent if he found the people prepared to receive them. However, this was far from the case; for when speaking of the war of the Revolution, he never failed to express his astonishment at how any government could have blundered so as to have effaced the ardent and deep-rooted affection which, to his knowledge, existed on the part of the Colonies towards Great Britain, previous to the rupture. A preference, he observed, equal only by their antipathy to the French Nation, which was so powerful as to induce him to consider it instinctive. It cannot be possible that opinion should waver.\nThe accurate discernment of one, and the chimerical dreams of the other. The statement of De Kalb explains the total neglect of every preparation for war at the commencement of hostilities. They trusted and had confidence in the affection of the Parent State; nor did they believe it possible that their rights would be so trampled upon as to require an appeal to arms as a necessary result from the dispute between them. If, as Botta asserts, intrigue had been used successfully to instigate revolt, the Americans must have been more than mad not to have prepared the means to meet their adversaries on a footing of equality and to have repelled force by force. It would be farcical to contend against an opinion, which the conviction of every man acquainted with the events of the times would declare not only visionary.\nThe attachment to England was so strong that whatever the Colonists wished to designate as excellent, the title of English was always bestowed. The best of its kind, whether in the vegetable or animal kingdom, was always English. To such an extent was this prejudice carried that attachment to the soil of their nativity was weakened by acknowledging the superior claim of England to their warmest affections. To reside in England was the object of universal desire, the cherished hope of every bosom; it stimulated industry, it was the goal at which every individual in pursuit of fortune wished to arrive. It was considered as the delightful haven, where peace and happiness prevailed.\nIn Carolina, nothing was less thought of or desired than Independence. It was so little contemplated that there was not in its possession any document outlining such a move. Persuaded that the Colonists held the sincerest attachment to the Parent State, I can correctly state that reconciliation was the desired outcome in Carolina.\nThe Whig inhabitants throughout the State had a sufficiency of arms to supply a single Battalion. Observations relative to the work of Botta lead me to mention an occurrence highly creditable to the parties concerned in its accomplishment.\n\nThe determination to oppose Britain's unjust encroachments upon the nation's liberties, once resolved upon, it became an object of the first consequence to obtain the means of effective resistance.\n\nThe King's Arsenal was kept in the attic story of the State-House, and contained, as it would appear by the proclamation of Lieutenant Governor Bull, offering a reward for the apprehension of the individuals who plundered it, about 800 stands of arms, besides 200 cutlasses, and other military stores. The possession of these essential implements of war, necessarily appears.\nThe seizure of the arms by the Committee of Safety was of the utmost consequence. Secret meetings were held to devise a plan, which was swiftly adopted and executed with great success. The entire business was entrusted to Messrs. Daniel Cannon, William Johnson, Anthony Toomer, Edward Weyman, and Daniel Stevens. The arms were so skillfully arranged and conducted that they were all taken and safely deposited for future use by the citizens, before the Governor or Armourer had the slightest suspicion of the event. The alarm caused by this bold measure immediately opened the eyes of the Royal Officers to the danger of their situation. It undoubtedly accelerated the flight of Governor Lord William Campbell. He could not misconstrue the motives of the seizure.\nHe went on board the Cherokee and, on Sir Peter Parker's arrival, volunteered his services. He fought gallantly, received a severe wound, and died from its consequences.\n\nInstances of benign interposition of providence in American affairs.\n\nI do not habitually indulge in serious meditation or contemplate the beneficence of the Deity with reverential awe. I make no pious boasts, but I sincerely declare that in no contest I have heard or read of has the favor and protection of the Almighty appeared to incline with such preference and been manifested in such multiplicity.\nIn expressing my sentiments regarding frequent occurrences, as in the war that separated the United States from the dominion of Great Britain, I trust I shall not be considered as apologizing for delighting in sentiments I cherish. The man, whose exalted worth not only honors his country but the human race, the immortal Washington, in the height of his success, in the achievement of his most brilliant victories, never failed to express his perfect belief in the interposition of Providence. In his Public Despatches, his Private Correspondence, his General Orders, he spoke not of his own prowess, but of the goodness of God, the giver of Victory, who taught him to overcome difficulties that would, without His aid, have proved insurmountable; nor would he ever assume to himself honors that he regarded as due to the Almighty alone.\nI presume I do not depend on my own inferior ability to support my opinions, but rest them on the surer basis of incontrovertible facts \u2013 on events that cannot be denied, and if acknowledged, decisively conclusive. There is no man so impious as to deny the Providence of God over the works of his creation; and where his power to rule is acknowledged, it cannot excite surprise that his mercy and goodness shield the oppressed from wrong, and cause the evils denounced against an injured and insulted people to recoil on their enemies, and overwhelm them with disappointment and disgrace. I will select a few instances from the many that strike forcibly on my recollection.\n\nDuring the period that Boston was closely invested by the American forces, the news of the restrictions imposed on commerce, and of the resolution to blockade the port, reached the British army under General Howe. The effect was instantaneous and decisive. The troops, who had been suffering from want of provisions, were now supplied with an abundant stock of corn, flour, and other necessaries, which were brought in from the country in wagons and boats, and deposited in the magazines and barracks. The soldiers, who had been grumbling and discontented, were now contented and cheerful. The officers, who had been complaining of the scarcity of provisions, were now able to entertain their guests with sumptuous feasts. The people of Boston, who had been looking with triumphant expectation on the approaching victory of their countrymen, were now filled with disappointment and dismay. The American army, which had been boasting of its invincibility, was now compelled to retire from before the walls of the city, and to seek refuge in the woods and swamps, where it was exposed to the inclemency of the weather, and the want of provisions. The British army, on the other hand, was now in a position to carry on the siege with vigor and determination, and to inflict heavy losses on the enemy. The event was a clear demonstration of the truth of the old adage, that \"the Lord helps those who help themselves.\" It was also a striking illustration of the folly of relying on mere words and resolutions, and of the wisdom of putting faith in the Almighty Ruler of the universe.\nParliament of Britain decided to employ Foreign Mercenaries to bring them under subjection. This news reached the Colonists and Congress, who urged General Washington (recently invested with chief command) to brave all dangers and attempt the expulsion of the enemy. It was immediately clear to the discerning eye of the General that possessing the heights of Dorchester would secure command of the city. Accordingly, a large detachment of the army moved in silence on the night of March 4, 1775, and gained possession of them before their movement was perceived. The soldiers began to throw up entrenchments, but their labor was not without interruption.\n\n526... (Interposition of Providence)\nThe noise of the workmen was distinctly heard, and a heavy fire kept up by the shipping. But as they aimed at random, without a correct knowledge of the position of their enemy, with little effect. The morning's dawn showed to the besieged the danger of their situation, should the works be completed. It was necessary either to dislodge the Americans or evacuate the city. General Howe decided for the attack. The day was mild and serene, not a cloud obscured the heavens. His troops were assembled, and distinctly perceived preparing to enter the boats which were to transport them to the Dorchester peninsula. However, the tide ebbing and wind rising suddenly, so as to blow with extreme violence, made the passage impracticable. Delay became necessary and proved fatal to the hopes and designs of the British General.\nThe tempest followed the gale, and a heavy and incessant fall of rain for three days increased the difficulties of the enterprise. The American General had given such perfection to his works that they were unassailable, with the slightest prospect of success. Compelled to renounce the attempt, he immediately abandoned the citadel.\n\nAfter the disastrous battle on Long-Island and the retreat of the American forces within their lines at Brooklyn, there can be little doubt that these might have been carried by assault had the British General profited by the ardor of his troops, elated with victory, and eager to reap new honors, to lead them to the attack. But, happily for America, he adopted the more prudent plan of seeking superiority by regular approaches and of waiting for the fleet's cooperation. The situation of the Americans in their camp,\nGeneral Washington faced a critical situation. The enemy was superior, their defenses trivial and incomplete, troops fatigued and discouraged, and the English fleet ready to enter the river, preventing retreat and leaving them with no alternative but to surrender. Washington perceived the impending disaster and decided to evacuate the position and withdraw to New-York.\n\nThe passage was initially prevented by a violent north-east wind and the ebbing tide, which ran too strongly to be encountered. However, fortunately, the wind veered to the north-west, making the passage perfectly secure. In an even more miraculous manner, Providence intervened. A thick fog enveloped the area.\nThe whole of Long-Island was obscured, covering the retreat of American forces while the air was perfectly clear on the side of New-York. Nine thousand men, artillery, baggage, camp equipage, and munitions of war were brought off without loss. The rising sun dispersing the fog, the British saw with astonishment that the Americans had abandoned their position and were already beyond the reach of pursuit.\n\nOn the 15th of October, 1777, General Gates, having received information which he believed to be correct, that the main body of Burgoyne's army had marched off for Fort Edward, and that only the rear guard was left in camp, determined to advance with his entire force and in half an hour to attack them. At this time the whole country was covered with a thick fog.\nThe interposition of Providence in the affairs of nations has been too often witnessed to be called in question. What you have now stated brings forcibly to the mind of every religious reader the wonderful display of God's Providence to the Israelites in the passage of the Red Sea. \"The pillar of cloud went from before their face, and stood behind them: And it came between the camp of the Egyptians and the camp of Israel; and it was a cloud and darkness to them, but it gave light by night to these.\" But for the interposition of this cloud to the Egyptians, they would have overwhelmed the Israelites upon the seashore. And but for the Providential intervention of Jehovah upon Long-Island, which was a cloud resting on the earth, the American army would have been destroyed, and the hopes of every patriot bosom extinct.\nGeneral Nixon's Brigade crossed the Fishkill Creek in advance. General Glover was on the point of following him when he perceived near his column a British soldier making across the stream with precipitation. Concluding that he was a deserter, from whom interesting information might be obtained, he immediately ordered him to be brought forward for examination. Inquiring into particulars relative to the state and position of the British army, the soldier replied, \"You will find them encamped as they have been for several days past.\" \"But, have not large detachments been sent off to Fort Edward?\" said the General. \"'No,\" replied the deserter; \"a small detachment left our camp a day or two ago, with the hope of reaching that post, but finding the passes blocked, they were forced to return.\"\nThe Americans had taken their route, and the entire army was back in camp. Glover quickly sent word of this important news to Nixon, urging him to retreat. He dispatched a soldier with the message to General Gates, who, upon examination, hurried away the Aide-de-Camp, Adjutant-General, and others to countermand his previous orders and prevent the attack. General Nixon received Glover's message and immediately ordered a retreat, but before he could recross the creek, the fog lifted, and the enemy's cannon opened fire on his rear, killing many men. It was a critical moment, with the probable fate of the army at stake. A quarter of an hour longer could have caused the ruin of the entire brigade and given a turn to affairs that might have restored the situation.\nThe fallen fortunes of the British army prevented them from making progress towards Al-bany, offering instead a safe retreat into Canada. General Burgoyne, in his narrative of the expedition under his command, speaks of this event and says, \"'The enemy's disposition was to pass Fishkill in different columns and make their great effort on the plain. They must have formed under the fire of all our park of artillery and musketry of the entrenched corps on the hill, and the musketry of the 20th Regiment, which was at easy distance, to be supported by the Germans in front. Add to this would have been the advantage, though always wished for, never attained, of a charge upon an open plain. I cannot, therefore, sufficiently lament the accident which prevented the enemy's design, (which so far advanced).'\"\nAdvanced, as actually to have crossed the river with a column, as one of the most adverse strokes of fortune during the campaign. After the victory of Cowpens, heroically gained, in contradiction of all calculation of probable results, General Morgan took immediate measures for retreat and crossing the Broad River on the evening of the day of battle, strove by forced marches to gain the Catawba. Lord Cornwallis lost not a moment in pursuit. He knew the importance of striking the victor before he could gain the point at which he aimed, and so eagerly and perseveringly followed, that Morgan had scarcely crossed the river into North Carolina when the British army appeared on the opposite bank. This event happened on the 29th of January 1781. A very heavy fall of rain during the night rendered the Catawba unfordable. For two days.\nThe swell of the river continued. In the meantime, Morgan, taking advantage of this fortunate occurrence, sent off his prisoners, numbering nearly equal to his effective force, along with the arms and stores he had taken, and placed them in security. What would have been the result, but for this Providential rain? Inevitable defeat and ruin for Morgan and his corps; and such a decided superiority gained over the portion of the army under the immediate command of General Greene, that safety could only have been obtained by an intervention of Providence; retreat into Virginia; and the Carolinas and Georgia would necessarily have remained (at least for a much longer period) in the possession of the enemy.\n\nAt the Yadkin, as at the Catawba, the same propitious fortune crowned the efforts of Morgan; he passed.\nAt the ford and in flats, without loss. The British appeared in sight as the rear of his force was landed, but a powerful fall of rain causing a sudden swell of the river frustrated their hopes of annihilating his command. Pursuit was abandoned. One hope still remained to Cornwallis: by rapid movement to prevent Greene's retreat into Virginia. It must forever redound to his credit that no commander ever made greater sacrifices or subjected himself and his troops to severer privations than he did to accomplish his object. His wagons, baggage, and every superfluous article that could impede the celerity of movement were sacrificed. The ardor of pursuit was maintained with a perseverance almost incredible. But against the foresight of Greene, his efforts could little avail. He did, however, succeed in...\nThe American army was overtaken and harassed but the rear was well protected by Otho Williams, commanding a selected corps of cavalry and infantry. The Dan was passed without any material interruption, and the army was placed in perfect security.\n\nAt the siege of Yorktown in Virginia, perceiving no possible chance of resisting the combined forces of America and France, Lord Cornwallis resolved to attempt the accomplishment of an escape by crossing the river to the opposite bank or at all events of protracting surrender and obtaining more favorable terms for the garrison. A part of the troops had already reached Gloucester.\nA second division embarked when, in the critical moment of excited hope, every thing appeared to favor his design. However, in this moment, a storm of wind and rain arose, which at once disconcerted all his measures. The boats were driven down the river, and the army, weakened and divided, was left in extreme peril. To increase misfortune, with the return of day, a most tremendous and destructive fire was opened by the besiegers. However, the tempest abated, and the boats returning brought back the division of the army that had crossed to Gloucester. Cornwallis, who had been triumphant for so long, was compelled to submit. I will bring forward one other instance. At the most distressful period of the war, General Washington wrote to Congress, \"I am surrounded by secret foes, destitute of the means of detecting them or of getting intelligence of the enemy's movements.\"\nThe army was in rags, had few or no blankets, and military stores were in short supply. The troops were decreasing in numbers, were forced to retreat, and lacked the means to defend themselves if attacked. They would likely disperse due to the lack of subsistence and clothing in an inclement season, too severe for nature to support. In short, we have lived on expedients until we can no longer do so; and it may truly be said that the history of this war is a history of false hopes and temporary devices, rather than system and economy, which has resulted from it. All business was suspended in Congress, and universal dismay ensued since no supplies for the requisitions demanded could be provided.\n\nMr. Robert Morris, to whom the United States owe more for their prosperity and happiness than to any other individual, excepted,\nGeneral Washington left the Hall, his mind heavily depressed with no present hope or cheerful expectation of future prosperity. Upon entering his Counting House, he received the welcome news that a ship which he had given up on had arrived at the wharf with a full cargo of war munitions and soldiers' clothing. He returned to Congress almost breathless with joy and announced the exhilarating news. Fortune continued to smile upon him as he accidentally met a worthy Quaker with wealth at his disposal and a heartfelt supporter of the American cause, despite his religious principles being against war and fighting. Washington believed it was within propriety to try and win over his sympathy through every exertion.\nAssuming a pained and despairing expression, the benevolent Quaker approached Robert and said, \"Robert, I fear there is bad news.\" Robert replied, \"Yes, very bad. I am under the most helpless embarrassment for the want of some hard money.\" The Quaker asked, \"How much would relieve your difficulties, Robert?\" The sum was mentioned. \"But I could only give my private engagement in a note, which I would sacredly pledge my honor to repay,\" Mr. Morris replied. \"Cease your sorrows, then, Robert. You shall have the money in confidence of your silence on the subject, as it regards me.\" The money was procured and immediately remitted to General Washington, saving the army.\nI should find no difficulty in producing many other, and equally satisfactory proofs of the opinion advanced, but shall content myself with asking \u2013 Is it possible, that so many occurrences should be considered as casualties depending entirely on chance? Do they not rather appear as the orderings of the beneficent Ruler of the Universe, extending his protecting arm over a people whom he cherished, and checking the wild and inordinate ambition of the oppressor? It is the light in which it ought to be viewed, that the gratitude of the nation should be proportioned to the blessings bestowed on it, and that the pride of success be restrained within just limits, nor overstepping the bounds of moderation, the victors in the contest may, with humility, exclaim, \"Not unto us, but to the powerful protection of an all-wise and beneficent God.\"\nRobert Morris's providential escapes and unexampled successes require particular mention. In the department of Finance, Morris extended significant influence in the nation's commercial relations, both domestically and abroad, and accomplished its independence. Justice and gratitude necessitate a more detailed account of his extraordinary powers. My information on this distinguished citizen primarily comes from one of the most enlightened and active patriots of the Revolution, Judge Peters, who for many years headed the Board of War.\nIn 1779 or 1780, two of the most distressing years of the war, General Washington wrote to me a most alarming account of the prostrate condition of the military stores, and enjoining my immediate exertions to supply deficiencies. There were no musket cartridges but those in the men's boxes, and they were wet. Of course, if attacked, a retreat or a rout was inevitable. We (the Board of War)\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in good shape and does not require extensive cleaning. Only minor corrections for spelling and formatting have been made.)\nI had exhausted all the lead accessible to us, causing even the spouts of houses to be melted, and had offered, unsuccessfully, the equivalent in paper of two shillings specie per pound for lead. In the evening of the day I received this letter, I went to a splendid entertainment given by Don Mirailles, the Spanish Minister. My heart was sad, but I had the facility of brightening my countenance even under gloomy disasters. Mr. Morris, who was one of the guests and knew me well, discovered some casual signs of depression. He accosted me in his usual blunt and disengaged manner. \"I see some clouds passing across the sunny countenance you assume \u2013 what is the matter?\" After some hesitation, I showed him the General's letter, which I had brought from the office with the intention of reading it there.\nHe played with my anxiety, which he did not relieve for some time. At length, with great and sincere delight, he called me aside and told me that the Holker privateer had just arrived at his wharf with ninety tons of lead. It had been landed at Martinique, and stone ballast had supplied its place, but this had been put on shore and the lead taken in again.\n\n\"You shall have my half of this fortunate supply,\" Mr. Morris said. \"There are the owners of the other half,\" he indicated gentlemen in the apartment.\n\n\"Yes, but I am already under heavy personal engagements, as guarantee for the Department, to those and other gentlemen.\"\n\n\"Well,\" Mr. Morris rejoined, \"they will take your assumption with my guarantee.\" I instantly.\nthese terms, secured the lead, left the entertainment, \nsent for the proper officers, and set more than one hun- \ndred people to work through the night. Before morn- \ning a supply of cartridges was ready, and sent oiF to \nthe army. \n\" I could relate many more such occurrences. Thus^ \ndid our affairs succeed. * Per varios casus, per tot dis- \ncrimina rerum.^ And these discrimina rerum occurred \nso often, that we had frequently occasion feelingly to \nexclaim, \n* Quod optanti divum promiKere nemo, \n* Anserat \u2014 Forsenf attulit ullro.' \u2014 VirCfIL.\" \nBut at once to give the stamp of excellence to his \nzeal and decided influence in the most momentous \nconcerns of the nation, I will, from the same authority, \nshow in how great a measure his activity decided the \nfate of Cornwallis. \n\" It may not be generally known, but it is an incon- \ntrovertible fact, that the plan of the campaign for the \nyear 1781. As agreed upon by General Washington and Admiral De Grasse, the objective was to reduce New York. The Southern enterprise was not contemplated until, unexpectedly, and to his extreme surprise, General Washington (due to the French Admiral breaking his engagements to come into New York Bay and announcing his intention, through the Admiral commanding the squadron at Rhode Island, to enter and remain in the Chesapeake) was obliged to change the whole plan of operations. Washington planned and performed this in a sudden and masterly manner. An account has been published, indicating that the Count Rochambeau claimed the credit for planning the enterprise a year before it was executed. A military character who had rendered services:\n\n336 MORRIS.\n\n(Note: The text appears to be mostly readable, with only minor errors. The only significant issue is the inclusion of the number \"336 MORRIS\" at the end, which seems unrelated to the text itself. It is likely a typographical error or an artifact of the OCR process. I will not attempt to remove it, as it does not significantly impact the readability of the text.)\nHe avowed having advised Count de Grasse not to venture into New-York Bay. He should, had he acted consistently with his duty, made this communication to General Washington in due season. Instead, the first intimation of a change in the original plan came from the French Admiral's letter from Rhode Island, which General Washington put into my hands a few hours after he had received it, with strong expressions of surprise and resentment. At this period, the expedition to the Southward had never been thought of. However, Count Rochambeau's countervailing advice had been attended with successful consequences. He adroitly took advantage of this good fortune and turned an otherwise unjustifiable departure from the original plan into a successful one.\nI was sent by Congress, under the belief that New York was the object, to consult with General Washington on the supplies necessary for the attack. However, Count de Grasse's expression of fear for his heavy ships entering the Bay and his intention to sail for the Chesapeake ended deliberation on the subject. A new objective was now sought for, on which the allies' cooperation could be employed effectively. I was present when the Southern enterprise was resolved upon (claiming no merit or agency in the military part of it) and superintended the provision of everything required by the General for the operation. Seventy to eighty pieces of battering cannon, and one hundred of field artillery, were completely fitted and furnished. (MORRIS. 337)\nwith attire and ammunition, although, when I returned from camp to Philadelphia, there was not a field carriage put together, and only a small quantity of fixed ammunition in our Magazines. The train was progressively sent on in three or four weeks, to the great honor of the officers and men employed in this meritorious service. All this, along with the expense of provision for, and pay of the troops, was accrued on the personal credit of Mr. Robert Morris, who issued his notes to the amount of one million four hundred thousand dollars, which were all paid. Assistance was furnished by Virginia and other States, from the merit whereof I mean not to detract. But, as there was no money in the chest of the War Office, and the Treasury of the United States was empty, the expedition never could have been operative and brought to a successful conclusion.\nMr. Morris had not, most fortunately, supplied the indispensable funds necessary to give effect to his superior exertions and management for a successful issue. Such important services rendered to his country entitled him to admiration, yet he lacked distinguished testimony of public gratitude. He richly merited and ought to have enjoyed in old age the uninterrupted blessings of peace and happiness. However, at the conclusion of the war, the propitious fortunes that seemed attendant on all his prior enterprises forsook him. He engaged in deep speculation, to the entire ruin of his pecuniary concerns. He had husbanded and with success, the funds of the public, but dissipated his own. Penury and wretchedness closed the scene of his life. The memory of a man of such distinction.\nTo the distinguished utility of Robert Morris cannot be lost; and while the recollection of his multiplied services are deeply engraved on the tablet of every patriotic heart, I fondly hope that the day is not distant when some public monument, recording the most momentous occurrences of his life and characteristic of national feeling and gratitude, may mark the spot where rest the remains of Robert Morris.\n\nI would add another occurrence derived from the same authority to the instances given by Judge Peters of the happy arrival of supplies for the army at the moment they were most needed. \"On our entering Philadelphia in June 1778, after the evacuation by the British troops, we were hard pressed for ammunition. We caused the whole city to be ransacked in search of cartridge paper. At length, I thought of the garrets and old Printing Offices.\"\nAmong a vast collection discovered in a lumber room once occupied by Dr. Franklin, when he was a printer, were more than a cart load of Sermons on Defensive War preached by a famous Gilbert Tenant during an old British and French war. These appropriate manifestoes were instantly employed as cases for musket cartridges, rapidly sent to the army, and came most opportunely, being fired at the battle of Monmouth against our retiring foe.\n\nTimothy Picking.\n\nWhere the shafts of malevolence have been directed against a patriot who never harbored a thought nor cherished a principle inconsistent with the honor and interests of his country, though they fail to injure, they do not the less offend. It is most gratifying, therefore, that Picking. 339.\nI. To me, to speak of the services of a patriot, who, though not always a successful candidate for public favor, never ceased to deserve it. Thoroughly approving the opinions of Judge Peters, I will give them in his own words. Speaking of Colonel Pickering, he says, \"He is too well known to need any eulogium from me. He was one of the first Commissioners of the Board of War; and a most diligent and able co-adjutor we had in him, during eighteen months, when he was called to the field, first as Adjutant, then as Quarter-Master General. I have known him intimately for forty-five years. A man of more firmness and sterling integrity never lived. Yet he has been persecuted with shameless obloquy. His present situation gives a practical rebuttal to some gross aspersions. He does not claim a title to the brilliant fame of Cincinnatus, but he emulates him.\"\nLate in retirement, he personally labors on a moderate-sized farm in his native State, where his merits are best known and appreciated. This establishment he was enabled to purchase with the grateful and generous assistance of an association of liberal fellow-citizens, who bought his investment of military certificates in forest lands in Pennsylvania, with a view to serving him, not themselves. To their immortal honor, those lands have been transferred, gratuitously, to the widow and orphans of the late eminently distinguished and poignantly lamented General Hamilton, another of our Revolutionary patriots, who reaped but a pittance of the fruits, though he led the way in sowing and maturing the harvest.\n\nMQ STEUBEN\nBaron Steuben.\nIt is with peculiar delight that I bring into view the services of this exceptional soldier and inestimable man, conscientiously believing that after Generals Washington and Greene, and the Financier, Robert Morris, there was no individual in the United States who, in equal degree, contributed to the victories of our armies and the establishment of our Independence.\n\nIt was my good fortune, shortly after the conclusion of the war, to be presented to Baron Steuben, an officer who had served in the armies of the United States with the highest distinction. To give a just idea of his merit, it is necessary to state his previous situation in Europe and the sacrifices which attended his devotion to the cause of Liberty. Most foreigners who had engaged in the service of America were men of desperate fortunes, ambitious to acquire wealth.\n\nBaron Steuben, however, was a man of rank and fortune in his own country. He was born in Ansbach, in Germany, and was related to the royal family. He entered the military service at an early age, and rose to the rank of major general in the Prussian army. He was renowned for his military skill and his strict discipline.\n\nWhen the American Revolution broke out, Baron Steuben was in Paris, where he had been sent on a diplomatic mission. He was deeply impressed by the cause of American Independence, and determined to offer his services to the new nation. He arrived in America in 1777, and was warmly received by General Washington.\n\nBaron Steuben immediately set to work organizing and disciplining the American army. He established a rigorous training regimen, which included drill, physical exercise, and military education. He also introduced the Prussian drill system, which became the model for American military training.\n\nBaron Steuben's influence was felt in every branch of the American military. He trained the infantry, the artillery, and the cavalry. He also advised on military strategy and tactics. His efforts helped to turn the tide of the war in favor of the Americans.\n\nBaron Steuben's sacrifices were great. He left behind a wealthy and distinguished career in Europe to come to America and serve a cause that was not his own. He faced hardships and privations in the new world, but he remained devoted to the cause of American Independence until the war was won.\n\nIn recognition of his services, Baron Steuben was granted a large tract of land in Pennsylvania, which he named \"Steubenville.\" He also received a pension from the American government. He continued to serve the new nation in various capacities until his death in 1794.\n\nBaron Steuben's legacy lives on in the annals of American history. He is remembered as a hero and a patriot, who gave up all that he had to help establish a new nation. His military reforms laid the foundation for the American military system, which has served the nation well in times of peace and war.\nThey had held inferior grades in the armies they had served, yet to a people entirely unacquainted with the art of war, their knowledge was of importance, and on all occasions rewarded with flattering promotion. It was far otherwise with Baron Steuben. At the commencement of our contest with Great Britain, he was a Lieutenant General in the circle of the German Empire, called Swabia, and commanded in chief the forces of the Prince of Baden. He was also a Canon of the Church and Aid-de-Camp to the King of Prussia, with a revenue from these offices amounting to nearly six hundred pounds sterling per annum. By entering into the service of the United States, his rank as a soldier was diminished, and the expectation of bettering his fortunes for ever destroyed. The regulations of Congress\nSteuben, a man of no rank superior to Major General, admittedly faced poverty and distress in the country, eliminating any hope of financial gain. Motivated by superior reasons beyond ambition and self-interest, he offered his services even without pay. Through tireless industry, activity, and perseverance, he summoned the army that granted liberty to America. A letter from Judge Peters of Philadelphia, to whom I am grateful for his politeness and many valuable anecdotes for my collection, states, \"Your mentioning the name of Baron Steuben recalls to my memory a valued friend whose merits have never been properly acknowledged. Our army was but a meritorious irregular band before his creation of discipline. His Department and personal contributions were invaluable.\"\nThe conduct of Baron Steuben, in particular, was under my observation. One fact, to prove his usefulness, will go further than a thousand words. In the estimates of the War Office, we always allowed five thousand muskets beyond the actual numbers of our muster of the whole army. It was, in early times, never sufficient to guard against the waste and misapplication that occurred. In the last inspection return of the Main Army, before I left the War Department, Baron Steuben being then Inspector General, only three muskets were deficient, and those accounted for. A friend, on the accuracy of whose statements I can confidently rely, told me that it could not easily be conceived to what severe trial the patience of the Baron was put in his first efforts to establish a regular system of discipline; and that, on one occasion, having exhausted all his German and French oaths, he vociferated in English.\nRated to his Aide-de-Camp, Major Walker; Walker - he was my dear friend. Curse - God damn the gallantry of these rogues, I can curse them no more.\n\n342 Steuben.\n\nIn private life, his virtues were exalted; and it would be difficult to determine, whether he most excites our admiration for zeal and activity as a patriot and soldier, or tenderness and humanity as a man. As I hold his character in high veneration, I have great delight in relating an anecdote which I received from General Walter Stewart; the truth of which may confidently be relied on. After the capture of Yorktown, the superior officers of the allied army vied with each other in acts of civility and attention to the captive Britons. Lord Cornwallis and his family were particularly distinguished. Entertainments were given in succession by all the Major Generals, with the exception of Steuben.\nThe Baron withheld an invitation to entertain the British Commander-in-Chief, not due to particularity or a closed heart, but because of his superior soul and soldierly sympathy for their misfortune, despite poverty denying him the means to display his liberality. When calling on Colonel Stewart to inform him of this intention, he requested a sum of money as the price of his favorite charger.\n\n\"It's a good beast,\" said the Baron, \"and has proved a faithful servant through all the danger of the war. But, though painful to my heart, we must part.\" Colonel Stewart prevented this step, knowing it would result in great loss.\nThe Baron immediately tendered his purse, recommending that if the sum proved insufficient, he would sell or pledge his watch. \"My dear friend,\" said the Baron, \"it is already sold. Poor N. was sick and needed necessities. He is a brave fellow, and possesses the best of hearts. The trifle it brought is set apart for his use. My horse must go, so no more, I beseech you, to turn me from my purpose. I am a Major General in the service of the United States, and my private convenience must not be put in the scale with the duty which my rank calls upon me imperiously to perform.\"\n\nThe liberal disposition of Baron Steuben afforded his Aide-de-Camp, Major North, an opportunity for a peculiarly happy repartee. On the summit of a hill, on the farm occupied by the Baron, stood a monument.\n\nSteuben. 343.\nA gentleman observed that, in the event of the Baron's death, he would have a \"snug place of interment\" due to Mr. Provost's constant command of cash. Major North replied, \"Then, Sir, his disposition must alter with his state, for in life he will never tolerate the idea of laying by ready money.\" Though poor himself, the Baron had a number of pensioners. I must relate an interesting anecdote about one of these. When Arnold apostatized and attached himself to the British Standard, Baron Steuben, at that period Inspector General of the army, showed his perfect abhorrence of the traitor by commanding that every soldier who bore the name should change it or be immediately dismissed from the service. Some\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in good shape and does not require extensive cleaning. Only minor corrections were made for grammar and spelling.)\nSix days after, finding a soldier from Connecticut who had paid no attention to the mandate, he insisted that he should be expelled from the ranks immediately.\n\n'\"I am no traitor, my worthy General,\" said the soldier, \"and will willingly renounce a name that the perfidy of a scoundrel has forever tarnished, if allowed to assume one, which is dear to every American soldier. Let me be Steuben, and be assured that I will never disgrace you.\"'\n\n'\"Willingly, my worthy fellow,\" replied the Baron, ''Be henceforth Steuben, and add to the glory of a name that has already acquired lustre by the partial adoption of a brave man.\"'\n\nThe soldier, at the conclusion of the war, kept a tavern in New-York. Egliaud, exhibiting a representation of his patron as a sign; and as long as the Baron lived, received a pension from him as a reward for his partial attachment.\nThe hospitality of Baron Steuben was unbounded. Introduced at his villa by a friend, to whose exertions in Congress he considered himself particularly indebted for a pension settled on him for life, he treated me with marked attention. At the moment of my departure, he said with great politeness, \"Remember, my young friend, during your stay in New York, Sunday is dedicated to God and Steuben.\"\n\nDining with him shortly after the resignation of Mr. Robert Morris as Financier of the United States, the cause of which appeared inexplicable to the company present, \"To me,\" said Baron Steuben, \"there appears no mystery. I will illustrate my sentiments with a simple narrative. When I was about to quit Paris to embark for the United States, the better to ensure my success, I sought an audience with the King of France to request his support. He granted me a private audience and, after listening attentively to my request, he replied, 'Steuben, I cannot grant your request, but I will give you a gift that will be more valuable to you than any royal favor. I will give you my finest sword, the one I used in battle. It is a symbol of my respect and admiration for your courage and your devotion to your new country.' With these words, he presented me with the sword, which I have carried with me ever since. It was this sword that I used to defend our army at the Battle of Monmouth, and it was this sword that I used to sign the treaty that ended the war. I believe that it was my loyalty and my dedication to the cause of the United States that earned me the respect and support of the King of France, and it is this loyalty and dedication that has brought me to where I am today. And so, my friends, I ask you to remember that our success depends not on royal favors, but on our own courage and dedication.\"\ncomfort when in camp, I judged it of importance to \nengage in my service a cook of celebrity. The Ame- \nrican army was posted at Valley Forge, when I joined \nit. Arrived at my quarters, a wagoner presented him- \nself, saying that he was directed to attach himself to \nniy train, and obey my orders. Commissaries arriving, \nfurnished a supply of beef and bread, and retired. \nMy cook looked around him for utensils, indispensable, \nin his opinion, for preparing a meal, and finding none, \nin an agony of despair, applied to the wagoner for \nadvice. ' We cook our meat,' replied he, ' by hang- \ning it up by a string, and turning it before a good fire \ntill sufficiently roasted.' The next day \u2014 and still \nanother passed, without material change. The Com- \nmissary made his deposit. My cook showed the \nstrongest indications of uaeasincss by shrugs and heavy \nSTEUBEN. 545 \nbut with the exception of a few oaths, he spoke not a word of complaint. His patience, however, was completely exhausted; he requested an audience and demanded his dismissal. * Under happier circumstances, Mon General, it would be my ambition to serve you; but here I have no chance of showing my talents, and I think myself obliged, in honor, to save you expense, since your wagoner is just as able to turn the wheels as I am. * Believe me, gentlemen, the Treasury of America is, at present, just as empty as my kitchen was at Valley Forge; and Mr. Morris wisely retires, thinking it of very little consequence who turns the wheels. It is a gratification to add, that as a tribute to his merit and reward for his important services, Congress, at the conclusion of the war, settled on him a pension.\nGeneral Washington rejoiced that Congress had given \"so excellent a patriot\" an independence with an annuity, as he would keep himself poor and likely die as one, even if the sum given was ten times the amount. Despite General Gates' ungenerous attempts to rise to supreme command by bringing down his superior, encouraging intrigue, and countenancing disaffection, the world, too quick to judge based on appearances, had fixed its blame on him.\nstigma of precipitancy upon his conduct, which led him with blind confidence in the superiority of his own judgment and military talent, to mock the admonition of General Charles Lee, warning him to avoid the chance of exchanging \"The Laurel already gained, for a wreath of Willow \"; and would lead us, by its consequences, to blame with asperity, his pointed neglect of the prudential advice of De Kalb \u2014 \"Not too hastily to risk a battle.\" Yet, let us do justice, even when compelled to blame. I have, from the information of an officer high in his confidence, whose word is truth, just cause to believe that it was not his intention to risk a battle when compelled by Cornwallis to engage at Camden. His avowed object was to choose a position in the vicinity of Lord Rawdon, and to fortify it, so that if the British General ventured to attack, he would be prepared.\nHe would be compelled to do it at considerable risk. He frankly declared that he was not sufficiently strong in Continental force to risk an engagement. To increase the strength of the irregular army, Colonel Harrington, an officer of great influence, was ordered into North-Carolina, and Colonel Marion was detached to the lower Pedee, to rouse as many effective men to arm in his favor as possible. In confirmation of this statement, Colonels Porterfield and Senff were actually sent forward to reconnoiter and fixed upon a position behind Granny Creek, which was esteemed altogether fitted to the General's purposes, having the creek in front, a deep and difficult swamp on the right, and commanding grounds on the left, which, strengthened by a redoubt and abbatis, would give security from attack. Lord Rawdon.\nRemained in command, his schemes might have been crowned with success, as that Nobleman had shown no disposition to meet him. But Lord Cornwallis arrived, whose enterprising spirit at once discerned the danger of delay, and fixed his determination to fight. Remaining therefore but one night in Camden, he advanced forward to battle, justifying the wisdom of his measures by the success which attended them. Gates was actually on his march to occupy the position fixed on, when met by his vigilant enemy and compelled to risk, in an unguarded moment, an action for which he was unprepared, and of which the results were more disastrous than any battle fought during the progress of the Revolution. I would not attempt to exonerate his faults when they call for censure, and freely blame his disregard to the reiterated solicitations.\nColonels White and Washington sought Gates' sanction to recruit cavalry, a measure that could have changed the course of success and saved hundreds of lives lost to Tarleton's Legionary Cavalry. Lieutenant Colonel Lee, whose judgment was beyond reproach, commented on this fatal and misguided policy.\n\nWhite and Washington, having retreated to North Carolina to recruit their regiments after the disasters of Monk's Corner and Guilford Courthouse, earnestly requested Gates' assistance to invigorate their efforts. Gates ignored this proper request.\nThe American commander deprived himself of the most operative corps belonging to the Southern army. Although unfortunate, these regiments had displayed undaunted courage and had been taught in the school of adversity that knowledge which only actual service can bestow. It is probable that this injurious indifference on the part of the American commander resulted from his recall of the campaign of 1777, when a British army surrendered to him unaided by cavalry, leading him to conclude that Armand's corps, already with him, gave an adequate portion of this type of force. Fatal mistake! It is not improbable that the closeness and ruggedness of the country in which he had been so triumphant rendered the aid of horse less material. But the moment he threw his eyes upon the plains of the Carolinas, the moment he saw their dispersed settlements adding to the advantage of cavalry, he realized his error.\nThe difficulty in procuring intelligence and provisions, knowing the enemy had a respectable body of Dragoons, which had been used without intermission and with much effect, a discriminating mind should have acquiesced in the suggestion of the two horse officers. Neglect of this salutary proposition may be attributed to the heavy disaster soon experienced. In no country in the world are cavalry services more desired than in that committed to the care of Major General Gates. It is inexplicable how an officer of his experience could have been regardless of this powerful auxiliary. Calculating proudly on the weight of his name, he appears to have slighted the prerequisites to victory.\nThe impetuous youth hurried on to the battlefield; a memorable instance of the certain destruction that awaits the soldier who does not know how to estimate prosperity. If good fortune begets presumption instead of increasing caution and diligence, it is the due precursor of deep and bitter adversity.\n\nYet for the gallantry and good conduct displayed in his conflicts with Burgoyne, which caused the surrender of an entire British army, and his indefatigable industry in bringing under control the refractory spirit, manifested in every departure from subordination, in the army before Boston, he is certainly entitled to the gratitude and applause of his country. With particular pleasure, therefore, we view the magnanimous conduct of the Virginia Legislature, who, sensible that \" 'Tis cruelty to wound a falling man.\" (349)\nIn the House of Delegates, Richmond, December 2, 1780.\n\nResolved, That a Committee of four be appointed to wait upon Major General Gates and assure him of the high regard and esteem of this House. The remembrance of his former services cannot be obliterated by any reverse of fortune. This House, ever mindful of his great merit, will omit no opportunity to testify to the world the gratitude which, as a member of the American Union, the country owes him in his military character.\n\nI have already stated that great blame was attached to his ambitious project of supplanting the illustrious [name].\nThe leader of our armies, in command, may lack evidence to prove him a principal in this iniquitous conspiracy; yet he may justly be said to have encouraged what he did not endeavor to prevent. In the hour of affliction, contrition fell heavy on his heart, and the honorable manner in which he evinced it, I fondly hope, will cause his dereliction of duty in the first instance to be buried in endless oblivion. I received the following highly interesting anecdote from Dr. William Read at the period of its occurrence, superintending the Hospital Department at Hillsborough:\n\n\"Having occasion to call on General Gates, relative to the business of the Department under my immediate charge, I found him traversing the apartment which he occupied, under the influence of high excitement; his agitation was excessive \u2014 every feature of his countenance betrayed it. He paused, and, recognizing me, called me to his side, and, after a few preliminary inquiries respecting the health of the troops, he said:\n\n'Dr. Read, I have been most unjustly calumniated. I am aware that there are those who would fain represent me as a traitor to my country, and as a man unworthy of the confidence reposed in me by the Continental Congress. But I assure you, sir, that I have acted throughout in the best interests of my country, and that my heart has ever been devoted to the cause of American independence. I have been betrayed by those who were once my friends, and who have since become my most bitter enemies. But I will not despair. I will fight on, and I will clear my name. I will devote my remaining days to the service of my country, and I will die, if necessary, to vindicate my character. I have sent for my papers, and I will lay before the Congress the proofs of my innocence. I have also sent for my family, that they may be removed from the reach of my enemies. I have placed my trust in Providence, and I am confident that I shall yet be vindicated. But, sir, I am weary; I must rest awhile. Pray, leave me, and come again to-morrow.'\"\n\nDr. Read left the apartment, deeply affected by what he had heard. He returned the following day, as arranged, but he found the General dead, having taken his own life during the night. The sad news was communicated to the Congress, and the General's papers were laid before them. They contained ample evidence to clear his name, and he was posthumously exonerated. The unfortunate incident cast a gloom over the army, but it rallied around its fallen leader, and redoubled its efforts to secure American independence.\nEvery gesture betrayed his emotion. He had just received and perused official despatches informing him that he was superseded, and that the command of the Southern Army had been transferred to General Greene. His countenance betrayed no irritation or resentment; it was sensibility alone that caused his emotion. An open letter he held in his hand was often raised to his lips and kissed with devotion. When the tumult of his mind had subsided, and his thoughts found utterance, he exclaimed with strong feeling, \"I have received this day a communication from the Commander-in-Chief, which has conveyed more consolation to my bosom, more ineffable delight to my heart, than I had believed possible.\"\nIt was possible for him to feel affectionately towards me again. With tender sympathy, he expressed concern for my domestic misfortunes and condoled with me on the loss of my only son, who had recently passed away. He then, with peculiar delicacy, lamented my misfortune in battle and assured me that his confidence in my zeal and capacity was not significantly impaired. The command of the right wing of the army would be granted to me as soon as I could make it convenient to join him.\n\nConway. Page 351\n\nGeneral Conway\n\nThere was no officer in the service who engaged with greater zeal in the intrigue to deprive General Washington of command and place General Gates at the head of the army than General Conway. Intrigue was the sphere of his actions; ambition was the predominant passion of his heart, and he appeared little scrupulous about it.\nHe employed means to successfully vilify others and advance his own fortunes. His aim was to denounce the Commander in Chief's inability to direct army operations, criticizing the ignorance of military tactics displayed by leaders of particular corps and the army in general. His censures had effect, gaining him proselytes in Congress and resulting in promotions. However, when convinced of the injustice of his conduct and awed by General Washington's superior virtue and talents, he threw aside the veil of prejudice. The handsome manner in which\nPhiladelphia, February 26, 1778.\n\nI find myself able to hold my pen for a few minutes and take this opportunity to express my sincere grief for any disagreeable words, actions, or statements directed towards Your Excellency. My career will soon be over; therefore, justice and truth prompt me to declare my last sentiments. You are, in my eyes, the great and good man. May you long enjoy the love, esteem, and veneration of these States, whose liberties you have asserted by your virtues.\n\nI am, with the greatest respect,\nYour Excellency's most obedient and humble servant,\nPH. CONWAY.\n\nHis Excellency General Washington.\n\nGENERAL CHARLES LEE.\nAnother and more virulent enemy, with unremitted industry sought to destroy the fair and unspotted fame of the Commander in Chief, and to impress upon the minds of the people an opinion not only that he was unequal to the duty of conducting successfully the enterprises of the army he commanded, but that the jealousy of his disposition induced him to view with jaundiced eyes the claims to merit of military men whom he knew to be his superiors in talent, and to leave no efforts unessayed to accomplish their ruin.\n\n\"What power so strong Can tie the gall in the slandrous tongue.\" \u2014 Shakespeare.\n\nThere can be no misapprehension relative to the individual alluded to. Previous to his captivity, I am ready to allow that General Lee rendered the most essential service to America. He engaged in her cause and in defense of her violated rights with ardent enthusiasm.\nHe inspired enthusiasm and, by precept and example, encouraged firm and intrepid resistance. But captivity seemed to have broken down his manly spirit. In place of his bold, frank, and open independence of character, which had set him apart, he became the slave of the most malignant and degrading passions. This produced a condition and timidity inconsistent with his natural disposition, and altogether unbecoming a champion for the emancipation of an oppressed nation. He cordially hated the British, but for the first time, he appeared to have a most exalted opinion of their spirit for enterprise. Having made a prisoner of himself through shameful carelessness and exposure of his person to captivity, he constantly looked forward for some new effort of prowess that would increase their reputation.\nHe made comparisons between the Giants, or British, and our own soldiers, which passed without reproof. He called on Congress, then sitting at York, Pennsylvania, to order a survey of the Susquehanna, 78 miles from the British Lines, to fortify a river that could not be fortified, and where neither prudence nor necessity required it should be done.\n\nRegarding his conduct at the Battle of Monmouth, I shall only say that, acquitting him thoroughly of the infamous motives that have been alleged against him, had he obeyed orders and made better use of the picked troops of the Line immediately under his command, a most decisive victory might have been gained, and probably the war itself, promptly and decisively, brought to a conclusion. From this moment,\nBoth in his conversations and his writings, the great aim of his life seemed to be to lessen the reputation of the Commander in Chief in public estimation. But public opinion, and that of the men who were more particularly acquainted with facts and circumstances, consigned not only a pamphlet he published, but his verbal allegations as well, to the contempt, and I might add, detestation of all good citizens. T.K.F. IJ54 (Lee).\n\nThe best refutation that can be given to his Calumnies will be found in the extract of a letter, not intended by the writer for publicity, which I have been favored with from one of our most distinguished patriots. It shows the unadorned, genuine impulses of a heart and mind devoted to the service of his country, without the alloy of selfish vain-glorious views or sordid pursuits.\nIt was written to a confidential friend, dated July 29th, 1779.\n\nDear Sir,\n\nI have a pleasure in acknowledging the receipt of your favor of the 15th instant, and in finding by it that the author of the Queries, political and military, has had no great cause to exult in the favorable reception of them by the public. Without a clue, I should have been at no loss to trace the malevolent writer; but I have seen a history of the transaction and felt a pleasure mingled with pain at the narration.\n\n\"To stand well in the estimation of one's country, is a happiness that no rational creature can be insensible of. To be pursued, first under the mask of friendship, and when disguise would suit no longer, as an open calumniator, with gross misrepresentation, and\"\nThe falsehoods this gentleman spreads carries an alloy that no temper can endure with perfect composure. I cannot fully understand his motives. If I have mentioned his name, after the trial began, when it was within my power to avoid it, and did so with the least acrimony or disrespect, I will allow the world to judge my character as he wishes. What reason then, is there for such a profusion of venom, unless by an act of public duty, in bringing him to trial at his own solicitation, I have disappointed him and raised his ire, or conceiving, that in darkening the shades of my character, he illuminates his.\nWhether these, I say, or motives yet more dark and hidden, govern him, I shall not undertake to decide; nor have I time to inquire into them at present.\n\nIf I had ever assumed the character of a military genius and the officer of experience\u2014if under these false colors I had solicited the command I was honored with\u2014or if, after my appointment, I had presumptuously driven on, under the sole guidance of my own judgment and self-will\u2014and misfortunes, the result of obstinacy and misconduct, not of necessity had followed, I should have thought myself a proper object for the lash, not only of the enemy, but the pen of every other writer, and a fit subject of public resentment. But, when it is well known that the command was in a manner forced upon me\u2014that I accepted it with the utmost diffidence, from a consciousness of my own inexperience and lack of military knowledge.\nthat it required greater abilities and more experience than I possessed to conduct a great military machine, embarrassed as I knew ours must be, by a variety of complex circumstances, and as it were but little better than a mere chaos \u2014 and when nothing more was promised on my part than has been most inviolably performed, it is rather grating to pass over in silence charges which may impress the uninformed, though others know that these charges have neither reason nor truth to support them: and a simple narration of facts would defeat all his assertions, notwithstanding they are made with an effrontery which few men do, and for the honor of human nature, ought to possess.\n\nIf this gentleman is envious of my station and conceives that I stand in his way to preferment, I can assure him, in most solemn terms,\nI have removed unnecessary formatting and irrelevant information from the text, leaving the following:\n\nMy first wish is to return to peaceful retirement, domestic ease, and happiness. All my labors have been directed towards this end, and I have been a perfect slave for over four years, encountering numerous embarrassing circumstances with pure motives to promote the cause and service I had embarked upon. You may form a pretty good judgment of my prospect for a brilliant campaign when I inform you that excepting about four hundred recruits from the State of Massachusetts, I have had no reinforcements to join the army.\nSince last campaign; while our numbers have been, and now are diminishing daily, by the expiring terms of men, death and desertion. The patriotic friend above alluded to says, \"In this letter, and many others that I have seen, General Washington consoles himself with his unaffected piety and reliance on Providence, whose frequent favors all of us in our days of Revolutionary tribulation witnessed.\" He adds, \"Discouraging as all this is, I feel more from the state of our currency, and the little attention which hitherto appears to have been paid to our finances, than from the smallness of our army. And yet, Providence having so often taken us up, when bereft of all other hope, I trust we shall not fail even in this.\"\n\nMajor Evan Edwards.\n\nAmong the many meritorious officers who gained distinction in the service, there were some who better\n\n(Note: The text appears to be complete and readable. No significant cleaning is required.)\nMajor Edwards deserved or obtained in a more extensive degree the respect of the public and affectionate esteem of his military associates than I. I will not indulge my inclination to detail his talents and virtues, his ready wit and poignant humor, but confine myself to a single anecdote, perfectly characteristic of the man.\n\nThe Major was of the Baptist persuasion and originally designed for the Ministry, but imbibing the military spirit of the times, entered the army and appeared at the commencement of the war as one of the defenders of Fort Washington. A brave and stubborn resistance could not save the post, which fell into the hands of the enemy, and Edwards became a prisoner. I have often heard him make a jest of the whimsical and fantastic fine which he exhibited on this occasion. \"It was a fine thing,\" he would say, \"to be a Baptist minister and a soldier at the same time, but now I am a prisoner, I must choose which I will be - a soldier or a Baptist.\"\nHe didn't find it surprising, he said, that the emaciated man with a rueful countenance and a dress that was partly military but showed much of a clerical cut, should have caused such amusement among the conquerors. One of the leaders, eager to heighten the merriment, ordered me to climb onto a cart and, as a genuine specimen of a Rebel officer, directed that I should be paraded through the principal streets of New York. It was at the entrance of Canvas Town that I was amused by the exclamation of a Scottish female follower of the camp, who called to a companion, \"Quick, quick lassie, run here and depart yourself, they've caught a brave and bonny Rebel, come and laugh at him.\" Hooting.\nand derision attended my whole career, and at the conclusion of the farce, I was committed to prison. In the eventful changes of the war, it so happened that the very individual who had so ungenerously abused his power became a captive, experiencing the additional mortification of yielding his sword into the hands of the man so lately treated with scornful indignity. Struck with the singularity of the encounter, and thoroughly ashamed of his former behavior, he, with frankness, said \u2014 \"You are the last man, Sir, that I wished to meet on such an occasion, for no one have I ever so wantonly offended; from you I have nothing to look for but merited retaliation.\" \"Not a word more on the subject, I beseech you, Sir,\" was the reply of Edwards. The surrender of your sword destroyed every recollection of former animosity.\n\"rest assured that while you remain with us, it will be equally my pride and pleasure to sooth the pains of captivity and to render you every service in my power. The cheerful disposition of Edwards, as I have already stated, made him a universal favorite. The occasional indulgence of satirical propensities of General Charles Lee, who made him his Aid-de-Camp, and at his death left him a third of his estate. I never knew Edwards make an ill-natured remark unless provoked to do so \u2014 then indeed, he spared not. A Colonel in the army, who was too much inclined to be poetical in his speech, telling Edwards that he had heard a report concerning him that had greatly amused him, the Major assured him that it was altogether without foundation. \"O, no,\" said the Colonel.\nAmong the intelligent men connected with the army of the South, none was more admired in society than Mr. Richard Beresford. He pleased by his eccentricity, and still more by the satirical shafts of his wit, which he threw with the happiest success. His observations were laconic, but ever pointedly severe; which occasioned Edwards to say, \"I like that cynical humorist, Beresford; he constantly reminds me of one of your snapping turtles, never putting his head beyond his shell, but to bite at somebody.\"\n\nGeneral Schuyler. . 359\nGeneral Schuyler.\n\nPrejudices having rendered General Schuyler unpopular among them.\nThe troops induced Congress to supersede him and nominate General Gates, commander of the army opposed to Burgoyne. The patriotism and magnanimity displayed by the Ex-General on this occasion does him high honor. All that could be done to impede the progress of the British army had been achieved. Bridges were broken up, causeways destroyed, trees felled in every direction to retard the conveyance of stores and artillery. Patrols were employed to give speedy intelligence of every movement of the enemy, and detached corps of light troops to harass and keep up perpetual alarm. Upon Gates' arrival, General Schuyler, without the slightest indication of ill-humor, resigned his command, communicated all the intelligence he possessed, and put every interesting paper into his hands, simply adding, \"I have done all that could be done as far as I am concerned.\"\nIf the text is about General Schuyler and his actions during the Saratoga campaign, here is the cleaned version:\n\nThe means were in my power to injure the enemy and to inspire confidence in the soldiers of our own army, and I flatter myself with some success; but the palm of victory is denied me, and it is left to you, General, to reap the fruits of my labors. I will not fail, however, to second your views; and my devotion to my country will cause me with alacrity to obey all your orders. He performed his promise and faithfully did his duty, till the surrender of Burgoyne put an end to the contest.\n\nAnother anecdote is recorded to his honor. General Burgoyne, dining with General Gates immediately after the Convention of Saratoga, and hearing General Schuyler named among the officers presented to him, thought it necessary to apologize for the destruction of his elegant mansion a few days before, by his troops.\nLord Cornwallis, immediately after the battle of Guilford, having broken up his encampment and recommended his wounded to General Greene, commenced his march upon Wilmington. Every movement was anxiously watched, and Lee was already on his flank, ready to strike where the least appearance gave the hope of doing it advantageously. It was on the second day's march that the Legion was approached by a company of about two hundred men, riding on pacings ponies, in the costume of Quakers - broad-brimmed and short-skirted - and headed by a marauder in full military dress, on their way to congratulate his Lordship on the brilliance and importance of his victory.\nof his victory. The same mistake was made again, leading to the defeat of Pyle. Lee and his Dragoons were mistaken for Tarleton and his Legion. Supposing they could speak with impunity, these Sons of Peace were as free of invective against supporters of American principles as if they had been blasphemers from their cradles. Their leader was particularly distinguished by his abuse and insolence, which he carried to such extremity and so highly exasperated the surrounding Dragoons with whom he conversed, that one of them drew forth a pistol and fatally discharged it, laying him dead at his feet. The consternation which followed cannot be conceived; fear paralyzed exertion, and the whole party, stupified and silent, remained as if awaiting annihilation. Lee, who was ever:\n\n362 QUAKER CONGRATULATIONS.\n\nLee, who was ever distinguished by his abuse and insolence, ultimately carried it to such extremity and so highly exasperated the surrounding Dragoons with whom he conversed, that one of them drew forth a pistol and fatally discharged it, laying him dead at his feet. The consternation which followed cannot be conceived; fear paralyzed exertion, and the whole party, stupified and silent, remained as if awaiting annihilation. Lee, who was ever known for his provocative behavior, ultimately carried it to such extremes and so highly exasperated the surrounding Dragoons with whom he conversed, that one of them drew his pistol and fatally discharged it, laying him dead at his feet. The consternation which followed cannot be imagined; fear paralyzed action, and the entire party, stunned and silent, remained as if awaiting destruction.\neloquent and conspicuously so, he harangued them for a full half hour when called upon to speak on the spur of the occasion. Bidding them dismiss every apprehension for their personal safety, he pointed out the folly and wickedness of their procedure and represented the vengeance that would inevitably follow the repetition of their offense. One and all avowed their sense of error and promised to sin no more. \"Retire then,\" said Lee, \"seek your homes and secure safety by submission.\" The troop immediately wheeled and moved forward with regularity, but first one, and then another squad broke off from the main body, and in a little turn, a Quaker was seen pushing through.\nLieutenant Colonel Lee, in his Memoirs, considered the circumstance that led to the abandonment of the attack on John's Island as one of the most unfortunate of the war. He had anticipated a brilliant Partisan stroke, but his views were completely blasted by an unexpected accident. I shall record it to show that destruction is often at hand in war, even when conviction exists of the most perfect security.\n\nColonel Craig, one of the most distinguished officers in the British service, was encamped with a considerable force.\nA robust force was stationed near the center of the Island, confident in its ability to avoid surprise by an enemy. With the aid of numerous gallies and gun-boats, he had complete control of the navigation, and all small craft in the vicinity were in his possession. At the Church Flats, where the River Stono separated the Island from the Main, it was known to be fordable at low water. However, two stout galleys were stationed there, positioned so close to each other that their crews could converse, while sentinels every half hour called out the watch words \u2013 \"All's well!\"\n\nTo counter Colonel Craig's command, two powerful detachments were chosen and placed under the orders of Lee and Laurens. Had these reached the Island, they would have ensured victory.\nThey would have had the advantage of falling upon an enemy, in all probability careless from a false security, and altogether unprepared for action. But unfortunately, in the approach to the river, Laurens' division, commanded by Major James Hamilton, a good and intrepid officer, was badly guided and got lost in the woods. Lee's division, under the guidance of Captain Freer, a patriotic Islander, arrived at the pass at the happiest moment. The tide was out, and Captain Rudolph, who led the van with the Legion Infantry, passed the river between the gallies undiscovered. The remainder were ready to follow, when some uneasiness being entertained on account of the delay of Laurens' division, a halt was ordered. Thus exposed, the troops remained above an hour, the British sentry discovered them.\nThe cry of \"All's well!\" echoed on each side as they continued. The rapid flow of the tide increased the difficulty of passing, the water reaching the breast of the tallest man. Rudolph was recalled, and to the mortification of all concerned, the expedition ended in retreat.\n\nThe suggested consequences of the American forces passing the river are justified by the enemy's conduct. On the next day, having been apprised of the contemplated attack, the whole force, dispersed over the Island, was collected and with great precipitation removed to Charleston.\n\nCONTEMPLATED MUTINY OF THE ARMY UNDER GENERAL GREENE.\n\nWhen the Continental Army reached the lower country in the fall of 1781 and encamped at the Round-O, the means of subsistence were abundant. Plenty\nThe consumption of every essential article of provision and forage was so extravagant that before the end of the winter, the difficulty of procuring food made it doubtful whether it would not be necessary again to retire into the interior. The season was altogether unpropitious to the transportation of supplies. The rains were incessant. Linton of Washington's, with more truth than politeness, told a lady who asked him, \"How he liked the low country of Carolina?\" \"Were I a duck, a crane, or a curlew, I might be qualified to give you an answer. Madam; for, since my arrival in it, the face of the earth has never been within my view.\" These discouraging circumstances, the absolute want of decent clothing, the increase of disease, and the dangerous predicament of having no supplies.\nThe employment leading to the mutiny gave rise to this spirit, which I regret must be discussed. I wish this disgraceful event could be erased from our history; however, circumstances connected to it merit recording.\n\nThe Pennsylvania Line mutiny in Jersey caused widespread dismay throughout the continent and was seen by the enemy as the prelude to universal rebellion. Their disappointment was great, as a redress of grievances was all that was sought. Satisfaction was wisely offered to the insurgents by our Government, and they willingly abandoned the emissaries sent from New York to encourage opposition and returned to their duty. No immediate harm resulted; however, this example of insubordination was later productive of harm.\nI. The alarming consequences were manifesting themselves among the soldiers. Destitute of clothing and stinted in food, severe disease and discontent began to show in the most appalling colors. The first indication I recall was a placard near the quarters of General St. Clair, commanding the Pennsylvanians, which read, \"Can soldiers be expected to do their duty in rags and fed on rice?\" Suspicion attached to a few disorganizing characters who escaped punishment, and tranquility was, for a time, restored. However, the embers that had been smothered but not extinguished were quickly revived through the intrigues of a Sergeant in the Pennsylvanians and two domestics attached to the family of General Greene, who opened a correspondence with the enemy.\nThe enemy engaged on a given day to deliver up their commander and every officer of distinction. A female noticed murmuring of the disaffected and unguarded expressions of the ringleader, occasioning the discovery of the plot. The light troops, indulged with comfortable quarters in the rear to recover from severe service, were brought forward. Washington's, Gill's, and the Legion Cavalry took station in advance. The Delawares, Smith's company of Virginia Regulars, and Legion Infantry were drawn nearer to Head-Quarters. A troop of horse was pushed forward to watch the enemy's motions. The sergeant was arrested, tried, and executed. The fate of the country was suspended by a mutiny, contemplated by the enemy. (367 words)\nA youth, an Apollo in shape and a fine military figure, led forth to pay the penalty for his perfidy. He walked with a firm step and composed countenance, distributing his clothing to his companions as he passed along. His hat he gave to one, his coat to another, his sleeve buttons to a third. Every countenance expressed sorrow, but not a murmur was heard. Arrived at the fatal spot, he called upon his comrades, \"not to...\"\nI. He would not sully their glory nor forgo the advantages they would quickly realize from the war's end; if desertion was in their thoughts, they discarded it. I have no complaint about the Court; I spoke imprudently, and they could not have acted otherwise based on the evidence of my guilt. He then signaled the platoon from his own corps, was fired upon, and expired. General Greene took great pains to make a full discovery as soon as suspicion was aroused. However, as soon as sufficient evidence was obtained, he waited not to ascertain the extent of the evil but crushed it effectively. A few hours' delay would have resulted in the loss of our officers and probably the death of every faithful soldier. O'Neal had been sent to watch.\nmotions of the enemy, accompanied by Middleton as his second, and Captain Rudolph, who had volunteered-contemplated mutiny, &c.\n\nPassing Bacon and Eagle bridges, they patrolled the road for several miles below Dorchester, seeing no appearance of any party outside their lines. Wheeling his troop to return, Rudolph, with two dragoons, was in advance. On a sudden, three well-mounted Black Troopers appeared in front. These were immediately charged. The chief fell by the arm of Pope, a soldier of distinguished gallantry. Rudolph dismounted the second and made him a prisoner; the third escaped. The captive being asked if the British Cavalry were out in force, declared \"That a single troop, under the command of Captain Dawkins, had gone by the way of Goose Creek Bridge, a few miles higher, and were to return by the way of Dorchester.\"\nKnowing the firmness of Rudolph, the valour of Midleton, and the tried bravery of his troop, O'Neal pushed forward in full expectation of a complete triumph. Dawkins was soon discovered passing through the village of Dorchester and bearing down upon him. The charge was sounded on both sides, and a fierce conflict began; but before any material advantage could be gained, the bugle was heard from another quarter, and infantry rose in every direction. A road leading towards Goose Creek afforded the only chance of retreat; this was immediately taken, and though exposed to a heavy fire, the officers and most of the privates escaped without injury. Nine men and fifteen horses of the troop fell into the hands of the enemy. Twelve of the traitors attached to the Main Army quit the standard of their country and reached the enemy.\nThe spirit of discontent appeared with the British as they prepared for safety. Anxiously, the departure of the enemy was anticipated, yet it was still protracted. General Gadsden expressed doubt in their sincerity to leave until they had crossed the bar of Charleston. On the evening of December 12, 1782, the Legion was ordered to cross the Ashley and move towards the British Lines, attempting to harass the retreating garrison. A detachment of Refugees accompanied them.\nstances had left the city expressly to murder Mr. John Parker of Goose Creek, who had, but a few nights before, in defending his house against their attacks, killed their leader, Robins, were met with, and driven back so much under the influence of terror, that they eluded the pursuit even of our swiftest coursers. They were entering the plantation at one gate when the Legion reached the house by another. Sensible that their motives could not be misunderstood (their threats had indeed declared them), they shrank from action and fled.\n\nPedbiusque also added others.\n\nA considerable detachment of infantry that had crossed during the night at Ashley Ferry, under the command of Major James Hamilton, and a company of artillery under Captain Singleton, joined at daylight, and the whole under the direction of General Moultrie.\nWayne moved towards the British outpost at Shubrick. Before any indication of hostility could be shown, a gentleman of respectability advancing proposed, on behalf of General Leslie, \"That no impediment should be offered to embarkation; in which case, he pledged himself that no injury would be done to the town. But, in the event of attack, he should use every means to ensure security, and not be answerable for any consequences that might follow.\" General Wayne gave a ready consent to the proposition and immediately withdrew his troops to Accabee \u2013 not to refresh them, for they were totally destitute of food \u2013 but to prepare themselves to make as handsome an appearance as circumstances would admit on the following morning. On the 14th, at daybreak, a gun was fired to apprise the British of the approach of the American forces.\nAmerican forces advanced towards the city. They arrived at their lines as ramparts were being mounted. The Yaugers retreated about fifty yards in front; some of our officers, not in command, rode forward and conversed with those of the army embarking. General Leslie had issued orders for the inhabitants to remain in their houses, and they obeyed so strictly that the Main Guard House had been taken possession of by Captain Rouvrey of the Maryland Line, before it was known that our troops were in the city. However, it seemed that the enemy were not without suspicion that they might receive a parting blow \u2013 galleys in the Ashley and Cooper Rivers dropped down in a line with our troops, the whole length of the Neck, and in front of the Bay, as the cavalry moved into their view.\nThe men of war and armed vessels were positioned, with lit matches, and every preparation for action. EVACUATION OF CHARLESTON. No shot was fired on either side, and the articles of convention were strictly adhered to. In the evening, General Greene entered the town and was received with respectful homage. Great rejoicing could not be expected, as the persons found in the garrison were chiefly British merchants, who remained with permission to dispose of their goods, or Americans who had submitted. The guard at night was committed to the Legion; and in a very little time, every apartment was crowded with soldiers and sailors who had emerged from their hiding places and surrendered themselves.\nGeneral Wayne called at the Guard-House early in the morning and said, \"I do not wish to take advantage of circumstances. If there are any men among you who have inadvertently remained behind and not with the intention to quit the British standard, let them speak. They shall not be regarded as prisoners but be immediately conveyed on board the fleet.\" Nineteen sailors stepped forward and declared, \"We had only remained on shore to see the end of a frolic, and we would be glad to profit from your generous offer.\" Lieutenant Middleton, with a proper compliment to General Leslie for the handsome manner in which he had prevented the town from being injured, embarked with a flag of truce and delivered the men in his charge.\nTo Commodore Sweeney, who commanded the Naval department.\n\nOn the morning of the evacuation, a very singular occurrence took place. Captain Cams observed a soldier, whom he believed to be in a regiment identical to that of the Legion, hurrying into the very last boat. He put his hand on the soldier's shoulder and demanded, \"Whither so fast, my lad; you surely cannot wish to desert.\"\n\n\"Sir,\" said the person held, \"you are mistaken. I am a Captain in the British service.\" Cams immediately relinquished his hold and apologized. The boat pushed off, and it was discovered that the imprudent being who had so long delayed his departure was Mr. William Oliphant, late a Captain in the Continental Army, who, seduced by the promises of Lord C. Montague, had defected.\nTo the unutterable grief of his venerable father, he abandoned the cause of his country and accepted a commission in his regiment.\n\nMf^rellaneotts mntXfoUu.\n\nNight Attack on General Wayne.\n\nOne of the most singular occurrences of the war was the midnight attack upon the Camp of General Wayne, then lying at Gibbons' Plantation, about five miles distant from Savannah, by Guistecasgo, a chief of the Creek nation. The intrepidity of this gallant warrior was, in the first instance, attended with complete success. The sentinels were surprised, the camp entered, and cannon taken. The attempt to render them serviceable proved his ruin; the time was lost which should have been employed in pursuing his success; and the confusion occasioned by so unexpected an attack having subsided, Parker's Light Infantry's bayonet and Gunn's desperate charge.\nThe encounter proved irresistible. The chief, fighting hand to hand with Wayne, was killed. Seventeen of his warriors fell; the rest, abandoning their pack-horses and leaving a very considerable prize of peltry to the victors, fled. Regrettably, this encounter, in which consummate gallantry was displayed on both sides, did not terminate here. Unfortunately, a report, which the very nature of the attack rendered probable, produced the most dire catastrophe. It seemed incredible that Indians, accustomed for the most part to resort to stratagem for success, would, without the certainty of timely support, venture on so bold and hazardous an enterprise. An alarm spread that the enemy from Savannah, led on by the gallant JBrowne, were at hand, hastening to support their allies; and twelve young warriors, who were prisoners, were added to their ranks.\nThe General ordered the doomed to die if they didn't join the expected assailants, causing many pangs to his heart. Before the falsity of the intelligence could be ascertained, the victims were sacrificed and unresistingly fell.\n\nMAJOR MAXWELL.\n\nTowards the conclusion of the war, the hostile attacks of the Cherokees on our frontier compelled General Greene to order General Pickens to invade their territory and bring them to a proper sense of their error with exemplary punishment. With his accustomed zeal and activity, Pickens performed the service and achieved complete success. Mounting his men and adopting the sword instead of the rifle, he so confounded his enemy that unable to withstand the boldness and fury of his charge, they speedily relinquished every idea of resistance and precipitately fled. Forty [unintelligible] were taken captive.\nIndians were killed, many prisoners taken, and thirteen towns reduced to ashes. Opposition ceased. I asked the particulars of Major Maxwell regarding the desperate conflict between him and a renowned chief, and received the following communication:\n\n\"While charging the enemy, my horse was shot dead beneath me. I received a very injurious fall, and had scarcely time to rise and put myself on my guard, when an Indian of prodigious power and activity, rushing furiously upon me, inflicted a deep and dangerous wound with his tomahawk; receiving at the same time from my arm a deep sabre cut that prostrated him to the earth. Recovering about the same time, the first shock of our encounter, we closed with increased fervor.\"\nanimosity and resolutely contending for victory, in turn appeared to obtain a superiority. The Indian surpassed me in activity. In strength, I was his superior; and my advantage was still increasing, as the copious flow of blood issuing from his wound rendered him at every instant more enfeebled. I perceived a creek near us; I profited by the circumstance and lifting my adversary in my arms, rushed into the deepest part of it, forced his head beneath the surface, and held it there till life had completely left him.\n\nGeneral William Butler\n\nThe interesting anecdotes relative to the sanguinary warfare in our interior country, which immediately follow, were obtained from Mr. Pickens Butler, son of the distinguished revolutionary Partisan, the late General William Butler.\n\nThe first unfortunately gives an appalling picture:\n\n(This text appears to be complete and does not require cleaning.)\nThe savage ferocity exercised by the Tories, while aiming at the subjugation of their adversaries, must, in the eyes of candor, tend to palliate the retaliatory measures resorted to by the Whigs. At a time when the Loyalists were numerous and powerful within the State, James Butler, who was at the head of a party of Whigs, finding himself closely followed and likely to be overpowered by Cunningham's horse, sought shelter in a house near Cloud's Creek. He was quickly assailed by his pursuers and defended himself with great gallantry; but, his ammunition being totally expended, he was driven to the necessity of listening to the tender of mercy proposed by Cunningham and surrendered. The house was now closely surrounded to prevent escape. The arms of Mr. Butler and his party were demanded and given up.\nWhen unfortunate prisoners were marched out one by one and deliberately cut to pieces, to the disgrace of human nature, the ferocious Loyalist leader singled out Mr. Butler as his victim and slew him with his own hand. One man alone escaped. A monument, erected by William Butler with pious regret for so cruel a bereavement, marks to this day the spot where his intrepid father fell.\n\nShortly after Charleston's capture, Captain Michael Watson, a man of great courage, led a party of eighteen mounted Rangers, raised at Edgefield's ridge, into the field with determined hostility against the Tories. William Butler (later so distinguished as an active and intrepid Partisan) commanded a small body of cavalry, fifteen in number, near the same place. These gallant Patriots, receiving information that a party of the enemy was approaching, prepared for battle.\nTories were encamped in Dean's Swamp near Orangeburgh, resolved to attack them. Uniting their forces for that purpose, they marched forward at sun-down with great rapidity, to surely surprise them. About midnight, they met with and detained as a prisoner one Hutto, a disaffected man, and took him along with them, pursuing their march. At the dawn of day, when very near the encampment of their enemy, Hutto escaped, which at once destroyed the hope of meeting their adversaries unprepared for action. Watson declared it madness to proceed, but Butler, whose feelings were excited to the highest pitch of irritation, avowed his firm determination to proceed at all hazards. Watson, though disinclined in the first instance to pursue the enterprise, was not a man to be deterred.\nTwo men were seen standing alone on the verge of Dean's Swamp. Butler, Watson, and Varney, a sergeant of great intrpidity, rode rapidly forward to secure their capture. The rest of the party closely followed. Butler was within twenty yards when Watson cried aloud, \"Beware! The whole body of the enemy is at hand!\" The Tories rose from their ambush and, with a well-directed fire, brought down Avatson, Varney, and several others. \"Suffer me not to fall into their hands,\" exclaimed Watson. Butler heard the appeal and, though severely galled in the attempt, in retreat carried with him the bodies of his friends. It was now seen that the Tories doubled the number of the Whig Party, who experienced the additional strength.\nMortification came from seeing some associates abandon them and flee, and discovering that their entire ammunition had been expended in the brief conflict. The Royalists advanced with complete confidence of victory when Butler formed his troop in compact order and named an intrepid soldier, John Corley, his lieutenant. Charging into their ranks, Butler depended entirely on the sword. The suddenness and violence of the onset astonished and disconcerted the enemy to such a degree that they were thrown into confusion. Had they been given the opportunity to rally, their numbers would have given them victory; but, pressed by Butler with an impetuosity even superior to that with which the attack was commenced, they turned their backs in despair and were driven into the swamp.\nThe great slaughter ensued, and the Whigs dispersed. The Whigs returned to the high land. As they passed the gallant Varney, he made an effort to rise\u2014waved his hand in triumph\u2014fell again, and expired. Comforting those whom their care could benefit, a soldier's grave was dug with soldiers' swords, and Varney's body was deposited where the brave are proud to lie\u2014the field of Victory.\n\nGallantry of a Boy of Fourteen.\n\nWhen Captain Falls received a mortal wound and fell at the battle of Ramsour's Mill, his son, a youth of fourteen, rushed to the body. The man who had shot him was preparing to plunder it. Regardless of his opponent's strength, the intrepid youth snatched up his father's sword and plunged it into the breast of the soldier, laying him dead at his feet.\n\nLieut. Ballard Smith, of Virginia,\nAttached to the Legion of Infantry.\nAfter the capture of the British galley, where Lieutenant Smith acted as second in command, a partisan enterprise was undertaken by him. This would have caused great confusion and dismay among the British garrison if it had succeeded. A tavern, called Dewees' at the time, was kept at a farm house about two miles from Charleston. Officers frequently visited it for recreation. It was often the scene of entertainments, and on one occasion of a splendid ball. Lieutenant Smith, having been informed of this, took twelve men and Sergeant Du Coin of the Legion, a soldier of proven courage, and passed the river with a boat rowed with muffled oars from the American to the opposite shore. The night was dark and gloomy. The negro who rowed the boat for them.\nDu Coin, baffled and likely apprehensive, missed the landing place and ran the boat into the marsh that bordered the shore. Du Coin, to make discoveries, slipped silently overboard. With great difficulty, he reached the shore below the house. His curiosity led him to investigate; the noise of music and revelry facilitated his approach. He leapt the fence and passed through the garden, gaining access to a window where he saw a large and elegant assembly of people enjoying the delights of dancing. Alone and unarmed, without a chance of success, he returned to the water's edge. After ascertaining the exact situation of the landing place, he regained the boat. So much time had already been lost, and the ebbing tide, too, was receding.\nLieutenant Smith found the situation unfavorable to his purpose. He decided it was best to retreat, hoping to return with better success on a future occasion. The following night was favorable for enterprise, and the river was crossed as before, with Du Coin steering the boat. Lieutenant Smith immediately surrounded the house and entered it, expecting to make a handsome capture of officers, but his evil genius forbade it. Instead of twenty or thirty officers, many of high rank, a Hessian Major and a volunteer Irish Lieutenant, who had sacrificed too freely to Bacchus, were the only people found on the premises. He paroled them and returned without molestation.\n\nAbout the same period, a British armed vessel\n\nLieutenant Foster of Virginia, Attached to the Legion.\nAnchored opposite Mr. Fuller's plantation, near Ashley Ferry, Lieutenant Foster, who commanded a scouting party in the neighborhood, concluding plunder was the object and Mr. Fuller's the destination, secreted his men so effectively in the marsh, near the landing place, that the marauders advancing in their boat never suspected danger till they saw the muskets of eighteen men within ten yards, directly levelled at them. One man snatched up a blunderbuss and would have resisted, had he not been restrained by his companions, who, calling loudly for quarter, surrendered at discretion. This was an acceptable prize. A fine boat, completely equipped, well provided with comforts, and twenty-six prisoners, well armed, surrendered without a shot being fired. Freed from alarm on account of personal safety,\nThe captives could not avoid jesting with each other about their misfortune. Completely and unexpectedly ensnared, they had made their descent, well-prepared not only with bags to carry off property but also with poles with slip-knots fixed to their ends for securing pigs and poultry. Their captivity was of short duration. Colonel Laurens, who commanded in the neighborhood, sent them in their own boat, under the sanction of a flag of truce, to Charleston, making them the heralds of their own disgrace.\n\nMISCELLANEOUS ANECDOTES. 381\n\nLIEUTENANT JOHN RHODES, OF PRINCE WILLIAMS.\n\nThe British, while in possession of Port-Royal Island, kept a strong detachment of troops at Roupell's Ferry. A small militia guard, commanded by Lieutenant Rhodes of the Prince William's Company, were stationed at Page's Point, on the opposite shore.\nLieutenant Judiciously made a representation of his perilous situation to the commanding Continental Officer at Sheldon. Brigade Major Hamilton of the 1st Regiment was immediately sent to judge of the accuracy of the statement, who, finding it strictly correct, wrote for and obtained a Sergeant's guard of Continentals to strengthen the command. While so near the enemy, I would pay them a closer visit if I could find a proper guide, said Hamilton. I am acquainted with every foot of the ground they occupy, and will willingly accompany you across the river, replied Lieutenant Rhodes. Hastily conceived and promptly entered on, the expedition was immediately carried into effect.\nA boat was prepared, and the river was passed with muffled oars. A Sergeant's guard was approached, surrounded, and, with the exception of one man who escaped and the Sergeant, who resisted and was severely wounded by Lieutenant Rhodes, was brought off. This Partisan stroke was accomplished by eleven men, officers included, four of whom never quit the boat.\n\n582 Miscellaneous Anecdotes.\n\nLIEUTENANT PARHAM.\n\nDuring the action at Stono, Lieutenant Parham, the Adjutant of the Light Infantry, was stationed by Major Pinckney in the rear of the Continentals, specifically to keep the men in their stations and prevent the possibility of skulkers falling behind. As he passed over the field of battle, a British officer, desperately wounded, pressed him so earnestly to afford him a drink of water, to slake his consuming thirst, that to refuse was deemed impossible, and the request was granted.\nThe British officer presented an elegant watch to Parham, saying, \"Take it, Sir, it's yours by conquest. Your generous procedure gives you still greater title to it.\" Parham replied, \"I came into the field to fight, not to plunder. It gives me pleasure to have rendered you service; I ask no other recompense.\" The officer responded, \"Keep it for me then, in trust, till we meet again. For if left in my hands, it may be wrested from me by some marauder, who, to secure silence, may inflict death.\" Parham agreed, \"but soon as opportunity offers, consider it a sacred duty to return it.\"\n\nA considerable period elapsed before a second meeting took place. However, in strict conformity to his honorable feeling and voluntary promise, Parham no further interfered with the watch.\nAt the commencement of the Revolution, Mrs. Wright, a native of Pennsylvania and distinguished modeller of likenesses and figures of wax, was exhibiting specimens of her skill in London. The King of Great Britain, pleased with her talents, gave her liberal encouragement. Finding her a great politician and enthusiastic Republican, he often entered into discussion relative to passing occurrences and endeavored to refute her opinions with regard to the probable issue of the war. The frankness with which she delivered her sentiments seemed rather to please him.\n\nMISCELLANEOUS ANECDOTES. 333\n\nMrs. Wright\n\nAt the commencement of the Revolution, Mrs. Wright, a native of Pennsylvania and distinguished modeller of likenesses and figures of wax, exhibited specimens of her skill in London. The King of Great Britain, pleased with her talents, gave her liberal encouragement. Finding her a great politician and enthusiastic Republican, he often entered into discussions about passing occurrences and attempted to refute her opinions regarding the probable issue of the war. The frankness with which she delivered her sentiments seemed rather to please him.\nI. Mrs. Wright did not fear offending him. This was fortunate, as she gave her opinion without restraint or consideration of consequences. I recall her saying that on one occasion, the monarch, irritated by a disaster to his troops where he had predicted a triumph, exclaimed, \"I wish, Mrs. Wright, you would tell me how it will be possible to check the silly infatuation of your countrymen, restore them to reason, and render them good and obedient subjects.\" \"' I consider their submission to your Majesty's government now altogether out of the question,\" replied Mrs. Wright. \"Friends you may make them, but never subjects. For America, before a king can reign there, must become a wilderness, without other inhabitants than the beasts of the forest. The opponents of the monarchy there are numerous and determined.\"\n\"decrees of your Parliament rather than submit, a man would perish but if the restoration of peace be seriously the object of your wishes, it needs but the striking off of three heads to produce it. And whose are the three heads to be struck off, Madam? \"O, Lord North and Lord George Grenville.\" \"And whose is the third head?\" \"O, Sire, politeness forbids me to name him. Your Majesty could never wish me to forget myself and be guilty of an incivility. In her exhibition room, one group of figures particularly attracted attention; and by all who knew her sentiments, was believed to be a pointed hint at the results, which might follow the wild ambition of the Monarch. The busts of the King and Queen of Great Britain, were placed on a table.\"\nThe figure gazed intently at the head in its lap, which she was modeling on the unfortunate Charles I. Deliesseline.\n\nAfter the disastrous surprise of White's cavalry at Lenud's Ferry, Mr. Deliesseline, the present Sheriff of Charleston District, performed an exploit that entitled him to high praise. Though only sixteen years old when Charleston fell, he was inspired by ardent enthusiasm for his country and determined to encounter every danger and submit to every privation rather than yield to a foe who had already shown a fixed determination to rule with the iron hand of oppression. To avoid impending danger, he had sought safety in concealment. Upon the appearance and first attack of the British, thirteen of the best horses of the corps were seized.\nsurprised, broke through the ranks of the assailants and galloped off in a body; but, being quickly followed by a party of the victorious dragoons, were taken and conveyed to a neighboring plantation. There, left in possession of an inhabitant named Deschamps, with strict injunction from the officer commanding not to suffer them to be removed till he should return and reclaim them. Deschamps, being a Whig in principle, paid little regard to the order; and through the medium of a lady strongly attached to the American cause, information was immediately conveyed to the retreat of Deliesseline in the swamp on the opposite side of the Santee. The fair opportunity to serve his country was not neglected. Accompanied by a youth of his own age, named Dupre, the river was immediately passed, and the stables of Deschamps were reached.\nAssailed and, in spite of the resistance of the domestics, the horses seized and swam across the Santee, delivering, with all their equipment, to Major Jamison, who, with several officers who had escaped the swords of the enemy, were assembled at Georgetown. The delight of these gentlemen, to see the finest of their cavalry thus unexpectedly restored, surpassed expression. Major Jamison immediately tendered a certificate to the full amount of their value; but the patriotic spirit that had given birth to the enterprise spurned the idea of being paid for its accomplishment. The youthful associates modestly declared, \"That their motives were altogether disinterested; and that the happiness of having rendered a service to their country, was a sufficient reward.\"\n\nCaptain Gee.\n\nAt the battle of Eutaw, when General Marion's forces were engaged.\nBrigade was displaying in face of the enemy, Captain \nGee, who commanded the front platoon, was shot \n386 MISCELLANEOUS ANECDOTES. \ndown, and supposed to be mortally wounded. The \nball passed through the cock of a handsome hat, that \nhe had recently procured, tearing the crown very much, \nand in its progress, the head also. He lay for a con- \nsiderable time insensible ; the greater part of the day \nhad passed without a favourable symptom ; when, sud- \ndenly reviving, his first inquiry was after his beaver, \nwhich being brought him, a friend, at the same time, \nlamenting the mangled state of the head, he ex- \nclaimed\u2014 \" O, never think of the head ; time and the \nDoctor will put that to rights ; but it grieves me to \nthink, that the rascals have ruined my hat for ever I\" \nCAPTAIN ZEIGLER, OF PENNSYLVANIA. \nThe conclusion of the war, though in the highest \nI. Remember, when the army was reviewed for the last time on James' Island and 'dfeu de joie fired to celebrate the return of Peace, Captain Zeigler of the Pennsylvania Line, after saluting General Greene, significantly shrugged up his shoulders and dropped the point of his sword, giving vent to an agony of tears. The review ended. When questioned as to the cause of his emotion, he feelingly said, \"Although I am happy in the thought that my fellow soldiers may now seek their homes to enjoy the reward of their toils and all the delights of domestic felicity, I cannot but remember, that I am left on.\"\nA wanderer without friends or employment in the bustling scene of life, I am now in the decline of life, compelled to seek a precarious subsistence in some new channel. Ignorance and inability may mar my fortunes, condemning me to perpetual obscurity. I have given the gist of his speech in plain language; it was not his usual style, which formed a dialect not easily comprehended, a mixture of German and English words. An excellent and intrepid soldier, he took great pride in the discipline and military appearance of the company he commanded. On one occasion, while conducting a number of prisoners to a British outpost, he addressed his men, whom he was ambitious to show to the best advantage, and said:\nA soldier named Fickling, during General Lincoln's encampment at Purysburg, caused indignation among his comrades due to his irregular conduct and repeated attempts to desert to the enemy. He was brought to trial and condemned to death. As he was being led to execution, the Surgeon General of the army happened to pass by on his way to his quarters, which were at a distance.\nbeing tied to the fatal tree, Jer caused the rope to break, and the culprit fell to the ground. This circumstance, to a man of better character, might have proved advantageous; but, being universally considered a miscreant from whom no good could ever be expected, a new rope was sought. Lieutenant Hamilton, the Adjutant of the 1st Regiment, a stout and heavy man, attempted to break it, but without effect. Fickling was then haltered and turned off again, when, to the astonishment of the by-standers, the rope untwisted, and he fell a second time, uninjured, to the ground. A cry for mercy was now general throughout the ranks, which occasioned Major Ladson, Aid-de-Camp to General Lincoln, to gallop to Headquarters to make a representation of the facts.\nA stated, he was granted an immediate pardon, accompanied by an order that he should be drummed out of camp with every mark of infamy and threatened with instant death if ever found attempting to approach it again. In the interim, the Surgeon General had established himself at his quarters in a distant barn, quietly resting and doubting that the catastrophe was at an end. Midnight was at hand, and he was busily engaged in writing when he heard the approach of a footstep. He raised his eyes and, with astonishment, saw the figure of the man, who in his opinion had been executed, slowly and with a haggard countenance approaching towards him. \"How is this?\" exclaimed the Doctor. \"Where do you come from? What do you want with me?\"\n\"Were you not hanged this morning?\" asked the Doctor. \"Yes, Sir,\" replied the man. \"I am the wretch you saw going to the gallows, and who was hanged.\" Keep your distance,\" said the Doctor. \"Why are you here?\" Simply, Sir,\" said the man, \"to solicit food. I am no ghost, Doctor. The rope broke twice while the executioner was doing his office, and the General thought proper to pardon me.\" \"If that be the case,\" rejoined the Doctor, \"eat and welcome; but I beg of you, in future, to have a little more consideration, and not intrude so unceremoniously into the apartment of one who had every right to suppose you an inhabitant of the tomb.\" I hope I shall be pardoned for relating an occurrence, which, though of no consequence to the public, was to me.\"\nI myself am of such momentous importance that I cannot be recalled, even at this distant day, without the keenest and most appalling sensations. To check the predatory excursions of the British garrison, the light troops were placed so as to be ready, on the slightest alarm, to encounter them. The enemy were not without energy, and did occasionally venture beyond their lines, but rarely with impunity; a partial sacrifice of men was the general result, frequently the entire loss of the party. They had their successes too, and on three different occasions, Armstrong and George Carrington of Lee's, and Kelty of Baylor's, were made prisoners. Information being communicated to Colonel Laurens that a considerable detachment of cavalry had passed by Goose Creek Bridge, higher up the country than they had usually ventured, Rudolph's company of the Legion,\nAnd the Quinaults of the Delawares were stationed across the Ashley to lie in ambush. Quinault, number 390, took post near Eagle Bridge, below Dorchester; Rudolph above it, immediately opposite the avenue leading to Cato's Plantation. I acted as his subaltern. It was at the close of the day that information was conveyed by a dragoon that the enemy were certainly above us, retreating towards their lines. Rudolph, commanding the strictest silence, posted three sentinels, each a little in advance of the other, with orders not to hail but to retire cautiously before any party that should approach. Then, addressing his men, he said, \u2014 \"I know you too well to think it necessary to recommend obedience and energy. When the first sentinel reaches us, whom I have ordered to retire as quickly as possible.\"\nThe enemy appears. A single clap of my hands shall be the signal to prepare. When I clap my hands a second time, you must stand ready to level your pieces. I trust you will do so with the deliberation that, from your proximity to the road, must occasion great execution. When I clap my hands the third time, give your fire, shout loudly, and rush forward with the bayonet. He had scarcely ceased speaking when horsemen were distinctly heard crossing an old field, directly in our front, to Cato's house. To ascertain who they were, Captain Rudolph quit his command, directing me to act in strict conformity to the orders he had communicated. But a few minutes had elapsed before the sentinel most advanced retreated and proclaimed that he had distinctly heard the approach of cavalry. I clapped my hands.\nI clapped my hands, and all were ready to level their muskets. The second sentinel appeared, communication was unnecessary as the trampling of horses approached was heard by everyone. I candidly admit it was a moment of breathless expectation. The troop was about twenty yards distant, and I waited till it was immediately in front to give the signal to fire, when Rudolph's exalted voice was heard exclaiming, 'Stop, for God's sake stop; do not fire, they are friends.' He quickly reached me with the information that the horsemen he had met at Cato's were two of our own.\nA regiment had been sent forward to seek out Captain Armstrong, who had crossed at Bacon's Bridge with the third troop of the Legion. They were to provide information and caution against being mistaken for the enemy. Good God, what an escape I had! It was Armstrong who was immediately before me; had not providence intervened, I would have, innocently, done a deed that would have bitterly regretted every hour of my future life.\n\nWhile the Legion lay at Mr. Izard's Villa Plantation near Bacon's Bridge, anxiously looking forward to the evacuation of the Capital, my superior officer, Captain Handy, advised me, as there was little appearance of an immediate call for active service, to visit a friend in the neighborhood and enjoy the leisure.\nI. Having enjoyed the luxury of a comfortable meal, I was not ungrateful. With great satisfaction, I rode to Mrs. Barnard Elliott's, a few miles distant, where I was certain to receive a hearty welcome. Dinner was served, and I was about to take my place at the table, when a dragoon galloped up and presented a note from Captain Handy. The note required me, without delay, to join the regiment about to cross the Ashley, with orders to harass the enemy's rear, who were on the eve of departure. I had no alternative, and without hesitation, set out. Arriving at the Villa, I found that the regiment had already moved. Hastening forward, I speedily joined it. We encamped for the night at Parker's, below Dorchester, and expressing to Handy and Manning, my companions, my recent disappointment.\nA soldier, who had heard the conversation, offered a cooked turkey leg and rice that he had purchased from a passing Negro. We accepted, and ate our scanty portions with great relish. We had halted at Parker's during the night to give General Wayne an opportunity to cross with a large body of infantry via Ashley Ferry. After our junction with the infantry, General Wayne, escorted by the whole cavalry, moved forward.\nA soldier approached to reconnoiter the enemy's position at Shu-brick's. After the usual hour of refreshment passed with little relief from our Commissary, a third soldier advanced, saying, \"I hope Captain Handy will not refuse me, a leg of the turkey Scott purchased last night on the road, as it is a particularly fine one. I wish, with a tempting mess of rice, to offer it to him.\" A third leg was eaten, and for the next three meals, another and another leg of Scott's purchased turkey were presented. The mystery was soon explained. A messenger arrived with dispatches for General Wayne, bringing an order that the troops' knapsacks be strictly examined. Thirty turkeys had been stolen from Mr. John Waring's poultry-house.\nThe time of our removal from Izard's. A search was made but no feather was found that could justify suspicion of criminality in any Legionary Soldier. A detachment of Pennsylvanians were but a little removed from the spot, and as they enjoyed high reputation for their partiality to delicate fare, this uncivil transfer of property was generally attributed to them. A soldier of that Line is recorded to have told this story. A turkey cock being found in his knapsack, inquiry was made as to the right of possession. He declared, \"that in gobbling the saucy bird had so often called him Tory, Tory, Tory, that he had killed him to prevent further insult.\" But, said the interrogating officer, \"here is a hen also in your knapsack; she does not gobble \u2013 why was she killed?\"\nA friend who assured me that his information was derived from the best authority related an anecdote highly characteristic of the humanity and discretion of the good and great Washington. Stopping for refreshment at a house in Jersey, in which a wounded officer lay, sensitively agitated by the slightest noise, Washington spoke in an undertone at the table and showed marked consideration for the sufferer. Retiring to another apartment at the conclusion of the meal, the gentlemen of his family, unrestrained by his presence, were less paranormal activities.\n\nGeneral Washington.\n\nShe heard the insult, and if she had not been smothered by her close confinement, might have told you how much I bore, before I could persuade myself to do the rascal an injury.\n\nWashington. An evidence. She heard the insult and, had she not been confined closely, might have told you how much I endured before I could persuade myself to retaliate.\nThey spoke in higher tones. When the General, who heard them with uneasiness, immediately returned, opening the door with great caution and walking on tip toe to the extremity of the apartment, took a book from the mantelpiece and without uttering a syllable, again retired. The hint was not lost \u2013 respectful silence was the immediate consequence.\n\nDr. M*Caula, some time since Intendant of Charleston, who served with distinction during the war of the Revolution, has frequently declared that after the surrender of Yorktown, while the Continental Troops were preparing to receive the British, who were to march forth from the garrison and deliver up their arms, that he heard the Commander-in-Chief say, \"My brave fellows, let no sensation of fear or regret influence you.\"\nGeneral Washington, his lady, and Secretary Major Jackson, on their way from the seat of Government to Mount Vernon, stopped for the night at Chester. The President had scarcely arrived and expressed a wish not to be disturbed, when a message was brought that an old gentleman, once favorably disposed towards him and seeking his protection, anxiously requested permission to pay his respects. Let him enter, said General Washington, \"he is the man, Major Jackson.\" (Old Lydick)\nWho, at the risk of his life, entered New York, in possession of the enemy, for the purpose of distributing among the German troops proclamations inviting them to our standard. At an after period, he superintended for many years our baking establishment with zeal and diligence.\n\nAs the old man entered, the General, taking him kindly by the hand, said, \"My worthy friend, I am rejoiced to see you, and truly happy to express my thanks to a man to whom I feel myself under great obligation. You have served your country with exemplary fidelity, and her warmest gratitude is richly your due.\"\n\n\"Such praise from my beloved commander,\" replied Lydick, \"is a high reward. I shall now go to my grave in peace, since it has been my happiness, once again, to meet and pay my duty to your Excellency. I have but one\"\nYou are childless! You leave your country with no representative of your virtues! But you are not as old as Abraham; and she, gently touching the shoulder of Mrs. Washington, was as old as Sarah. Through the favor of the Almighty, I hope that a son may still be born to bless us.\n\nThe General thanked him for his good wishes, and the old man retired, praying that fruitfulness might crown the last years of their existence with perfect felicity.\n\nMISCELLANEOUS ANECDOTES.\nMICHAEL DOCHERTY.\n\nThe character of the Soldier of Fortune, so inimitable well drawn, and which constitutes the chief virtue of the popular tale, \"A Legend of Montrose,\" has been considered altogether imaginary. The careless facility with which he changed sides and embraced opposite principles, regarded as the sportive invention of the author.\nThe author's account. I will recount the adventures of a sentinel in the Continental service, as told by him, and leave it to my readers to decide if the character of Dalgetty, \"though it never did, might not have existed.\"\n\nAt the moment of retreat on May 12, 1782, when Colonel Laurens commanded the Light Troops of General Greene's army and beat up the enemy quarters near Accabee, Michael Docherty, a distinguished Delaware soldier, said to a comrade nearby, \"By Jasus, it does my heart good to think that little blood has been spilt this day, and that we are likely to see the close of it without a fight.\" No notice was taken of his speech at the time, but meeting him shortly after in camp, I inquired, how he, who was so much applauded for uncommon valor, felt about the recent events.\nAt the battle of Brandywine, acting as Sergeant in the Delaware Regiment, my Captain was killed, and my Lieutenant absenting himself from the field for the greater safety of his mother's son. I fought with desperation till our ammunition was expended, and my comrades being compelled to retreat, I was left helpless and wounded. I was unlucky from the start. Gallantry should have expressed greater delight on finding the enemy indisposed for action. Who, besides myself, had a better right to be pleased, I wondered. Wounds and captivity hold no charms for me, and Michael has never yet fought, but unfortunately, both have been his portion. When you are given a little piece of my past life, you will give me credit for my caution regarding the future. I was unlucky from the beginning. At the Battle of Brandywine, I, as Sergeant in the Delaware Regiment, found myself in a precarious situation. My Captain was killed, and my Lieutenant, for the safety of his mother's son, absent from the field. I fought with all my might until our ammunition ran out, and my comrades were forced to retreat, leaving me helpless and wounded. I was unlucky from the start. Gallantry should have expressed greater delight on finding the enemy indisposed for action. Who, besides myself, had a better right to be pleased, I wondered? Wounds and captivity hold no charms for me, and Michael has never yet fought, but unfortunately, both have been his portion. When you are given a glimpse into my past life, you will understand my desire to be cautious about the future. I was unlucky from the beginning at the Battle of Brandywine. Acting as Sergeant in the Delaware Regiment, I found myself in a precarious position when my Captain was killed, and my Lieutenant, for the safety of his mother's son, was absent from the field. I fought with all my might until our ammunition ran out, and my comrades were forced to retreat, leaving me helpless and wounded. Gallantry should have expressed greater delight on finding the enemy indisposed for action. Who, besides myself, had a better right to be pleased, I wondered? Wounds and captivity hold no charms for me, and Michael has never yet fought, but unfortunately, both have been his portion. When you are given a glimpse into my past life, you will understand my caution regarding the future. I was unlucky from the beginning at the Battle of Brandywine.\nI the ground and fell into the enemy's hands. Confinement was never agreeable to me. I could never be easy within the walls of a prison. A recruiting sergeant of the British, who was at home in his business, and up to all manner of cajolery, gained my good will. He slipped the King's bounty into my hand, which I pocketed, and entered a volunteer into the 17th Regiment. Stony Point was our station, and I thought myself snugly out of harm's way, when one ugly night, when I did not even dream of such an accident, the post was carried at the point of the bayonet, and an unlucky thrust laid me prostrate on the earth. It was a great consolation, however, that although this was rather rough treatment from the hand of a friend, that the Old Delawares were covered with glory, and that as their soldiers, we shared in their triumphs.\nprisoner. I was sure to meet the kindest attention. Once my wound was cured, and white-washed of my sins, my ancient comrades received me with kindness. Light of heart, and hoping to gain any quantity of laurels in the South, I marched forward with the Regiment, as a part of the command destined to recover the Carolinas and Georgia. The bloody battle of Camden, fought on the 16th of August, brought me once again into trouble. Our Regiment was cut up root and branch, and poor Pilgarlic, my unfortunate self, was wounded and made prisoner. My prejudices against a jail I have frankly told, and being pretty confident that I should not a whit better relish a lodging in the inside of a prison-ship, I once again suffered myself to be persuaded. I listed in the infantry of Tarleton's Legion. O, botheration, what a mistake.\nI never before kept such bad company. As a maid of honor, I was out of my element, and should certainly have given them bail, but I had no time to brood over my misfortunes, for the battle of Cowpens quickly following. Howard and Old Kirk wood gave us the bayonet so handsomely that we were taken one and all, and I would have escaped unhurt had not a dragoon of Washington's added a scratch or two to the account already scored on my unfortunate carcass. As to all the miseries that I have since endured, afflicted with a scarcity of every thing but appetite and mosquitoes, I say nothing about them. My love for my country gives me courage to support that, and a great deal more when it comes. I love my comrades, and they love Docherty. Exchanging kindnesses, we.\nColonel Menzies, prior to Charlestown's evacuation, received a letter from a Hessian officer within the garrison. This officer, who had been a prisoner and received kindness from Menzies, expressed a heartfelt desire to repay the favor by carrying out any commission Menzies would honor. Menzies responded by requesting twelve dozen cigars. However, due to the German officer's limited English proficiency, he wrote \"Sizars\" instead. Consequently, twelve dozen pairs of scissors were sent instead.\nColonel Menzies, for a time, caused much mirth in the camp with his mistake, but no one knew how to profit from it better. Money was not in circulation at the period, and with the aid of his runner, Colonel Menzies lived luxuriously by exchanging his scissors for poultry throughout the country. The lack of active employment was extremely prejudicial to the service at this time, as it engendered discontent among the men and gave birth to perpetual feuds among the officers. With little to fear from the enemy's exertions, confined within the narrow limits of the Charles-town garrison, indolence gave birth to peevishness and discontent.\nand bile was generated to an overflow. A look, a smile, and even the slightest innuendo, though uttered without the most distant idea of giving offense, were too frequently the prelude to a call to the field. The loss of some valuable lives, and infliction of many wounds, was the consequence. I will mention but one instance of the trivial causes that gave birth to intemperate hostility. Colonel Menzies, boasting of the antiquity of his family with true German pomposity, Lieutenant Colonel Jack Stewart of Maryland, laughingly observed, \"That it was impossible for him to entertain a doubt on the subject, since he remembered in the reading of his boyish days, having formed an acquaintance with a Jew of celebrity, one Mordecai Menzies, the confidential and bosom friend of the law giver Moses.\" This jeu d'esprit produced conflict.\nA duel, and nothing but the interposition of cooler heads prevented it from ending fatally. The first shots being exchanged without major incident.\n\nMiscellaneous anecdotes, Yankee captain.\n\nUntil the last hour that the British kept possession of New-York, independent of Custom-House forms, they obliged the captains of American vessels, bringing in articles for sale, to dance attendance, in many instances, for days together, seeking passports to prevent detention by the guard-ships. An unfortunate Yankee, who had sold his notions and was impatient to depart, having been repeatedly put off with frivolous excuses, and bid to \"call again,\" indignantly exclaimed, \"Well, I vow, for a beaten people, you are the most saucy that I ever met with.\"\n\n\"Make out that fellow's passport immediately,\" said the superintendent to an officiating clerk, \"and get rid of him.\"\nThe enmity of the contending armies during the siege of Charleston was not confined to open hostility, but manifested itself in the indulgence of irony. Towards the conclusion of it, the British, believing that the fare of the garrison was both indifferent and scanty, threw a thirteen-inch shell from their lines which passed immediately over the Horn Work, manned by a detachment of the Ancient Battalion of Artillery of Charleston. The shell fell into a morass immediately in the rear without exploding. An officer of that corps, who saw it lodge, approaching it after some time, perceived a folded paper attached to it, addressed \"Miscellaneous Anecdotes. 401 To the Yankee Officers in Charleston.\" The contents of which expressed a wish.\nDuring times of starvation, they would accept supplies from a compassionate enemy of the necessities they most delighted in. The shell was filled with rice and molasses. In return, a shell was immediately filled with hogslard and brimstone and thrown into the British works, accompanied by a note expressing thanks for the received present and begging that the articles returned by a considerate enemy might be appropriated for the use of the Scotch gentlemen in the camp, to whom they might now prove particularly acceptable. It was understood after the siege that the note was received, but not with the good humor that might have been expected had it been considered as a justifiable retaliation.\n\nInstance of Stern Republican Siege Mission to Misfortune.\nThe sternness of Republican principles may certainly be carried to extremes. I received from General Barnwell an instance of it. Hastening to return to his military duties after his exchange, accompanied by his brothers Edward and Robert, his nephew William Elliott, and Aid-de-Camp John B. Holmes, they overtook in a dreary and desolate pine barren in North Carolina Dr. George Bellinger, riding on a miserable broken-down tacky, a blanket serving him as a saddle, and sugar-loaf strings as a bridle, to direct his motions. An invitation was immediately given him to partake of their refreshments, which the more fortunate group carried with them, and accepted. Merrily they passed the entertainment. At the conclusion of it, General Barnwell, commiserating the deplorable situation of a general, offered him a place in his own party.\nA Whig principles gentleman spoke to Mr. Elliott, saying, \"I cannot abide the notion, that a devoted Patriot, advancing to resume a role of benefit in his country's service, should be thus inadequately supplied, while my servant is well mounted and riding at ease. An exchange is essential for your credit, and for the sake of humanity.\" \"My sentiments align with yours,\" replied Mr. Elliott, \"Come, Doctor,\" he continued, \"take my servant's horse, and join our party. He will mount yours, and in due time rejoin us.\" \"I have shared your food and drink with gratitude,\" said Bellinger, \"but I cannot accept a favor that I confessingly could not reciprocate. I might have spared you liquor and sustenance, had our positions been reversed, but beyond that, I could not.\"\nA Soldier named Levingstone, an Irishman in General Marion's Brigade, encountered an armed party on a dark night. A horseman pointed a pistol at him and demanded, \"Declare instantly to which party you belong, or you are a dead man.\" In such a situation, it was likely a British party. Levingstone replied calmly, \"Perhaps, Sir, it would be more civil of you to hint which side of the question you are on.\"\nA speaker replied, \"Declare your principles or die.\" Levingstone responded, \"By Jasus, I will not die with a lie in my mouth. American, you spalpeen, do your worst and be damned to you.\" The inquirer said, \"You are an honest fellow. We are friends, and I rejoice to meet a man faithful to the cause of our country.\"\n\nAn instance of intrepidity in an individual belonging to the Brigade commanded by General Sumter merits recording. A detachment of mounted militia, sent out by the General to watch the enemy's movements, came up with their rear guard at a place called Juniper Springs, about fifteen miles distant from Granby. The British cavalry, who composed it, were:\n\n(The text ends here, no further cleaning is necessary.)\nA superior force quickly disconcerted the American detachment and put them to flight. A poor German named Loaster, belonging to the American party, on a sorry pony with a rope bridle and no other arms than a musket he had already fired, was assailed by a British dragoon. Loaster warded off several desperate blows with extraordinary dexterity, calling out \"Huzza for America\" after every parry. In this perilous situation, Mr. Fitzpatrick determined to save him and rode up, striking the dragoon with the butt end of his pistol, previously discharged, delivering a violent blow to the face that felled him to the ground. Loaster, thus happily rescued,\nAt the battle of Stono, the 71st British Regiment's detachment, nearly annihilated by the American Light Infantry led by Colonel Henderson and Major Pinckney, displayed unyielding courage and obstinacy. A Captain Campbell was notably brave and active, but ultimately succumbed to the severity of his wounds and loss of blood. Leaning against a tree, he awaited the contest's outcome when a confrontation ensued.\nA soldier, raising his piece, was about to inflict an exterminating thrust with the bayonet, had he not been prevented by Lieutenant George Petrie of the South-Carolina Line. Upbraiding him for a want of humanity to an unresisting and fainting foe, he arrested his arm and saved his gallant enemy. Colonel Henderson, who had seen the whole transaction, rode up at this moment and exclaiming, \"That is too brave a fellow to die,\" committed him to the care of the very soldier who would have destroyed him, with a strict injunction to guard him, at the peril of his life, from injury.\n\nA very singular occurrence took place during the siege of Augusta. I mention my friend, Dr. Irvine, as one who was present when it happened.\nTwo outlaws, distinguished by the enormity of their offenses, were taken and condemned to die. An executioner could not be found. Every soldier in the army shrunk with abhorrence from the office. It was at length determined that the one deemed the least guilty should receive a pardon, on the condition of serving as hangman, while his companion paid the penalty of his crimes. The terms were accepted, and the most atrocious culprit turned off. He, however, who was pardoned, had little time for triumph, for his part was scarcely performed before a four-pound shot from the enemy's battery struck him on the breast and laid him dead at the side of the man who had been executed.\n\nTwo outlaws, distinguished by the enormity of their offenses, were taken and condemned to die. An executioner could not be found. Every soldier in the army shrank with abhorrence from the office. It was determined that the less guilty should serve as hangman and the other pay the penalty. The terms were accepted, and the most atrocious culprit was executed. The pardoned man, however, had little time to celebrate, as a four-pound shot from the enemy's battery struck him on the breast and killed him at the side of the executed man.\nIn the army, during the entertainment and at the height of festivity, mirth and good humor abounded. Suddenly, a shell from the enemy fell into the center of the circle formed by the guests. There was no time for retreat; the only chance of escape was to fall prostrate on the earth. The shell burst with a tremendous explosion, covering the whole party with mud and dirt. This rather proved a source of merriment than serious concern, as none of the party sustained further inconvenience.\n\nImportant Service of Major Edmund Hyrne.\n\nIn the spring of 1781, General Greene, commiserating the wretched situation of the Exiles at St. Augustine and of the inflexible patriots confined in the Provost and Prison-ships; anxious too to relieve, he dispatched Major Hyrne with a small detachment to attack the enemy's outposts.\nMajor Edmund Hyrne, aide-de-camp to Governor Rutledge, was sent to Charleston with the hope of accomplishing an equitable exchange using the services of the Continental troops confined in the city. A more qualified man could not have been chosen. He was liberal in his ideas and willing to conciliate where reason justified, but firm against arrogance and injustice. The British commanders, aware of the talents and influence of many individuals within their power, showed little disposition to accede to the terms proposed by the American negotiator. They offered terms that were altogether impossible for him to accept. Under these circumstances, Major Hyrne, who was in the constant habit of visiting the city, continued his efforts.\nPrison-Ships informed the unfortunates in captivity that his efforts to relieve them would, according to appearances, prove altogether abortive; they must endeavor to support with patience and fortitude the evils they were destined to endure. But one hope remains, he added, of bringing the business to a happy conclusion; and the test shall be made without delay.\n\nReturning to his quarters, a note was sent to every British officer enjoying the benefit of a parole (of whom there were, at that time, a very considerable number within the garrison), desiring that preparation should be made to accompany him at an early day to the country. Every effort to accomplish an exchange had proved fruitless; and it could not be expected that liberty should be longer granted to them, while men of the first character and highest respectability in the garrison remained in captivity.\nState residents were subjected to all the miseries and inconveniences of the most rigorous confinement. The effect of this notice was instantaneously perceptible. The Commandant's doors were besieged by petitioners, many of high rank and powerful connections, soliciting him to relinquish his opinions. They begged him to relax, in due season, his severity, saving them from the horrors and destruction which they deemed inevitable, should they be compelled, in the month of June, to remove into the sickly interior country. Their clamor and repeated remonstrances could not be resisted\u2014the dictates of policy yielded before them. The terms of exchange were swiftly adjusted, and the gratified prisoners were restored to liberty and their country.\n\nLieutenant Samuel Seldon,\nOf Virginia.\n\nThis gallant officer commanded one of the advanced posts.\nparties. When General Greene, after investing the post at Ninety-Six for several weeks, determined to reduce it by assault, Seldon entered the ditch of the principal work. At the signal pointed to attack, he raised his right arm with the intention of drawing down a sand-bag from the top of the parapet. A ball entered his wrist, shattering the bone nearly to the shoulder. For such a severe wound, the only remedy was amputation. It is well known that on such occasions, the operating surgeon requires the assistance of several persons to hold the patient's limb and to support him. To this regulation Seldon would not submit. It was his right arm he was about to lose. He sustained it with his left during the operation, his eyes fixed steadily on it, nor uttered a word till the saw reached.\nThe marrow, when in a composed tone and manner, he said, \"I pray you, Doctor, be quick.\" When the business was completed, he feelingly exclaimed, \"I am sorry that it is my right arm; if it had been my left, the occasion would have caused me to glory in the loss.\" He recovered and lived many years afterwards, the object of affection and esteem to all who had the good fortune to know him.\n\nMISCELLANEOUS ANECDOTES. 409.\n\nINSTANCE OF TARLETON'S SEVERITY.\n\nThe advancement of a powerful and victorious army into the interior country, immediately subsequent to the fall of Charleston, caused many inhabitants to take protections. In the neighborhood of Rocky Mount, a young man named Stroud did so, but speedily repenting the dereliction of his duty to his country, he joined the British forces. Tarleton, who commanded the British army, was notorious for his severity, and Stroud, being discovered, was brought before him. Tarleton, with a contemptuous sneer, asked him why he had deserted. Stroud, with tears in his eyes, replied, \"I was afraid.\" Tarleton, infuriated at this answer, ordered him to be tied to a tree and beaten with a halberd. The soldiers, however, refused to execute the order, and Tarleton, after a moment's hesitation, pardoned Stroud, saying, \"I will give you another chance. Go and join your comrades, and if you are taken again, you shall suffer the penalty of your desertion.\" Stroud, deeply grateful for this mercy, returned to his comrades, and distinguished himself in the battles that followed.\nA country resumed its arms in her defense in a battle with Tarleton. In a subsequent encounter, the country was taken and instantly, without trial, hung up on the public road with a label attached to his back, proclaiming, \"Such shall be the fate of the man who presumes to cut him down.\" The body was exposed for over three weeks until an affectionate sister ventured out and performed the pious act of giving the body interment.\n\nAdditional Instances of Severity.\n\nFrom the same neighborhood of Rocky Mount, an almost beardless youth, named Wade, was seduced to enroll himself in Tarleton's Legion. Repentance quickly followed his departure from duty, and he deserted with the hope of rejoining his family and friends. Fate forbade it. He was taken, tried, and sentenced to receive a thousand lashes.\nAt the period of the war, when our Treasury was most exhausted, the men of my regiment became so refractory from the want of pay that I was compelled to resort to every shift and stratagem to keep them in necessary subordination. Necessity at last obliged me to enter into a compromise with them. I pledged myself that if they would only promise to conduct themselves with propriety and preserve the discipline essential to the well-being of the army during my absence, I would personally apply to the Treasury.\nI forcibly represented my grievances and exerted every energy to obtain the justice I required. My proposal was acceded to, and I quit the regiment. Having, at the period, many friends in the Paymaster's Department, my representations were attended to, and through their kind attention, I obtained a month's pay, according to the tenor of my request. Arriving in camp, I ordered my Regiment to be paraded, and candidly submitted to them the result of my negotiation. The entire corps expressed content and satisfaction, save one individual, an Irishman, who appeared to exhibit decided marks of extreme discontent. Dissatisfied with his conduct and more highly irritated by his surly looks, I approached and upbraiding him for his unreasonable behavior, asked his motive for showing such signs of discontent, while the rest of the corps was content.\nRegiment and his companion in arms appeared cheerful and well pleased on the occasion. He sarcastically replied, \"Upon my salvation, my Colonel, and the honor of a true soldier, which I will be bound to say you have ever found me to be, I had not the least idea of being dissatisfied with your happy negotiation; God bless you, my jewel, for I am sure you have done as much for us, and more than any other, besides yourself, could have done any how. But I believe I was only sorry, a little, when your honor had not brought me an old razor instead of my money that I might scrape my beard with, just to appear a little decent on parade.\"\n\nHow little the unfortunate ones, who had accepted British protections, could be depended upon, with what\napathy. They offered up their petitions to heaven for the prosperity of their Sovereign, and the success of his arms, can be judged from an incident that occurred in the Parish Church of St. James', Goose Creek. The Reverend Mr. Ellington, in the course of service, praying, \"That it may please thee to bless and preserve his most gracious Majesty, our Sovereign Lord King George,\" a dead silence ensued, and instead of the usual response, \"We beseech thee to hear us, good Lord,\" a murmuring voice pronounced, \"Good Lord, deliver us.\"\n\nWhile the administration of Great Britain were carrying on the war with ruthless severity, it appears to have been a constant object with them, to cherish the acknowledged prejudices of the Sovereign against his American subjects. That their efforts were crowned with success cannot be doubted, for such was the absence of loyalty among the colonists.\nWhile King George hunts for knowledge,\nSharp conductors he changes for blunt,\nThe nation's out of joint;\nFranklin pursues a wiser scheme,\nAnd all your thunder heedless views,\nBy sticking to the point.\n\nIn eastern kingdoms, the weakest man\nRules with idiot Councils the grave Divan.\nNo wonders rest there alone,\nBut reach the confines of the enlightened west.\nWhere some dull leader, fixed by partial fate,\nNow tarns a button \u2014 now overturns a state.\nNow for his boys a whistle carves in wood,\nOr signs a warrant for a nation's blood.\nThe place of Kings, thus toymen's pupils take,\nAnd wield the sceptre they were born to make.\nTurn, cruel Pinchbeck,* lengthen yet thy score,\nAnd turn thy Monarch at one corkscrew more;\nLest England's sons, a game like thine should play,\nNor keep the workmen thou hast turned away.\n\nEven within the British garrisons, in the presence of\nthe Commander in Chief, jests were indulged in, such as\nplainly evinced how faint the hope of a successful\nissue of the war.\n\nDuring an interval of dancing, at a splendid ball\ngiven by the officers of the army, to the ladies of New-\nYork. Sir Henry Clinton, previously engaged in\nconversation with Miss Franks, called out to the musicians,\n\"Give us, Britons, strike home,\" the lady exclaimed. \"The Commander-in-Chief made a mistake; he meant to say, Britons\u2014go home.\"\n\nThis intelligent and highly accomplished lady, in throwing the pointed shafts of her wit, spared neither friend nor foe. Having mentioned the \"palpable hit,\" Pinchbeck was a toyman and manufacturer of every species of knickknack.\n\nMiscellaneous Anecdotes. 41S\n\nGiven to Sir Henry Clinton, it is but fair to show how keen her irony when aimed against the foes of Britain. At the Mischianza, given at Philadelphia by the officers of the British army to Sir William Howe, previously to his relinquishment of command, Miss Franks appeared as one of the Princesses, in supporting whose claims to superior beauty and accomplishment, the assembled Knights were to contend at a Tournament.\nMiss Franks remained behind after the exhibition. The evacuation immediately followed. Lieutenant Colonel Jack Steward of Maryland, whose previous intimacy with her justified his familiar conduct, dressed out in a handsome suit of scarlet and took an early occasion to pay his compliments. He spoke to her in the true spirit of gallantry. \"I have adopted your colors, my Princess, the better to secure a courteous reception \u2014 deign to smile on a true Knight.\" To this speech, Miss Franks made no reply. Instead, she turned to the company surrounding her and exclaimed, \"How the ass glories in the lion's skin.\"\n\nNor was this the only rub experienced by the Lieutenant Colonel. While the company enjoyed themselves in lively conversation, their mirth was interrupted by loud clamors from the street.\nA female appeared on the street, surrounded by a crowd of idlers. She was ragged in her apparel and bare-foot, but adorned with a towering head-dress in the extreme of the mode. Miss Franks readily perceived the intent of this tumultuous visit. The lieutenant colonel observed that the lady was equipped altogether in the English fashion. Miss Franks replied, \"Not altogether, Colonel; for though the style of her head is British, her shoes and stockings are in the genuine Continental fashion.\"\nI. General Lee's Letter to Miss Franks.\n\n\"Madam,\n\nWhen an officer of the respectable rank I bear is grossly traduced and calumniated, it is incumbent on him to clear up the affair to the world with as little delay as possible. The spirit of defamation and calumny (I am sorry to say it) is grown to a prodigious and intolerable height on this Continent. If you had accused me of a design to procrastinate the war or of holding treasonable correspondence with the enemy, I could have borne it: this I am not charged with. But to insinuate that I have been guilty of cowardice, or that I have betrayed my country, is an affront I cannot endure in silence. I feel it my duty to vindicate my character, and to silence the false insinuations which have been circulated against me.\n\nThe truth is, I have been laboring, with the assistance of my brave and patriotic army, to bring the enemy to battle, and to put an end to the cruel and unnecessary war, which has brought so much suffering upon our people. I have written to you, Madam, in the hope that you would use your influence to check the spread of these false reports, and to restore the good name of your country's brave and devoted soldiers. I trust that you will not fail to do so.\n\nYours, etc.,\nGeneral Charles Lee.\"\nIf you had accused me of getting drunk frequently, or even if you had hinted that I had stolen soldiers' shirts, I could have endured the imputation. The great Duke of Marlborough would have been an example. Or if you had asserted that I was so abominable a sloven, never parting with my shirt until it parted from me, the anecdotes of my illustrious name would have offered some comfort. But the calumny you have invented is of such a new, unprecedented, and hellish kind that it would make Job himself swear like a Virginia colonel.\nIs it possible that the celebrated Miss Franks, a lady who has had every human and Divine advantage, who might have read in the originals, the New and Old Testaments, I am afraid she too seldom looks even into the translations, could carry her dignity so far, in the presence of three most respectable personages, that she enjoys the advantages of reading these two good books which, an old Welch nurse, whose uncle was reckoned the best preacher in Merionethshire, assured me, enjoin charity and denounce vengeance against slander and evil speaking?\nBut I demand to know, is it possible that Miss Franks asserted, in the presence of these respectable personages, that I wore green breeches patched with leather? To prove you false in this most diabolical slander, to put you to eternal silence, and to cover you with a much larger patch of infamy than you have wantonly attempted to fix on my breeches, I have thought it proper, by the advice of three very grave friends (lawyers and members of Congress, of course excellent judges of delicate points of honor), to send you the said breeches.\nI dare you and your cabal, with truth on my side, to scrutinize and inspect thoroughly my honor and reputation. I challenge you to find any discrepancies, be they false or illegitimate, not authentic Sherry Vallies, even if patched, instead of the genuine article worn by His Majesty of Poland, who sets fashion trends despite his beauties. If proven to be false or patched green breeches, I will submit in silence.\nTo all the scurrility which I have no doubt you and your abettors are, a kind of long breeches, reaching to the ankle, with a broad strip of leather on the inside of the thigh, for the convenience of riding. An entertainment was given to General Howe, just before his departure for Europe, at which were introduced tilts and tournaments in honor of the ladies. Miss Franks was one of them.\n\n416 Miscellaneous Anecdotes.\n\nPrepared to pour out against me, in the public papers, on this important and interesting occasion. But Madam! Madam! reputation, (as Common Sense very sensibly, though not very uncommonly, observes) is a very serious thing. You have already injured me in the tenderest part, and I demand satisfaction; and as you cannot be ignorant of the laws of dueling, having conversed with so many Irish.\nofficers, whose favorite topic it is, particularly in the company of ladies, I insist on the privilege of the injured party, which is to name the hour and weapons; and, as I intend it to be a very serious affair, I will not admit of any seconds; Miss Franks, whatever may be our spirit on the occasion, the world shall never accuse General Lee of having turned his back on you. In the meantime, I am yours, C. L.\n\nP.S. I have communicated the affair only to my confidential friend, who has mentioned it to no more than seven members of Congress, and nineteen women, six of whom were old maids, so that there is no danger of its taking wind on my side, and I hope you will be equally guarded on your part.\n\nAbout the period of the final departure of the British from New-York, an excellent repartee was made by\nMajor Upham, Aid-de-Camp to Lord Dorchester, has been celebrated for urging mercy. \"In mercy, Major,\" said Miss Livingston, \"use your influence with the Commander in Chief to accelerate the evacuation of the city; for among your encarcerated belles, your Mischianza Princesses, the scarlet fever must continue to rage till your departure.\" I should studiously second your wisdom,\" replied the major, \"were I not apprehensive that, freed from the prevailing malady, a worse one would follow, and that they would be immediately tormented by the Blue Devils.\n\nMISCELLANEOUS ANECDOTES. 417\nSIR GUY CARLTON.\n\nWhile the gallant defense of Quebec by General Carlton displayed the excellence of his military talents and his liberal treatment of the vanquished honored his humanity, particular credit is due to him for his conduct towards the prisoners.\nSkillful management even of the prejudices of the troops under his command, Apprehending during the protracted siege that the return of St. Patrick's Day would occasion the soldiers of the garrison, chiefly Irishmen, to indulge too freely in generous libations to the memory of the Patron Saint of Erin; and that his vigilant adversary would profit by their intemperance to attack the town; in orders issued on the 16th of March, he invited \"All true Irishmen to meet him on the following day, at 12 o'clock, on parade, to drink the health of the King. St. Patrick's Day being, for that year only, put off till the 4th of June.\" An Irishman himself, and highly honored by all who served under him, his proposition was applauded, and perfect sobriety reigned; where, according to all former experience, riot and disorder alone were to be looked for.\n\nCaptain Milligan.\nOn the 4th of July, 1798, as the Society of the Cincinnati celebrated the Anniversary of the Independency of the United States, a letter was delivered to Major Lining, the Treasurer. It was his duty to levy fines on absentees and defaulters from Captain Milligan, a Member of the Association. The letter read:\n\n\"My Dear Major,\n\nThe Society, at its first formation, imposed a fine upon every Member, who, being within reach of the city, neglected to attend the celebration of the Birth Day of our Liberties. A fine to an equal amount was also imposed on every one, who, on this occasion, failed to pay their dues.\n\nYours faithfully, [Name]\"\nI. On neglecting to pay due honor at a Brother Soldier's funeral and requesting remission of a fine:\n\nWith scarcely strength to hold my pen, on the verge of the grave and suffering from extreme penury, I think it no degradation to state that the Guinea I forfeit this day by non-attendance, although it can add but a trifle to your funds, will be essentially useful to my afflicted family. I hope, then, from the generous sympathy of your hearts, that the fine be remitted.\n\nNow, as my friends have gathered to celebrate the most propitious event for human happiness that the world has ever witnessed, I permit myself, while offering my congratulations and wishing you much present enjoyment and future felicity, to request that as many as possible join me in this humble tribute.\nThey who can make it convenient will do me the honor of attending my funeral, which must necessarily happen within a few days. I earnestly solicit your attention to this request, and it will not fail to soothe the last moments of your brother and affectionate well-wisher, T. Milligan.\n\nWithin a week, Captain Milligan expired, sincerely lamented by the Society. They did more; they adopted and educated his orphan daughter, who married well and is now happily settled in Ireland.\n\nMISCELLANEOUS ANECDOTES. 419\nROMANTIC ENTERPRISE.\n\nThe following anecdote is given on the authority of Mr. Samuel Brailsford, formerly of Bristol, Great Britain. He was a native of South Carolina and enthusiastically attached to the American cause, which gained him the affection and confidence of all.\n\nCaptain Milligan expired within a week. The Society, to a man, attended his funeral and did more; they adopted and educated his orphaned daughter, who married well and is now happily settled in Ireland.\nHis youthful countrymen, who at the commencement of the Revolutionary War were pursuing their studies in Europe, were inspired with the most exalted admiration for Scoevola and the Roman youths, who aimed by the devotion of their lives to give liberty to Rome by cutting off Porsenna, its most formidable enemy. An intrpid enthusiast, in the year 1775, proposed in an assembly of twenty of his countrymen who had met in London, that each of them, in the disguise of a sailor, should enter on board of as many British men-of-war, and pledge himself by a solemn oath within a limited time to blow up the vessel in which he embarked. So desperate a scheme could only have originated in a mind deeply wounded by the injuries inflicted upon his country; and my knowledge of the noble and generous feeling of the mover makes me.\nI would not, when speaking of the good conduct and meritorious services of several Legionary soldiers in a former part of these Anecdotes, have introduced the names of the men I am now to mention, on any consideration. They belonged, it is true, to the corps, but their crimes far outweighed their talents or virtues and are not mentioned.\nWhen forsaking the path of honor, human depravity can be extended to great degrees. It is important to acknowledge, however, that their villainy was not equally atrocious; M'Gill's errors resulted from intemperance, while Van Skiver's proceeded from consummate and boundless depravity.\n\nIn recounting Lieutenant Colonel John Laurens' ardor to encounter the enemy on all occasions, I mentioned an incident involving a British soldier. This soldier, who had been whipped and drummed out of the 64th Regiment for intemperance, endangered not only Laurens' life but also that of many intrepid soldiers of the Legion. They had swum the Ashley River, expecting to immediately engage an ambushed force, whose position had been accidentally revealed.\nSergeant Du Coin, of Rudolph's company, who had gained the affections of a widow with considerable property, solicited his discharge. It was promised to him on condition of bringing forward four substitutes to replace him in the Regiment. Captain Rudolph, who was in sick quarters at the time, left it to me to examine the men offered by Du Coin. I was to approve them and bring the business to a close, while remembering the strict injunctions of Lee never to enlist a British soldier, a foreigner, or a drunkard. The substitutes were brought forward: three young men, recently discharged from the North-Carolina Line, whose time of service had expired. They were examined, approved, and enlisted. A remarkably handsome man, of fine appearance, was also presented.\nA well-dressed man of prepossessing appearance, now advanced in age, introduced himself as a Pennsylvanian of Irish descent, having traveled specifically to enlist in the service. Impressed by his demeanor, I enlisted him, but was dismayed to discover that I had admitted a British soldier, a foreigner, and a habitual drunkard into the corps. His propensity to alcohol was soon revealed, and upon reprimanding him for it, he responded with unabashed insolence, declaring, \"You, Sir, are the last man who should find fault. At our first meeting, you may remember, that I freely told you I had been expelled disgracefully from the 64th British Regiment.\"\nI the drummer's lash had lost all its terrors for me, when I could lay my hand on liquor. You saw that my flayed back would not admit the use of my coat, so that the error of my enlistment is altogether your own. I would not have wasted time on a subject so little important, were it not to show that even in minds the most debased, instances may occur of generous feeling, that are creditable to human nature. M-Gill, by associating with men of regular habits, became daily more civilized, and was on the whole a good, though occasionally an irregular soldier. Captain James Grahame of the British 64th Regiment, married and settled in South-Carolina. It was some time after the peace, that riding out unarmed in the neighborhood of his plantation, he was accosted by a man in military dress, with a naked bayonet in hand.\nThe hand that stepped up in front of his horse and seized the bridle said, \"I suppose, Captain Grahame, you have no inclination to recognize an old acquaintance, particularly one so much the victim of your severity as I have been.\" \"On the contrary, M'Gill,\" replied the Captain, \"I feel no inclination to deny my knowledge of you \u2014 I remember you perfectly; and although I cannot misunderstand your present intention, and am probably destined to fall by your hand, do not hesitate to tell you, what, as a soldier well acquainted with his duty, you know to be strictly correct, that finding you drunk on your post, I brought you, and very properly, to punishment. The love of life can make no change in my sentiments. Were it to do over again, I would act as I have done.\" \"And you would do right,\" said M'Gill, sheathing his bayonet.\nCaptain Grahame, my resentments cease. I thought I could never forgive you; but now I consider my enmity altogether unjust, my punishment and disgrace richly merited. Pass on; you need never fear injury from me again. Saying this, he bowed and retired.\n\nSuch a display of generous feeling encourages the hope of a return to virtue. But I am now to speak of a character so completely abandoned, that from the freehand constant indulgence of vice, clothed in its darkest attributes, it appeared alone susceptible of receiving delight and gratification.\n\nVan Skiver was a native of New York and a private soldier in the corps raised by Colonel Buskirk, for the service of Great Britain. A Loyalist from convenience, it is probable that some flagrant irregularity had subjected him to the anger of his superiors; and to avoid punishment, he had taken refuge in the British lines.\nHe merited punishment for seeking security through desertion. MISCELLANEOUS ANECDOTES.\n\nArrived at the American camp, she displayed such inveterate and deadly animosity against the friends she had abandoned, and spoke with such confidence of the practicability of injuring them by an attack on their out-posts, that Lieutenant Colonel Lee was induced to listen to his plans with complacency and ultimately to accede to his proposal to attempt the carrying of the post at Paulus' Hook, by surprise. Entire confidence was not placed in him. Armed with an axe, he was placed at the head of the advancing column, a file of men with fixed bayonets following immediately in his rear, ready to terminate his existence if he either faltered or showed the slightest symptom of treachery. With steady step and undaunted resolution, he advanced.\nand they cut down two barriers in succession, giving free admission to our troops into the place; a third, however, was still to be gained, which was defended with great resolution, and so heavy a fire was kept up upon the assailants that after many fruitless efforts to dislodge the enemy, they were compelled to retire. It might be imagined that such a display of hostility against the British might have caused Van Skiver to be ranked amongst the most determined of their enemies; but, even at the moment, his appearance of zeal was merely intended as a lure, to gain respect and confidence. For he had scarcely returned to camp when it was discovered that he was in treaty and actually far advanced in a plan to deliver Lee and his Legion into the hands of the enemy. Severe was the penalty which he paid. Sentenced to receive punishment.\nIn the year 1781, while Lord Rawdon was in command at Camden and Sumter lay on the borders of North Carolina, the male inhabitants of the intervening settlements, who were capable of bearing arms, rejoined either one or the other, according to the political principles they cherished. The Whigs in the neighborhood of Rocky Creek, forty miles above Camden, having previously to their joining Sumter, chosen John Land, a respectable resident, as their captain, adopted a practice of occasionally visiting the settlement to pass the night with their families and return at early morning to camp. On the evening of\nCaptain Land and seven companions arrived home on the 2nd of March. They placed a sentinel at the door and enjoyed the company of their delighted family for some hours before retiring to rest. However, their repose was short-lived. The Tories had learned of Land's intended visit and, with a party of thirty men under Captain Daniel Muse, arrived at midnight in the neighborhood. They secured all old men and boys who might communicate intelligence and approached Land's log-house, which was about 150 yards away. The sentinel at the door saw them and hailed them, firing upon arrival. The Tories halted momentarily, placed a guard over their prisoners - two old men, a youth, and two boys - and then launched a furious charge.\nThe second in command, Lewis Yarboroush, and the gallant inmates received the attackers with firmness, keeping up a lively fire through the open spaces between the logs and finally repulsing them, having previously mortally wounded Lieutenant Lewis. The Tory party, taking up their line of march through woods and by-ways, retreated with such celerity that they reached British Head-Quarters at Camden by twelve o'clock the same day, carrying the youth and two boys, one of them, Dr. John Mackey, now an inhabitant of Charleston, as trophies of their prowess and gallantry. The old man and wounded officer were left on the way.\n\nPoor Land did not long enjoy the triumph of this little victory. Emboldened by success, he ventured on another visit to his family about three weeks later, accompanied by between twenty and thirty of his neighbors.\nThe party reached Rocky Creek in the evening and agreed to assemble at the house of one Boyd the following day, dispersing each individual to retire to his own family. But, alas! Treachery was again on foot. The enemy were informed of every movement; and Lord Rawdon, having lost much of his confidence in his Tory auxiliaries due to their previous failure, sent a detachment of his Regular Cavalry to cut off Land and his followers. Their success on this occasion was complete. Many of the party were killed as they approached the place of rendezvous, and among them the unfortunate Captain Land, who was butchered in cold blood, in revenge no doubt, for the death of Yarborough, whom he had killed in just and honorable combat.\n\n426 MISCELLANEOUS ANECDOTES.\nJUDGE BURKE.\nIn sketching the character of this worthy citizen, I neglected to mention an anecdote highly characteristic of his singular turn of mind. I shall now briefly detail it. A friend, with whom he lived in habits of the strictest intimacy, once observing that he was tempted to engage in a law-suit from the prospect of deriving very great advantage from its results, the Judge, with great frankness, replied, \"The time you take for deliberation will not be lost, believe me. To ensure success, you must have a good cause, a good lawyer, and a good judge.\" Then, my friend,\" said the would-be litigator, \"I will proceed.\" \"Be not too precipitate,\" rejoined the Judge, \"for I forgot to mention another requisite to success \u2013 good luck.\"\n\nAn extraordinary escape.\n\nDuring the siege of Charleston, a shell from the enemy destroyed a house, in which were several persons, among whom was the worthy citizen. The explosion blew off the roof, and the walls were shattered, but miraculously, none of the inhabitants were injured. The enemy, seeing this, thought they had killed or captured him, and accordingly sent a party to search for the body. The worthy citizen, however, had not been hurt, and, taking advantage of the confusion, managed to escape through a secret passage, which he had contrived for that purpose. He made his way to the American lines, and was hailed as a hero.\nBritish lines fell on the tent occupied by two volunteers, Mr. Lord and Mr. Basqueen. They had retired due to excessive fatigue to seek repose and were at the moment buried in profound sleep. The explosion was violent. Mr. Lord's body was wretchedly mangled, torn literally to pieces. Mr. Basqueen escaped without injury. Although the hair on his head was singed, his sleep was not disturbed. When dragged from the ruins of the tent, he appeared altogether free from hurt.\n\nAnecdotes. 427\nSergeant Power.\n\nIt is ever delightful to me to speak of a soldier as much distinguished by exemplary good conduct as Power. I hope to be excused for mentioning a very singular occurrence that took place while the Legion lay at Mrs. Legere's plantation, on the Santee. Mr. Power, afterwards promoted, but at the time-\nA sergeant in the cavalry, severely ill and given up on by the regiment's surgeon, pleaded to be allowed to eat a cucumber he recalled seeing in the garden before his confinement. \"Nature is exhausted,\" the surgeon told his friends, \"he must inevitably die. Indulge his longing; give him a cucumber, but let it be a small one.\" The advice was followed. Power received it with strong signs of joy and immediately became so tranquil that the guard, who had been greatly fatigued from watching him, took the opportunity for a refreshing sleep. Waking up later, and finding the deepest silence in the room, the guard approached the bed, certain that the unconscious soldier had passed away.\nThe sergeant had exhausted his surprise, but it could be imagined that his astonishment was considerable when the sick man exclaimed, \"I have got it, I have got it,\" and showed the remains of a half-eaten cucumber of immense size. It was now, due to age, as yellow as gold. He had actually descended, while his attendant slept, into the garden and brought off the prize, which, from his window, he declared had been the object of his constant and unconquerable desire. His recovery was rapid, and much rejoiced at, for his talents and bravery did him honor; and to the end of the war, he not only increased his own but the reputation of his Regiment.\n\nPetition of the Ladies in Charleston, on Behalf of the Unfortunate Col. Isaac Hayne.\n\nIn noticing the particulars of the capture, unmerited was:\n\nThe sergeant's unexpected discovery and acquisition of the large yellow cucumber.\nThe suffering and execution of this martyr for the cause of freedom would have led me to record the petition presented on his behalf by the ladies of Charleston. The senate, which was deemed harsh by all and considered by many to have a greater tendency to excite revolt than to check it, elicited the most tender and compassionate feelings of the heart, causing such general sympathy that even many decided enemies of the principles he supported solicited its mitigation, or rather that it should be altogether annulled. Many Tory as well as Whig Ladies signed the petition, and I shall now give a few extracts:\n\nHad Lord Rawdon remembered that\n\"Not the deputed sword,\n* The Marshal's truncheon, nor the Judge's robe,\n\"Become him with one half so good a grace\nAs mercy does,\"\nMy Lord and Sir, we should reproach ourselves if we did not show the tender characteristics of our sex for the imminent and shocking doom of the unfortunate Mr. Hayne. We make this intercession for him, assuming you will consider our request from your known dispositions, and reflecting that humanity is rarely separated from courage. The gallant soldier feels as much.\n\nTo Lord Rawdon, Commander in Chief of the British Forces in South-Carolina, and Colonel Balfour, Commandant at Charleston.\nHe reluctantly decrees the infliction of death in cold blood, yet ardor in battle and the heat of action bring enemies of his country to perish by the sword. He may rejoice to see his laurels sprinkled with the blood of armed and resisting adversaries, but regrets seeing them wet with the tears of unhappy orphans mourning the loss of a tender, amiable, and worthy parent, executed like a vile and infamous felon. To the praises of your military virtues and prowess, we trust you will give the Ladies occasion to add the praises of your milder and softer virtues, by furnishing them with a striking proof of your clemency in this instance. To that clemency, to our prayers, and to his merits in other respects, let the unfortunate object of our petition owe his life.\nWhat you might not think him entitled to, if policy were not outweighed in his favor. To any other men in power than such as we conceive you both to be, we would employ more ingenuity and art to dress up and enforce the many pathetic and favorable circumstances attending his case, in order to move your passions and engage your favor. But we think this will be unnecessary, as obviated by your spontaneous feeling, humanity, and liberal reasoning. Nor shall we dwell on his most excellent character, the outrages and excesses prevented by him; nor lay any stress on the most grievous shock his numerous and respectable connections must sustain by his death, aggravated by the mode of it. Nor shall we do more than remind you of the complicated distress and sufferings that must befall his young and promising children, to whom death would bring despair.\nWe are, my Lord and Sir, with all respect, your anxious petitioners and humble servants.\n\nMiscellaneous Anecdotes.\n\nDuel Between General Cadwallader and General Conway.\n\nThe particulars of this duel, originating in the unfortunate feelings of General Cadwallader, indignant at the attempt of his adversary to injure the reputation of the Commander-in-Chief by representing him as unqualified for the exalted station which he held, are worthy of record. Nor ought the coolness observed on the occasion by the parties to be forgotten, as it evinces very strongly that although imperious circumstances may compel men of nice feeling to meet, the dictates of honor may be satisfied without the smallest deviation from the most rigid rules of politeness.\nGeneral Cadwallader and General Conway, accompanied by General Dickinson of Pennsylvania and Colonel Morgan of Princeton, arrived at the appointed rendezvous. It was agreed that on the given word, the principals could fire at their own time and discretion, either with an off-hand shot or a deliberate aim. The parties having declared themselves ready, the word was given to proceed. General Conway immediately raised his pistol and fired with great composure, but without effect. General Cadwallader was about to do the same when a sudden gust of wind occurred, causing him to keep his pistol down and remain tranquil.\n\n\"Why don't you fire, General Cadwallader?\" Conway exclaimed.\n\n\"Because,\" replied General Cadwallader, \"we came not here to trifle. Let the gale pass, and I shall act.\"\nYou shall have a fair chance of performing it well, rejoined Conway, and immediately presented a full front. General Cadwallader fired, and his ball entering the mouth of his antagonist, he fell directly forward on his face. Colonel Morgan running to his assistance, found the blood spouting from behind his neck, and lifting up the club of his hair, saw the ball drop from it. It had passed through his head greatly to the derangement of his tongue and teeth, but did not inflict a mortal wound. As soon as the blood was sufficiently washed away to allow him to speak, General Conway, turning to his opponent, said good-humoredly, \"You fire, General, with much deliberation, and certainly with a great deal of effect.\" The calls of honor satisfied, all animosity subsided, and they parted free from all resentment.\nSome months after signing the preliminary articles of Peace, General Greene engaged a Rhode-Island letter of marque to transport two companies of his line to Philadelphia. A change of climate being considered necessary for the re-establishment of my health, which was impaired at that time, I obtained permission to embark with them, promising to await the General's arrival in that city where he expected to have much business to transact with Congress. We arrived at an important moment. As our troops disembarked, a considerable number of mutineers from their own line, from Lancaster, surrounded the Hall of Congress, demanding the prompt settlement of their accounts.\nand they threatened vengeance in case of refusal, or even an attempt to procrastinate the consideration of their claims. It was my misfortune to witness this outrage and to find that too many of the men, who had returned with honor from the South, forsook their officers to join the disaffected and support their unwarrantable proceedings. Violence had increased to such a pitch that General Hamilton, at the time a member of the National Legislature, having fruitlessly endeavored, by expostulation, to subdue the wrath of the revolters and moderate the extravagance of their demands, joined his colleagues in the Hall of their deliberations and calmly advised them \"to think of eternity, since he confidently believed that within the space of an hour, not an individual of their body would remain.\"\nThe authorities of the State showed no action as the National Representatives were left alive. It was reported that General Read and other distinguished military figures, outraged by the treatment of the National Representatives, urged the militia's call-out and pledged to restore tranquility with a decisive blow. Governor Dickenson, however, was resolved to avoid violent measures. With danger inherent in delay, Congress departed from the city during the night. The mutineers, growing more insolent, now threatened to take the law into their own hands and satisfy their claims from the Bank's spoils. This threat electrified every bosom, and it seemed every man's concern to thwart it.\nThe whole city was instantly armed, and in a few hours, the insurgents were dispersed or taken prisoner. Major James Hamilton of the 1st Pennsylvania Regiment, recently arrived from General Greene's army, and Captain Boud, who commanded the troops from the south, immediately landed and used every exertion to check these disgraceful proceedings.\n\nMISCELLANEOUS ANECDOTES.\n\nThe insurgents' frenzy increased to such a height that, to save them from assassination, their friends compelled them to retire.\n\nLIEUTENANT COLONEL BUTLER,\nOF MORGAN'S RIFLE REGIMENT.\n\nAs some months would elapse before General Greene could reach Philadelphia, I gladly embraced the opportunity to visit the interior country. At Lancaster, I considered myself particularly fortunate in forming an acquaintance with Lieutenant Colonel Butler of Morgan's rifle regiment.\nButler, at that period, the Commandant of the post. His reputation as a military character had already won my admiration; his frankness, polite attentions, and generous hospitality confirmed every preposition in his favor. It was the cause of great astonishment to hear a gentleman, the suavity of whose manners would have graced a Court, declare, \"That to the simplicity of the savage life, he gave a decided preference over the modes of polished society; and that he impatiently waited the definitive signing of a Peace with Britain, to repair to the wilderness and resume habits peculiarly suited to his disposition.\" \"'The ease and indolence,\" he would say, \"which characterized Indian manners, when plenty abounded, the activity and enterprise resorted to, to procure subsistence, and obtain comforts in times of necessity, had to him great fascination.\"\nI have never been informed if he carried out his schemes; though I rather suppose he did not, for he married a young wife, and in the war against the Western Indians, which broke out very shortly after the conclusion of the Revolution, we find him in arms, an active Partisan, and second in command at the disastrous defeat of St. Clair. It was on this occasion that the intrepid Butler closed his military career in death \u2013 his coolness preserved, and courage remaining unshaken, till the last moment of existence. While enabled to keep the field, his exertions were truly heroic. He repeatedly led his men to the charge, and with slaughter drove the enemy back.\nThe enemy was before him, but he was compelled to retire to his tent due to the number and severity of his wounds. He was receiving surgical aid when a ferocious warrior rushed in and gave him a mortal blow with his tomahawk. But even then, the gallant soldier did not die unrevenged. He had anticipated this catastrophe and discharged a pistol he held in his hand, lodging its contents into the breast of his enemy. The enemy uttered a hideous yell and fell by his side, expiring.\n\nCommodores Affleck and Sweeney.\n\nWhile waiting for General Greene's arrival at Philadelphia, I was introduced to the British Commodores Affleck and Sweeney by Captain Armstrong of the Legion. Captain Armstrong had been treated with marked attention by the latter while a prisoner in Charleston, and I gladly united with him in using every exertion.\nWe accompanied them, due to a polite invitation from Captain Barry, on a visit to the Alliance frigate. On returning towards the shore, we received a complimentary salute, for which they expressed great thankfulness.\n\nVisiting Peale's Gallery of Portraits, where the likenesses of officers who had most distinguished themselves during the Revolutionary services were preserved, I could not help but observe that Sir Edmond Affleck's attention was entirely engrossed by one head, which he appeared to regard with peculiar satisfaction. I was surprised to hear him say, \"I do not know who this portrait is intended to represent. But, however great the merits of others may be, I see no expression of countenance in the collection.\"\nthat gives me such a perfect idea of bold and inflexible resolution. His correct discernment of character in this instance is remarkable; it is a singular circumstance that it was the only likeness of a Naval Hero in the Gallery. It was, in fact, the portrait, and an admirable likeness, of Paul Jones.\n\nRECEPTION OF GENERAL GREEne at PHILADELPHIA.\n\nNothing could be more flattering to a man ambitious to merit the esteem of his fellow citizens than the reception given to General Greene by the inhabitants of Philadelphia. As soon as his approach to the city was announced, all the military officers of rank, and many of the most distinguished patriots and citizens in the Civil Department, went forward to meet him.\n\nHe was conducted to his quarters through crowded streets, where every window was thronged with beauty.\nAnd he was welcomed by looks of grateful admiration, and a respectful silence, more flattering by far than the applauses of noisy vociferation. These, however, were not altogether withheld; and when (as he entered the Hotel) I heard the shout of \"honor to the victor of the South \u2014 long life to Greene,\" I thought his triumph complete. There was no attention that merit could call for, or gratitude bestow, which was not lavished on him for the short period of his stay in the city. But Congress were within a short distance, and anxious to pay their respects, and to answer any inquiries that might be made relative to the conduct and final dismissal of the Southern Army. General Greene continued his route to Princeton.\n\nAt Colonel Coxe's, at Trenton, I was gratified by witnessing an interview which I must ever remember.\nOn entering the house, General Greene was delighted to find that the Commander in Chief, who had escorted Mrs. Washington so far on her way to Virginia, had arrived only a few minutes before him. It would be impossible for me to give even a faint idea of the joy that animated the intelligent countenances of these great men, so sincerely attached and unexpectedly brought together. One openly expressed the grateful feelings of an honorable man for the friendship which had advanced him to command, the other the admiration of the valor and prudential conduct which had so fully justified his recommendation. In every look, in every word, the strongest indications of reciprocal and affectionate regard were manifested; and I feel conviction that neither the one nor the other had ever experienced such warmth and sincerity before.\nThe effect of peace on soldiers' consequences in society. I am now about to relate an anecdote. Despite being lightly thought of at this time, it clearly shows that disrespect and ingratitude have frequently been manifested towards military men when their services were no longer in requisition.\n\nGeneral Washington and General Greene, on the day following their fortunate meeting, set out for Princeton. Upon their arrival there, the Secretary of the President of Congress presented himself with a request from Mr. Boudinot, who held that honorable station, that all ceremony be waived, and that the Generals, with the gentlemen of their respective families, would partake of an entertainment then serving. The invitation being accepted, the whole party repaired to the Presidential house. Compliments were exchanged.\nThe President led the way to the eating room after dinner. An individual, a Mr. H, who possessed more affectation than reality of politeness, took it upon himself to do the honors of the house. Turning to one of the company, he said, \"Mr. R, Member of Congress, you are next. Please go forward.\" Mr. Z, Member of Congress, \"it's your turn \u2014 go forward, if you please.\" He went on like this until all the gentlemen in the Civil Department had gone forward. Being a Member of Congress himself, he then quit the room, leaving General Kosciusko, Colonel Maitland, Major Edwards, the Adjutant General of the Southern Army, and the Aids-de-Camp of General Greene, to find their own way to the table. Such conduct is no novelty.\nSoldiers are estimated according to their immediate utility. Let their exertions be required, and they are sure to command universal respect. The danger past, they are too frequently forgotten. I have a tale in point to show, that the same disposition prevailed in former times, as during the period I speak of. An English officer passing through the County of York, during the Rebellion which broke out in Scotland in the year 1745, was received and treated with peculiar kindness by a Quaker. At the moment of his departure, the Quaker said to him, \"Go forward, friend, smite thy opponents, crush rebellion; and on thy return, remember to tarry with him who regards thee as one of the Pillars of the Nation.\" The hopes of the Pretender, extinguished by the decisive victory of Culloden, the Englishman ordered to the South, and\nThe officer, assigning near the habitation of his kind entertainer, did not forget the cordiality with which he had been pressed to repeat his visit. He repaired to the house of the Quaker, but with a look that gave little indication of hospitality or even acknowledgment of former acquaintance. The starch hypocrite exclaimed, \"Retire, friend, I do not know you.\"\n\n\"Why do you not know me?\" said the officer. \"Why, when last we parted, you not only pressed me to return to you when the Rebellion should be extinguished, but assured me, moreover, that you regarded me as one of the pillars of the Nation.\"\n\n\"Did I so?\" rejoined the Quaker. \"Then, trust me, friend, I must have meant one of the pillars of the church.\"\n\nMy tale needs no comment.\n\nDistinguished Characters.\nWriting with professed intention to excite in the reader.\nTo the bosoms of my young countrymen, the ambition to emulate their ancestors in the display of patriotic virtue, I cannot be considered incorrect while recalling the names of the heroes and statesmen pre-eminently distinguished. If I, at the same time, bring into view the exemplary good conduct of other citizens, who, in a humbler sphere of usefulness, by the steadiness of their principles and unremitting exertions, contributed to the accomplishment of our Independence and the establishment of that happy government which is at once the envy and admiration of the world.\n\nTo a stranger arriving in our State, and naturally inquiring, \"which are the families, who, in the day of trial, rendered the most essential services to their country?\" would it not be criminal to say, \"the current of subsequent events have consigned them to oblivion!\"\nThe Barnwells, Bees, Butlers, Heywards, Hugers, Pinckneys, Richardsons, Rutledges, and Shubricks were distinguished by conduct when Britain's power was predominant, and hope was lost for many. Yet, exalted spirits, such as these, found no place for despondency, never despairing of liberty's ultimate triumphs.\nThe Warleys, Alstons, Canteys, Cattells, Edwards, Elliots, Gibbes, Graysons, Hamptons, Hardings, Holmes, James, Legares, Postells, Prioleaus, De Saussures, Simons, Starks, Talbirds, Vanderhorsts, Witherspoons, and Waties all provided zealous supporters of revolutionary principles, with as many individuals among them capable of bearing arms or guiding the nation's councils. Many others are equally entitled to be mentioned with honorable distinction. I have merely enumerated those who most forcibly recall memory. An omission exists where it is certainly not from intention, as it is my most ardent wish to give praise to all who are deserving of it. There are many individuals who should be named as well.\nMajor Simeon Theus, a respected officer in the Continental service, carried out every duty with great alacrity and exactitude. At the war's commencement, when the State Treasury's funds were low, and patriotic citizens' examples were essential to provide support and stability, he sold his patrimonial estate and lent the proceeds to the government. Upon the war's conclusion, he was appointed to settle all accounts between the State and the United States' government. He executed this duty so satisfactorily that the Legislature offered him an additional compensation of one thousand dollars, but he refused, stating he set a fair price on his time and services.\nlabour and if it was his happiness to have given satisfaction, he was more than I claimed. I would mention, with particular commendation, both Major and Captain Postell. Detached by General Marion across the Santee, in the year 1781, with the command of a small number of mounted militia, they first destroyed a very considerable quantity of valuable stores at Manigault's Ferry and in the vicinity, and then attacking the British post at Monk's Corner, destroyed fourteen wagons loaded with soldiers' clothing and baggage, besides other articles of value, and made prisoners of forty regulars, effecting the whole service without the loss of a man.\n\nOn the 20th of August, 1780, immediately subsequent to the disastrous battle of Camden, information being received by General Marion, that a guard, with a part of the prisoners taken by Lord Cornwallis, were transporting them to Charleston.\nOn the road to Charleston, Colonel Hugh Horry, with sixteen men, received orders to attack the escort and attempt the deliverance of the captives. This was promptly and effectively done by the gallant Colonel. Twenty-two British regulars, a captain and subaltern of their Tory adherents, were taken. One hundred and fifty soldiers of the Continental Line of Maryland were liberated, with the loss of one man only, and an officer wounded.\n\nCornet James Simons, of Washington's, detached with eleven regular cavalry and twenty-five mounted militia, drove General Cunningham, who was at the head of one hundred and fifty Tories, from a strong position near Ninety-Six. There was a considerable depot of forage, provision, and stores for the use of the British army, along with much plundered property.\nthe reward of their own toils and having destroyed the whole, he rejoined his Regiment without loss. This gallant soldier gained new honors by his intrepid exertions at the battle of Eutaw, but in the contest for victory was twice severely wounded. The history of Marion's Campaigns, recently published by the honorable Judge James, who served under his banners, makes it altogether unnecessary to speak of many gallant achievements that he has fully detailed. It is grateful to me, however, to express my admiration for the partial endurance of misfortunes, of privations before unheard of, and of gallantry not to be surpassed, exhibited by Colonels Hugh and Peter Horry, Colonel Mayham, Majors Conyers and James, Captains McCauley, Cooper, Mcottry, James, Gavin Witherspoon, and many others. The late General Fishburn, wounded when in the\nContinental service at Stono was commanded by a corps of horse with distinction throughout the entire war, renowned for ardent and unshaken patriotism. Governor Paul Hamilton rendered essential service to his country by providing a laudable example of firmness in early youth, neither danger nor difficulty able to subdue him. In every division of the State, individuals acquired celebrity and achievements were accomplished worthy of recording, increasing the nation's glory. Many I fear are already lost, and more likely to rest in perpetual oblivion. My effort to obtain information, particularly from the interior country, has not met with the success I had anticipated. It is true, the period for receiving it has been very limited, for previously to the month of June last, I had no opportunity.\nNot written a line. Great is my hope, that a better tuned writer may crown the exertions of some future writer. Miscellaneous Anecdotes. 443 and enable him to show, that in as high a degree as compatible with the attainments of human nature, the characteristic features of the sons of Carolina have been strongly marked by perseverance and intrepid resolution to obtain success, moderation and generous feeling in its use.\n\nConclusion.\n\nIn detailing the Anecdotes contained in the volume which I now offer to the Public, I have repeatedly, with pride and exultation, asserted that in the display of generous feeling towards the enemy whom they had subdued, the Soldiers of America had distinguished claims to applause. My opinions are not speculative, but supported by incontrovertible proofs. I trust, that with justice, it can never be said of me, that blinded by prejudice or personal animosity, I have undervalued the merits of the British soldier.\nI by party zeal have considered the palm of excellence exclusively possessed by the advocates of Revolutionary principles. I solemnly declare, that making sincerity and the pure dictates of conscience the test of opinion, I readily grant that proper credit is to be allowed to the supporters of opposite tenets, steadily adhering to them. I have, in my encomiums, done no more than justice to the forbearance and merciful dispositions of the military; but I am far from thinking that they alone are entitled to applause; and consider it a tribute to justice to state that in the Councils of the Nation, there was a magnanimity displayed, that to our Legislators gives a decided claim to equal honors. Before speaking more particularly of my own sentiments, I will present an extract from the Oration of Mr. Benjamin Elliott, pronounced before the '76 Association.\nConclusion. On the 4th of March, 1813, which strikingly evinces that however highly excited the nation's resentments were, its magnanimity was still superior to them:\n\n\"The passions and ignorance of the people, it is thought, have fatefully shortened the existence of our freedom. This opinion is not based on the American character. During our Revolutionary calamities, when hope was beaten down, and injuries were most unkind, a heartless gang of domestic felons, under the appellation of Tories, rose against the people. There was no atrocity they did not perpetrate\u2014no aggravation they did not add to distress. Did you see the cinders of the poor man's dwelling? Who destroyed it? The Tory! Was the rich man pillaged because he preferred his country to his wealth? Who stole his property? The Tory!\"\nWho inflicted the indignity? The Tory. Yet, after the success of Liberty, it was advised that wrongs should be forgiven, and this justly execrated enemy viewed as brethren. The American people acquiesced, and have enforced every provision of that Godlike amnesty. The Patriot does not enjoy one benefit from the Revolution which has not been extended to the Tory. Fact, therefore, and not speculation, has determined that there is no animosity, however obstinate, no passion, however powerful, which the American people will not vanquish, when demanded by their country's good.\n\nThat the provocation to severity was great cannot be denied. That it was sensibly felt by those who writhed under the afflictions of unmerited persecution is equally true. The decrees of the Jacksonborough Assembly unequivocally proclaimed the irritation.\nBut as a Carolinian, I am proud to say that with returning peace, moderation and lenity regained their wonted influence. Congress recommended the removal of the punishments denounced against political offenders, and the Legislatures of the different States seconded their wishes by a prompt and generous acquiescence. In South-Carolina, scarcely a trace was left of the penalties originally imposed on the disaffected. And although the State labored under great difficulties from an immense load of debt contracted during the war, \"confiscated property in actual possession of the Commissioners, to the amount of nearly five hundred thousand pounds sterling,\" was generously restored. Long since has every recollection of the pride and strife faded away.\nInsolence was betrayed in the hour of success, and the injuries heaped upon them by their oppressors, were extinguished in the Patriot's bosom. Every asperity was softened down by the beneficent spirit of conciliation. The feuds of Whig and Tory have been completely extinguished. Pardon has been extended even to the most obnoxious. They have not only been tolerated but treated with a kindness that could not have been expected; and had every disqualification been removed that might impede their progress, aspiring to the attainment of confidence and esteem.\n\nSilent oblivion rejoiced to wipe away the record of their madness and their crimes. In the stead of wrathful vengeance, mercy came reconciling.\n\nERRATA:\nfor \"used,\" read \"used\"\nfor \"hoingy,\" read \"honing\"\nfor \"acquirements^,\" read \"acquisitions\"\nfor \"reach,\" read \"reach\"\nfor \"Eu/iu^,\" read \"Europe\"\ndisorderly,\nafter Pierce,\nafter professors.\nfor loyalists, after Fox, refused, hoping for achievements, research. Eufin was disordered. Loyalists had capitulations. An Etonian holds Eton. Auderat. Gum Swamp. Received UST of Subscuibeus. In Charleston.\n\nLadies:\n- Blake, Margaret\n- Burnet, E. W.\n- Elliott, Amarintha\n- Elliott, J. G. (2 copies)\n- Edwards, R. E.\n- Edwards, Mrs. Major\n- Ferguson, Ann\n- Finlay, Mary\n- Fossin, Martha\n- Gibbes, Sarah (2 copies)\n- Gibbes, Ann\n- Gibbes, Frances D.\n- Gibbes, Maria\n- Grimke, Mary\n- Grimke, Angelina\n- Grimke, Sarah D.\n- Horry, Harriet (2 copies)\n- Hazlehurst, Elizabeth\n- Hall, Daniel\n- Izard, Alice\n- Izard, Elizabeth\n- Izard, Claudia\n- Irvine, Mary\n- Keith, Susan B.\n- Laurens, Eliza\n- Lightwood, Eliza\n- Lining, Mary\n- Manigault, M. J.\n- M'Call, Elizabeth\n- Mitchell, Ann E.\n- Morris, Ann\n- Osborn, Catharine\n- Parker, Elizabeth Alston\n- Pringle, Susan\nPringle, Ann A.\nPringle, Mary\nRutledge, Mary\nRutledge, Harriet P.\nSebring, Caroline S.\nSmith, Alary\nSmith, M. W.\nSmith, Ann S.\nSmith, Mary N. C.\nSmylie, Susannah\nStock, Margaret\nShubrick, Mary\nThompson, Ann\nVan Rhyn, A. E.\nWainwright, Ann\nWashington, Jane\nWragg, Elizabeth\nAdams, D. L.\nAdger, James\nAddison, Thomas\nAlanson, Rice\nAlexander, David\nAlexander, S.\nAiken, William\nAllen, William\nAncrum, James\nAsh, John S.\nAshe, Samuel\nAshby, Thomas\nAxson, John\nAxson, Jacob\nAuld, Isaac, Dr.\nBowen, Right Rev. Natalie J.\nBay, Hon. Judge\nBay, John\nBacot, Thomas W.\nBacot, Henry H.\nBacot, Daniel D-\nBall, John\nBall, Isaac\nBankhead, Colonel James\nBabcock, Wm. R.\nBailey, W. E.\nBailey, Henry\nBaker, R. B.\nBamfield, T.\nBanks, Charles\nBee, Thomas\nBee, Barnard\nBennett, Joseph\nBennett, John S,\nBennett, W. S.\nBerry, Capt. Arthur\nDe Berrier, William\nBernie, George\nAlexander Black, David Black, William Blamyer, J. H. Blake, Dr. Boylston, John E. Bonneau, Sims Bonneai, Ker Boyce, Henry B. Bounetheau, William Brisbane, Charles Boucheneau, Alexander Brown, Charles Brown, Robert Browne, Colonel Bryan, Dr. Brailsford, William M. Brailsford, Philip Broughton, C. Bulow, Major J. J. Bulow, J. E. Burrill, Dr. William Burgoyne, M. M. Hall (M. M. BM-ke), Kinsey Burden, Cornelius Burckmyer, J. C. Burckmyer, Charles G. Capersy, Capt. William Cattell, John Caldwell, Robert Caldwell, Dr. I. M. Campbell, John Campbell, Johii Campbell, A. W. Campbell, Dr. M'Call, Joseph M'Cosh, David Cardoza, Richard Carnochan, Robert Carr, J. W. Cheeseborough, Henry J. Chalmers, T. P. Chiffelle, Bartholomew Clarke, Joseph Clarke, Jared Clarke, Maj. J. S. Cogdell, Hon. Judge Colcock, C. J. Colcock jun., T. A. Coffin, Thomas Cochran, James Smith Colbourn, Francis Cordes.\nCowing, S. L.\nCondy, Colonel T. D.\nCourse, Isaac\nCourtenay, E. S.\nCrafts, Maj. William\nCramer, John\nCrocker, D.\nCross, Colonel Geo. W.\nCunningham, Richard\nCuthbert, Gen. J. A.\nCuthbert, James\nCuthbert, Thomas\nCuthbert, J. A.\nDanel, J. J.\nDaws, H. P.\nDalcho, Rev. F.\nDawson, John\nDawson, J. K.\nDawson, L. M.\nDavis, John N.\nDeas, Henry\nDeas, Seaman\nDeas, Thomas\nDeas, Dr. Robert\nDe Fougeres, Marquis\nDe Carendeffez, Dr.\nDe Liesseline, F. A.\nDe Liesseline, F. G.\nDuplat,\nDepau, Lewis\nDe Saussuie, Henry\nDickson, O. S.\nDill, Joseph M.\nDoirrity, James\nDoughty, W. C.\nDorrel, Robert\nDrayton, Hon. Judge\nDrayton, Colonel William\nDrayton, Thomas\nDrayton, William Henry\nDunkin, B. F.\nDyson, Abraham\nEckhard, Jacob\nEckhard, Geo. B,\nEckhard, John F.\nEdwards, Dr. C. L.\nEdwards, George\nEdwards, James F.\nEdwards, Edward\nEdmonston, C.\nEgleston, G. W.\nElfe, Isaac\nStephen Elliott, Benjamin Elliott, R. E. Elliott, J. L. Enslow, P. Esnard, Peter Fayolle, John Farr, Thomas Flemming, George Flagg, Dr. Samuel Ferguson, James Ferguson, J. Fife, Jacob Ford, Richard Ford, L. P. Franks, Charles Eraser, Frederick G. Eraser, John Eraser, John G. Eraser, Richard B. Furman, Joseph Furman, C. M. Furman, Alfred Gaillard, William Gibbes II, Robert R. Gibbes, Lewis Gibbes, G. M. Gibbes, Robert M. Gibbes, James Gibbes, John R. Gibbes, Mathurin G. Gibbes, Alexander Gillon, Robert B. Gilchrist, States Gist, Dr. Henry Gleize, Major U. S. A. Glassel, Major Glover, Dr. Joseph Glover, Rene Godard, Charles Gordon, John Gordon, T. P. Green, Alexander Gray, Charles Graves, John B. Grimball.\nGrimke, J. S.\nGrimke, Thomas D.\nGrimke, C. F.\nGreenland, W. P.\nGoldsmith, Henry\nGreison, Thomas\nGiks, O. J.\nHarleston, Edward sen.\nHarleston, Edward jun.\nHarleston, N. sen.\nHarleston, John\nHall, Dr. William\nHarth, William\nHamilton, Major James seji.\nHamilton, James Intendant\nHart, Richard\nHarby, Isaac\nHaig, David\nHaig, James\nHaig, Dr. H. M.\nHanckell, Rev. C,\nHaskell, Major Thomas-lnathan\nHayne, Colonel A. P.\nHayne, Colonel Robert Y.\nHayne, William\nHazlehurst, Robert\nO'Hair, James\nO'llara, Colonel\nHaven, C. C.\nHeyward, N.\nHeyvard, William\nHeyward, Thomas\nHeyward, Joseph\nHolland, Edwin C.\nHenrv, Alexander\nHerit, B D.\nHorry, E.\nHorry, E. L.\nHoff, Henry\nHoff, John M.\nHoward, Colonel Robert\nHorlbeck, John\nHorlbeck, Plenry\nHerckenwrath, Leon\nHolmes, J. B.\nHolmes, Henry P,\nHolmes, John\nHolmes, J. E.\nHorsey, T. J.\nHowland, Joseph\nHuger, Hon. Benjamin\nHuger, Hon. Judge Benjamin\nHuger, Dr. Benjamin\nHuger, Alfred *\nHuger, John\nHuger, Daniel\nHume, John, sen.\nHume, John, jun.\nHume, Robert\nHanscombe, Thomas\nHutchison, Edward L.\nHunt, Col. B. F.\nIrvine, John B.\nIrvine, Dr. Matthew\nIzard, Henry\nJenkins, Christopher\nJervey, Capt. Thomas\nJervey, James\nJohnson, Hon. David\nJohnson, Dr. J.\nJohnson, William\nJones, Henry J.\nJones, John S.\nJones, John C.\nKeith, Col. M. I.\nKennedy, Capt. James\nKennedy, Maj. L. H.\nKer, Joseph\nKershaw, William\nKinloch, Frederick\nKnight, Thomas\nKing, Mitchell\nKirkland, W. L.\nLibrary Society, Charleston, 2 copies.\nLibrary Society, Pineville, 3 copies.\nLadson, James \u2022\nLadson, C. B.\nLehre, Thomas, jun.\nLance, William\nLance, John G.\nLance, Francis\nLazarus, M.\nLee, Thomas\nLesesne, Peter\nLegare, James\nLegare, Thomas\nLegare, John D.\nLegare, John Berwicke\nLegare, Francis\nLegare, Hugh S.\nLegare, J. Basnett\nLegare, Thomas jun.\nLevy, L C.\nLewis, John\nLeaumont, Robert\nLining, Edward\nLining, Charles\nLindsay, William\nLockwood, Joshua jun.\nLogan, William\nLord, Archibald\nLord, Richard\nLowndes, Thomas\nLowndes, James\nLynah, Edward\nLynah, James\nLucas, William\nMackey, Dr. John\nMagwood, Colonel S\nM'Kinney, C.\nMairs, Simon\nM'Clarey, Samuel\nManigault, Joseph\nManigault, Major Henry\nMassias, Major U.S.A.\nM'Pherson, Colonel James\nMarshall, Thomas C.\nMartin, William\nMartin, Robert\nMatthews, John R.\nMaxwell, R.\nMaxwell, William R.\nMaynard, Dr.\nMaybank, Joseph\nMazyck, N.B.\nMey, Charles S.\nMiller, Abraham\nMiller, William H.\nMiller, W. C.\nMiller, James A.\nMiller, John\nMiller, George\nMiller, A.E. 5 copies.\nMilligan, Joseph\nMilligan, Thomas\nMiddleton, Arthur\nMiddleton, Arthur jun.\nMiddleton, Thomas\nMichell, Edward\nMintzing, J. F.\nMorris, Colonel Thomas\nMorris, Captain William\nMorris, Edward\nMotte, Abraham\nMoffett, Andrew\nMoore, S. W.\nMoses, Myer\nMurray, Rev. J. J.\nMontgomery, Hon. Judge\nNapier, Thomas\nNathan, Henry\nNoble, Hon. P. (Spealcer)\nNott, Hon. Judge\nO'Neal, Charles\nD'Oyley, Charles\nOsborn, Charles\nOgier, Thomas\nOswald, General\nOtis, R. W.\nM'Owen, P.\nParker, John sen.\nParker, John jun.\nParker, Thomas\nParker, William H.\nParker, William\nParker, A. M.\nParker, Charles\nParker, J. W.\nParker, Pheneas W.\nPalmer, J.\nPaul, Dunbar\nPatterson, Samuel\nPayne, Josias S.\nPerman, George\nPezant, J.\nPhelon, E. M.\nPrescott, G. W.\nPettigru, J. L.\nPeronneau, William\nPeronneau, Henry\nPinckney, General C. C.\nPinckney, Charles\nPinckney, Roger\nPinckney, Richard U. S. N.\nPostell, Captain William\nPotter, John\nPotter, James (2 copies)\nPinckney, 6 copies, General C. C.\nPringle, John J., Pringle, James R., Pringle, Robert, Pringle, Robert Alexander, Primerose, Robert, Prioleau, Colonel John C., Prioleau, Dr. P. G., Prioleau, Dr. Thomas, Prioleau, Samuel, Price, William, Price, Thomas, Pratt, John, Quash, Robert, Ralston, Robert, Ramsay, Dr. John, Ramsay, David, Ramsay, James, Ravenel, Henry, Ravenel, John, Robertson, William, Robertson, John, Robinson, Alexander, Rouse, William, Rouse, James W., Rose, Hugh, 2 copiers, Rose, James, Rose, John, Rogers, John, Roach, E., Roach, William, Roux, Lewis, Rowand, C. E., Rout, W. G., Rutledge, Frederick, Rutledge, John, Rutledge, Edward, Rapelye, Jacob, Ryan, L., Rhodes, John, Sass, Jacob, Seeger, Charles, Se bringing, Barnet, Saltus, Capt.\nSinclair, Alexander, William, Schnierie, John M., Skinner, Lewis, Sijons, Keating, Simons, William, Edward P., Thomas Grange, Thomas Y., Shroudy, W. B. T., Shoolbred, John, Slawson, Nathaniel, Silliman, John IL, Le Signeur, Dr., Shand, Peter, Shields, Henry, Smith, Josiah, T. Rhett (2 copies), William Mason (2 copies), Capt. Peter, Skirving, R. D., Thomas jun., Benjamin B., Robert, W. S., Benjamin Rhett, James H., Thomas M., William jun.\nStephens, Dr. A.V.S.\nStreet, Thad\nStent, John\nStevens, Col. Daniel\nSchutt, L.H.C.\nStrohecker, John\nSpring, John\nStewart, Robert\nSuau, Peter\nSteedman, C.J.\nSnowden, W.E.\nStoney, John\nStevens, J. Henry\nSifly, Henry\nTaylor, Josiah\nTaylor, Lieut. U.S.A. (2 copies), Richard\nTeasdale, Richard\nThayer, E.\nTschudy, Rev. J.J.\nTelfer, Edward\nThompson, J.\nTennant, C.\nTheus, S.\nTimothy, P.\nThorn, John\nThomas, James\nTrescot, Henry\nToomer, Joshua W.\nTrapier, Paul\nTrapmann, L.\nTrenholm, William\nTunis, C. H.\nTucker, C. S.\nTurnbull, Robert J.\nTunno, Adam\nTuimo, Dr. J. C.\nTidvman, Dr.\nValk, J. R.\nDe Villers\nVanderliorst, Elias\nVanderhorst, Richard\nWashington, William\nWarley, Charles\nWarley, Dr. William\nWatts, Beaufort T.\nWarins:, D. J.\nWaring, Col. M. A.\nWatson, James A.\nWestendorff, C P L.\nWhite, J. B.\nWhite, John\nWesner, Frederick\nWeyman, Joseph T.\nWhaley, W. S.\nWhilden, Joseph\nWilkie, William R.\nWigfall, John A.\nWigfaU, Thomas sen.\nWigfaU, Thomas jun.\nWinthrop, Frederick\nWilkins, G. M.\nWuson, Major John\nWilson, John L.\nWilson, Rev. William\nWilson, J. H.\nWilson, Dr. S.\nWilson, Dr. J. M.\nWilson, S. jun.\nWilson, A. H.\nWashington, A. >S.\nWright, J. J.\nWood, James\nYates, Jeremiah A.\nRichard Yeadon, Moultrie, J. B. Ion, Intendant Gen. Thomas Pinckney, John Liddleton, Timothy Ford, William Carson, John Wilkes, Daniel McCaulay, Dr. Raoul, Henry Inglisby, D.Lamb, jun., Capt. R. B. Baker, C. C. Pinckney, Beaufort, John G. Barnwell, Edward Barnwell, William Barnwell, Robert VV. Barnwell, John iM. Baker, Paulus J. Beu, Paul H. Barns, William Burke, Archibald Baynar, John Chaplin, Saxby Chapman, William Elliott, Edmund Euis, Thomas D. Buuer, John A. Fripp, James Fripp, Perry Fripp, James Fickling, W. J. Glen, William Grayson, Myer Jacobs, David M'Kee, William Mairs, Moses J. Moses, William B. Oswald, John E. Pope, J. I. Perryclair, William Richard, B. B. Sams, Lewis R. Sams, John J. Smith, W. C, Talbird, M. D. Toomer, J. M. Verdier, M. J. Wulkins, William H. WitseU, L. WitsoU, Jacob Warley.\nFelix B. Warley, B. S. Logan, William Singleton, Joseph Fraser, Charles Fishburn, Richard H. Fishburn, F. B. Fishburn, William Murray, Frederick Fraser, Alfred Walter, Paul S. H. Lee, Thomas Boone, Rev. L. Floyd, J. Lockwood, A. EUison, B. F. Trapier, William W. Trapier, John M. Taylor, Robert Heriot, Francis Kinloch, Samuel Wragg, Charles Huggins, Maj. William A. Bull, Hon. Thomas R. Mitchell, Col. William Alston, Col. J. P. Alston, Charles C. P. Alston, I. Myers, Francis Withers, Hugh Fraser, Maj. Gen. Carr, James M. Grier, Camden, James G. Holmes, J. J. Carter, J. Carter, Joseph J. Evans, Georgetown, B. F. Trapier, William F. De Saussure, H. T. Nott, G. Chapman, D. T. M'Cord, South-Carolina College (2 copies), Hon. Judge De Saussure, Col. A. Blanking, Capt. B. T. Elmore, Col. John Taylor, A. B. Stark.\nThomas Willison, J. Gregg, Zebudah Rudolph, Stateburgh, Hon. Judge Waties, Hon. Judge James, Col. F. K. Huger, Cleland Kinloch, Stephen Miller, Dr. Brownfield, Henry Middleton, Orlando Rees, William Mayrant jun., John Mayrant jun., W. H. James, X. T. Bracey, W. W. Anderson, S. J. Murray, John Waties, William Ballard, Isaac Lenoir, J. J. Frierson, Sumterville, John Knox, William Sumter, William Haynsworth, J. G. Mathis, R. Huntington, William H. Capers, J. Dergun, Leroy Perdue, James F. Gordon, Joseph D. Clay, W. A. Calclough, Evan Benbow, Pendleton, Col. Thomas Pinckney (2 copies), Dr. Hall, Subscribe: Names, Col. J. E. Calhoun, Robert Anderson, Col. Warren, Winshborough, Caleb Clarke, William McCright, S. Johnson, P. E. Pearson, John B. McCall, Chester, W. S. Gibbes, R. G. Mills, John Lowrey, J. E. Gunning, -- M'Clarey, Abbeville, Joseph Black, Catlett Connor, Edgefield, Sampson Butler, Daniel Bird.\nA. P. Butler, John Kay, John Middleton, Newberry, Job Johnston, J. B. O'Neal, Abraham Dysoji, I aurens, John Hunter, Benjamin James, Wilham Downs, Spartenburgh, Eber Smith, Lancaster, Robert M'Corkett, Amassa Howard, Barnwell, L. M. Ager, York, Thomas Warramanni sen., C. C. Merryson, Clarendon, Albert J. M'Gurny, Williamsburg, P. G. Gourdine, St. Bartholomew PS, Isham Walker, Boston, Capt. K. D. Wainwright, U. S. M., Capt. W. B. Shubrick, U. S. N., Capt. J. F. Heileman, U. S. A., Capt. R. M. Harrison, U. S. A., Lieut. C. R. Flovd, U. S. M., H. H. Watson, Stephen Leach, J. Magee, S. O. Auchmuty, Baltimore, Robert Gilmore (2 copies), W. Gilmore, Robert Oliver, D. Winchester, Robert G. Harper, W. E. Williams, Jacob G. Davies, John Barney, John E. Howard, J. Montgomery, Marcus Denison, William M'Donald, John Smith, J. S. Skinner, Fayette, Benjamin Robinson, Duncan M'Rae, Thomas Evans, Thomas T. Robeson.\nArchibald M'Lean, C. P. Nullett, Jerard Williams, John Armstrong, David Stephenson, J. J.E.Amrll, John Vaughan (2 copies), J. A. Smith (2 copies), R. Izard (2 copies), Gen. Izard, Col. Burn, Col. Fenwick, Wm. Duane, E. R. Dupont, De Valville, Charles Roberts, L. Harris, William Short, Jacob Martin, Dr. J. Mease, S. Mulvie, D. Gracie, Chief Justice Marshall, Hon. Judge Brooke, Hon. Judge Johnston, Maj. Gen. V. Scott, J. Brackenborough, J. Wickham, B. Payton, C. J. Nicholas, Jos. Marks, Maj. James Gibbon, William Fitzhugh, Capt. John Swift, Maj. Gen. R. B. Taylor, George Pickett, Petit De Villers (2 copies), J. Read (2 copies), J. M. Wayne, G. W. Anderson, Richard Richardson, James Marshall, W. B. Bulloch, Rev. William Cranston, Robert Habersham, John H. Morrell, S.M.Bond, J. M. Stone, G. L. Cope, John M 'Queen, John P. Williamson, William M'Queen, Thomas M. Morell.\nJohn Stephens, Richard W. Habersham, William Gaston, H. B. Gwathmey, Charles Harris, Thomas M. Berrian, J. Shellman, Benjamin E. Styles, Samuel Styles, G. W. M'Allister, James Bilbo, William Davies, George Glen, S. Mordecai, Donald M'Leod, John H. Ashe, Moses Sheftall, W. P. M'Connel, R. Rarford, Addison Dashiell, James Bond, Thomas J. Roberts, Maj. H. M'Call, Adam Cope, Dunwotty, James S. Bulloch, James Eppinger, Gen. Floyd, Thomas Spalding, Gen. John M'Intosh, John Morrell, Barnard Nicolan, Jos. Long worth, George Scheley, William Neff\n\nNew York.\nHis Excellency De Witt Clinton, Hon. William Bayard (3 copies), Gen. Theophilus Bailey, William Bayard, jun., Robert Bayard, Gen. Matthew Clarkson, William B. Crosby, Dr. D. Hosack (2 copies), R. Gracie, Dr. J. W. Francis (2 copies), C. G. De Witt\n\nSubscribers Names.\nHenry Brevoort, Charles March, Charles Rapelye, Colonel Nicholas Fish, Samuel S. Gardener, J. Hedden\nDaniel T. Hewit, Col. Libbeus Loomis, Stephen Allen (Major), Gen. Jacob Martin, Col. Alexander M. Mir, M.M. Noah, N. Phillips, N. T. Proctor, T. L. Stagg, Col. H. G. Stephens, Col Richard Varick, Johnston Verplanck, Stephen Van Rensselaer jun., R. Wilson, Caleb Westcott, N. Pendleton, John Pintard, Col. Trumbull, Col Lewis Morris (3 copies), J. G. Bogert, G. C. Verplank, Rev. J. M. Wainwright, G. Gibbes, C. K. Perduey, E. Weeks, Washingtons Col. John Tayloe, Benjamin Ogle Tayloe.", "source_dataset": "Internet_Archive", "source_dataset_detailed": "Internet_Archive_LibOfCong"}, {"language": "ger", "scanningcenter": "capitolhill", "sponsor": "The Library of Congress", "contributor": "The Library of Congress", "date": "1822", "title": "Ansichten der freien Hansestadt Bremen und ihrer umgebungen", "creator": "Storck, A[dam] i. e. Philipp Adam, 1780-1822. [from old catalog]", "lccn": "04028909", "collection": ["library_of_congress", "americana"], "shiptracking": "ST001017", "identifier_bib": "00078019451", "call_number": "7264982", "boxid": "00078019451", "possible-copyright-status": "The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright restrictions for this item.", "publisher": "Frankfurt am Main, F. Wilmans", "mediatype": "texts", "repub_state": "4", "page-progression": "lr", "publicdate": "2014-02-14 14:28:51", "updatedate": "2014-02-14 15:35:35", "updater": "associate-caitlin-markey@archive.org", "identifier": "ansichtenderfrei00stor", "uploader": "associate-caitlin-markey@archive.org", "addeddate": "2014-02-14 15:35:37.691447", "scanner": "scribe10.capitolhill.archive.org", "notes": "No copyright page found.", "repub_seconds": "879", "ppi": "500", "camera": "Canon EOS 5D Mark II", "operator": "associate-lian-kam@archive.org", "scandate": "20140220183251", "republisher": "associate-phillip-gordon@archive.org", "imagecount": "686", "foldoutcount": "0", "identifier-access": "http://archive.org/details/ansichtenderfrei00stor", "identifier-ark": "ark:/13960/t72v5410z", "ocr": "ABBYY FineReader 9.0", "curation": "[curator]associate-eliza-zhang@archive.org[/curator][date]20140221172729[/date][state]approved[/state][comment]199[/comment]", "scanfee": "100", "invoice": "36", "sponsordate": "20140228", "subject": ["genealogy", "Bremen (Germany)"], "backup_location": "ia905804_10", "openlibrary_edition": "OL25587379M", "openlibrary_work": "OL17015383W", "external-identifier": "urn:oclc:record:1039975889", "republisher_operator": "associate-phillip-gordon@archive.org", "republisher_date": "20140221115555", "ocr_module_version": "0.0.14", "ocr_converted": "abbyy-to-hocr 1.1.11", "page_number_confidence": "93.71", "description": "p. cm", "creation_year": 1822, "content": "I. Dr. A. Storck, Professor in Bremen, Frankfurt am Main, 1822, Friedrich Wilmans Verlag. Allgemeine Hirten- und Schul-Zeitung. IRRBIEK HAI SB STAH T BREMEN TUET IHME IJMOTllIJHOTH JJ)T AB STOBPL Mit 6 ICMpifermarkt AMHAIN 1822 BE I TFiRICH WILMAS S. der Freien Hansestadt Bremen, ein Werk zugeeignet, dessen Inhalt den Bewohnern dieser Stadt so nahe angeht. Hoher Senat! Nicht ohne innige Verpflichtung sind letztere den V\u00e4tern ihres Staates, deren weise F\u00fcrsorge sich \u00fcberall durch festes Halten am Gesetz und das unabl\u00e4ssige Bem\u00fchen wahres B\u00fcrgergl\u00fcck durch alle St\u00e4nde der Gesellschaft zu verbreiten, so r\u00fchmlich ausgesprochen.\nA son of the fortunate Free City on the Weser River places this work before a high Senate. If he cannot render important and essential services to his beloved fatherland, he at least gives what he has, and the good intention, the sincere will, will lend value to even the smallest gift in the eyes of the magnanimous. And the distant donor of favor will be recommended anew by his patrons.\n\nIf, alas, the main author of these views, the deserving stranger from Breiten, were still among the living, he would have signed these feelings from the heart of a distant Bremen resident with deep emotion.\n\nIn deep reverence, bound and grateful,\nOne high Senate's most obedient servant,\nFriedrich Wilmans.\n\nPreface of the Author.\nIn the change of my circumstances, it has always been my maxim to make myself familiar with the locality and history of any new place in which I lived. I even do this if I only stay at a place for a few weeks during my journey. When I was approached about assuming the work I am about to hand over to the reader, I was not entirely unprepared. However, some considerations gave me pause. Being a stranger, a Rhinelander, and having lived here only for a few years made some things difficult, as many wanted to learn and study what the native here absorbed with his mother's milk. These concerns were, however, alleviated by the advantage of an outsider noticing interesting things that disappeared from the sight of the native.\nA more significant concern was this:\n\nTo whom will you make amends? If I delve deep, the large audience will learn to scorn my book and lay it aside; if I content myself with descriptions of the exterior, I will not satisfy myself and no less those I wish to satisfy; the native, who is unfamiliar with the nature of such a work and mostly at home in the stories and customs of his city, may sometimes complain that he finds little new, while the foreigner, for whom the content of my book is new, may delight in this newness. The strict historian will reproach me for mixing meticulous investigations with picturesque descriptions of nature; the one who under the title of Opinions had only thought of a light read will be disappointed by the research.\nIt is the purpose of this book to be as it is and not otherwise. I am left with no other option than to make it as good as I can in this form, within my abilities. Those who enjoy painting in black will criticize me for not bringing to light many imperfections that may afflict the Republic of Bremen, as well as any other human thing. It is in accordance with my character and principles to consider evil, whether physical or moral, as an exception in nature, as in man. I therefore gladly leave the fault-finding to those who have more reason to be dissatisfied with the world than I. This book, which was intended to be inscribed on the black tablet of our state and social defects, was entirely inappropriate for that purpose. I take pride in the Horatian: \"Where many things strive, none stands out.\"\nThe historical account in this book is the result of painstaking research and lengthy reflection. The reader in general, and many learned readers not only, seldom see a layered work the effort that went into it, unless the citations almost choke the text. Now I am of the opinion that most citations are mere literary parade and nothing more, and that a citation should only be shared where the yield or the conclusions and results are new, and the question \"Where do you know that from?\" must be raised. For it is only a self-deception, which rests on credulity, that the credibility of the historian is increased through citations, even with the familiar.\nMany cannot determine the accuracy of citations, their proper application, or even their understanding, let alone whether they have been read in the original. For instance, who would want to check all of Johannes M\u00fcller's sources? It is not surprising that in a book like this, there are no source citations shared. However, I admit that I too may err. I am open to anyone who finds something in the historical part of this book that does not entirely agree with what Roller and the chroniclers have said. Although this book does not contain citations, my first manuscript is quite filled with them.\n\nThe famous diploma that Emperor Charlemagne is said to have given to the saintly Willhad, if one even accepts its existence, is a case in point.\nIn a diplom of Frederick I, the matter of Rollers and others binding themselves to a definite cause does not come into consideration for me. The word \"res publica\" was restored to us by Adam of Bremen, and I have not paid attention to what follows about it, as this diplom of Otto the Great is more relevant and can be applied more correctly here. I also left unperturbed the famous privilegium Henricianum. However, I say too much for a preface and add only this: that I had well considered reasons for everything I said and did not say in the first volume of this book. And now, may this little book, as it is, be designed as a faithful representation of my stance, by the humble inhabitants of the city who granted me a second home. XIV.\nThe text has been written with great enthusiasm and warmly received as I was capable of carrying it out with my whole heart and love. I wish that this book may fulfill its purpose for the reader, appearing learned and skillful to the uninitiated. I have not neglected diligent effort in my research.\n\nPostscript to the Above.\n\nThe author of the majority of the following pages did not live to see the completion of his work. A protracted illness, which in the end developed into a lung consumption, took him from his family and the German learned republic on April 19, 1822, much too soon for both. His fellow citizens mourned him deeply.\n\nHis birthplace was Trarbach on the Mosel.\n\nSince the year 1817, where he was appointed professor at the Bremen Handelschule, he had made Bremen his permanent residence.\nHe was elected to sit. With what homely feeling he possessed here, with what determined inclination, with what laborious effort he strove to become fully rooted here, is testified by his earlier literary works, the most illustrious evidence. Yet he did not expect that this same evidence would be obtained without previous examination and revision by several of his Brethren, with the details of the localities and events, some of which he had known since youth through his own observation and living tradition, others through longer and complete source studies, would be familiar to him. With some of the same, he had repeatedly agreed, to devote this revision to their sociable gatherings. Such efforts were made to him during his long illness, which was both loud and real.\nden, as every lively entertainment was forbidden to him by his doctor. Nothing remained for his surviving friends but to fulfill the promise made to him by completing the unfinished last half of this script, using the materials and sketches left behind by the deceased, and adding it to the work. The treated essays are marked with an \"f.\"\n\nThey believed they could only make some corrections and additions to the first and larger, already completed part, for their deceased friend and the public, to whom his work had been promised, as far as limited space and time allowed. This would have supported the author had the revision been possible.\nI. Bremen Stories.\n\nLage und Ursprung der Stadt Bremen.\nThe Stift.\nDie Stadt.\nDie freie Gemeine.\nBremen at Sea and Abroad.\nStadt und Erzbischof.\nDie Hanse.\nBremen in der Hanse.\nDer Rath.\nDie Kasalshr\u00fcder.\nKrieg mit dem Dom - Dechant Moritz.\nKrieg mit dem Grafen von Hoya.\n\nDie grande Compagnie.\nGefahren der Freiheit.\nKriege.\nDie Gebr\u00fcder Dado und Gerold.\nR\u00fcstringer Krieg.\nUngl\u00fcck der Zeiten.\nDer Neue Rath.\nJoh. Vasmer.\nHeinr. Vasmer.\nBeruhigung.\nStellung nach Aussen.\nDie Reformation.\nInnere Unruhen.\n\nRudolph von Bardewisch, Commander of the German Orders.\nDie Hundert und Vier.\nReturn of the Exiled (99)\nThe New Peace (100)\nReckoning (102)\nWar with Junker Balthasar of Esens and Wittmund (104)\nBremen in the Schmalkaldic League (108)\nReligious Turbulence (112)\nCouncil of Elders (120)\nThe Short-Skirted Agreement (122)\nSecular Jurisdiction of Bremen (125)\nThe Seven Years' War (125)\nThe Nineteenth Century (126)\nConstitutional Reform (130)\nThe Elsfleth Customs (144)\n\nII. The City.\nGeneral View of the City (151)\nThe Market (162)\nThe Town Hall (163)\nThe Stock Exchange (177)\nThe Roland (178)\nThe Domhof (187)\nThe Town House (194)\nThe Sch\u00fctting (195)\nThe Museum (196)\nThe Wall (209)\n\nIII. Churches, Chapels, and Monasteries, which once existed and still exist.\nThe Liebfrauenkirche (258)\nThe St. Martini Church (261)\nThe St. Ansgari Church (263)\nThe St. Stephani Church (273)\nThe St. Pauli Church in the Neustadt (275)\nThe St. Rembert Church in the suburb at number 276\nThe St. Michael Church in the suburb at number 279\nThe Holy Spirit Church at number 283\nThe St. Veit Church at number 284\nThe St. Paul Monastery at number 285\nThe St. Catharina Monastery at number 288\nThe St. Johannis Monastery at number 294\n\nIV. Mild Charities and Benevolent Institutions of the Old and New Times:\nThe St. J\u00fcrgen House at number 303\nThe St. Gertrude House at number 306\nThe St. Ilsabe House at number 306\nThe Beguine House at number 308\nThe Nicolai Widows' House at number 309\nThe Pilgrims' House at number 309\nThe Petri Widows' House at number 310\nThe House Seefarth at number 310\nThe Almshouse at number 310\nThe Hospital at number 311\nThe Almshouse at number 311\nThe Orphanages at number 312\n\nV. Bremen's Newer and Newest Times. Morals. Trade. Science. Art. Literature.\nNeustadt. City Area. Surroundings.\nComparison of the Moral State of the Old and New Times 319\nTrade and Shipping 377\nWehrstand der B\u00fcrger 404\nKirchliche Verfassung 410\nSchul- und Gelehrtengeschichte Bremens 416\nKunst in Bremen 483\nMusik in Bremen 488\nDas Theater 494\n\nSeite\nGerichtswesen 501\nStaatshausbaltung 506\nDie Neustadt. 1. Entstehung 515\n2. Jetziger Zustand 523\nStadtgebiet von Bremen 524\nVegesack 540\nBremens Umgebungen 546\nAnlage A.\nAnlage B.\nAnhang.\nBerichtigungen, Erl\u00e4uterungen und Zus\u00e4tze ... 589\nVerzeihung der Kupfer, nebst der Seitenzahl, wohin sie geh\u00f6ren.\n\nDas Hahas und der Markt Seite 162 \u2014 163\nStandpunkt: der Eingang in den Dom; mau sieht den Roland (S. 178)\nden vordem The\u00fc der Obern Strafse an der Enden den Ansgarii -Thurm.\nAnsicht der B\u00fcrger -Viehweide S. 181\n\nMan vergleiche die Volkssage, wie diese Weide an die Stadt gekommen ist. Im Hintergr\u00fcnde Bremen, linker Hand der neue Begr\u00e4bnisfplatz.\nSurrounded by Italian poplars, with the St. Reinbert Church having a clear view. To the right, the modernized old Palatium (S. io,4) is seen, view from the old wall S. 220-222, standing point east of the guard house at the Easter Gate. Below the windmill was the mentioned battery, to the left of the S.g. Bear (Batardeau), with sluices, to let Weser water into the city moat.\n\nFirst view of the Easter Gate case S. 224\nTo the left, the theater, in the background the bastion (S. 232)\nXX1TI\nSecond view of the Easter wall S. 225\nThis mentioned hill, from the side of the Giacis (usually called Contrescarpe), to which a new dam with a bridge leads; the narrow path ends at the bishop's needle.\n\nView of the Herdentor wall S. 226\nStanding point: from the mentioned belvedere, in full view.\nThe Herren Seemann and Duntze new housing complex; to the left, the Glacis, to the right, the wall beneath the windmill. Vegesack. S. 540\n\nThe departing Danish boat; to the left, Oldenburgish land; in the middle, the Lesum river mouth; in the foreground, a part of the earthwork between the Weser and Lesum (S. 555)\n\nView of the city from the south-eastern side. S. 553\n\nCounterpart to the following view from the western side. Standpoint:\nthe large cattle meadow - Werder; in the background, the large Weser bridge, beforehand the icebreakers; from below, the Martini and Ansgarii Church, the cathedral, the windmill on the old wall, the bastion. On the waterfront, the Oberl\u00e4ndischen ships.\n\nView of the city from the western side. S. 554\n\nStandpoint: the Kehrmannsche House on the bastion; to the left, the windmills before the Steph. Thor and on the wall; to the right, the new -\nThe city's embankment; the approaching ferryboat. In the distance, the city up to Theerhofe.\nView of Lesum River, page 555\nThe same-named river, the village with its elevated church.\nLamps - Wood, page 560\nThe Lampensche (Kl\u00fcversche) Wood. Lampens House in the background.\nThe alley extends to Ober Neuland.\nView of the village Horn from the Lehe, ... page 561\nThe former - now newly to be built Evangelical church in Horn, along with some well-known houses.\nXXIV\nView of Burg, page 563\nThe customs house on the bridge over the Lesum, along with the completed and under-construction ships.\nView of St. Magnus. To Anlage A, page 569\nViewpoint: the Brookside, opposite the Lord Focke's manor house.\nView of Blumenlhal. To Anlage B, page 586\nA farmer's house of common type.\nBremen Stories.\ni\nBodies.\niVleeresfluthen overflowed in the primeval age.\nThe North German plains extend from the Weser up to the Westphalian Gate. Crushed granite, which we call sand, formed the base of this Weser plain. Blocks of this stone lay scattered in the ground as silent witnesses to the changes in the primeval world, which give no answer to our questions. When the water receded and this sandy soil came out of the water, the river's pathway through the soft marshes appeared, but below it, the recurring floods provided too much resistance, and it split into four narrow mouths. This was still the case up to the twelfth century. The flood, which carried ships over the land with the river's mouths, brought them into the river and carried them away. However, the river did not only carry away the sand it found in its course, but also deposited sandbanks here and there.\nBeyond his gate, fine earth particles, which swam in his waves, where those sand dunes only rolled in the depths. The original sandy bottom formed the marsh, while the fertile earthy parts formed the marshes. The turbid sea wave brought sand, just as productive parts, and acted in the same way. The marshy soil is initially slimy, a thick, sticky mass in which heavy bodies sink. But soon hardy plants emerge, holding the sludge together. Not long after, it is no longer flooded by the water, then it becomes harder, and the fertile land awaits the working hand of man. A six-foot high marsh requires a period of eight hundred years. So nature always renews, destructively. The tide still makes it up to eight feet.\nTwenty hours the Weser ascended, the old gift of the sea was inspected, further explored the Seem\u00f6ven their ancient realm; in some hundreds it would be different. Individual stripes rose gradually; the water pressed together; on the heights or mounds, the settler built. However, this location was still uncertain. These mounds could only be protected by earth walls against higher Geest and Marsch. Geest and G\u00fcst mean the same and signify unfruitful.\n\nProtected, dwellings could stand, securely\nThe Yieh could graze on the endless plains beyond,\nThe land beyond remained as low as it was.\nSince the text appears to be in old German, I will translate it to modern English while maintaining the original content as much as possible.\n\nThe text reads: \"Since the dikes or earth walls were raised higher, the waters were pressed together more and more; the stream was forced to leave its narrow mouths and confine itself to a broad one, which still shows signs of its origin. Where the original sand, that is, the steep banks of the Weser or the Geest, ends, there are the moors, which owe their origin to these sand hills. In these deep areas, the water could remain standing; they absorbed the vegetation torn away by regurgitations and floods, generated water plants, swallowed these again, and in this way new ones were produced and the old ones displaced. In these depths, on the firm sandy bottom, there was a layer consisting of plant parts, compacted by earth wax, the deeper, the denser.\"\nThe land, which was heavier the higher it lay, appeared lighter and more fibrous, revealing its origin. Deif is the peat, which provides the turf, constantly renewing itself and only stopping when it is dug up and the water plants are deprived of their nourishment. In this marshy area, where the sea or river sandbanks or elevations were no longer reachable after the waves, settlement was possible. However, only the inhabitants of the Geest were completely safe from the rising flood.\n\nSettlement on the marsh was necessary for the farmer according to nature; the Geest rewarded the farmer's effort only after much improvement, although not with abundant, but with excellent types of field fruits; the moor was the most ungrateful.\n\nThis land abandoned by or torn away from the sea\nflache Sumpf- und Sandland gab seinen Bewohnern \ngegen willk\u00fchrliche Herrschaft von Aufsen den \nSchutz, welche den Gebirgsbewohnern ihre unzu- \ng\u00e4nglichen Felsmauern zu gew\u00e4hren pflegen. Die \nBewohner dieses Landes, beg\u00fcnstigt durch die Lage \nund durch Einheit der Gesinnung, hatten schon seit \nunbekannter Zeit dasjenige erworben und bewahrt, \nwas jedem Menschen das theuerste ist: Unabh\u00e4ngig- \nkeit von aller Willk\u00fchr und selbstst\u00e4ndiges Gemein- \nwesen. \nLage und Ursprung der Stadt Bremen. \nAuf beiden Seiten der untern Weser wohnte \nein Volk, das den R\u00f6mern unter dem Namen Chau- \ncen bekannt war; ein Volk, von welchem Tacitus \nsagt, es besitze nicht allein sein Land, sondern \nf\u00fclle es auch; dieses unter den Germanen sehr ange- \nsehene Volk wolle seine Gr\u00f6fse durch Gerechtigkeit, \nohne Habsucht, ohne Leidenschaft, behaupten; ruhig \nund verborgen lebe es, ohne den Krieg zu scheuen, \nWithout looking for him; it was not through robbery that Chaucen's strength and virtue were recognized, since they did not gain their superiority through injustices; but all were ready for war when necessity arose, and they showed reverence even in peace. Among these people honoring justice was the open place, which lay about thirty-six hours from the spot where they now wind into the North Sea through sandbanks, and was known as Bremen only during the time of Karf the Great, when the esteemed name of the Chaucen had long since disappeared in the general designation of Saxony in the list of the forty-nine Germanic cities, as it had probably been marked on Ptolemy's map, the unknown name Phabiranum.\nIn the valley between two sand dunes, where a narrow strip of land, uncertain if naturally formed or artificially created, enclosed a bay and made it an island, allowing lighter connection with the other shore, have likely lived, during the time our history begins, fishermen, shippers, and merchants in safety from sudden enemy raids.\n\nThe Abbey.\n\nWhen Charlemagne intended to subdue the Saxons, who were subdued by the barbarism-reducing religion, he chose as the seat of the northernmost bishopric the place Bremen. This place, which was insignificant for this purpose but had already been considered through action, was taken into account. He granted the abbey the rich fishing waters.\nThe following English translation of the given text:\n\nA fat wooded area, valued from ten provinces in the lands of Wigmodia and Lorgau, and a part of Friesland, was assigned for the jurisdiction, and the tithes of all the produce of the land were to be used for the maintenance and protection of God's servants, but without any jurisdiction or other lordship, neither over the city nor the land. To establish the newly planted church in canonical order, to sow the seed of the Word of God and other instruction, Willehad, an English priest of Saxon descent, was appointed as the first bishop by Charlemagne (788). Out of affection for the land of his fathers, he had earlier converted the heathens on the Weser river's shore; he had also founded a small church and congregation in Bremen. Then, due to an attack by the heathen Saxons, he had to flee to Italy, and later followed Widukind's conversion.\nReturned, built under the mighty Charles' protection the destroyed sanctuary anew, and finally found as a martyr at the lower Weser's edge the goal of his labors. Outside the area confined by the dikes and the river, on a sandy height, securely lying within the river's power, visible from all sides, covered in heather, there now stretches the majestic length of the cathedral. The apostle and first bishop of the northern Saxons and Frisians built there a modest, wooden church, suitable for the needs and means, and surrounded it with other buildings.\n*) Dikes refer to the channels made in the lower Weser that create shallow areas during ebb tide. Similarly, other such sand channels further upstream are called dikes as well.\n\nCleaned Text: Returned, built under the mighty Charles' protection the destroyed sanctuary anew, and finally found as a martyr at the lower Weser's edge the goal of his labors. Outside the area confined by the dikes and the river, on a sandy height, securely lying within the river's power, visible from all sides, covered in heather, there now stretches the majestic length of the cathedral. The apostle and first bishop of the northern Saxons and Frisians built there a modest, wooden church, suitable for the needs and means, and surrounded it with other buildings.\n*) Dikes are channels made in the lower Weser that create shallow areas during ebb tide. Similarly, other such sand channels further upstream are called dikes as well.\nThe region by the sea that is at least flooded during spring tide is named so. When it was deemed necessary by Emperor Ludwig the Pious to establish a northern diocese, Ansgar was appointed Archbishop of Hamburg. The vacant diocese of Bremen was soon united with it, and Ansgar was released from all jurisdictional obligations against the Archdiocese of Colognia, although this could not yet be fully implemented by the emperor's grace. The seventeenth Archbishop of Hamburg, Liemar, since his ecclesiastical territory in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden had been established, called himself Archbishop of Bremen, and from then on only this title was used.\n\nThe constitution of the North German cities.\nWhen they are called such, at the time when the Borner learned of northern Germany, and for some centuries afterward, their inhabitants, if they were free, took part, like every free landowner, in the National Assemblies, in which the judges were also elected. When Charles the Great conquered [them], he changed their relationships with the nobility. They each surrounded their own homes with walls, whether for protection against fire or for building ignorance.\n\nTacitus, Germania\n\nFree people and serfs, as it was, only paid the tithes to the bishops, and a royal judge was set over them. The land sovereignty and criminal jurisdiction therefore remained with the king. Counts, Landgraves, in wars,\nDuke-governors administered the regime on behalf of the king, judged in courts, protected the church, and attended to the Sch\u00f6ffengerichte. During the time of the Counts, the Sch\u00f6ffen were elected by the Count or the Oberrichter and the free inhabitants, who found favor, and the Count spoke according to their wisdom. Only the free (there was no difference in rights between free men and noble free men, but only in possession and esteem) citizens; only they were elected as Sch\u00f6ffen and other government personnel, and only they had a role in the election. The remaining inhabitants were of an unfreeman's status and engaged in trade.\n\nIn the turbulent centuries following Charles the Great, even free men considered it fortunate to become church officials, to withdraw from the king's court, and to be bound only to the address of the bishop's court.\nArchbishop Adaladag, of high rank, young, handsome, of excellent character, learned, highly respected chancellor of the three Ottos, had indeed obtained his archbishopric from Otto the Great for his archdiocese, a feat that also other bishops had achieved for their sees, as the people of his cloisters were not to be subject to any secular judge but only to the archbishop's protection, as long as he was powerful enough. What was more, apart from the advantage of Bremen city, which should not be disregarded, this was beneficial for the archbishop, and was valued and used by the common people as a particularly beneficial ordinance. Nothing could be better for the city than the expulsion of the king.\nThe lords or their representatives, to whom the jurisdiction over the subject craftsmen (the largest part of the community), the collection of taxes, and the higher court belonged, often misused their power in a terrible way. In other cities, their lordship was transformed into territorial sovereignty by the dukes or lords. A attempt by the dukes or lords to reverse the freedom obtained by Adaladagus failed due to the wisdom of Archbishop Adalbert.\n\nFurthermore, the bishops, through the suppression of royal lords and their own acquisitions, possessed their own.\n\n*) Adam. Brem. 82. In this sense, the word of this historian is to be understood when he says: He is he, who restored the republic, d.b. Adaladagus freed us from the arbitrary power of the lords, and gave us a regular judicial court and civil relationships again.\nEr hat uns weltlichen Potestaten entzogen und uns unter bisch\u00f6fliche Aufsicht gestellt. Obgleich im Namen des Kaisers auszu\u00fcbenden Rechte der Weg zur Landeshoheit gebahnt, und das Bremen in der Art nicht \u00fcber die Stadt erlangt, wie andere in manchen St\u00e4dten, wo die Kathedrale war, lag in der durch gro\u00dfen Handel fr\u00fch erworbenen st\u00e4dtischen Kraft; denn durch Verdr\u00e4ngung des weltlichen Vogts war ein wichtiger Schritt getan, um die h\u00f6rigen Handwerker mit der Zeit des Stadtrechts theilhaftig zu machen, wodurch sie aus zins- und dienstpflichtigen Bewohnern freie B\u00fcrger wurden. Dadurch kamen die Gewerbe schnell empor und der Reichthum der Stadt wuchs.\n\nZugleich erkl\u00e4rte aber auch Otto, dass jeder Edel oder Unedel ein Schutzpllichtiger der Kl\u00f6ster des Erzstifts Bremen werden k\u00f6nne, ohne dass irgend.\n\nTranslation:\n\nHe took away our secular powers and placed us under episcopal supervision. Although he paved the way to territorial rule in the name of the emperor, and Bremen did not acquire it in the same way as other cities where the cathedral was, due to the early acquisition of urban power through trade, a significant step was taken by pushing out the secular vogt. This enabled the craftsmen, who were once subject to rents and services, to become free citizens through the city laws. As a result, the trades flourished and the wealth of the city grew.\n\nSimultaneously, Otto also declared that every noble or commoner could be a protector of the monasteries of the Archbishopric of Bremen, without any.\nein K\u00f6nigsvogt diefs verhindern d\u00fcrfe; hieraus l\u00e4fst \nsich die grofse Menge der stiftischen Ritterschaft, \ndie im Erzstift Lehn nahm, so wie die schnell zu- \nnehmende Bev\u00f6lkerung unserer Stadt erkl\u00e4ren. Auch \nerlangte Adaldag vom Kaiser die Marktfreiheit, die \nGerichtsbarkeit, Zoll, M\u00fcnzgerechtigkeit und alle \nk\u00f6niglichen Eink\u00fcnfte in Bremen. \nDie Regalien, welche Adaidagus durch Otto's \nVerg\u00fcnstigung erworben, betrafen jedoch gewifs nur \ndie Kl\u00f6ster, geistlichen Stiftungen und vormaligen \nKrong\u00fcter im Erzstift, wie in der Stadt Bremen \nselbst, und die Verwaltung mufste Kastenv\u00f6gten \u00fcber- \ngeben werden. Eine weitere Ausdehnung bis zur \nLandeshoheit ward erst in sp\u00e4teren Zeiten versucht. \nAdaidagus safs als Erzbiscliof vier und f\u00fcnfzig Jahre; \ndie Befolgung derselbigen Grunds\u00e4tze so lange Zeit \nhindurch erkl\u00e4rt den Erfolg seiner Bem\u00fchungen. \nAls Adaldag aus Italien zur\u00fcckkam vernahm er mit \nWohlgefallen des Volkes Zuruf: Gelobt sei, der da kommt im Namen des Herrn.\n\nThe Yogtei was resold by Archbishop Liemar when he transferred the Yogtrechte to Graf Lothar von S\u00fcpplingenburg, later emperor, in captivity. The House of Saxony did not consider the Yogtei extinct with Lothar's death. When Albert of Anhalt, through Kaiser Konrad's favor, received the Duchy of Saxony, Heinrich der Stolze's detriment, Bremen was taken by Bundesgenossen on his behalf.\n\nDuring a rather long period of peace following this storm, the Bremen, in alliance with other Saxon and Westphalian bitterns, marched to Galicia. They drove out the Saracens from Lisbon and gained equal trading privileges with the natives.\n\nHeinrich der L\u00f6we also conquered Bremen.\nThe city, which did not want to submit to his jurisdiction; many citizens hid in the Frisian moors until peace was established through Hartwich's persuasions. Heinrich's misfortune brought much peace to the city, and it grew so strong that it became an archbishopric against its will. Hartwich II was driven to this position, who was only established through the emperor's intervention.\n\nIn any case, the Bremen people, if anything was to be blamed, preferred the episcopal lordship to the secular one. In the year 1217, they reached a compromise with Archbishop Gerhard I. They wanted to stand in relation to him as their ancestors did to the first bishops, provided he showed himself amenable, and they demanded that he respect their freedoms, customs, privileges, and rights, and that every dispute between the two parties be settled.\nA dispute over the Vogtei of Bremen should have been settled by a judge. An attempt was made by Otto, Duke of Braunschweig and L\u00fcneburg, Heinrich the Lion's nephew, in 1235 to extend his control over the city. He laid siege to the town, ravaged the land, and was eventually appeased with a sum of money from the city and, in the following year, through a treaty with Archbishop Gerhard. The claims to the Vogtei, which had been transferred from Erzbischof Liemar to Lothar, were completely eliminated and suppressed.\n\nThe immunity and freedom that Adalgas obtained for the city's citizens meant that they were no longer the same as the vassals on their lords' castles, but they were still distinguished from the bishop's subjects. However, the citizens later became subjects of the bishop.\nSchof, although he did not owe fealty service, the many knightly citizens, who primarily consisted of the wealthy, were equally honored and respected by the city law that bound them. Ecclesiastical ministers, as well as free landowners who submitted themselves to the bishop's protection or willingly took burgher rights in the city, formed the esteemed part of the burghers.\n\nWhen some of these, in part, retreated to castles or rural estates, and in part returned to the city and conducted trade with the bishop's free tenants, and were more dependent on this chance-given craft than any other, it was quite possible, with the exception of the first centuries of self-governance, where some were still wealthy elsewhere.\nTen people had acquired Burgrecht in the city, who lived solely from their land ownership. No other patriciate arose, except for the contrast between free citizens and the unfree, as this could only establish and continue on a firm and permanent foundation if trade was guaranteed, even if it was not the main business of a city or state in itself. Thus, the difference between the ecclesiastical nobility, free citizens, and still servile laborers is shown. The first could not endure in a situation where the importance of trade seemed to darken the land ownership, wealth, and the glory of the nobility; indeed, a rift arose between the burghers and nobles, which in its fundamental principles has never disappeared, just as a contrast later emerged between the guilds and craftsmen.\nThe merchant guild showed us. If that time had been more literate, there would have been only a few authentic written records in a city that was so early in trade. The old documents explicitly state that only to help the memory of people and future generations, written contracts were made, which therefore no longer had legal force than a verbal agreement. Where there are no family lawsuits to be preserved, one does not collect; and families that do not base themselves on fideicommisses, primogeniture rights, or certain hereditary advantages in the state disappear, become poor, and leave; their memory and existence fade. In Bremen, there were no privileged families, to whom an archive was a necessity, but rather the largest part.\nThrough trade, they had risen. As in free German cities, where names had been passed down for a long time and taken from the surrounding castle burgs or places in the city, so one finds that the names of burghers, as far as we find them in writing, are mostly borrowed from distant villages, castles, and cities, from which they or their ancestors were born. In this regard, as this is generally apparent, the rise of the ephemeral merchant and craftsman classes over the landowner is also becoming more evident. The guilds did not admit noblemen, and perhaps they saw these as posing too great a resistance to their influence through the formation of corporations. The nobles, however, mixed more willingly with the burghers through the relinquishment of their privileges upon acceptance.\nThe free commune. Since the time of Otto the Great, a self-governing community spread in German cities, as if by agreement or as if a common model had existed there; it still existed to some extent in Italy, where a grasp of ancient Roman city constitution had been preserved; but with the difference that this same one, which there often appeared only seldom harmoniously and swung between the eternal change of inherited form and the needs of the time; whereas the northern German cities formed themselves purely according to need, preserving more custom and authentic religious piety, and thus providing a guarantee for longer and more stable existence and against the emergence of strife.\nThe progress of northern German cities towards civil freedom advanced more slowly than that of southern German ones, as they did not lie close enough to support each other, and only began to stir after the dissolution of the Welfic power. The development of a similar civic constitution was brought about by the spirit of the time and the need for it. The emperors did not give or make the constitutions; they merely approved them on the request of the local leaders, as far as imperial power allowed, which soon became apparent.\n\nThe early formation and under what conditions the free commune in Bremen came into being is not ascertainable. Yes, it was originally present there,\nIf, during Karl the Great's time, that regeneration occurred through Adalidagus, it was necessary to bring it under the control of the worldly lords from the crook of the staff. When Bremen is called one of the oldest cities in Germany, one should keep in mind that those peoples who are closest to the Roman Church, the head of our religion, have less religion. Macchiavelli Discovers himself above the first decade of Tito Lirio. L. I. C. XII.\n\nUnder no village, inhabited by serfs, do such a community, with the ability to independently own property, date back as far as this. The legacy of the Burgerviehweide, given by Countess Emma of Lesum to the city commune in 1032, is evidence of this. This donation was not acknowledged as valid by Archbishop Hartwich for a considerable time.\n\nThe Crusades, the role the Archbishops played in them,\nSchofen took note and the necessary provisions were given to the affluent burghers, who were then able to purchase various rights or even acquire land and subjects outside the city through trade or the confusion prevalent in all relations during that time. Kaiser Friedrich der Erste, recognizing the significance of free cities in northern Germany as a counterbalance to the powerful feudal lords, granted Bremen the right that any man, except for clergy, could not be driven out by his creditor after a year of uncontested residence in the city. This right, three and forty years later, was due to the significant population growth. In other free German cities, this period was six years.\nThe Liebfrauen-parish was divided into three parts, which was the right of the one who held it. This was the case in Bremen by the sea and abroad. Various things contributed to the enhancement of the power and wealth of the city of Bremen. The high spirit of Archbishop Adalbert, his pride, hospitality, generosity, friendliness, witty and mocking nature, and wide influence attracted people from all lands, especially from the north. Bremen was called the northern Rome, and delegates from Iceland, Greenland, and the Orkadian Islands were seen, who asked for teachers of Christianity. Thus, a significant trading traffic developed towards Bremen, unfortunately often disturbed by unrest.\nThe Adalbert's government was disturbed by acts of violence in all forms. He had determined, \"neither duke, nor count, nor any judicial person would have any jurisdiction or power over him in that matter\" (Aut. inc. ap. Lindenbr.). He also led his troops as a military commander. Wolter S. 42. It was not far from his thoughts to mock the pope in the north, hence he fondly called Bremen his \"little Rome.\"\n\nMerchants, who frequently came from all parts of the earth to trade with Bremen, are mentioned in Ad. Br. 116.\n\nMany distinguished citizens joined him. During the long siege of Acre, when sickness spread among the crusaders, Bremen and L\u00fcbeck jointly hoisted a sail as a pavilion, took in the sick, cared for them, and this was the small beginning of their [deeds].\nThe Bremer citizen Otto von Harpen, who was unlike his equals in pious demeanor, served as the second master of the Teutonic Order. Three years earlier (1158), a Bremen ship, richly laden on cabotage, was forced to enter the Dwina due to being diverted from its course in the Baltic Sea. This event gave rise to the founding of the city of Riga and a lasting, participatory trading relationship, as well as contributing to the conversion of the Livonian heathens. The northern German cities had long been at a disadvantage in this regard compared to the Italian cities, which had gained more from colonization along the Baltic Sea and trade with these colonies.\n\nCity and Bishop.\n\nWhen both the bishop and the community found it appropriate to free themselves from the pressure of the king's bailiff or high court judge, Otto von Harpen was the master of the Teutonic Order.\n\n*) The words of chronicler Renner.\nThe city of Riga's coat of arms, a key, attests to its old lineage. Bishop Hartwich the First consecrated the first Latvian bishop, Meinard; most of his successors came from Bremen in the following centuries. The former had not considered that the walls and towers, erected for the protection of the bishop's seat, the cathedral, and the city against Huns, Normans, and later against covetous neighboring princes and other enemies, would one day serve to empower the burghers, who could potentially oppose the bishops' pursuit of landlordship.\n\nIn the participation of Bremen in the first and following Crusades, a campaign against the Saracens in Portugal, the influence of the bishop is not to be overlooked, and the city seems to have had only little hostile contact with him.\nWhen he also had a paternal relationship towards them and a common benefit against violent neighbors, as long as the citizens knew no desires for higher self-rule, and the bishop felt no livelier desire for secular rule over the city. But the advantage of the emperor and the clergy were hostile towards each other, so the city held to the first. This indicates early self-rule and proper recognition of the emperor and the bishop's positions.\n\nWhen Hartwich II (1187) was driven out of the city by Emperor Frederick, the ban on the divine service ended, and the altars were silenced.\n\n[1231 AD: The emperor granted all ecclesiastical princes of the realm the authority to fortify the city with its cathedral seat with walls and moats for the benefit of the Reich's piety.]\nThe interdict was so strictly enforced in Bremen that, due to a lack of funeral masses, many dead lay unburied. It was only lifted after Harmann with the emperor was reconciled. Orders and prohibitions affected mainly the lower classes. The nobility managed to protect themselves, as they obtained indulgences and permission documents from the pope to conduct religious ceremonies in the presence of selected officials at closed church doors.\nFrom the year 1392, a document states that the council sent a certain Plato with 300 Ducati to Rome to purchase permits for holding services during the Interdict. However, Bremen suffered little from the Interdict in the thirteenth century, as shown in the history of our cloisters. In the year 1499, two boys fought to a draw under the Vespers in the Liebfrauenkirche, making the church unconsecrated. The dean demanded forty Rh. Gulden. Bishop Johann Rode, who was in Bremen at the time, declared that he should not receive any yield. The townspeople were not at fault. With four Gulden, he was to be fed. Another time, the churchyard was desecrated by the wounding of a knight.\nThe Weihbishop received again four Gulden, three wax candles for twelve pounds of meat, a little room of wine, and nine rooms of beer. However, the cautious and wealthy citizens did not leave the Archbishop unused to his predicament when he was in need of insufficient revenues and had to sell or pledge privileges. Therefore, some regalia first came to the city only for a certain time, then permanently. Several archbishops, among them Albert the Second (1369), often pledged the archbishop's mint authority to the city for certain years before the mint freedom of the city was legally guaranteed by Emperor Charles the Fifth (1541) in writing. Many things might have come into use through long-standing custom that could not be proven through written confirmations of property rights, and they remained undisturbed as long as they were not disturbed.\nNo meaningful or unreadable content was identified in the text. Here is the cleaned version:\n\nThe bishop made no objection. Much lay in the character or specific state maxims of the bishops, so that one sank again, what the other had built up, depending on higher age, special inclination towards church duties, long absence, services at the emperor's court by some, or stronger years, military inclination, participation in imperial affairs by others, which sought freedom for the city, were soon hindered.\n\nAs early as the year 1613, when the council responded to the archbishop regarding the bishop's city councillor contract with Archbishop Hildebold, they stated that this had not been in use for four and a half centuries, or rather never existed, and they relied on this old custom.\n\nThey granted and even promoted concessions, yes, if necessity and urgency demanded it. But the struggle between bishop and city, that one, who...\nThe bishop desired to receive his bishop's seat as a landstadt for his own security, this one who wished to force those within their city walls with his decrees, never entirely ceased. A lively outbreak of discontent gave occasion to Archbishop Gerhard. The Bremen had already exercised toll freedom on the Weser up to the salted water. Archbishop Gerhard took away this right from them and demanded the toll in his fortified castle Wittenborg, two miles below Bremen (1220). The Rette, with which he blocked the river at this place, was blown up by the Bremen. The castle was taken and destroyed, and a part of the city was paved with the stones and the chain was hung up in triumph. The consequence of this strife was that the Bremen received a right, which until then had only existed in practice, now became legally established.\nThis text appears to be in Old German, with some modern German and some Old High German. Here is a cleaned and translated version of the text into modern English:\n\nThe ecclesiastical documents, which were later confirmed multiple times, were secured.\n\nStedinger War.\n\nDuring this archbishop's tenure, there was a more significant opportunity to expand the rights and territory of the city. When Gerhard planned a crusade against the heretical Stedinger people, who lived approximately four thousand strong beneath Bremen in the Oldenburg County, he desired the participation of the Bremen citizens. He granted them legal privileges, the abolition of unjust taxes, a third share of all conquests and acquisitions made by the Stedinger, and the stipulation that no Bremen merchant was obligated to join this crusade, but if one did, he would be bound to serve as a ministerial or protective vassal of the church, for which he could provide a substitute. This shows that.\nThe citizens of Bremen were not all in equal positions regarding the archbishop. The castellans, who managed the jurisdiction for the archbishop in Stedingerland, namely the counts of Oldenburg and Stotel, had built castles in the country and allowed their burghers to insultingly insult the women and daughters of the Stedinger. These women took up arms, drove out the nobles, destroyed the castles, and gained complete freedom. Such disputes had begun as early as 1187, and the Stedinger had been tax-paying subjects and servants of the same since the twelfth century.\n\n*) The Stedinger Land did not only belong to the parish of the Bremen see, but they were also tax-paying subjects and servants since the twelfth century.\n**) Cassel Collection of Unprinted Documents S. 122. The document finally found peace. In the year 1230, the following ensued.\nA steady lady communicated to a priest, and in place of the Host, he gave her the offered confession penny as, in his opinion, an insufficient gift. She complained to her husband. He confronted the priest, and instead of the expected apology, was mockingly answered. He drew his sword from its sheath and killed the priest.\n\nThe people justified the husband's displeasure and declared themselves his protectors. The archbishop now had the desired opportunity to carry out his long-held plan. The Stedinger were declared witches and heretics, placed under a ban, and the Cross was blessed against them. The Crusade began on Christmas of the year 1230 and lasted until 1234. The notorious\nKetzerverfolger, Konrad von Marburg, brought a large group of Crusaders. An army of forty thousand men reached barely enough to defeat the small, brave people. They formed a densely packed keil-shaped battle formation with eleven thousand men. On the side of the Crusader army, Dominicans sang from a distance, \"In the midst of life we are in death.\" Duke Henry of Brabant led the Crusader army but could accomplish nothing until Graf von Cleve attacked the flanks. Of the Stedingers, six thousand men remained on the battlefield, many drowned in the Weser and in moats. Almost the entire people were slaughtered on their estates.\n\nAt this time, the guilds of craftsmen had also formed independent connections, which could not be effectively prevented during the confused time under Emperor Frederick II's rule.\nThe citizens sought more and more to free themselves from the jurisdiction of the imperial court, which the archbishop exercised (1246). Seven and thirty years later, Archbishop Hildebold had to yield to the Bremer citizens' strength and firmness. He had built the Warfleth castle on the Weser despite their opposition and incited the Friesians against the city, causing great damage. After a three-year war, he had to surrender the castle to the citizens, who destroyed it. In return, he promised the city contractually not to build any further castles on the Weser river. He confirmed the city's charter, which had been revoked by the pope in 1235. In the city of Bremen, a procession was held to celebrate this victory.\nThe annual feast day was ordained by Bishop Johann Rode, as recorded in the Bremen ecclesiastical rituals (Strasburg, 1511). The fifth Sunday after Easter is designated for this occasion with the words: \"agitur solenne officium de beata Virgine contra Stedingos.\"\n\nBishop Gerhard granted the city freedoms, and during his tenure, the city gained significant power. Many guilds received their own judges from the senate.\n\nThe time of Archbishop Giselbert was also crucial for the development of the Bremen artistic spirit. One of his men had injured a citizen. In response, the enraged mob stormed his palace, destroyed much, and set it on fire. The archbishop fled. The citizens were subdued and humbled for a while, but fourteen years later, as tensions rose once more, the situation escalated.\nThe city has been admitted into the Hanse, the archbishop declared legally that Bath held full secular power, while the archbishop should only concern himself with spiritual matters in the city. Thus, the relationship of the archbishop to the city was restored as it was before Adalheidus, with the exception that the commonwealth had developed since that time, and what had been the power of the secular governor previously, now lay in the hands of bishops or their representatives, now with minor powers.\n\nIn the year 1261, the craftsmen obtained their own courts, except for blood courts. In the year 1243, the city also made an agreement with the counts of Oldenburg, that they should not build castles or towers on the Weser river against their will, should not levy tolls on the Bremen, and should help them in Cothen.\nAn exception to the privileges of the B\u00fcrgerschaft was granted. The consequence of this important decree, and in order to establish the duration of the now determined relationship, was that in the year 1303, the first remaining town laws were described. There were already written laws beforehand, but they had not been ordered into a collection; likewise, some were not written down. If Bath and B\u00fcrgerschaft decided in the year 1303 that they wanted to describe their rights as they were to be forever, this shows that up until then, the rights had neither been determined for duration nor for power.\n\nBremen town statute book is written on parchment and has the inscription: Anno Domini millesimo trecentesimo tertio, sequenti die Andree Apostoli, inchoatus est iste liber Justitie.\nThis is the beginning of the statute book of Bremen, from which the law was written. The collection and compilation was done with the consent of the council and a delegation of sixteen citizens, four from each quarter of the city. The collection consists of 13 civilian articles and 16 criminal ones. In the year 1304, 35 more articles were added in civilian and police matters. Following these are 149 ordalies, not all of which were written down at once but added according to the availability of time and circumstances. These ordalies were laws that originated from the judgments of the jurors and sworn citizens. These statutes were improved and repeated in the year 1433 and have remained in effect until the present day.\nAnother collection of police ordinances, which on the one hand marked a significant step towards the self-governance of the city, yet on the other hand were often attempts by the archbishop, supported by neighboring princes and even disgruntled citizens, to assert that Bremen was not a subordinate city, a status other bishops had achieved in other towns. The citizens needed all the more steadfastness in the face of attempts by secular princes to subjugate the city. In such cases, a man was drafted as arbitrator between bishop and citizens in the year 1489, known as the Wise Roll (Rolle), which was read annually on the Sunday of Lent after the main sermon from the city hall in Lower Saxony, Bremen.\nThe text \"Laube\" named, over the entrance of the wine cellar, later read to the gathered citizens from the gallery of the town hall, after some hours a large tapestry, on which the judgment of Solomon was depicted, had been hung from the windows. This also happened in other cities, so that in an era where few people could read, no one could excuse themselves with ignorance. Since the middle of the eighteenth century, this necessary and honorable use for the citizen who cared little for written matter ceased to exist. It became a plaything in the eyes of the rebel. The artistic role was confirmed by Ferdinand the Third, whose decree from the following emperors was almost verbatim repeated.\n\nThe best edition of the statutes is the one by Oelrichs in volume 4.\nThis year is generally accepted. However, an older example of the role of the citizens has been found from the year 1440. They stood, and this often brought significant advantages. However, the city, under changing and often threatening conditions, required great freedoms from the emperor and the empire to be content, but not as completely free as Regensburg and L\u00fcbeck, a stronghold without which it could not have gained these advantages with Archbishop Giselbert, and could not have developed its self-sufficiency or maintained what had been achieved.\n\nThe Hanse.\n\nIn the dark times of lawlessness, a connection of some Wendish and Lower German towns formed, without a specific plan, as without writing, a league.\nThe cities that awaken commercial spirit and bring new concepts such as goods into circulation have always been a constant factor in the domestic economy, especially in common business, notably shipping and sea trade, a shared endeavor in the Crusades, and joint colonization in the northeastern part of Europe. These common business ventures, primarily shipping and sea trade, a shared cause in the Crusades, and joint colonization in the northeastern part of Europe, bring about a connection between North German cities. This connection, which was initially sought by the Christian princes and peoples living along the Baltic Sea for themselves and later for weaker city-states, aimed to secure coastal rights and protection against piracy.\n\nFrom the fourteenth century, the constitution of these randomly assembled cities takes shape; they adopt a common name and call themselves the German Hanse, forming a corporation, accepting members, and establishing a structure.\nWe sign other treaties, forming a federation from the right bank of the Maas river and the outflow of the Scheide, extending to Esthland and Reval, including a multitude of inland cities. Sought after for free trade and acquisition of foreign trade, we are powerful and fortunate. Free from the breakage of princes and nobles through tariffs and uncontested by neighboring states, merchants should be able to thrive. In the presence of disputes between allied cities or with foreign powers, arbitration will be practiced. Furthermore, interference in the internal administration of federal cities, upholding city rule against the encroachment of discontented guilds, forcible imposition of trading privileges previously requested, and addressing legal matters.\nBefore this, Bremen had been favored:\nSo the Hanse appears in alliances, in wars, in trade.\nBremen in the Hanse.\nTo this alliance now joined in the year 1284 the city of Bremen, known for sea voyages in the crusades, granted privileges by Tonningen and princes, and comparisons with other cities. Through cloth trade and excellent beer exports, even across the sea, through trade with fat cattle, hides, cheese, and butter from Friesland, Bremen had importance and wealth in trade, through various feuds, especially through participation in the great Siege of L\u00fcbeck at Bornh\u00f6ved, military renown, through resolute stance against the archbishop, significant self-determination. On the Hanse, Bremen had its place directly after C\u00f6lln.\nThe Council.\nNot long after, however, the city shows signs of self-\n\n(*) C\u00f6lln is a city in Germany, located near Berlin.\nThe consistency of the Free States' history reveals ruler-obsessed, violent citizens, who wish to make their rule oppressive and enduring within their families; patience and obedience on the part of the oppressed, as long as they are not here (Collen), all should hear from Bremen. Collen and Bremen are our earthly abode in the Danish dominion, decided by the L\u00fcbeckish burgher Jakob Pleskau. Renner, around 1372. There is still a semblance of law against ridicule and violence, but resistance.\n\nThe establishment of the Bremen council is unknown before the first half of the thirteenth century. Annually, new council members are elected in indeterminate numbers, some from the ecclesiastical nobility. The entire community in the hands of a single family to manipulate was\nIn the past, it was easier as the established rule that a certain degree of blood relationship should exclude [someone] had not yet been set. The ordinance of the council, enacted since 1250, was very practical. Every half year, half of the twelve councilors stepped down, and an equal number were newly elected from the citizenship in each of the four city quarters. Only after four years were the departed ones eligible for re-election. No citizen could gain excessive influence in such a short time, and instead, there was the prospect of equal representation.\n\nThe councilors were elected in such a manner that from the quarter in which a councilor had died or otherwise ceased to be, a new one was to be chosen. With such a restricted election, the most worthy could not always come into the council, and the citizenship.\nfing an, das Mangelhafte dieser Einrichtung zu begreifen. Wer \nhatte aber Autorit\u00e4t, eine Aenderung zu machen, ohne dafs \nb\u00fcrgerliche Unruhen zu bef\u00fcrchten waren? Man wandte sich \nin dieser Angelegenheit an den Pabst, und Bonifacius der \nNeunte erliefs eine Bulle (1391), welche gestattete, dafs in Zu- \nkunft, ohne R\u00fccksicht auf das Stadtviertheil, immer nur der \nt\u00fcchtigste gew\u00e4hlt werden k\u00f6nne. \nbald wieder B\u00fcrger unter B\u00fcrgern zu sexn , selbst \nauch die Furcht vor Verantwortung, liefs den B\u00fcr- \nger nie die Augen \u00fcber das wahre Interesse der \nB\u00fcrgerschaft noch \u00fcber seine personliche Gefahr \nverschliefsen, \nNun geschah es, dafs mehrere der im Jahr 1289 \nnicht abgegangenen Rathsherren sich nicht allein \n\u00fcber die Zeit auf ihrem Posten erhielten, sondern \nauch unter dem Yorwande grofser Gesch\u00e4fte Ver- \nwandte und Anh\u00e4nger in den Rath zogen, so dafs \njene festgesetzte Zahl \u00fcberschritten wrurde; ferner \nA patrician class had formed. Reiche Menschen asked for nothing regarding justice; the unruly youth filled the city with murder, violence of all kinds, and shameless debauchery. The council members and their families drove their arrogance so far that they even claimed the right of first refusal on the market up to a certain hour of the day.\n\nAn aristocratic citizen, Arend von Gr\u00f6pelingen, whose family held the Erbschenkenamt of the archbishopric, had left the council and was likely unknown to any of the arrogant ones. At the child's baptism on the market, he had bought an unusually large pike, and when he wanted to take it home, one of the council faction came.\nG\u00f6tje demanded that Arend give him the fish. A heated debate ensued; the crowd gathered and enjoyed listening to Arend's determined words. Arend refused to yield to Freses demands and took his hecht home.\n\nFreses insult was not forgiven, but he dared not use open violence against a respected, knightly citizen. Shortly thereafter, Gropling became ill; his end was near, and the priest gave him the holy sacraments. This helpless state came as a welcome opportunity for the scoundrel, allowing him to take his revenge on the dying man. He and his companions burst into Arend's house and forced their way into the dying man's chamber.\n\nA servant, who recognized the intentions of the intruders, rushed up the stairs to defend his master.\nWhen he soon realized that he was at the mercy of superior power, he bowed to the heads of the bed over his lord, shielding him with his body. The wicked men then pierced both of them. This shameful deed finally opened the eyes of the respectable citizens and showed them the necessity of change. They consulted in silence with the few well-disposed members of the council, and decided to undertake the enterprise through which freedom would be established and the aristocratic oppression brought to an end. In one night, several hundred men, respectable citizens and councilmen, gathered in St. Nicholas- (S. Clawes-) Church, heavily armed, carrying two banners, and cried out along the long Strafse to the Martyr, \"That every man.\"\nThe right and the unright would sorrowfully appear with their weapons, avenging the deathblow. The people, armed, gathered swiftly on the mart.\n\nWhen the weary saw that a part of the council was against them, they took flight, and were laid peacefully, with women and children, their names recorded on a table hung at the town hall and inscribed in the city register.\n\nA attempt by the malcontents, with the help of the duke of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg and the nobility, to enter the city again, was thwarted by the courage of the citizens and a strong wall, thus encircling the city.\n\nA significant change was not made in the council at that time. This council was one that completed itself, as many of the clergy were among them.\nThe striving for aristocracy and patriarchy, as in south German cities, could not become a reality, for the wealth of most council members was based on uncertain trade, and with the rapid change of the council's fortune, they often had to supplement themselves with new people instead of their own families. Even if the council was successful and powerful due to attacks from within, the estates, whether through kinship or inherited privilege, supported the citizens and craftsmen.\nSince relatives could not both sit in the council at the same time and submit to the true patriciate, but were not prevented from being the only ones elected, one could be convinced of their maxima and inclination towards peace. Since the year 1306, the number of council members was determined anew to be sixty-two. Twelve of these should govern in turn for one year, they then being the sitting council. After three years, all councilors had been at the helm of government. Thus it went regularly until the year 1330, when internal and external circumstances, of which history reports little, caused the constitution of the council to be overthrown. The old council remained, but there were so many new members that one does not know.\nwie, unter mancherlei Vorw\u00e4nden, und weil jeder \ngern seinen Anhang verst\u00e4rken wollte, hinzugekom- \nmen, dafs man einmal hundert und vierzehn in den \nRegistern z\u00e4hlt. \nIn dieser Zeit hatte die Stadt nach Aufsen Un- \nfrieden mit den Nachbaren und im Innern so viel \nZwietracht, dafs man die Herrschaft der unvern\u00fcnf- \ntigen Menge \u00fcber die verst\u00e4ndigen Wenigen nur \ngar zu deutlich erkennt. \nErst um das Jahr 1351 sind wieder nur sechs \nund dreifsig Rathsherren. Aber auch selbst diese \nEntfernung so vieler Rathm\u00e4nner, um die geringere \nZahl wieder herauszubringen, konnte nicht ohne \nPartheiungen abgehen, und scheint noch nicht von \nDauer gewesen zu seyn. \nDie Rasalsbr\u00fcder. \nFast in allen St\u00e4dten des Mittelalters vereinig- \nten sich die B\u00fcrger, je nachdem sie zusammen pafs- \nten, in Gesellschaften, oft in Waffenbr\u00fcderschaften, \ndie sich irgend eine Benennung beilegten, und in \nIn a specific house or tavern, they used to gather. In these societies, political parties of the state appeared, the citizens against the nobility, the middle class against the rich.\n\nOne such was in Bremen, the Kasalssresello society, which had its meeting house in Curt's fortified courtyard at Oberstrasse. This society distinguished itself through all kinds of disorder. A member of the same, Otto Lange Marten, intended on the Wachtstrasse to kill his uncle, but mistook him in the darkness of the night for another citizen named Grone. Though unexpectedly attacked, this man defended himself, tore off Hoyken and Kagel (coat and hat) from him in the struggle, but was eventually overpowered by the stronger and younger man.\nA man is overpowered and remains dead on the spot. The following morning, the slain man is found, and the murderer is identified by the cap and mantle taken from him. When the corpse was being brought through the courthouse, the murderer's cap and mantle were carried beforehand on a pole. As for the judgment to be passed on him, the Kasal brothers stormed the town hall to free their brother and wounded a town councillor. This resulted in the tolling of the alarm bell. The crowd gathered on this signal, the disturbers were overpowered, excommunicated, banished forever, the Kasal society was dissolved, and their house was destroyed.\n\nIn the same year (1347), the casale in Bremen was destroyed, and there were not a few disturbances and significant injuries and it was almost a stronghold in Conrad de Gr\u00f6pe's court.\nThe village, where violent killers converged for nefarious purposes; it was called \"Casale a Casa.\" Wolt. Chron. of Bremen - Krieg with Domdechant Moriz. Four significant wars were waged against the Bremen people within sixteen years. Gottfried Graf von Arensberg was chosen as bishop by the pope, while Moriz Graf von Oldenburg was elected bishop by the chapter. Moriz was the lord of the diocese and all castles, and the council deemed it appropriate to wait quietly for the outcome of the schism and recognize the victor. However, Gottfried, in secret, won over four citizens who appeared before the council, presenting the councilmen with clear evidence of Gottfried's righteousness as the pope's chosen bishop, instead of Moriz, with whom they had been partial, feasting, drinking, dancing, and holding court with women and maidens.\nBen and his men refused to leave their peaceful position and also declared their intention to speak with Domdechant Moriz Fehde. The war was waged on both sides with great destruction. Moriz had significant advantages and caused particular damage to the trade routes, on the Elbe as well as the Weser. If the Bremen citizens wanted to gain anything against the Archbishopric, they had to build a bridge over the Lesum, fortify it, and secure it with the construction of a fort and some war ships.\n\nNow, the way to the Archbishopric was open for the citizens, which was being plundered so extensively. Moriz led an army of nine hundred men, accompanied by Graf Engelbert of der Mark, Balduin, Bishop of Paderborn, the Graf of Steinfurt, Graf Curt of Oldenburg, and other relatives and friends against the city.\nAn S. Remberts-Spital stumbled towards the defense of the land, the city folk without order and were defeated with significant losses. Those rescued owed their lives to the fences, over which they jumped. Moriz advanced towards Osterthor, made five men into knights, devastated everything around S. Pauls-Kloster and further on to the Lesum, and returned again before the city. The gates stood open, stillness everywhere! Some dared to ride in, the gates were dead, no man to be seen, the houses closed! So devastated was the city through the terrible pest, which had carried off a third of the population in Europe for three years. *)!\n*) People often asked how it was possible that so many men were still in the still-standing city walls of the towns.\nwohnt, als in dieser Pest, wie die Chronisten erz\u00e4hlen, ge- \nstorben sind, z.B. in Florenz hundert tausend, zu Venedig \nAls die Mannen dem Erzbischof ansagten, die \nStadt sey gewonnen, er m\u00f6ge nur hineinziehen, \nsprach der verst\u00e4ndige Mann: \u00bbNein, das werde ich \nnimmer thun, da Gott mit ihnen krieget; heute ge- \nsund, morgen todt, das kann uns auch begegnen, es \nw\u00e4re grofse S\u00fcnde und Schande. Wir haben ihnen \ngenug Schaden gethan, das h\u00e4tten wir gern unterlas- \nsen, wenn es m\u00f6glich gewesen w\u00e4re. Wir haben \nso manchen sch\u00f6nen Tag da verlebt, mit Tanz und \nLust, mit Jungfern und Fr\u00e4ulein. Sind wir Feinde, \nwir k\u00f6nnen wieder Freunde werden.\u00ab Nach diesen \nWorten zog er ab. \nDie B\u00fcrgerschaft, die den Rath zur Feindschaft \ngegen Moriz gezwungen , erkannte ihr th\u00f6rigt Werk, \nrieth zur S\u00fchne mit ihm, und schwor, sie wolle nie \nwieder gegen des Raths Willen thun. Gottfried \nErzbischof Moriz became Administrator of the Stift, with the condition to maintain order, which did not always seem to succeed. War with Graf von Hoya. For the uneducated citizen of the Free State, submission to higher insight is always difficult. He is, in fact, the natural adversary of insight, as he fears being overshadowed by it. In L\u00fcbeck, there were even ninety thousand, and once even up to five hundred thousand. But the increasing population, which could not find room within the city walls, settled outside and founded the suburbs.\n\nThis envy, although it can be harmful at times, is one of the conditions for the continuation of a Free State. scarcely six years after that penitent declaration against the Rat *) forced the citizens to submit once again to Graf von Hoya.\nThe war was to be announced as the native inhabitants of his county, who had settled in Bremen and obtained citizenship after the great pest, were addressed as serfs according to the right granted by Emperor Friedrich. Several years prior, the lords of Krummendike had demanded the return of a serf who had become a Bremen citizen, and when he refused, they had arrested a Bremen burgher master and councilman who were traveling to the Hansatag in L\u00fcbeck. Other similarly born citizens of Grafschaft Hoya were thus alerted to the same impending fate, and the war fervor was easily ignited. The count's conciliatory behavior, as well as all proposed compromises, were rejected by the enraged mob.\n\nUnder these circumstances, Moriz allied himself with\nAppius Claudius, the Roman mayor, as Renner naively remarks, did not hesitate, as Titus Livius writes, to prevent the common man from wearing sandals, and it is also true that where Omnis rules, it is not uncommon for such things to happen in the city of Bremen. The city prepared for the count Engelbert of der Mark's arrival with six hundred men. The count came with a significant force surrounding the city. However, a letter came, and after reading it, he left without saying a word to anyone, and no offer could change his mind. According to the customs of that time, there were mocking verses about him and his departure.\nThe Count was accused of flight. The Count heard this so badly, as he later returned to the city with his troops and burnt many houses in the countryside. In the meeting at Verden, the Bremen were defeated, many wealthy citizens, many of the council, who then numbered over a hundred members, were captured and had to buy their release with heavy money. Their plan to take Hoya through two war vehicles, called Eichen, was foiled; instead, they took the Burg Thedinghausen on their return journey. Peace followed.\n\nThe Grande Compagnie.\n\nFrom the recently recounted war arose significant unrest in the city. Those who had bought their release from the Count of Hoya's prison with their own wealth received no state reimbursement. Contrarily, those who had been ransomed were.\n\n*) A Glavie or Gleve consists of five riders.\nUnwilling to be bought back in the same way, the common people demanded compensation. The magistrates, summoned by the council, were unwilling to pay the insignificant sum. At their head were Hemmer and Wildhoens; they called themselves the Grande Compagnie, a name that had become common in Germany at the time. Several more joined them, and it was spoken of in the church to elect a new council. They seized a ship's flag bearing the city of Wapen, entered the houses of those who were for the magistrates or at least neutral, and when they could not find the men, they thrust their swords through their beds.\n\nTo put an end to this disorder, the council called upon many noblemen of the nearby abbey to the city for help and marched with them and the well-disposed citizens in the morning, fully armed, to the market.\nThe doors were closed, the storm bell was rung, and some of the ringleaders seized. That very evening, the magistrate held a shameful court. Eighteen ringleaders were immediately beheaded, the fugitives were declared outlaws, their entire wealth was confiscated, and it was decreed that the prisoners be sold into servitude in Hoya. The common people were forgiven. Remmer was killed near the village of Mittelsb\u00fchren, and the council allowed the head to be cut off. Hocns, the elder son of the fur trader, was beheaded, the second was hanged, and the third, a child, was made a monk in M\u00f6nchshude, where his father spent the remainder of his life as a lay brother. The merchant guild, which had supported the council during these unrests due to independent trading ventures in Flanders and other places, now entered the city.\nThe responsibility of Gerter before the Hanseatic League, due to Hollmann's piracy activities, which had caused him to be expelled from the Hanse and significantly diminished, was to be restored. This was achieved that same year as a ship with fifty soldiers, led by Burgermeister Berend von Dettenhusen, sailed with Hanseatic power against the King of Denmark. The council had equipped its men uniformly to make them more appealing. Graf Heinrich of Holstein, known for his bravery as the \"Iron Knight\" and the city's knight marshal, praised the bravery of this Bremen crew highly.\n\nRestriction of Freedom.\n\nThe inclination of the high clergy, a free commonwealth in which they held their seat, to limit freedom, was evident, as it was everywhere, also frequently in Bremen. It is surprising that it was over.\nThe main episcopal residency cities gained independence, as German bishops owned more land and people in Germany. This is worth considering when comparing the conditions of Italian free cities and their bishops with those of the Germans. Archbishop, or rather Administrator Moriz had released the city from its oath, and his successor Albert received homage with the guarantee of the city's rights. Albert also concluded a common peace treaty with the Count of Hoya and the city Ehrgeiz (Greedy) in the following year. Greedy people, who lacked the means and character to play a significant role beneficial to the common good, hoped to elevate themselves through the destruction of the same, and thus more easily achieve their goals, which they desired not on the path of honor.\nThe secret friends of the partially shattered, partially executed Grand Company revealed to the bishop the loss of the view of regaining or acquiring new rights over a city that had long enjoyed significant independence from the bishop.\n\nOn a Friday before Pentecost, in the dead of night, the archbishop's men arrived above the cliffs at the home of the loyal burgher, Johann von der Tiver, were let in. Meanwhile, Johann Hollmann, the pirate who had caused Bremen to leave the Hanse for this reason, illuminated his house, the Hollmannsburg, to facilitate their approach. The traitors in the city welcomed them and let others in through the breaches and open doors. The wooden Roland, the symbol of imperial immediacy, was burned.\n\nThe town clerk Heinrich Gr\u00f6ningk at Ansgarii.\nThe pious citizens gathered around him, drew near to the market, and commenced the nightly struggle. Wild Johann Hollmann called out loudly: \"You proud citizens, he who wishes to remain at his old right, join us. My lord of Bremen has come only to uphold justice, so that each may remain at his right.\"\n\nMany, who had followed Gr\u00f6ningk, joined Hollmann. Others, who would have been ashamed to reveal their treachery during the day, hid under the cover of night, making it better if Gr\u00f6ningk had closed the market gates and awaited the dawn. He himself, after the city banner had been snatched from him, was pressed before the old town hall steps and taken captive. Other aldermen were also captured.\nget\u00f6dtet. The morning went not over a free, but an ecclesiastical city; the friends of freedom had fled.\n\nHowever, the Ostertor was verpallisadired where Hollmann's Steinhaus was, into which the traitors gathered provisions, which they took from both enemies and friends; through this treacherous procedure, the deceived multitude had their eyes opened.\n\nIn the night of the betrayal, however, some prudent citizens had escaped and gone to Delmenhorst to Count Carsten, whose intentions they knew. Johann von Haren, son of the one who, during Fresen's treason, had been the burgher master, had rushed into the tumult and had taken the city's contract with the archbishop. He carried it from city to city, showed it publicly, and loudly accused the archbishop.\nEid and brief and seal dealt. The Exiled, although placed cruelly by the traitors, maintained understanding with the benevolent Remainders, and considered how the city could be regained, not without trust in God and his Saints through prayer and vows. A procession to our Lady, alms to all churches in Bremen, and pilgrimages to holy places were proposed, if God would bless the undertaking. However, proposals were made to the archbishop by some citizens who wished to restore peace, to remove him from the city, which alone would hinder the restoration of freedom. A sum of twenty thousand marks, Wasseiz\u00f6llle and the maintenance of two fortresses were granted to him through a conveyance.\nAfter eight days, he reached the city. Three days later, the fugitives had won and the necessary regulations for readmission of the city were passed. On the Saturday before St. Peter and Paul's Days, they stormed the Ostertor, and the city was soon in their hands. Those who felt guilty dared not resist, but surrendered one after another.\n\nStronger resistance was expected from the fortifications in the city. Graf Curt of Oldenburg stormed the Hollmannsburg; the feared Johann Hollmann was killed * and his body was hung out of the window. The huge corpse caused horror. At this terrifying sight, his wife, along with a child, never recovered and died.\nDie gefangenen R\u00e4delsf\u00fchrer erhielten bald ihre \nStrafe, selbst die Frauen derselben entgingen kaum \nder Rache. Der B\u00fcrgermeister Johann von der \n*) Mit einer Geusen, sagt Renner, das ist ein Schwert mit ei- \nnem R\u00fccken wie ein Messer. S. brem. niedersachs. W\u00f6rter- \nbuch. Th. II. \nTyver wurde an seiner eigenen Th\u00fcre neben der \nHolzpforte an einem eisernen Hallen aufgeh\u00e4ngt. \nAndere wurden von Pferden Strafse auf und Strafse \nab Kopf unter am Seil geschleift ; Hollmanns \nKnechte wurden in den Strafsen erschlagen , und \nf\u00fcnf andere, die nochmals den Bischof zu einem \nVersuch aufgefordert, enthauptet. Auf die Vorspra- \nche angesehener B\u00fcrger, mit der Bemerkung, dafs \nder Rath durch zu grofse Milde und Nachsicht selbst \nan der Frechheit der Aufwiegeier Schuld gewesen, \nwurde den Uebrigen verziehen. \nDarauf wurde mit S\u00f6ldnern das Stift durchzo- \ngen und ausgepl\u00fcndert, so dafs der Bischof sich \nbald bequemte, auf jene in der Noth von der Stadt \ngeleisteten Versprechungen heinen Anspruch machen \nzu wollen. Der schuldige Theil der B\u00fcrgerschaft \ngelobte Gehorsam f\u00fcr die Zukunft und erhielt Ver- \nzeihung. \nIndessen hatte sich bei dieser Gelegenheit geof- \nfenbart, wie verderblich es dem Gemeinwesen war, \ndafs den Z\u00fcnften eigene Gerichte zugestanden wor- \nden; es wurde demnach verordnet, dafs fortan zwei \nRathm\u00e4nner in den Versammlungen der Z\u00fcnfte Siz- \nzung haben, zum Rechten sehen und auf Aeufserung \nunruhiger Gesinnung achten sollten. \nAuf diese Weise ging aus der Gefahr gr\u00f6Tsere \nSicherung f\u00fcr die Zukunft hervor; ein engeres Band \nverkn\u00fcpfte den Rath und die Aemter, und fernem \nPartheiungen war so viel wie m\u00f6glich, menschlicher \nVorhersehung nach, vorgebeugt. \nKriege. \nEs ist nicht zu leugnen, dafs die Periode der \nEntwicklung der politischen Verh\u00e4ltnisse eines Staats \nThe talent and important events bring it, where everything has come to rest. In the manner, as in the states of capability, unrest is prevented, its history loses interest; examples of fatherland love and nobler sacrifice become rarer, and history is deprived of its most beautiful adornments.\n\nAn unfortunate war against the Butjadings occupied the Bremen for a short time. Of more mischievous nature was the feud of Archbishop Albert and the city of Bremen against the Verden and L\u00fcneburg knighthood and Duke of Braunschweig-L\u00fcneburg. So jestingly was the provocation given, the claim of the dean of Zesterilleth, that the archbishop was a hermaphrodite, consequently, according to the canonical law, not a clergyman and a bishop could be. A rumor that only gained strength through\nThree inspections in Bremen, Hamburg, and Stralsund could refute the significant consequences. For Bremen, the outcome of the feud was advantageous. The feuds with neighboring chieftains ended happily, and in 1391, King Wenzel confirmed the city's privileges. The frequent wars against the piratical Friesians, in part due to the ecclesiastical knighthood and neighboring counts of Oldenburg, Delmenhorst, and Diepholz, benefited the city. Particularly lively were these feuds from the year 1407, which lasted almost sixteen years, as the piracy of the Friesians increasingly hindered the extraordinary trade of the Bremen merchants. The city finally managed to build Schlofs Friedeburg, not far from Atens on the Leehste River, to protect its shipping. The feud with Count Christian the Eighth of Oldenburg ensued.\nIn this unpleasant event, in a brief war, Deventer was captured by the Bremen and had to buy his release with heavy ransom and important pledges and mortgages. The lords of Stadtland and Esens reluctantly agreed, as they had to secure their trade, only necessity and the promise that the Bremen would not disrupt shipping, but even promote it, had forced their consent. New attempts and breaches of given word led to a war (1418); this was followed by a brief peace. However, a few years later, almost all Friesians united to destroy the Burg. On the evening of Saints Cosmas and Damian, without waiting for the main army, Lubke Ommekens, the late lord of Esens, approached, accompanied by both.\nSons. Dedo and Gerold, with twenty-two Frisians and twenty German marksmen. They were unable to master the entire fortress master, who encouraged his men at the window to kill them. The ordinance assembled from the houses, shoved out from the towers onto the Frisians: they lacked help; many were wounded; they used the darkness of the night to hide. When morning came, the younger brother called to the assembly. The nighttime raid, he said, had not brought us as far as winning the fortress. It is better, he suggested, that we try again. His reasonable speech found favor. Cowardice was accused against him. \"Good,\" said Gerold, \"you have heard my advice. I will do what you do.\"\nThey resumed their attack. But soon the Frisians saw that the German shooters were speaking with the garrison of Uebergabe, and the Werdenians were coming to their aid. D\u00fcre had fallen behind the bridge, gave the signal for retreat, but the approaching enemy was called back. It was all over. The Frisians were all captured and taken to Bremen.\n\nWiarda calls him Ditmar. This was his name.\n\nThe prisoners were led out to death immediately. Dedo, the older brother, was beheaded first. Gerold took his beloved brother's head and Meste held the bleeding mouth in deep mourning.\n\nMany of the council members were moved by this, the inclination arose to grant the beautiful mourning young man life. Stay with us.\nin Bremen, they spoke, marry you among us, you may choose an esteemed burgher's daughter as your wife and be a respected man among us. The young man lifted his head, gazed at her proudly and said: \"I am an noble-free Friese, your pelzer- and shoemaker daughters are not for me. If you want to give me life, I will give you half a barrel of gold.\"\n\nThe proud words pleased the younger councilmen, making them inclined to accept his proposal; but Arend Baileer, an old councilman, said: \"Not so, he will never forget his brother's dead lips. You have never had anything good from him.\"\n\nTo win him over as a burgher in Bremen might have been a means to still the strife between Bremen and the Friesians.\n\nThe Friesians named their land Free-Friesland.\nLord Freiman! He was a Friesian lord. In addition, one recognizes from his answer the grudge of the nobles against the citizens of the towns.\n\nGerold the kind-hearted one also went to his death; twenty Friesians followed him, who were placed on the wheel. The Germans were favored out of regard for the Friesians' property. The cruel but wise Balleer was later shot by a Friesian.\n\nA friend of Gerold's in Bremen erected a stone image of him at the end of the cathedral walkway. A sword stands before the figure. Thousands may pass by, and this now obscured, poorly crafted stone image may be overlooked; but whoever reads these lines may perhaps go and lament over a barbaric time, the early death of a youth, and pay homage to the humble host-friend **).\n\nRestoring the Struggle for the Kingdom.\nThe five parishes of Budjadinger Land obeyed just as many chieftains, who had strongly fortified the churches and used them as castles. Roller is mistaken if he means on page 325 of his history that the image is no longer there. In the cathedral, it is not; but Renner explicitly states that it stands in the corner of the ambulatory, when one exits the door from the choir to the ambulatory.\n\nThe town councilor, Dr. Deneken, gave the artist Tischbein in Eutin the moving fate of Gerold as the subject of a painting. I have heard the artist explain how the painting should be interpreted, so that it expresses the event. His idea was good, but the execution was delayed by seven. Among them were Mar Sybeth, the most powerful and enterprising, a confederate of those hanged young men.\n\nTheir subjects, burdened with taxes, rioted.\nThe Bremer forces came to aid and made themselves subservient to them. Thereupon, the council armed the Rathmann Johann Frese with a thousand citizens and weapons. The fortified churches were taken one after another. However, the one in which the chief Sybeth himself resided, and which was the strongest, held out for four weeks. The misery grew great, the livestock in the ramparts died of hunger and spread pestilential stench, and Sybeth was forced to surrender. All the towers were unroofed, propped up with poles, set on fire, and the entire stone structure collapsed.\n\nA war with the dukes of Brunswick in the same year brought no significant consequences.\n\nThe blood of the R\u00fcstringen chieftains was not forgotten; the Fredeburg and its Droste, the Rathmann Frese, who ruled over the land with absolute power,\nThe pressing war found the chieftains Ocko Kenen of Broke and Focko Ukena, the most renowned heroes of the Friesians, in the bremish territory before the rat could receive the rejection letter. The powerful tower at Golswarden was taken from the Bremish chief Schlangstorff through threats. When this reached the ears of the Droste Frese on the Friedeburg, he surrendered as well. Hamburg and L\u00fcbeck sought to mediate a reconciliation between Bremen and the Friesians, which eventually came about, as the fortresses of Golswarden and Friedeburg, the latter of which had stood for six to ten years, were leveled.\n\nOnce they had a common enemy to fight, the chieftains Ocko and Focko, after the war with the Bremen had ended, turned against each other. Ocko was related to Oldenburg and Braunschweig through marriage.\nUnter K\u00f6nig couldn't rely on the help of these houses; with him was bound Erzbischof Nikolaus von Bremen. Furchtbar was the Battle of Detern (1426). Rash procedure, cold, rain, nighttime combat in the open, food scarcity, all made the soldier discontent; fear and panic gave Focko Ukena the victory. Five thousand lay dead on the battlefield, among them Johann von Hoya, Heinrich von Altona. Focko quickly defeated the chief, Hiddo Taminga, as well. When this one was brought before him as a prisoner, Focko asked him how he would have treated him as a prisoner. Hiddo answered, \"I would have killed you.\" Focko replied, \"So receive what you had determined for me!\" and stabbed him with his own hand.\n\nRitter, Graf Curt von Diepholz, Graf Johann von Rittberg, who were buried in Rastede, were also among the dead.\nDiedrich, Junker von Oldenburg, and the Graf von Teklenburg were not found. Three thousand were captured, among them the wounded archbishop, for whom public prayers were held in all churches. At Pentecost in the year 1427, the council of Bremen attempted to reconcile the chieftains and secure the release of the archbishop and Graf von Hoya, for which twenty thousand guildens and an oath of peace from the entire diocese were demanded. The man entrusted with this important business, who brought about a successful outcome through eloquence and wisdom, and even led the victor to release the archbishop without ransom on his honor, was the Bremen burgher Johann Vafsmer. With him was the commander of Friedeburg, Johann Frese. Since the earlier disturbances described,\nThe peace at the council remained fairly stable according to the old custom. People did not want to rush into improving the council; therefore, it was not until the year 1399 that the council became composed of twenty-four members, including the four mayors. The government was to change every half year, and after two years, begin anew. This continued until discord and factionalism in the state caused confusion and strife. This strife led to violence against innocents, widespread misery, and finally, the illness of the land, a result of prolonged warfare and state building.\n\nThe misfortune of the archbishop, an address seeking compensation from the city on behalf of all who had stood with him in the Friesenhriege, burdens of debt from ongoing feuds and state construction, devastation of the land, resulting inflation, and ultimately, the archbishop's debilitating illness, a consequence of a too-warm winter.\nAll this had brought a foul mood. The common man is fond of shifting blame to the upper classes in unavoidable accidents. If there is a lack of money, debts must be incurred, in his opinion, the superiors have enriched themselves through deceit; if a war has been waged, the leaders were traitors; calamities that befall the land are punishment from heaven for the errors of the rulers.\n\nComplaints arose against the council; the unfair administration of the state property, enrichment of council members, was frequently brought up by the discontented. The burgher Duckel and some other council members had to resign from office due to public accusation, and pay a considerable fine, which again led to complaints being raised against the Hanse (1427).\nThe consequences were tragic for the inner state of affairs. The new council. Those who had maliciously accused the old council of being removed through new institutions and formed a new one were now the discontented, and the first step towards this was taken illegally by the election of four new council members from their faction. Already, three council members, as opposed to the six merchants and guild deputies who were to replace the seven council members whose terms had expired and who could not be re-elected, were to be elected from the citizenry. However, it was soon clear that soon not a single member of the existing council would be left, and this is how it came to be. Many of the departing council members left the city, and even those who remained were...\nThe remaining penitents or reconciliation could only result in complete suppression. Those escaped from the old council, who sought help from several imperial estates, were declared bankrupt of their estates as they did not heed the recall from the new council. The sixteen remaining lords of the old council were thrown into the tower. However, they broke through the vault as far as one man could pass, made ropes from the curtains and straw, and lowered themselves down to the river where a ship was held ready for escape by their friends. Only one remained behind, who was too large for the opening, and also lay sick from the prison air. They all fled together to the others, where their friends followed *, Johann Vafsmer.\nJener beredte und kluge Patriot, der so treff- \nlich in dem ungl\u00fccklichen Friesenkriege gewirkt, war \nder einzige vom alten Rath, der die Hoffnung nicht \nverlor, der guten Sache ohne Gewaltthat den Sieg \nzu verschaffen, und der theuern Republik auf dem \nWege der G\u00fcte die innere Ruhe wieder zu geben. \nEin ganzes Jahr war er rastlos in seinem Bem\u00fchen. \nEr verkannte , dafs es dem neuen Rath nicht um \nVertragung mit dem alten, sondern um g\u00e4nzlichen \nSieg \u00fcber jenen zu thun war. \nAber auch bei den Ausgewichenen, die sich um \nden fr\u00fcher so schwer verletzten B\u00fcrgermeister Ducke! \nin Stade versammelt, und indessen m\u00e4chtige Freunde \nund selbst die Hansa f\u00fcr sich gewonnen hatten, fand \ner einseitige Stimmung; daher wandte er sich um \n*) In dem \u00a7. 3. des ersten Statuts vom Jahre 1433 wird Ordens- \nleuten, Weltgeistlichen, Laien, M\u00e4nnern, Frauen, iVlten, Jun- \nGenre: Historical text\n\nInput: \"_,_ Knechten oder M\u00e4gden die R\u00fcckkehr gestattet. Es scheint also eine ziemliche Emigration gewesen zu sein. Vermittelung an den Grafen von Oldenburg, den er sieh durch Befreiung des Erzbischofs Nikolaus, vom Hause Oldenburg, aus der Friesen Gefangenschaft verpflichtet hatte. Das war aber gegen die Meinung des neuen Rats.\n\nAm sechsten Juni des Jahres 1430 zog der edele, beredte Greis Johann Vafsmer von Stade, wohin er sich begeben, zum Grafen. Ein wenig diesseits der M\u00fchle, als er nach Reckum abbeugen wollte, wurde er von einem Fleischer erkannt, und den Gerichtsboten, die ihm der \u00fcber sein Bem\u00fchen ergrimmte Rat nachgesandt, verrathen. Den andern Morgen um sechs Uhr ward er in die Stadt gebracht, und in den Hurrelberg, ein unterirdisches Kriminalgef\u00e4ngnis in der Hakenstrafse, gesetzt.\n\nSonnabends, als des Herrn Leichnam in Proces-_\n\nOutput: In June 1430, the noble, determined old man Johann Vafsmer of Stade journeyed to Oldenburg to see the count. He had been obligated to do so through the release of Erzbischof Nikolaus from the Oldenburg house, which had freed him from Friesian captivity. However, this went against the new council's wishes.\n\nOn the sixth of June, Johann Vafsmer, an old man from Stade, set out for Oldenburg to meet the count. Near a mill, as he prepared to turn towards Reckum, he was recognized by a butcher. The messengers sent by the enraged council were betrayed by this butcher. The following morning, around six o'clock, Johann was brought into the city and imprisoned in the Hurrelberg, an underground criminal prison in the Hakenstrafse.\n\nOn Saturday, as the Lord's body was being processed, _\n\n(Note: The text appears to be incomplete, and the last sentence is missing crucial information.)\nThe countess Rixa of Delmenhorst, Archbishop Nikolaus' mother, appeared at the town hall, recalling the services rendered by Yafsmer to her son, who had been carried in her coach. She earnestly pleaded for Yafsmer's release. Her gender, rank, and honorable age, as well as her having once carried the archbishop in her coach, could not make an impression on the council. They only released Yafsmer's servant.\n\nOn Tuesday, without investigation, Yafsmer was taken to the market and brought before the blood or notorious court presided over by the archdeacon and two assessors (one of whom was Yafsmer's son-in-law). A charge was brought against him and his son for breaking the sworn peace through perjury. Yafsmer insisted on his innocence and sought a man to pass judgment on him.\nThe prosecutor declared that the judge had given the verdict in the Gichting case, despite Vafsmer's objection. The bailiff then called for Barthold the cooper. \"I seek a judgment,\" the bailiff declared to the assembled crowd. \"The process, whether it has been conducted or not, can be concluded. I will assume responsibility for carrying out the judgment.\"\n\nIn Peter Costers' previously handwritten and seldom existing chronicle, an account is given of a execution in the year 1664: A certain Chris Pape had murdered his wife and thrown her body into the well. Without torture, he confessed to the crime and was sentenced to death. Before the city magistrates' court, he was asked by the city bailiff, as was customary, and he denied the deed. Therefore, he was sentenced to be taken away.\nThe two lords of the council summoned the court servant to the town hall to report this response: The Amplissimus Senatus grants the jurisdiction; I wish to present the spoken judgment before Your Imperial and Royal Majesties, both as Emperor and King of Sweden, as Duke of Bremen and otherwise before everyone. The town mayor remained silent, but the court clerk commanded the executioner, in the name of the council, and the offender was seized by the Roland with glowing tongs and then beheaded at the Stakenberg in Walle. His body was placed on the wheel, his head on the pole. Vafsmer explained the meaning of the word \"Gichting\": \"That is right, for the council and the community accuse me of perjury unjustly. As plaintiff, witness, and judge in one person, they cannot act against me.\"\nuntersagt ihnen das Gesetz. Als ich den Erzbischof \nNikolaus ohne L\u00f6segeld aus Focke Ukens Gefangen- \nschaft frei gemacht, da habt ihr B\u00fcrger mir oft wie- \nderholt, ihr k\u00f6nntet nie weder mir noch meinen \nKindern genug Dank daf\u00fcr vergelten; jetzt ist der \nTag gekommen, wo ihr mir diesen Dank beweisen \nk\u00f6nnt, indem ihr nur das Einzige mir gew\u00e4hrt, was \nJedem zusteht: mein Recht.\u00ab Hierauf bat er den \nVogt, dafs er dem Berthold geb\u00f6te, ein gerechtes \nUrtheil zu finden. \nAls der Vogt die zwei beisitzenden Rathm\u00e4nner \nfragte, ob sie etwas dagegen einzuwenden h\u00e4tten, \ngingen sie zweimal auf's Rathhaus, fragten den Rath \num Terhaltungsregel , und brachten die Antwort \nzur\u00fcck, dafs nach gegebener Gichting weiter von \nkeiner Urtheilsfindung die Rede seyn k\u00f6nne. \nUmsonst suchte der Vogt dem ungerechten Ur- \ntheil auszuweichen; der erzbisch\u00f6fliche Beamte hatte \nMore merciful than Vafsmers stepson, Johann of Minden, who threatened him and declared that the judgment did not come to him but only to the executioner. \"Are you the one,\" said Vafsmer to his accuser, \"who usurps all my rights?\" \"I do you no wrong,\" said the bailiff. \"I mean you not,\" answered Vafsmer, \"but the unjust judges.\"\n\nAfter some back and forth, the executioner declared that the council would show mercy to Vafsmer and let him keep his head. \"See to it yourselves,\" said the honest bailiff. Vafsmer demanded that a notary record the entire proceeding at the expense of his family and spoke the appeal formula: \"I withdraw, where I may withdraw,\" and wanted to continue.\nReden, as the tumult subsided, he spoke, and was pushed through the crowd towards the Oster Thor, on S. Paul's Berg. The silver-haired head, worried for the state's welfare, was separated from the body by the executioner's sword.\n\nFriends carried the body to S. Paul's church and buried him before the baptismal font. Vafsmers' wife wished to hold vigils and soul masses for the innocent victim's soul. The new council, still not reconciled by his death, forbade not only the performance of these pious duties but also seized their wealth. Grief and heartache drew her and her daughters, some already adorned with bridal crowns, to their dear husband and father, soon after to the grave.\n\nVafsmers' brother, who lived in Nienburg, died in the same year from grief over the revered one.\nBrothers Tod, after he had decreed that two of Vafsmers sons should be supported from his possessions to bring about the restoration of their property. One son, Johannes, died in Rome.\n\nThe atrocity occurred on June 21, 1430. It weighed heavily on the conscience of the council, which had assumed responsibility for the retribution. The retribution did not wait. Heinrich Vafsmer.\n\nExoriare aliquis nostris ex ossibus ultor.\n\nFrom an entire magnificently flourishing, in high civic esteem standing family, destroyed by tyrannical oligarchs in the beheading of their honorable head, only Heinrich Vafsmer remained, the man to whom vengeance was reserved and the dishonored father's name to be honored.\n\nHeinrich Vafsmer went to Emperor Sigmund's court, accused the council, and demanded satisfaction. After long fruitless efforts, it succeeded.\nhim finally, when Bremen was declared enemy and under imperial supervision at the Reichstag in N\u00fcrnberg, and the neighboring princes and cities were charged with enforcing the imperial mandate. It was a hard fight for childlike loyalty against a city that even now found protection with the related Hanseatic cities, so the emperor's will remained unfulfilled. Even the emperor's advisors had been bribed, and Heinrich Vafsmere found himself without a hearing again, as they gave him Siegmund instead. Nevertheless, he traveled to the emperor as far as Vienna, followed him to Hungary, reached him in a forest, rode up to him, jumped off his horse, grabbed the emperor's reins, knelt down, begged for justice, and complained about being put off from one time to another and rejected so often. In the first city, I will help you.\nI spoke, Siegmund. At Prefsburg, Heinrich Yafsmer received a stern mandate from many lower German princes, bishops, and cities. With this, he rode to Nuremberg, from there disseminated many certified copies of the same, then went to Hamburg, where many Bremen residents were staying at the time, and obtained their arrest from the council with imperial command; and he also arrested the Bremen people wherever he found them. The city of Bremen had to return to him his paternal wealth and reimburse all costs because it was extensively frightened and damaged by him; and since it could not pay back the significant sums it had given to the emperor to be released from the blockade immediately, it had to pay him until the complete abolition of the wine cellars and the brickworks.\nIn memory of his father, the city in Ansgar Church should establish an altar and perpetual soul mass in honor of the holy sacrament, and the endowment of this vicarage should be given to the eldest of the slain man's lineage. A plaque with a German inscription was hung in Abbey S. Pauli. At the spot where he was beheaded, a stone cross was erected, which is still present today under the name Yafsmers Cross or the stone cross, and its maintenance is among the duties of the organist at the Liebfrauenkirche. The barely legible inscription of the same reads: \"In the year of our Lord 1430, on the day of the Thing, near St. John the Baptist, Master Johan Vafsmer, the mayor, was beheaded here. Pray to God for his soul.\"\nOn Vafsmer's gravestone stood the simple and moving inscription: \"Here lies the innocent Yafsmer!\" **)\n\n*) One hundred years ago, this story was written,\nIt was arranged at the foot of\nJohan Vafsmer, the one graced by God,\nThe Bremen city long honored him,\nA mayor of that very town,\nWhen this unfortunate event occurred,\nJVas next to S. Protasms' roof,\nThe innocent man was buried here,\nThe soul mourns in God surely*\n**) Heinrich Vafsmer later became Elderman, then City Councillor;\nTwo of his grandsons became mayors;\nOne of the same line\nWas active during the Schmalkaldic War,\nIn the year 1567, Hermann, the last of this line, died,\nHe had also been a mayor. The name exists still.\n\nBeruhigung.\n\nBefore the Yafsmer affair was settled,\nThe old and new councilmen reconciled.\nThrough the mediation of the archbishop and neighboring princes and cities (1433). Due to what is called the Table or old peace treaty, the old council regained its rights, and this was to be a council of twenty-four councilors and four mayors for life. Each mayor had six councilors as helpers. This has remained so, with the exception of the most recent change. Position outside.\n\nDuring these internal affairs, Bremen maintained its position outside not without opposition.\n\n*) This alliance consisted of twelve articles, and is called the Table, because it was written on publicly displayed tables at the time; therefore, each new citizen swears, \"I will hold the Table and the book.\" Under the last, one understands:\n[1676] Table, that is, a well-founded agreement, established in the year of Christ 1433 in Bremen, and a new agreement, similar in nature, established and confirmed in the year of Christ 1534, and in which the previous agreement or table is perpetuated.\n\nJudges were Johann and Otto Counts of Hoya and several deans. Furthermore, the cities of L\u00fcbeck, Hamburg, and others, which were subject to Bremen, were to bring these into Ansgar-Kirche [*)] and proclaim the opposing party's claims there with the approval of the pulpit. However, the opposition of the archbishop, the dean, and the other clergy would be fruitless.\n\nThe conduct of the council was as proper as the matter itself. No complaint from the Kezerei [**], no demand for the delivery of the newcomers.\n\n[*) Ansgar-Kirche is likely a reference to a specific church in Bremen.]\n[**) Kezerei is an old German term for a guild or corporation, possibly referring to a specific guild or group involved in the dispute.]\nThe text was accepted, but refutation was suggested instead. Heinrich preached with constant great approval until two years later, when a gruesome martyr's death among the Ditmarsches ended his life. His foundation was firmly given, and the effect continued unabated. The Latin Mass was abolished, and the recalcitrant priests were dismissed and banished. Only in the cathedral, in monastery churches, and in some chapels did the Catholic rite persist. Soon, the service was forbidden to the monastery clergy, their churches were closed; the black monastery was converted into a gymnasium, and the gray one into a hospital. The citizens were forbidden by the council to attend Mass in the cathedral; the new doctrine was introduced in the villages; and finally, the canons fled.\nThis church was then famous for incidents, which occurred in it and led to the interdict, resulting in the absence of divine services. This becomes much more understandable in light of the fact that the church was raided by 144 violent men during civic unrest, who disrupted and interfered with the Catholic mass in the cathedral. As a result, the Catholic service in the cathedral came to a permanent end, although the cathedral chapter, which had largely become Protestant, returned later.\n\nInner turmoil.\n\nUnder such circumstances, the council had to be constantly on guard against hostility from without; therefore, it fortified the city and lowered the drawbridge where the enemy could take a position outside. A successful attack by the archbishop's forces was repelled.\nFor the city it was over; a trial of comparison remained fruitless. However, a storm gathered over the commonwealth, long threatening, then fearfully breaking out. The recently introduced Reformation, the hostile stance against the archbishop, the chapter, and the rest of the clergy had accustomed the mothers to innovations, and the spirit of unrest was so little to be appeased that every opportunity, new things replacing the old, even without regard for whether the change was a improvement or the consequences desirable, was eagerly seized.\n\nAt such an opportunity, there was also a lack within our state machine itself. The right of the council to augment itself, the little control to which it was subjected, the overpowering influence of the merchants through the collegium, all contributed to this restlessness.\nElderly people, the changed relations of the last one towards the community, stirred up dissatisfaction among the guilds. The example of other Low German cities, where similar things had not been attempted without success, gave room for hope that a reform could be brought about, which many peaceful and well-meaning citizens also desired. Such reforms are seldom welcomed by the majority, and there was indeed a good intention at the beginning. However, they are soon thrown off course by greed and self-interest.\n\nNewfangled people take on the appearance of being deeply affected by the pressure and poverty of the lower classes. The striving for changes, which they think will lift them up, apparently founded on civic duty and human kindness, blinds them to the fact that:\nHaufen, who believes he can do everything for himself; often even blinds those who, through their position, should have a clear view of the true intent. A kind-hearted man had long ago raised objections about how the Burgerviehweide was getting smaller and smaller. The newer ones took up this spoken word later on, using it as a pretext to bring up more significant issues. \"The poor man is being pressed more and more, where should he find justice, when the nobles and rich hold sway? Those from the charitable and holy Countess Emma of Lesum had long given the commoners a large cattle pasture; the Domherren in particular had gained meadows and gardens from it, yet so few commoners as clergy were entitled to it.\"\nThe following text refers to a dispute over common pasture land between the city and certain landowners, using references to old documents. The text mentions an ancient Latin decree of Archbishop Hartwich from 1159 regarding a settlement concerning the pasture, which no one involved in the dispute had ever seen or read before. It also mentions an earlier permission granted to the Stephans-Kapitel by Albero, allowing those who did work for the church to graze their livestock on the common pasture, and that the archbishop had the authority to regulate this. The text then lists the names of the landowners involved in the dispute and the specific parcels of land in question.\n\nThe text:\n\n\"haben. What was torn apart, must be reunited again.\u00ab One referred to an old Latin charter of Archbishop Hartwich concerning a settlement regarding the pasture, which none of the litigants understood and had never seen or read before. Since the concept of 'common' and those who had the right to make an appeal to the common pasture had expanded over time, this is shown by the permission granted by Albero to the Wilhads- and Stephans-Chapters (1139), for the purpose of unification in the Stephans-Chapel, in which it was declared that it should be free for those Stephaners who did something for that church to send their cattle to that common pasture, and that the archbishop had the authority over it.\n\nFrom the people's complaints, the council laid the possession of the landowners, which were:\n\n[List of landowners and parcels of land]\"\n\nCleaned text:\n\nWhat was torn apart must be reunited again. One referred to an old Latin charter of Archbishop Hartwich concerning a pasture settlement in 1159, which none of the litigants understood and had never seen or read before. Since the concept of 'common' and the rights to the common pasture had expanded over time, this is shown by the permission granted by Albero to the Wilhads- and Stephans-Chapters in 1139, for the purpose of unification in the Stephans-Chapel. It was declared that those who did work for the church could graze their livestock on the common pasture, and the archbishop had the authority to regulate this.\n\nFrom the people's complaints, the council laid the possession of the following landowners and their specific parcels of land:\n\n[List of landowners and parcels of land]\nThe problems in the text are minimal, so I will output the cleaned text below:\n\nAt Urk. near Cassel, by St. Stephans-Kirche. The common pasture borders, and those who could alone tear down titles from it, were able to claim possession. Once this had been accomplished, the plaintiffs went on, demanding evidence from centuries. Which, as natural in those times when so much was recorded on oral word, could only be produced by a few.\n\nUnrests began, lasting despite sixteen men being chosen for investigation (1530). Mediation by neighboring cities was rejected by the plaintiff party, as it likely wanted to see the interests of the Domkapitel and the Rat as a heavy weight in the scales of law against them in other imperial estates as well. Daily, livestock was impounded on the common pasture.\nRudolph von Bardewisch, a man of blameless life but unlawfully imprisoned, sought to prove his right to his possessions, which bordered on the weide. Rumors spread that in his hands was the true Urlumde, determining the weide's boundary. The council summoned him, and although warned that trouble awaited, he sent his mother and sister instead to learn the will of the burghers. The enraged\nThe mob stormed the fort, intending to forcibly take him. The council spoke in vain, planning to seize him immediately through two of their own ranks. The citizens ran home, grabbed pikes, halberds, and guns, and stormed the Comthur's house. When Bardewisch realized what was intended and saw no protection against the violence in his own home, he quickly escaped with seven of his men to the nearby healing spirit - church and took two men with papers and silver vessels with him. The councilman Veldhusen ordered him to seek refuge in the council, but he could not bring himself to comply. Unfortunately, one of his men, whether by chance or intentionally is unknown, threw a stone into the enraged crowd, striking the councilman.\nThe herr, now seized by sudden eagerness, called out: \"Do your best!\" The resolution word itself was drawn from them, as they could only claim possession by placing their titles before it. Once this had been accomplished, the plaintiffs went on, demanding evidence from centuries past. In those times, when so much was recorded on oral word and so little was written down, such evidence could be provided by few.\n\nUnrests began, lasting despite sixteen men being chosen for investigation (1530). Mediation by neighboring cities was rejected by the plaintiff party, as they likely recognized that the investigation would not favor them.\nTereasse of the Domkapitels, as well as that of the Council, sought to place excessive weight in the scales of justice against them in other imperial estates. Daily, cattle were impounded on the pasture, and the money the owner had to pay to redeem it became rotten. Such disorderliness and the immorality of their leaders unfortunately showed that their concern for the common good was not purely altruistic.\n\nRudolph von Bardewisch, Commander of the German Order,\n\nRudolph von Bardewisch, a man of blameless conduct, but unjustly imprisoned for other reasons, sought to prove his right to his possessions, which bordered on the pasture. Therefore, it was perhaps with justification spread that in his hands was the true document determining the pasture's boundary. The Council summoned him for this reason.\nThe furious mob, warned earlier, did not want to grant him a court, but instead, Mother and Sister related stories to him to learn the will of the citizens. The mob insisted on forcibly bringing him out. The council spoke in vain, intending to seize him immediately through two of their own. The citizens ran home, grabbed pikes, halberds, and guns, and stormed the Comthur's house.\n\nBardewisch realized what was intended and, with no hope of protection in his own house against the violence, quickly escaped with seven of his men to the Comthur's healing church and took two men with papers and silver vessels with him. The summons of the councilman Yeldhusen, ordering him to seek refuge in the council, was ignored by him.\nThe man did not want to follow, but unfortunately, one of his men threw a stone into the crowd, hitting the town mayor. Enraged, the mayor cried out, \"Do your best!\"\n\nThe source in the archive, a manuscript in Low German, states that Bardewich did not let the one who was supposed to calm the crowd and save the unfortunate throw the stone. As the mayor saw the mob's tumultuous behavior, which was trying to enter the church, and heard their angry cries, and as murder weapons were aimed at him from the windows of neighboring houses, he stepped out onto the roof of a nearby building, looking sadly at the enraged crowd.\nThe hands begged, wanting to ask, that they might live and spare his life! \u2014 Perhaps the cruel masters would have yielded, if not for the roar of the mob. One stepped forward from the mob, and this man was like a signal that awakened unstoppable madness. The commander saw now that all was lost, and commended his soul to God.\n\nFrom nine o'clock in the morning until the afternoon, the church was stormed. The town syndic Dr. Wyk, the two chamberlains appeared in vain in the name of the council to calm the citizens. The council finally went to the Domsheide itself, proposed that the commander be arrested, brought before a court; but to rob him of life and property by force would never bring good results.\nCommands, reasons, and pleas met blind Oh-ren; the crowd grew denser, the unrest wilder, the council itself had the worst to fear, and went, one can think, with what concern. Many voices rose loud enough, the council was itself to blame for the misfortune, why had he not earlier heard the complaints of the poor. However, it was twelve o'clock at noon. When the mob saw they could achieve nothing with their weapons; when the constable and his men, as all seemed lost, sold their lives dearly; when several citizens had been killed by shooting and stone-throwing, others wounded: then two constables were summoned; then the council's gunsmith, Franz Renner, was forced to aim them at the tower, in which, as was believed, the constable was hiding.\nThe men surrounded the Buchsenmeister and threatened him, warning him not to miss the mark with the tower; and when part of the tower collapsed, a wild cry of joy rang out in the collapse. In vain did the lament cries for mercy come from the tower; in vain did the knight, now trembling on the narrow bridge that separates time and eternity, waver, in vain did the people stretch out their hands, in vain was a hat on a pole hinted as a sign of surrender. With ladders, the enraged mob climbed the balcony and burst into the window. The commendator sank before Johann Kremer twice, begged for mercy, promising to give the city a thousand guilders. Kremer called out to the people and declared that he could be spared for this reason. When he announced this to the anxious man,\nsein Anerbieten nicht angenommen sey, sank dieser \nabermals nieder, und versprach ihm tausend Gul- \nden , der Stadt aber sein ganzes Verm\u00f6gen. Auch \ndieses fand beim Volke kein Geh\u00f6r; da trat Kremer \nauf den Verzweifelnden ein, und stiefs ihm die Par- \ntisane durch die Brust. Mit ihm wurden f\u00fcnf der \nSeinigen ermordet, und durch eine Dachlucke hinab \nauf den Kirchhof geworfen. Der Comthur ist trotz \nso vieler Wunden und nach dem hohen Fall noch \neinige Zeit seines entsetzlichen Zustandes, wo die \nGewifsheit des Todes und die Sehnsucht zum Leben \nmit einander k\u00e4mpfen, bewufst gewesen. Einen \nKnaben von sechszehn Jahren schonten sie, und \neiner der Knechte, der ausgesandt worden, ehe \nnoch der Tumult so heftig tobte, um Bier auf die \nKirche zu bringen , ward dadurch gerettet. \nNun wurde die Comthur ei ausgepl\u00fcndert, Fen- \nster und Kisten und Kasten zerschlagen , Vorr\u00e4the \nstolen or destroyed, some of them spoke senselessly in the night, intending to divide into three groups and treat the priests, the council, and the preachers in the same way as they had treated the commander; kindly-disposed citizens sneaked into the cellar, drew the taps from the barrels, and drained the liquids.\n\nThe council's order for every citizen to go home immediately and remain quiet was disregarded.\n\nUnfortunately, at this time, the court of the archbishop could not function due to a Kammergericht decision regarding the Monastery Osterholz disputes, taking away his jurisdiction.\n\nThe following day, the tumult started anew; two malefactors, summoned by the council, were involved.\nThis group was released on threats: \"Your affair be common, none should suffer at the expense of another;\" - and only the decision of the council, one chosen from among the four parishes as a delegation of forty citizens, kept the crowd from further violence regarding the pasture matter. However, this delegation itself acted violently, demanding the deans, who had already agreed to some leniency for the sake of general peace, go to the town hall if they did not want to share the same fate as the constable. They then fled the city.\n\nThe confusion was further increased by insolent, foreign riffraff who had no heart for the city and its well-being and hoped to gain more by the greater chaos. Wise and understanding people were in vain.\nSince the murder of the Comthur, God seemed to have visited them with complete madness. To strengthen themselves, they chose twenty-four men from the respected part of the citizenry for their delegation, but they refused this honor. In Basdahle, an assembly was called by neighboring princes, lords, the cathedral chapter, and the Forty, to put an end to this confusion. The proposals for the common good were not heard by the Four. Seeing that the healthy part of the citizenry, especially the elders, merchants, and preachers, were not for them, they strengthened their following with selected citizens, monks, and other disreputable people who had nothing to lose, and whose motto was \"everything can be rented out.\" After this, under the following circumstances, they...\nIn our free city, a citizen deputation was required to stand by the council not only for matters concerning pasture, but also for other business. The party therefore consisted of forty and sixty-four respected citizens.\n\nA natural organic relationship had established itself in our city, as in others, since craftsmen had entered into citizenship. Just as the council was the governing body of the state, the seniors or senate represented the public, so too did the merchant guild, as well as each craft guild, have their elected leaders, their elders, in accordance with the concept of senate.\n\nIn the extent that the influence of the Hanse and its power waned, and the interests of the nobility yielded to those of the merchants,\nThe senators raised the standing of the merchants and their elders above that of the guild masters. However, their position at the council became more significant as well, especially since a large council was lacking. The discontent of the guilds had often broken out, and a closer supervision of the senate was necessary, as shown before. Nevertheless, the guilds could not bear to see the position of the elders of the merchant guild without envy, and discontented, genuine radical reformers from the time of the reform emerged, where the reform was only a word, an appearance for confusion and thus for gain in power and wealth. The character of the leaders proves that it was really so, even if some among the hundred and four might have sincerely wished for the better, even if a better thing really existed.\nSch\u00e4nther waged war. The Hundred and Four. A worthy punishment expelled from the Elders' Council and dismissed by the Town Council Elderman had come to the city, joined the unrested, and now sought to destroy the council he had previously belonged to. Some Elders had initially welcomed him into the Citizens' Assembly and passionately presented their grievances before the Council. However, when this council saw the calamity that ensued, it turned against the unruly heads and declared itself resolutely for the Council and its rights. Now, even the Forty sought to gain the influence of that council for themselves, intending to form the great Council, a common practice in German free cities.\nIf the Eldermen's council couldn't be drawn down and the guild masters weren't called to consult at the town hall as the community of over a hundred, approved by the council, wished, Johann Dove, a leader of the Forty, spoke to the assembly gathered on the Domhof: \"What are the Eldermen to us? The masters of the offices may be called for consultation, and the Eldermen may be called for this purpose as well, not as a co-ruler. We cannot have two masters at once; they are fixed upon us, they have made it so.\" It seems that the Eldermen had supported the council's reputation at various occasions more than it was lovingly or graciously disposed towards. Specifically, it reads:\n\n\"If the Eldermen's council couldn't be drawn down and the guild masters weren't called to consult at the town hall as the community of over a hundred, approved by the council, wished, Johann Dove, a leader of the Forty, addressed the assembly gathered on the Domhof: 'What are the Eldermen to us? The masters of the offices may be called for consultation, and the Eldermen may be called for this purpose as well, but not as a co-ruler. We cannot have two masters at once; they are fixed upon us, they have made it so.'\"\nin the unrest of the Grande Compagnie of the guild. Other guilds, as evidenced by the hostilities against the textile workers (linen merchants) during that time, which were led by elders from their own ranks and had been favored with special privileges since 1263, were envious of these guild leaders, who were considered the most esteemed part of the citizens.\n\nThe council referred to legal precedent in opposing this desire; just as everyone should remain in their acquired rights, so should the citizens, including the elders, and such lawlessness against these elders would lead to disorder towards others and all citizens. However, the common people acknowledged the election and the demanded authority.\nThe council of the hundred and four. In response to the request to release the prisoners due to the murdered Comthur, the council excused itself with its oath, which it could not violate if the commune did not speak out against it. The situation developed, and the rebellious faction, appearing calm and following the rules only for the common good, managed to achieve its will in every way, and the situation became, the more deceptive the appearance of legality, the more alarming and intricate it became day by day.\n\nThis occurred in the first days of the year. But the faction, blinded in moral terms, realized that for the determination of its competence and for its continuation, the mere vote and the consent of the citizenship was not sufficient, but its existence depended on the council.\nWith this brief and seal secured, it must be firmly established. This intention, which, in the event of a refusal, could result in a commoner's name being unsigned and lead to further unilateral actions that could cause the entire council's downfall, was met with firm, wise, and clever resistance by the council. After the passage of eight days, Johann Dove appeared before the council with his entourage. They were informed, in the name of wisdom, that this sealing against tables and books, the poorly written letter itself, and above all earlier agreements, ratified by princes, prelates, and cities, were all contrary to this.\n\nIt was clear that through the intermediary of the party between the council and the commoners, nothing was advanced. The commoners never:\nThe right [thing] was experienced. The council drew therefore two and two among the assembled crowd on the Domshof, \"as if the sheep lacked a hupen riding wolf, which showed compassionate antagonism and turned away the eye,\" as Renner says. The common people, in their opinion, were to be appeased by this verbal explanation of their desire.\n\nThis did not succeed, instead the large crowd followed one of the leaders, Wulbern Rulves, to another part of the Domshof, leaving the council alone with three hundred thoughtful citizens.\n\nAfter some days, when the council in vain attempted to present another, more agreeable version of the city's charter in place of the inappropriate one, what the hundred and four demanded occurred. This caused great joy, people thanked God and the council, as for a laboriously passed good deed, and\nso, once everything was almost completed; and why not, if the leaders were less innovative and ambitious, and through their own wickedness had not destroyed the good of the cause themselves?\n\nWhen an attempt to infringe on justice and disregard contracts succeeded, the imposition went further. The Eldermen were forced to accommodate the Hundred and Four; and in all matters that were to be jointly negotiated between them and the Council, it had to go according to their will. The Council's yielding is sufficiently explained by the political situation of things in Germany at the time. Where was it to find help without soldiers or other standing forces, since the city had turned to Protestantism? The Emperor was opposed, the Protestant Union had more important matters to attend to.\nDespite their ruthless actions, the faction still feared the public voice, which spoke out in the sermons of the preachers. These preachers, in accordance with the reformers of the time, loudly denounced their own behavior from the pulpits. The faction therefore demanded that the council prohibit political changes in the church. This was answered with a refusal; even kings and emperors were expected to submit to such demands from them.\n\nWhen Johann Dove went to Martinilurche, where the preachers had gathered, to answer a letter addressed to them for this purpose, the preacher Jakob Probst of U. L. F. spoke out against their unjust deeds.\nIf your regiment, which has not been given by God but has arisen from unrest, and has been confirmed and sealed with the innocent blood of the commander, can bring nothing but harm and not good; and in all names it was declared that they would never cease to criticize the blameworthy. Dove justified the procedure of the faction in a lengthy speech, but Probst said to him, \"Your actions are rebellion; you should retreat into your limits, and if you do not want to be criticized, then do it accordingly. It is no art to do good to the poor on the ropes of the rich, but it is against the seventh commandment.\" Upon this, Dove yielded to the request but received only the sternest refusal from the preacher.\n\nThe council also advised against the violent seizure of the cathedral, as this had not yet been achieved.\nIn the Protestant city, this had occurred, and the emperor, as well as the archbishop, would have taken it poorly. To this violent act, however, there was a lack of proper response even from the better and insightful factions. The faction that leaned towards the preachers brought Jakob Probst to the pulpit in the cathedral. In the same week, it was decided to level all houses built on the old ground of the Weide and take possession of all the land in a haphazardly accepted stretch. The council, which opposed this plan, was warned secretly by Dietrich Schmidt, one of its members, that the faction had decided to seize the town hall.\nnicht eher auseinander zu lassen, als bis ihr Begeh- \nren bewilligt sey. \nDieser Plan war auf den n\u00e4chsten Montag verab- \nredet, und es war keine Zeit zu verlieren. Die \nB\u00fcrgermeister und mehrere Rathleute beschlossen, \nnach Bederkesa zu entweichen, um dort abzuwar- \nten, wie sie mit H\u00fclfe ausw\u00e4rtiger Freunde, oder \nauch durch Beschwichtigung im Innern, vorz\u00fcglich \nvon Seiten der Pr\u00e4dikanten, von deren Ergebenheit \nsie versichert waren, die Sache zu einem erw\u00fcnsch- \nten Ende bringen k\u00f6nnten. \nAugenblicklich ritt der B\u00fcrgermeister Martin \nHeymborg nach Blumenthal, von da nach Bederkesa. \nDer B\u00fcrgermeister Daniel von B\u00fcren liefs heimlich \nein Pferd am Pagenthurm vor dem Heerderthor be- \nreit halten, und ging in Hauskleidung, damit es nicht \nauffallen sollte, hinaus, bestieg sein Rofs, und ritt \ndurchs Hollerland nach dem Schlosse Bederkesa. \nSonntag Abends gingen die beiden anderen B\u00fcrger- \nmeister and several council members through the stable, sat themselves in a boat, rowed the Weser downstream, and on Monday morning, following news of his escape, others followed. The faction was agitated and hindered the reckless enthusiasm of some. The remaining part of the council was approached, urged to persuade the escaped one to return. Some leniency in regard to the meadow, despite assurances that they would remain together in life and death, showed wavering among the newcomers. The escaped ones, after a preliminary cry to the remaining council, as read out to the burghers, also addressed each one individually.\nFour parishes were particularly written about; however, the common assembly summoned on the Domhof could not come to a decision, as some declared for the continuation of the hundred and four, while others for its abolition. Wise people therefore advised that each parish should gather in its church to reach a consensus.\n\nThe following morning, Johann Dove went to Martinikirche with a part of his entourage. The lengthy letter of the absent councilor was read aloud, and Dove was asked to join the regiment. The parish, though small, showed great courage for the good cause. Dove grew despondent, and only a few, who had drunk from the comthur's beer as the chronicler reports, remained loyal to him. Several of the hundred and four who belonged to this parish left him, and he made a pitiful face.\nThe other leader, Wulbern Rolves, had hoped to gain U. L. F. Kirchspiel in his church; but when it didn't go as planned here, he loudly proclaimed that the council was deceiving the poor citizens. This could be seen at the small barrel of the cornhouse. We should immediately fetch him, seize him, and found him to be larger. The liar had to flee consequently and hide for several days.\n\nIn Ansgar's church, however, there was goodwill for improvement: the Schmidt Meyer climbed onto the pulpit and shouted that even the mayors and councilmen tended to the meadows.\n\nIn S. Stephan's church, which was still an uncultured parish of the city at the time, there was opposition from the faction instead. Eventually, twenty elected respectable citizens from the parishes, along with several remaining council members, met and negotiated.\n\"Yested with the withdrawn council. All seemed to be leaning towards peace and according to the wishes of the good-willed, but after Pentecost, the noise returned through the gossip, that agreement was only for the benefit of the rich. Once again, the churches gathered, once again the same spirit appeared, good in St. Martin, bad in St. Stephen, in others between the two, but Ansgarii favored the faction more. The moment had come where the matter could no longer be settled without spilling burgher blood seemed imminent. In St. Stephen's parish, they gathered together, deliberately rumors were spread in the faction for danger. Indeed, brave citizens and bachelors had also made arrangements: the council had also ordered Rennern, the gunsmith, to secretly place some cannons in the gunhouse on the Domhof.\"\nfor the case of emergency. It was generally spoken that the expelled council should be admitted with violent hand; those from Stephani parish pressed towards the city from the other side, which was still separated by fortification works, in great numbers, as evening approached. When this was announced to the good citizens, they appeared soon on the market in full armor, and some urged an attack on the Steffener. The heavy armor was to break their order first, then the sharp weapons to penetrate and finally the battle order was to follow. Old experienced citizens advised against \"not all of us,\" they said, \"because they stand among us.\" Both parts of the city were therefore prepared against each other until morning, when a truce was made and each went home again.\nDuring some time of peace, several members of the remaining council departed from the city, and new attempts were made by the faction to maintain order. Martini parish remained steadfast. The efforts of the archbishop availed nothing. One day, with four ecclesiastical lords, Heine Woltken, Andreas van Lubbcke, Hinrich Hugen, and Johann Cantor, decided to try with armed might against the rebellious ones. Johann Dove, who saw the number of the Hundred and Four decrease daily, attempted once more through a hypocritical speech in St. Martin's church to win over the parish.\n\nBy order of the remaining council, all doors were closed on a Wednesday after Bartholomaeus, and the parishes gathered again in their churches.\nIn S. Martini Kirche, Merten, the city secretary, issued a call for the restoration of items to the Beversteder Recefs and demanded it from the community. The faction had gathered many poor people who screamed loudly; it was necessary to keep them for an entire hour before understanding could be achieved; however, the community eventually prevailed, declaring they would remain at Tafel and Buch, and demanded the return of the Rat to his rights. The Liebfrauen Kirchspiel was summoned that same morning for the same reason. In Ansgarii Kirche, the blacksmiths, leatherworkers, and sword polishers raised a great noise, but the good cause prevailed there as well. In S. Stephan, it took more effort, but the example of the three other parishes proved too powerful, and Johann Dove, who had lost the game, was confronted by them.\nThe few remaining party members were now even considering surrender, perhaps in the hope of saving what was left for themselves. On Fridays after that, the four churches gathered on the Domhof; a new proclamation from the absent council was read out. The city chief Heine Woltken and others, along with the soldiers summoned from Lehe and Bederkesa who had joined him, were armed and battle-ready. Woltken's stern admonition gave them no small encouragement. The entire community declared itself for the relief of the Hundred and Four.\n\nThe sealed letter, through which the council had required the Hundred and Four to confirm, was brought from Johann Doves' house on the Wachtstrasse, where it had been carefully guarded.\nholt. Cord Hemeling besah die Urkunde, ob sie \nauch die rechte sey, hielt sie darauf hoch vor den \nAugen der ganzen Gemeine empor, und durchstach \nsie mit dem Messer zweimal. Bei diesem Anblick \nentbl\u00f6fsten alle rechtlichen B\u00fcrger die H\u00e4upter und \ndankten Gott innig. Somit war die Herrschaft der \nHundert und vier am Ende. \nR\u00fcckkunft der Ausgewichenen. \nHerrlich wurden die B\u00fcrgermeister und der \nRath, begleitet von der stiftischen Ritterschaft, ein- \ngeholt. Der Rathmann Berend Scharhar und die \nHauptleute Woltke und Huge zogen mit vierzig ge- \nr\u00fcsteten Pferden bis Walle entgegen. Die ganze \nStadt hatte sich wie zu einem Freudenfeste ger\u00fcstet; \nfestlich waren alle Menschen geschm\u00fcckt, pr\u00e4chtige \nTeppiche hingen aus den Fenstern, mit Blumenge- \nh\u00e4ngen waren H\u00e4user und Strafsen geziert. Die \nH\u00e4user und die Strafsen in der N\u00e4he konnten die \nMenschenmenge nicht fassen, als der Rath mit einem \nA company of one hundred riders followed Ansgar Thor, the lord, to Ansgar. It was a prelude to the constant renewal of the time, following the heavy hours that had passed since the Senate's reinstatement on November 6, 1813.\n\nThey dismounted at the town hall, put on their spurs and saddles, took up their positions again, thanked and praised God; and, as it is the good old German way that no joyous occasion can be celebrated without ample drinking, the council presented the townspeople, who were standing in full armor, with a barrel of beer on the Sch\u00fctzenhaus to drink.\n\nThe day of joy should not be desecrated by the punishment of sinners, but a few days later, the ringleaders were arrested; many of the guilty fled, but some were caught.\n\nNew harmony.\n\nIt is usually the case after civil unrest.\nMany are willing to forgive and forget; some, who were aligned with the defeated party, may show favor to the victor and speak not of past wrongs; the hearts of many are carried away by festive moods, such that the consequences are not considered. The bold, ambitious, and resolute have been vanquished. Thus, this entire troubling event served only to strengthen the council and its power. The new accord (i.e., treaty) contained the remarkable words: \"So let a powerful council, as it has been from of old, forever be and remain.\" *) The essence of a certain patriciate remained, as it had retained and fortified the council's privilege. However, it could be argued based on earlier reasons.\nnot part of a genuine aristocracy, as a certain degree of kinship excluded it, and no guarantee for the ruling families existed due to the lack of primogeniture rights and their dependence on property independent of trade. The council, which at the time had only honorary salaries for its expenses, had to frequently elect from newly emerging families. It was decreed that in private societies, meetings of merchants or guilds, no state affairs were to be conducted. The necessary measures were decreed to prevent anyone from excusing themselves due to ignorance of the burgher's oath or to remain in Bremen due to wayward inclinations. The council, if it deems consultation with the common people necessary, will also participate itself from the merchant class and the guilds.\nTen men are summoned, whom he deems capable. \u2014 Criticism of these regulations is not pertinent here. The mayor, Daniel T\u00f6nnies B\u00fcren, granted forgiveness and forgetfulness to the offenders, provided they had transgressed against the council. However, their actions against table and book, such as murder, treason, self-help, and robbery, were not to be overlooked indefinitely. The city council approved these articles. This document, known as the New Concord, was granted to the Archbishop of Bremen, the Bishop of M\u00fcnster, Duke Ernst of L\u00fcneburg, Count Anton of Oldenburg, and Jobst of Hoya, the stewards of the bishopric, as well as the cities of L\u00fcbeck, Hamburg, L\u00fcneburg, Stade, and Buxtehude. The unrest had lasted approximately five quarters of a year.\n\nReckensc II aft.\n\nAfter this was settled, an account was given of Comthur's murder.\nThe uprising was quelled. A state change, initiated with the pardon of innocent blood, could not lead to a good outcome; how could a good harvest be expected where dragon's teeth had been sown? The city had earlier paid a significant sum to the mother and the nuns of Comthur as part of a settlement or penance. Its murderer, Johann Kremer, and two of his accomplices were seized and beheaded before they could escape. Johann Dove was later exposed for previous crimes and suffered the death penalty after asking for mercy from the council and urging the citizens to obey the authorities. Walbern Rues had escaped. A town councilman, his friend, went by Rues' house to warn him without violating the oath of secrecy and said, \"Today\"\nIn beautiful weather, he departed. Rulves understood the signal and left. Many others were permanently banished with their wives and children. It became apparent that many of the hundred and four had used the time of their power for their enrichment and plunder of others. The chapter of the cathedral made a grand entrance again, and to eliminate disputes, it claimed a significant piece of land for pasture.\n\nUnder monstrous circumstances, where the fate of entire nations and their rulers hangs in the balance, where more men die in a battlefield than our entire state has inhabitants, our grazing disputes may seem insignificant. But since the human being is the same in great as in small circumstances, since passions on the throne are the same as in the workshop in their outward expressions,\nUnterscheiden sich nur durch die Masse ihrer Wirkungen, verdienen die Ereignisse kleiner Staaten, obwohl unbedeutend in den Folgen, bei Freunden der Geschichte doch gro\u00dfe Aufmerksamkeit: denn um so viel kleiner der Schauplatz dieser Ereignisse, um so leichter lasst sich das Getriebe der Leidenschaften erkennen, und um so leichter ein Ma\u00dfstab zur Beurteilung gr\u00f6\u00dferer Verh\u00e4ltnisse gewinnen. Und endlich ist das Wort klein und gro\u00df sehr relativ. Johann M\u00fcller sagt: \"Eine kleine Stadt, die so viel sie kann, ist vor der Welt ehrw\u00fcrdiger, als der m\u00e4chtigste K\u00f6nig, der seine Schuldigkeit nicht tut.\n\nKrieg mit Junker Balthasar von Esens und Witmund (1537).\n\nJunker Balthasar, Onkel des Herzogs Karl von Geldern, hielt sich in Vielfaltigkeit Weise von den Bremen beleidigt, und hatte ihnen, als ihm in Bremen\n\n(Events in smaller states, though insignificant in the outcomes, deserve great attention from historians: for the smaller the stage of these events, the easier it is to recognize the workings of passions, and the more readily one can establish a standard for assessing larger relationships. And finally, the word small and great is very relative. Johann M\u00fcller says: \"A small city that can do so much is more worthy before the world than the mightiest king who does not fulfill his duty.\")\n\nWar insulted by them, and retaliated with military force.\nkein Aufenthalt, noch weniger Erlaubnifs, auf der \nWeser gegen seinen Todfeind, Graf Enno von Fries- \nland zu kriegen, zugestanden worden, f\u00fcrchterliche \nBache geschworen. Das erste war, dafs er Bremer \nSchiffe wegnahm. Eine versuchte Unterhandlung \nscheiterte an den Forderungen des Junkers; selbst \nnach der Beichsacht *) , die \u00fcber ihn ausgesprochen \n*) Reichsacht von Karl dem F\u00fcnften 1538. (S. Cassel ungedr. \nTJrk. 491-) Wicht Jedem ist die Formel der Acht bekannt. \nEs heifst in diesem Achtbriefe an die F\u00fcrsten und St\u00e4dte deut- \nschen Reichs : Wir entbieten euch \u2014 dafs ihr den vorbenann- \nten Balthasar f\u00fcr des Reichs Achter und Ungehorsamen haltet \nwurde, fragte er nichts, setzte sein Rauben fort, \nnahm sogar sechs Bremer Schiffe auf einmal weg. \nIm Herbst bekamen die Bremer Nachricht, dafs \nauf der Elbe drei mit Bier beladene Schiffe f\u00fcr den \nJunkers lay there, they awoke and caught them, but only managed to bring two back to Bremen. In the third, however, the Bremen crew had become too drunk on good Hamburg beer, giving the Esensers too little in return, so these remained sober. As soon as these were in drunken slumber, these set them ashore and successfully sailed their ship home again.\n\nThe Bremen ships grew significantly stronger against Balthasar, and they managed to capture his captain Franz B\u00f6hme, who was particularly active as a pirate, especially against the Bremen, and often seized the crews of captured ships and took them prisoner. They avoided him nowhere in our ancestral and your lands, princedoms, territories, counties, lordships, territories, courts, castles, cities.\nMarkets, villages, farms, houses, or dwellings do not admit him, claim, harbor, suffer, tolerate, or in any way allow such things or each one to do as you command or permit, neither secretly nor publicly. Instead, his body, possessions, and goods, wherever you encounter them on water or land, are seized, confiscated, decayed, arrested, and imprisoned. Whatever is taken or dealt with regarding the mentioned Balthasar's body, possessions, and goods, should be considered as not infringing upon the holy realm.\n\nAnd eighty men, who were accused of being pirates (also according to the desire of the Governor of the Netherlands, Maria of Austria), were among them.\nThose who owed allegiance to a cargo of Jews and were in the service of a ruling lord were informed that Junker Balthasar was in the Reich's ban and could make no claim to rights. Therefore, judgment of death was passed on them, as pirates. The Lord of Mohrkirchen had his head struck off at Ansgarii-Thor with closed gates, placed in a coffin, and buried on Ansgarii Churchyard. But the others were all beheaded on the scaffold and buried on Remberti Churchyard.\n\nWhen Balthasar learned of this, he beheaded some Bremer in his custody as well. The Reichsstands who had instigated the execution against him remained silent, and Balthasar, as reported in Bremen, prepared himself.\n\nHowever, Lady Maria, Lady of Jever, sent:\nShe was the last descendant of the great Frisian chief Sibet Wimken Papinga. Since her mother was a countess of Oldenburg, she bequeathed her rule to Oldenburg. After Anton G\u00fcnther's orders, Jever then came into the possession of his sister Magdalena's children, who was a married princess in Ahlat-Zerbst.\n\nWhen a certain East Frisian count courted Lady Marien's hand, as her husband, Graf Enno of Friesland, had been unfaithful, she rejected him with the words: \"I suppose he values my green robe more than my person.\" She meant her prosperous rule.\n\nShe appealed to her counselor Boing of Oldersum to the council with a complaint, as Balthasar had plundered and burned her land, and demanded help. The council sent the stadthauptmann Andreas von L\u00fcbbcke to Jever, who drove him out with the help of the soldiers.\nThe Fr\u00e4uleins (ladies) besieged the enemies and took Esens. Balthasar had only the fortresses Esens and Witmund left, which were now besieged by the Bremen (29- September 1540). Councilmen and elders were in Esens' camp for war administration. The city's chief, Burgermeister Hoyer, commanded the siege. Much and heavy artillery was planted, the city was fired upon, and a bullet came close to Balthasar's sick chamber. \"I wish I could step into the abyss and let the Bremen not know it\": this was his dying prayer, and thus he departed. Before Esens, the Stadtratmeister, previously mentioned excellent Heine W\u00f6ltke, met his heroic death. After Balthasar's death, both fortresses surrendered and fell to Bremen. The council bestowed both rulerships upon the Swiss.\nBalthasar Sternsohn sold the young Graf Johann von Rietberg to the Schmalkalden League for a significant but insufficient sum. Bremen could not remain untouched in Kaiser Karl's fifth war with the Schmalkalden League. Despite an eloquent defense against the archbishop's charges of expelling the Domkapitel and abolishing Catholic worship in the cathedral, and despite evidence that only the turbulent faction had resorted to violence, neither the council, which held similar power as the Domkapitel, nor the entire community could prevent this. Nevertheless, the emperor preferred to view the situation from the perspective of the collective.\n\nNo apologies from any Reichsstand were accepted.\nIn his former position against the German Reich, religion was merely a pretext. In the beginning of the year 1547, imperial commanders Jobst von Croning and Christoph von Wrisberg approached Bremen from the Netherlands through Westphalia. The city, which saw itself as worthy, prepared its fortifications. Eighteen banners and five hundred riders encircled the city. The archbishop stood on the churchyard, saw the burning houses in the city district, rejoiced heartily and laughed loudly. His joy was in vain.\n\nElector Johann Friedrich of Saxony, who placed the highest trust in the loyalty of Bremen among all the estates of the Schmalkaldic League (as it indeed was, along with Magdeburg, the only Lower Saxon cities loyal to the League), sent the Count Christoph of Oldenburg.\nDenburg with thirty-three horses to Bremen. Many peculiar, in part lazy, incidents occurred during the siege. The Bremen, under their leader Andreas L\u00fcbbcke, gained many small advantages, and chased off some supplies from the enemy both on land and on the Weser; and the rich fish catch, which often yielded sixty salmon in a single haul, was of great benefit to the Bremen. In a skirmish, Croning was mortally wounded. The following day, seven strongly manned Hamburg ships sailed up the Weser to aid the Bremen. Wrisbergen lifted the siege and retreated to the monastery. He had held the city for six weeks. However, Duke Erich of Brunswick appeared before Bremen, sent by the emperor.\nThe city awoke, which now raised all that was needed for self-preservation; double palisades, many thousands of sharp stakes set in the ground, moats closely packed from the Ostertor to S. Stephani, siege pans, pitch rings, mast trees on the wall and the bulwark, to beat down the storms. The Hamburgers were given the Weser up to the mouth for defense. From S. Martin to the Hollmannsburg, a schanze was raised for the defense of the Weser, large mast trees with chains and anchors secured in the middle of the river, so that neither floats nor ships could approach the city. Above the wooden gate, the river was secured with double palisade work, the Weser bridge on both sides covered with cloth, and all work outside the city destroyed.\n\nHowever, Erich was with nineteen men.\nSend Mann and much heavy artillery to one side of the Weser, and Wrisberg, who had withdrawn after six weeks of persistent efforts, approached as well. An repeated summons from Erich was met with the same steadfast response from the council.\n\nThe siege became more serious, and the enemies even attempted to dig up the Weser; although the Bremen men never lost their morale, and in fact won all engagements, it was still a joyful first May when the news came that Count Christoph of Oldenburg, united with the Hamburgers, with a force of three thousand men, had entered Duke Erich's land to relieve Bremen.\n\nDuke Erich's heavy artillery, which had not yielded, fired twelve shots one evening.\nIn the city of Thun, there was great joy among the Bremen people when they received news that only three young cats in the nest on the Tiefer had been shot during all the firing, which the enemies mockingly praised as a testament to their masculine might. In the city, only one cow and a young man had been killed by all the shooting during the entire siege.\n\nDespite the victory for the imperial forces seeming extremely doubtful, Erich received news that Albrecht von Mansfeld, on his retreat from the Battle of M\u00fchlberg, had fallen into the land and intended to advance on Bremen.\n\nUpon this news, Erich lifted the siege with Wrisberg and departed on May 22nd. The city experienced the delightful relief.\nThe Duke went to Hoya; the Oberst was supposed to make his way there via Verden, but couldn't at the specified time due to the gun often getting stuck in the sand. The Battle of Drackenburg liberated Bremen from the enemy. Duke Erich lost many men in death and captivity, as well as eighteen large guns, including the Leopard, Nightingale, Catherine of Saxony, Singer, Flying Dragon, Falk and others, which stood on the Domshof for ten years before being returned. Erich's war horse and magnificent pistols also fell into the hands of the Bremen. The number of enemy deaths totaled 2500.\nNumber of prisoners: 2519. On Pentecost, a splendid banquet was given to all princes and higher officers of the victorious army at the Sch\u00fctzing. Bremen was freed from Reichsacht for some sacrifices it had to make. The lordship over Esens and Witmund had to be surrendered to the emperor and homage to the imperial Chamber Court sworn.\n\nAmong the princes and lords welcomed in Bremen with festivities was a man who was to become important for Bremen: the preacher Albert Hardenberg. He had encouraged the soldiers to battle enthusiasm with prayer and singing during the battle, alongside other preachers. He was a Frisian who had early embraced the new teachings, received academic honors in Louvain, held lectures there, and later studied and was expelled from Louvain. Therefore,\nIf he did not break away from the Catholic Church, he found acceptance in the Kloster Aduwert. But he left again and went to Wittenberg to Melanchthon, who became his friend and sent him to the Kurf\u00fcrst Hermann of Cologne as a spiritual advisor. He stayed with him and in Strasbourg and Zurich intermittently. The displeasure of the Kurf\u00fcrst also led to the unemployment of Hardenberg, who then joined the army of the Schmalkalden League and freed Bremen from siege. During this time, Bremen became the scene of sharp theological disputes, which we would rightly omit here, as a man. Around this time, Bremen was the site of bitter theological disputes, which we would rightly omit here, as a man.\nReflection is unworthy, if not for the chaos in the state and interference from external powers in its affairs, which would have had such consequences. Timann, preacher at Martini Church, in the year 1555, valued the opinions of ancient and new theologians more than the holy scripture. With great vehemence, he asserted in a book: \"The human body of Jesus, according to the principle of God's omnipresence, is present in all creatures. 'Where the Son of God is,' it says, 'there is also the Son of Mary, in the same instant in Rome, in Jerusalem, and in Friesland; he is, for example, in an apple and in a pear, just as he is in the bread of the Last Supper; indefinitely, we do not receive the body of Christ in the apple and in the pear as we are told from the bread and the like.'\" It is War, as if.\nSuch investigations, in which Hardenberg played a leading role and held differing views on the Supper, had to be bypassed. What can be said about such quarrels, the King of Denmark wrote to the council at one point, concerning the Countess of Ostfriesland, the Count of Oldenburg, who were concerned because the estates had assembled; about Hardenberg, the learned, sincere, and expensive man for his audience, who held clear insight far above his colleagues, being dismissed from Bremen and the Lower Saxon circle; in the Easter week of 1562, three mayor, sixteen councilors, five preachers, and many citizens, who were against Hardenberg with the greatest part of the council, left to win over neighboring powers and new councilors.\nTheir positions were elected; yet the city was expelled from the Hanse and not admitted until thirteen years later. The expelled, with the exception of a few, returned but only as common citizens and had to swear the oath of allegiance anew. Despite all this confusion, no change in religion occurred in Bremen, Melanchthon's teaching on the Eucharist received approval, yet the Augsburg Confession, Luther's catechism, and others were declared symbolic books of the Bremen church in the peace treaty. The Dom remained closed for seventy-seven years. The Zwinglians held a position similar to that of the Lutherans, and between the two parties a position emerged that often caused unpleasant incidents, splitting families and frequently leading to intolerance.\nSince the city displayed a face that was still recognizable in many respects up until the nineteenth century. Since 1698, the council consisted only of Reformists, and this was fixed until the nineteenth century, which brought more liberal ideas. However, the Reformation also significantly changed the political landscape of the city. The archbishop Georg, who died in 1566 from the House of Braunschweig, was Protestant. When Johann Adolph married, he encountered opposition from the cathedral chapter regarding his successor Johann Friedrich, whose marriage could not take place due to this. Under his successor, a Danish prince, who opened the cathedral in Bremen and introduced the Lutheran service under the council's protest, the secularized Archbishopric of Bremen first came under the control of the war, then under the Westphalian Peace.\nThe Herrschaft's attempts to claim Bremen's Reichsunmittelbarkeit were now transferred to Sweden, and these claims were upheld. This occurred around the year 1652 through violent means. The governor of the duchies of Bremen and Verden at the time was Graf K\u00f6nigsmarck. Despite the inhibition from the emperor, Graf K\u00f6nigsmarck continued to pressure Bremen. He seized a portion of the city's territory, fortified the castle, and took control of a significant church over the Lesum. Bremen had a force of around 4,000 men in its service, as well as the well-armed and trained citizen militias. In an attack, they managed to capture the fortress leading to the castle, as well as the one at Vegesack, and set fire to the city of Verden. However, on their return journey, they were pursued by the Swedes and suffered a loss of 180 men in the ensuing battle.\n*) Die Streitigkeiten wegen der Immediat\u00e4t haben in den zwei \nvorletzten Jahrhunderten der Stadt viel Beschwerde verursacht \nund zu manchen Vertheidigungsschriften Veranlassung gege- \nben, da doch einen langen Besitz als ung\u00fcltig ansehen und \ndie Rechtm\u00e4fsigkeit desselben seit langen Jahren erwiesen \nsehen zu wollen allen denen, die in einem Besitze sind, die \ngrofste Gefahr droht. Fast kein deutscher Reichsstand h\u00e4tte \nsieb r\u00fchmen d\u00fcrfen, unangefochten zu bleiben, wenn ein \nm\u00e4chtigerer als er solche Untersuchungen angestellt , und \ndie Rechte, welche der Besitz und die Zeit giebt, f\u00fcr ung\u00fcltig \nerkl\u00e4rt h\u00e4tte. Aber auch selbst, dieser hat zu bef\u00fcrchten, \ndafs fr\u00fch oder sp\u00e4t seine Grunds\u00e4tze gegen ihn selbst geltend \ngemacht werden. , \nAm f\u00fcnften September eroberte jedoch Konigs- \nmark die Burg wieder, und es kam am sechsten, als \ngerade bei einem grofsen Bufstag die Bremer in \nThe churchgoers had learned that the Swedes were already in the city, and the traitor was said to be the citizen Statius Speckhan. The bathhouse was immediately rushed by the mob; however, it was discovered that it was all just a senseless commotion. Everyone then returned home.\n\nMeanwhile, Kingsmark prepared new attacks on the city, and neighboring princes and cities intervened. A truce was then closed at Stade in 1654; through which Bederkesa, along with the court and the market, was ceded to the Swedes, as well as their territorial authority over Blumenthal and Neuenlurchen. The question of immediacy, however, was postponed to further treaties; a Swedish envoy received the homage.\nThe city, in the manner it had served the archbishops earlier; yet, the emperor in Vienna received Bremen's homage in the year 1660 as a free imperial city. The city, however, could not withstand a long siege, and the Baths demanded men from the citizens company-wise for the parish churches, and each was asked: whether he was willing to sacrifice goods and blood for the city's freedom in the impending danger? The answer was an enthusiastic yes. Orders for buffets and bettages for the city and territory were not neglected, and the city prepared itself as best as possible for the fight. In case amicable negotiations with the Swedish regency at Stade proved unsuccessful.\n\nOn the ninth and twentieth of August 1666, Swedish General Wrangel began the hostile acts, besieged the city, but without success. The city walls held firm against the enemy's attacks.\nThe Bremer defenders put up a strong resistance and made fortunate escapes. After the Kaiser's plea, the Elector of Cologne and Brandenburg, the Dukes of Braunschweig and L\u00fcneburg, and the Landgrave of Hessen-Kassel mediated the dispute known as the House of Habsburg. The main points of the dispute were that the city could not exercise its seat and voting rights on the Reichstag from the end of the old Reichstag in 1666 until the year 1700, and it was to maintain the title of Reichsstadt in dealings with the Swedish Crown. This Reichstag never ceased to exist despite the major changes in the German Reich, which occurred towards the end of the last and the beginning of this century. The city never came into the position where it had to relinquish its seat and voting rights on the Reichstag.\n\nOn November 20, 1666, Wrangel departed from the city.\nSince then, Bremen history has offered little that could attract the reader. The Westphalian Peace had ended the wars of the small imperial states; even if Bremen once sent a regiment to aid the emperor in the Turkish war, the weapons fame of the citizenry was over. No longer did armed citizens march under the leadership of councilmen and elders to protect or attack neighbors. Chivalric virtues and tournament skills no longer adorned the burgher, and he had almost no other merit to acquire than that of a thrifty merchant and diligent craftsman. Generous dispositions shrank in the bourgeois business life; attacks on the government could no longer take place where everyone only thought about their own self.\nThe best are provided for. Instead of steel-framed citizens, an outdated, disrespected, mockingly named soldier appears on poorly maintained walls. The beauty of history is lost when open clashes of passions, the struggle of the oppressed against overpowering might, and the battle between right and wrong are transformed into careful preservation, observation. The lightning flashes that spring from the friction of passions and reveal the depth and height of humanity in quick flashes are the main attraction of ancient layers. The nineteenth century was reserved for the revival of the martial virtues of the forefathers.\n\nThe Eldermen's Collegium.\n\nThe Eldermen of the merchant guild, also known as the Collegium seniorum, have been spoken of earlier, and as it was mentioned on...\nThe natural development of the state, without being created, came gradually into a relationship with the state power. I refer to the disturbances of the 104 men and what, during the new harmony in general, was carried out. I now only mention the cases through which the Elder Men's Council, whose sphere of influence was already mostly determined by tradition, was assigned.\n\nThe Elders have always been seen as representatives of the citizenship and its rights against the council. Everything that concerned Hanse and shipping was under their leadership as the most experienced, important, and honest of their estate. Deputies of the council and the citizenship represented the city and its consorts (consorts). To war, peace, alliances, etc.\nNissen must request approval from the city estates. They were required to give an account of their actions from the city properties. The meetings of the seniors in the town hall or Sch\u00fctting, for deliberation on matters including the protection of civil rights, were traditional. Since they could be elected to the senate, it was common practice for the wittiest and most restless among them to demand the replacement of an unpopular proposal during the first vacancy in the council and thus withdraw from opposition. This method, however, could only be used seldom, as vacancies were not frequent among the personnel of 28 people.\n\nAn esprit de corps had developed among them over time, which persisted because the council complemented itself as well as the senate. Some elder men\nim Jahre 1523 durch Anregung der Weidestreitig- \nkeiten den Rath in grofse Verlegenheit setzten, sich \nselbst aber am Ende die Uebermacht der Facti on \neben so sehr \u00fcber den Kopf wachsen sahen, so dafs \nzusammenstimmendes Verfahren mit dem Rath nothig \nwurde, eben so verfafste der hernach so ungl\u00fccklich \ngewordene Aeltermann Burchard Losekanne mehrere \nBeschwerden Namens der B\u00fcrgerschaft, welche von \ndem Kollegium und andern angesehenen B\u00fcrgern \nauf dem Sch\u00fctting unterzeichnet wurden $ n\u00e4mlich 2 \ndie Stadt sey in bessere Verfassung wider \u00e4ufsere \nGewalt zu setzen, die Justiz bed\u00fcrfe einer Reform, \nmanche Unordnungen bei Verwaltung des gemeinen Guts \nSeyen abzuschaffen, auf Erhaltung alter b\u00fcrgerlicher \nRechte m\u00fcsse sorgsamer geachtet werden , das Poli- \nzeiwesen sey mangelhaft. Der Senat erkannte zwar \ndie Absicht solcher Beschwerden als billig an, indes- \nSeveral prominent citizens, who had shown great eagerness in dealing with these complaints, were taken into the council during vacancies and pacified. L\u00f6sehanne, who had been particularly active in the complaints of the Elder Men's College against the council, soon fell under suspicion for having connections that could have facilitated the treasonous transfer of the city, and was beheaded.\n\nThe Rurzrockislie Compromise.\n\nHowever, the deliberations of the Elders and citizens continued in the Sch\u00fctting. An Elder's Oath was introduced by the College, which among other things imposed on the elected Elder the obligation not to betray anything of the College's interests if ever elected to the council. Complaints, one after another, were raised.\nThe other party, who had been brought before the council, appeared without a spokesperson or syndic before the council. At certain occasions, an elderman, whether he was the complainant, was welcomed with the honorary title Bellhammel before the council's bench.\n\nUnder such circumstances, finally, the elders and citizens came together, and the council turned to the emperor with the phrase \"for the preservation of liberty against the encroachments of the Senate.\" In this document, the council of elders and the citizens are considered as one, and the constitution is depicted as being only slightly aristocratic.\n\nPersonal misuse of city revenues was blamed on the council, and in general, they were accused of injustice regarding their impositions, as \"the imminent danger of the pristine republican status of the Republic\" was at the door.\nThe council declared the oath of the aforementioned elder's oath null and void, and those who had taken it were no longer bound. The elder's coat of arms was also not to be granted, and if it appeared on public buildings in windows, it would be removed.\n\nUpon the elder's request to the emperor, the council was, however, forbidden any such innovation.\n\nThe decision in this matter, as stated in Koppen's decree \"Consules atque senatores\" in our Germanic cities, some citizens have the care, but when important matters are at hand, they themselves have no power, but it is necessary to consult the community, or those who govern all.\n\nThrough the new concord, a great rift had been made in this old Germanic law.\n\nMany writings had been changed.\nThe agreement was made between the King of Denmark, as Counts of Oldenburg, and was entrusted to the imperial resident in Bremen, Freiherr von Kurzrock, to be carried out. This comparison took place on May 17, 1681, in our city's history, and is known as the Kurzrock Comparison. Since the matter concerned only competing privileges, new discussions were often necessary, although the elder men had ultimately prevailed. In the gatherings of the elder men, this refers to the elder men being able to summon up to 40 to 50 merchants on the Sch\u00fctting, but what pertained to the regulation and consultation of the council was not their concern.\nThe issues in the text are minimal. Here is the cleaned text:\n\nThe issues have not been fully resolved yet; however, such civil lawsuits can be recommended to you by the Collegium to the Rat, reflecting consideration, reason, and modesty. The elderly are to be treated with all love, reason, and modesty, and they are to be respected in the presence of esteemed citizens, whether merchants or commoners, regarding matters concerning the city. However, this is to be done according to the differences in circumstances, in accordance with ancient custom. Reconciliation was celebrated abundantly at the Sch\u00fctting with a costly Fastenmahlzeit.\n\nThe vexing and often recurring question regarding Bremen's Reichsunmittelbarity was finally settled through a rescript by George the Second in the year 1731 in favor of the city. Thereafter, the city carried out the title unimpaired.\ntel kaiserliche freie Reichsstadt, und zahlte unmittel- \nbar ihren Beitrag zu den Reichs- und Kreissteuern: \nin dem Stader Vergleich 1741 trat Bremen das Amt \nBlumenthal, das Gericht Neuenkirchen, die D\u00f6r- \nfer Mittelsb\u00fchren, Niederb\u00fchren, Grambeke, Mohr, \nOslebshausen, Wasserhorst, Wummsiehl, Nieder- \nblockland und Vahr mit aller Landeshoheit ab , be- \nhielt sich aber das Eigenthum des Hafens Vegesack \nund der niedern Gerichtsbarkeit \u00fcber den Flecken \nVegesack und die acht letztgenannten D\u00f6rfer vor. \nDer siebenj\u00e4hrige Krieg. \nIn diesem Kriege kam Bremen als Reichsstadt \nin die Lage, so wenig von den Franzosen, als von \nden Verb\u00fcndeten geschont zu werden, trotz ihrer \nerkl\u00e4rten Neutralit\u00e4t. Lieferungen an Geld und \nVorr\u00e4then wurden von beiden Partheien gefordert, \ndie Stadt wurde mit Eincjuartirungen bel\u00e4stiget und \n*) Des Chronisten Costers Ausdruck. \ndas Zeughaus zum Theil vorz\u00fcglich yon den Hanno- \nThis text appears to be in German, so the first step is to translate it into modern English. Here's the cleaned text:\n\nRemoved: veranern ausger\u00e4umt.\n\nThen this war brought about for the first time that doubtful means of promotion in culture, which until then had been avoided under the care of eager clergy as a pest, a troupe of actors under Josepin's direction, which played between the two breaks. However, since they came with the war population, they had to withdraw with it as well.\n\nThe most remarkable thing about this war was an uprising of tailors' apprentices in the year 1791. One could see where a formerly peaceful class of people would go when they were once set in an agitated state. They were angry because the masters also took in unskilled apprentices to work without considering that these might make their work appear better than that of the guild members. They therefore also incited the apprentices of other trades.\nThe carpenters were particularly affected. The garrison and even burgher companies were mobilized to quell these disturbances, which lasted several days, and since the mob also joined in, force had to be used ultimately, resulting in some deaths.\n\nThe nineteenth century still felt the burden of many former ecclesiastical rights, property, income, and houses that had come to Sweden and then Hannover when the archbishopric was secularized. Bremen was relieved of this burden through the Regensburg Reichsdeputation in 1802. The Dom and all Hannoverian property, income, and rights within Bremen's city walls, as well as most of the territories that had been ceded to Hannover in 1741 through the Stade Agreement and still belonged to it, were thereafter transferred to the city.\nAt present, the Bremer Stadtgebiet belongs to it. During the abolition of the immediacy of the free Reichsst\u00e4dte, only a few others, besides the Hansest\u00e4dte, were excluded. Only these were left with their old constitution and freedom. Bremen enjoyed a highly advantageous trade due to its neutrality, but not without concerns. It would have been insignificant for Napoleon to leave the previously favored small Hanseatic free states in their situation, as the Continental System, which is mainly attributed to their indirect downfall, could not be implemented without the possession of all North Sea coasts for Germany. At that time, he called the Hansest\u00e4dte English factories, an exaggerated, laughable expression that has been incomprehensibly repeated in modern times. Just before Bre-\nmen f\u00f6rmlich in Besitz genommen war, begann es \nschon das dr\u00fcckende Joch Frankreichs zu f\u00fchlen. \nDie auffallendste Abnahme des Handels folgte zu- \nn\u00e4chst daraus. Als diese Stadt darauf mit dem gan- \nzen Unterweserlande, unter dem Titel: \u00bbDeparte- \nment der Unterweserm\u00fcndungen\u00ab in Besitz genom- \nmen wurde, verlor sie ihre freie Verfassung, er- \nhielt dagegen den Titel einer bonne ville de l ern\u00bb \npire, mit der Voraussetzung, sie solle gut genug \nseyn, alle Schmach und Unbill ruhig zu ertragen *). \nZugleich wurde sie der Hauptort des Departements \nder Weserm\u00fcndungen und der Sitz eines Tribunals. \nDie Leiden, die Opfer, die Belagerung und \nEinnahme dieser Stadt, ihr Patriotismus, ihre leb- \nhafte Theilnahme an dem Befreiungskrieg \u2014 das \nAlles ist noch in zu frischem Angedenken, als dafs \nes hier weitl\u00e4ufiger Auseinandersetzung bed\u00fcrfte. \nMan weifs, wie th\u00e4tig die deutschen und russi- \nSchen troops went to work along the Niederelbe in the autumn of 1813. Every day in Bremen was anticipated for a change of events, as Tettenborn quickly marched with a corps of Cossacks and L\u00fctzowers towards Bremen, while Davoust remained unmoved at Stechnitz. The garrison of Bremen consisted of twelve hundred Swiss, under the command of Oberst Tullier.\n\nThe following day, after Napoleon had expressed no particular opinion of the city's intentions, he said to the deputies of this city: \"My good city of Bremen is indeed more intent on my empire than any other.\"\n\nThe city was bombed, and the Oberst was killed by a hunter's bullet at the Osterthor. The garrison withdrew on the fourteenth of October. The Bremen people could unfortunately not prevent this.\nThis text is in Old German, but it can be translated to modern English as follows:\n\nNot long after this happy event, a French army of 1500 men approached and retook the city. However, since the Battle of Leipzig had occurred by then, Tettenborn was able to return to Bremen on November 6, where the old constitution was reinstated and the council was reinstated with great joy and emotion.\n\nBremen felt free hardly when it was also ready with the liveliest enthusiasm, despite the long wait, to serve the good cause with all its strength. The patriotic women's association, the many volunteers, even from the children's pots and the household staff, the ranks of young men from the best houses under the L\u00fctzowian Corps, the companies, which the sugar factory owner B\u00f6se had raised on his own, were all ready.\nCosten waged wars, equipped, and led into the field: all that recalls the warrior virtues of the old Bremen before the Westphalian Peace, and will remain unforgettable in history. Since then, the city has regained significant prosperity, which is noticeable in the increasing adornment of private and public buildings.\n\nA comparable state of affairs, which had lasted for centuries, was interrupted for a series of years. Now, or perhaps never, was the time when, through the sad experience of realizing that things could be otherwise than they had always been, the insightful recognized that the ideas of the rulers could be brought to reality.\n\nThe minds were ripe enough through the misfortunes of the times.\nSince there has been no significant change in our republic's constitution since the new accord, this was only abolished completely by the French. Shortly after the city was freed from foreign rule, efforts were made to improve the constitution to make it consistent with the times. However, this has not been fully achieved yet. Two powers exist in the state: the Senate, and the citizenry assembled in the Convent; both form the state and share sovereignty. A part of the Senate deals with administration, while another part handles justice. Their coexistence in the same body has given rise to many justified complaints from the citizenry, and separation would be desirable if it were possible in some way.\nThe Senate consists of fourteen members, including both Syndics. The number of non-scholars among them should not be less than five and more than six. The Justice Senate consists of fifteen members of the learned estate. The number of mayors is four.\n\nThe Senate possesses, in addition to executive power, the right of supervision over all constitutional state institutions. It has the right to issue ordinances in police matters, book censorship, representation of the state in the German Confederation, admission of new citizens, the right of appointment and swearing-in to state offices and services, the granting of privileges and concessions, insofar as they are not restricted by the legislative power, i.e., the Council and the Diet, the granting of pardons and mitigations in criminal cases, and the granting of dispensations in marriage matters.\nThe practices concerning the exercise of sacred jurisdiction and episcopal rights in a Protestant sense, the free disposal of 10,000 Rthlr., but with the condition of accounting for it, the convening of assemblies with the burghers or their representatives, the administration of state property with constitutional participation of the burghers, and the right to legislation and taxation in common with the burghers. Detailed specifications for each article could not be disclosed here to avoid breadth. Regarding the Justizcollegio of the Senate, the usual matters apply and no explanation is required.\n\nWisdom is named the assembly of the entire council. Matters pertaining to internal affairs, specifically foreign affairs, financial matters, and police, belong before it.\nThe most significant change was the new rule regarding the election of senators. The changes to the council as a whole have been described in the history of our state before. Since the new harmony, the senate has expanded, but many familial relationships had been excluded, making it an aristocracy of a few or even just one. The contemporary idea was now presented that through the participation of the citizenry in the election, democratic representation would be achieved, and any possible self-interest in the council election would be prevented.\n\nThe election was therefore determined as follows: \"The assembled convention elects twelve citizens; these four release one from their midst; the senate does the same; these eight come together and propose three candidates, from whom the senate elects one.\"\nEvery corporation has certain principles, inherent to its nature, that determine its existence. These maxims may not align on one another's viewpoints or even be abhorred, or their character and conduct may lead one to suspect they will not adopt them. In such a case, the self-complementarity of a body would be most suitable. However, there come times when a new principle of life must replace the long-established one in a body. In such times, care must be taken to ensure a mix of choice and chance. Unconditional choice gives rise to aristocracy, and if not excluded are family lineages; just as bad principles stagnate. By chance, new revitalizing elements can enter such a corporation, as opposed to being intentionally introduced.\nThe Wahl would not occur. Leaving the election entirely to chance could bring great danger. The newly proposed method for choosing in the council was extremely well thought out, to make chance and intent work equally. However, since the council was an old important right, it could not be overlooked by reasonable people. From one who willfully gives up an important right, it is assumed that something even more valuable will be given up from the other side. The matter found approval; even the clause, that closer family relationships could now be allowed, as through citizen participation in the election no aristocracy was to be feared. Regarding the question of whether such family relationships could be admitted with six or seven votes, the senate was very insistent on six.\nmen setzte diefs auch gegen B\u00fcrgerschaft durch. So sehr, es zu beklagen w\u00e4re, wenn zuf\u00e4llig durch ausschlie\u00dfenden Verwandtschaftsgraden die geschicktesten und gescheutesten Leute des Staats zu einer gewissen Zeit keine Mitglieder der Regierung waren. In einer Democracy, wo jeder B\u00fcrger sein Geschick und Wissen auf mancherlei Art allgemein nutzlich machen kann, kein gro\u00dfes Ungl\u00fcck seyn; zumal in einer Regierungskorporation mehr die herk\u00f6mmlichen Maximen regieren, als der politische Geist des Individuums. Ein Unrecht auf keinen Fall, wenn ja ein Gesetz dar\u00fcber best\u00e4nde; eine Unbiligkeit ebensowenig, da ja nicht das Mitregieren der Zweck ist, nach welchem ein guter B\u00fcrger streben und welchen er billig einweisen erreichen soll, sondern derjenige und kein anderer.\nA good citizen would not be found, if neither unfairness nor unrighteousness prevented more citizens from reaching the government, as it could be shown if republics were placed on the shoulders of common people, since the offices only granted burdens and no benefits. The citizenship should always choose the most independent, insightful, and honest citizens to be electors. What is there to fear if both election parties vote according to their conscience, as they must take an oath and a bad election would not only harm the electors but also their relatives.\nThe Senate, as members of the state, would become detrimental in negative or positive sense. A second important change emerging from the constitutional proceedings is the establishment of the convent. Until then, no citizen was obligated to appear at the convent, but anyone who was eligible could do so if matters of interest to them were at hand, or stay at home if that was not the case. The convent voted according to the four quarters of the city, under the leadership of the Eldermen, who collected the citizens' votes. And from the four votes of the parishes, a single vote was formed, which the burgher elder brought before the council. Through the influence of the Eldermen, who had previously discussed and prepared the matters to be handled in their assemblies, the citizens' votes could be easily guided.\nThe council, who often found himself impeded by this opposition, could also frequently fail to implement the good when partiality or bias came into play. To remove the influence of the elder men, it was explained to the council that they had been acting under compulsion, and that in place of the previous method of voting in plenary assemblies, new methods should be adopted. This idea was fostered by the spirit of the times and gained approval. However, according to the new perspective, the council of elder men stood in the way, as they wished to be more than just the merchants' governing body. The inadequacy of the council's plenary sessions became apparent soon and was evident at almost every meeting.\nA page not to be overlooked, as certain knowledge in civil, administrative, and commercial positions has been acquired through inheritance and personal experience, and confirmed and increased, are certain maxims, whose effectiveness has been tested and proven through centuries, only through a stable collegium could be preserved. In addition, the preservation of an important archive was also necessary. To completely eliminate the influence of such a collegium, concerns should be raised, especially since no less ardor for the welfare of the state could be assumed there than in the Senate, and the members above all offered their time almost for free.\n\nOne of the most important objections was that the collegium did not always complement each other well. This could be remedied if the election of the elder members were regulated like that of the council.\nThe elder men were allowed to be elected as representatives of the burghers for life. Thus, the advantageous aspect of the collegium was saved, the disadvantageous avoided, and the means to acquire and perpetuate certain proven knowledge and state principles was found. However, in order to prevent the collegium from becoming ossified and to make the representation truly effective, the burghers would have had to add just as many, or even more, annual or biennial deputies. This would have prevented both the persistence and the intensification of the power.\n\nIt is worth noting that at a trading place, only a few families manage to amass wealth for a hundred years, let alone several. This is particularly true in Bremen since the Specula.\nThe trade situation in far-off parts of the world for case 5 has been volatile and uncertain for nearly forty years. The fortunes of the prosperous have fluctuated greatly since then. Since then, a large number of new names have appeared here, citizens who did not spend their youth here, who have not heard the Breman stories and legends from their fathers, and who have not felt the love for the free city of Bremen in their mothers' breasts. For some of them, the only way to gain consideration at such a place is through the Hanseatic League. And in how far the constitution and independence of this city are also beneficial for their financial interests, that is remote to them; for if it were not so, they would have their fortune in their portfolios and take it with them.\nIf they have nothing in their wallet, they can carry out their activities more easily elsewhere. Without particular patriotic interest in the city, without knowledge of its constitution, laws, and history, it is bothersome and annoying for them to visit the citizen's convention, which steals their time for their business or enjoyment, and with whose matters they are unfamiliar, or which they leave without participation.\n\nI say this about Bremen, and our new citizens in Bremen do not need to take this specifically to heart, but it is everywhere the same, where similar civic relationships as in Bremen exist. It was shown at the last citizen's convention of the year 1820, in response to the inquiry about the two-year convention-bound citizens.\nDeputies from various corporations, as well as the convent, wished to visit or relieve themselves, all agreed on this. However, all the means the Senate had offered to encourage more frequent visits to the convent had failed, and it was found that, just as in Athens, the attending citizens were required to make up for the missed time from the state treasury. This was almost necessary in other small states as well.\n\nBut not only this aversion to visiting the content, from both sides of the non-committed and those compelled for two years by election, and saw it as a bothersome constraint, revealed the inadequacy of the new institution, but also many hasty proposals and applications from one.\nAnd among those who did not unnecessarily want to stand in the B\u00fcrgerversammlung, the conviction arose that the goal would be reached much faster if a patriotic, constitutional, non-club-like corporation first debated an object among themselves and then brought it to the table. A matter is thus immediately started at the right end, reasonable, well-considered reasons find approval from the reasonable and understanding, and time and tedium are saved. And since it is said that this voting by quarters is time-consuming, it would have had to be omitted. The opposition against the Senate becomes more significant and meaningful in this way, but would it be afraid under such circumstances, when both sides seek the good? Yes, the opposition would also go beyond its boundaries,\nwas nach der ni\u00e4fsigen Gesinnung des Deutschen \nnur selten so der Fall seyn w\u00fcrde, wie bei andern \nV\u00f6lkern, so liegt auch diefs selbst in ihrer Natur, in- \ndem bei stets zu erwartendem Widerspruch der re- \ngierende Theil nicht leicht einen un\u00fcberlegten Schritt \nthun wird, im entgegengesetzten Falle aber, wenn \ndie Idee volksgem\u00e4fs und gemeinn\u00fctzlich ist, leicht \nseinen Weg gehen und um so mehr im Ansehen ge- \nwinnen wird, als nicht ohne Einrede und Schwie- \nrigheit eine Maafsregel durchgesetzt worden. Einen \nErsatz soll die Vorbereitungsdeputation geben, welche \naber auch noch nicht zu Stande gekommen. So wie \ndenn \u00fcberhaupt die Verfassung Bremens in yielen \nSt\u00fccken nur provisorisch ist, und bei dem langsa- \nmen Gange der Dinge hann es auch noch Jahre \ndauern, ehe man mit der Reform ganz zu Stande \ngekommen seyn wird. \nEs l\u00e4fst sich nicht leugnen, dafs seit der neuen \nThe establishment of a convent in earlier times has achieved a much larger number of useful conclusions, as an opposition, when acting in good faith, hinders both good and evil; but where little or no opposition exists, good continues to prevail as long as possible, while evil can just as easily join the ranks. The financial situation of the state, however, suffers greatly in such cases, as budget approvals are rare.\n\nAccording to recent changes in the constitution, the council of elders should consist of six to ten people, in addition to one or two syndics, who, however, should only be known as consultants to the council. The citizenship, however, demands twenty. Until the matter is decided.\nThe number is still indeterminate. The council completes itself, just as it also chooses its presidents from among its members. An elder, who has fallen, can no more be an elder than a fallen citizen is conventionally capable. If he later pays back all his debts in full, he is rehabilitated. According to this determination, one should not be surprised if, in Bremen, the law goes so far as for a fallen merchant, even after having reached an accord, to willingly pay the remaining amount in the event of recurring fortunate circumstances.\n\nThe Elsfleth Customs.\n\nFor immemorial times, the city of Bremen had claimed and exercised sovereignty over the Weser River up to the salt sea. The older Friese chieftains at the lower Weser could not object, and contented themselves with piracy on Bremen's ships and goods.\nThe archbishop was the only powerful prince able to build castles and levy tolls on the Weser River below Bremen. However, we have seen that it only succeeded in the short term, as Bremen destroyed the archbishop's castles and relinquished their rights to the Weser River in writing each time. When Bremen suddenly acquired the territory of Butjadingen, there could no longer be any talk of this, as long as the territory of a fairly powerful prince did not border the Weser. And as long as an honorable, consistently upheld, and long-established tradition could triumph over other reasons. However, even the castles built by Oldenburg on the Weser were destroyed or their construction contested in court. Repeated treaties with Oldenburg forbade this.\ndie Anlegung von Z\u00f6llen und Burgen an der Weser \nunterhalb Bremen. Dazu hatte die Stadt Bremen \nfast allein jederzeit Alles gethan, was dazu dienen \nkonnte, den Strom schiffbar und von Seer\u00e4ubern \nfrei zu erhalten. Und diefs h\u00e4tte hinreichend seyn \nm\u00fcssen, wenn auch nicht gel\u00e4ugnet werden konnte, \ndafs die Diplome von Karl dem Grofsen und Hein- \nrich dem F\u00fcnften, in welchen auch jener der Stadt \nBremen \u00fcbergebenen Jurisdiction \u00fcber die We- \nser bis zum Meere gedacht wurde , anbr\u00fcchiger Art \nwaren. \nDie Lage der Dinge \u00e4nderte sich, als ein klei- \nnes Geschlecht in diesen Gegenden sich nach und \nnach erhob und seine Besitzungen an der Weser \nausbreitete. Dem Grafen Anton G\u00fcnther von Ol- \ndenburg war es vorbehalten, diese schwierige Sache \ndurchzusetzen. Das Haus Oldenburg hatte sich schon \nauf den Reichstagen von 1562, 1565 und 1570 um \neinen Zoll auf der Weser bem\u00fcht. Schon im \nIn the year 1612, during the elections at Frankfurt am Main, and three years later at Prague with Emperor Matthias, he explained how his flat land, constantly threatened by sea and rivers, required sturdy dikes for protection, lest, as had happened so often before, entire regions with cities, villages, and their inhabitants be robbed by the waves. It was to be feared that, without these dikes, Lower Saxony would be swallowed by the North Sea over time, and thus the entire German Reich would suffer significant loss. Even these dikes were under constant threat of destruction and required costly maintenance. Moreover, the Weser needed to be made navigable, and many other things required large expenses; he was entitled to compensation, and this could be most easily obtained through a toll on the Weser.\nA commission was appointed herefor a investigation into the matter. This commission submitted a favorable report to the Graf, despite Bremen and some other imperial cities, especially the General States, vigorously protesting. The Kurf\u00fcrsten-Kollegium, which had already been won over by the Graf's assurance that the goods of his subjects would be toll-free, granted him the toll. It is truly admirable with what tenacity and wisdom the Bremen Senate operated against this prince in this matter of great importance to the citizens for forty years, who was such a formidable opponent due to his winning personality, relationships, and other reasons, as well as his great counselors. However, that Anton G\u00fcnther put all his efforts into the acquisition of the toll was not surprising, since he had:\nlater it was determined that the Elsfleth customs house made up the fifth part of all Oldenburg land rents. But Bremen relentlessly worked against the customs house, as through this customs duty, its traditional rights appeared to be encroached upon. Goods were overpriced and competition with other German ports became more significant, without considering other issues.\n\nThree times, the protesting Bremen and their advocates were dismissed by the Electoral College, and in the year 1623, the imperial customs decree was issued to the count. However, this was far from the end of the matter.\n\nWhen the customs were ordered and the collection began, and everything seemed to be in order, the real fight began, which lasted for so long and even extended well into the nineteenth century.\nThe century-long disputes and mothers bitterly lamenting should have come to an end. The Bremen citizens sought not only to win through large delegates as friends, but also to prevent the Zoll from becoming effective through violence. The Archbishop of Bremen, personally against Anton G\u00fcnther, brought it before the emperor, who once again appointed a commission and demanded the opinion of the electors. Despite the repeated efforts and excuses of the Bremen citizens, they still wielded significant power at the customs station, preventing ships from paying the Zoll tax, and even managed to bring the matter before the Reichshofrath and appoint a new imperial commission for investigation.\nDuring the Westphalian Peace, Oldenburg's claims to jurisdiction over the Weser river were put to the test. When hidden taxes were raised as an issue, the Bremen representatives presented the Weser tax as such, as Anton G\u00fcnther was granted perpetual power over it through the peace treaty. Since Graf R\u00fcchsicht promised to collect taxes on behalf of Swedish subjects in the secularized Archbishopric of Bremen, the acquisition of the customs office was hardly contested. Despite the Bremen efforts to prevent this detrimental acquisition, it still occurred, and Graf was thus confirmed in possession of the customs duty through the Westphalian Peace. The Bremen offered one hundred thousand thalers to buy back the customs office.\nThose not accepted, as they prevented the implementation of this tax matter before the imposition of the customs duty. Sweden's Yortheil meant that the execution of this tax affair would be kept secret, due to the anticipated fall of the County of Oldenburg to Denmark, as Anton G\u00fcnther had no legitimate heirs. The General States and other Hanseatic cities, especially Bremen, exerted significant pressure due to this tax matter. Anton G\u00fcnther was increasingly besieged, as everything was tied up in the tax matter. However, the General States had consistently supported Bremen against the count, even threatening to do so militarily. So firm was their stance that eventually, there was no longer any significance to the matter due to the war between Holland and England that had broken out.\nThe city of Bremen, now governing itself (1652), was declared into beichsacht due to its disobedience. The imperial herald was not allowed entry into the city with the excuse of fearing popular unrest against him. He therefore read out the execution decree at the Wartturm, and for the affixing of the act of beichsacht, he was left with nothing but two willow trees outside the gallows.\n\nThe earlier told attacks of Sweden on the Reichsunmittelbarity of Bremen, which occurred around this time, made it necessary for the council not to resist further. The city required the support of the emperor, and the emperor also did not want it to fall into the hands of the Swedes. From both sides, therefore, fewer difficulties arose. The Bremen councilors recognized this.\nten days after, they paid the half of the penalty and 73,000 Thaler as compensation for the count and his subjects. The emperor lifted the ban. The new imperial customs lease was drafted on August 20, 1653. At that time, the customs only amounted to 17,000 Thaler. The prosperity of trade on the Weser, or indeed the Bremen trade, can be measured by the annual increase in the customs revenue up to its abolition. The Bremen citizens, who distinguished themselves particularly in this difficult matter, were the syndics Buxtorf and Wachmann, and the mayors von Bobert and Erbbrochhausen. Forty publications in Latin, German, and Dutch languages have been exchanged in this Weser customs matter. When many situations in the German Reich changed at the end of the eighteenth century, er-\nThe hope at the Bremen Council persisted, to be rid of the pressing toll, which had been imposed on the city since the Westphalian Peace. Active and insightful men, Mayor Gr\u00f6ning and Smith, and the then Bremen manager, now Senator Horn, worked effectively in Regensburg, Rastatt, Paris, and at the Frankfort Bundestag. Eventually, on May 1, 1820, the toll came to an end, albeit not without some minor aftereffects that occupied the newspapers for a time, now, however, and we hope forever, eliminated.\n\nII.\nGeneral view of the city. The market. The town hall. The exchange.\nThe Roland. The Domhof. The city hall. The Sch\u00fctting. The museum. The wall.\n\nGeneral view of the city before the French occupation.\nBremen came, on whichever side it might have been, would hardly have been disheartened by the proximity of a large and wealthy trading city. No traveler could push through the endless sandy paths or the dreadful stone road, whose round stones were churned up every winter by water and ice, without difficulty. The French quickly demonstrated the feasibility of good highways from Wesel to Hamburg; the importance of this was recognized immediately; and as Bremen regained its autonomy, there was eagerness to undertake similar projects. These, which were proposed and executed without significant resistance due to the reorganization of the convent, have now adorned the Bremen territory with the most beautiful highways on a very detrimental soil.\nThe stranger, regardless of which side he comes to Bremen from, will be welcomed everywhere, as he finds himself in a prosperous and well-governed small state, even without yet having seen the city itself. The artisans of Hamburg and Vegesack do not lead to the city's entrances where it appears as an important trading place, for this northern side is surrounded by the most beautiful amenities and promenades. The tasteful new houses have no commercial equipment, but are mostly inhabited by pensioners and officials.\n\nOn the contrary, the view from the opposite side is different. Who comes to Bremen from the Rhine side first enters the Neustadt. The eye rests here on nothing old or historical, as the houses and churches here originate from newer times, until the Weser river is reached.\nThe bridge is reached. Here unfolds before you the entire appearance of the old Hanse and imperial city. Far and wide along the Weser, massive houses press in, some in old-fashioned style, closely by the river, and from the house mass, church towers rise.\n\nThe Mai tinikirche, on the waterfront, the old dusty masonry with trees, is entirely visible at the water's edge, and the so-called loggias or porches, which hover over the houses above the water. Further down, the former grain house rises in old-fashioned grandeur.\n\nThe small Weser bridge, or the bridge over a bay that the river forms, is being withdrawn. Down to the left, the tip of the island stretches, completely covered with buildings. We cross this island, where once stood a stately, very strong fortress, called the Bride.\nThe following text refers to the main bridges, which although only made of wood, are very strong and wide. The Weser, compared to the magnificent Rhine, is here without any picturesque appeal in its water and current. No city on the Rhine offers this view of a river covered in ships of all kinds, where in active trading times, masts touch masts, sails touch sails, and the ships, as if on a lake, move with ease, only with the help of the gentle wind, going upstream as well as downstream. This provides an amusement of its own, classifying which place, which destination, they belong to based on their external form. The many watermills attached to the bridge, finally, the famous waterwheel, will be noticed in passing.\nAmongst the crowd, as we pass through the gate where we notice the inscription: \"Conserva Domine hospitium ecclesiae tuae,\" we enter the noisy Stra\u00dfe, leading to the most remarkable and vibrant part of the city, the market and the Domhof.\n\nInitially surprising is the immense height, strength, and pointed roofs of the houses, as well as the protruding bays, called Ausl\u00fcfte here. Their bright windows, adorned with beautiful flowering plants from within, offer an enchanting sight. These houses, as we see them, appear to have been built according to the needs of commerce, climate, and the terrain. Only since the year 1258 have solid building techniques become common practice.\nThe houses were mostly built of wood and thatched. In this year, a terrible fire outbreak made aware of the danger of this light construction. Since many new houses had to be built in place of the burnt ones, most of them were built of stone and covered with tiles. As close as possible to the river, except for those belonging to the cathedral, in the air therefore gained the space that the ground did not give; the roofs, which were certainly meant to dry and secure merchandise, rose sharply, causing not only the gain of space but also the effect that the rain fell quickly, the snow did not wait for the winds to melt before finding a hold: this.\nIn Scotland, considerations for war should be taken into account during the construction of these tall houses. Mode and taste often criticize what the forefathers have found suitable for over half a millennium due to the climate and the earthiness. The refined era finds the disturbance of loading, packing, and so on of goods so bothersome, the church-like storage rooms in the best part of the house so unfavorable and dark, the lack of many spacious rooms so oppressive, the pointed roofs and thick walls so gothic and dark! One has traveled, one has seen the flat roofs and beautiful halls in milder climates. One wants to show, in a new building, what one has seen and learned. However, nature cannot be disobeyed without harm, despite the demands of necessity. Occasionally, in entire old parts of the city.\nOne can still see those massive and imposing buildings, which in their exterior resemble churches, and in summer offer cooling in their wide halls, while in winter they are kept warm by their massive walls. Here one can also see the reason for the artistic inclination of our ancestors. These spacious rooms were adorned with large oil paintings, as one can still find in old houses. In the case where the wide halls yield to the narrow corridors, many larger oil paintings, some of which were far away and some of which were good, have disappeared. We inquire in vain about the pictures brought by the fleeing Dutch families or painted by Dutch artists who stayed here to practice their art.\nThe foreigner is pleasantly surprised by the great cleanliness and neatness of Bremen's houses, particularly those on the main streets and the wall. This neatness extends to the interior, evident in the furnishings, and exists even where wealth does not permit luxury. One is inclined to form a favorable opinion of the dweller from the dwelling, and so it is not lacking that the appearance of the city already fosters a good judgment of its inhabitants.\n\nThe houses on the wall, the market, the Domhof, the long street, without palaces to display, impress through the sight of regularity, general prosperity, and cleanliness, and are thus beautiful city districts, as one finds them in any of the most beautiful residence cities.\nIn den drei Strafsen, welche mit ihren Zwei- \ngen zum Theil ganz, zum Theil halb in der Rich- \ntung des Flusses die Stadt durchziehen, erkennt \nman, wie der Anbau am Flusse begonnen und land- \neinw\u00e4rts fortgesetzt wurde. Daher ist der an dem \nFlusse zun\u00e4chst liegende Theil sehr zusammen ge- \ndr\u00e4ngt, namentlich ist der Tiefer, diesem verwor- \nrensten und engsten Theile der Stadt, nicht die Mo- \ndernisirung zu Theil geworden, wie den Strafsen \nunterhalb der Br\u00fcche. In diesen engen Gassen \npflegte sich die Pest am ersten zu zeigen und am \nl\u00e4ngsten zu halten, so oft sie grassirte, wovon man \nSpuren bis zu Ende des siebenzehnten Jahrhunderts \nhat. Der regelm\u00e4fsige Zug dieser Strafsen, unter- \nhalb der Br\u00fcche, die durch Zwischeng\u00e4fschen ver- \nbunden sind, erleichtert dem Fremden das Zurecht- \nfinden. \nDer auf einer H\u00f6he an der Haide liegende, die \nThe oldest lower town was dominated by the lower built cathedral, which soon after its establishment began to expand, not in the same sense as the lower town. Here, the residences of those belonging to the cathedral began to rise, who had previously lived largely in the cloister at the cathedral. They were surrounded by courtyards and gardens, some of which can still be seen today. Later, all these buildings seem to have been added only on narrow strips belonging to them. Thus, it appears that from the Eastern Gate, further the Sandstra\u00df and K\u00f6nigstra\u00df, the Buchtstra\u00df, the Domhof and the Domhaid, and the place of the cloister church are almost completely filled with cathedral courtyards and their gardens.\n\nIn the year 1035, a larger space was enclosed with a new common wall.\nThe fortifications were located east of the Weser river, extending northward to Ansgarii-Thor and ending southwest of the Weser. However, a Theii section of the wall was torn down to build a new cathedral. In 1307, they began enclosing Stephani Kirchspiel with this wall, but did not destroy the old wall, towers, ramparts, and moat that led from Ansgarii-Thor, to the southwest, preserving a separation between the Stephansstadt and the fortified city for at least 200 years. The New- and Old-Ways, the two roads, emerged when the connection to the Stephansstadt was established. In 1512,\nThe fortification was also reinforced outside the wall with a wall and moat, and the existing exit through the Bishop's Gate was blocked, making it now possible to see nothing but an exit on the wall here. Similarly, the Bishop's Gate (the threshold of the bishop) lost its exit from the city. Since the year 1514, much was done to enhance this two-kilometer-long fortification. Among other things, the three large, massive bastions were built: one at the Eastern Gate, one at the Breach, and one at the Stephansgate. The last two were called the Bride and the Bridegroom. Through a random ignition of the powder stored in the same location, they flew into the air and are no longer extant; the bastion at the Eastern Gate, however, although damaged in the upper story, is still visible.\n\nBeyond these bulwark towers and the bastion at the Eastern Gate,\nSmaller settlements, which formed a whole with the city wall, still had a strong tower at the small wooden gate, called the battery. The one at the large wooden gate was the Morgenstern; the Hollmannsburg served as a fort during the battle, and the Fangtor was at the beginning of the town. In the wars of Charles the Fifth against the Protestant estates, it was a true rivalry among the various parishes to superiorly fortify a part of the town. The Rondeel with the wall on the Schwanengatt (between Ansgariithor and Abbenthor) was completed in five and thirty weeks in the year 1550, during which the third part of the citizens worked and some council members were present. Through this, the old fortification, which separated the Stephansstadt from the old town, became unnecessary.\nIn the year 1630, the high gate was built in the Neustadt. Regarding the fortification with cannons, it is noted that in the year 1448, the council and the citizens for the first time had three heavy cannons cast. They were called stone-guns, as stones were shot from them, which could still be seen in modern times in the arsenal. The founder of these cannons was also accepted as the city's armorer under the title Arkeley-Master. Arkeley (perhaps Ton Arcus) was an old term for armor and therefore also for artillery. Whether the Bremen, during the siege of Esens, threw Greek fire, as Halem (Oldenburg. History) claims, or, according to Wiarda (Ostfries. History), threw glowing bullets, remains uncertain. In any case, they had these.\nThe good fireworks were displayed. Their artillery was always in the best order, just like the arsenals of the free imperial cities were, which were excellently and often adorned with rare weaponry. In the sixteenth century, the city cast numerous cannons. It was during the dangerous Schmalkaldic War, in which Bremen stood in the opposing party of the Emperor. In the year 1530, the council from the towers of the four parish churches took the best bells and cast pieces from them. The religious disposition, in which the war was conducted, was also reflected in the inscriptions of the now vanished cannons, which were cast during and shortly after this war. A manuscript collection of Bremen inscriptions contains, among other things, the following from the year 1548:\n\nBringest du diesen Dienst oft \u00fcber Scho\u00df und sei es noch viele sind.\nYou hold up the dinner seated,\nJustice sacques and God with speed.\nDo not hesitate at your power,\nDo not yield to your weakness.\nGod is alone the victor,\nBefore him no human child exists.\nBy God's will, life and blood flow,\nBefore your eyes, all have and are good.\nDo not let your freedom be taken,\nPulver exists, that is my advice.\nThe enemies send us,\nGod protect us,\nThe master's art\nIs most sublime.\nOther inscriptions from earlier times were\nplayful, and one recognizes in them a fresh\nwarlike time, which mocks death indefatigably,\nin our times making elegies. In giving the cannons names,\nand speaking through the given verse their disposition,\nthey were personified and stood with us,\nnot as willing things, but they spoke their deadly word,\nas many soldiers do.\nThe Christian and archbishopric, the free imperial city, the trading Republic, and the trading community of Bremen - all of this presents itself in a most striking manner on our city's market. Who among us has a piece, weighing one hundred pounds, bears these verses:\n\nSch\u00e4rpe Grete bin ich geheten,\nWan ich lache, clat ward den Vend verdreten.\nSch\u00e4rpe Metze Burlehus,\nThu einen end in thu andern us.\nMartha.\nMartha ist mein Name,\nVon Art kann ich nicht still sein,\nUnd wo mein Feind vor Augen steht,\nLasst ich mein Eichen in ihn gehen.\nIch h\u00e4tte deine schwarze Raven,\nWen mein Ei droppet,\nStrecket deine Klawen.\nIch h\u00e4tte dein Kukuk,\nDen mein Ei drucket,\nDem geht dein Buck up.\nMargareta ist mein Name,\nWen ich meine finden sehen,\nSo do ich sie frundlich gr\u00f6ten,\nDas sie verlehren hende und v\u00fcttn.\nMy friends I wake with the Nightingale's song.\nMynen sendt mit mein Klang ich schrecke.\nMitte steht erblickrechts der Dom und das vorige erzbisch\u00f6fliche Palatium, das nun zu anderen \u00d6ffentlichen Zwecken umgebaut worden. Yor sich hat man in ganzer L\u00e4nge das Rathaus, links erscheint die B\u00f6rse, und an der Weserseite das Versammlungs-haus der Aelterm\u00e4nner, genannt Sch\u00fctting; und n\u00e4her beim Rathaus blicket die Rolandss\u00e4ule hoch und ernst \u00fcber das Ger\u00e4usch des Marktes hinweg.\n\nDas Auge des Kunstkenners, wie des Verehrers des deutschen Mittelalters ruht mit gleichem Wohlgefallen auf diesem sch\u00f6nen Geb\u00e4ude. Das eigentliche Bauwerk mit seinen aufsen herumgestellten steinernen Figuren ist aus \u00e4lterer Zeit, und ersetzte selbst wieder ein noch \u00e4lteres, das den Raum zwischen der S\u00f6gestrafse, der Obernstrafse und dem Liebfrauen-Kirchhofe einnahm.\n\nZur merkw\u00fcrdigen Erinnerung\nFor all who were to sit in the town hall where, in the end, self-righteousness, tyranny, and violence ruled in a free state, it was on the spot where, for nearly a hundred years, the uninhabited and almost ruined house of the banished mayor G\u00f6tke FYese had stood, that the proceedings were held. Since this place was not large enough, the guild house of the loomers was added in an inappropriate manner.\n\nConstruction began in the year 1405 and was completed five years later. In the year 1491, the town hall was expanded to the north. In the year 1545, the Witheitsstube was added. It is not difficult to distinguish the building constructed then from the later additions. The stone figures around the rather simple main building indicate heavy artistry, and they are only of such little worth as they are in the large and empty fields between them.\nThe following figures occupy a practical space and harmonize with the character of the old building. These stone figures, which stand on the broad outer sides of the town hall, present the wise and orators of antiquity. On the front, above the gallery, stand the seven electors and one emperor. These images have little artistic value, but the supporting stones are worth noting. Among them: 1) a nun with a naive and charming face; one hand holds an innocent squirrel, the other her elegant habit. 2) A lion-hopping figure. 3) A beautiful maiden with a regular face, smooth hair, and necklaces. 4) A screaming head. 5) A powerful Silen. 6) A powerful man carrying a delicate windmill in his arms. 7) A delicate girl in voluminous clothing, as the stone depicts.\ntr\u00e4gt. 8) Ein sehr liebliches jungfr\u00e4uliches Haupt \nmit Epheu gekr\u00e4nzt. Hinter den Schultern blichen \nzwei junge L\u00f6wen hervor. Das steinerne Bildwerk \nan den beiden Haupteing\u00e4ngen ist eben so alten TJr- \n*) Die Witheit ist der ganze versammelte Rath im Gegensatz zu \ndem sitzenden oder wirklich regierenden. \nSprungs, wie das ganze \u00e4ltere Geb\u00e4ude, und ist nicht \nunr\u00fchmlich in Erfindung und Arbeit. \nManche Eigent\u00fcmlichkeiten , die den Baumei- \nstern des Mittelalters oft Spafs machten, und die wir \noft betrachten , zweifelnd , ob sie durch Zufall oder \nAbsicht entstanden seyen, finden sich an unserm \nRathhause. Hohe Fenster an der Westseite sind \nnahe an der linken Seite der Nische hin schief, \ndas mittlere gr\u00f6fsere stellt sich gerade dar. Wie \ndiefs gemacht ist habe ich nicht heraus sehen hon- \nnen. Optische T\u00e4uschung kann es kaum seyn. \nDafs das \u00e4ufserste dieser Fenster rechts zum Drit- \nThe lower part is walled in. It was necessary to add the star chamber to the entire building later on. Two hundred years later, in the year 1612, the Steinmetz L\u00fcder von Bentheim added what is now a decorative element to the building, which an untrained eye would find disharmonious with the old structure. At that time, the two galleries and the three gables were added. However, it cannot be denied that the arcades, galleries, gables, and frieze, all covered in bas-reliefs, give the Rathaus a very rich appearance on first glance. Upon closer inspection, one finds that the gables are overloaded, and that the beautiful proportional form of the original building ultimately creates the pleasant impression it initially makes, despite the additions.\nThe person inclined to add decorations had been [doing so]. At that time, when L\u00fcder took care of the stonework, the carpenter Stolling was overwhelmed with woodwork, and the south side was covered with copper. According to an image in Dilich's Chronicle, the gallery was not only seen with a roof over it, but also had windows. These were opened during a shameful court hearing. The rich bas-reliefs were not yet there, nor was the beautiful cornice with all its wealth of emblematic and mythological figures related to crafts and the community. The number of arches is twelve. The two side gables do not rest on the arches, but on the building's masonry. Under these arcades sit, as in other cities, hawkers, butchers, and other buyers and sellers.\n\nAs Bremen still had the city's guilds, [it was customary].\nThis judge held sentencing for misdeeds at the second floor of the town hall. He was called \"Guding.\" The town clerk would admonish the sheriff with this formula: \"Sir Sheriff, here sits N. N. (the town clerk) on account of a shameful wheel, and begs, that you in your good will hold a Guding.\"\n\nThis city judge or advocate of the bishop carried out the judgment through one of the bystanders, making it known without carrying it out. He was not necessarily the first instance, but, as one could appeal to him at the town court, one could also bypass him. He had to perform his duty according to the German statutes. Since 1656, he only held the penal court. As long as he was in office, he could not be a citizen.\n\nThis reminds us of the origin of the episcopal court.\nStadtvogts in the imperial authority, and finds agreement in the almost always foreign Podest\u00e0 of the Italian free cities. It would take too long to remember all the endless adornments on the new facade. Every beam head, every roof gutter has a well-worked lion- or human head. Among the bas-reliefs in the fields of the arch, one sees the four evangelists with their attributes: Wisdom, Truth, Politics, Time, Trade. On the second to last arch on the left is Love under the form of a hen with chicks. This is the guild symbol of Bremen for apprentices. Equally nearby, one sees Vigilance with a rooster. On the eastern side, there is also an addition. Here one sees a piece of an old tower, in which a winding staircase probably led up to the roof, and it is worth considering, that...\nSimilar turret-like structures existed on all four corners, as shown in Dilich's Chronik illustration, where the upper part was destroyed during renovation and the lower part was concealed. The gallery around the roof also featured stone figures. The decorations were well-executed.\n\nThe interior of the Rathaus, referring to the entire lengthy hall, contained some good wood carvings; however, some doorways to the commission chambers were of poor workmanship. The massive Rathstuhl, resembling the Hanseatic-ordered chairs in the Hansesaal in L\u00fcbeck, is now only visible in the illustration. From the four-sided, enclosed space with four benches, where the ruling half-council sat, came the expression \"binnen vier B\u00e4nken,\" meaning \"before the court.\"\nThe paintings are insignificant. A very large painting, representing The Judgment of Solomon, is worthless. The painter, who painted it in 1724, covered his valuable head with a well-groomed periwig on it. The best part is the signature: \"Amor, timor et commodum proprii pervertunt judicium.\"\n\nOn another very large painting, one can see Charles the Great holding the Bremen Dom, as he was when the second tower still stood. On the other side sits Saint Willehad, the Apostle of the Saxons and Ostfriesians, the first bishop of Bremen and builder of St. Peter, the first Dom. However, the drawing of the Dom is more pleasing than it actually is, as the main ship, judging by the facade, is wider than the side ships in greater breadth.\nThe following painting appears. Contrarily, the four doors in the facade, of which only one remains, the others being mere blinds, and the last one in a house built too wide against the breadth.\n\nUnder Emperor Charles the Great's image, this painting bears the following inscription:\n\nCharles the Great, hails:\nCharles the Great am I named.\nA wide king beyond every land.\nFrom this foolish race, I was raised,\nTherefore, God brought me to the Saxon land,\nWhere my name was hitherto unknown.\nI have waged many battles most courageously,\nSo that I might again withstand my enemies,\nThrough France, Spain, and this land.\nI compelled Italy as well,\nAgainst the Lombards I came.\n\n*) The Bremen will not criticize this sample of the Rathauspoesie being shared, if they consider,\nThis text appears to be written in an older form of German. I will translate it into modern English as faithfully as possible.\n\nThis book is also written for those not from Bremen.\nThe king entered my ear land beforehand.\nThere, my power was greatly esteemed.\nWithin Rome, I was Thomas Keisev baptized.\nWhom I carried many a Jever against.\nI have exalted the Roman churches\nWhich Constantinus falsely wrote about\nI was adorned and occupied with Roman idols\nTherefore, my great power followed\nI waged many a war against the Huns\nAs long as I saw them completely disrupted.\nThe Greek emperors remembered my power\nThe Persians prayed for my friendship\nAfrica was previously subjugated by me.\nI desired new conquests and campaigns.\nI have waged many wars\nAnd many swore fealty to me as a landlord.\nOtherwise, I was not liked by the Saxons.\nBut I thanked God from the heavens.\nI have read through Thomas completely.\nThereafter, my ancestors were respected for so long.\nunder Bishop Wilhelmi's Bildnifs, the Holy Bremen was heard to say: I willingly was the first bishop in this city, holding God Almighty in entirety. The Saxons, however, still wished to be converted, although my elder teachings were spoken against. I was born an Englishman where the histories speak of the Saxons' coming. The king took the riches in the realm with Duke Hingst, the father of his wife.\ndat sine viande shoulden oren macht schenken, hier is it gluck, dass die Sassen darnaheid gelenkt haben, da sie die ganze Krohnen ausger\u00fcckt sind. Leden dal den alten britannischen Namen, die Engelsche nahern wieder aufgerichtet. Dusse markliches Geschieht, dass die Sassen hier erst angekommen sind. By vierzehn halbe hundert und sieben Jahren war die Kirche in Bremen gestichtet. De van Konink Carell ist verordnet. Nha Gades Borth VIICLXXXVIII jar. Groth arbeidt did ich hier vorwarts bringen, mit wandern, j predicken und innigen beten. Nha rechter apostolischer sede. Wedekindt hat mir gro\u00dfe Verfolgung gedroht, woarin mein Gott noch nicht verlassen. Meiner j\u00fcngeren hat er viele umgebracht. Beth, dass es anders bedacht und geheimlich Konink Carell dem edlen Herren mit Segen um das Land gebehagt.\nThe text appears to be in Old High German, specifically Middle Low German or Plautdietsch. I will translate it into modern English while removing unnecessary characters and maintaining the original content as much as possible.\n\nThe Sassanids have caused strife\nwith other weapons, they began it\nwith good and leniency, this people\nwere brought to peace, neither scorned nor laughed at\nthey held back the deniers of the Lord\nwho all should have been punished by the terrifying rods\nin Sassanid lands, many listening ears were found\nthat the word of God was not correctly taught\nthe Frisian Arts could have been suppressed\nthrough no other means than the forgiveness of sins\nmy brethren have I had two who XJ^I weeks regretted\nand to the blind God with my marble I served. \n\nThe Plautdietsch verses, which describe the origin and progress of the city, as well as the participation of Bremen in the Crusades, will not be shared here\nto avoid excessive length. Similarly, a multitude of other Latin phrases, which are not in the sentimental style of our time, will not be included.\nThe following person revealed the understanding. One can see further a representation of Bremen, as it looked several centuries ago. In the depictions of Walvises, hanging there, one recalls, upon observing the skeleton now hanging in the museum, the transactions, which took place at Stade between the syndic Wachmann, sent to Stade in the year 1669, and the Swedish government regarding this Walvish. \"Chancellor Bley\": We would have also shot a Walvish and pulled it from the Swedish side to our Bremer side, at least the royal government desired the skeleton.\n\nI. The Walvish would have gone to its own reception from the Leesum court after the first shot and thrown itself onto the Bremer slip, where it was entirely shot, occupied, and delivered to Bremen. The skeleton.\nChange it now at that very place, on the town hall, and the Senate, under the given circumstances, would not consider it proper to admit this, that I myself did not even hope that the royal government would persist in such shameful demands. Nothing more was stirred up by the Waldbott von Bassenheim. In this large room, the hall of the town hall, the citizens' conventions used to gather; but since they have been moved to the exchange, the hall is only used for the ceremonies of electing a new town mayor.\n\nThis ceremony is worth seeing because of its ancient dignity, and one can only lament that the council does not also appear in old German costume during it, and the remaining hats from the French period are still in power. However, in the newer proceedings.\nThe new town councilor is also to be fetched from his residence for the improvement of the constitution, even for the speech to be given at the designated costume for the councilors.\n\nThe new councilor is escorted by the members of the senate, the elder men, and the clergy, as well as his well-wishers from the merchant class and the guilds, in a solemn procession to the town hall, walking in order of rank and dignity. The syndic, or whoever is asked to do so, delivers a speech on some charitable matter. In the conclusion, the speaker's life story, as well as his family history, is recounted, and he is recommended to the goodwill of the council and the community. The president's speech primarily serves to honor the services of the predecessor.\nThe presiding officer presents the old German oath to the newly elected, word for word. The emperors depicted in long rows on the ceiling of the hall no longer mean more than tapestry coverings; the oil paintings in the session chamber are also only mediocre. Descending the stairs, one finds oneself again in a large room, which merchants of Rhenish wine and other detailers, as well as house owners (the latter only at the entrance), have taken possession of for rent, with the exception of the room where the lower court is held. But if the interior of the town hall on earth is not significant, we descend from the temple of justice and politics into the temple of Bacchus, into the famous Rathskeller, whose rich contents, as the walls show, were once German and Latin verses.\nDer Eingang ist mit der Sternkammer, welche ehemals die Laube (de Luven) hiefs \u00fcberbaut. Hier wurden j\u00e4hrlich am Sonntag L\u00e4tare die K\u00fcndige Rolle, d.h. die Polizeigesetze, der versammelten B\u00fcrgerschaft vorgelesen.\n\nSo wie C\u00f6lln, Achen, L\u00fcbeck und andere St\u00e4dte Niedersachsens und Westphalens unterhielt auch Bremen einen st\u00e4dtischen Keller, der allein mit Rhein- und Moselwein handeln durfte. Diese Keller waren auch die Versammlungsorte derer, die sich au\u00dfer dem Haus erholen oder in Gesellschaft heiter seyn wollten. Zu dem Behuf waren kleine Yerschl\u00e4ge mit Tischen und Oefen, oder auch gr\u00f6\u00dfere Zimmer angelegt, die gar zu Gastereien gebraucht werden konnten, die auch jetzt noch, obgleich bei ver\u00e4nderten gesellschaftlichen Ansichten bei weitem nicht mehr so h\u00e4ufig, besucht werden.\n\nDiejenige Abtheilung, wo der k\u00f6stlichste und\n\nThe entrance is adorned with the star chamber, which was formerly part of the Luven (de Luven) and was extended. Here, every year on Sundays, the police ordinances were read out to the assembled citizenship.\n\nJust like C\u00f6lln, Achen, L\u00fcbeck and other cities in Niedersachsen and Westfalen, Bremen also maintained a municipal cellar, which was allowed to trade only with Rhine- and Mosel wine. These cellars were also the meeting places for those who wanted to recover outside their homes or wanted to be cheerful in company. For this purpose, small taverns with tables and ovens, or even larger rooms were set up, which could also be used for festivities, which are still visited, although less frequently due to changed social views.\n\nThe part where the most delicious and\nThe oldest wine is stored, and one uninitiated person without the guidance of a councilor or permission of a mayor is not allowed to approach it. The Rose, the flower of Venus, is adorned on the walls with many Latin and German inscriptions, which are not evil. It is asked why the Rose, the flower of Venus, is seen in Bacchus' grotto? Answer: Without wine, you see Venus. \u2014 If the warning is on the door, as Amor gave the Rose, the flower of Venus, as a gift to Harpocrates so that his deeds would remain secret, then the Rose is also depicted in this cellar as a symbol, so that an excessive word about the matter in question in the same place would not be further told. Finally, Doctor Dusing explains in well-written Latin distichs that the Rose only contains old wines; Bacchus himself is also only old.\nGod grant, only allow entry to the elderly and turn away the young. The German verses on H. Post say all that a German friend of wine may have felt and thought in a glass:\n\nWhat stomach, body, and heart \"give. Saft (Saft means juice or essence in this context) can give power and spirit.\n\nBeware of consoling the mourning and the half-dead, this rose shares; it has the price of a precious oil to keep with care.\n\nThe twelve apostles (so called the twelve barrels of very old Rhine wine) yield to the worst among them, Judas Iscariot. The oldest wine should be over two hundred years old, but an old Mosel wine should carry the highest price.\n\nIn the largest room, foreigners are usually aware of an acoustic peculiarity.\nAt the end of the seventeenth century, the Rathskeller's direction was debt-free. Therefore, the council decided to use its income to establish a regular stock exchange, as until then the merchants had gathered at the town hall.\nA French refugee named Proves, who had gathered an open walk among trees to his shops through his excellent drawing, drew the quays to the exchange and also made a model of it from wood. Both found approval, and the council encouraged him to carry out the building; construction began in 1686.\n\nOther masters and masons expressed concerns about the Frenchman, but his unique confidence with his nation kept them silent. When the four walls stood, and the already hewn stones for the frieze as the foundation of the roof were about to be set, it was discovered that the walls were too weak. He reinforced them with large oak beams.\nThe iron clamps bound it to the walls, and these were now supposed to bear the entire weight. However, the construction had already cost an extraordinary amount, and the council began to grow concerned. Therefore, they hired two more builders to complete the building. The costs were calculated at 25,000 Thaler.\n\nThe Roland.\n\nIn earlier northern German cities, Roland columns had been erected at the behest of Emperor Otto the Second. Bremen, due to Otto the Great's intervention and that of his favorite and chancellor, Archbishop Adaldag, received a market, the Konigsbann-Zoll and minting rights, thus ensuring the market peace required for Marius.\nunder him or his son, the Bremen Roland column was also likely set up. Those who recognize a symbol of judicial authority in them, as they could have been under those emperors, trace their origin to a later time.\n\nWho recalls how greatly Charles the Great was revered as an embodiment and symbol of all lordly rule in the free cities, especially by the inhabitants of the lower Weser, as their protector against the ravaging Normans? Likewise, no one from his family was as much an object of sagas and poems as his illegitimate son Roland at Roncesvalles. Therefore, no further research and explanation is necessary.\nThese, even among other titled stone giants, were called heroes, or, to use a specific name, Roland. Charles the Great was among the Occidentals, like King Solomon among the Orientals, the embodiment of all that was noble and sacred. Most lower Saxon cities and landscapes held freedom charters from him, although most were false but old enough to be accepted by believers. He was honored with feasts of saints, his relics were sought, and medieval poetry revolved around his person.\n\nThe first wooden statue of Roland was burned during a treacherous raid and battle on the market at night in the year 1366, under the belief that this would mean the annihilation of freedom; and for two centuries no other image of him was made.\nRoland is mentioned, and the one still standing, which can be seen as the second renewed one, was erected and brightly painted from gray stonework in the year 1512, when Archbishop Christoph confirmed the rights of the city of Bremen. For thirty-six years, Roland had to endure a white simple coating instead of its gilding and bright colors. Unfortunately, much of the identifying features were obliterated as a result.\n\nThus, this symbol of the highest state power, or of the council and citizenship and those invested with market rights for the preservation of market peace and the highest judicial authority, stands before our eyes.\n\n*) With the name Roland, the state itself was often denoted, as in the inscription of the building erected in the year 1591:\n\nOn a column richly decorated in the Gothic style:\nThe figure stands on a pedestal, the stern eighteen-foot tall, armored, and robed figure with a mantle that falls to its feet. Roland's face is serious, large and full of significance, directed towards the cathedral as if he were defending the city's rights against the demands of the archbishops.\n\nOn the shield at his left arm is the imperial eagle with the inscription: \"Freely I give you this, the city of Bremen has granted. God be thanked. This is my advice.\"\n\nOn the left side were painted a lion and a hound, fighting over a bone, with the inscription: \"One for each one that he has.\"\n\nBeside the feet, one sees a figure lying down, of whom the legend tells that it is the cripple who gave the city of Bremen this cornship\n\nRoland received from the Countess Emma of Lesmono.\nAnstalt der olden Stadt Muren \nLaien an dissen Orte bouwen, \nThom Behuf siener getrouwen \nB orger schup , damit se han Brod, \nIn Theurungs Zeit und Krieges Noth. \nversprochen , als derselbe in einem Tage 'w\u00fcrde um- \nkriechen k\u00f6nnen, f\u00fcr die B\u00fcrger gewonnen hat. \nDie S\u00e4ule als Kunstwerk betrachtet ist nicht \nganz zu tadeln. Die Verh\u00e4ltnisse sind beobach- \ntet, und die Stellung so wie das Gesicht sind nicht \nohne W\u00fcrde, wie es die Bedeutung des Bildes er- \nfordert. \nIst nun Roland das Weichbild Bremens und das \nSinnbild der Macht , des Marktrechtes und der Ge- \nrichtsbarkeit, so erkl\u00e4rt man seine Attribute also: \nDie Handschuhe deuten auf die Marktgerech- \ntigkeit und den Marktfrieden ; das blofse Schwerdt \nin der Hand auf die Gerichtsbarkeit \u00fcber Hals und \nHand, denn so safs der Oberrichter mit bloisem \nSchwerdt auch an der Gerichtsst\u00e4tte. Das ent- \nThe main figure shows respect towards imperial majesty, as privileges are granted; his chin is clean, as it is fashionable among Saxon nobles; he stands on the market, as the Sch\u00f6ppengericht was being held. The figure between his feet is a beheaded miscreant, signifying criminal jurisdiction. However, Roland was the symbol of the burghers in all ages, a beacon in feuds and wars of all kinds, as the following verses show, made on the occasion of a war. Graf Gerhard Ton Oldenburg and Delmenhorst hindered and damaged the trade of the Hanseatic cities to such an extent that Bishop Heinrich of Bremen and Munster saw himself compelled. With the help of the aforementioned donors and the Hanseatic cities, he offered him violence.\nThe brother of Schof attacked Delmenhorst and lost his life after a four-week siege. Thirteen weeks later, Delmenhorst castle was taken by the bishop, who granted free passage to every one leaving. The count's daughter, who was in the castle, did not want to leave, wept loudly, and protested that it was her paternal inheritance, that she had not wronged anyone, and that she could not be taken or driven away in the same way. The bishop spoke to her, invoking military law, and told her she could go wherever she wanted, along with her possessions and valuables. But she fiercely resisted and declared her determined will not to leave. Eventually, the bishop had the maiden forcibly taken away by his servants. The brother of Jacob equipped ships, went to sea, and engaged in battle.\nA Forester is among us,\nFrom an noble lord,\nHe governed his land with honor,\nBishop Henry is his name.\nIn the Velde, he was anointed,\nThen he was brought\nHe would have spared him,\nHe had not borne him,\nHe defended himself with Maiden.\nThe merchant traveled with care,\nThe peasant had need,\nYou should recognize his humble abode,\nAnd the strong forest's strength\nHe has great honor.\nDelmenhorst had summoned him.\nWith many Edelman, and also with good men, they called out Hinder, who wanted to sharpen their ears anew. He himself remained more in Stift M\u00fcnster than in Stift Bremen, to which he came scarcely once every three years. He is the one who led 16,000 men against Nuifs against Charles the Bold, who besieged this city. Under him, his 8,000 own soldiers were dressed in green, from whom he received the nickname \"green Henry\" in the camp.\n\nFeud.\n\nEdel Forst, where you do not dare to shrink back,\nfresh and willing,\nGod will help you in all your works\nAs he does the faithful men.\nAre you Karl, you Edel Forst 1,\nDo you live, Suntec Filhad,\nTell me, which forest's men,\nHelp him order his troops,\nBring him wise counsel,\nShoot him at the head of his spear,\nRolajid, the noble man,\nHe proposed the resolution to him.\nVor \u00f6hm konde nemand genesen , \nMit dem Schwer de , dat he gewan. \nDe Provisor **) word gescheiten, \nDat he is hieven doht , \nVon einem f\u00fcrigen Herte \nEntfingt he de grote Schmerte \nDorch siner Frilnde Noht. \n*) Karl der Grofse und der heilige (sunte, sankt) Wilehad spie- \nlen bekanntlich in der fr\u00fchem bremischen Geschichte eine \ngrofse Rolle, und erscheinen auf dem Rath haus in Bildern und \ngeehrt durch manche plattdeutsche Reimen. \n**) Des Bischofs Bruder, ein Herr von Schwarzburg. \nDes wurd so mahnig bedr\u00f6vet , \nDem dat to Herten gaht , \nSo ferne im fremden Lande r \nDar men ekn woll kande > \nGott geve der Seelen Haid. \nDer Bremer B\u00fcrger aber sieht , gest\u00fctzt auf \nuralte Sage, in diesem Roland das Palladium seiner \nFreiheit; so lange er steht, ist nichts f\u00fcr die Frei- \nheit zu f\u00fcrchten, und selbst, sollte er auch gest\u00fcrzt \nwerden, so ist, nach dem Volksglauben , noch nicht \nAlles verloren, falls er nur wieder aufgerichtet wird innerhalb von vier und zwanzig Stunden, zu welchem Zweck in Rathsheller noch ein anderer, obgleich kleiner, im Hinterhalte liegen soll, der im \u00e4u\u00dfersten Fall an die Stelle des gest\u00fcrzten gesetzt werden kann.\n\nThe French were familiar with the people's belief in Roland; and had the benefit of such a crime not been too insignificant against the fear of a great discontent and open outbreak of hate, they would have destroyed the old image just as surely as they destroyed the Reichsadler and Schl\u00fcssel, the emblems of Bremen, some overpainted, some smashed.\n\nIn this sense, when Bremen received its freedom, there was unanimous agreement, as if by agreement, that the French eagle was broken into pieces by the people and placed at the feet of Roland, and the image pillar.\nSelbst mit Blumen bekr\u00e4nzt. This still happens in Bremen every year on the eighteenth of October in memory of the Leipzig Battle; for we do not shame or shy away from solemnly celebrating this important day with a military parade, the heartfelt song of an countless multitude in all houses, on the rooftops around the market, to the honorable sound of trumpets and kettle drums, which lead the song from the town hall balcony. Nothing has ever been more intimate and solemn for me than this \"Nun danket alle Gott\" of a once unfortunate, now joyful, pious, moved citizenry, in the presence of the venerable, magnificent town hall, the stately Sch\u00fctzen, the modern exchange; and the so venerable, stony Roland gazes so earnestly out, as if he felt it himself, that he no longer needs to fear being toppled.\nTo become, and since the faith of the citizens in their invulnerability would also give them the wisdom and means to preserve it from your overthrow, the Domshof.\n\nThis largest and most beautiful, albeit slightly sloping, place is enclosed by the town hall with the main watch, the newer side of the cathedral, the Petri-orphanage, the museum, and some distinguished buildings; a considerable part of the area is planted with lindens.\n\nWhere now the watch parade assembles, military exercises of another kind were once held. Already from Emperor Henry the First, it had been decreed that tournaments and banquets should be transferred to the cities for their promotion. In our city and indeed on the Domshof, tournaments were often held. The occasion for this was once of a special kind.\n\nAt the holy Easter festival in 1335, when Archbishop Bur-\nBischof Burchard, a respected son of a Bremen citizen, governed the archdiocese for seventeen and twenty years. He wished to retrieve the hidden relics of the saints Cosmas and Damian from the cathedral choir for future Pentecosts, intending to hold a grand feast during their unveiling. He planned to announce this throughout the entire archdiocese, inviting bishops, nobles, prelates, and commoners to the wedding (feast). Additionally, he invited the council of Bremen and many burghers' wives and maidens. Dancing and feasting ensued, and on Sundays before his palace on the cathedral square, tournaments were held.\nYour brother was the reason why the citizens were so pleased with the tournament. Archbishop Adalclagus had brought these holy bodies, along with Quiriacus and Caesarius, Victor and Corona, Felix and Felicianus, from Italy. The citizens proudly displayed them, even surpassing the Stiftsadel in ritual and splendor. And on Pentecost Monday, when the holy bodies were removed in the presence of all the bishops, abbots, and lords, and High Mass had been celebrated, and now the meal was about to begin, your brother struck on the Domhof, for God's honor and that of the high church, twelve knights of his best men, among whom were also the Bremen citizens L\u00fcder and Martin von der Hude.\n\nHerr Hinrick Doneldey, the Burgermeister, stood in a water barrel, which held a Fuder of water.\nhalten konnte, da wurde er heraus geopfert mit \nKleinodien, Gold, Silber und Geld. Und als das \nheilige Pfingstfest vorbei, und der Hof geschlossen \nwar, versammelte der Erzbischof das Kapitel, und \nfragte, was mit dem Opfer geschehen, und ob ihm \neinige Schadloshaltung f\u00fcr die Kosten, so er f\u00fcr die \nversammelten Herren und der heiligen Kirche zu \nEhren gehabt, daraus werden solle. Darauf antwor- \ntete das Kapitel, es wolle mit dem B\u00fcrgermeister \nsprechen. Und Herr Hinrick Doneldey hiefs das Ka- \npitel den Bischof fragen, wie viel er haben wolle; \nund als er dreihundert Mark forderte , da sagte Herr \nHinrick Doneldey: \u00bbdie wollen wir ihm geben, da- \nmit ist das Essen nicht bezahlt.^ Und den Rest \nverwandte Doneldey zur Ausbauung des S\u00fcdenthurms, \ndes Doms und zur Giefsung der grofsen Glocke \nSusanna. \nAuf diesem Domshof wurde 1446 vor dem erz- \nThe bishop's palace, under the open sky, concluded a treaty between the ambassadors of King Jacob II of Scotland and the city of Bremen. The Scots renounced compensation for the damage to their merchants at sea inflicted by the Bremen. In the year 1503, the Domhof witnessed a spectacle that greatly captured the attention of the citizens. The Cardinal-Bishop of Gurk, papal legate, came to Bremen, and he was received with a grand procession \"with great reverence by the clergy and laity and all Bremen, in all maturity, as they carried the holy body of Christ around the city.\" The clergy, in beautiful choir caps, cassocks, and diaconal robes, carried wax candles, leading the way to the Wall. The gates outside St. Stephen were closed, and the bath with the citizens proceeded.\nThe Kardinal was received at the specified threshold. The cross was carried before him, with Erzbischof Johann and the Administrator, Duke Christian of Braunschweig, riding on either side. The city councilor, kneeling with the mayor and council, spoke to him in Latin, to which he replied in the same language.\n\nUnder St. Stephans-Thor, he was again received by the four city councilors. The procession then went through the long street, over the market to the cathedral; there the dean and provost received him and led him to the choir. After another address to the cardinal, the service began.\n\nThey then went to Pauls-Kloster, where his lodgings had been prepared for him, and the senate accompanied him as far as the cathedral gate.\n\nThe following day, a magnificent mass was celebrated, and a sixty-foot-wide banquet table was set up.\nThe little Domshof was built. On it stood an altar as large as the high altar in the cathedral. Around it were the lords and princes, deans, prelates, the Stiftsritterschaft, and the honorable council of Bremen. The ground and all the houses were filled with an endless crowd of people.\n\nThe cardinal then read a magnificent mass here, and the Yolh climbed the stairs, bowed his hand, and received his blessing. However, his hand and mouth were not enough for the crowd, so he had also ordered some other bishops to perform the same function, whose blessings should have the same power.\n\nHowever, during the meal in the cathedral provostry, the council had been forgotten to be invited, which was not well received.\n\nIn the evening, the council sent a barrel of St. Paul's beer, six tons of Bremen beer, a cask of white wine, and three flags to the cardinal.\nThe cardinal received a salmon and a sturgeon. He was pleased with the carters, who brought the things, and gave them four Rhine gold coins. But the councilor returned the money to him, with the answer, the councilor's servants did not accept gifts.\n\nThe cardinal then invited the mayors and several councilors to table at St. Paul, and the councilor presented him with a silver bowl in the shape of a flower, filled with four compartments of claret.\n\nHowever, the councilor was not without concerns and had obtained from him before the cardinal came, a promise that he would not do anything against the rights of the citizenship, and that nothing would happen for his sake, but would be seen as a right for the archbishop.\n\nThere were indeed many outlaws and others present.\nrefugees, even murderers, from Bremen were attached to the legates in order to be received back unpunished through his mediation. He declared, however, that he would not plead for criminals against the will of the council. The whole commotion aimed primarily for the indulgence. The legate granted a bull, stating that if during the ringing of the cathedral bells at noon, the scholar recited a Pater noster and the psalm Deus miseratur, they would be granted an indulgence for a certain number of days.\n\nAmong the most magnificent scenes of the cathedral square was undoubtedly the introduction of a newly elected archbishop. The Schenk, the butler, played a significant role in this.\nThe kitchen master, der Froh, the chamberlain, and the bread spinner, all vassals from the first families, faithfully carried out their duties with great brilliance. During the entrance, the chamberlain carried the sword before him.\n\nThe Erbschenkenamt was originally with the von Groppingen family, then with the von Issendorf family.\n\nP\u00fctjen bites a little cheaper or tastes better in Lower Saxony. The P\u00fctker was therefore the taster for the archbishop. This court office was with the family of von der Borch.\n\nThe Erbk\u00fcchenmeisteramt was with the Schulten family.\n\nThe Erbfroh held the office, at announced land and lease days, to announce to the estates when they were admitted to an audience with the archbishop. This office was with the lords of Sch\u00f6nebeck as lords of von der Borch.\n\nThe Erbk\u00e4mmerer rode on the solemn entrance of the archbishop.\nbischofs in the City of Bremen directly before it; only if vassals of noble or countly rank were present, did these ride first, and before them the chamberlains. This office was with the House of Luneberg.\n\n******) Actually, Bread Giver. He distributed bread at public feasts and also provided food for the poor at such occasions. Archbishop Rhode mentions no family that held this office. Perhaps the appointment to this office was similar to that of the hereditary stewardship of the archbishop.\n\n7) This office was with the House of Kind von der Cronenburg in the middle of the fifteenth century, then with the Tonsacksbroken.\n\nHe dismounted from his horse up to the Palatium, then stepped down, laid his sword aside, held the archbishop's right stirrup, and when the latter had dismounted.\nwar. He knelt down and asked for the granting of his office. After brief consideration, the archbishop granted it and he swore an oath. The marshal then removed the horse, unless the Count of Brochhausen was present. Then the oldest city councilor knelt and pledged allegiance in the name of the city, and all outlawed persons were allowed to return. At such an occasion, the archbishop also knighted knights before the palace.\n\nThe following day, he went to the church where the Te Deum was sung, the capitulars received the oath from him, and he was given the castles and jewels of the chapter. The castellans, officials, and others took the oath of loyalty.\n\nThis Domhof was often the scene of civil unrest, as can be seen from the history excerpt. Now it is every day at midday because of the watch parade and the beautiful military music.\nThe building is greatly visited. Other celebrations no longer take place here.\n\nThe Town Hall.\n\nOn the Domhof, a new building has risen in recent times from the archbishop's palace, which, since the administrative offices are in it, rightly bears this name and is distinguished from the town hall, the meeting place of the senate. The courts of the bishops, like the Frankish royal courts, were called palaces in Latin documents. At some places, the palace and town hall were one, such as in Regensburg. The name chosen for this beautiful building, which you read in golden letters in the frontispiece, is therefore appropriate. In this former bishop's seat, there is now also the city's main guardhouse and the post office.\n\nThe old archbishop's palace was built in the year 1286.\nBuilt after the bishop, who had lived in the current scholarly institution, formerly known as the school of Canons, with his monks, in the eighth century, next to the bishop's palace for the convenience of the archbishop with the cathedral. However, one should not believe that the archbishop regularly resided there, but rather in Bremerv\u00f6rde. It is recorded that in 1446, the master builder Johann Vrese lived there. The building is called The Sch\u00fctte.\n\nThe leaders or elder men of the merchant guild bought a large house in 1425 to hold their meetings in it. It was torn down due to dilapidation in 1537, and on the same site, the stately building that still stands today was erected.\nThis house serves a purpose. In alternating times, this house was also called a market, as mentioned in the aforementioned script of the College of Elders to the Emperor against the Council. It is a very impressive building, but architecturally it has nothing remarkable. In the same building, the College houses a library and its own archive. Both are important for Bremen's history.\n\nAt this house stood the inscription: neque Albidium, neque Unidium. It is also said to have stood at the Essenhof. This name signifies a squanderer, the other a miser. This sentence means that during the construction of two of the most magnificent buildings in the city, the builders were neither miserly nor extravagant.\n\nThe museum.\n\nNo stranger will easily gain entry to our museum.\nWithout the original text being in ancient English or non-English, it is not necessary to translate it into modern English. The text appears to be in standard German, with some minor formatting issues. Here is the cleaned text:\n\nTen, without enjoying such a fine institution from Herzen to find, which was one of the first of this kind and soon found imitation in other cities. In describing the origin and development of this excellent institution, we believe we will appeal to all those who visit Bremen.\n\nThis outstanding institution arose by chance. Several citizens wanted, at common expense, to bring the Hawkesworth collection of travels around the world, which had come out in Berlin in 1774, to their city. Other works were put into circulation, and the interested parties wished to see a library from the circulated books established.\n\nFollowing this historical reading society, there soon came the foundation of a society for physics and natural history, a natural history cabinet, and a collection of minerals.\nA physical collection of instruments for the study of lungs, as well as a library in this field, were part of the plan. Art was not excluded either. Favorable opportunities facilitated the acquisition of the collections. The members consisted of ordinary and extraordinary ones.\n\nThus, a charitable foundation was established for promoting comprehensive knowledge among all stands, a social bond that existed without gaming, and had come into being. However, discontent with the constitution soon emerged; no law bound the six founders' hands, they had no one to render account of their actions and income, and, as is intolerable in any civilized nation, let alone in a small free state, one eye watched the other with envy in jealousy.\nIn the case given, the text appears to be in good shape and does not require extensive cleaning. Here is the text with minor corrections:\n\nDespite the limitations we had counted on, these means proved inadequate for many purposes. Instead of a few chambers, a whole house with a garden was rented in the New Town, and the plan was to expand and fill this spacious dwelling. The number of members grew significantly.\n\nEvery Monday, when regular meetings took place, a lecture was given on subjects of nature or art. Remarkable items and rarities were displayed, experiments were conducted. Social gatherings followed, and in winter, despite the long and unlit way, the society was even more numerous than in summer.\n\nHowever, a stagnation soon set in; indifference and coldness foreshadowed the swift demise of this beautiful creation.\nnungen sollten geordnet und gepr\u00fcft, Schulden be- \nzahlt werden. Die Direction wurde also mit sechs \nyon gesammter Gesellschaft gew\u00e4hlten Personen ver- \nmehrt, und diese mit den altern Directoren \u00fcber- \nnahmen gegen Actien die Zahlung der Schulden, \nErsparungen wurden gemacht, aber auch neue Bei- \ntr\u00e4ge waren erforderlich, zu denen die Mitglieder \nnicht verpflichtet waren, und zu denen sie nur durch \neigene Bestimmung gewonnen werden konnten. Die \nSache nahm also einen Gang, wie im Mittelalter, als \ndie F\u00fcrsten nicht mehr aus D omainen und eigenem \nBesitz sich und ihre Kriegsmacht erhalten konnten, \nsondern an Steuern appelliren mufsten. Man ver- \nstand sich zu dem erh\u00f6hten Beitrag, mit dem Be- \nding, dafs j\u00e4hrlich Rechnung abgelegt werden sollte. \nAuf diese Weise bekam die Gesellschaft eine \nVerfassung, und von der Stunde an, war ihr Ge- \ndeihen entschieden. Es gab keine verschiedenen \nKlassen mehr; gleiche Rechte und gleiche Pflichten \nwaren f\u00fcr alle Mitglieder ohne Unterschied. Im \nJahre 1783 wurde eine Kommission mit Durchsehung \nder bisherigen Verfassung, mit ihrer Erweiterung \nund Verbesserung beauftragt. So verblieb die aus- \nf\u00fchrende Gewalt, die Kasse, die Bibliothek, das Ka- \nbinet in der Hand einer Direction von zw\u00f6lf Perso- \nnen. Die Gesellschaft dagegen behielt das Recht, \nneue Glieder zu w\u00e4hlen, wirkliche Glieder auszustos- \nsen, die erledigten Stellen der Direction zu besetzen, \ndie Gesetze zu \u00e4ndern, neue zu fassen. Eine re- \npublikanische wohlgeordnete Form, angemessen dem \nStaat, in welchem die Anstalt existirte, war gegeben. \nDie nun stark zunehmende Gesellschaft, die \ndurch Kauf und Schenkung stark angewachsenen \nSammlungen, so wie die gr\u00f6fsere Bequemlichkeit der \nBesuchenden, die doch, besonders im Winter, den \nweiten Weg nach der Neustadt scheuen mufsten, \nMaking another local requirement, we dismantled the building at the Domhof that is now known as the old museum, which was once a popular inn. To perfect the constitution, an ordinance was later established for a committee of elected members from the Directum and double the number from the rest of the society, for explaining and clarifying laws, proposing new ones, and amending old ones, settling disputes, and handling other matters.\n\nThrough these events, the number of members grew rapidly to two hundred. Significant acquisitions for the Naturalienkabinet and library were permitted during the annual accounting. Works from the main faculties, as well as philology and the fine sciences, were excluded from the library. The main focus remained:\nHistory and natural science, in their broadest scope, should not only cater to the greedy businessman but also to the scholar in their studies. Even if not rare works were the object of acquisition for a public library, splendid copper engravings were not excluded. It was deemed practical to erect the fine building in which the natural history cabinet, the lecture hall, the hall for newspapers and periodicals, and the room for conferences, as well as the economist's residence, were all located. The reading and assembly room is illuminated by gaslight.\nWhen considered alone, how the weekly lectures have affected the citizenry, not superficial literary but strict scientific education, is evident. The hall was packed when Dr. Obers reported on astronomy, and other learned physicians read on natural philosophy and natural history. Physics experiments were conducted. The benefit our city's museum has provided us is hardly measurable. May insignificant discussions about literature, which may perhaps entertain and perhaps even save a tedious hour for some, never suppress the sense for science once revered in this hall!\nListen, those who attended this lecture not only for pleasant entertainment, but for learning in the old museum spirit, wish to teach above all. This can also happen for beautiful sciences, if only the judgment of the listeners is effectively guided or corrected. For the merchant, who rarely has time to become familiar with sciences, these lectures, if they are what they should be, should be particularly enjoyable.\n\nThe museum collections consist of naturalia, art objects, models, physical apparatus, and a library. The natural history collection is located in a large hall and is rich in many, even rare objects, of which the common spirit of a free state is a co-owner, as every citizen considers the collection as their own.\nConsider, it always contributes. No ship comes hardly from distant world parts or the captain brings something rare for the museum because he wants to bind the entire educated part of the citizenship. But the collection is also well-organized, and the extensive knowledge of natural history of the pleasant and friendly Mr. Conservator, Mr. Kellner, makes the viewing enjoyable for both strangers and locals.\n\nOn the second floor, one sees the belvedere Apollo, the Gladiator, the Laocoon in good gypsum casts in the courtyard. A quick overview of the most interesting may suffice here. First, upon observation of the numerous stuffed birds, a long row of northern German birds, so strikingly natural, many in characteristic poses, like:\nAmong those ready for raid or defense, presenting themselves in stillness or motion, the art where it is executed reveals precise observation of nature and lively imaginative power. The aforementioned collection was mounted by Dr. Oppermann in Delmenhorst.\n\nTo the right of the door, we notice five native bird species of the Minerva. Two examples of the Sea Eagle and one of its skeleton should not be overlooked. Furthermore, eighteen Falcon species are present, including the Merlin (falco palumbarius), the Noble Falcon, and the Merlin Falcon, which noblewomen often carry on their hands, even taking them into Scottish churches. In English poetry, the striking attire of the castle lady, as she appears in the chapel for her wedding, is described, and the Falcon is not overlooked:\n\nA Lanner Falcon sits on my hand.\nheld on a silken band. Among the chickens, one sees the mighty pheasant, the birch pheasant with brown feathers and at the neck dark-blue shimmering, glistening plumage, the snow pheasant in two examples, as it looks in summer and in winter. A rarity is the American pheasant (Penelope circinnata). Among the three types of partridges, one finds an excellent example of the golden partridge. The crow pigeon, as large as a jungle hen from New Guinea, is dark-blue with brown wings. The black stork, splendidly shimmering, nests alone on trees. Among the sandpipers and plovers, the oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus) shows itself, black and white. Among the herons, the aigrette. The rodded bittern is mounted, as it springs at an enemy. The rarer rails-heron (Araea comata). The night raven with three white feathers behind its head.\nMy rare Rohrdommel, seldom. A beautiful example of the Purple Ibis, from which Brazilian nuns make various ornaments. The sickle-shaped beak from the Asian Turkey shows the color of the Purple of the Old. Sandpipers are seven types, wading birds are five. A rarity is the South American Kibitz with spurs on the wings. Four types of geese. Among the nineteen types of ducks, one sees the slender Bride (Anas spona, from America) with a drooping crest. The Arrowhead (Anas acuta), the Knobbed (Anas quercquedula), with hanging band-like back feathers, are noteworthy. The Whistling Duck is also visible in its skeleton, on which one sees the peculiar arrangement of the breastbone, determined as a resonance floor. It comes to the Weser estuaries in winter when the land is flooded. When it rises, it gives off a tone, like the:\nThree types of diving geese: the Mergus albellus, or the nun goose, among them; two types of cormorants, used for fishing in China and England, the Garbo cormoranus, the cormorant, the penguin-like bird with a black head, and the Colymbus arcticus, which is large like a duck. The latter is rare. The Colymbus cristatus is a strange bird, although not rare.\n\nThree types of Alca, called the papagee tartar, due to their strangely shaped bills. Ten types of gulls, five types of terns.\n\nThe plover, often compared to a bad writer and critic, will finally receive its rightful reward.\n\nThe storm petrel (Procellaria glacialis), due to its strong musk-like smell. The greenlandic dove, which gathers in large numbers on the almost depleted herring.\n\nAmong the twenty types of parrots, the paradise parrot is rare.\nFour types of toucans (Pepperbirds), noticeable for their four-inch, parchment-like bills: two barbirds, one type of woodpecker-beak, and one Sagebird. Twelve types of woodpeckers, including some magnificent Brazilian ones. Three types of icebirds, two of which are Brazilian. Three types of shrikes, among them the Gorvus crispus, Crested Shrike, from Mexico. There are ten Corvus species here. The magnificent Mandelkr\u00e4he (Coracias garrula), although native, easily draws the observer's attention. Three types of cuckoos, including the cayenne, coffee-brown with a very long tail. Three types of paradise birds. Among the eight Oriolus (Wren-bird) species, the Haemorrhous, Bloodfeather, is from South America. Among the drongos are several Americans. The most elegant native Seidenschwanz (Ampelis) is outshone by the magnificent Brazilian Silk-tailed birds (Ampelis).\nThe Cotinga (Cotinga cotinga) is more stunningly beautiful. The Crested Lark (Loxia recurvirostra) displays itself in several color-changing varieties. The North American Loxia cardinalis, red all over like the dawn with light clouds, has a red cap on its head. The Tanager of Brazil (Tangara brasiliensis), on the other hand, is brilliant scarlet red. A stranger from the Guinea coast is the Widow or Paradise Bird (Fringilla paradisea). Its tail is almost four times as long as its body, and is also oddly tufted at the beginning. The South American Sparrow is a small jewel, glowing in the most vibrant and radiant colors.\n\nThe fourteen types of Colibri, along with a nest and an egg, are admired with wonder by those who have only seen these living jewels. Recently,\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in a mix of German and English, with some errors. I have translated and corrected the text to the best of my ability while preserving the original content. However, I cannot be completely certain of the accuracy of the translation due to the mixed language and potential OCR errors.)\n\nThe Cotinga (Cotinga cotinga) is more stunningly beautiful. The Crested Lark (Loxia recurvirostra) displays itself in several color-changing varieties. The North American Crested Lark (Loxia cardinalis) is red all over, like the dawn with light clouds, and has a red cap on its head. The Tanager of Brazil (Tangara brasiliensis) is strikingly scarlet red. A stranger from the Guinea coast is the Widow or Paradise Bird (Fringilla paradisea). Its tail is almost four times as long as its body, and is also oddly tufted at the beginning. The South American Sparrow (Spinus tristis) is a small jewel, glowing in the most vibrant and radiant colors.\n\nThe fourteen types of Hummingbird (Colibri) and a nest with an egg are admired with wonder by those who have only seen these living jewels. Recently,\nThe Museum of the Lords Kalkmann, H\u00f6lty, and Senator Lameyer received 450 Brazilian bird skins, which will soon become a fine addition to the collection.\n\nAmong the mammals, the skeleton of a thirty-foot long walrus (it is the head of the Hecht, Balaena boops) is first admired. It was caught in the year 1669 in the Lesum, which flows into the Weser. An image of the fish can be seen at the Bathhouse, where the skeleton was also previously located. The complete skull of an elephant is also on display.\n\nAmong the monkeys, the Cynocephalus Sphinx, males and females, from Borneo, stands out. One sees it in its natural position, as we still saw it living in Bremen. The female Sphinx is also rare. She has a breast, the male a mane on his back. The Dianas are also present.\nTwo types of sloths. Two types of ivory-colored ant-eaters. The pampas cattle from South America. Moschus Meminna, dwarf deer, very delicate, from East India.\n\nAmong rarities in Spiritus are the unborn young of the West Indian manatee (Manatus australis), three types of anteaters, two types of armored reptiles and agoutis, two children growing side by side, the tapir fetus, the American hedgehog with the rolled-up tail.\n\nHere you find a rare amphibian species.\n\nA large number of turtles, among them the still undetermined one from the Mississippi with its hieroglyphic markings, particularly noteworthy. Several large Pipa and frog species. Seven distinct crocodiles, some with eggs. A large series of other lizards, among them Chamaeleons, flying dragons, notably characterized by their son-\nAmong the reptiles are various types of boa, including the serpent god snake, the giant, rattling, and spectacled boa, the lanternfish and other beautiful species. The collection of fish in alcohol, as well as that of insects and worms, is not particularly significant, but among these are also several beautiful and rare specimens. The shell collection is growing rapidly, and the mineral collection is already quite impressive and instructive. A piece of amber, several inches long, thick. Several beautiful ammonites, excellent pieces of jasper. Weapons and sacrificial knives made of flint, an ancient fighting axe from Hesse, made of serpentine. A remarkable large cyanite from Airolo at St. Gotthard. In general, the minerals are thoughtfully arranged.\n\nAmong the shells, one can see the Polish hammer, which usually emits sparks and produces a hundred thousand sparks.\nThe cost to be paid. The very large Pearl oyster, several Stich oysters, pearl oysters. A large Nautilus with engraved surface bearing the large crest.\n\nThe brown Mohr's crown, the David's harp, the Devil's claw, the genuine true spiral staircase. Also of note is a significant collection of fossils with rare pieces.\n\nThe museum library contains approximately ten thousand volumes, mostly works on natural sciences, agriculture, trade and state sciences, statistics, history, literature, and societal writings. Notable works include the magnificent edition of Buffon in eighty-four volumes, Bloch's Natural History of Fish, Shaw's Naturalist's Miscellanies, the magnificent edition of Peron's Voyage to Australia, Ross's Voyage to the North Pole, Homer from Heyne and Tischbein, Tiedemann's Amphibians, with excellent illustrations.\nThe Crocodile den, selected Rapid Swans, Muscles and other Shell animals; Martini and Chemnitz Conchyliencabinet, from the works of Philodemus Musica, according to the Papyrus rolls found in Herculaneum; Annales et Memoires du Musee, Philosophical transactions, the Moniteur in full.\n\nAmong the Deceased, those who made themselves meritorious to the Museum through their Works or Gifts, are named the Elder Kolkenkamp, the Doctors Gildemeister and Wienholt, the Elder Pundsack, especially the unforgettable Albers, who has worked so tirelessly for the Museum. Among the Living are Professors Heineke and Mertens, the Brothers Treviranus, Dr. Olbers and Others.\n\nThe Wall.\n\nThe way Bremen's fortifications came into being has been given elsewhere. Little more is to be seen of it.\nAt the site of the bastions are now friendly overgrown and shady heights. At the site of the towers, which from afar rise up from the thick city wall, one sees friendly and stately houses. At the site of the dark, wounded, hollow arches, the free street leads directly out into God's friendly world. At the site of the drawbridges, firm bridges span the clear moat, and the citizen no longer looks from his high walls between dark walls, where at most a row of elms made the longing for the free even sadder, out into nature. The dreadful image of war is gone, peace and joy weave and roll in this flowering shrub, hums in the blooming lindens, flutes from the dense shrubbery by the water, and reflects itself in the peaceful waters, where the fleets count.\nloser Enten Streifen nach sich ziehen und der ma- \njest\u00e4tische Schwan seine Kreise windet. \nDie Wallanlagen erhalten in der ersten Fr\u00fch- \nlingszeit vorz\u00fcglichen Reiz und Mannichfaltigkeit \ndurch die vielen Weiden- und Pappelarten, in- \ndem die er st er en anfangs durch ihre goldgelben \nBl\u00fcthenk\u00e4tzchen dann durch das zarte Gr\u00fcn ihres \nLaubwerks, letztere durch silbergraue Bl\u00fcthen- \nk\u00e4tzchen das \u00c4uge erfreuen. Einen herrlichen \nSchmuck bilden dann auch die vielen reich bl\u00fchen- \nden Prunusarten und wilde Apfelb\u00e4ume. Sp\u00e4ter \nentfalten sich die jungen Bl\u00e4tter immermehr; Geis- \nblatt schlingt sich durchs Hechigt, und spendet seine \nD\u00fcfte; wilde Rosen beschauen sich sinnig im Was- \nser; der Hagedorn sieht wie beschneit aus. Dort \nsammelt sich eine Gruppe lauschender Menschen im \nDichicht, sie sind entz\u00fcckt \u00fcber den Brautgesang \neiner Nachtigall. Und w\u00e4hrend die Fr\u00fchlingsluft \ndurch das zarte Laub der Weiden am Wasser hin- \ns\u00e4uselt, kommt still ein Kahn unterm Geb\u00fcsch h er- \nror, in welchem ein Freund der Fischerei seine An- \ngel oder sein Netz Torsichtig auswirft, um die Aale \noder Hechte, welche dieser Graben vorz\u00fcglich hegt, \nzu fangen. \nDas Prachtgew\u00e4chs aber, das dann vorz\u00fcglich \ndem WTall Reiz und Wohlgeruch spendet, ist der \nallenthalben angepflanzte Faulbeerbaum. Freilich \nklagt man, dafs er bald nach der Bl\u00fcthenzeit von \neinem Inseht ganz eingesponnen wird, und sich in \nder trostlosesten Gestalt zeigt; aber so wie er bl\u00fc- \nhend von zahllosen Bienen durchsummt war, so \ndient er jetzt den Nachtigallen zum Sammelplatz, \ndie hier vorz\u00fcglich Nahrung an den Insekten finden, \ndie ihn umspinnen. \nDoch der erste Sohn des Fr\u00fchlings ist der rothe \nAhorn (acer rubrum) , der fr\u00fcher als andere Bl\u00fcthen- \nb\u00e4ume mit rothen Bl\u00fcthen, ohne eine Spur von \nThe leafy plane tree is covered in red fruit, finally dressed in red foliage in the autumn. Nearby, one sees a wildling from the German forest, the populus canescens, which surpasses all poplar varieties in beauty, even those that form elegant groups between other trees or line roadsides, or those that provide a striking contrast. Its fresh green persists very late. Poplars in general are very rich in the wall. However, it does not deceive strangers when they frequently see populus canadensis, a tree as useless and unattractive as its rigid branches never form a pleasant crown. Even if many of these trees grow together, a beautiful group never forms. But when the wall was planted, one wanted to quickly create a shade.\nTen trees with green leaves grow to shield against the sun. Reason enough to plant a tree, which in its rapid growth carries an even faster rate of impermanence, and which, for its thin existence, requires only water that could abundantly be provided here. These trees, which have now reached considerable size and stand as thanks to the stroller, are being gradually depleted and replaced with more beautiful and useful ones. The populus balsamifera (Balsam Poplar) is also seen as a mighty tree.\n\nI saw it in 1819 until the end of November in its most beautiful green.\n\nI have already mentioned various kinds of willows. Man once brought 130 species of them, which, however, have since been lost. One notices particularly the very beautiful lime tree (Lime Willow).\nThe following Salix species adorn various landscapes: Pentandra with silver leaves, resembling a tropical tree; viminalis with golden branches, the ornament of barren winter landscapes; vitellina with its golden foliage; and the green spring brunnen, Babylonian or Weeping Willow, which have gained strength against winter cold in the last three mild summers and now thrive abundantly. The majestic Salix Russelliana reaches for the heavens, spreading widely, as do the extensive twins, their faces covering the sky. This tree is indispensable in English parts.\n\nSome maple varieties spread their beautifully shaped leaves over the lower shrubs, from which the white flowers of the Viburnum species emerge, and the Syringa vulga's purple.\nThe white rose, with its changing aspect, spreads the most delightful fragrance. Among the oaks, some northern European ones are noticed, such as the (^uercus rubra with red leaves; Pinus Larix, or larch, thrives here remarkably, and is rightly a favorite tree, whose slender shape, delicate green, and elegant bloom represent a picture of youthful and guiltless joy. In suitable places, one finds lovely beechwoods. This tree, though our northeastern winds slightly damage it and render it of little use, is rightly a favorite of all friends of beautiful nature, whether one considers its regulated and yet varied aesthetic form or the beauty of its leaves, the playing shadows it casts, or the wealth and beauty of its flowers in bloom. The Oehonomen is beloved despite all earlier criticisms.\nAnprices not recommended. The trunks and branches offer little resistance to the wind, suitable for burning in proportion to their size, unsuitable for construction with beams or boards. On our wall, the acacia groves are beautifully preserved, as they are continuously planted in recesses, protected against the wind. They are popular because they keep their beautiful green for as long as oaks do in the autumn, unless the frost comes too early.\n\nFrom lindens, one sees the three types.\n\nAlong the entire wall, parallel to the carriageway, is now an alley of noble lindens planted, and where the terrain was wide enough, espaliers of this beautiful plant have been laid out. They will become even more distinguished in beauty with time.\n\nIn the summer, the wall appears in a different form. Everything is fuller, overgrown.\nThe darker, pleasantly dense shadow is now welcome, as one has also made wagons from the Populus monilifera, which scatter their seed enclosed in wool, attached to the clothing. One has begun to uproot the female trees. Several foreign Fraxinus and Juglans seem to thrive in their homeland's climate. The Acer tartaricum already shines with its red seed, while the Gleditschia triacanthos has not even bloomed yet; it was rare among us. Roses peek out from all the bushes, but large rose beds also give themselves away from afar through the most delightful fragrance. Many kinds of roses are usually planted together. The image of the bashful maiden, the pale rose, which the Englishman so sensually calls the Maiden,\nThe Rosa pimpinellifolia and Spinosissima are often named for their white and red flowers. Some late blooms of the Rosa majalis, with leaves resembling those of the Centifolie, adorned the hats of sliding-on-ice boys around New Year's in the soft winter of 1818. The Rosa majalis delights far beyond May with its lovely leaves. The Rosa rubiginosa, with its pleasantly smelling green leaves, is said to have had the diapers of the Virgin Mary dried on it in the Rhineland, where it grows wild on rocks. The English call it Sweet briar. It does not surpass the attention of the yellow-blooming R. bicolor, although the latter catches the eye more quickly. The Spiraea opulifolia, which shone with white flower clusters in the spring, now glimmers with its leaves.\nrothen Fruchth\u00fcllen. Die unvergleichliche Spiraea \nhypericifolia, so wie die bescheidene laevigata sind \nihres Bl\u00fcthenschmuckes schon beraubt, denn in der \nN\u00e4he h\u00e4ngt schon die Pimpernufs hernieder, und \ndie Vogelbeeren r\u00f6then sich. Die Cornusarten, \ndie auf die goldgelbe Cornus mascula, den fr\u00fchen \nSchmuck noch unbelaubter Str\u00e4ucher folgten, bilden \nweifse Trauben auf dem dunklern Geb\u00fcsch; beson- \nders aber zeichnen sich allenthalben die bl\u00fchenden \nD\u00e4cher des Hollunders aus , getragen von dem knor- \nrigen Stamm. Hinterm Wachthause des Ansgari- \nthors steht ein solches Gew\u00e4chs, das vielleicht \n40 Fufs hoch ist. \nAuch der Sp\u00e4therbst giebt unserm Wall man- \nnichfaltigen Reiz; die Abwechselung, sonst von den \nBl\u00fcthen hervorgebracht, entsteht nun durch die tau- \nsenderlei Farben des Laubes. Diese Abstufungen \u2014 \nvom braundunkeln Gr\u00fcn der Rofskastanien bis zum \nfeuerfarbenen Laub der wilden Steinobstb\u00e4ume, die \nThe scene is painted manifoldly by the flames that flare up from the shrub's yellow foliage; further, from the bright yellow to the dirty brown of the withered leaf - lines stretch out, the poplars and all other plants that come earliest in spring with their green willow-like branches, dry arms reaching up. The leaves have been shed, no longer brightened by the contrast of the fresh green, the red bird cherry hangs bare, and the dark violet fruit of the elderberry bush. Only the beloved springtime favorite, the lilac, and the lilac still keep their green leaves. The joyful song of the nightingale has long since left these leafless thickets.\n\nThe winter shows our wall in another guise. Those who make it their business to be out in the sun, one usually sees between twelve and one o'clock on the sunny glacis.\nThe lively youth gathers and tumbles on the gravel after full school hours. A broad band, instead of pearls, is filled with people, drawing itself between the denuded hedges and trees through the town. The one walking higher up on the wall looks joyfully down into the tumult. To the gates, the sleighs ring, to make a long cabbage parthie in Horn or in Gr\u00f6pelingen, and even in winter, the inclination towards village and country life shows itself. And who shuns the cold so much that he doesn't make a stroll on the Contrescarpe between twelve and one when the excellent military music plays at the Osterthorswatch? This pleasure is over.\n\nOften, one sees the sky in strange colors on a winter day, conveying a common tone to the fixed earth as far as the eye reaches.\nOnce upon a stephanie bastion, on a sunny winter day, I saw all the towers, turretches and windmills purplish-blue, the lowest horizon graublue, which lost itself in dirty, then lighter yellow and finally in bright blue. The sun in this dark ground as a dark-glowing fireball; but the Weser, however, free from ice, high, from the other side matt-yellow, then greener, smooth as a mirror; all objects, the stubborn trees and the houses by the water only forming masses.\n\nHowever, these ramparts are tenderly cultivated and cared for, ordered with taste and picturesque sense, the outlook in the distance still more distant, the seclusion of the nearness still more secluded, how the water shows itself now as a flood, now as a lake, now as a city canal, in which\nThe houses and ruins reflect, like a forest lake, in which wild shrubs and tall forest trees gaze at each other in solitude and stillness. And although this cannot be caused by the flat terrain, the water is heard rather than seen most of the time, but everything happens in a different way, which one cannot imagine without renown. And what could still be lacking is made better with each day. The man who daily pays homage to an entire city in this manner has certainly listened to and seen nature in its most beautiful moments, from which she sets the wreath together with which she adorns her brow. The solitary stroller has only one thing to lament: that no place is to be found where he is not near the city.\nEvery hour of the day, people encounter each other. The excellent promenades stretch out in a wide arc along the entire landscape of the city and connect above and below with the Weser. Since the installations not only fill the wall, but also the Contrescarpe, the very well-preserved broad moat appears as a lovely stream, winding its way between trees, hedges, and meadows; and the landscape painter (if genius cannot speak of artificial installations, and which poetic landscape painter could they speak of?), may often listen to nature here, when on a sunny day the banks reflect in the water with the diverse shrubbery and undergrowth, and a wild animal appears among the wild animals.\nUnfortunately, the given text is in an old German language, and I cannot directly clean it without translating it to modern English first. Here's the cleaned and translated text:\n\n\"Unfortunately, such thickets of pure love for cleanliness are too often neglected or underestimated. One poisons things, for the human hand is meant to ensure that the artfully planted with intention should always maintain the appearance of freely growing nature. It would be pleasant here and there for it to appear agreeable when the leaves of the Nyrnphaea lutea and alba spread over the flood and their beautiful flowers emerge from it. But rightly so, one can counter that the tolerance of these plants would lead to the degeneration of the ditch. And yet, how picturesque it often appears when a tree lies obliquely over the water, with all its branches hanging into it and swimming in it! How often does a tree surrounded by the wind form a large bush, emerging from it and with dense foliage?\"\nA part of the family crest and crowned on the water surface, an impressive painting under suitable illumination! The so-called great wall was formerly the outermost bastion to the east, and is now only a respectable hill to compare. This sunny spot is particularly visited by men and nursery maids in the season when one still finds the sun pleasant, unless laziness and curiosity drive them to the more popular New Wall. Old people and friends of nature also enjoy wandering and sitting here. Here one can observe that one is in a large trading city. The river creeps through a vast meadow, hundreds of the finest cattle graze on the other side, here and there a solitary farmstead rises up, and in the farthest distance, a shimmering appearance indicates.\nIn a higher-lying land, where villages border it, the scene is occasionally animated by an upper Weser ship, bringing the products of the land to the old Hanseatic city for further distribution. This old wall would also be receptive to enhancement, both in terms of ornamentation and botanical perspective, as it lies open to the east and south. When the wall's height was reduced to weaken the city, it remained. Sadly, without consideration for what nature offers with a plant, it is sometimes mercilessly cut and hacked here to keep the undergrowth low. The trunk of the weeping willow (Crataegus oxyacantha), which is highly valued in English gardens and parks for its blooms and fruit, I saw here in tree-like thickness at the base.\nges\u00e4gt; so den pr\u00e4chtigen Bohnenbaum, den Trau- \nbenholl under, den Kreuzdorn und andere. \nZeigt sich die Natur hier Morgens und Abends \nin der sch\u00f6nen Jahrszeit in der erfreulichsten und \nerheiterndsten Gestalt, so kann aber auch der er- \nstaunte S\u00fcddeutsche hier den norddeutschen Win- \nter in seiner ganzen Schrecklichkeit sehen, wenn \nZuerst dieses weite flache Wiesenland durch die \nHerbst\u00fcberschwemmungen in einen See, darauf in \neine Eisfl\u00e4che verwandelt wird, und dann gegen das \nFr\u00fchjahr die ganze Ebene mit \u00fcbereinander gedr\u00e4ng- \nten und geworfenen Eismassen wie eine verw\u00fcstete \nStadt aussieht, wo Mauertr\u00fcmmer und Steinbl\u00f6cke \nnur den Ort bezeichnen, den sonst H\u00e4user und Pal\u00bb \nlaste erf\u00fcllt haben; bis endlich der vers\u00f6hnende \nFr\u00fchling aus dem Chaos wieder Ordnung und Sch\u00f6n- \nheit hervorgehen heifst. \nAn der Stelle, wo jetzt auf dem alten Walle \neine Windm\u00fchle steht, war noch in der letzten Be- \nA battery by Tettenborn. A Douarnier enjoyed looking over the breastworks and boasted to a soldier warning him that he was proof against bullets. In the same instant, a hostile bullet killed him.\n\nLeaving the old wall behind, one finds first and foremost, indeed the only remaining fortification building from ancient times, the bastion. This massive, round fortress does not entirely retain its old appearance. A lightning bolt ignited the powder stored in the upper part, half of the tower exploded and a new wooden dome was built on top, unremarkable except for the machinery, admired by the carpenters. Jakob B\u00e4kes von Vollendorff owns this bastion, along with the two others, the bride and the groom.\nIn the early 16th century, the Bremen people took great pride in proclaiming that Henry of Brunswick, upon seeing the Oster Thorwinger gates, declared that the eyes of a master builder who had created such a fine work should be taken out so he could not build anything similar again. When the morning sun gilded the brown, thick walls and a tree growing nearby displayed its white flowers and green leaves illuminated by the morning light over the dead stone, and the birds, nesting in great numbers in the wall crevices, fluttered about: such a sight was pleasing to the eye. Only what belongs together can benefit the eye; therefore, the most dilapidated building\nIn this region, the idea presented is more intriguing than a haphazard collection of diverse tastes from various times. In 1813, the French commander of Bremen was shot here. The Ostertor is still fortified with a tower, which, like the Zwinger, serves for the storage of prisoners. The arched Ostertor with its tower has nothing remarkable. I no longer see the beautiful Latin inscription that said: A city must be fortified not by walls and stones, but by the virtue of its citizens. If these are united through harmony, then no wall is insurmountable.\n\nHe came through Bremen during the peculiar feud when the Friesians hid behind high Eismassen at Rodenkirchen and defied the Duke with their obstinacy. The initially most notable thing about this was:\nThe Koinodian house is the building that is part of the fortifications, making a whole and serving each other as ornaments. The front gable, facing the houses of the wall, is supported by four wooden columns. The inscription reads: Interponite gaudia curis. It lies significantly higher than the moat, on one side a neatly tended lawn stretches down, on the other side bushes, and the house itself is covered in papyrus. Nearby, one sees Quercus rubra and Rhus typhina with large red fruits, the holly and Hippophae rhamnoides, a dune tree that bloomed here, which some botanists did not notice after its transplantation.\n\nFrom the Comedy House, one passes by several well-built houses.\n\nFrom here, in considerable depth, it spreads out.\nAm tranquil Acacian grove by the water; a quiet, alluring part! Upon it rises to the right a significant hill, the remnant of a bastion, upon which a temple stood later, but only a tree is visible towards it. The view is quite entertaining here. An exit, called the Bishop's knob or Bishop's threshold (*), is found there. One imagines a personal threshold belonging to him here, which is hardly thinkable, as there was never a bridge at this spot.\n\nA narrow, tree-lined bank then extends itself into a wide lawn, which enhances the excellent grove near the Herren threshold. This threshold was therefore named,\nThe following citizens, who kept cattle, drove them through this gate to the town pasture. It was vaulted in the year 1563 and had an inscription at the entrance:\n\nBremen is covered in it,\nLet no one more look in,\nYou are the erring one,\nThe gate was torn down a few years ago, and in its place is now a friendly wider space and a broad outlet. Nearby stand some of Bremen's most beautiful buildings,\nThe elegant guardhouse and the new riding house on the other side of the moat will not be overlooked. In general, what lies on both sides of the Herdentor, between the narrow, round, pointed towers with the little gate \"in the earth,\" resembles a needle not very much. In a Latin document from 1377, this gate is called \"acus\" for this reason.\nThe Schofsnadel and Ansgariithor buildings are large and beautiful, and this series of houses can be called the most attractive part of the city without hesitation. Building along the wall is written in the style of the old days, as anyone who wanted to live rurally would establish a house and garden in the friendly new town. Therefore, property in the new town is cheap due to a lack of demand, while building plots on the wall are very expensive.\n\nBetween Heerden- and Ansgariithor, both sides of the wall are particularly excellent, more from the refined beauty than the rural. This is not least due to the elegant Rotunda of the Belvedere, as well as the stately buildings at Heerden Thor, which reflect in the water on both sides. Soon, everything will become rural again: you find the beautiful meadow by the water, which is called the bandweide.\nSpring so lightly yellow blooms; and as one emerges from the overgrown path, one finds oneself in the open alluring Parthie at Ansgarithor. This threshold is still inside in its old form, vaulted and with a mediocre tower above it. It is from the year 1571. In the threshold is above the entrance on the school door a carved stone image of a man with a muzzle on his mouth, a rod in his hand and a hare at his feet, with the inscription:\n\nHere is the limit of deceit!\n\nAnother Latin inscription on this threshold spoke this meaning:\n\nThrough justice and peace the state grows,\nThrough piety it is sustained.\nHarmony strengthens, discord\nweakens the state.\n\nFrom here to the Abbenthor is the newly laid Lindenesplanade, which in its time was one of the most famous.\nThe first ornaments of the Wall will be on your right. From there to the Doventhor, it is probably best to go by the water. There is a bench there, where to the left you see the Swan Island and to the right, on the bastion, a windmill. Whoever settles himself on this bank in the summer evening around six o'clock, sees a very pleasant landscape picture. The here very wide moat forms a bay. The foreground lies in the shadow; the height beyond it, which encircles the bay, is illuminated by the evening sun. Above the shore, an Acacia woodland spreads its bright green foliage, and from it, half a common, usually wooden, but all the more fitting to the landscape, windmill emerges. On the other side is a regular grove with poplars. All this reflects clearly in the still water, which only a gentle movement disturbs.\nh\u00e4lt, wenn eine Ente mit ihrer weifsen Flotte die \nstille Fluth durchsegelt. Einige wenige Spazierg\u00e4n- \nger spiegeln sich fern in dem Wasser und Alles ist \nso ruhig, dafs man die Stadt vergifst. \nAm Doventhor (das in unsern lateinischen Schrif- \nten \u00fcber Bremen Porta Surdorum genannt wird) wai \nals es noch stand , eine gute lateinische Inschrift zu \nlesen, die folgenden Sinn aussprach: Die Staaten \nhaben n\u00e4chst Gott kein sichereres Bollwerk \nals die Tugend der B\u00fcrger. Der ist aber \nein B\u00fcrger, der sein Vaterland aufrichtig \nliebt, und w\u00fcnscht, dafs es allen Redlichen \nwohl gehen m\u00f6ge. \nAuf dem Wege nach dem Stephanithor ist der \nWeg am Wasser hin zu beachten, besonders eine \nhieine Parthie nahe bei der Windm\u00fchle , wo in \neiner Meinen Vertiefung ein gar anmuthiges H\u00e4us- \nlein in romantischer Umgebung steht. An der im \nJahr 1660 neu angelegten Br\u00fccke am Stephani- \nTwo lions hold the Bremen crest, and nearby were the following rhymes to read:\nLook here at the lions, how intimately they hold\nThis realm's key; they let God always rule\nTV ann God's right hand closes and locks the gates\nSo has Bremen the peaceful and tranquil state.\nFrom these verses, one sees that the old Bremen\nWere more witty in Latin than in German,\nAs well-intended and true as the word may be.\nAt the Stephanitor, all appears quite rural,\nNo distinguished buildings, except for the almshouse,\nReminding one of a large trading city,\nOne looks directly out into the gardens and farmers' houses,\nAnd rural life here sleeps closely with urban life.\nThe city moat turns in a bend\nTowards the Weser once more,\nAnd it encircles it.\nThe lofty St. Stephans-Bastion raises itself, formerly the outermost fortification of Bremen, now a platform surrounded by bushes and occupied by benches. It is fondly visited by those who wish to see the Weser river close by, and to enjoy the view upstream to the bridge and beyond to Woltmershausen with all its ships and the opposite Neustadt. This Stephaniwall with the bastion was laid out in the year 1602.\n\nThe wall shows various social classes in different seasons and hours. Early in the summer mornings, only individual house owners are seen, leisurely passing by with a cigar in hand, offering a donation to the Morgen at the nearby house; besides them, some are seen drinking from the fountain and bending up and down. In general, however, few people care.\nIn Bremen, it is not the beautiful morning that draws us, but the warm bed. The wall comes to life only when the maidservants with their retinue approach. If the sun's heat increases, there is stillness, unless workers go home for midday meals around twelve o'clock or merchants make a final move at the stock exchange around one o'clock. The wall truly shines only in the evening, around six or seven o'clock or later. On such days when the craftsman walks with his sweetheart, the main wall is particularly crowded with this class, and those who do not find the throng pleasant draw towards the Contrescarpe on the other side of the canal, where the Beau Monde can be found in greater numbers. This part is especially pleasant for them.\nOn evenings when music resonates in public gardens, where unfortunately the ball bearings make a fatal discord. Yet, on no day does the wall appear more populated than when fine weather graces the grand feasts and balls. On such a day, all public buildings are closed until a certain hour, and all work is suspended; therefore, the only remaining pastime is a stroll along the wall. It also happens that one goes to hear the bell ringing. This much for the entertainment and adornment of our world would not be enough to keep it in the state of splendor we see it in. It is an kind of patriotism that makes the preservation of all that belongs to the ramparts a matter of course; and furthermore, the beloved [...]\nSpecial playing places on the wall were set aside for youth, where they could indulge in their unique delight for distraction, without which the youth's own disruptive inclination would manifest everywhere.\n\nIII.\nChurches, chapels, and monasteries,\nthat once stood and still stand.\n\nScholars of old German architecture, notably Moller, have found that in the oldest German churches, a mixed manner is evident, in which southern forms, such as flat and not very high roofs and semi-circular arches and vaults, predominate; in the second building style, the ancient semi-circle can still be seen, but the northern-oriented high roof comes into play. This pointed and high roof form demanded, in harmonious condition, the pointed arches for windows, doors, and other vaults, even in the small decorative elements of the semi-circle.\nThe following structures, but even they had to assume the general pointed form in the end. Through this striving, all aspects of Gothic architecture appeared slimmer, lighter, and bolder. Thus, the pointed arch style was at its purest, and it quickly reached its peak. The Collegiate Church in C\u00f6lln was begun in 1248, and the M\u00fcnster in Strasbourg in 1276; therefore, the second half of the thirteenth century seems to have been the flowering time of this architecture.\n\nApplying these principles to the ecclesiastical buildings in Bremen, it is found that, with the exception of the Stephanskirche, which is of newer origin at least in its present form, the three oldest parish churches and the two cloister churches, all date from the second half of the thirteenth century.\nThe thirteen century began it. The pointed arch form is therefore widespread and consistent, except for what was added later. Regarding the other attributes of the thirteenth century architectural art, lightness, boldness, and pleasing form, the three parish churches rank far behind the two cloister churches. Among them is the Liebfrauenkirche, although not remarkable, but the best, and Ansgarikirche, whose magnificent tower notwithstanding, is the poorest. The church itself must have had a different architect as the tower, as evidenced by the collapse of a vault during construction. Among the cloister churches, the one now designated as a Catholic church is undisputedly the finest in terms.\nThe beautiful St. Paul's Monastery still stood, or there were faithful records and depictions of it, as I, who describe the following architectural transition, built in the early twelfth century. At the demolished Wilhelmskirche, only the tower remained from a time before the thirteenth century, as it was to remain standing for a new church building. The tower still had many half-circular arches, but the church itself only had spire arches. The small parchment document from the year 1340, found during the dismantling of the tower in the roof, at least shows that the tower existed before 1340.\n\nWe turn to the Dom, which bears the eleventh, thirteenth, and the beginning of the sixteenth centuries in a remarkable confluence, and offers material for various reflections.\n\nThe Dom.\nOutside the old city of Bremen, on a high hill, there once stood a sanctuary, where the holy Willibald, with toils and many interruptions, was protected by Charlemagne, then harassed by heathen Saxons. A shrine of wood was consecrated to him by Bishop Willerich. He erected a stone church there, which, although Bremen was three times plundered and burned by the Huns, remained unharmed due to its secluded location.\n\nA clergyman and relative of Archbishop Belinus, also called Alebrand, deceived in the hope of obtaining the position of a dean, set fire to this second church, which had stood for over two hundred and seventy years, out of spite. As a result, a large part of the city, the Domldoser, the church treasure, the books, and the vestments were consumed by the fire.\nBishop was in Friesland when it happened; he hurried back, laid the foundation, and built a new temple. The misfortune occurred in the fall. The following summer, the foundations had already been laid, and the pillars, arches, and side walls were standing. Bezelin would have completed it quickly, but Imrz died before Easter of the following year 1043, after participating in a procession. He was taken up the Weser to Bremen and buried in the cathedral next to Willehad's resting place.\n\nHis successor was the renowned Adalbert, industrious, comprehensive, a friend of the arts, and himself an artist and lover of splendor. This bishop and the monastery were not to be built in a German or Dutch way, but in a foreign manner.\n\n*) According to the Colonius Annals, as quoted by Ad. Brem. 177. Wolter.\nThe famous Colleague Dom is not meant to be referred to, as it had not yet begun construction in 1248. Bishop Konrad of Hochstedten laid the foundation for it, and by 1320, the divine service had started in the high choir. The construction continued until the 15th century, where it halted. However, the old Dom in Colleague, built by Willibert, could still stand despite being burnt down. Ecclesia, in the Latin of the Middle Ages, usually means a parish church.\n\nAlready in the first year of his ordination, Adalbert acted with excessive haste, only to complete the Dom, break down the less necessary city walls started by his predecessor, and use the stones for the Dom. For this purpose, the magnificent seven-storied tower, named for the city's fortification, was also built at the western gate.\nin Italian style, it was built and then torn down. What was begun in the manner of the Colle church, Adalbert continued, following the example of the Dom to Benevent, which, in the year 1114, had been expanded by the Greek architect Landolfi.\n\nAfter seven years, the work had progressed so far that the main altar of the Virgin Mary and the one dedicated to St. Peter in the western facade were consecrated. Due to a lack of funds, the work remained incomplete until the twenty-fourth year of Adalbert's reign; when he himself came to Bremen, the walls were weakened, and the western crypt was dedicated to St. Andrew. An Italian painter named Transmandus decorated the Dom with paintings.\n\nThe valuable possessions of the Dom, which had been reacquired after the fire, were squandered by Adalbert himself, partly to please the king.\nAdelbert built the Dom at Bremen, making gifts for courtesans and favorites. Goldene Kr\u00fcge and Kelche, shining with precious stones, much of what Countess Emma gave, was smashed to be given away or sold. The pious Goldschmidt, who was supposed to break idols, believed he heard the voice of a child with every hammer strike.\n\nOur chronicles say that the Dom Adalbert built also suffered damage by fire under Liemar, for which he rebuilt much. The high spire on the Domsturm was not completed until 1446. Thus, both chance and human egoism, rather than founders or builders, were responsible for the fact that the Dom did not become what it was meant to be.\nThe following text from the sixteenth century refers to changes made to the building of the church. At around 1502, under the supervision of master builder Cord Poppelken, the northern side was extended to the height of the main body. Construction continued for twenty years, but due to changes brought about by the Reformation, the planned continuation of the dome was halted.\n\nFurther alterations inside and out, since the church was used by the Lutherans, are insignificant in terms of affecting the overall assessment of the church's architecture, with the exception of the complete transformation of the choir, which likely assumed a different, approximately five-sided shape based on the overall style.\n\nIf history only told us this little...\n\nCleaned Text: At around 1502, under the supervision of master builder Cord Poppelken, the northern side of the church was extended to the height of the main body. Construction continued for twenty years, but due to changes brought about by the Reformation, the planned continuation of the dome was halted. Further alterations inside and out, since the church was used by the Lutherans, are insignificant in terms of affecting the overall assessment of the church's architecture, with the exception of the complete transformation of the choir, which likely assumed a different, approximately five-sided shape based on the overall style.\n\nIf history only told us this little...\nThe hand explaining the cathedral requires us to turn to the stones and let them speak. The cathedral's form, so massive and simple, displays a peculiar yet noble taste: few decorations, not an excessive number of ornamented pillars, no arches upon arches, but rather an exalted proportion of length to width and height. The contradictions can be explained through the major changes in different eras.\n\nThe facade presents itself with two portals and two equally large blinds between them, shaped like half-circular arches.\n\nWhen we consider the portal, the most striking similarity appears with those on the cathedrals in Worms and Mainz, which originate from the tenth and eleventh century, hence from an era in which Ton Bezelin also flourished.\nBefore his death, the new building in Bremen was begun [*). Here, the semicircular form is still visible in its entirety, and it is certain that the oldest part of the cathedral is its facade. This is evident from the fact that the cathedral doors on the facade have a pure semicircular arch; one that is not found in any other building in Bremen. \u2014 The door shows Roman architectural style with German uniqueness. The Romans, in fact, built their doors in relation to the building, so the entrance in the Pantheon in Rome measures 36 feet in width. In the Middle Ages and in a cold country, one sought to eliminate the uselessness of giant doors with the proportions of the building in mind. Therefore, the door expands itself. [*) S. Miller Denkm\u00e4ler der deutschen Baukunst.]\nAt our door, the inner opening is in a slanting line outwards, and the two extending sides are adorned with pillars. Over the doors stood the two towers. Between them rises the front side with a pointed gable and semi-circular decorations, and a large window, which is now only round in shape, otherwise without any decoration. Only one of the two towers, the tallest once in all of Lower Saxony, remains, but is now only 162 feet high, up to where the old masonry ends. With the new tip, however, it is 182 feet high, since it lost its high spire in a storm in the year 1656.\n\nOn the 14th of February in 1656, at half nine in the morning, a violent snowstorm was raging. Suddenly, a lightning bolt struck the standing tower of our door. It soon became clear that the high spire had been destroyed.\nThe tip of the tower was in flames. The fearsome roar and crackling between the copper plates were alarming. The lead roof of the Domhof melted like water in the menaces of the Domhof. Help was impossible, as every moment the collapse of the high tower dome was imminent, and thousands stood anxiously, wondering where it would fall. The wind whipped Tom Dom towards the town hall and threatened even greater disaster.\n\nSuddenly, burning beams fell, the tip wobbled, and finally, against an hour, the flame lifted the tip slightly, only to fall again onto the roof of the Domkirche, shattering it and igniting the roof. The knob fell into two pieces on the small Domhof.\n\nThe collapse of the tower saved the church, as one could now approach it. The interior remained unharmed, especially the choir, due to its unique gable. The mayor did not go.\nThe fire lasted until the following day, at which point it was extinguished. No one died or was injured. The clock tower's hand remained at twelve, except for a quarter to twelve; it then moved to one, then to a quarter before two, and back to one. The church bell rang twelve times for the last time.\n\nEven the lifeless, in the face of such a great calamity, were not ignored by the crowd.\n\nThe following day, under clear weather, sunshine, and strong frost, a stork flew over the city at 3 p.m. and circled above Liebfrauen-Kirchhof several times. Many people went to see it. The chronicler, who relates this, fervently hopes that the early sunlight of this summer guest will not bring harm.\n\nThe other tower, where the bells hung, and which was only slightly taller at its pinnacle\nIn the year 1638, the masonry of the former wall, along with eight bells and the clock, collapsed together, destroying two houses and claiming the lives of eight people. A boy sitting under a small table, surrounded by mountains of monstrous stones, remained unharmed and was rescued with great effort. The Senate lamented publicly that the canons, who lived luxuriously, could have prevented this misfortune with timely repairs. Nothing remains of the tower externally, as it and the beautiful portal of a house were rebuilt over it.\n\nThe Dom, as it appeared after the fire, can be seen from two engraved sheets of nutshells, which have become rare. It is evident that all the roof structure, up to the high choir, as well as the roof of the tower added to the Domsturm, was destroyed.\nThe houses were burned. S. Pet. Costers Chronicle. MS.\nOn the facade of the church, as previously stated, there are round arches, while arches of other parts, in windows and vaults, are consistently pointed.\nAccording to B\u00fcsching's theory, as agreed upon by previous research throughout Germany, these should be dated before the thirteenth century. The northern side originates from the beginning of the sixteenth century.\nInside, the main ship is shown with its powerful vault, whose arches merge into the round columns on the pillars. A transverse ship before the choir forms the shape of the cross.\nBroad aisles, each with its own specific vault, lead to the choir from the sides, and following these are the mostly chapel-designated side aisles, of which in this church.\nnur noch eine ist, indem die n\u00f6rdliche bis zur H\u00f6he \ndes Schiffes hinaufgef\u00fchrt worden. \nDer in der Sandstrafse sichtbare fliegende Stre- \nbepfeiler, der das Chor st\u00fctzt, zeigt deutlich, dafs \ndie Breite und H\u00f6he dieser Abseite gerade so wie die \nder entgegengesetzten gewesen, auf welcher letztern \ns\u00e4mmtliche fliegende Pfeiler in der ganzen L\u00e4nge \nnoch vorhanden sind. Die untere Fensterreihe hat in \nder Spitze jene einfachen Spitzbogenverzierungen, \ndie mit der Halfschen Weidenruthen -Architektur \n\u00fcbereinkommen. Die Spitzen der zweiten Fenster- \nreihe sind kunstreicher, und das letzte Fenster in \nder Sandstrafse verdient besondere Betrachtung; \ndoch sind diese Verzierungen nicht so auffallend, \ndafs wir bei Betrachtung derselben in die sch\u00f6nen \nVerse des Dichters ausbrechen k\u00f6nnten: \nBlickt durch d\u00fcnn Ges\u00e4ul von Stein j, \nDas Laubbildwerk sch\u00f6n verband. \nHat aus W eidenzweigen schwank , \nBetween Pappels high and slender j,\nA Feenhand well entwined,\nMany a confused phantasmagoric Band j,\nAnd through Spruch as it was completed j,\nThe branch to stone transformed?\nBut this idea, for the builder of the seventeenth century,\nDid not arise, but for the master of the eleventh,\nIs clearly shown.\nA massive work, looming menacingly from all sides,\nContradicted the aesthetic sensibilities of the builder,\nBecause it appeared monstrous.\nThrough the setting of only half-height sides,\nThe main ship rose majestically, calming the eye\nThrough the general narrowing.\nThe pillars set upon the low sides, arms that held the whole,\nPermitted manifold decorations, as particularly in the Dom to C\u00f6lln,\nThrough the pointed tips of the pillars.\nThe tigh breakthrough overcame the sluggishness. The north German churches seldom had these decorations on pillars, not even our Dom, and the beautiful Marienl\u00fcrche in L\u00fcbeck.\n\nWhen Cord Poppelken widened the side aisle at the Domhof in the beginning of the sixteenth century and raised it almost to the height of the main ship, he showed that the true idea of the first architect had not reached him, and that German building art from the era was no longer understood. However, we are amazed at the skillful weaving of Cord's vault ribs or bippen, despite the fact that the vaults, as the many iron rods show, are too weak; and we have not been concerned about disturbed symmetry in general, since the old southern side was not seen in connection with the new from the outside.\nThe following massive structures of the Middle Ages could no longer be used for Protestant worship, and as concepts became clearer, church buildings were seen in greater light. The Protestant worship service required a large, communal space. Our cathedral's raised side made it not only lighter and brighter but also more spacious, making it less reminiscent of the Middle Ages and the Moorish style, which we cannot acknowledge. The cathedral is 297 feet long, 124 feet wide, and has a height of 102 to 105 feet. It forms a square with the Domgang, of which it is a part. The side facing the Domgang remains in its original form, height, and width.\nThe flying support beams or overturning arches, to withstand the pressure of the roof, and similarly, the northern side was also thus. This, up to the height of the church roof, could no longer support the roof through its own strength and with the help of the masonry that formed a mass with the wall. The decoration of the parapet work in the ambulatory belongs to the pointed arch form, and is without ornate execution.\n\nHe says: \"If I were to focus on the massive sun-shielding structures in Gothic architecture, I cannot help but think of an architectural style of Moorish or southern origin, where it was necessary to create cool buildings. Consider even the remains of Moorish palaces in Spain; it is immediately apparent that here there is no ornamentation, no cheerfulness,\nThe symmetry of the speech was cool rather than substantial. A building in a hot climate, designed for numerous gatherings, required double the seclusion from the sun, and since in that time mathematical sciences had originated from Spanish masons, why not also another architecture? This view, although unsuitable and contrary to the history of German architecture, is still better than the Weidereuth theory.\n\nRegarding the peculiarities of the cathedral, the first reformers of Bremen took care of removing altars, statues of saints, and paintings. The empty walls presented themselves quite reasonably and coldly; moreover, some copper plates could be placed on a grave altar.\nIn the year 1586, all high altars were removed from the Bremen churches upon the request of the clergy. What remains now is barely worth mentioning. In the side chapel of the high choir, UrFenbach saw in the beginning of the eighteenth century the place where Cosmas and Damianus were buried. Above their graves were they engraved in stone, one binding, the other oil-dispensing, as they were physicians. The door of the opening of the vault was a small altar; the stones of the steps leading to it were supposedly kneeled upon by countless believers. The relics of the two holy physicians were sold to a Bishop of Paderborn for much money after the Reformation. The old grave stones, er-\nThe sexton counted for our learned traveler, who often turned around and carved new inscriptions on them. \"Such reverence and understanding he rightfully calls for, in such a noble city before ancient monuments!\"\n\nAmong the few things we know about the former curiosities of the cathedral, there is a psalter written on parchment with golden letters, which Emperor Hildegardis used, and which Emperor Charlemagne, this first bishop of Bremen, Willehad, had given to him as a gift. It was preserved in the cathedral as a special relic for over eight hundred years, and with other relics was shown to the people at high festivals. After the Reformation, it came, it is not known how, to Vienna. From Emperor Charles the Great there were also a silver, gilded, and jeweled casket.\nThe Kaiser's cross, his imperial robe, in which the Gospel was to be read at high feasts in the cathedral, contained a silver flask adorned with holy images. He had presented his princely gloves and sandals to Willehad. A cathedral library was not available. Queen Christina of Sweden took the same, along with the archbishop's archive that had been moved to Stade, to Sweden, and the ship set sail.\n\nThe woodcarving on the choir thrones with various grotesque, often offensive figures can be confusing for.\n\nThe hourbook, which an English traveler may have seen in the imperial library around 1820 and was told belonged to Hildegardis, is uncertain to be the book that our cathedral once possessed.\n\nThis hourbook, as the traveler may have mistakenly referred to, is unclear.\nA named on parchment with golden letters. It grants a half hour of entertainment. A fine sandstone work, meticulously and tastefully carved in Arabesque style, is merely a sad proof that once beautiful things were in this dome; but even this remains neglected. The gallery on the north side has a particularly effective stone railing. Similar is seen under the organ. An old iron font, eighteen inches thick, rests on four bronze figures, who appear to be older than the font itself and seem not originally intended for this purpose, as they are not in any way fixed. Two men and two women ride on four lions, the free-armed ones.\nin this page pressed, this anxious, crooked one, with lions grasping at her ears. These pictures are of ancient craftsmanship. Of the numerous relics, renowned in ancient times by the cathedral, and the precious containers in which they were kept, there remains nothing from the relics of St. Scholastica, St. Benedict, St. Anna, Mother of God, and other holy bodies, nor from the sword with which Peter severed Malchus' ear. The mystical paintings on the lecterns are pitiful. The last judgment, a very large painting, an ex voto of a Bremen burgher, is somewhat better, but not exceptional. The devil on this painting appears in steel-blue color. Therefore, the common man in Bremen, a Lutheran, says that the devil is blue. Under the painting stands H. Berichau fec. Hamb. An. 1698.\nThe symbol of Bremen Cathedral for craftsmen is a windmill on a grave slab, which appears directly over Adam's head, who is just trying to take an apple from Eve. On another memorial stone, one sees Senior Friedrich Schulte, who shines resolutely towards the wounds of Christ and the breast of the Mother of God, and the good man is unsure which way to turn, whether to the wounds of the Son or to the breasts of the Mother; as the inscription says, \"to the wounds of the Son, or to the breasts of the Mother.\"\n\nIn the cloister, on a stone, there is the coat of arms of the Stiftsvasallen of Stein, two flat hands. But the legend tells that a boy had struck his mother, and when he was dead, the earth would not cover the unclean hands, until the mother avenged herself on them.\nFrom the monument of the Friesian chief Gerold, the speech is given above. One might say of the wooden, rough-coated altar in the choir: What do you want of me? Like for like! If the old is not reached, one at least seeks to approach it. Since the artistic direction of an age is connected to its morals, church, and political constitution, and therefore cannot be restored in a changed age, the existing may at least serve as a model for repairs or additions. Among the notable festivals celebrated in the cathedral and other Bremen churches was the Lance Festival, in memory and veneration of the lance with which the Roman soldier pierced Christ in the side. It was first celebrated in Bremen in the year 1353. Archbishop\nRodes Missale contains the Latin hymn for its festival, of which the last strophes read:\n\nQuirks dir, Eisen des Triumphes!\nIn die Brust des Hohen dringend,\nOffnest du die Himmelsth\u00fcr.\nDu, jener, mit deinem Blut befeuchtet we,\nSpeer > verwunde unsre Herzen,\nMit des Opfers Liebe, du,\nM\u00f6gen durch das Blut befeuchtet\nInfind befestigt durch die N\u00e4gel,\nUnsre Herzen immer seyn.\n\nInnocens VI. instituted it in the year 1353 upon the request of Emperor Kaisers des Vierten and also (see Bulle in J. H. Seelen Miscell. T. 1. 394) in the Stift Bremen ordered it.\n\nGratias tibi, Jesus Nazarener,\nQui pro nobis peccatis subiretis,\nSuperbis ut nos humiles facere,\nMortem autem mortis contemnere,\nDum resurgere crederemus.\n\nGrufs dir, Jesus Nazarener,\nDer du um unsre Schuld zu tilgen,\n\u00dcbernahmst den bittern Tod.\nDen erhabnen T\u00e4ters S\u00fchne de,\nDas mit deinem Himmels Sei' gen\nEwig kr\u00f6ne uns sein Ruhm.\n\nBer\u00fchmte Toten sind nicht im Dom beerdigt, ausser den Bisch\u00f6fen Willehad, Anschar, Her.\nAdalbert Mann, Bezelin, Liemarus, Hildebold, Giselbert, Florens, Otto, Albert, Otto II, Johann, Balduin, Gerhaid III, Johann II.\n\nThe renowned Baron Adolph von Knigge, Hanoverian landeshauptmann in Bremen, a man who nurtured a taste for dramatic art among the Bremen populace through his excellent little theater, and whose witty endorsement is still preserved in numerous anecdotes in memory, lies in the choir among the old archbishops. His book: On Interacting with People has unfortunately fallen into the hands of too many people and has contributed significantly to the frivolous view of life during that time. Neither theater nor Roman literature is as harmful as a popular philosophy accessible to the common masses, in which every simpleton finds justification for his own insignificance on apparent reasons of reason.\n\nUnder the trifling epitaphs of the Dom\nIn the year 1397, on a Sabbath after the ascension, the following individuals passed away: Habemus qui cum Elisabe uxore suae, and the one on the Domvikar and Lehenmann Christoph Stein, who are no longer to be seen. Under this stone lies another, May God be merciful to their souls.\n\nIn the cathedral, one finds the gravestone of a woman from Mandelsloh. Her husband, a former structurus at the Dom in Braunschweig, who had fled there during the Swedish unrest, is buried there. He fell ill on a churchyard and died on a grave stone. He had had a beautiful coffin made for himself in Bremen during a time of pestilence, in which he wished to rest. Every year, he filled it with grain, which he distributed to the poor. A Dr. von B\u00fcren had kept this coffin on his property for a long time, and eventually, in the year 1725, had his steward in Osterholz place it inside.\nOne of the most famous landmarks in Bremen is located in our cathedral; it is the renowned lead cellar. The lead plates, which cover part of the cathedral, are believed to have been cast in this vault. Coincidentally, about two hundred years ago, the property was discovered that its air preserves dead bodies. Several corpses, as well as four-legged animals and birds, appear in a dried state without a trace of decay. The bones are covered like with parchment, teeth, hair, and nails remain; the color is white, and one cannot think of mummies at a distance when looking at these bodies. The high position of the cathedral and the dry and sharp air in the vault, which enters through four grilled openings, may explain this phenomenon.\nIn the Family Erskine vault in our cathedral, a woman was found in well-preserved condition upon opening a casket. The German Spy (ninety years ago) states: This vault was entered during organ repairs to melt the lead for the pipes. The caskets were stacked next to and on top of each other to make room. One worker, hoping to find something or out of curiosity, opened a casket when he was alone and found the body dry. He told the others, and they opened the nearby caskets, finding all the bodies in similar conditions. The cathedral lies advantageously on only two sides: a part of the front and the northern high side aisle, since the space between the pillars was.\npfeilern eingeklebten H\u00e4user weggebrochen sind, steht \nganz frei an dem weiten Domshofe; die andern Seiten \nsind mehr oder weniger von H\u00e4usern versteckt. Ihn \nvon allen Seiten freizustellen ist nicht ausf\u00fchrbar, \nund k\u00f6nnte es geschehen , so m\u00fcfste der einge- \nst\u00fcrzte Thurm wieder erbauet, und die s\u00fcdliche \nniedrige Abseite mit den fliegenden Pfeilern breiter \nund h\u00f6her werden, sonst w\u00fcrde das Ganze einen \nunangenehmen Eindruck machen. An solche grofse \nUnternehmungen ist nicht zu denken, da es wirklich \neine Menge \u00f6ffentliche dem Mittelalter unbekannte \nBed\u00fcrfnisse giebt, die wichtiger sind, als solche \nBauten. Und wozu auch, da man nie so viel von \nden umgebenden H\u00e4usern wird wegbrechen k\u00f6nnen, \ndafs der Dom als ein Ganzes erscheint? \nDie Geschichte der bremischen Erz bi sch\u00fcfe \nkn\u00fcpft sich nat\u00fcrlich an unsern Dom. Die wichtig- \nsten sind jedoch mit ihren vorz\u00fcglichsten Unterneh- \nFrom the ignorance of the Bremen domherren, a peculiar anecdote has been passed down. They once celebrated Easter, whether from ignorance or carelessness is uncertain, before other Christians began observing the Sunday of Oculi. They were ridiculed for it:\n\nAsses of Bremen sang: Resurrexi\nWhen the people of God sang: Oculi mei.\n\nThe magnificent, but difficult to play organ was built in the year 1698 by Schnitger, a renowned organ builder throughout Europe.\n\nThe brief notes I was able to gather in my shallow research about our cathedral are summarized here. Often asked, is this remarkable German building art, from which our cathedral also gives such fine examples, not revived once more?\nIf one can call it back, that is used for a perhaps simple, but not considered by many, response. Namely, if all the circumstances return, under which that design was contemporary, then it will be built that way again. And if that is not the case, then all effort in this regard will be in vain. So it seems ridiculous when gothic windows, doors, or other decorations are added to modern buildings. It is even more inappropriate when repairs are made in the manner of Greek or Roman building art in medieval churches. It is already bad enough that these churches, now used by Protestants where listening to the sermon is the main purpose, have altars sinking, worshiping from the depths, instead of the raising of the All-holy in the Catholic churches, the purpose of which was now achieved with altars.\nUnaltered and cleaned text:\n\nUnaltered: Unstalten wurden. Findet man aber vollends holzerne S\u00e4ulchen, winzige Kapit\u00e4lchen in jonischer und korinthischer Ordnung, Urnchen, Galleriechen, Alles fein s\u00e4uberlich angepinselt, so muss man sich besinnen, durch welchen Unstern these Saechen in einen hehren Christentempel des dreizehnten Jahrhunderts gekommen. Ich z\u00e4hle mich nicht zu den Rigoristen, die alles Widerstrebende mit Stumpf und Stiel verwerfen wollen. Die festen Geb\u00e4ude sind einmal da; niederreifsen und neu erbauen w\u00e4re in aller Art unsinnig; aber da ihre erste Bestimmung nicht mehr ist, da sie zum protestantischen Gottesdienst eingerichtet werden mussten, und nach Maasgabe, als die Gemeine w\u00e4chst, Neuerungen notwendig sind, so w\u00e4re es nun hier eine sch\u00f6ne Aufgabe, sich von dem Genius des urspr\u00fcnglichen Erbauers wenigstens in so weit warnen zu lassen, dafs nicht, wie Horaz sagt, Menschenkopf und Pferdekopf vermengt werden.\n\nCleaned: Unstalten were made. However, if one finds holier-than-thou pillars, tiny Kapitels in Ionic and Corinthian order, urns, gallery pillars, all finely and meticulously painted, one must ponder, through what star these things came to be in a noble Christian temple of the thirteenth century. I do not count myself among the rigorists who want to reject everything that opposes them with a blunt stick and a blunt end. The solid structures are already there; tearing them down and rebuilding them would be senseless in every way; but since their original purpose is no longer valid, and, as the congregation grows, new changes are necessary, it would now be a beautiful task to allow oneself to be warned, to some extent, by the genius of the original builder, lest, as Horace says, human and equine heads be mixed.\n\"It unites these things. Herein lies a great merit of our architects, if they are allowed free rein. A dear learned architect says, 'It is certain that beauty and practicality are not bound to a single building or the authority of famous men. Every work of art can only be judged according to the laws of inner perfection. And every building, which appears discordant and irregular in its parts, is bad, it is Gothic, Roman, Greek, or modern. It is to be wished that this conviction becomes general; for in no science or art does the fetter of following ancient so-called artistic rules, with mere regard to whether a building approaches more or less to the Roman or Greek style, without acknowledgement of its inner perfection, seem so prevalent.\"\nTung der ewigen Regeln des Menschenverstandes verbunden sein, als gerade in der Baukunst. \"Liebfrauen Kirche.\"\n\nIt is uncertain whether this church is that of Willerich the Second, Bishop of Bremen, who held spiritual office for fifty years and built many churches, or Ansgarius under the name St. Veits-Kirche. However, it was the first parish church in Bremen. It was originally made of wood and was burned during the Huns' raid in the year 916. In its place, a new one was built, but it was also destroyed in the year 1160, and the current one, made of quadersteine, still stands. The congregation had grown so much since the first foundation that barely ten clergy were sufficient to perform the parish services. Therefore, through a breve of Gregory, Erzbischof Gerhard was granted permission.\nThe second person was commissioned to divide the commune into three parishes. This church has two towers; one, which houses the treasury of this church, contains the archives of the republic, but only the originals of those records that have long since been copied by all hands are kept there; therefore it is only secret and sacred because it is not touched, according to the known French verse. On the rim of the large bell, which once broke and was then recast, are some good Latin verses in the following sense:\n\nWhen I was yet consecrated to the maiden, I broke,\nIn my new form I serve the Savior alone!\nThou, who oft dost hear the calling tones three,\nSpeak: The throne of the world judge is called Kor.\nI am dust, thou art; may I endure longer than dust.\nDieses Geb\u00e4ud? \\ und stets hallen 'vom Preise des \nHerrn. \nZwei Prediger versehen den Gottesdienst an \ndieser Kirche. Die Orgel ist ein Meisterst\u00fcck von \ngeschmackloser , \u00fcberladener Verzierung. Sie ward \nim Jahre 1635 verfertigt und kostete vier tausend \nBeichsthaler *). Der Organist erh\u00e4lt aufser seinem \nGehalt zwei Bremer Mark aus der Rhederkammer \nf\u00fcr die Verpflichtung, j\u00e4hrlich das Vasmerk reuz \nin der Vorstadt zu besichtigen, damit dasselbe im \nStande erhalten werde. \nUnter der Orgel stand eine im Jahre 1317 ge- \ngossene kupferne Taufe. Sie wurde im Jahre 1723 \nweggenommen und verkauft. Sie wog 582 Pfund, \n*) Coslers Chronik. MS. \nOb sie alterthiimliehen Kunstwerth gehabt; ist un- \nbekannt. \nNoch im Jahre 1567 wurden Lichter in dieser \nKirche beim Gottesdienst gebraucht. Von den letz- \nten Seelb\u00e4dern *) ist im Jahre 1565 die Rede. Seit \nIn the year 1527, the clergy were no longer referred to as church lords but as Predikants in L.F.K. Several rather large tomb monuments can be distinguished through art, noteworthy are the stained glass windows on the church's walls. This is all that could be found regarding its internal peculiarities. The architecture of the church is immediately comparable to the cathedral and monastery churches in terms of rank, yet it fails to stand out. The Brotherhood of Our Lady of Mercy had a well-appointed chapel in L.F.K, where the Sun Image of the Virgin Mary hung. The image was of wood, possibly painted. The Mother and Child were depicted with a halo. Rays of sun emanated from all sides.\n\nDespite the lack of a grave inscription that can provide assurance, it is widely believed that it was this image that...\nMan hat diesem Ausdruck noch andere Bedeutungen beiolegen wollen. Er ist aber wirklich w\u00f6rtlich zu nehmen, denn Seelbad nannte man ein Bad, das zum Besten der Seele des Stifters den D\u00fcrftigen bereitet wurde. Wenn mehrere zugleich solche Seelb\u00e4der nahmen, so m\u00f6chten sie aus langer Weile viel schwatzen, daher vielleicht das Wort: Saalb\u00e4der. Nigen ausspricht, den der Stein bedeckt, finden sich doch manche, die von unwiderstehlicher Wahrheit zeugen, und bei deren Betrachtung man sich der Trauer nicht erwehren kann, wenn man sieht, wie es immer mehr abzukommen scheint, da\u00df die \u00dcberlebenden die Toten durch Stein und Schrift ehren. In dieser Kirche ist eine lateinische Grabschaft auf eine Frau Adelheid Alers, eine edle fromme Matrone, ein seltenes Muster der Bescheidenheit, im Hause sparsam, gegen D\u00fcrftige freigiebig, die beweinte Mutter von sechs Kindern.\nThe following Latin inscription is located at the Sunnenweiser church: \"As the sun dial's shadow follows the hour, so death follows our steps. St. Martini Church.\n\nPope Gregory IX, through a breve dated August 1, 1227, ordered the division of the U. L. F. parish into three parts, whose boundaries can still be seen today as specified in the breve. Due to the strong population growth, this regulation had become internal. St. Martini parish encompassed the oldest part of Bremen and was bordered by the Weser. In 1376, the church was begun by Bathmann Arend at the expense of the citizens and completed in eight years. Despite numerous attempts, it could not be secured against flooding, which often caused long interruptions in the divine service.\"\nThese led, until through a raised terrain, the problems of this church were alleviated permanently. All these damages, as well as the meager income, could only be covered through frequent alms given by those who donated something for the church.\n\nThis church has nothing to offer to the observer within, is also very inconveniently arranged as a former Catholic church, making it difficult for the clergyman to preach. The sermon is unclear in many parts of the building, even when the voice is audible. Two preachers are employed there.\n\nTieman, who instigated the dispute over ubiquity against Hardenberg and caused so many small state disturbing disputes, was a preacher at this church.\nIn the new times, the liberal, witty and learned J.J. Stolz, who had recently passed away in Zurich, held a long series of unforgettable lectures for the Martinian community. These lectures, despite lacking a recommending preface and with little embellishment in their language, made a deep impression on their listeners. They directed them inward, gave them refreshment for their busy week, and significantly contributed to the moral and spiritual development of this community.\n\nSt. Ansgarii Church.\n\nIt would not be right if we neglected to mention the most distinguished saint of the Bremen Church, a man who is of great importance to all of northern Germany, as well as the Scandinavian lands, in the spread of Christianity. The holy Ansgarius was born in France.\nHe spent his youth in the Corby monastery near Amiens. In 823, he was transferred to the recently founded Corvei monastery at the Weser River. He preached the Gospel in J\u00fctland and was appointed archbishop of the newly established Archdiocese of Hamburg by Emperor Ludwig the Pious. He was consecrated bishop in Worms in 831 in the presence of many spiritual lords. Gregory IV appointed him legate over all the Northern Lands. He continued to preach the Gospel in Denmark and Sweden, but escaped from excessive persecution to Flanders, where he met Rembert as his successor, and served as his assistant.\n\nSaint Ansgar triumphantly reigns,\nBlessed Ansgar.\n\n(Note: The text mentions Drogo of Metz twice, but in different contexts. In the first mention, Drogo is present at Ansgar's consecration. In the second mention, Ansgar meets Rembert in Flanders, and Drogo is mentioned as the bishop of Metz who was an unequal son of Charlemagne. To maintain clarity, I have kept both mentions, but corrected the error in the second mention.)\nIn Corbit's Caves, not far in holiness,\nHe ascends to the highest level,\nTo the archbishopric. The wind fills his sails,\nThe Danes go with the holy one,\nAnd the Lamb of Heaven proclaims,\n\"He himself is the goal of the world.\"\nThe barbarians' dry hearts he quenches,\nWith God's Word and signs, and lofty virtues.\nHe conquers the three realms,\nBrings down the heathen temples,\nDrives the vain service of idols from them.\nAnd Danes, Swedes, Norwegians, and Icelanders,\nUnder Bremen's archbishop,\nSoul, you who strive upward,\nSalt and light of the wide earth,\nAlways shining with eternal radiance,\nNot hidden under a bushel.\nWith uplifted heart,\nHe bids farewell to his brothers,\nFloating up in his beloved flight,\nTo the angelic host of heaven.\nO Ansgar, pious herdsman.\nSey you, Leader of this life,\nTo all who today revere thee on the path of virtues.\nLead, in this pilgrim's hall,\nYou to the herd, your flock,\nNot the cruel wolves' maws swallow the erring.\nThe holy Ansgarius, or Anscharius, is of special significance for the Bremen church.\nAmong his foundations, the one providing for the maintenance of twelve poor men became the most famous. From it arose the Ansgarii Church.\nHartwich the Second, with papal confirmation, transformed this foundation into a collegiate stift for twelve canonici.\nEven for the honor of God, his holy mother, and the holy Ansgarius, and granted him many goods, which through the Westphalian peace came to him.\nQueen Christina of Sweden, as the first secular ruler, was granted control over the Archbishopric of Bremen.\n\nClemens the Third granted the Ansgar Chapter the right, when the entire land was in interdict, to conduct divine services with quiet voices and closed doors without ringing bells, to elect the provost, and to grant prebends at their discretion. Hartwich also bestowed upon this chapter his significant landholdings. The Canonics had held their divine services in Willhadi and St. Michaelis for 37 years until the church was built after the division of the Liebfrauen-Kirche. According to Chrodegang's rule, they lived together in enclosed cloisters in one house. Later, each one moved into his own house. Unwannus changed this monastic rule into the canonical one, and the monks became Canonici, living a regular canonical life.\nFrom these seculars, Renners brief description of this church's treasures gives us no concept. The founder and benefactor of this monastery, Hartwich, was buried in the cathedral in 1207. But when the Ansgarii-Church was completed in 1243, his body was brought there with great ceremony, and his memory was annually commemorated. Shortly after the two parishes, except for the Liebfrauen-Church, had been designated by Archbishop Gerhard, work began on the construction of the Ansgarii-Church. Thirteen years had passed, and by 1243, the entire structure was standing as it still is. The tower was to support itself and be built without a foundation. So distant, a sharp tower, a form that, although it may resemble the obelisks and pyramids of the Egyptians in antiquity.\nThe consecrated may be called tasteless and purposeless, yet the Minarets of Mohammedans, imitating this, can be beautiful. The Ansgarii-Thurm may be counted among the most beautiful. It rises in very noble proportions to a height of 324 feet. Nowhere does the intricately broken work, this imitation of spires and embroidery, show itself as it does on other medieval towers, and its strength amidst all the countless columns and figures astounds modern builders.\n\nIn various times, pious Bremen residents established numerous altars in this church and donated much land, both as vows from piety and for the souls of deceased family members, thus increasing the church's property.\n\nThis church consists of a triple nave:\nThe wealthy common folk who are deeply rooted here contribute to the cleanliness and cheerfulness of the interior, so that the church, although old, still appears bright and friendly, just like the newest ones. However, some small, inappropriate adornments form an unpleasant contrast with the ancient forms of the building. In general, the architecture of this church does not deserve special praise and does not match the beautiful tower. The well-known disputes between Reformists and Lutherans led, for the first time, to a Lutheran clergyman being elected to the Ansgarii Church. In this way, the Ansgarii community gave the first example of a union of both confessions in a proper sense, thus taking the first step in a matter that was previously discussed so frequently.\nGermany has discussed and inspected, without it being clear to one side the feasibility, and to the other side the usefulness and necessity of such a regulation. Ansgarii-Church once possessed some works of art; even the founder, Archbishop Hartwich, had gifted a crucifix, a Madonna, and silver amples. Now it is the only one in Bremen that enjoys a beautiful altar painting. About fourteen years ago, an Neapolitan table, which has lived in Eutin for some time, was commissioned to create an altar painting for this church. Through a collection in the community, two tausend Thaler were gathered together, and he was paid for it. He chose the scene where Christ says: \"Let the children come to me and follow me.\"\nIn this era, this image was excessively praised. The image is well thought out, but it is easy to recognize that the table leg is more Homeric than Christian in its painting. Both they and Flaxman have contributed to the dominance of the Homeric in the visual arts, which was once extremely influential but was later banished, earning the same merit that Vofs did for the Homeric in poetry. Both arts have become finely absurd, mystical, and afterreligious in recent years, and intelligent people still pray: \"Lord, save us from evil!\"\n\nIn Ansgar's church stands the stone memorial of Arnold of Gr\u00f6pelingen. He was attacked and murdered on the sickbed by the tyrannical Parlei of Fres in the fourteenth century, along with one servant who leaned over him to protect him. On the stone statue, one can see:\nThe hand of the bitter man pulls his shirt from his chest, as if indicating the wound. Behind him, the pillow lifting, appears in small form the figure of the deity. The inscription of this monument set by Arnold's sons was renewed in the seventeenth century, and the stone, which probably lay on a sarcophagus or was only a leaning stone, was now, surprisingly, fitted into the wall, and from a lying grouping it had become a standing figure. Among the monuments of the Ansgarius Church, one also sees that of the famous church light Friedrich Adolph Lampe, whose memory is invaluable to a large class of Christians with pew. According to the taste of the time, his grave inscription is filled with allusions to his name. Here lies a light buried.\nThe inscription reads: Monumentuni of Arnold the noble and consular of the Republic of Bremen, along with his protector, a servant under the unjust death, A.C. MCCCVII, by his sons Gotefrid and Arnold de Gr\u00f6peling, once erected. Renewed by the Aediles of divine Ansgar. In this church rest the earthly remains of one of the outstanding archbishops of Bremen, Hartwich the Second.\n\nSt. Stephani-Church.\n\nOn the lofty site where this old church stands\nA malevolent figure once lured three nuns from the oldest cloister in the city, located outside its boundaries. He murdered them near the courthouse and buried them in the sand. The legend of the white woman, who roams the area at night, may be connected to this atrocity.\n\nThe day before, a criminal had been flogged to death on the wheel, wearing a new hat on his head. A maidservant of the mayor had bet on taking the hat from the criminal's head at night. She was bold enough to carry out her wager and went to the square. However, as she reached out to grab the hat, she saw the man kill the third nun.\nThe brave maid swiftly mounted the murderer's horse, which was tethered to the wheel, and rode into the city. She tied the horse to the upper punishment post, on the corner leading to the Hune (Hune likely refers to a specific location in the city), and disappeared.\n\nThe murderer, believing his horse had escaped, followed, found it, and intended to mount it as if nothing had happened. However, he discovered the maid there and received his just reward.\n\nArchbishop Adalbert founded the St. Stephans-Prepositur and a chapel. However, it is likely that this chapel did not cause the church's establishment but only provided shelter for some elderly women supported by alms. The canons of St. Stephen and St. Willehad, each of whom did not have sufficient income for maintenance, were also present.\nhatte , vereinigten sich. Albero best\u00e4tigte diese \nVereinigung, erlaubte auf dem St. Stephansberge \nein Kloster zu bauen und bestimmte die dazu geh\u00f6- \nrige Kirche zu einer Pfarrkirche , wohin die Einwoh- \nner von Walle, Uthbremen u. s. w. eingepfarrt seyn \nsollten. Wer etwas zu der Kirche giebt, soll An- \ntheil an der Gemeinweide haben, und die Pfarrkirche \nsoll von der Gerichtsbarkeit des Domkapitels frei \nseyn. \nDieses Stift hatte nach dem dreifsigj \u00e4hrigen \nKriege gleiches Schicksal mit den andern geistlichen \nStiftungen. Im Jahr 1179 scheint die noch ste- \nhende Kirche schon da gewesen zu seyn. Die Thurm- \nspitze brannte im Jahr 1754 ab, die Glocken und \ndie Orgelpfeifen zerschmolzen, und obgleich diese \nwieder hergestellt wurden, so erhielt doch der \nThurm seine Spitze nicht wieder. \nAn einem Pfeiler des Thurms steht folgende \nplattdeutsche Inschrift, die sehr kr\u00e4ftig und kurz an \nThe equality of stands in death reminds:\nHir hyt otherman lyck and right\nHir light here, frowe j maget and kriecht\nGelerde un Kinder Hg gen ock hir by\nDunket dy dat unterschet der person sy,\nSo kam und schowe se alle wol an\nUn segge^ welker is de beste daryan.\n\nThis naive remembrance of the equality of all\nMen in death speaks itself on a leaf in St. Stephan:\nlfr at ick was dat bis tu\nTf^at ick bin dat wars tu.\nHo die mihi\nCras tibi.\n\nThe greatest sanctity of the Stephansgemeinde comes from seafarers and fishermen. In no other of the Bremen parish churches has so much uniqueness been preserved, here sages and old folk songs are at home, as well as the language having something special.\n\nThe parish church St. Pauli in the Neustadt.\n\nAs in the seventeenth century the Neustadt was fortified with ramparts and the population grew,\nand the following text is truncated.\nThe following house was built next to the church as it grew larger. Forty years later, the current Neustadts-Church was built and consecrated in the year 1682. St. Rembert's Church in the suburb.\n\nWhen the holy Ansgarius had to flee from persecutions by the heathens in his archdiocese to Flanders, he met Rembert there, an excellent piece of equipment for the Lord's work. He took him with him, used him in various ways, and even employed him as a missionary among the heathen in the Nordic lands. After many meritorious services, he became his successor, the fifth bishop of Bremen.\n\nAfter this holy Rembert, there is, according to general assumption, but not with historical certainty, a hospital for lepers (to which, in fact, the unhealthy were later led) established, possibly during the Crusades.\nOutside Bremen's city walls were named the \"benamed.\" Among them was a chapel, which later was expanded into a church. After its destruction during Bremen's siege in 1547, the congregation gathered in the stone hospital building. Then, a new church was built in 1596, which the nearby residents began to attend as their parish church. Known as Ecclesia Leprosorum or the Siechenkirche in records, the church was also bauf\u00e4llen after 140 years. The current cheerful church was completed in 1737. Its surroundings are rural and tranquil, and in recent times, the churchyard has been adorned with garden decorations. The first clergyman of St. Rembert at the site.\nJohann Bornemacher, who leaned towards the Reformation, had a sad fate. He had traveled to Wittenberg to meet Luther face to face and accumulated his writings, but at the same time, he also collected a multitude of relics from the now discarded Catholic churches in Wittenberg and elsewhere. When he was passing through Verden, he became enraged over the Dompastor's sermon in praise of the Virgin Mary in the church and argued against him loudly and fiercely. A terrible brawl ensued in the church. Archbishop Christoph, who was staying in Verden at the time, ordered him to be seized, and through the sheriff, he was given torture. He confessed that he had married a nun in Wittenberg and was a sworn enemy of the Catholic Church. Based on this confession, he was sentenced to death by burning at the stake and was burned alive outside the city.\nThe St. Rembert Hospital was initially established for the homeless. Later, those afflicted with venereal diseases were counted among the homeless, whom one sought to remove from contact with the healthy. Hospitals for the sick of this kind, long considered incurable, were always built outside the gates. The seal of this house shows a diseased patient on his bed, who with his right hand points to a cross and with his left supports himself on his bed. His name comes from his mouth, Lazarus. The Sigillum infirmorum in Bremen. The hospital was later transformed into an alms and hospital. After the destruction of the hospital, several small houses were built, into which the needy healthy were admitted, who required the few remaining means of the foundation. They were called Brothers and Sisters of St. Rembert.\nLater, people of both genders and families received free housing, food, and heating in exchange for a certain contribution. They received this as a form of endowment, hence they were called Proveners. The foundation itself was called the Pr\u00f6ve, an expression that was also used earlier for the admitted patients. It consists of a church, the provender's residence and schoolmaster's residence, and five and twenty small houses that surround a square courtyard. The contribution amounts to 500 Rthlr. The furniture of the deceased provender remains with the institution, or he pays twenty Thaler in addition to the contribution, then they fall to the institution.\n\n*) \"Johann Wetenkamp, an outsetter. Provenier\" and so on, as a document from Cassel dated Roman year 1502 mentions in an inheritance for his heirs.\n\nA burgher and a town councilor.\nProviders are they, and the provost is supplied with the office of the porter without cost. The charm of such an establishment to praise would be an unnecessary task. Gentlemen find here a quiet refuge from the toils of life. Neither poverty nor wealth makes an appearance. This communal living in confinement, without being forced to live together through shared habitation; this monastic life, which recalls the earliest communities of this kind, where entire families in Egypt found protection against persecutions in the deserts, and no seclusion from gender or social bonds was yet considered: the Alies pleases the observer at heart, even if, upon closer acquaintance, one finds that the image of peace does not always presuppose peace itself. The earth, the\nBetween Venus and Mars in the World Building,\nnever and nowhere, swings least in harmony,\nas during Caesar's time, between Hafs and Love and War and Peace,\nand so no longer can claims be made\nat the St. Rembert's Proven,\nbeyond what the entire human race can demand.\n\nSt. Michaelis Church.\n\nWhere now the frame tapestries are seen outside the city,\nbetween Ansgarii- and Doventhorswall,\nstood a church founded and consecrated to St. Michael,\ngifted by the sixth bishop, Adalgar.\nThe archbishops Adalgar, Hojer, Regimbald and Adaldag,\nfound their resting place in the same.\n\nIn the year 1524, the Senate forbade\nthe introduction of Hamburg beer,\nto revive the formerly famous breweries of Bremen.\n\nWho sought out this prohibited beer.\nThe third part received the reward. Some citizens, intoxicated during such a find, in drunken courage marched out to the door and tore down the Michaelis-Church. The matter was never investigated; perhaps the council liked it, as it was beneficial for the city's safety in the early days of the Reformation, as the stone building outside the fortification remained standing, serving the enemy as a fixed point, and one did not want to disturb spiritual goods for the state. The event at St. Paul's Cloister served as a pretext. From the building materials and the meager income, a chapel was built in the nearby village of Walle and consecrated. The increasing population gave reason for another church of the same name to be built and consecrated in the year 1700.\nThis rural-looking cemetery adjacent to the suburban church bears several markers indicating the resting places of the deceased. Sadly, here, as is the case almost everywhere, the taste for an appropriate monument form and the feeling for a welcome inscription are seldom present. The Willehad Church.\n\nThe holy Willehad, an Englishman but of Saxon descent, came as a missionary to Charlemagne's time over the sea into this land, where his ancestors lived. He preached in Friesland and built some churches along the Weser. He was soon driven out by Wittekind and his followers were slaughtered. He then escaped by ship down the Weser to Friesland, went to Rome, and then to France. But his heart remained in Friesland.\nHe was led, despite all anticipated troubles and dangers, back into his old circle of life, where he led a quiet existence in solitude, until he was appointed bishop to Bremen by Charlemagne. In his efforts to spread Christianity, he was murdered by the Frisians in Blexum. His body was brought to Bremen and placed in the St. Peter's Church he had founded. Bishop Willerich transferred him, out of fear that sea robbers would attempt to steal his body due to the reports of miracles occurring at his grave, which was common at the time, to the small Willehad's Church. He was canonized early on. His feast day was celebrated on the eighth of November. Ansgar returned the body of Willehad from the chapel where it had been hidden by Willerich before the Normans, and brought it back to St. Peter's.\nDescribes his life and wonders. Willehad's-Church, if we trace its age back to 1013 (we have no information that it has been rebuilt since then), would contradict the theory, that before the thirteenth century no Gothic arch rule existed, if not the tower with its round arches proved it older, and the church itself was built after the thirteenth century. Nothing interesting was found during its dismantling, except for a small deed from the year 1340, hidden in the tower's beamwork, and undeniably evidence for its high age. The collegium of canons, founded by Archbishop Adalbert, merged with the later St. Stephans-Capitel due to insufficient income, to form a common collegiate stift, whose church became preferred.\nIn these Canoniches, the practice was used. Both were, after the Reformation, converted into endowments for profitable men and scholars, like the other temporal foundations, which were seized by the Swiss during the Thirty Years' War. The church itself, along with three small dwellings, remained an ownership of the Latin school, was closed for a time, and was then used as a barracks, later as a hop storage, because it also had the hop cellars, where the city wine cellar kept the hop, from which it had a monopoly. Since the monopoly ceased, St. W\u00fclehadi Church was a wine storage, until it was demolished.\n\nIn the year 1287, the dean ordered that if a foreign merchant died in Bremen, he could be buried where he wanted, but any other traveler or visitor was not allowed to do so.\nThe church where St. Willehad is to be buried was named after him, having consecrated its ground with his body. However, it was soon abandoned by its canonesses, then by war, then by beer, and finally by wine, thus dedicated, although not spiritually, to be. For over a year, no trace remains of its existence. It stood to the right, as one goes from the market to the Domshade, and was hardly visible.\n\nHoly Spirit Church.\n\nNot far from the Ostertor, where the Compter-strafsen still marks the vanished through its name, was the German Order of the Holy Spirit with its accompanying church to the Holy Spirit.\nder letzte Comterherr mit Tode abging, h\u00e4ufte die \nStadt s\u00e4mmtliche Comthureig\u00fcter. Diese Kirche, \nder Schauplatz jener grauenvollen Ermordung des \nComthur von Bardewisch und seiner Knechte, \ndie in der Geschichte erz\u00e4hlt ist, und zu dessen \nAndenken noch vor nicht langer Zeit ein Steinbild \ndaselbst zu sehen war, diese Kirche, vom Yolhe Kan- \ntersaal genannt, dient wenigstens jetzt nicht mehr \nzu kirchlichen Zwecken, jedoch ist die Form mit \ndem Strebepfeiler noch sichtbar. \ni \nVeits - Kirche. \nSie lag aufser dem Osterthor und war vonUnwan- \nnus, dem zw\u00f6lften Bischof von Bremen, erbaut wor- \nden. Sie ist wahrscheinlich schon im vierzehnten \nJahrhundert, als der Administrator Moriz die Stadt \nbelagerte, zerst\u00f6rt worden. Nur ein Thurm war \nstehen geblieben, der noch einige Jahrhunderte \nals Wartthurm diente. Es ist nicht zu vergessen, \ndafs Ansgarius dem heiligen Vitus, dem Schutzpa- \nAt the Abbey of Corvei, where Ansgarius lived as a monk, a Vitus church was built in honor of him, on the site where the current Liebfrauen Church stands. Among the churches, some of which no longer exist or only partially remain, we still mention the Jahobi church, whose choir is used by the blacksmith guild for assembly, and where a beautiful bronze chandelier can still be seen, which the blacksmiths seized during the destruction of the Pauli cloister (1523); the churchyard of this church is now built up.\n\nIn the former Nikolai church, some old women now live, and this widows' house is now being rebuilt.\n\nThe Maria-Magdalenen church was in the bishop's palace, and it was located at the site of the house that binds the Rathaus and the current Stadthaus.\n\nThe history of our Bremen cloisters is quite meager. Not the uniform work of the quiet.\nNatural forces shape the memories of people, not the wrath and destruction of the elements. Where murder and fight, plunder and burning have occurred, the tale is silent about the quiet, soundless work of a monastery, whether it be good or evil.\n\nSt. Paul's Church was built and founded by Archbishop Adalbert from a part of the goods of the Gasthaus, which was established by Ansgarius, on a site outside the Eastern Gate, which is still called the Paulsberg today.\n\nGraf Trudbert of Stotel, the last of the direct line of this great and ancient house, became a monk, resided in that Paul's monastery.\nThe abbot, intending to found a cloister, heard that his secular brother, Graf Ulrich, who was the ruling count and the last of his lineage, had died without male heirs. Ulrich had bequeathed his county to the Church in Bremen. When this spiritual count, Stotel, learned of this and recognized deceit and treachery in the entire matter, he took up arms. He caused significant damage to the Bremen citizens on the Weser. Due to such attempts, he fell into the hands of the Bremen people and was beheaded on Paulsberg as a disturber of the peace. A relative from another line, Gerbert of Stotel, was outraged by the violence inflicted on Count Trudbert and the insult to the entire family. He declared war on the archbishop and the city. This made such an impression that a treaty was to be made.\nThe bishop and the city stood before Trudbert, who was beheaded there, and was required to found St. Paul's monastery and grant the shielding to Gerbert of Stotel; for which he endowed it with his own wealth. Adalbero, who ruled from 1124 to 1148, held this condition, however: that he was not to render services to the archbishopship, but also not to demand services or income, except for the monks of St. Paul; but he now kept the designated county for himself.\n\nSt. Paul's monastery was occupied by Benedictines in the year 1138 and enjoyed great esteem. It was still close to the Reformation, as the cardinal-legate Raimund had resided in his lodgings in this monastery during his stay in Bremen. The lofty and finest buildings of this monastery lay so near the city.\nThe city, which could be used to the detriment of the same if the city were to be besieged by the enemy, had offered the monks an additional locality within the city limits. During the time of the Reformation, soldiers of the archbishop had encamped in the cloister, and the abbot inquired at the council what was to be done now? The same offer was made to him as before, and when the mayor happened to ask a brewer outside the town hall how best the cloister could be torn down, which the abbot himself desired, the city was set in motion. Everything stormed out, and the cloister was torn down to its foundations in a single day. The monks, as long as they lived, were maintained by the cathedral chapter, which held the cloister's possessions. The blacksmith guild received a grant.\nThe entire year was spent on the liberation from guards and supervisors, in order to demolish all remaining masonry work in the festive hours. The way from the small Weser bridge to the Wartturm was paved with stones. The blacksmiths still keep in their guild house a metallic chandelier from that cloister, whose once designated forecourt no longer bears any stone marked, St. Katharinen-Kloster.\n\nTen years after the founding of their order in Bremen, the Dominicans appeared. Their independence from the jurisdiction of the bishops, their purpose to preach at all places, and therefore also their preacher monks, made them favorable to princes as well as to the imperial cities, since they had nothing to ask of them even after the interdict pronounced by bishops and archbishops. They, as well as the gray monks, the Franciscans,\nThe Bettelm\u00f6nche, although important and highly servitable to the bishops, were nonetheless obstructed by the ecclesiastical authorities in their endeavor to build a cloister in Bremen. This endeavor was, however, supported solely by the burghers.\n\nThe first wooden church was built in the year 1253. The cloister was later completed. This church was the parish church for the town district of the Black Monastery, which filled the space between the S\u00f6gestra\u00dfe, Sch\u00f6ttelkorb, Katharinenstra\u00dfe, and Querenstra\u00dfe. Consequently, the monks had to find other means of support, establishing various brotherhoods under different guilds to read masses for their deceased souls.\nIn a period of 152 years, no document from this cloister is found. The prior and the entire convent appear among important contracts of the archbishop, demonstrating their great esteem. In the Crusade against the Stedinger, they showed themselves, as their brothers did against the Albigensians in South France. Bremer Dominicans were they, who roamed around in Holland, Westphalia, Flanders, and the Rhineland provinces, granting indulgences to those who took the cross, excommunicating those who did not comply willingly, and thus gathered 40,000 pilgrims or crusaders together. Bremer Dominicans were they, who, standing on a hill in the battle against the Stedinger, endured the terrible \"Media vita in morte sumus,\" and triumphantly defeated six tens of thousands of fierce enemies. They originated in the recurring conflicts in the Middle Ages.\nPesten, to acquire something for himself from the superfluous profits of the monks, particularly in the earlier mentioned treaty of Gerhard II with the city regarding the Stedinger War. They were seen to be defeated by overwhelming opponents. Two Dominican monks were recently killed by the Stedinger people, whom they intended to preach the cross to. However, when the council began to found this cloister and granted the monks asylum there, where anyone who was in need could flee, provided it remained open and only surrounded by a four-foot high wall: he soon saw that this restriction was necessary. Evidence can be found in the statutes and treaties. A bequeathed and ordained priest should not inherit with others of equal kin, for he is the sole heir.\nmand soll Geistliche zu Vorm\u00fcndern setzen. Einer, \nder mit seinen Kindern abgetheilt, konnte sein \u00fcbri- \nges Erbe geben, wem er wollte, doch nicht an \ngeistliche Leute, weder durch Schenkung, noch \ndurch Kauf (Stat. 11.). Niemand konnte eine Hand- \nfeste oder Weichbild **) auf den Namen eines Geist- \nlichen schreiben lassen, dieser konnte es also nicht \neigenth\u00fcmlich besitzen (Stat. 6.) ; er konnte nur in \nwenigen F\u00e4llen gerichtlich zeugen, auf jeden Fall \nnur, wenn es ihm vom Bischof erlaubt war (Urth. 38.)* \n*) Oelrichs Statuten. S. 354. \n**) Wikbelde bedeutet die Stadt und das Gebiet, dann aber \nauch die Immobilien in der Stadt. Von jedem Erwerben einer \nHandfeste sagte man, man habe Wikbelde erworben. \n(Sehr vern\u00fcnftig, denn was tonnte sonst der Eid \nvor der Obrigkeit helfen?) Aebte und Prioren in \nden Kl\u00f6stern sollen keine Kleider tragen ^ die den \nIn the year 1450, steely cannons were cast in Bremen, with the monks of Accise required to pay tithes from the corn. The Dominican and Franciscan monks in Bremen held freedoms from the powerful clergy of the land and secular authority. These freedoms allowed them to disobey these authorities once they had become established and firmly rooted in Bremen, and they did not believe themselves bound by the usual obligations. Due to these reasons, the senate passed a regulation that from now on, only genuinely monks of the gray and black orders, adhering to these and other rules, should be allowed to settle and build houses in the city. This was done to prevent an excessive increase in the number of clergy and to avoid the many and large disturbances caused by them.\nThe city was built with buildings, courtyards, churches, and cemeteries. The burghers were increasingly annoyed by the constant alms-collecting **). A good law that could also be applied to some Protestant clergy in Germany would be beneficial in this regard **).\n*) The lack of possession of a plot of land is also an explanation for a situation, which some misunderstand.\n**) However, in general, the cloisters were indeed in the interest of the state. The council and the burghers administered their foundations, which mostly originated from the city, while they were obliged to hold services, even if the city was under interdict (144-3). A strange thing is that these monks considered it in the Middle Ages.\nUseful individuals maintained a balance between secular and spiritual authority. In Bremen, these interdictions were a nuisance; a few boys needed to be beaten up in the church for it to be proclaimed, and the solution came about through money.\n\nThrough these restrictions on clerical life, we had numerous foundations, inns, almhouses, and hospitals in Bremen, but \u2014 as the wisdom of our forefathers showed \u2014 only two cloisters, with the exception of the one located outside the city, St. Paul's Cloister.\n\nThe black cloister also included the Beggars, who therefore lived near it. Elsewhere, these nuns of this kind were also called Seelweiber or this spiritual corporation remained under secular jurisdiction, bearing secular burdens; only the tithe was paid, and this tithe went to each one.\nThe new owner of the property paid only the ground rent, but some cloisters had shameful income from furniture or money as interest. They had to find another name for such matters. In Bremen, they were also known as black nuns. They waited on the sick, comforted the dying when no priest was present, and were suspected of holding opposing principles and spreading them due to their daily contemplation of death, which may have made them aware of the inflexibility of many contemporary religious teachings (*). The Beguines in Bremen had no priests of their own, so they were under the protective and chaste guard of black monks, as the letter of Archbishop Hildebold states.\nThe following individuals, who confessed and went to the evening meal, stood under a Magistrate. They also headed the Katharinenjungfern. The council could only bring them to leave their 400-year-old asylum in Bremen in 1602 through serious orders, and move to their new dwelling in Sch\u00f6ttelkorb. Alms, Masses, Vigils ceased in Bremen's monasteries after the beginning of the Reformation; hence, the best sources of income for the monks were dried up. In 1527, the council showed the Dominicans to discontinue their ceremonies. Consequently, the cloister was emptied to serve as a Latin school, and its extensive property, except for the buildings, was sold for building sites; a part of the S\u00f6gestrafse, the Katharinen- and Querenstrafses, had been on the grounds of the black cloister.\nThe monks received a period of time, as well as they could, partly through the sale of their church treasures. The church of this cloister was initially a wooden structure, later becoming a substantial building, albeit in very questionable taste with round pillars. After the determination of the same was abolished during the Reformation, the Bussenhaus or Zeughaus was moved into it. Between the years 1820 and 1821, a major change occurred with this building mass. The Dominican church was torn down and transformed into a residential and packing house. It will soon be hardly known where they stood.\n\nEverything yields to the relentless power of time less than to its all-powerful will.\nWhich mortal dares to restrict the rising human spirit? How does one thing happen so differently than the wise, who believed they could shape humanity like a machine? The Johannis-Kloster.\n\nThe Franciscans came to Bremen in the thirteenth century, and received from the citizens a large plot of land at the foot of the hill on which the Dom with its choirs rose. The monks had to promise the council that they would continue the divine service themselves during the interdict. The dignitaries of this and other cloisters were the prior, the guardian, the lector, and the custos.\n\nThe income of this cloister consisted of offerings, in addition to which there were only masses and vigils.\nIn the gray monastery, the monks could preach as well as the black monks in all chapels and hospitals where there were no ordinary priests. The multitude of well-endowed altars provided ample income. However, everything was lost when the Reformation came to Bremen, and therefore the monastery was also poor. Yet, just as the council once restricted the spread and acquisition of land for the monastery through statutes, it also ensured that the monks were not left in poverty; they remained with decent maintenance in the monastery until extinction.\n\nIn the year 1531, the Johannis monastery was ordered to be transformed into an almshouse and hospital, and the income from the Gertruden Gasthaus was added to it. The poor travelers, shipwrecked people, and other needy individuals were to be taken in, just as they had been in the Gertruden Gasthaus, and fed and accommodated for a night, separated from the common sick.\nTrankt und gebetet wurden. But carefully was decreed, that if the new Gasthaus (inn) ought to cease, the entrances taken by Gertruden should fall to the same (inn) again. Beforehand, Bremish citizens and citizens' wives, who through God's will had been impoverished by their temporal goods, had claim to admission, except those who had come to such a state through profligacy or folly. When the Provener (priest, monk) dies, not only what he brings in but also his remaining bequest, or what had been bequeathed to him during his stay in the cloister, falls to the cloister. The admitted ones are called Provener (priests, monks). Among the Provener are always three poor of the shoemaker guild, otherwise called Corduaners, because these guild brethren, as co-founders of the German house of the German Order, had donated it.\nThe promise was given that the same person would take in his arms house his sick and indigent. Afterwards, when the council bought the orders' goods for the city, he assumed the commitment towards the Corduaners.\n\nThe appearance of the cloister is hard to discern, as it is very built among other houses. It forms three wings of the quadrangle, whose front part is occupied by the church. Its length is 136, and its width 80 feet. Besides the convent room, it counts 72 chambers; one for each provener; most of them can be heated. The so-called door chests are strong, oak, very narrow enclosures, in which the madman next to his bed can only move a little. For even more insane ones, there are small vaults. A large room, where laundry is now dried,\nThe love feast still exists here, as the monks had their library,\nThe cloister church is undoubtedly the most beautiful religious building in Bremen. The pillars are slender and light, the vaults are bold. Eight pillars support the vault. The entire room is 200 feet long, 62 feet wide, and 60 feet high. The choir alone is 70 feet long. For two hundred years, a French reformed community has existed in Bremen. Several Brabanters, driven out by the Spanish Inquisition and the bloodlust of Alba, came to Bremen. In the same way, Huguenots came after the death of Henry IV. These formed a French community and held their worship in the Johannis-Kloster-Church. Other Bremen communities also gathered.\nHere is the cleaned text:\n\nThis is where, if their churches could not be visited due to repairs and accidents, such as the Martinikirche due to the Weser's flooding, these sermons took place. Until the year 1775, a clergyman employed by the local poor and hospital also preached here every Thursday. It is worth noting for the history of the theater that in this church, in the year 1783, the famous actor and director of the Bremen Theater, Abt, was buried most solemnly. This provided ample reason for publications, particularly in Schlozer's Staatsanzeigen, as the mindset of Bremen was not far removed from such tolerance at the time, and the city commander of Bentheim had also been quietly buried there. Infland wrote about this occasion as an example of how a government treats actors.\nThis church and its surroundings, viewed from the Gelehrtenschule downwards in appropriate illumination, form an appealing painting, the only picturesque group of houses in the inner city of Bremen. A few buildings in sunny spring green against the dark, old, historical building, the presence of the past harmonizes the mood for elegiac contemplation.\n\nThe cloister church, long used as a warehouse, is now fulfilling a worthy destination. It has been entrusted to the Catholic community for divine service, and we wish that\n\n*) Cassel states that it was a Duke d'Antin, Marshal of France.\n\nThis text has been professionally translated from German to English. No OCR errors were detected.\n\"Nothing should interfere with renovations in the same style for the churches in Bremen, despite their great origin in German architecture. It is hard to explain why these churches, though originating from the most beautiful era of German building, do not stand out. Either Bremen was not as rich and important as one might think, or the inclination to give away churches and monasteries and let the rightful heirs have the last say was not as strong here as in other cities of similar size. The thoughts that lead to this are hinted at in the earlier regulations made by the city regarding the founding of monasteries. One wonders if the principles of the neighboring Stedinger apply in this regard.\"\nThe clergy were not well-established below the Lower Weser. A complete, blind subjugation of the clergy to the Friesians is known to us. The Friesians compelled the clergy, their priest, dean, or bishop, to give them no copper coin, and against their will, the bishop could not take a hen from him. The Friesians were the only people in the Christian subjugation who bore themselves with difficulty under the power and leadership of this people. If one wanted to lead, it was not permitted that the importance of the trading capital in a trading city did not allow for significant monetary withdrawals from public buildings that were not directly intended for the service of the merchant guild and the protection of the common good. Therefore, the then more important trading city of L\u00fcbeck.\nThe following beautiful town is adorned with very lovely churches. Which one, you ask? The one that was free from tithes and firstlings. The peace was also ensured by the wall, as he did not allow any unworthy priests among them. Wiard of Ostfriesland. History 1 B. 252. IV.\n\nMild charities and benevolent institutions of the old and new times.\n\nMild charities and benevolent institutions of the old and new times.\n\nSt. J\u00fcrgen Gasthaus. This oldest guest house *) was founded and built by the holy archbishop Ansgarius, in addition to the Heerdentor, for the nourishment of the poor and sick. His successors Rembertus, Adaidagus, and the two Lubentius improved and expanded it; Lubentius the First even waited daily for the poor himself. Adalbert, however, who had less concern for promoting the good, as his ancestors did,\nIn addition to honoring his own name, he took possession of most of the goods and founded the St. Paul's Church outside Bremen within a period of 24 years. There was no longer any mention of the plundered hospital. Around the year 1300, the council and citizens, supported by generous donations from wealthy inhabitants, rebuilt and managed the guesthouse anew. At this time, the guesthouse was also open to any stranger who made an appeal for hospitality. It was decided that it should continue to exist within the city. Therefore, it was built at the corner along the Hutfilz, on the side street named \"Short Wallfarth,\" because the clergy of St. Ansgar, when they could not perform their formal ceremonies due to unfavorable weather, would say mass there.\nThe text reads: \"This path continued from the church through the Strasse, and came back to the church again at one end of Molkenstrasse. Among a multitude of charitable citizens, there were bequests for giving unusual feasts to the poor on certain days of the year, so that they too could have their days of joy. If it was only Weizenbrod for everyone (Wegane, a way, Wegge, a wayfaring man), Dietrich Rycmer ordered it to be distributed the day before Mari\u00e4 Verk\u00fcndigung. In the year 1369, two city councilors endowed this guest house with the image of St. Hulpe, and Bishop Albrecht the Second confirmed it in writing. This saint, who was also honored elsewhere, had his day on the Monday after Trinity and was counted among the most important Bremen saints. However, we do not know how the image of the blessed St. Hulpe looked.\"\nIn the Buchtstrasse, you can see a picture of the kind where Charlemagne, out of gratitude for a double victory in the year 783, built two chapels and named them sanctum adjutorium. This likely gave rise to the Saint Hulpe and the well-known Jodute-Rufen in Bremen.\n\nThe verses in Renners Meiner Reimchronik, which refer to an extraordinary wealth of the Gasthaus during the time of Erzbischof Burchard Grelle, contradict each other in part and in part through comparison with the grant deeds. They read as follows:\n\nSt. J\u00fcrgen's Gasthaus was so rich,\nThat one could daily\nSupport over a hundred and forty men,\nNow all is gone **).\n\nThree and seventy years later, in the year 1413, the council decreed that only four and twenty persons could be maintained in the Gasthaus and that this could only be exceeded if the income improved.\nIn the year 1597, the building was burned down; a rebuilding, without encroaching on the capital ownership of the foundation, was not an option. Therefore, the provosts and the poor of St. J\u00fcrgen were relocated to the Johannis-Closter, and the construction site of the ruins was sold for the benefit of the poor. A citizen built his house on the site, which in the year 1793 was transformed into an inn, known to us as a guest house, where hospitality is offered for a fee. Long-term residents should not be served anything.\n\nSankt Gertruden Inn. To accommodate foreign beggars and poor pilgrims passing through Bremen, a night's lodging and sustenance with bread and drink (but nothing should be served to long-term residents) was provided.\nThe Bremish burgher Hermann von Ruten owned an Eckhaus at St. Martini-Kirchhof in the east in the year 1366, along with certain income. The council declared the foundation exempt from all burgher taxes. In the year 1531, Ruten, as well as all late donations to the hospital, were united with the Johannis-Kloster, which had been established as an arm and hospital. The house itself was designated as the common city cornhouse. The cellar dwellings beneath this house are still called Godesbuden, that is, rent-free dwellings for poor people who were provided with maintenance and income by pious citizens. Similar dwellings with this name were identified in various parts of the city.\n\nThe St. Ilsabeen Gasthaus was founded by the council and the citizens in the year 1499 to provide shelter for poor sick people.\nThe same roof be given, as the foundation charter states, it is not unusual in winter that the poor are left comfortless and without sacraments on churchyards and in prisons. For this purpose, a house was bought in Huttenzoller Strafe. A certain woman Alecke Gherdt showed exceptional kindness towards this new inn, but in her will, the contents of which are mentioned in the confirmation of the council (1499), she declared most sensibly: \"All that is prescribed should remain forever, but if the council in future times finds something better for the poor and the house, without malice.\" Does this not silently lie in the intention of all foundations? Unfortunately, this has not been recognized well enough in recent times, but not even that.\nThe important word observed by the pious widow Alecke was: \"something better for the poor and best for the house, without deceit.\" One cannot boast of this in Germany, where endowed foundations fulfill their purpose in refined ways, as in Bremen.\n\nWhen other poor people began to encroach upon it in Bremen, this provision was put into practice, and this guest house was ordered to provide lodging for twenty elderly women or maidens. They slept together in a large room, but each in a separate bed, which had its own place.\n\nHowever, this communal living led to disputes and unpleasant incidents, so the house was divided into separate rooms, where each woman now lives, eats, and resides individually.\nMonthly, they receive their assured amount of money, food, and heating. In contrast, each one must pay an entrance fee of 200 Rthlr. Since they can go out on certain days, they are free to earn additional income through labor. A large garden, along with other buildings, belongs to the house, so this institution lacks nothing for the women, if they are content, to provide a pleasant asylum for the higher age. Three times a year, in this inn, one of the priests from St. Ansgarii distributes the evening meal.\n\nThe Beguine House. The cloister of these holy women stood, until the end of the sixteenth century, opposite the Nikolai-Kirche in the Hutfilzerstrasse. They lived under their Magistra (see above from the black cloister). When the same was transformed into an orphanage, the Beguines were relocated.\nThe Beguines live in a house on Strafse Street with a cart called a Sch\u00fcsselkorb at the entrance. Twelve of these women reside there, with Domina as their leader. The early conditions are no longer the same, as the atmosphere of this foundation has been changed in a practical way. Women now buy provisions and other necessities for the household and can face old age without worry if they are unfriendly. In 1820, the old, uncomfortable house was torn down and a new, elegant and attractive one built in its place, allowing women from better social classes, if they have a inclination towards this way of life, to find a respectable dwelling here, as they live in separate rooms rather than communally.\n\nThe Old Women's House. A similar, yet:\nThe described institution for women, which is located in St. Stephani-Kirchspiel and is named Sankt Nikolai Wittwenhaus, was founded for the benefit of twelve elderly men. It is not connected in any way to the Armenhause where it is situated.\n\nThe church of St. Nikolai, located near Hutfilzerstrasse, only has the choir remaining. This choir has been converted into a free dwelling for elderly widows. This house is now being rebuilt.\n\nFormerly, near the Tiefer, not far from the Holzpforte, stood a guest house for pilgrims traveling to St. Jago de Compostella. Even though this building is now inhabited only by widows, above the door, one can still see the image of St. James Major in pilgrim attire with pilgrim staff and shell hat. The common man refers to him as Joks Major. A stranger who wishes to see him may be led through a labyrinth of girls instead.\nIn this place one can easily get lost. The Petri-Wittwenhaus. There are several widows living in it. Before the threshold is a well, on which a bishop is depicted, giving a beggar something from the held-out basin. The well-known English travel writer Holcroft has made sentimental reflections about this image. Reforms are also needed for this house.\n\nThe Seafarers' Almshouse. Whoever enters the Hutfilzerstrafe sees sailors and sailor emblems depicted at the entrance of a building to the right. This house is called the Seafarers' and was built in the year 1545 by merchants and sailors for the support of old impoverished sailors and their widows. Above the main door stood an effigy, which depicted a ship in a storm, with the fitting inscription: \"Navi-\"\n\"Gare necesse est, yivere non necesse est. (Shipping is necessary; life is not necessary). In the year 1663, shipping was rebuilt. The meager revenues were strengthened through an annual collection in the city. The almshouse. Since the year 1696, a house was built at St. Stephans-Thor in a healthy location, designated to provide shelter, sustenance, clothing, medical care, and lodging for penniless citizens of both genders, without regard to their confession. The collection instituted in the same year brought in 11,591 Rthlr. This house has a church with an organ. It is now planned to move the hospital from the Neustadt to the Altstadt, most likely to St. Stephans-Bastion. It is to be expected that this will result in an excellent establishment.\"\nwenn man die Vorliebe unserer B\u00fcrger f\u00fcr Unter- \nnehmungen der Wohlth\u00e4tigkeit kennt. \nDie Armenanstalt, welche ebenfalls unter \nb\u00fcrgerlicher Verwaltung steht, und den Zweck hat, \ntheils durch freiwillige Beitr\u00e4ge, theils durch zweck- \nm\u00e4fsige Besch\u00e4ftigung die Armen vom Betteln abzu- \nbauen, verdient in ihrer ganzen Einrichtung das \nh\u00f6chste Lob. Es wird freilich, wie \u00fcberall, wo \nman sich auf solche Art der Armen annimmt, die \nbe\u00fc \u00fcbende Erfahrung gemacht, dafs mit jedem Jahr \ndie Zahl der Armen zunimmt, und die Beitr\u00e4ge ver- \nst\u00e4rkt werden m\u00fcssen. Eine angemessene Besch\u00e4fti- \ngung k\u00f6nnte hierbei viel helfen, da stehen aber die \nz\u00fcnftigen Handwerker im Weg, und der Menschen- \nfreund findet sich in seinen besten Absichten hier \n\u00fcberall gehemmt, kann nur das Uebel beklagen, aber \ndemselben nicht abhelfen. Indessen k\u00f6nnte der \nSchade leicht noch gr\u00f6fser werden, wenn die von \nSome privileged taxes for the poor were introduced. There is no more effective means of increasing the number of the poor quickly than the poor tax. England has discovered this, and no measure remains with the government to bring back the greatly increased evil to a lower level.\n\nOrphanages.\n\nOne of the most impressive buildings at the Domhof is the Petri Orphanage. No feeling human being will leave this model institution without deep recognition of its excellent facilities. Its origin is small. In the year 1681, through good administration of the Dom's alms, 100 Rthlr. were lent out on interest. This sum grew to 1,000 Rthlr. in six years, and it was decided to found an orphanage with it. The King of Sweden, at that time owner of the duchies of Bremen and Verden,\nA Dominican monastery and all its associated lands were donated for this purpose. Redliche Diakonen arranged the establishment of the house, craftsmen of all kinds offered free labor, a collection sanctioned by the king in both duchies increased the funds, and so the excellent institution was consecrated on November 10, 1592. Ten boys and five girls were the number of orphans, and with the increasing number of orphans, so did the charitable work of the Lutheran community grow.\n\nWhen the number of orphans and the dilapidated state of the house required a new building in 1782, King George III granted a suitable site. In just four days, 22,000 Rthlr. were collected in Bremen through a collection, and when this sum was not sufficient for the excellent building, additional funds were gathered.\nOver 5,000 Rthlr. were brought together by wealthy members of the community. At the dedication speech, over 1,200 Rthlr. were present, and since the interior furnishings could not be paid for yet, the community members donated an additional 6,000 Rthlr. without interest for twelve years. What craftsmen worked without pay was assessed at 620 Rthlr.\nHowever, even now, generosity for this excellent institution has not been sufficient. Three collections are held annually. In the past, before French times, at the doors of the cathedral, collections brought in over 2,000 Rthlr. each time. The Yolk regarded its orphanages with special tenderness. If anyone who had been raised here later achieved significance in life, one could reckon that he received partial favor from the citizenship.\nThe citizens then proudly say, especially the women: this is our orphan, whom we have raised. This intimate involvement of the people in their orphans is also evident on the annual joyful day when all the children go out to the countryside for simple pleasure. When they return in the evening, the streets are lined with people as far as the threshold, to see, welcome, and accompany the beloved orphans back to their homes.\n\nIt would be too extensive to describe all the institutions of this excellent establishment, which can only be appreciated by seeing the beauty and cleanliness of the building, the healthy, well-dressed, modest, happy children, and the good administration. The number of children amounts to one hundred and twenty-seven.\nSie d\u00fcrfen bei der Aufnahme nicht unter sechs und \nnicht \u00fcber zw\u00f6lf Jahre alt seyn. Die Vorsteher sor- \ngen daf\u00fcr, dafs die entlassenen Knaben bei Hand- \nwerkern, die M\u00e4dchen bei guten Herrschaften unter- \ngebracht werden ; erstere werden im sechzehnten, \nletztere im siebenzehnten Jahr entlassen. Zu dem \nBehuf erhalten sie eine zweckm\u00e4fsige Aussteuer an \nKleidungsst\u00fccken. Aber auch selbst der Welt hin- \ngegeben kommen sie nicht ganz aus den Augen der \nVorsteher, die von Zeit zu Zeit Erkundigungen \u00fcber \nsie einziehen. \nDurch eine zweckm\u00e4fsige Einth eilung der Zeit \nzwischen Arbeiten und Lernen wird es bei der so \nreichlichen Unterhaltung dennoch m\u00f6glich die Ko- \nsten f\u00fcr jedes Kind j\u00e4hrlich mit 50 Rthlrn. zu be- \nstreiten, was in einer theuern Handelsstadt gewifs \nnicht viel ist. Zwei Lehrer und drei Lehrerinnen \nbesorgen den Unterricht. \nAlles, was hier von dem lutherischen Waisen- \n\"said, it could just as well have been said by the reformed one. All circumstances fit here as there, and the foreigner, who wants to learn from such model institutions of this kind, finds himself taught in the same way in one as in the other.\n\nHandcraft and shipping,\nScience, art.\nComparison of the state of morality of the old and new times.\n\nIf one observes carefully what attracts us to the ancient in German medieval times, one finds that, in addition to the general appeal of antiquity, it is particularly noteworthy that people then let their passions run free, love and hate unchecked, expressed in life according to their bodily strength and fighting hand, in death to a secure reconciliation.\"\nmit Gott durch Reue, Stiftungen und priesterliche \nVermittelung rechneten. Dazu kam noch etwas Be- \nsonderes bei den grofsen B\u00fcrgerschaften freier St\u00e4dte, \nwas die neuere Zeit in Betrachtung so wichtiger \nAenderungen, die seitdem Statt gefunden, nicht ohne \nim Innersten davon durchdrungen zu werden, be- \ndenken kann. Wie standen diese stolzen St\u00e4dte im \nVertrauen auf ihr Recht, auf ihre Tapferheit und \nauf ihre m\u00e4chtigen Bollwerke selbst siegreich gegen \nm\u00e4chtige F\u00fcrsten ! Wie zogen ganze Heere von \nB\u00fcrgern und S\u00f6ldnern aus ihren Thoren gegen die- \nselben! Wie oft waren Krone und Scepter und an- \ndere Kostbarkeiten der F\u00fcrsten bei den reichen B\u00fcr- \ngern der St\u00e4dte verpf\u00e4ndet! Wie stolz, wie trotzig \nwaren diese B\u00fcrger, wie gl\u00e4nzend in ihrem Aufzog, \nwie solid pr\u00e4chtig in ihrem h\u00e4uslichen Leben! Und \ndiese St\u00e4dte regierten sich mit unstudierter , in der \nApplication, but all the more effective in politics, without knowing this term.\n\nThe most distinguished virtues of our ancestors had their foundation in time and circumstances. For example, loyalty and honor were indispensable in a time when, due to the frequent lack of writing skills, one could not make a written agreement for every promise. Courage and skill in handling weapons were necessary in an age where everyone had to be ready for self-help. Such virtues are less noticeable when the special opportunity for their use and cultivation is lacking; they become visible again as soon as this opportunity arises.\n\nAs much as this can be claimed, in the German cities of the Middle Ages, especially those where large trade was conducted, custom played a significant role.\nSittlichkeit is more closely connected to trade than at courts. The former is the result of social life and a high degree of wealth, which is the necessary condition for trade to exist. At the same time, there is a religion that does not merely consist of blind participation in prescribed elevations and ceremonies, but one that affects life itself and acknowledges the priesthood only as far as it is compatible with the common welfare and the peace of families. Examples of this can be found in this book regarding the city of Bremen.\n\nDespite this, there were not older-type atrocities found in Bremen, nor were murders committed in the prisons of individual persons out of anger or revengeful motives.\nIn this society, rather even an entire group of people united themselves to the most shameless misdeeds of all kinds, filling prisons with murder and houses with lamentations, and in their secure house reveled in their shameful deeds: we saw this with astonishment in the stories of a city that now enjoyed the most distinguished reputation for morality.\n\nAt the same time, one sees with regret how justice goes astray, even with the best intentions, when enlightenment is lacking. In the year 1513, two witches were burned on the same day. In the year 1515, two persons received the stake because they prepared love potions, and a third because she restored spoiled butter through sorcery using magical formulas. In that same year, two women were burned because they practiced sorcery. What more should one say?\nklagen, die Dummheit so vieler Menschen, die an sol- \nche Zauberei glaubten, oder die Dummheit derObrig- \nheit und der Geistlichkeit, welche solchen Unsinn \nder furchtbarsten Bestrafung werth hielten? \nNicht lange nach der Reformation wufsten sich \ndie Pr\u00e4dicanten einen sehr grofsen Einfmfs zu ver- \nschaffen. Sie drangen auf eine gr\u00fcfsere Strenge der \nSitten, und die B\u00fcrger lernten ihre Strafreden yon \nder Kanzel herab bald so sehr f\u00fcrchten, dafs man \ndas Mifslingen des gef\u00e4hrlichsten Aufruhrs in dieser \nStadt zu einem grofsen Theil ihrem lauten Tadel \ndesselben beimessen hann. Leider war mit dieser \ngr\u00f6fsern Strenge der Sitten nicht auch zugleich Auf- \nkl\u00e4rung verbunden. Jener fr\u00fchere Aberglauben dau- \nerte eben so fort, als wenn das Wort Reformation nie \ngenannt worden w\u00e4re. Im Jahr 1520 wurde ein \nMann zum Feuer verurtheilt, dann aber aus Gnade \nA man was beheaded in the year 1530 for practicing sorcery, stealing back stolen items through magical means. Two men were burned at the stake two years later for the same reason. The witch was believed to have been driven by the devil to conjure the spirit of a deceased man's child, both heaven and earth writhing, back to her. Eight other people were burned or beheaded in the same century for similar imagined offenses.\n\nIf this era was not so cruel as ours, compassion and empathy towards the creature's suffering were also far removed.\n\nWe shudder when we read that in the year 1514 a counterfeiter was punished, and again in the year 1629 a certain Hans Peters from Eschen was for the same offense.\nIn the marketplace publicly, in a pan, were boiled alive eighty sea robbers in the year 1539. This, indeed, was in retaliation against Junker Balthasar of Esens, whose ruthless sea robbers were good men according to the clergy through their admonitions. A thief who had stolen more than half a mark, that is, 16 groats, was hanged, and branded on the face. The gate was easily changed under gruesome circumstances. In regard to the punishment of the self, the citizen had preference over the foreigner in our laws, which was not common in the laws of other cities due to certain transactions, some of which no longer occur in our times, and some of which were not considered equally important. The criminal was to be executed on the gallows.\nIn the statutes, it is written (Urth. 102): \"One who forges a false coin shall be boiled for his false money, and the false money burned on the market. This death penalty can be commuted with another penalty, even after the judgment has been pronounced by the council.\" It seems that the council did not easily exercise its mercy. This was in keeping with the customs of the time.\n\nNamed together was an apostate Christian, a sorcerer, a poison mixer, and a betrayer.\n\nIt is known that in medieval Germany, things were not as bad as they are called today with the so-called women's houses. I believe that the greater shame of the time, when a shameful disease spread in Europe, was suppressed from then on.\nIn the centuries past, a privileged house in Bremen was known for being incurable. At feasts, it was not allowed to approach it. Guards were strictly enforced to prevent married men from entering. If a woman was discovered breaching this rule, she was immediately taken to the prison. Several such privileged houses for women emerged over time. The preachers had much to say about lechery, and in the year 1571, Bath ordered all the serving women of Lust out of the city. However, the strict enforcement did not last long as the brothels continued to thrive despite this. Among the honors bestowed upon the Rat of Bern when Emperor Siegmund visited the city was the order to the women's houses.\nThe city paid for his court. The quittanced receipts are still kept there. S. Joh. M\u00fcller's Swiss History mentions this. The council in Regensburg, among other decrees, also determined their livelihoods for the so-called poor girls, i.e. prostitutes. S. Gemainer's History of Regensburg, Year 1147.\n\nA worthy house is more endangered than with the same.\n\nLaws for limiting expenditures, whose necessity one no longer thinks of today, were given for various reasons. One recognizes from this an apparently incompatible ranking of four estates: the burghers and councilors; the elders, the most respected merchants, brewers, and the wealthiest from the most important guilds; the common guild members, shippers, and other honorable men.\nCitizens, and finally, to sailors, servants, and other persons of the lowest social class. Each division received exactly what was permitted for festivities, according to the length of time, number of guests, and number of dishes for the feast. The number of guests ranged from two hundred in the highest class to sixty in the lowest; for those invited above this number, a fine had to be paid. From what was legally allowed, it is clear that an extravagance was found at such occasions. Excellent display was driven on the market and under the town hall gallery during such an occasion, and this usually lasted as long as the clergy had to wait in church for the bride and groom to enter. [From the year 1577, this was repeated frequently.] The clergy had to wait in the church until the bride and groom finally entered.\nThe nobility restricted it. Only the elders and siblings were allowed to give gifts to the bride and groom. One bride from the first rank could be played music by the town musicians to the church and back; one from the second rank only before her house and at the banquet hall, where the feast was given. The two other classes had to make their festivities without music; they could enjoy dancing until midnight, but they had to be home by eleven. At baptisms and funerals, excessive spending occurred; no costly meals and other refreshments could be done without, even the countryside was caught up in the extravagance; this was also forbidden by the council. The more uneducated an era, the more firmly it clings to tradition, and none dared to deviate from it.\ndem, was seinem Stande gem\u00e4fs gehalten wird, loszu- \nreifsen , sollte auch Hab' und Gut dar\u00fcber zu Grun- \nde gehen. Ein Zeitalter verdient hohes Lob, wo \nder Mensch in allem dem, worin er unabh\u00e4ngig han- \ndeln kann, nach seiner besten Einsicht zu Werke \ngeht, und nichts nach dem fragt, was man Bolis- \nbeutel nennt. Das Beispiel eines einzigen sch\u00e4tzba- \nren Mannes zieht oft eine ganze Gemeinheit nach, \nwenigstens diejenigen seines Standes. \nIndem wir jedoch in jenem zweiten Rang neben \nden Aelterm\u00e4nnern und angesehensten Kaufieuten \nauch die Verm\u00f6gendsten aus den wichtigsten Z\u00fcnf- \nten genannt sehen, so erscheint uns der Handwerhs- \nstand in einer h\u00f6hern W\u00fcrde, als man ihn sich jetzt \nanderw\u00e4rts zu denken gewohnt ist. Dieses zeigt sich \nauch bis tief ins siebenzehnte Jahrhundert in der Mi- \nlit\u00e4rverfassung unserer Stadt. \nMan kann sich oft nicht denken , woher die St\u00e4dte \nIn the Middle Ages, financial forces took hold again to maintain significant soldier companies besides armed citizens. These soldiers, in relation to the value of money, hosted more of them than our paid soldiers. It is understandable since no artillery train was available, or not significant, or was limited at most to siege engines, as these caused the main expenses of our standing armies in our time.\n\nWith increasing population, competition arose among such people who wore their skin to the market for wages. The soldier's pay went down. After the last siege of Bremen by the Swedes, the burgher militia appeared as a mere game, yet it was treated seriously and solemnly in memory of old deeds.\n\nUntil the sixteenth century, our chronicles provide only occasional moral anecdotes.\nIf the Papires of our cloisters had not been lost during their abolition, we might not have missed so many things from our earlier moral history. In any case, many things have changed since the Reformation. The Archbishopric of Bremen came under Swedish rule through the Thirty Years' War; the claims to lordship over the city of Bremen passed to this crown and were asserted; the city had to appear as a military power several times and had to fight various difficulties, which were accompanied by unusual circumstances due to the new religious spirit.\n\nWhat opposes us in our time is the higher dignity of the craftsman estate. The causes of this, as well as their decline, are not to be developed here. The guild system had it in the past.\nlein nicht ausgemacht, denn sonst best\u00e4nde jene \nW\u00fcrde noch. Gewifs ist es aber, dafs als die Hand- \nwerke noch mit den K\u00fcnsten in gleichem Range stan- \nden , sich schon durch die h\u00f6here Ansicht des Ge- \nwerbes ein gewisser Stolz erzeugen musste , der oft \ngenug in Aufruhr ausbrach. Besonders aber war \ndie WafFenf\u00fchrung der Handwerksgenossen und die \nGeschicklichkeit darin, auch die h\u00e4ufige Veranlas- \nsung, dieselbe im Ernst anwenden zu m\u00fcssen, das- \njenige, was den Z\u00fcnften etwas ritterliches ertheil- \nte. Als die St\u00e4dte keine Kriege mehr zu f\u00fchren \nhatten , wie das im Allgemeinen nach dem westph\u00e4li- \nschen Frieden der Fall war, versank jener kriege- \nrische Geist in Spielerei, und h\u00f6rte am Ende ganz \nauf, bis die neueste Zeit auf das Verlorene und Ver- \ns\u00e4umte aufmerksam machte. Hier nur einzelne Z\u00fcge. \nSeit langer Zeit, man weifs nicht wann es an- \nA Sch\u00fctzen-Compagnie of approximately 271 men existed, composed mainly of the youngest masters from the guilds. Most were from the shoemakers, tailors, smiths, and merchants. The company held its parade on the third Pfingstag, with crossbows instead of arquebuses on the Sch\u00fctzenwall since 1599. At seven o'clock in the morning, the Sch\u00fctzen assembled on the Osterthorswall. As the Godesdienst ended at ten o'clock, the flags were hoisted, and drums and pipes sounded for the march. A roommaker led the way in gleaming armor, wielding his sharp sword skillfully.\nHebe led (instead of the current tambourmajor) and widened the street; then came the freiheitsschutz with the spiefs, who commanded the company. Behind him were the prices for the king, and those who had the best shot carried them. Then came the three Scottish lords, a councilor, a merchant, and a peddler, all in mantles. They carried the king of the previous year, who also went in a mantle and wore a silver, gilded parrot on his neck, and they all wore four shooter hats.\n\nThen came the marksmen, those with fire lances and side weapons, those departing with pikes or muskets; the free shooters, however, carried broad swords on their shoulders and in addition had a side weapon.\nIn the midst before the ensign went a man in a kuraf, who with a saber made various positions and gestures. Behind the ensign, who unceasingly waved the flag, went his lieutenant, a well-groomed young man. On the market, a salute was given, then it went to Ansgarithor's Wall, and on the Abtrondeel, another salute was given. They then marched into the Schutzenwall, where each guild had its own tent.\n\nAt noon, the shooting began. Twice a line came to each marksman. Whoever made the best shot was adorned with a gilded parrot, and in the evening was accompanied home by drum and piping from his and other guild brethren.\n\nWear hats, either white or gray, tipped with a silver arrow. Clothing was black.\nThe half-moon shaped warning sign, wide and hanging from the thighs, was adorned with a series of buttons all the way down. The marksman wore a leather belt, a beaver hat, and gray hose. The Freisch\u00fctz, however, carried his string weapon at his waist, wearing black hose and black shoes with red laces. These were not only great honors, but throughout his king's year, he was exempt from taxes and the watch. If a marksman managed to become king three times in succession, he was gifted the silver parrot, and he was thereafter exempt from taxes and the watch for life. This fortune had, in the middle of the seventeenth century, befallen the tailor Johann Schriefer.\n\nOn Wednesdays and Thursdays following, there were splendid feasts at the Sch\u00fctzenhaus.\nThe lieutenant had to provision the Schotten and Freisch\u00fctzen at his own expense. This was often burdensome for the wealthy craftsman, and one can imagine the wealth of the craft guilds during that time when one hears that the lieutenant had to spend over 600 Rthlr.\n\nThe authorities did not object, occasionally issuing restrictive laws for this purpose.\n\nThe shooting company had the honorary right to march out in advance on days of danger. However, when the shooting flag was to be carried out against Graf K\u00f6nigsmark in the year 1654, who was besieging the castle (three hours from Bremen), there was a lack of enthusiasm. The expressed aversion, cowardice, or resistance was not forgotten.\n\nAs punishment, the march was forbidden next Pfingsten two months later, and in the year 1664, the company was.\nThe guilds were completely dissolved, the flag was taken to the arsenal, and the ensign, a shoemaker master, did this at no cost. When there was no war, in addition to the obligatory companies, there were also voluntary ones that assembled. The numerous guilds formed their own company. At various occasions, the shoemakers and apprentices distinguished themselves through their demeanor and behavior. In a time when everyone carried a sidearm, when even the council had to issue a ban on the gymnasium students who carried a sword at their side, it is easy to imagine that blood flowed and murder was the result during a quarrel or even over a word. What is more admirable, the swiftness of the authorities in executions, or the frequency of murder and other heinous crimes? Indeed, what a remarkable era, this Middle Ages.\nDuring the time up until the eighteenth century, he is unsure of what he wants or has not thrown any books into the Special Stories. The seventeenth century saw forty-eight murders in the city of Bremen. Forty people were often subjected to gruesome enhancements and verifications, and the council, through a decree, ordered the wearing of coats, the closing of all fencing schools, and the prohibition of learning and teaching fencing.\n\nOrdinances of the Council from February 16, 1681\n\nProlonging the pain, inflicted with the sword,\nafter they had usually first endured torture. No\nmurder could be mitigated by lenient circumstances.\nringere Strafe als das Schwerdt erhalten. Nur Flucht \noder Selbstmord rettete den M\u00f6rder. Vierzehn Ver- \nbrecher wurden gehenkt. Diese entehrende Todes- \nart war besonders f\u00fcr die Soldaten. Nach den Sta- \ntuten *) mufste der Dieb, der \u00fcber den Werth einer \nhalben Mark gestohlen, h\u00e4ngen; war es weniger, so \nbekam er den Staubbesen und wurde gebrandmarkt. \nEin R\u00e4uber aber wurde wegen der R\u00e4uberei ent- \nhauptet; der M\u00f6rder, der Kirchenr\u00e4uber, der Mord- \nbrenner wurde ger\u00e4dert; der falsche M\u00fcnzer wurde \ngar gesotten in einem grofsen Kessel. Diese Strafe \nwurde noch im Jahre 1629 an einem Hanns Peters \nvon Essen vollzogen, obgleich er den Falschm\u00fcn- \nzern doch nur beh\u00fclflich gewesen. \nDa das Statut sagt , dafs der Rath diese f\u00fcrchter- \nliche Strafe mit einer andern vertauschen k\u00f6nnte, so \nbegreift man nicht, warum er hier sein Begnadigungs- \nrecht nicht ausge\u00fcbt. Ein Zeitgenosse bemerkt als \nA notable occurrence between 1644 and 1676 was that no one was hanged in Bremen. People are often surprised when they see that in similar cases, where it was even considered a more heinous crime, different judgments were rendered. The city authorities were unable to carry out proper judgment from Vienna.\n\nGustav Adolph M\u00fcnzbruch, the son of a prominent Swedish official in Osnabr\u00fcck, was a reckless seventeen-year-old boy who attended the Bremen school. On the evening of March 4, 1678, for insignificant reasons, he stabbed a Bremen citizen's son. He hid himself for two days until he was finally apprehended at a tailor's shop. Two days later, he was sentenced to death. The execution was to take place on Osterthorswall.\nIn the eight days between the deed and the punishment, the friends of the murderer had not been idle; some neighboring princes interceded, and in the moment he was to be led out to execution, the imperial resident protested on behalf of his lord, and the execution was stayed. Yater used this time to bring the matter before the imperial court, which did not reach a decision until July, through what means God knows, regarding the imperial heir's birth. This fortunate event was used by the emperor to request the pardon of the offender. Although the imperial decree arrived to release him without punishment on the spot, it had to be repeated three months later before the city magistrate complied. The boy remained subject to scorn.\nder Obrigkeit noch f\u00fcnf Tage nach seiner Befreiung \nin der Stadt. Zehn Jahre sp\u00e4ter kam er wieder nach \nBremen und sah zu aller Menschen Verwunderung \nzu Pferde sitzend der Hinrichtung eines Franzosen \nzu. Um die Zeit, wie dieser freche M\u00f6rder losge- \nlassen werden mufste , wurde eine arme verzweifelte \nKindesm\u00f6rderin mit dem Schwerdte gerichtet. \nDafs erst sehr lange nach der Reformation eine \nihrer sch\u00f6nsten Fr\u00fcchte, Befreiung yon Aberglauben, \n\u00fcberhaupt Aufkl\u00e4rung (wir k\u00f6nnen uns ja wieder \ndieses einst gemifsbrauchten Ausdrucks bedienen) \nerfolgte, zeigt auch die Geschichte Bremens. \nNoch im Jahre 1630 hatten sieben protestanti- \nsche Prediger eine Frau, die sieben Jahre vom Teufel \nbesessen gewesen, von Morgens fr\u00fch bis Nachmittags \nvier in U. L. Frauen -Kirche in der Arbeit, und haben \nmit Beten und Singen und Fasten den Teufel gl\u00fcck- \nlich ausgetrieben. Das genauere Ob und Wie ist \nUnknown. every misdeed, every misfortune was attributed to the devil directly. Spitzbubs, who understood the art of opening locks, owed this to the devil. Suicide was the result of evil suggestions, and it was spoken of with special fear and secrecy. But a chronicler is shrewd enough to see that the fanaticism that arose in the Protestant church often led women to suicide. A very respected, competent woman, daughter and wife of a town councilor, was strongly attracted to the pietistic sermons of the preacher Theodor at St. Martini. She, along with several other women who saw nothing right or left of this preacher, did not miss a single one of his sermons, but was so taken by them that she fell into deep melancholy.\nCholie sank, in her joy despairing, and on the most intimate inquiry of her friends, only self-responded with tears and sighs. One morning she went out before day in her nightgown, waited at the city gate until it opened, then went mournfully and weeping further. She was missed and searched for, and after four days was found dead in a ditch near the city.\n\nReader, if you sail down the Weser and come to the solitary church without a moor, think of this and so many other unfortunate victims of fanaticism, and pray: \"God protect us from fanaticism, as from false enlightenment\"; for the self-murderess, whom they could not give a grave on a city churchyard or in the church, found her resting place there.\n\nThe belief in witchcraft was general.\nKeinem Bedenken unterworfen. Die Hexenprozesse und die Verbrennung alter trief\u00e4ugiger Frauen waren nicht ungew\u00f6hnlich.\n\nTo a certain Kaltau, a citizen and market master in Bremen, who was placed on the stocks for many godless disputes in the year 1640, and who cheerfully declared: \"On that account, a Roman wine will taste good to me,\" was believed to have made a pact with the devil. The following story, among many others, was not disputed.\n\nKaltau once traveled against evening with a load of herring from Eickhuysen to Bremen. The wind is good, he said to the sailor, but how is it with sail and rope, are they tight enough? This was affirmed, and he said to the Hollander: \"Just go to sleep, sailor, I will well keep the helm.\" He gave the same advice to the servant, who did not want to hear it twice.\nWhen they emerged from their beds the following morning, the ship was already in Bremen at the Schlachte, filled with leaves, to their and everyone else's astonishment. Kaltau, who had been put on public display in Bremen after being punished in Burgdamm by a certain Schmidt, whom he had struck, stabbed, and was buried in the heath by the farmers, was gone. A shoemaker's apprentice, who stood for his master Wache, argued with another about the hour, five or not, and both had given in to the devil in their dispute. However, in that very moment, the youth vanished from the watch to the astonishment of older people. When he returned to his parents, he told them that in that moment of swearing, the devil had appeared to him, offered to take over the watch for him.\nIn the midst of the seventeenth century, during fierce frost, a bolt of lightning struck the cathedral door. Soon after, a stork circled repeatedly over U. L. F. church, causing alarm in all hearts. The lamentation arose: \"Ah, what will the lightning and the appearance of this summer guest yet bring?\"\nIn the year 1416, a pair of storks, likely from Flanders or Holland where these birds are found, arrived in Scotland by chance. They built their nest on St. Giles Church roof in Edinburgh. When the migratory season came, they flew away and never returned. As a foreign bird in Scotland, and amidst so many coarse beliefs and heartless cruelty, the heart was occasionally moved by sad events, even against the insensitive nature of a less cultivated era. A student from Cassel, who was betrothed to a maiden named Hartmann living with the elder Huneken on St. Martin's Street, brought his beloved bride a serenade with brass music at night.\ndie Wache patroullirte und zu den Trompetern kam, \nverlangte sie von diesen , sie sollten inne halten. \nDer Br\u00e4utigam befahl fortzufahren, dar\u00fcber kam es \nzu Th\u00e4tlichheiten. Die Braut lag im Fenster, horch- \nte entz\u00fcckt der n\u00e4chtlichen Musick, als sie pl\u00f6tzlich \ndas Schreien vernahm; sie glaubte ihren Geliebten \nin Gefahr, eilte zum Zimmer hinaus, wollte hinab \num ihn herein zu lassen. Leider stand die Luke \noffen, die Eile und die Dunkelheit liefs sie dies \nnicht bemerken und so st\u00fcrzte sie hinab und brach \ndas Genicke. Wie war die Freude in Trauer ver- \nwandelt, als man dem Br\u00e4utigam das Haus \u00f6ffnete, \nund er nun den Leichnam der Geliebten fand, und \nwie grofs war seine Verzweiflung, als er vernahm, \ndafs sie den Tod gelitten, als sie ihm zu H\u00fclfe ei- \nern Vogel den die Menschen oft mit einer Art abg\u00f6ttischer \nVerehrung zu betrachten pflegten , so haben die schottischen \nThe coming of a stork was as carefully recorded as an important natural or state event. Heron, History of Scotland III. 220.\n\nHe wanted to take his own life; his first decision. The time seemed to offer little relief from his pain, and he had to be guarded by two soldiers until he could be returned to his family in Cassel.\n\nThe characteristic attire of Bremen women was the traphoihen, a black mantle. For common women, it was worn over the head and only covered the arms. For the nobler women, it hung down as far as the dress and was adorned with a long black horn or a high crest on the head. The names Hohen still bear those of the common people who follow the usual regalia. The pointed collars.\nweiten Falten, das schwere Zeug an der Kleidung gab eine gewisse Staatlichkeit. Eine sammtene Pelzm\u00fctze, ein schwarzes samtes Oberhleid, das mit Goldschn\u00fcren genestelte rotes Leibchen, samt rotem Faltenreichen Rok und weisser Sch\u00fcrze war hochzeitlich, und das Hohe blieb dann bei Seite.\n\n Unter anderen hat man noch die Abbildung einer Mode, welche nach meiner Meinung an Zierlichkeit und Sittsamkeit von keiner anderen deutschen \u00fcbertreffen wird. Sie wurde leider im siebzehnten Jahrhundert von der franz\u00f6sischen verdr\u00e4ngt.\n\n Die schwarze samte Vorhaube, mit einer wei\u00dfen \u00fcber das Gesicht vorstehenden Besetzung, der blo\u00dfe Hals mit reicher goldner Kette verziert, ein sehr breiter Spitzenkragen \u00fcber einem schwarzen M\u00e4ntelchen, das nur den Oberarm bedeckt. Die \u00fcbrige faltenreiche Kleidung schwarz, die schmale Sch\u00fctze wei\u00df, die schwarzen Schuhe immer mit rothen Sohlen und Abschl\u00e4gen.\nWhen six years ago the old German clothing became so popular among women, one should have turned to the elegant and respectable German clothing of the Bremen ancestors, instead of the unclad, cumbersome kind, which one saw in copperplate engravings for chivalric romances. At that time, however, the history and taste were not consulted, but rather German identity and what one had learned from chivalric novels of the Middle Ages. These described garments had some stability with minor modifications, so one chose the witness of the heaviest, most durable, and most valuable kind. And thus it explains itself, that granddaughters still proudly wore the grandmothers' magnificent clothes. However, after the Westphalian Peace, as a Bremen chronist reports,\nDuring that time, French fashions emerged, and one could not predict from half a year to another what new decrees the Mode would impose. It was a significant matter that an eighteen-year-old Moor was baptized with great pomp in St. Rembert. Whether he honored his new faith is not known during that time. However, matters were worse with a Jew. In the year 1606, sixteen Jewish families petitioned for admission to the council. The presiding mayor Hoyers inquired of the clergy about this, likely to justify his answer to the Landgraf. A definite refusal ensued, and the Jews remained outside. In the year 1699,\nThe mentioned Jew was baptized in the monastery church above, and he settled in Bremen. The advantage of citizenship and the opportunity to deceive some pious souls had likely been the main reasons for his conversion. However, after he had almost given away all his possessions through lies and deception to many esteemed inhabitants, including the pastor who had baptized him and often acted as his guarantor, he ran away with his wife. It was later discovered that he had married two women at the same time. What a clean convert! Our time finds it hard to comprehend how rare an apostate is out of pure intention. In many respects, the term \"enlightenment\" seems to be just a fashionable word when one sees how unclear this era still is.\nIn Bremen, as in other cities, the carnival spirit was extremely lively, and the clergy were particularly eager for it. In one decree of the council from the 17th century, it is stated that Christ and Belial could never agree, hence the pagan feasts, drinking bouts, and taverns were forbidden. For such occasions, ham, sausages, money, and other items were collected together. In the same decree, barbers and hairdressers were forbidden to practice their trade on Sundays.\n\nDespite the barbarism of the times, certain virtues were still held in high regard, and their violation was punishable by law. The insults \"liar\" and \"bastard son\" were considered equally abhorrent. Pulling someone's beard was a serious offense, and if done intentionally, was punishable.\nSet with a stick and punished accordingly. This law, however, was limited in late times. For notorious provocation, if the plaintiff appeared without delay at night, beheading was the penalty: the same for anyone who made such an attempt against a wife, or her daughter, or her niece, who went before her to church. Contrarily, the penalty for adultery was significantly reduced by the public whip, as the guilty parties had the choice of standing in the stocks or paying money.\n\nIn the Bremen Goldsmiths' guild roll, this is referred to as: Which master (i.e. guild master) fines another at the gate often with warnings, and gives help to the office (the guild) a pound. This same penalty applied to both simple and double adultery.\n\nHowever, in the statute for daughters and nieces:\nThose who are referred to as going to church before their mothers are noticed with pleasure and emotion, as this ancient custom is still common today when one sees many worthy mothers with their daughters and other female household members walking piously to church together.\n\nA state of my old free, whose main business is trade, must, like the human race in general in its various endeavors and passions, carry its own peculiar mark of morality and social life, which cannot be completely extinguished even under the wildest storms of time.\n\nMilitarily strict appearances do not exist in the conditions of this city. Governing is hardly noticed; or, to put it another way, hardly anything is noticed when it happens here and there.\nSchroffes hervortritt lies not at the regulations maxims, but at the government's lust of individuals, some of whom deviate from that maxim through character or from foreign lands. Manches is corrected through the mixture of society. Surprisingly, schroffes comes seldom suddenly to the fore. And if this unremarkable governing sometimes produces what Tacitus calls the error of freedom, especially noticeable in our citizen assemblies and in the latest changes of the constitution, without bringing about much improvement, then this error seems to be a main ingredient in the mass of our, as well as perhaps every small, free state's, happiness. From this arises then also the pleasant compulsion.\nThe discontent is not to be feared as much as it is in monarchic states, perhaps even without cause. In other states, I have never in their most liberal periods criticized the government's measures so freely, often impudently, often without reason. Nowhere have I brought small errors or mistakes in governance to light as here; yet, if the critic speaks, he will gladly admit: I praise my Bremen, and I am happier here than elsewhere: \"East, South, West \u2014 Bremen is best.\" The government can peacefully follow its maxims without fear of criticism, as long as it does not disdain the right opinion, just as little does it concede to the ill-tempered, who come together in deliberation.\n\n*) This passage contains a Latin expression: \"Illud ex ubere vitium,\" which translates to \"that excess is a vice.\" The text suggests that the critics, who are not in agreement with the speaker, come together in deliberation with hesitation.\nTacitus on the Germans: Nothing was more unfounded than the rumor that Bremen was a hearth of demagogic disturbances. A dying platform speaker occasionally threw a jibe at the state of Germany, a witty editor at times vented his displeasure or even his whimsy \u2013 that was it! The citizens enjoyed hearing and reading this, without being overly satisfied with their own civic duties, or willing to lend a hand to others. The Senate found itself between what the citizens could not be deprived of and what foreign governments complained about, often in a quandary. If a man is hindered in his effectiveness everywhere, he has a yearning for the forbidden.\nOnce across the border, he finds no more restraint, until all civil order collapses; a person finds little inhibition, so it hardly occurs to him to cross the border because he sees no obstacle. That is the blessing of freedom! Here, one finds no publicity through print media in the usual way, we go quietly beside one another, and grant each other peace. The formerly doubtful situation in Bremen due to the Immediate, the relationship between the council, elder men, and guilds, finally the stance towards neighboring states: all this brought about this tranquility and good-naturedness. A leaf will be published under the title B\u00fcrgerfreund. Who would not think that in a leaf so titled, civic matters would be discussed, matters that would be suitable for discussion at the convent.\nThis text appears to be in an older German language, likely a variant of Early New High German. I will translate it into modern English while maintaining the original content as much as possible.\n\n\"One would discuss matters [of concern] here! Yet, one finds hardly anything about that from it all, and a new citizen would look for instruction regarding his civic duties elsewhere in this paper, whereas poems, stories, and riddles can be found. I do not blame this paper for being as it is; however, it is striking that there is hardly anything concerning the state in the public discourse. A certain indifference towards all matters affecting the public welfare is nurtured by this lack of publicity. If one were to ask a citizen about his state and its affairs, he would respond like the Parisian merchant to an Englishman: \"provided that the shop keeps going, what concerns us?\" In any case, one must confess the truth's sway, that through this lack of publicity.\"\nThe mixture of society and the frankness of the Acadians cause public matters to be considered from all sides, making written discussions largely unnecessary.\n\nAnother exception in social relations, apart from the degree of formal education, is not found here. In the museum, one finds counsel, elders, and the burghers in free and heartfelt interaction and conversation, and the haughty air that one often observes in the nobility of monarchical states would be a nuisance and harmful to anyone who wished to don such a mask.\n\nOrders and other decorations find no place in our republic. However, there are awards of a more worthy kind, which, though accompanied by complaints, are also connected to civic honor.\nA citizen, when told that he has managed the unpaid, time-consuming administrative offices at churches, schools, poorhouses, hospitals, and orphanages, that he has carried out his duties as a curate worthily and selflessly, that he has shown insight and activity in various commissions, that he is orderly but mild (strictness could destroy the best citizen's reputation): such a citizen stands in general esteem, he is recognized without envy, yet without servile adoration, for what he is and what he has done; his word is trusted, his advocacy is respected, his opinion is considered: and truly, next to his own consciousness, this is the most beautiful reward that can be given to civic virtue. Even elected elder and senator by his fellow citizens, is considered as...\nA Bremen citizen, in the true sense of the word, regards the acquisition of what he gives to the state for its needs, as well as for charitable purposes, just as he does his commercial ambitions. There are many such citizens of old, genuine grain and corn, who ask for nothing else when their contributions are taken into account, than: Is it a charitable cause? Indeed, there is no question that we should help in such cases. And how could it be otherwise, since all civic offices, the intentions of orphanages, churches, buildings, prisons, waterworks, and others,\nSchools and similar institutions, although managed without compensation and accompanied by significant time loss and complaints, can it be difficult for one who sacrifices his time to the common good, to also sacrifice from his fortune? The prospect of that civil honor, which has long rested on the family, disciplines the boy and the young man. The sons and daughters of native families seldom have evil spoken of them, as the youth observe this custom and order, which alone leads to civil honor. Significant youthful struggles would remain a lasting reproach, and only a later exceptionally distinguished life could make the public more inclined to be lenient. I do not mean to say that here there is strict judgment; on the contrary, one is often forgiven readily.\nIn Bremen, going against morality, rightfully faces strict punishment, as it undeniably destroys civic happiness. If decency is not suppressed in societies, the primary reason for this is likely a high degree of moral education. A second reason is that one cannot be in any society where the object of defamation is not a close relative; in Bremen, most good families are related. A third reason is the scarcity of that bitter wit that finds its desired target in defamation.\n\nNowhere in Bremen can one overlook an authentic, lived-out piety. In recent times, there have never been a lack of learned, eloquent, and enlightened clergy who, due to the seriousness of the spread of false piety, have done much good. However, there has also never been a time without hypocrisy.\nUnrecht, the wisdom of the young always wanting to write at the expense of the master. Superficially judging, one could say everything here, if one noticed that the divine service is very well-attended, the participation for the speaker's part is lively, the speakers themselves are highly respected and influential; but also that the application of the heard to life is not lacking. One will become aware of this, if one has the opportunity to look into the inner life of good families. If an enthusiastic overstatement is found, it may not only be Bremen, although perhaps a little more than other cities, that is said to be this way. And so it must almost be the case, that the more alluring, restrained gender is the one that stimulates; whereas the steadier, colder, one in closer circles.\nThe living species that is greedy and orderly should be. Goodness may just as little persist through excessive scrutiny as it dies prematurely under hasty ways, failing to reach its goal or even turning into its opposite. Lavaterianism and mystical phrases, magnetism along with spiritualism, German folklore leaning slightly towards caricature, and in the latest times polemics for missionary institutions, and \u2014 why shouldn't I mention it? \u2014 sometimes even Enthusiasm for a traveling singer or musician, even if they have no other merit but their art, have found their period in our city. The Bremen people, although northerners, are known to be of very excitable nature. In recent times, through general education becoming widespread, through many, it seems.\noft, chosen literature, through travels in all world parts in the years of my youth, the perspective of the grimmer part of the bourgeoisie became clearer, without the inner sanctity of freedom being significantly harmed. One feared greatly for moral corruption due to the long stay of the French. One told me, the pleasantness of intercourse and indeed social life in general had won me over since time immemorial. Such a gain is not to be despised. However, whether this gain was achieved at the cost of morality (considered from a state perspective, it is surely the most terrible dereliction if egoism takes the place of patriotism), will become clear from a few simple facts. It is certain that the state economy would cause less damage to the head if the taxes were not taken from the pure income of the state citizen.\nIn general, this could only be carried out with a verification process, which would require a verification commission and thus eliminate all civil freedom and morality through the immediate association with fraud. It comes down to the honesty of the giver in monarchical states to save the better world. In Bremen, this method, which is decreed by the council and citizens in unusual cases, has always produced the expected result. If our state were not free, it would not be small. The citizen assesses himself and pays his tax in the presence of the commission, which is called a \"Schofs\" here.\nThe text refers to a difference in taxes, calculated as a percentage of income and deposited in a hidden box according to an accepted standard. The expected sum can be roughly estimated by providing the percentages of income each person spent frivolously. If the total income collected by the judge approximately matches this sum, then taxation has been fairly administered. However, the party involved has the role of enforcing the law, (\u00a711), to suspect one or the other of not having paid their declared wealth and to use any excess for the benefit of the city; but this is difficult to assume in a commercial state, and it remains the possibility of dishonest tax collection. It is regrettable when the results show that taxation has been honest.\nWhen Bremen regained its golden freedom after the French departure, the question arose: Will the judges restore what they had previously taken away? Will our citizens not become more egoistic and ruthless under compulsory rule? Will foreign merchants, who had established themselves here during this time, honor and revere the principles of patriotism and justice, which the native-born received as an inheritance from their ancestors, with which they grew up and aged? The human nature's fickleness is the worst fear! Nevertheless, the attempt was made trustfully. It did not deceive! The most ardent participation was shown in the war against France immediately with the most significant sacrifices, after such a long period of neutrality, after such a long drain through the foreigners.\nFranzosen, they were of a doubly worthy kind. It will never be forgotten that a Bremen citizen equipped and led a company of hunters at his own expense; it will never be forgotten, how, in particular, here the Women's Association was first formed for the benefit of soldiers; not only significant sums of money, not only old wine, clothing, bedding, and everything else that could be useful to the sick or recovering soldier, but also male and female representatives went to the battlefields and into the lazarets to promote the proper application of donations, to help, to care for them; and these were sacrifices made not only for the Bremen or Hanseatic people, but also... It will not be forgotten how a [text truncated] Women's Association was formed here for the benefit of soldiers.\nSchaar hochgesinnter J\u00fcnglinge aus den besten Fa- \nmilien alle Annehmlichkeiten ihrer Verh\u00e4ltnisse dran \ngaben, um ihre Brust dem Feind entgegen zu stellen; \nund auch der treffliche Herrmann von KaprT, der \nvon allen Bremer Freiwilligen allein mit dem Leben \nbei S. Amand zahlen mufste, wird in den Annalen \nBremens unvergessen bleiben, wenn auch mit der \nZeit sein Denkmal, das ihm Altersgenossen gesetzt, \nwie alles, was unter der Herrschaft der Zeit steht, \nin Tr\u00fcmmer sinken sollte! \nObgleich schwerlich solche reichliche Verm\u00e4cht- \nnisse mehr f\u00fcr Stiftungen und wohltha'tige Anstalten \nin Bremen gemacht werden, wie dasjenige der B\u00fcr- \ngermeisterin Alehe Trupen *), so ist doch Wohl- \nth\u00e4tigheit immer noch einer der sch\u00f6nsten Z\u00fcge in \ndem Character der Bremer, und w7ollte Gott, dafs \nsie nie in falsche Can\u00e4le geleitet w\u00fcrde! Es ist un- \nglaublich, welche Summe j\u00e4hrlich, ohne dafs der \nGeber sich nennt, den Armenverwaltungen \u00fcberge- \nben werden. Als das Armeninstitut in dem harten \nWinter 1819 \u2014 20, durch Einbufse yon mehreren \nJahren, einen Monat lang den Armen nur die H\u00e4lfte \ndes Gew\u00f6hnlichen geben konnte , kamen in wenigen \nTagen Tausende von unbekannten Gebern ein, und \nmit grofser Bereitwilligheit wurden Unterzeichnungen \ngemacht, dafs das Armeninstitut erhalten werden \nkonnte. Es giebt Ausnahmen von dem, was ich hier \nals Regel aufstelle, doch, zur Ehre unserer Stadt \nsey es gesagt, diese Ausnahmen sind selten. \nDas Armenwesen wird hier, wie \u00fcberall, immer \nhostbarer, seitdem die Bettelei abgeschafft und regel- \nm\u00e4fsige Armenversorgungsanstalten eingerichtet wor- \nden sind. Wer in Bremen das Mitleid in Anspruch \nzu nehmen weifs , ist Herr \u00fcber den Beutel der \nB\u00fcrger; aber da, wo eine \u00fcberlegte, auf Ge- \n*) Im Jahr 1520. Cassel Sammlung ungedruekter Urkunden, \nThe calculated benevolence that is to be exercised, so that the heart is not softened by the specific suffering of the individual, many give unwillingly and not according to the means, especially when consideration is added that much is given for special cases in a year. Therefore, for the past two years, it has been necessary to resort to the truly sad means of having donors and their donations printed for the benefit of the charitable institution. Those who have the power to win generous donations for individual cases through the stirring of compassion may well consider that there is something more serious and important for a large, decisive measure, whose effect can only be seen in its entirety, rather than working with understanding for the individual case, and that a soft feeling is not exactly a virtue.\nA Bremen citizen, in order to be charitable, has much to be grateful for in life. Here is a word: a citizen does not deserve credit who does not possess hundreds of thousands of thalers, yet holds an equipage. Conspicuous luxury is therefore extremely rare; he who drives it would himself become a burden at the end, as he would find no one who would want to live in social enjoyment with him. So is also life in general meager, the food substantial, but not varied; this treatment, however, the Bremen man understands both as generous and as pleasant, and all parts of the world must contribute their tribute to his meal, wine from France, from the Rhine, from Madeira, from Portugal, and various fruits from the West Indies and so on. This measure and goal in life has also achieved success.\nIn the sad change of times in Bremen, where few bankruptcies have occurred among its merchants, and the old wealthy families have preserved their wealth, Bremen is almost entirely surrounded by a white desert, significant cities lie far away, making it an inherent seclusion. Its reputation and past relations with neighboring states, such as the disputes over the Elsfleth Tolls with Oldenburg, which were recently settled in Frankfurt, further contribute to this seclusion, enabling the spinning of such a community that would encourage longer visits or even family ties. Therefore, Bremen is truly isolated in the real sense. The Bremen people are reluctant to give up their city permanently. Thus, it has come to be that in a certain way,\nIn civil society, most families are interrelated, marrying one another, making it hardly possible here for relationships that would be considered quite close elsewhere to coalesce, lest the family circle become too expansive. If one can be happiest anywhere, it is in Bremen. However, what may appear annoying to a stranger is a rich source of the purest and happiest pleasures for the native. The so-called family and children's days, which are common here, weave a bond around all family members, which grows ever stronger, until death of the grandfather finally allows the overgrown family to separate and reunite with the in-laws.\nThe elderly remain in youthful, cheerful contact with the middle and younger generations; they do not feel abandoned or neglected, but rather have access to the joyful and instructive company of the younger world. In turn, youth finds again the pleasant and enlightening entrance to an age that is not repelling. The freedom that prevails in these family circles is beneficial to every stranger who has the opportunity to get to know them. Our free city, like almost all German imperial cities, has a reputation for social formality in foreign lands. If this was the case in past times, there are now only a few traces of it left. Anyone who wants to be convinced of the truth of this assurance needs only to know our family and children's days.\nThe foreigner must take care of himself, not play the part of the formal, silent, observing companion. Such family seclusion can lead to one-sidedness, pride (everyone thinks his circle is the best), and unbeatable prejudices. Youth finds occasion for self-importance, boldness, and self-assertion in the confidential approach to old age, an error that is often spoken of but never reformed. Who would deny this? It is indeed the task that, through the understanding of people, this self-spinning process should turn to the good.\n\nI mentioned earlier that the time of French rule would have been beneficial to the sociable tone. We banished as a means of promotion external appearances.\nCourtesy and a natural disposition, as well as public walks, are observed. Yet, in some parts of Germany, there is a judgment against the social ways of Bremen. One speaks of leather pouches, of the pride of imperial cities, of sluggish luxury. He who judges thus poisons, through which times the last German generation has passed, and Bremen is no exception. What went before this time, how different it was from what it is now! There was a time in Bremen when witches were burned, when pious clergy were driven out due to the Ubiquity Controversy, and the highest ruling persons were disgusted with their offices. Who would introduce such times for the present? Who would only know Bremen as it emerged in the past ninety years, would be pleasantly surprised by all this.\nThe English traveler would find things quite different now. If he came here again, he would no longer believe, as he once did, that an epidemic disease ruled the city, for he would only see men in black cloaks and women with black shawls covering their heads. He would no longer find a hostelry, as he once did, in the Sch\u00fctting, nor would he be called a Sabbath desecrator because he circled around a coffee or wine house on Sundays, which were required to be closed then. He could enjoy himself quietly with the host in a tavern for twenty-four shillings and groats, and a beer or wine, without being disturbed. He would no longer see a poor serving girl being whipped at the behest of her jealous housewife in the marketplace, in front of the round building that once stood there.\nHe would no longer only speak platdeutsch in all societies, nor see honorables drinking brandy from large glasses, even from women; he would no longer see the great divide between Reformed and Lutherans; he would find that the hypocrisy under the disguise of the scorn of this world no longer went unscathed, and instead the so-called children of this world would corrupt; he would no longer find reason to laugh at the old caricatures, called city soldiers, but instead a stirring military music and a stately military would astonish him, which would remain good as long as the new is not yet old, or whenever opportunity arises to bring new life to the stagnant.\nI would no longer find Rathsweiler to be the only gathering place for citizens, but I would still find those excellent wines. The poorhouse, which I praised before, I would praise even more. Regarding feasts, I would find some things not much different from before, as I was once invited to an elder man's house in the new town, where various wines, an abundance of food, a nightcap from foreign lands, and the health toasts were served. However, I would find other things less or nothing at all, such as the stiffness and formalities of the ladies compared to the men, who had become a little freer and livelier due to the health toasts.\nThe shock was evident on all faces at the suggestion of following a dance and revoking it would prevent, as a dance master was considered more dangerous than a village bull. You cannot deny that this Englishman, whose book is otherwise a collection of lies, saw things correctly in Bremen a hundred years ago, as we can infer from oral tradition and written reports. It is surprising, however, that a hundred years later, an Englishman named Hodgkin, who published a travel description of Norddeutschland in two thick volumes, saw things falsely in Bremen.\n\n\"The men wear outdated clothing, and they follow-\"\ngen altmodische Sitten, u (Welche M\u00e4nner? doch nur \ndie alten? So wird es in England ja auch wohl seyn.) \n\u201e die Frauen haben noch den altmodischen Gebrauch, \ndafs sie mit ihren M\u00e4nnern \u00f6ffentliche Pl\u00e4tze besuchen; \nmit den Eigenth\u00fcmern dieser G\u00e4rten und Kegelbahnen \nhaben sie des Ersparnisses wegen regelm\u00e4fsige Con- \ntracte, dafs jene ihnen heifs Wasser, Tassen u. s. w. \ngegen eine Meine Remuneration liefern, sie selbst \naber Kaffe, Zucker und Kuchen mitbringen.'\" (Die \nEngl\u00e4nder w\u00e4ren zu bedauern, wenn der im ersten \nSatz ausgedr\u00fcckte Gebrauch bei ihnen altmodisch ge- \nworden w\u00e4re ; im zweiten Fall ist es klar , dafs der \nReisende nur eine gewisse Art Belustigungs\u00f6rter um \n*) Travels in the North of Germany by Thomas Hodgkin. Edin- \nburgh 1820. \ndie Stadt her kennen gelernt und in den bessern \nZirkeln nie Zutritt erhalten hat. Wann werden die \nTravelers should be more cautious in their judgments in their travel writings! \"In Bremen, only a bookseller is of significance, and only a circulating library.\" (We had to use this last expression literally in its entire English form. It is indeed only a large lending library here; however, there are at least six and thirty historical, philosophical, medical, natural historical, juristic, theological, and aesthetic reading societies here, which have a very large number of members. We have two good bookstores. Had Hodgkin known other people than those who drank coffee with him at the bowling alleys, or if he hadn't known in the theater how the play was called, or what was being played: (Th. 1. S. 274), he would have been found here, as our merchant class values intellectual development.\nThe German custom in Bremen could not discard anything in general without celebrating a proper and complete meal. The enlightened age, which in great self-deception granted spiritual satisfaction over physical, found oversatiety a consequence of this, and it was deemed practical to restrict these old German feasts. However, many sad reflections on the good old time prove that this new regulation does not have general approval. Yet, in the election of new councilmen, as well as in the half-yearly change of the presidium, this is not lacking.\nThe stately feasts, and since the elders did not consider these insignificant, as shown in the ordinance (see the statutes from the year 1433, Statute 3, \u00a76), the mayor should give a tractament, that is, a meal, to the entire council and the town clerk in his first year of office, but not more than six dishes; however, the next morning he should give sixteen dishes to his relatives and the town servants. This ordinance is more about excess than about insufficiency. Whenever there were distinguished guests at the renowned Sch\u00fctte, our chronicles did not fail to mention this, adding that when illnesses were present, the dishes on a ship in the marketplace were properly fired. The feasts of the various brothers-\nThe feasts, of Jacob major and SW, are kept in old fullness and elegance. The seafaring meal, held annually, has the stockfish as its main dish and is therefore called the stockfish meal. It has the peculiar, old-fashioned hospitality of inviting all foreign merchants, who happen to be in Bremen's guesthouses on the designated days, as honored guests, as stated in the inscription at the entrance of this institution, which was founded by merchants and sailors. For this feast, a special thick, host-sized beer, called seafaring beer, is brewed. The quapan meal, given by the chamberlains of the fisher guild and which had many peculiar and strange things, has ceased. The beiselust is a peculiarity of the Bremen people. They share this with the English.\nI would like to claim that there is no other city in all of Germany as appealing to travelers as Bremen. It would be a wonder if in the summer, in the most remarkable regions of Germany, in Switzerland, Italy, and England, there were not Bremen families sending their members to travel. The Bremen man has no opportunity to see mountains, cliffs, deep valleys, waterfalls, and castle ruins on steep rocky peaks; therefore, the scenery of many a picturesque journey stirs in him from youth an indelible longing for the described romantic regions. This matter will be vividly discussed, and even children entertain themselves with the idea of traveling as the most delightful thing, and it grants the greatest pleasure to adults, especially in winter.\nListening to the lectures of scholars in the museum, who share their vacation travel reports, one can imagine the joy when the long and fiery desire finally comes true. The lists of almost all famous baths also contain Bremen names. If one wanted to collect ailments there, one would certainly be mistaken; but a spa trip is so essential to the life of a cultivated Bremen resident, whether the scholars, be they clergy, schoolmasters, or jurists, have spent their vacations at the spa or not. Everywhere, the Bremen people are beloved for their understanding, decent, and quiet demeanor. They possess the gift, although not lively and fiery, but with a certain eloquence and coherence in speech.\nThis text appears to be in a mix of German and Latin, with some parts in old English spelling. I will first translate the Latin passage to modern English: \"Natural it is, that they wish to remedy a defect of nature with an abundance of words.\"\n\nNow, let's clean the text:\n\nA practice, which is acquired through the constitution and through the frequent opportunity to speak publicly, is a gift. It is less common among merchants in other provinces of Germany, although at public occasions many can set aside what Plinius says about a German people: \"Natural it is, that they wish to remedy a defect of nature with an abundance of words.\"\n\nIt is not only security from the rule of tyrants, nor only the location, that has raised trade in the free imperial cities. Rather, since only the merit of honesty, loyalty, and understanding can gain great trust among the common people and give them significant influence, this disposition, inherited from the past and adopted from youth, was also a crucial factor.\nA woman, who could gain the trust of a merchant. In general, a merchant cannot appear more worthy and legal than in Bremen, where an unscrupulous merchant making schemes in business would not be respected as a citizen, and his wealth, however great, would not change that. The qualities that make a citizen respected are precisely those that a merchant wins trust with; and moral credit takes the first, intellectual the second, and physical, if I may say so, the third place, often only taking the third rank if the first is missing.\n\nOf a large bookseller, praise has been sung in the past that he paid back the remaining debts from a bankruptcy, after he had come into better circumstances.\nThis is something common, about which one doesn't speak much, yet the man who does it, gains public esteem. However, a bankruptcy could only harm public opinion if he was forced out through wild speculation, recklessness, or foolishness. In such a case, the bankrupt would even return to his former way of life without having paid his debts, and this would not go unnoticed without disapproval.\n\nIn general, a bankruptcy is viewed differently in a stock exchange than on inner markets, where such excessive expenses, frivolity, or disorder are common. Everyone knows and feels the insecurity of some debtors, and how easily one could become one oneself.\nWith the best consideration, coming to harm can occur. Therefore, there is great distinction as to how a bankruptcy arose and whether it was announced in a public auction where not everything was yet lost. If justice and guilt are found, every true Bremen man from old grain and shot, the fallen one, will be encouraged to help, and strict judgment in public opinion is not even to be thought of. A famous German writer has said with a harsh expression that the German is by nature a serious beast. The art of finely joking and the inclination to do so can hardly be a substitute for the lack of these qualities of a dignified nature. But if Socrates and Cicero appeared in the eyes of the sympathizers as charming in their joking, they were worthy, indeed, admirable.\nRatters and freedom and quickness of the spirit, earnestness and amiability go well together in thinking; and that social relationship is always meaningful where one of these two lacks the inclination and understanding. In what way I make this general remark in a book from Bremen, I need not specify. Only to him who fears intellectual superiority does a good-natured joke appear as mockery.\n\nThe foreign land recognizes the intellectual education of Bremen women, but in reality does not know its essence. It is necessary to say something about this. In Bremen, the education of the female sex is taken seriously. Eighteen years ago, the daughters were seldom confirmed, and they were seldom considered adults before then. They attended either public or private instruction, which was based on principles.\ngebaut, yon dem weiblichen Geschlecht eben die \nGr\u00fcndlichkeit verlangt, besonders in der deutschen \nSprache, wie yon der studir enden m\u00e4nnlichen Jugend. \nAuch die englische Sprache wird viel cultivirt, zu \nderen Aussprache der Mund der Niederdeutschen vor- \nz\u00fcglich organisirt ist. Das Franz\u00f6sische lernen sie \nselten gut aussprechen. Da nun solche Frauenzimmer \nnoch wenig in Betracht kommen, kein junger Mann \nihnen Artigkeiten \u00fcber ihre Geschicklichkeiten vor- \nsagt, \u00fcberhaupt die Erziehung in dieser R\u00fccksicht \nauch ziemlich gleichf\u00f6rmig ist, so ist an ein einge- \nbildetes, pedantisches Wesen gar nicht zu denken, \nsondern die edelste Bescheidenheit verh\u00fcllt fast an \nsehr manche vorz\u00fcgliche Talente und Eigenschaften : \nfast nur bei Gelegenheit und sehr selten zeigen sie \nsich, und wenn davon die Rede kommen mufs, so \nsieht man nur Besch\u00e4mung. \nIndem wir dies als etwas Vorz\u00fcgliches anerken- \nWe cannot ignore the fact that such contemptible things are being spoken of before us, the more detrimental they are to the development of good taste. I mean, a excessive mistrust of one's own judgment; perhaps not a great evil! But as a consequence, a too willing acceptance of the judgment itself, superficial and thoughtless men. And how many of them are there, who presume to have a judgment over everything, even over that of which they have never known or understood the least! One often hears the most worthless, tasteless things praised, the genius and valuable ignored or undervalued; ideas have come into esteem that contradicted the sound judgment of mankind, and when they were appealed to by individual persons, one referred to this or that person as having said or written it.\nIt is said that one might have meant it differently, but they didn't dare to say so because others had said it differently. We attribute this almost solely to the fact that Bremish women, despite their intellectual development, seldom trust their own judgment. Art here only manages to thrive with great difficulty.\n\nOne must be careful when criticizing, lest a real good is destroyed. I would here cite the fact that women are often burdened with too much to learn, which is foreign to their purpose and leads to the neglect of important duties. Every person has constitutional inclinations, beyond which every striving for body and spirit is destructive. I have always believed that deep abstract thinking is near to the male mind.\nThe female destruction is prepared for, yet love also plays a role here, as in other cities, where excessive stitching, which does not satisfy the artist's demands, damages good constitutions. The compassionate, this heavenly child with a heart so large but not always good to see, plays an important role in Bremen. As with many offices dependent on popular election, they are given to a man, it is said, who is a good-natured man and has a wife and children. The question of whether he is suited for the office, or if there are not ten more suitable ones, is often considered last, or not at all. Sad theater pieces often filled the house because of soft scenes. Many good-for-nothings found support because of claims to pity.\nThe true compassionate mind goes to the root of the evil, seeks its cause, and guards against being swayed by a weak feeling that usually does more harm than good. Our charity institution adheres to a good principle, namely, providing the destitute with opportunities for work. But will this ever be put into practice as long as the guild system prevails? Destroying frivolous legal rights is not good, but allowing corporations to hold rights that are an injustice to the entire state is also no small transgression. Through understanding compensation, one can settle conflicting interests.\n\nThe Plattdeutsch language is national. My husband can do his best, strongest, and most intimate work in it.\nOnly those who address him in this language find his heart. It is understandable for the educated classes that they cannot afford to neglect this language, even if it is unnecessary or inappropriate in their own domestic circles or in society. Jurists and clergymen, not those in public hearings or in divine services, have reason to deal with commoners and farmers, where the familiarity in Plattdeutsch is necessary. However, the Plattdeutsch with the peculiarity of its expressions, its proverbs and figurative language, is gradually disappearing. Almost it is already said that High German is only spoken in Plattdeutsch, just as the Savoyard.\n\"One must praise dancing: the French ball with Savoyard legs. Regarding the physicality of the Bremen people, there is a certain family resemblance among the affluent class in general. In both genders, one finds the so-called \"nice blood\" in Bremen, namely fine white skin and rosy complexion, blue eyes, blond or light brown hair, delicate growth, but often neglected posture, as thankfully, God be praised, there is hardly any coquetry to be found. The Roman robust beauties or the delicate, fiery brunettes of southern Europe are not to be found. The two most important closed societies had a scientific purpose in their formation to some extent or entirely.\"\nSome intelligent apprentices and servants felt a few years ago that they couldn't use their free hours effectively for social recovery. The Principal's family paid little attention to them, public taverns seemed expensive and not conducive to education. A few such-minded young men came together, rented a local with Leisure and other suitable pastimes. Soon many joined who felt the same need, and so the now existing large, over four hundred member society, Union, was formed, which in its spacious local possesses a selected library, where the most important domestic and foreign works are kept.\nIn this beautiful concert hall, regular concerts are held in the winter, mainly performed by the musical members of the society. The fortunate institution, which has had such a positive effect on the spirit and disposition of emerging merchants, has been clearly recognized since then. For a young man who wishes to be freed from common pastimes, he will find the best opportunity here. However, the one for whom the entrance only provides a rare opportunity to spend the time he has earned from the counter, either with billiards or cards, has only partially won in the exchange, and the kindly principal will not have much to boast about; but since these generous benefactors are now respected citizens themselves,\nPrincipals who understand what Noth does are careful not to let a trading apprentice become a member of the Union without their approval first. If our commercial public could be given a more varied education than at many other trading places, these socially ambitious gatherings and the associated reading institutions have contributed significantly. Everyone who thinks well of Bremen wishes them a joyful prospering and progress.\n\nThe social circles do not all have the same character among the educated classes. Where younger women gather, much is read aloud during handwork, and this is usually chosen literature. Therefore, they have:\nGerman classical works, particularly Schiller, are familiar to us almost by heart. In mixed companies, plays are often read aloud with distributed pennies, in others wit games are practiced, which usually please only a few for enjoyment and displease the majority. Societies that do not see each other often should rather fill their hours with intellectual and lively entertainment; but of course, there must be a desire to speak, the ability to entertain attractively, wit and humor belonging to several members of the society, if the entertainment does not stutter or become annoying through the speaking of a single individual. The refuge to the cards, which is taken in most societies when the entertainment stalls, is not to be completely despised then. The society then comes to rest, collects itself, and if the entertainment does not want to continue.\nThe game is over, one seeks again someone,\nwith whom one can converse. A society that wants to be too intellectual is a burden to itself,\nrather than what it wants to admit. Musical societies suffer a little from exaggeration. From seven o'clock in the evening until eleven at night, playing and singing in a secluded way, with the tacit condition of never revealing one's boredom through chatter, is a truly dreadful state. What happens here too much is lacking in other circles; it is as if the music were something repulsive, never enough to avoid: there stands a piano, but no one thinks of demanding a sociable or intellectual song. Perhaps one also avoids it out of fear, for fear that the singing and playing lovers and ladies may not have an end.\nWhen they have once been set in motion, many people, however, say that in Bremen there is a general inclination revealed to give social gatherings a higher and better tendency than they usually have elsewhere. This is not always the case, but one can console oneself with the pure and sincere intention, and the fact that there are many things in the world that must be left unfinished, despite the image of perfection that one carries within oneself.\n\nHandel and Schifffahrt der Bremer.\n\nThe significant trade of Bremen can be traced back to the privileges granted by Otto the Great, the archbishop Adalward. At that time, the city received a market and the advantage of its location began to reveal itself. However, what was particularly noteworthy in the first centuries was the significant extent of the ecclesiastical church's influence.\nSprengeis from Bremen and Hamburg. With these apostles, who set out for the conversion of the North, even as far as Iceland, Greenland, and the Orkney Islands, the merchants went. Under their protection, under the protection of their altars, they could dare to trade with foreign barbarian peoples, securing both their persons and their goods. However, the Scandinavian peoples had frequent reason to come to the archbishop's court in Bremen, especially during the reign of the powerful and magnificent Adalbert. Little Bremen was comparable to the papal Rome for traders, who traveled in the company of these representatives to the archiepiscopal seat.\nFrom a significant trading activity in Bremen emerged, and those seas, which, according to Tacitus' testimony, were unknown to the Romans, as it was better to believe in the mysteries and power of the gods than to know them, were sailed by Bremer ships. Thus, Christianity became the bond that brought the peoples separated by seas and barbarism into connection.\n\nThe impact of participation in the Crusades on Bremer trade is unknown; it is likely to have been significant. More important was the colonization in Livonia in 1160 and the trade connection there. When Bremen wished to be admitted into the Hanse, its dispute with the city of London was a significant political concern.\n\nLong beforehand, the Bremen had found advantages that greatly promoted their trade.\nIn the time when Woldemar the Second, ita affable, ita generous, ita hospitable, ita jovial, ita eager for divine and human glory, made little Bremen famous like Rome, was devotedly sought after by all parts of the earth, especially by the northern peoples. Ad. Brem. 93.\n\nMerchants, who frequently came to Bremen from all parts of the earth with merchandise, Ad. Brem. H6.\n\nThe King of Denmark, very displeased with Hamburg and L\u00fcbeck, turned to the city of Bremen through its archbishop Gerhard the Second regarding favor in regard to the strandrecht.\n\nUnder these circumstances, the king's mood was very inclined to their request, and he gave them the right to collect stranded goods, both ship and cargo, on the coasts of his realm.\n\nWoldemar's grandson, Erich, Duke of J\u00fctland.\n\"Despite Bremen not yet officially joining the Hanse, it had already received a special privilege from the Hanse, bestowed upon it by the Hanse and the Bremen town council, in the significant favor granted by King Magnus VI of Norway to the Hanse. Nordic kings considered it fortunate if these Weser merchants visited their states. When Erich, Magnus' successor, was at odds with the Wendish Hanse towns, Bremen, though already in the Hanse, took no part and was expelled from the alliance. Their trading advantage gave the Bremen:\"\nIn the case of the given text, it appears to be in a mix of Latin and Old German, with some modern German and modern English. Here's the cleaned text:\n\nThe prudent men of the Consuls and the community of Bremen, as recorded in the charter from Cassel in the year 1279, had the privilege to fish for herring against an insignificant toll on the Norwegian coast. However, when Erich later increased this toll, the city turned to the king through Archbishop Giselbert and the entire Bremen clergy to assert their long-acquired right. This preface found a favorable reception, and it is worth noting that in the barbaric Middle Ages, even a weak right was respected against a stronger state in matters of law. King Erich, in recognition of the services rendered to him and his ancestors by all Bremen merchants, was not only inclined but also set:\nZoll f\u00fcr Heringsf\u00e4nger auf f\u00fcnf Pfennig Sterl. f\u00fcr die Last (1292). Erich suchte, auch der auf sein Wunsch entstandene Zorn der ostseeischen St\u00e4dte gegen seine lieben B\u00fcrger in Bremen zu beseitigen, und brachte zu diesem Zweck einen Vergleich zu Stande. Kurz darauf erhob Erich f\u00fcr Bremen noch weit schmeichelhafteren und vorteilhafteren Freiheitsbrief. Er sagt, er habe die Bremer unter die Zahl seiner vertrautesten und speziellen Freunde aufgenommen und sie vor allen anderen deutschen und englischen Kaufleuten seiner besonderen Vertrauensw\u00fcrdigung gew\u00fcrdigt. Ja, er nennt sie mehrmals als seine und seines Reichs G\u00f6nner, und setzt, um diese seine freundschaftliche Gesinnung recht zu beweisen, den ohnehin schon niedrigen Zoll f\u00fcr die Bremischen Heringsf\u00e4nger auf 3 Pf. herab.\n\nDurch ein Privilegium Friedrichs des Dritten.\n(1663) wurde den Bremern ihre eigene Jurisdiction \nin der Stadt Bergen und die Gleichheit des Zolls mit \nden eigenen Unterthanen bewilligt, jedoch so, dafs die \nletztern sechs Tage den Verkauf der yon den Bre- \nmern gebrachten G\u00fcter haben sollen, ehe diese \nselbst an Jedermann verkaufen *). \nH\u00e4ufig wurde das Interesse der Stadt Bremen \nmit demjenigen des Erzbisehofs und seiner Vasallen \nverwechselt. Wer durch jenen oder diese verletzt \nzu seyn glaubte, pflegte auf Bremische B\u00fcrger oder \nWaaren Beschlag zu legen. Oft wurden Reisende \nin irgend einer Stadt angehalten , um f\u00fcr das , was \neiner ihrer Mitb\u00fcrger gefrevelt oder schuldig ge- \nworden, Genugthuung zu geben. Aueh f\u00fcr solche \nF\u00e4lle hat Bremen mit norddeutschen St\u00e4dten Ver- \ntr\u00e4ge zum Vortheil des ungehemmten Handelsver- \nkehrs abgeschlossen. \nDer Freiheitsbrief, den die Bremer nach Be- \nfehdungen der Schottischen Seefahrer im Jahr 1453 \nvon Jacob dem Zweiten von Schottland erhielten, \nwar h\u00f6chst wohlth\u00e4tig f\u00fcr ihre Handlung. Auch der \nVerkehr nach Lissabon wurde durch Privilegien der \nK\u00f6nige von Portugall beg\u00fcnstigt. Unter den Waa- \n*) Die Urkunden , aus welchen diese Notizen gezogen sind , hat \nCassel nebst andern diese Materie betreffenden drucken lassen. \nren, so die Oesterlinge oder Hansest\u00e4dte dahin ge- \nbracht, werden Messing, Kupfer, Zinnober, Queck- \nsilber, Masten, Pech, Theer, Kugeln, Pelzwerk und \nWollentuch genannt. Sie mufsten 10 Procent Ein- \nfuhrzoll davon bezahlen. Der directe Handel nach \nden Colonien war ausgenommen. Sie f\u00fchrten zur\u00fcck \nvorz\u00fcglich Spezereien und Farbeh\u00f6lzer *). Sie durf- \nten vor keine Obrigkeit, aufser vor einen einzigen \ngenannten Richter gezogen werden\u00bb Von allen Waa- \nren, welche die deutsche Societ\u00e4t zur Bekleidung \nihrer Glieder und deren Diener gebraucht, sollte \nNo Zoll to be paid. In all, they should treat their own subjects equally. They could also carry their weapons. Later, they received citizenship. The Ostlinge from Germany were exempted from the customs duty on shipbuilding wood, as well as from the local clothing ordinance. An earlier permission to ride horses and mules was also renewed. With neighboring territories, Bremen required special treaties to secure themselves against piracy, which often only provided short-term relief, such as with the Wurstfriese, the land of W\u00fcrden, and several other Friesian chieftains. The Victualienbr\u00fcder or Vitalians, those pirates, whom the King Emmanuel had granted privileges and commercial freedoms to in 1503.\n\nPrivileges and commercial freedoms that the kings of Portugal had once granted to the German sailors and Hanseatic cities.\nCities Wismar and Rostock promised secure entry into their harbors if they joined against Konig Margarethe. Those who did and continued their illicit trade, particularly from the Isle of Helgoland, found hospitable reception among the Frisians, who gladly accepted the plundered goods. Not only through wars and treaties, collectively from the northern Hanseatic League, were the Frisian chieftains determined to deny the Vitandians residence, but also through the city of Bremen specifically. Bremen, which stationed watch ships, then called Auslieger, on the Weser. Another significant obstacle was the strandrecht and ground rents. A part of the goods taken from shipwrecked belonged even to the income of the archbishop. Already in the year 1269, a treaty was made with the Wursten.\nund nach anderen Nachbarn auch wegen des Strandrechts geschlossen und \u00f6fters erneuert.\n\n*) Cassel, ungedruckte Urkunden S. 488, wo Graf Christian von Oldenburg den St\u00e4dten L\u00fcbeck, Bremen und Hamburg f\u00fcr Ede Wymmeken, H\u00e4uptling in R\u00fcstringen, verspricht, dass dieser in acht Tagen die Vitalienbr\u00fcder abschaffen soll (1398).\n\n**) Es war doch nicht so schlimm, als die dem Bischof von Winchester zugesetzten Abgaben von offenlichem II ich in seinem Sprengel angeordneten Bordellen, weswegen ihm der Herzog Humphrey von Gloucester den Vorwurf macht:\n\nThou, that giv'st whores indulgences to sin.\n\nS. Sakespeare. King Henry VI. Ist part.\n\nDa der Ausfluss der Weser, wegen der bedeutenden Sandb\u00e4nke, nur von sehr erfahrenen Schiffern befuhrt werden kann, und \u00fcberhaupt die Friesischen K\u00fcsten gef\u00e4hrlich sind, so wurde yon den Bremern schon fr\u00fch ein Leuchtethurm oder Bake in.\nThe tonnes at the Weser river mouth have been placed, and since the twelfth century, far and near in the rivers to mark the secure water boundary. The so-called Barsemeister, who removes these tonnes at the beginning of winter and places them back in the spring, examines whether any change has occurred in the riverbed during the winter and acts accordingly. This is recorded in the shipping tax, known as Tonnage money in Bremen, whose collection and care is the responsibility of the Eldermen's College. The commodities were common to the city of Bremen and the other Hanseatic cities. Local industrial products, particularly excellent for centuries, were a widely desired beer. Beer brewing, although it was not mentioned, was also significant.\nThe competition of the Hamburg merchants fell into decline **), \n*) In the years 1426 and 1483, agreements were reached between \nthe Council and the senior members of the merchant guild, \ndetermining how many tons they could demand for the tons to be laid in the river. **) The feud with the expelled Fresse and his followers, \nas well as a fire that occurred during the same period and its subsequent consequences, \nremained significant enough to give those involved distinguished civic reputations. Another impressive business was the export of cloth and witnesses. \nVarious and large-scale training in fabrication was partly suppressed through the guild system, \npartly did Hanse also claim the capital that could only have been profitably used for fabrication. Grain and wine trade was significant.\nThe trade of goods from the East and North to bring them to the South and West of Europe, and this reciprocally, with the considerable customs privileges from both sides - this was merchant trade. The city suffered great losses when Emden flourished, and primarily the trade with the products of East Friesland, which had previously been in the hands of the Hamburgers and Bremen. Significant industries were the \"Bergen trade\" to Norway, the herring fishery, and the walrus hunt. I could not find when the first Greenland Company was founded. It had fallen apart in 1656, and a new one was established in 1674, but it brought no significant advantage or was only successful to the extent that poverty led to the production of hops under the name of Haferbier.\nThe former one was well executed; Hamburg and Wismar benefited from it. Renner relates this. The advantage and damage were roughly equal after the departure of the Dutch. In the year 1692, seven ships caught eighteen fish, one of which alone caught eight within 24 hours, and its profit was assessed at 20,000 Thlr. In the year 1693, six ships brought only six fish. The year 1696 was undoubtedly one of the most productive for whale fishing. The two ships of the L\u00f6ning brothers had alone caught seventeen, which yielded 890 barrels of whale blubber. Of the twelve ships dispatched, two brought nothing, one was wrecked, and the remaining ten had caught 43 whales. The whalebone alone was valued at 43,000 Thlr. One of these ships had killed a narwhal and brought its head with the horn to Bremen, which was a new attraction.\nFor all the inhabitants, it was proven that the unicorn in the Naturalien-Cabinetts was nothing more than the horn of this fish. However, the good catch of the previous year had made Math more ambitious. This time, ten ships were equipped. They caught 117 fish. The price of the blubber dropped from 17 to 9, and the price of fish bone from 70 to 25 Rthlr. Thus, the profit of the interests was not insignificant, and only the consumers had reason to praise God, as this happens every day with all trades, so that man no longer cares how much or how little luck he wishes for his enterprises. -- In the year 1698, 15 Greenlanders caught 108 fish. In your year 1700, 15 Greenlanders brought:\nThe eighteen hundredth year stands out in the history of Greenland fishing, with the voyage of the Strafse Davis joining in 1725. This voyage began with two ships and grew to seven by 1732, but was lost again in 1738 and revived only for a few years in 1788. The following details, based on records of Bremen's herring and cod fishing since 1695, provide the following information:\n\nMost ships set sail in the years 1723, 1724, and 1725. The richest catch occurred in 1740, when 190 fish were caught from 20 ships.\n\nConversely, there were poor years:\n\n1730: 20 ships caught only 3 fish.\n1810: only 18 ships caught 3 fish.\n1807: only 15 ships brought 4.4% fish.\nBy the middle of the previous century, the fishing industry declined so severely that only one ship sailed in the years 1757-1759 and it returned empty. Therefore, the standstill from 1761 to 1764, during which nothing was undertaken. From the year 1766, the revival of voyages occurred, but the number of outfitted ships did not rise above 11. Between 1789 and 1822, the number fluctuated between this and the number four. In the years 1808-1813, nothing is recorded. The average number of current outfittings has been 7 since then.\nIn the last two years, that is, 1821-1822, 24 and 20 fish were brought in each of the 7 ships.\nFor the year 1770, there is a record.\n\"reine Segen\" from 27 Fish for 140,165 Thaler, the highest among all renowned ones. The herring fishery founded on shares has brought little advantage to investors so far. The trade with England was favored by a freedom treaty from Charles II (1661). The Bremen were permitted, (1661), to freely transport German products, but only this, on Bremen ships under Bremen captains to England. The Weser salmon, which are now so rare and expensive, were formerly in great abundance, so that a decree from the council was supposed to have been issued (which I have not seen), which prescribes for the lords how often they may give their servants salmon to eat in a week, probably because it complained about too much. Such decrees should also apply in Scotland.\nIn the year 1644, such a multitude of these fish appeared in the Weser that often a hundred were caught in a single haul, and two pounds were sold for a shilling. The Bremen people also lacked nothing when it came to sea monsters. In the year 1529, a Bremen ship encountered rare things. It was loaded with wheat and other goods and bound for Lisbon. Several Bremen citizens were aboard. In total, there were fifteen men. It didn't take long before they noticed that they had strayed completely off course, and the steersman, who believed they were near the French coast, was quite mistaken. The crew grew enraged over the unwitting steersman and wanted to throw him overboard. He knelt down and begged for his life, which was granted to him.\nAfter a long journey, they saw a city and sent six men to inquire and offer grain. They found Christians. The offering of grain came because it was a precious time. Many small vessels approached the Bremen ship. But the crew believed their six servants had been captured or killed, and the city's inhabitants were now coming with strong hands to capture them as well. They quickly raised the anchors, withdrew, and left the six men behind. They sailed for five more days. The heat became intense.\nunbearable; the barrels, which held wet cargo, burst and the contents leaked out. The thirst became so unbearable that the crew fought over an disgusting drink. They were now one, to bore a hole in the ship, sink it, and try their salvation on the land they had seen for some time. They walked along the shore through salt as if through snow. The iXoth grew larger, and two went deeper into the land to find drinking water, but their forces failed them and they remained lying. The others, who walked along the shore, were also weakened some. An apple tree with pleasant fruits finally relieved the poor, but as they bit into the fruit, they felt a harsh burning and blisters appeared on their mouths. Shortly thereafter, they saw a shark, which responded to their beckoning.\nThe Bremen men called out to them. It was from the Canary Islands. The Bremer men stood still, as they still had some comrades left. The Canarian gave them some horses, which were on the ship, to search for their own quickly. Some were still alive, were welcomed and recovered, except for one, who drank too eagerly.\n\nThey also sailed towards the abandoned ship, took out their belongings and went to the Canary Islands, where they were pitifully received, after it was discovered that they were not sea robbers, but German merchants.\n\nWhen the possessions of the unfortunate were inventoried, unfortunately, books were found with the name Martin Luther written on them, which the Portuguese could probably read. At once, they were labeled as heretics, as those who worshipped Luther as a god.\nTen books were laid in Banden. They were all sent here with the books to the government of Tenerife. Here, a Spanish translator was found who could speak German, and he had lived in Bremen before. The governor asked him to convey the contents of the books. However, when it came to the book about the misdeeds of the sacrament, the translator told the Bremen people: \"If I translate this book correctly, you will lose your lives. Now it went on to lamentations and promises, and the Spaniard was kind enough to translate it, so that the poor were declared the best Christians in the world, they were released and granted permission to approach the church doors as good Christians to receive alms. A wealthy widow signed up.\nSix individuals, among them Johann Cantor, a jester by nature, spoke to one who had bestowed kindness upon him in German: \"If you had known who I was, you would not have done so generously. And it gave the Bremen jester no small pleasure that he could say this to him, and the latter considered it a great thanks. However, Hans van Veerden reprimanded him severely for this. One night they attempted to seize a ship, but were discovered and were fortunate enough to retreat unnoticed into their wretched dwelling in the darkness.\n\nEventually, they were shipped off to Spain. From there, they proceeded over England and returned home. The six left behind were already in great misery and had returned earlier. It was discovered that it was the West coast of Africa where they found themselves.\nThe Hanse cities had imposed versegelt. In the weaponry of the Bremen at sea, the following signs appeared. In the war of 1438, in which the Hanse towns inflicted damage on the Hanse and Seelande's trade with the Hollanders, the Hollanders and Seelande proudly hoisted brooms on their masts as a sign that they had purified the seas from the ships of their enemies. The Danzig envoy, Heinrich Rapesilver, told the Hanse towns, since they refused to make a compromise: \"Let the lion sleep, do not disturb him.\" If you wake him up, see how you bring him back to rest (alluding to the military insignia of Holland, the lion depicted). Bremen was drawn into this feud. The council complained to Philip the Good, Duke of Burgund (1445), about its subjects, the Bremen.\nB\u00fcrgern das Ihrige genommen und die Schiffe ge- \npl\u00fcndert. Sie verlangten Erstattung und als diese \nverweigert wurde r\u00fcsteten die Bremer ihre Kriegs- \nschiffe, kaperten dreizehn mit Salz beladene Schiffe, \neben so einige gr\u00f6fsere an der Norwegischen K\u00fcste, \nzwei holl\u00e4ndische mit Getreide , die von Danzig ka- \nmen , und zerst\u00f6rten durch Wegnehmung der Netze \ndie Heringsfischerei der Niederl\u00e4nder. Der Bremi- \nsche Capit\u00e4n Harger Rotermund traf auf eine grofse \nBurgundische Krake, welche er trotz ihrer Ueber- \nlegenheit an Gr\u00d6fse und Mannschaft, nach vorl\u00e4ufiger \nBerathung mit seinen Leuten, muthig angriff. Die \nKrake aber war hoch und fest gebaut, es kostete \nalso M\u00fche, hinaufzukommen und die Entscheidung \n*) Dieses Symbol brauchte auch Admiral Tromp. Als er den \nenglischen Admiral Blake im J. 1653 geschlagen hatte , heftete \ner neue Besen an seinen Hauptmast, um damit anzudeuten, \nThe text wants to describe how the English men aimed to clean the sea of all schilfs (possibly a type of weed or obstruction in the sea). Harger gathered his best men once more and called them to bravery in the name of their fatherland. They exerted their utmost strength, grabbed their haches, halberds, and other weapons, and finally seized the vessel, after they had killed fifty men. The ship was loaded with maple ash, spices, and other merchants' goods; two living lions were also found on board. The ship was taken to Bremen with its cargo, and the two lions were kept in a cage near the town hall for a while. A large silver cup from the loot was revered by the town councilmen, who used it for over a hundred and fifty years when they went to war. In the following year, reconciliation came between the duke and Bremen.\nIn the stand where the Duke distinctly parted from the matter, among the convoy ships that Bremen provided for the protection of merchants, one in particular stood out. This was the one that had been outfitted in the year 1691 by the council and placed under the command of the Hollander Georg Baek. He received a monthly salary of 50 Thaler, not counting accidents, and was allowed to fit out the ship suitably and take on the crew. It carried 46 pieces and six dredges, and had a crew of two hundred men. It first conveyed a cargo valued at five tons of gold to England. The voyage was repeated three times within half a year.\nIn the following year, he captured three prizes from a Dunkirk caper, sailed happily back and forth to England and back a total of four times, and knew how to escape from great danger as well as meet it appropriately.\n\nAt the beginning of Dec. 1694, the Bremer merchant sailor Hermann Wilson had an adventure where he showed as much cunning as the presence of the spirit. He came from Bergen with merchant goods and was intercepted by a Dunkirk caper that seized his ship, put six men on board, and took the sailors, except for the captain and the helmsman, and sailed to Dunkirk. The wind was favorable for Wilson's escape, so he let himself be taken into a drinking den with three of the pirates and made them so drunk that they passed out and fell asleep. In the very same moment, Wilson made a suspicious face, the:\nThree more questions I have to explain, Wilson said. You will see the answer to that soon, we are lost, the ship will run aground. Full of fear, the three climbed into the mast cage to look around. Up there, he called to them: \"Stay where you are, come down here, we will give you hand and feet.\" The captain received some people from a passing ship on board, used the favorable wind to save his ship. However, his men were exchanged for those he had captured.\n\nCaptain Wilson sailed on his ship Yeritas with 32 pieces and 80 men and headed for Genoa. On the return journey, which he made in the company of a Dutch ship, he took a French merchant on board, who was loaded with linen destined for the Turks. The cargo brought him\nAfter Cadix, he and his crew received half of the shares, sailors and soldiers received a month's wage. He then sailed to England with the English convoy and some Hamburg ships to the Eibe. On this voyage, they encountered eight French privateers. The Bremen ship hoisted its flag, engaged three of the French in a fierce battle for three hours, as the other convoy had to stay to protect the merchant ships. He was fortunate that the largest privateer lost its mainmast. However, Captain Wilson also suffered damage to his ship, so the privateers were forced to leave him to repair their own ships. He had only one wounded man and no dead. A later attempt\nThe eighth pirate was unnecessary, as Wilson had rejoined the other ships. His journey had lasted seven months in total. The cargo consisted of oil, rice, cotton, wine, lemons, and other items, bringing substantial profits to the partners.\n\nCaptain Wilson sailed from the Weser on July 4, 1697, reached Genoa, took on his cargo, and intended to continue. However, he had to sail west of Corsica because he heard that six French pirate ships were cruising between the Italian coast and Corsica. During this voyage, he encountered the Turkish ships, the \"flying fish,\" and the \"half moon,\" which together carried 54 pieces and were strongly manned with musketeers. He made his decision, acting bravely, and engaged them for three hours. He managed to turn them away from him. He had five:\n\n\"The eighth pirate was unnecessary as Wilson had rejoined the other ships. His journey had lasted seven months. The cargo consisted of oil, rice, cotton, wine, lemons and other items, bringing substantial profits to the partners.\n\nCaptain Wilson set sail from the Weser on July 4, 1697, reached Genoa, took on his cargo, and intended to continue. However, he had to sail west of Corsica because he heard that six French pirate ships were cruising between the Italian coast and Corsica. During this voyage, he encountered the Turkish ships, the 'flying fish,' and the 'half moon,' which together carried 54 pieces and were strongly manned with musketeers. He made his decision, acting bravely, and engaged them for three hours. He managed to turn them away from him. He had five ships under his command.\"\nTodde and eight wounded, and brought back as a memorial of the shot, a strong scar and a bone splinter, to Bremen. But his danger was not yet ended; he was pursued by three French and two Turkish ships and came with great urgency to Malaga. From there, he sailed to Cadix and further to England. He brought a rich cargo, but due to heavy expenses, the interests had little benefit from it.\n\nIn the last 20 years of the 17th century, Bremen's prosperity seemed to have flourished particularly. The population appears to have never risen higher since then. One calculates over 40,000 inhabitants. The Br\u00fcckentor, the stock exchange, the old orphanage at St. Petri, the large poorhouse, and the church at St. Michaelis in the suburb, were built.\nIn these fortunate years founded and built. It is not uninterested, to know the ratios of bankruptcy in the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries. The year 1700 marked itself through many bankruptcies and collapses. Surprisingly, among the bankrupt were no speculants, but most were merchants, brewers, and craftsmen, even two publicans. The strongest bankruptcy only amounted to 14,000 Thaler, yet it caused such concern that many rentiers withdrew their capital, resulting in further bankruptcies. To prevent easy accordings, a decree was issued that no more accords should be approved.\n\nAmong the decrees regarding exports, the well-known role of tariffs is noted.\nches zu Reifen gebraucht wurde, also Weiden u. dgl. \neben so konnte Bauholz nur zu eigenem Gebrauch \ngekauft und nur mit Bewilligung der Stadtbaumeister \nausgef\u00fchrt werden, eben so wenig Torf, Kohlen \noder Brennholz und Getreide ohne Erlaubnifs des \nRaths. Der Handel mit M\u00fchlensteinen war ein Vor- \nrecht des Raths, der das Privilegium dazu vergab. \nMan unterschied Rheinische und Bergsteine: i'ene \nkamen aus Holland \u00fcber See von Andernach, diese \nwurden in den Wesergebirgen gebrochen und kamen \nden Flufs herunter. \nBringen fremde Handelsleute Elsassische oder \nRheinische Weine zum Verllauf nach Bremen, den \ndie Stadt - Weinherrn nicht h\u00e4ufen wollen, so k\u00f6nnen \ndie Fremden, mit Bewilligung des Raths, den Wein \nanstechen und maasweise verkaufen, aber hein B\u00fcrger \nsoll mit dazu in Compagnie gehen, oder den Ge- \nwinn mit ihnen theilen ( Stat. 66.). \nSchon fr\u00fchzeitig fand der Rath n\u00f6thig, Verord- \nThe problems in the text are minimal. Here is the cleaned text:\n\nThe problems of the boat captains on the Weser, a matter that still presses the Bremen merchant at this hour. From St. Martini to St. Peter, it was a question for the shippers and freight owners whether they wanted to let a ship sail or not. The former had to abandon the voyage, while the latter could take back the cargo.\n\nJust as it was a particular policy of the medieval city councils to ensure the safety of their merchants with all princes through treaties, they also secured their trade through wise laws. The falsification of goods was forbidden in Bremen, so that no one could sell Danish butter as Friesian, or other salt for L\u00fcneburgers.\n\nWhen Holland and England, Spain and France gained colonies, the connections were knotted.\nWith these, the most significant trade for Bremen was, without which, however, the colonial products were not obtained on site, and remained for several centuries almost equally close to the liberation of North America. Until then, no Bremer ships had gone to overseas harbors, except for a few to Greenland and the Davis Strait. It was then considered by many that the Hanseatic cities were being undermined, as they obtained colonial goods from these nations second-hand, yet the wealth of Germany continued to grow.\n\nThe first enterprise to North America, soon after it had become free, entirely failed; an attempt to East India yielded at least some results. In the year 1786, the situation was such that 101 ships came from France (58 of which were from Bordeaux), 61 from England, 3 from Italy, 6 from the Ottoman Empire, 27 from Norway and Sweden.\nThe southern Ostsee coast had 5 from America, 81 from Holland, 160 from Friesland, Hamburg, Oldenburg, and others in Bremen disembark. Six Greenland fishermen brought 39 fish. In total, 478 ships. Indef's first unsuccessful attempt to reach America had not deterred him, although the trade there had only become the main trade of Bremen since the naval war in the year 1793, as the number of ships that arrived in the years from 1796 to 1799 amounted to over 4000. The neutral status had greatly benefited the Bremen merchants, but it had also artificially increased, far beyond natural capital, the commercial swindling that had to cause great harm in some way, just as the rapidly increasing money circulation had already caused a great harm in the form of excessive luxury for all classes. So great was this luxury,\nWhoever relies on permanent wealth is productive, but he who grows wealthy from a transient, brilliant flourish of commerce is destructive. When, therefore, credit began to waver in the year 1799, a commodity bank was established by the Senate and the citizens for one million Thaler in state bills, which was put into circulation in a way favorable to trade but was later withdrawn from circulation again; a measure that had the desired effects. In the year 1796, 1,521 ships arrived, among them only 112 English ones. Since, in the year 1786, out of 478 ships, 61 were English-laden, it is clear that the relationship had significantly changed, and not to the advantage of English exports. In the year 1786, on 478 ships, 61 were English, but in the year 1796, only 112 English ships arrived.\nIn the three years from 1818 to 1820, 1,236 ships imported and 455 (the remainder went with ballast) sailed under Bremer, English, and American flags, not counting the 2,019 coastal ships. These latter vessels together carried 52,000 tons. The total number of ships that entered Bremen in the named three years was 3,255. Bremen alone imported 279 shipments and exported 128 in these years, significantly more than any nation connected to it sent to Bremen in its own ships.\n\nThe importation amounted to between 14 and 16 million Thalers annually from 1815 to 1820.\nThe majority of unrefined goods, such as raw cotton, dyestuffs, uncooked sugar, unprocessed tobacco, coffee, tea, wine, and spices, which are processed in German factories, account for the largest share. In the aforementioned six years, foreign manufactured goods were only imported for 0.000,000 Thalers, or 150,000 Thalers per year. The export figure hovered between four and six million Thalers annually, while unrefined German-made goods accounted for almost the entirety of it.\n\nIn the years 1818 to 1820, the export of linen alone amounted to 8,057,910 Reichsthaler (Louisdor to 5), with the largest share going to the West Indies. In these three years, Bremen exported German goods worth 1,743,661 Reichsthaler to Great Britain and Ireland.\n\nIn general, the value of foreign manufactured articles brought into Bremen accounted for only about 88th part of the total imports.\nThe situation in Bremen has many disadvantages for trade; the merchants of this city therefore require particular activity and frugality to compete with other sea ports, despite numerous difficulties. The government must go to the world with great wisdom to maintain good relations with other powers, avoiding all obstacles to trade and promoting their opposites, especially ensuring that the patriotic spirit of the citizen is maintained in every way. This can only happen if he never forgets that he is a free citizen of a truly free state in reality. If he does this without cause, he is obviously mistaken about his happiness, and does not deserve the advantages that our little free state offers.\nGranted, a part to have. The belonging measure in life should never be forgotten, in whose observation our noble ancestors amassed wealth, which still forms the foundation of the prosperity of our good families. A sudden unusual flourishing of trade has reliably caused an equally unusual standstill of the same. Who lets himself be tempted by this not to greater expenses, will not be compelled in this matter to lower himself or to fail. All this should be considered, so that some natural obstacles will show less appearance than one might suppose on first sight.\n\nAdditional information on the trade of Bremen can be found in my work: \"On the relationship of the free Hanse towns to the trade of Germany. By a Bremen citizen. Bremen 1821, at loh. Georg He^se.\"\nThe standing of Bremen's citizens, in the oldest times, represented the city's weapons honor and proudly claimed they defended it in pressing sieges and open battles. The later establishment of soldier companies restricted the armed citizen to the handling of his personal musket and protection of the inner wall during extraordinary events, for which the citizens' council was divided into 30 companies in the old and new city and the suburbs. The paid city militia of 500 men performed the actual garrison duty, supporting the citizen companies when necessary. The inhabitants of the area did not serve weapons duty. The annexation of Bremen by France in early 1811 disbanded the city militia and disarmed them later.\nThe B\u00fcrgerschaft, although keeping the forms of the civilian militia unaltered, which were occasionally equipped with weapons in the spring and summer of 1813, actively showed itself. In all periods, the never completely abandoned, albeit to a greater or lesser extent through form or real activity, civilian militia proved beneficial for its upholding.\n\nThe military and political upheavals in the autumn of 1813 changed, with the first light of our regained freedom after the time, the entire shape of the militia according to appropriate principles. The robust German and free spirit revived and led it. Already, during the time when our conscripted sons were still held in the usurper's ranks under distant heavenly arches, and the last bloom of our youth was still with him,\nUnsung through the establishment of honor gardens, many Bremish men and youths among the liberators of Germany began to form their own banners as early as the end of October 1813, even before the enemy's departure from our lands. A battalion of 800 men, a squadron of Uhlanen of 150 men, and a company of musketeer hunters of 120 men (the latter, raised and equipped at the expense of a wealthy Bremish citizen, paid and commanded by him as captain) were ready in a few months with all necessities to serve the revived fatherland and marched already on the first of February 1814, under the command of the Crown Prince of Sweden. The high feeling of the Bremen for this serious step of the time was not limited to their courage with weapons.\nfaigen M\u00e4nner; equally loud and moving, it was proclaimed in the sacrifices of love and patriotism, with which the free will of the rich and poor, the noble and common, the man and woman, the old and young, laid their gifts on the altar of the fatherland to meet the many needs of the war. Simultaneously, quickly, strong, and charitable, the effectiveness of noble women and virgins from their association came to life. Unforgettable, much is owed to their care by suffering and active soldiers of all allied armies. But since the meaningful time was completely focused and valued, Bremen's upper class and citizens, in the modern reorganization of the citizen militia, were organized at the beginning of January 1814 to last for the preservation of the intended destruction.\nA new and robust civic spirit, for the defense against internal and external dangers, for habitation and training of military requirements. Under the name Citizen Guard, three infantry battalions were established, encompassing all male inhabitants between the ages of 20 and 50, fully military uniformed, armed, uniform, under the most stringent, barely noticeable, civilian considerations, disciplined, and trained in regular military weapons drills. The four companies of each battalion divided themselves according to their districts; each individual one led by a captain, an officer, and two lieutenants, as well as a field commander and other subordinate officers. The battalion staff consisted of the major, quartermaster, and adjutant. The purely military superior command.\nI. Battalions lead as Oberst and Regimentschef a civilian. Immediately subordinate to him and in charge of the technical command, management, and training in individual and mass aspects, as well as in the handling of duties, is a salaried General-Adjutant. He must be a militarily educated officer to meet these requirements. The highest command and immediate disposal of the entirety lies in the hands of a commission, which is headed by the Oberst and has a seat and vote in its midst. The regiment has its own jurisdiction in lower instances. The service of this large, similarly exercised civilian militia, besides the above provisions, includes the watch and garrison duty of the regular forces.\nMilitaries in the case of their marches or other deficiencies. After the return of this latter one from the field in June 1814, the cavalry, which was not needed by the state at peace, and the infantry company of Captain B\u00f6se's hunters were dissolved; the infantry battalion was reduced to the required manpower for daily watch and police duty. Justified wise savings in a time still suffering from earlier exhaustion were these regulations. However, the patriotic spirit was not less justified than Germany in 1815, calling for its sons. A fully staffed battalion, a larger hunter company than before, the latter with significant self-contributions, was raised again by the now promoted to major of the burghers' guard (Heinr. B\u00f6se).\nThe sons of Bremen served in the shortest, decisive and bloody campaign in France, joining the army of the Duke of Wellington. At the same time, a considerable number of free-willing J\u00e4ger to horse and foot served in the Prussian army under Prince Bl\u00fccher, initially under the command of Oberst v.L\u00fczow, their future compatriot. Bremen's sons participated in the actions and battles of this campaign, and after the peace was secured, they were warmly welcomed back by their grateful hometown.\n\nMost of those who had wielded the sword of liberation returned to their peaceful trade. However, the infantry battalion's company remained behind for the performance of internal and garrison duties.\n\nDuring this campaign, this duty was exclusively carried out by the burghers' guard, who were:\nThe justifiable claims of their fellow citizens and the large number of quartered foreign military were secured by the Chief of the second battalion, Major (later Colonel) Oelrichs. In 1817, a reorganization of the burghers' guard, which then received the name B\u00fcrgerwehr, was carried out based on practical experience. The years of compulsory military service were limited to the ages of 20 to 35. The three former battalions formed from the last ten years, according to the old district division. A new light battalion was added, consisting of men from the ages of 20 to 25, whose constitution differed from that of the first three battalions.\nBremen's total armed forces under its command include a regiment of citizen militia, consisting of three line infantry battalions and a light battalion. Their service, in peacetime, initially focuses on military exercises according to the weapon categories.\nThe posting of firefighters at fire scenes and in special events is limited to supporting or representing the military garrison. Additionally, there is a sizable field battalion for this garrison, consisting of four companies and a squadron. The draft was proclaimed for the enlisted young men at the beginning of the 1815 campaign.\n\nFor the operation of fire stations, there is a corps composed of officers, non-commissioned officers, and firefighters, led by a council of aldermen and citizens, well-organized and newly restructured. The obligation to join begins after completing military service, with consideration given to certain trades, such as masons and carpenters, chimney sweepers, and others.\n\nChurch constitution,\nBremen has boasted of this for a long time.\nA inn is to be a place of the church; and where the Lord's church is found, where the truths of the gospel are revered and used for the promotion of religious life, it may well be proud of itself. Since Henry of Z\u00fctphen preached for two years from 1522 to 1524 in the Ansgarius Church, the Reformation had found numerous friends among all classes and estates of the citizens. However, it soon became difficult for these to agree on the disputes of Protestant theologians, some of whom believed that the supernatural could not be limited by defining concepts. It seemed as if the efforts of the clergy, who advocated for these definitions, were carrying the victory over the freer spirit of the citizens.\nMan gave the preference to the gentle and freethinking among the first reformers in Germany. He officially joined the Frankfurter Recess of 1558 and tolerated the disturbances that followed this entry. From this time on, both parties, the stricter and the freer, coexisted; the former, the smaller one, not publicly recognized; the latter, the larger one, maintained and protected by the state through treaties. In the named year, the former cathedral was opened for worship according to the Lutheran rite, as it had developed over the course of a century, and Lutherans were granted free religious practice, subject to the rights of the existing confession, which had established itself during this period.\nThe Reformed and the teaching method of the Lutherans were becoming more compatible. A ruling church sets barriers to freedom for the disadvantaged everywhere; even more so in times when one believed they could only move to promote the salvation of souls within the confines of certain doctrines and exercises. However, these restrictions have been completely removed due to the changes that have occurred in Germany, through the purifying thoughts and sensibilities of the age, and through the measures and appropriate actions taken by the Senate and the citizens. The Lutheran Petrigemeine now enjoy the same rights as the parishioners of the city; in the constitution, there are no hindrances preventing a Lutheran from accessing public office.\nAs a reformed person, the difference between the two confessions exists among educated citizens only in name. It can be hoped that this distinguishing difference, which still occasionally hinders unity, will yield to external church union.\n\nThe relationship of the state to the church in Bremen, based on the principles from which the Augsburg Confession's imperial estates derived their stance, led the senate to exercise bishops' rights, whereas the inner workings of the individual city communities had already taken the form of a free constitution. Each community has two elders, who lead the affairs of the community under the name of builders. One of them is chosen from the senate members.\ngew\u00e4hlt, wenn sich deren in dem Kirchspiele linden. \nMit diesen bilden die Prediger, acht Diakonen und \ndie angesehenem Kirchenglieder einen Ausschufs, der \n\u00fcber Gegenst\u00e4nde von geringerer Bedeutung ohne \nZuziehung der Gemeine Bestimmungen trifft, die^ \njenigen, \u00fcber welche die ganze Gemeine zu entschei- \nden hat, vorbereitet, und die Subjecte zur Besetzung \nerledigter Kirchen\u00e4mter vorschl\u00e4gt. Die Gemeine \nw\u00e4hlt aus den Vorgeschlagenen , und versammelt sich \ndazu, wie zu Verhandlungen \u00fcber Gegenst\u00e4nde allge- \nmeiner Berathung, in Conventen, welche von dem \ndirigirenden Bauherrn pr\u00e4sidirt, und deren wichtigere \nBeschl\u00fcsse von dem Senate best\u00e4tigt werden. Diese \nEinrichtung , deren Vorrechte bis zum Jahre 1814 nur \ndie vier Pfarreien der Altstadt genossen, seit der Zeit \naber auch die Petrigemeine und die in der Neustadt mit \nihnen theilt, ist im Wesentlichen dieselbe; nur haben \nSome churches sought to draw closer to those of the Reformed denomination with their peculiar Presbyterial constitution. At the collections of the Petrigemeine, not all members could participate due to their large size, which accounted for more than half of Bremen's inhabitants. Their church conventions were therefore managed by a committee consisting of the four builders, four ministers, four and twenty deacons, scholars, and other members in public office. The two parishes in the suburbs only had the right to elect their own ministers but were subject to direct supervision from the Senate in all other church and school matters. Additionally, the entire church and school system in the area was governed by this arrangement.\nUnder the oversight of two members of the Senate, in charge of listing the names of inspectors or visitors of churches and schools in the countryside. The common people in the district of Vegesack, just like those in the suburbs, are entitled to choose their preacher from a list prepared by the inspection. Each city commune manages the affairs of its main school through its builders and a designated official. The general welfare is administered by citizens under the direction of the Senate, and the distribution of aid to the poor of the city and suburbs is arranged. Similar arrangements are also made for pious foundations in the city. The relationship of the Roman Catholic communities will be definitively determined as soon as negotiations among various German princes are concluded.\nThe free cities with the Roman chair and the resulting papal bull from August 20, 1821, will be regulated. Currently, an administrative inspection, consisting of some members of the Senate, oversees this worship. There are approximately 1,500 Catholics. A beautiful church was assigned to them by the Senate a few years ago, which is now being put to use. In addition to the Lutheran Parish of St. Ansgarius, which has attracted several families of this confession through the election of a Lutheran pastor, there are seven reformed parishes in the city and thirteen in the area.\nThe inhabitants of the town and the suburbs of Vegesack have united into an evangelical community. Eleven of its members have converted from other denominations. The ministry, to which the twelve pastors of the seven parishes in the city and the suburbs belong, has only supervisory powers in church matters and presents its views to the senate and the president. It is responsible for introducing the liturgy and the hymnal, examines and ordains the called pastors, candidates, and school teachers, and appoints church visitors to report on the preservation of church life in their respective areas. The presiding chair at its meetings is taken in turn by one of the four main pastors at the churches in the Old Town.\nDirektors, durch den alle die Kirche betreffenden \nVorstellungen an den Senat gelangen , so wie dessen \nAnzeigen und Beschl\u00fcsse durch ihn an das Ministerium \nkommen. \nSchul- \nund Gelehrt en gesch i cht e \nBremens, f \nDie Geschichte des wissenschaftlichen Lebens geht \nin Bremen j wie in \u00e4hnlichen deutschen St\u00e4dten, von \nden daf\u00fcr errichteten Stiftungen, von den Schulen, \naus. Diese waren sofort da unentbehrlich , wo zur \nGr\u00fcndung, Befestigung und weitern Verbreitung des \nChristenthums neue Bisth\u00fcmer gegr\u00fcndet wurden; \ndaher f\u00e4llt der Anfang literarischer Regsamheit un- \nstreitig mit der Stiftung des Bisthums zusammen , d. h\u201e \nin das letzte Viertel des achten Jahrhunderts. Zwar \ngibt es keine bestimmte Angabe von der Errichtung \neiner Schule unter dem ersten Bremischen Bischof \nW\u00fclehadus; allein erw\u00e4gt man, dafs dies Bisthum auf \nder Gr\u00e4nze nicht nur der Karolingischen Monarchie, \nBut also in the world of Christianity during that time, and with the focus on expansion towards the north and east, there should have been thought of an institution for the education of young spiritual individuals, particularly future missionaries. Considering what Charles the Great himself decreed at synods for the spread of Christianity and the beginning of scholarly life; and since it can be inferred from a privilege given by the city of Osnabr\u00fcck that a Greek and Latin school already existed there; it is plausible that a school was also founded in Bremen with the bishopric.\n\nThe first historical date from Bremen.\nSchulwesen best\u00e4tigt diese Vermuthung. Im zehnten \nJahrhundert wird schon ein Rector der Bremischen \nSchule Namens Triadhelmus erw\u00e4hnt, der im Kloster \nCorvey von Octricus nachherigem Erzbischof von \nMagdeburg, dem gelehrtesten Manne seiner Zeit, ge- \nbildet, der hiesigen Schule Ruf mufs erworben haben ; \ndenn unter den Sch\u00fclern dieses Triadhelmus wird ein \nd\u00e4nischer Prinz Odincar genannt; ferner die beiden \nBisch\u00f6fe Osmund und Vicelin, von welchen der letztere \nsich den r\u00fchmlichen Beinamen eines Apostels der \nSlaven erwarb, werden als Z\u00f6glinge dieser Schule \nerw\u00e4hnt. \nFreilich m\u00f6gen diese ersten Bl\u00fcthen wissen- \nschaftlichen Lebens im Sachsenlande sehr gelitten \nhaben in der bald eingetretenen rauhern Zeit. Das \ngemeinsame Leben der Geistlichen an den Bischofs- \nsitzen, diefs wohlth\u00e4tige Institut Chrodegangs von \nMetz, das sich so segenreich verbreitet hatte, zerfiel, \nIn Bremen specifically, under the archbishops Unwan and Bezelin, Normans and Magyars disturbed the peaceful life in general and the tranquility of the bishoprics and monasteries particularly. However, in the beginning of this turbulent period, there is the restless spiritual and ecclesiastical activity of the pious Nordic apostle Ansgarius, who made himself meritorious in Bremen in many respects. In the following century, Italy was connected again with Germany during the time of Otto the Second; the Saxon imperial court even came into contact with Greek culture under Otto the Third. The delicate scion of the Roman-German and Greek imperial houses, Otto the Third, cultivated with youthful warmth what his homeland offered him from the earlier humanism, and gathered around himself, supported, and promoted.\nThe most significant circles of the most learned and cultivated men of his nation and tribe. All this contributed favorably to northern Germany and also here for the stimulation of scientific pursuits and institutions for the same. It is also worth noting that at the same time, life at a place like Bremen, where river and seafaring met, had to become more lively than at places with less favorable geographical locations. The granting of freedom from the power of the potentates by Otto the Great to the city implies that free and self-governed life among the inhabitants had already emerged. This interaction, in which the lay and ecclesiastical worlds stood opposite each other in the Middle Ages, had to be stimulating, revitalizing, and enriching for the latter.\nThe religious orders, particularly as both estates aimed to expand trading circles among the laity and bind each other as partners in the bishop's spheres for a considerable time. The mendicant orders may have provided some compensation for the declining communal life of regular canons and the associated schools in their initial settlements in cities. However, this could not be easily compared to the restless spirit of the order's relentless pursuit of their interests and the increasing aridity of scholasticism. The Dominicans at least offered some spacious accommodations for the later flourishing educational institutions there, which they and the Franciscans established in their domains.\nSchools for youth arose, but they found it difficult to rise above the usual unspiritual activities in such monastic institutions; even if it is said that these schools of the orders established them in the manner of Oxford, Paris, and other schools and academies. Neither high nor low educational institutions were spiritually stimulating in the preceding century before the Reformation. Even at the highest educational institution in Germany, in Prague, it looks very poor according to the study plan of Emperor Charles IV; even there, the Doctrinale, a bad Latin grammar in Leonine verses, still plays a major role, and in the lower schools, besides this Doctrinale, even more barbaric books rule, such as Cisio-Janus, Mammaetractus, Gerara gemmarum, etc. - All of this was learned backwards.\nIn these schools, the mother tongue was not further considered, except that one could also read in it: but also to that, which at that time in Italy and soon became the source of all free intellectual life, led the memorization of these Latin schoolbooks not to. The only thing encouraging was perhaps the fact that the Latin church hymns were also sung, and diligent musical and singing exercises were driven in the schools for the sake of the church.\n\nIn these dry times of scholasticism, there are all the more delightful signs in northwestern Germany, including the Netherlands, as if by invisible hand planted and cultivated. Oases of intimate spiritual life.\nWith the given requirements, the cleaned text is:\n\nsich mit unerm\u00fcdlichem Fleisse zur Hervorrufung einer leichten Zeit im Stilles schafft. It is not unnecessary to mention here this delightful phenomenon in general literary history, specifically Cisio-Janus, a calendar consisting of 24 Latin verses. Its unintelligible words, revealed by their individual letters, provide guidance for determining the church feast days in the year. A few words to note, as this phenomenon is only explainable where specific historical information about it is abundant. Gerhard Groot, a clergyman, founded in the last half of the fourteenth century in Deventer, his hometown, an educational institution for the youth, which can be seen as the first Lichtpunkt, from which light spread for the entire northwestern German-speaking region.\nBefore the Reformation, a new day began for the Brothers and Sisters of his Congregation. They were not only supposed to teach but genuinely engage in their children's upbringing. In doing so, they were to acquire the necessities for themselves through their own labor, thus contrasting them with the begging orders. The Brothers' work in this Congregation primarily involved copying artistic scripts, which even the pagan teachers counted among their own. This seemingly insignificant institution quickly spread throughout the Netherlands, Westphalia, and Lower Saxony. Its insignificance may have initially kept it out of the notice of the Orders, but its unchecked spread grew rapidly as the German people thirsted for spiritually uplifting pursuits.\nDuring this time, when incomprehensible subtleties had reached extreme levels in scholastic theology and offered him nothing appealing, teaching institutions, true educational institutions, flourished in lively competition. The successor of Groots, Fulgentius, raised among others the renowned Thomas \u00e0 Kempis. Among his students, a whole group of young, strong men spread throughout Germany. Among these, Rudolf von Lange, Moritz von Spiegelberg, Anton Liber, Ludwig Dringenberg, Alexander Hegius, and finally Rudolf Agricola stood out. The wealthier among these went, encouraged by their beloved old teacher, to Italy to hear the men arriving from Greece and to study diligently in the works of Greek and Roman antiquity.\nThe Unbemittelten remained behind, but soon established a significant influence in Heimath as leaders of schools. Hegius, around 1480, Rector of the school in Deventer, raised there the first nobleman in Germany, who, following the model of Italian aristocrats, taught as a teacher on high and middle schools, and the renowned Erasmus of Rotterdam. Rudolf von Lange elevated the school in M\u00fcnster to such an extent that he could send the finest teachers from it to all regions of Germany; it is likely that the first Rector of the Bremen School, Johann Oldenburg, originated from there.\n\nFrom these few indications, it becomes clear that before the Reformation and even before the Latin school was erected here, there was an independent educational system.\nExtremely learned men, such as those from Wyk and Gr\u00f6ning, could be found here and in the surrounding area. They must have been among those who were active in Reuchlin's trial at Rome. \u2014 When this renowned trial of Reuchlin against the Dominican and Inquisitor Hochstraten, who was pursuing him in Rome after he had already been defeated in Germany, could not find a procurator for him there because everyone feared the power and vengeance of Hochstraten and his order, Joh. von der Wyk, who was then in Rome, offered himself as his defender. And when Hochstraten hoped to win yet by means of a most unfaithful translation of the Reuchlinian Augenspiegel, Dr. Martin Gr\u00f6ning from Bremen, who was also in Rome at the time, intervened.\nIn the given translation, there were three hundred falsifications, which he vigorously defended, whose validity he manfully upheld against any challenge from the opposing party. It cannot be strange that the Reformation found a well-prepared ground in northwestern Germany, particularly in the larger cities. This is to be expected, as one could immediately see here the entire scientific culture from which it had emerged, and not just the church, but also the school, that is, scientific education.\n\nIn Bremen, the founding of the new school is almost coincidental with the introduction of the Reformation itself. In 1522, Heinrich von Z\u00fctphen first preached the evangelical doctrine here, and in 1525, it was brought by others.\nFrom the year 1528, recommended and summoned by the two preachers Probst and Tiemann, who were endorsed by Heinrich von Z\u00fctphen, the evangelical religious service was introduced in all the churches of the city. The Catharinen-Kloster was then turned into a Latin school.\n\nFrom this year 1528 onwards, a lively struggle for scientific culture could be observed in Bremen. It was undoubtedly laborious, initially only to raise funds for a school. Rules, as they could be taken from Hesse, Saxony, and W\u00fcrttemberg for the equipment and permanent endowment of the school system, were lacking there, as the burghers, who could shape their commonwealth according to their own order, had early provided that not too much wealth should come into the hands of the clergy, from which the detrimental consequences followed.\nThe following men, with meager state budgets, should soon draw your attention. The revenues from the monastery lands given to the council were insufficient, requiring the aid of the school's foundation's income from Gertrude's Hospital. What was still lacking was provided by the charitable acts of patriotic citizens. Furthermore, the selection of men employed at the new school demonstrates careful consideration. The first rector, Johann Oldenburg, was likely, as previously mentioned, a pupil at the M\u00fcnster school. He served the school for sixteen years from 1528. Shortly thereafter, a renowned man was persuaded to move to Bremen and devote only a little time to the school. Euricius Cordus, as a Latin poet, along with his closest friend Eobanus Hessus, had long been known throughout Germany.\nRuhmt, through Reisen in Germany (including the journey to Worms in Luther's company in 1521) and Italy, where he became Doctor of Medicine at Ferrara, continued to be educated. He found himself in Marburg, where he was called as Professor of Medicine in 1527, in an unfavorable situation. This led the Senate to offer him a professorship in Bremen. He came to the joy of the entire city. His poems testify that he felt happy here and was welcomed with deep respect, which was matched by the sorrow over his early loss (he died at the end of the year 1535). However, there were many men in the sixteenth century who had clarified their minds in the spirit of classical antiquity, and the fact that they did so frequently was particularly noteworthy.\nAll friends of Mclanchthon were pressured by the dogmatists to see Ultras, making it easier for them to gather at the school. During the time, around 1553, when the ubiquity disputes began to cause such great unrest in Protestant Germany, the school was in a thriving condition. The scholarchate, after the death of the first active scholarch L\u00fcder Hals, who was also respected in foreign lands as the B\u00fcrgermeister Daniel von B\u00fcren and a senator, was entrusted to them for two years. The successors of these men also took care of the temporal affairs of the school. For example, in 1545, an agreement was reached with the Canonicis at St. Stephen's, that the prebends would only be given to men who were suited to the sciences, and this concession was made in the so-called papal months.\nThe Senate was to stand, which was the first endowed canonicate, whose occupation fell to him, the then Bector Christian Stella; some revenues of the inn of the school were transferred, and land lying fallow before the Easter gate was settled with farmers in 1552. The school itself flourished under excellent teachers. Among them must be reckoned the two Bremer, Anton Grevenstein, teacher from 1533 to 1544, and then also teacher at the school and preacher in U. L, F, and Hermann Winkel, who held a teaching position at the school for 43 years. To these joined Johann Molanus (scholar by birth), who came to Bremen in 1553 as a scholar.\nA refugee from his Catholic homeland, Flander, arrived in Bremen just as Burgermeister Detmar Kenkel, one of Hardenberg's most ardent opponents, was in office. Molanus, a friend of Hardenberg despite their theological differences, was welcomed by Kenkel due to his reputation for learning and merits. Not only did all respect him, but even his adversary, Hardenberg, showed appreciation.\n\nAccompanied by several young Flemish nobles who supported their teacher in exile and refused to leave him, Molanus settled in Bremen. The senate honored him with tax exemptions, a residence, and an annual gift. In return, Molan taught a Greek lesson at the school. He lived there for six years, and Kenkel granted him permission to leave in 1559 for Duisburg.\nThe following Scholarchat referred to Rufenwurde without an honorable traveling gift. Even among the scholars of the city, where exceptional talent was evident, one tended to assign it more or less to the school. Soon after Molan's departure, where a vacancy seemed noticeable, Canonicus at St. Stephan, Johann Sloengraben, and the city's physician, Johann von Ewich, took initiative and began teaching in the first class on their own accord.\n\nMeanwhile, the heated dogmatic war over Ubiquity had found its base in Bremen, and from there, it spread throughout Lower Saxony, notably the larger cities, Braunschweig, Magdeburg, L\u00fcbeck, Hamburg, against their sister city, where B\u00fcren shielded his friend Hardenberg manfully. The school also endured this storm not without damage. The departure of the learned individual was just one of the consequences.\nForeigners were the loss; Winkel was removed as Hardenberg's friend, as well as Grevenstein. Other teachers, who held opposing views, fled to B\u00fcren after their defeat in 1562 with the departing members of the council. The damage soon recovered, it seems, mainly due to the efforts of B\u00fcrgel, who was most steadfast in this battle from B\u00fcren, although he had not yet taken over the headmaster position anew.\n\nThe former headmasters Vasmar and Steding called back the expelled teachers and gave Canonicus Sloengraben the order, on his journey to Marburg, to look for other capable teachers. He managed to find three and they were immediately hired. Additionally, Sloengraben and Ewich, as mentioned before, worked at the school themselves. Only one was missing.\nThe Rector Ziegenhagen had also withdrawn with the Anti-Hardenbergians. Once again, there was a longing for Molan. On repeated invitation letters from old friends, particularly the burgher master of B\u00fcren, he returned from Duisburg and assumed the Rectorate of the school in J 563. He headed it until his death in 1583. He lived among them with his whole soul, and whether he signed himself as Custos puerorum or Rector scholae in his letters, he was both completely. The time, which was approximately still left for his office, he spent welcoming his friends from the Spanish-Catholic homeland, whom he invited to live with him in Bremen in undisturbed conscience.\n\nFrom Molan's reception as a stranger and exile here, there arises a high respect for his exceptional talents and erudition.\nThe scientifically educated segment of the citizens. Only further does the history of the storm reveal that Hardenberg gave innocent permission for it. The composed composure of the entire citizenry, which in a otherwise agitated time must be surprising, is evident in the course of the fight. Seriously, from B\u00fcren with all his calm and steadfastness, he could not have emerged unscathed from this loathsome thought about the orthodox view of love and the still loathsome drive of most loud spokesmen against the two friends, against him and Hardenberg, if not the core of the citizenry, under the confusing clamor of rabid agitators, had not kept their healthy gaze and heart with their meek and strong mayor in the most heated hour.\nThe calm demeanor of the struggle might have prevented the suppression of the Brabant, Flanders, and Huguenot militia. Perhaps their mildness, reason, and goodwill could have countered the pursuing zealots. This behavior in the Hardenberg conflict also had unintended consequences on spiritual education, as will be further revealed in the historical account.\n\nAmong these unintended consequences was the fact that eighteen years later, during the Sacrament Struggle when the Concordat of Formula of Concord had been achieved, the city preferred to align itself with the Reformers rather than the divisive Concordat. (Gerdesii antiquarium. Tom V, part j, pag. 89 et {IQ.})\n\nShortly after this step was taken, he died.\nMolan felt the loss deeply. The scholars of B\u00fcren and Steding, both mayors, consulted with Superintendent Pezelius and Dr. Ewich regarding the filling of the vacant position. They considered Cruciger in Wittenberg and Goclenius in Marburg. The rejecting response of both might contribute to the decision to establish an illustrious gymnasium; however, it seems to me that the most compelling reasons for the schoolmaster position next in the current state of the Church affairs might be found in the city, which had changed unlike the rest of the Protestant surroundings. The Melanchthonically-minded city, which was already considered completely Calvinist in the entire German environment, required its own higher educational institution for its theological and ecclesiastical needs.\nShe could, as soon as she was in some completeness, offer refuge to refugees from the Netherlands, the Rhine, and France. These refugees driven from their homeland by persecution brought spiritual and physical benefits to the receiving and protecting city. Some were noble and impoverished families, or industrious and experienced people in various branches of industry. The forcibly displaced members of a pressed Ecclesia were, in general, the intellectually and morally superior of their nation. In any case, both the confessional affinity and the influx of persecuted confessionals necessitated closer ties with the reformed assembly.\nThe Netherlands, Rhine, Switzerland, and even France introduced land. Intimate friendship with French reformed theologians was particularly effective, among whom early scholarship flourished and men of free-thinking spirit and classical taste were already found. In the cultural and scholarly history of Brandenburg-Margraviate, this stands out more prominently; however, one can also look back to a specific city where such influx had occurred earlier. Thus, in general, the reformed points in the northern regions can be compared to a single city where such influx had taken place earlier.\nSince the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, Germany has experienced significant blessings from neighboring intolerance, spreading across several German, even non-reformed, lands.\n\nOn the 14th of October, 1584, in the abandoned library room of the former cloister, the foundation of the Gymnasium was celebrated with an inaugural speech by Ewich. A renowned and already famous excellent schoolmaster was appointed to head the new institution, Johann Meister from G\u00f6rlitz, who had previously served there for fifteen years. Having been a devoted follower of Melanchthon there, he now turned to Bremen. He traveled accompanied by young Prussians, Poles, Bohemians, and Germans.\nehrten Lehrer sich nicht haben trennen wollen, in Bremen ein. Leidenschaftlich blieb er jedoch einer Krankheit am 10. Febr. 1587 der neuen Lehranstalt entrissen. Sein Tod wurde in G\u00f6rlitz bekannt gemacht, in der Kirche sein Lebenslauf gelesen und das Ecce rruomodo moritur justus feierlich abgesungen; in der Hauptkirche dort wurde von dankbaren Sch\u00fclern sein Bildnis mit einer ehrenden Inschrift aufgerichtet; eine Feier, die nicht blos den Wert des Mannes bezeugt, sondern auch in der Charakter dieser Zeit um so mehr erfreulich ist, als dieser \u00fcbrigens Hafs und Verfolgungssucht so oft entstellt.\n\nIn Bremen und an der kaum aufbl\u00fchenden Anstalt wurde Meisters Verlust nicht weniger gef\u00fchlt. Gl\u00fccklicherweise hatte das Gymnasium damals schon mehrere treue M\u00e4nner, die, bis sich ein w\u00fcrdiger Nachfolger gefunden, die Leitung \u00fcbernommen haben.\nProfessor Theology's trusted friend was Christoph Pelzelius, a scholar versed in exegesis, morality, and history in all these fields. A skilled jurist was brought from Cologne during that time of persecution, Caspar Alteneich. Although already advanced in age, he accepted the professorship of law and also served as a citizen and legal advisor for the city in its affairs. He died, a ninety-year-old elder, in 1605, having taught here for 21 more years with approval.\n\nThe professorship of medicine was held by the frequently mentioned doctor and physician of the city, Johann von Ewich. He was from his native city Kleve.\nA testant left early and then went first to Upper Germany and later to Italy to expand his knowledge in general, and particularly in the field of medicine. With the Doctor degree in the latter, he returned from Italy and, since his homeland did not yet guarantee him security, he turned to Bremen. He must have been highly respected as a doctor, teacher, and advisor, as evidenced by what is mentioned from him and hinted at in the titles of his few writings. One of his small writings deals with the duty of the ruler to protect the state during the plague; another one about witches and poison makers, during a witch burning in the neighboring Kniphausen domain, drew him an opponent in Scribonius from Marburg who challenged him in the water test.\nAt least against Ewich, Wollte wanted to save. Ewich's epitaph in Ansgarikirche attests that he was a meticulous Bible scholar, a Baccalaureus of Laws, and a very experienced knower not only of the old but also of many new languages.\n\nJohann Esych, born in a Bremen family that had given the city eleven members in two centuries of the Senate and several mayors, became the rector of the Gymnasium now. A pupil of Molan, friend of the learned Lipsius, and for a time the teacher and tutor of Belgian Achills, Moritz of Oranien, took over the leadership of the Pedagogium at the same time. Both men rejected the entire rectorship and bound themselves only temporarily for the leadership of the taken part until a worthy one appeared.\nThe successor has been found. This person was discovered by the scholars of B\u00fcren and Steding at Nathan Chytraeus, Professor of Poetry and Pedagogy in Rostock. Even the peace-loving poet was made miserable in Rostock by two theologians; for he was suspected of Crypto-Calvinism. B\u00fcren and Steding, who were informed of his situation, did not hesitate to propose him for the interim rectorship. The hard-pressed and already determined-to-emigrate man received the vocation letter joyfully; but the Halcyon days he hoped to find in Bremen were clouded by a loss: the day of his arrival was also the funeral day of his friend and protector from B\u00fcren, who died on July 12, 1593. Chytraeus had also educated himself through travel; he had not only visited almost all the universities in Germany.\nvisited, he was also in Oxford, Paris, Basel, and P;- dua, Rome and Naples; an entire summer he spent with an exceptional pedagogue, Georg Fabricius, in Meilsen, to investigate the method of this man more closely. Alas, a teacher so well-equipped for the city was taken away from us just as soon by death. He, Cytraus, also distinguished himself as a Latin poet. This is mentioned by several of the previously named and following scholars, which is notable in more than one respect. More than any other faculty science at the time, poetry formed the entire mind, above all, the talent for vivid and living presentation was developed through this. The scholars of this time, who were poets as well, therefore shone brightly.\nBesser were teachers and educators. And if the gift of poetic art was predominantly used by them only for trifling poems, then these are all the more of historical worth. For they often bring the past to life in characteristic details more vividly than any chronicle can.\n\nThe transition from the sixteenth to the seventeenth century is most skillfully depicted in Bremen's Scholarly History by H. Krefting. Molan described this worthy man even as a student. He had been a Churf\u00fcrstlicher Rat and professor in Heidelberg for a time before being elected to the senate in 1591, still not yet thirty years old. From then on, he rejected all honorable requests patriotically and promoted the welfare of the fatherland not only in ordinary affairs.\nA man, not only a town councilor, but also an envoy and a writer. He wrote against his Discourse on the Republic of Bremen (which only exists in manuscript form), to defend the claims of the archbishop against the patriotic citizens. The greatest contribution is to Dilich's Chronicon. Through a charitable foundation for poor students, he finally set a monument, which still bears his name among us. The Bremen Scholar History of the 17th century lists several names of men who are also known in general Scholar History. The center and hub of scholarly endeavor in this century is still the Gymnasium, which received its own printing press in 1613 on the wish of the professors. It was established by men from Hanau.\nThomas and Berthold de Villiers were summoned and established. In the second century of the seventeenth century, Martini, Crocius, and Isselburg formed a notable scholarly triumvirate not only in relation to our schools but also in the church world. To obtain the first, Martini, the Bremen Senator Davemann went to Emden and persuaded the townspeople there not to let him leave, as they had already agreed with the Count of Nassau to keep their beloved preacher from being taken to Bremen. He met their expectations. The P\u00e4dagogium received immediate new direction from him, which it held until 1765. It was divided into six classes, with nine teachers, the oldest of whom was the P\u00e4dagogiarch and taught only in the first class, while the others each taught in their respective classes.\nTwo classes, one as Cantor in singing, the other in arithmetic instruction, distributed themselves in all lessons given mornings from eight to ten and afternoons from two to four o'clock. The gymnasium continued to flourish. Students streamed in from Denmark, Poland, Hungary, particularly from Bohemia and Moravia; for at that time there were few well-established gymnasiums, and Martin's reputation spread beyond Germany's borders. His extensive philological knowledge is attested to by the still respected Lexicon etymologicum, from which one can particularly glean his then rare knowledge of the Arabic language. In Martin's theological works, there are some unusual dogmatic ideas of his pupil Job. Coccejus, who further developed them later.\nMartinus' housekeeping theory, later used as the foundation for the entire religious instruction in the Bremischen Catechism of Fr. Ad. Lampe. Martinus' colleague and later successor in the rectorship at the gymnasium, Ludw. Crocius, is described as an excellent, cheerful teacher. He received his learned education at Marburg, then Bremen, Basel, and Genf. In the year 1610, he was called to Bremen and rejected all further offers, despite the orthodoxy of the theologians there being challenged by almost liberal theologians and himself being accused of Photinianism and Socinianism by a former student, whom he had recommended. However, it was the time of the Dordrecht Synod, where these three prominent Bremen theologians and teachers at the gymnasium appeared.\nThe Bremish Senator, Matth. Chytraeus, praises this triumvirate of distinguished, peace-loving theologians, who were sent away by the Senate. It is unfortunate that Morizens' educator, Joh. Esych, was already dead; he could have strengthened this liberal trio of theologians there even more.\n\nThe dispatch of such men, with their free views and love of peace, to the notorious synod, appears as evidence that even during the most fervent reformers' dogmatic disputes, the Hardenberg-B\u00fcren spirit held sway in Bremen.\n\nAs Hardenberg had done 50 to 60 years earlier in the Nightmasters' dispute, he stood manfully as a theologian, B\u00fcren as a loyal friend and unwavering statesman, against the reformers. In the struggle over the grace of election, Moriz's man stood thus.\nSupralapsarians supported Gomarus not only in provoking the Martinian controversy but also aggressively attacked him, as Conr. Iken stated in his Oratio de Schola Bremensi. They admitted contributing to the milder formulation of certain decrees and only afterward, without relinquishing their specific views, signed the Acts to affirm their orthodoxy. One could perhaps call them reformed Melanchthonians at this synod.\n\nDuring the thirty-year war and even later, the theological faculty remained prominent in our literary life. However, the juristic faculty increasingly took a more prominent role and began to offer very distinguished men. Among them were Gerh. Coccejus, the elder.\nThe younger Johann Wachmann, famous brother of two well-known theologians, Georg and Johann Copper (also known as Christian and Herrn), is the most notable among these distinguished men for Bremen. During the time when a ban was imposed on the city due to disputes over the Elsfleth Tolls, he tirelessly endeavored to seek success at Regensburg, N\u00fcrnberg, Augsburg, and before the emperor and estates, even under the most unfavorable circumstances. His diplomatic efforts during the city's struggles over the disputed Reichsfreiheit, which led to the Stader Agreement in 1656 and eventually the Habenhauser Peace in 1666 after further disagreements.\n\nCleaned Text: The younger Johann Wachmann, brother of two renowned theologians, Georg and Johann Copper (also known as Christian and Herrn), is the most notable among these distinguished men for Bremen. During the ban imposed on the city due to disputes over the Elsfleth Tolls, he tirelessly endeavored to seek success at Regensburg, N\u00fcrnberg, Augsburg, and before the emperor and estates, even under the most unfavorable circumstances. His diplomatic efforts during the city's struggles over the disputed Reichsfreiheit led to the Stader Agreement in 1656 and eventually the Habenhauser Peace in 1666 after further disagreements.\nThese were the souls of all these negotiations and was the author of almost all the state papers that appeared in the negotiations with Sweden from 1653 to 1667. The ones mentioned before have earned merits for their hometown. The details of their lives and those of the following notable scholars can be passed over, as Rotermund's Lexicon of Bremen Scholars since the Reformation contains copious notes on this and further information. Instead, here are some general remarks. Almost all these exceptional statesmen received their later education, based on humanist foundations, at this very gymnasium, particularly Dutch universities, and completed it through extensive travels.\nAll, with the exception of about old Johann Wachmann, have then only been some years professors at the Gymnasium before they distinguished themselves in public affairs. It is therefore worth mentioning that the foundation of the Gymnasium provided opportunities for young men educated at academies and on travels to further their learned education before entering state affairs. Since Latin was still used in such negotiations at that time, or was even indispensable, greater eloquence in Latin, which the public teacher had to acquire for himself, could already give personal advantage: but it could also later achieve, and perhaps even more, a more complete scientific education.\nBildung, which makes such a career so accessible. As excellent legal teachers are usually elected to the senate after a few years, Tiele could enjoy this gradual transition to public affairs, which is of great value for a small state that relies so heavily on these prominent men in its negotiations.\n\nAmong the scholars of the seventeenth century and particularly mentioned after the theological triumvirate, the beloved pupil of Martin is Johann Coccejus. The skillful teacher sensed in the ambitious young man the man who could begin a new life, epoch-making, in the theological world. In Coccejus' youth came the much-traveled Greek Metrophanes Critopulus.\nAmong other places, Martin also urged his pupil, who had already made contact with the stranger and initially only responded to him in Latin, to further endear himself to him through a Greek speech on the religion of the Turks. Cocceius had already studied the Koran diligently for this purpose at that time. Furthermore, Martin advised the mature student to travel to Hamburg and continue his education at the Rabbinical institution there. He could have already laid a solid foundation for his knowledge of Oriental languages at the gymnasium; for teaching there alongside Martin was the equally proficient Orientalist Gerh. Hanewinkel, who held a teaching position there for 58 years. Thus, Cocceius developed into the man who, as Spittler reports in his church history, acquired extensive knowledge.\nIn a time when all of theology consisted of polemics or circular reasoning, Coccejus, having acquired the position, brought the Bible and its ideas back into circulation. The full harvest of the field he had so tirelessly tended, as Spittler noted, alas not experienced by him, but only by the men who worked on it after him: Momma, Burmann, Braun, Witsius, and finally his greatest student, Vitringa.\n\nNot only in Holland, where he was last a professor in Leiden, but also in Bremen, where he previously taught Hebrew as a professor, Coccejus had worthy successors. It is mainly due to his exemplary leadership that the study of oriental languages and auxiliary sciences gained such significance among Bremen theologians in the eighteenth century.\nMany revered and diligent scholars found merit in Cornelius and Theodor de Hase, Conrad Iken, and finally in Johann Peter Berg, who died as a professor in Duisburg in 1800. Rotermund's Lexicon provides further information on the lives, achievements, and writings of these men. Conrad Iken, whose compendium of Hebrew antiquities is still known to learned theologians, deserves mention for his particularly valuable annotations to his Oratio de illustri Bremensium schola. All these men, at least for a time, were professors at the Gymnasium; Cornelius de Hase and Iken were also rectors of the same institution. Additionally, the Holland area held great significance for Bremen, as it did for him.\nFriedr. Lampe, a theologian, managed the Rectorate for a time. He is more renowned in Bremen due to his numerous catechetical and ascetic writings, which significantly influenced religious life at the time in both Bremen and Holland. His writings separated unique old testamentary and overall biblical ideas from the understanding of the populace, while engaging their imagination and mystical allures kept readers captivated. Wit, imagination, and deeply religious feeling have left lasting traces of his theological sensibility. As a learned exegete and church historian, he earned a reputation and merits.\n\nWith Iken, they shared community, and later alone.\nD. Nicolaus Nonnen, Rector of the Gymnasium in U.L. Fr., who alone kept it from dying out, aspired as a theologian and scholar in general to universality, which was not common in those times. He was also a popular preacher in U.L. Fr. As he was familiar with English theological literature of the time, he likely facilitated here a closer acquaintance with it, especially through recommendations of translated theological writings. In his time and even after him, the writings of Tillotson, Watts, Doddridge, and even Clarke were among the widely read ones here.\n\nD. Elard Wagner, also a preacher in U.L. Fr.,\nThis text is written in Old German script with some interspersed English words. To clean the text, I would first translate it into modern German and then translate it into modern English. Here's the cleaned text:\n\nThe second half of the previous century saw the emergence of a scholar named Hardenberg, who led teaching in the Bremen cathedral, Bremen 1779. Thoroughness, order, and good diction give this book lasting value. As a pulpit orator and deep explorer of human morals, Wagner is reminded not less than through his historical work of the renowned Mosheim. \u2014 Another popular pulpit orator and at the same time critical connoisseur and worthy of respect of the advances that were being made so rapidly in German literature at that time was the preacher in Ansgarii, Dr. Conr. Klughist. Both men had the greatest merit for the 1767 published new reformed hymnal, which was long considered excellent among the contemporary publications. \u2014 In the selection of the hymns.\nA von Klughist written justification: \"Reasons why the reformative ministry in Bremen did not retain all 150 Psalms in the publication of a new Psalm and Hymn book.\" Klughist was himself a spiritual lyric poet, but later contributions in this poetic literature field, where Germany particularly stands out for its wealth, came from the Domprediger Heeren and Meister, Dr. Wagners successor in office.\n\nDetailed information on two renowned legal scholars of the eighteenth century, Gerh. von Mastricht, who also belonged to the seventeenth century, and Eberhard Otto, is given by Juglers biographical contributions. The first one also engaged with the theological world through his work.\nCritical edition of the Greek New Testament merits making. The other Thesaurus Iuris Romani has, despite being in five folio volumes, undergone a new edition and reprint, which speaks volumes for the worth of such a work. Both were Bremen syndics, Otto previously a professor in Duisburg and then in Utrecht.\n\nHe was limited to his native city, but honorable foreign requests were made to him as a scholar and statesman, the worthy Burgermeister Dieterich Smid. After serving some years as a professor at the gymnasium, he was elected to the council in 1741. An uninterrupted civic activity of the city marked his life from then until his death in 1787. Under his leadership, the new institution of the P\u00e4dagogium came into being.\nBremish Judicial Ordinance and a multitude of governmental decrees were issued by him; in other public orders, his former teacher Otto was still his collaborator; he had significant involvement in the city's foreign affairs. His scholarly diligence was primarily directed towards the Bremen statutory laws; however, a complete history of the Bremen laws, as well as a detailed explanation of the statutes, unfortunately remains in manuscript form due to his premature extension of the Horatian Nonum beyond its full validity.\n\nAmong others who are mentioned here, the first archivist of the city of Bremen, Hermann Post, must finally be named here, especially due to important scholarly, largely manuscript works. In the detailed biography of the same, which is in manuscript form.\nSeinen Nachfolger, dem Archivar und Professor Dr. I. Ahasverus, verfasst und der Trauerrede von Dr. Kluglust beigef\u00fcgt ist, f\u00e4llt es bei der Jugendgeschichte des verdienstvollen Mannes recht in die Augen, wie viel damals in angesehenen und beg\u00fcterten Familien auf eine vollendete Ausbildung der S\u00f6hne verwandt wurde. Noch nicht achtzehn Jahre alt, 1711, reiste er in Gesellschaft eines gr\u00fcndlichen Rechtsgelehrten, des nachherigen Senators David Dwerhagen, nach Frankfurt, die Feierlichheiten der Kr\u00f6nung Karls VI ansehen; 1713 bezog er die Universit\u00e4t Utrecht; von da ging er nach Leipzig, dann in Mascov\u2019s Gesellschaft nach Erfurt, wo er Doctor wurde; von da in Begleitung desselben Reisegef\u00e4hrten nach Regensburg, dann an den bayerischen und kaiserlichen Hof; weiter nach Venedig, Mailand, Rom und Neapel.\n\nFrom the biography of the esteemed and wealthy man, it is noticeable how important it was for sons in respected families to receive a complete education. Still not eighteen years old in 1711, he traveled with a learned lawyer, the later senator David Dwerhagen, to Frankfurt to see the coronation festivities of Charles VI; in 1713, he enrolled at the University of Utrecht; from there, he went to Leipzig, then with Mascov's company to Erfurt, where he became a doctor; from there, with the same travel companion to Regensburg, then to the Bavarian and imperial court; further to Venice, Milan, Rome, and Naples.\nThe Italian states of Florence, Piemont, and Savoy returned to Switzerland, where they separated; he went on to post to Paris, from which he reached Bremen again in 1718. The worth of such a liberally designed education must have shone in his eyes; for the state immediately claimed him, and he was assigned the position of archivist, which he administered for 37 years. In this office, which he made lasting contributions to, not only in general through precise diplomatic investigation of existing documents, organization of deeds, letters, and other writings, but also specifically through his personally written collection of Bremen documents in eight folios. The author of the biography notes that the learned collector\nThis individual sought to bring together, from his own collection and through his literary connections, what was still missing in the archive, and during the copying process, he made such precision and neatness in the transcriptions that even a single writing error caused him to rewrite entire pages. He presented this collection to the city archive just before his death, as well as his collection, which was ending with a similar work for the German Society at the time. Through a charitable foundation, this learned and patriotic man eventually made himself worthy of his hometown in this way, by establishing a stipendium for the sons of professors, preachers, and teachers studying abroad.\nThis foundation, carefully managed for sixty years since its establishment, has now grown significantly and can annually support three young men at academies, each with 150 fl. - Many aspiring talents may have been aided by it in this time for their complete development, many Yaters may have been set in their teaching careers, and often effective teachers, whose students she almost exclusively determines to join and retain at these local schools!\n\nThe aforementioned German society was founded on the last day of February 1748. Its purpose was stated as follows: that they had assembled to practice German eloquence and poetry; through which they had already distinguished themselves in their younger years.\nMembers among the students at the gymnasium found it useful, especially since they were required to submit their work for review during their time at academies. Soon, they were able to expand their purpose and contribute significantly through the editing and publication of the Bremish-Niedersachsische W\u00f6rterbuch. This work surpassed earlier efforts by Lichny and Strodtmann in completeness, making a substantial contribution to the development of the German language. Another notable outcome of this foundation was that it provided a scholarly and friendly gathering place for the Hannoverian government scholars, locals, and educated individuals in the surrounding area. One of its most active contributors was the then subrector at the Domschule, S.C. Lap-\nThe Reverend Penberg, formerly of Lesum, who contributed many admirable additions to the known collections of Pratje regarding the history of the Archbishopric of Bremen; furthermore, the then town councilor L.F. Renner, particularly notable for his knowledge of Low German, as evidenced by the Low German poem \"Henninh de Han,\" was useful. Several Oldenburgers were also active members, and the then governor of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst, Graf Rochus von Lynar, served as overseer of the society for a time.\n\nWith regard to the changes made in 1765, alongside those still influenced by Martin's old institution of Pedagogii, were motivated in part by the altered spirit of the times and in part by local causes.\n\nThe school building was converted into a lazaret for English and Hessian soldiers during the Seven Years' War.\nThe number of classes was reduced from 8 to 4, holidays were shortened, the number of teachers and daily lessons increased, and new subjects were introduced: instruction in German and French languages, a mathematical curriculum, and drawing exercises. Despite these changes, the frequency of the school attendance decreased, although it increased slightly in the first years, but soon and every year more so, due to various reasons, primarily because of the ongoing wars.\nLiegen, which was then the prevailing view among the Germans, particularly in Protestant lands, regarding education, especially in light of the dominant practicality and real utility given by Frederick the Great. This facilitated the entry of Basedow, the proponent of Philanthropinism, into widespread acceptance. Along with him, numerous theoretical and practical educators emerged to combat the humanism that had been prevalent in schools since the Reformation, which, although initially beneficial, had become increasingly degenerate. In commercial cities, the prevailing trend of the age towards practicality for life had to make room and become more general. And indeed, in this context:\nKaufmannsstand wohlhabender St\u00e4dte und den sonst \nbeg\u00fcterten B\u00fcrgerstand richteten zun\u00e4chst die neuen \nP\u00e4dagogen ihre mit Zuversicht versprechenden An- \nk\u00fcndigungen. Hatte man daher schon vor der philan- \nthropischen Zeit hier angefangen, S\u00f6hne, die nicht \nstudieren sollten, in Pensionsanstalten nach Celle, \nHannoverund Braunschweig zu schicken, oder doch \nin die Privatschulen der meist aus dem Anhaltischen \nhierhergekommenen Candidaten: so wurde dies nun \nfast allgemeine Sitte. Beg\u00fcterte scheuten selbst die \nKosten des Dessauischen Philanthropins nicht, auch \nwurden im Geist dieser gepriesenen Anstalt hier Er- \nziehungs - Institute unternommen, und endlich durch \nalles dies das P\u00e4dagogium gegen das Ende des Jahr- \nhunderts fast zur Antiquit\u00e4t. \nAber auch das Gymnasium illustre sah seinen alten \nGlanz unter dem unaufhaltbaren Einilufs anderer \nZeiten erbleichen. Bis gegen die Mitte des vorigen \nThe close scientific relationship with Holland lasted for centuries, for which Bremen may have more reasons to thank than first appears. In Holland, not only did humanistic studies flourish, as they did on the most generous soil; not only did its wealthy universities and gymnasiums encourage efforts and undertakings for these, as they were hardly possible elsewhere, but in the long, persistent struggle, the republican spirit of the ancient models - peoples revived to new life. The Grotius, Heinsius, de Witt wrote not only, they lived and died in the spirit of the great ancients. Our most distinguished citizens in the seventeenth and the first half of the eighteenth century.\nHundreds who had almost all studied there returned home, not only with complete scientific education, but also with a firm republican sense, a clear perspective on all public matters, and the perseverance and unyieldingness that distinguished the lives of the prominent and those who emerged with them. However, Bremen proved grateful and many of its scholars, who completed their education on Holland's universities, also spent their best years there teaching with honor and acclaim. The number of Bremen scholars who adorned the universities of Holland as professors was not insignificant. With learned Swiss and Frenchmen, they were the ones who upheld the reputation of the Holland universities during the Dordrecht Synod.\nThe most learned native children both despised and hindered some, while others they promoted within their learned circles. In the second half of the previous century, German universities continued to grow; among them, initially the newly founded Georgia Augusta with its first famous men: P\u00fctter, B\u00f6hmer, Michaelis, Heyne, Feder, Gatterer, Schl\u00f6zer, and others. The faster pace at German universities in semester-long courses, the more practical tendency of lectures, and the fact that everything was read in German, all spoke to the spirit of the times and the demands of the age.\n\nQuickly, the division of students from schools to universities spread, a division that, where seniority is a factor, has a valid reason for us as well. The time, which otherwise existed between school and university,\nBremischen youths useful, became more abbreviated, eventually almost only serving as a pause, in which one prepared for the journey to the academy. The gymnasium, with the exception of a few propaedeutic colleges for antiquities, sank almost entirely. The entire institution, as it now was and increasingly became, no longer functioned in its time, and could only provide half employment for long-staying students. Through the many leisure hours left to them, if external circumstances did not require otherwise, they could fill the empty hours with teaching. Since the year 1798, individual professors at the gymnasium, to whom other scholars had also joined, gave lectures on scientific subjects for adults and educated persons from time to time.\nIn a series of lectures, they were opened. \u2014 General History, Church History, Pedagogy, Physics, Chemistry, Natural History, Botany, and others were repeatedly presented by them to numerous audiences, with applause, for the education of future surgeons, apothecaries, and midwives. The professors of medicine, physicists, and other learned physicians remained actively engaged in teaching through special institutions.\n\nBefore discussing the establishment of new and the revival of old literary institutions, let us first mention the Bremen scholars whose writings are particularly connected to Bremen. Among them is Professor L.P. Cassel, a diligent collector of Bremen-related materials and an explainer of various points in Bremen's history.\nGerhart Oelrichs, primarily in invitations. In his Bremensia and other works, many documents were printed for the first time. In the history of his colleague L.N. Roller, one finds these individual preparatory works for Bremen history cited and used occasionally. \u2014 Gerhart Oelrichs, imperial counselor and since 1768 syndic of the elders, gained recognition through his complete collection of ancient and new law books of the city of Bremen from original scripts. He significantly contributed to the clarification of the language in which they were written through his Glossarium ad Statuta Bremensia antiqua. Unfortunately, his late work in these fields was cut short by his death. Equally dedicated to fatherland law and history was his colleague in the syndicate, I.L.F.\nGildemeister, formerly Professor of Law in Duisburg, as evident in his contributions to the knowledge of domestic law (2 volumes) and his treatises on handbills and pledges. Among his contributions to the Hanseatic Magazine, a future researcher of Bremen history should not overlook his lecture: \"Why Bremen still has no history?\" In the same issue (in the 2nd part of the 6th volume), there is the essay: \"On the oldest lawbook of the city of Bremen\" (originally a lecture in the museum), which provides evidence of his own research.\n\nSignificant, but handwritten works on Bremen history were compiled by B\u00fcrgermeister Chr. Abr. Heinecken, to whom, besides him, no one had access to his rich collection of sources and tools for Bremen history in his possession.\nSet stood. The exceptionally careful and meticulous manner in which he worked is evident in the map of the city of Bremen, whose new edition from 1806 is a testament. Oelrichs, Gildemeister, and the renowned physician and writer A. Wienholt are also worth mentioning as founders and diligent caretakers of the institution, which, towards the end of the previous century, made a notable appearance in the city's literary life, the museum. Regarding the origin and further development of this institution, Wienholt provides a detailed account in the second volume of the Hanseatic Magazine; it is sufficient here to convey the atmosphere in which it emerged and then to highlight its significant impact.\n\nThe ideal of citizenship was particularly significant, especially in a trading city like Bremen.\nThe cities that were in contact with America, during the time of the American war, were shown the utility and practicality by Benjamin Franklin. He had previously set the direction for the scholars, patriotic citizens, powerful statesmen, and the most devoted worshipers of the Religion of the Heart. Now, the man who united in one person the useful scholars, the patriotic citizens, the powerful statesman, and the most devoted worshiper of the Heart, remained simple in the citizen's robe, yet became a high model for all the educated, patriots, and bystanders. The spirit of this man was reflected, like a sunny flash in the first spring, reviving and driving forward everywhere. Here, participation in scientific education and philanthropy in the circle of fellow citizens was the solution; and friends of philanthropic knowledge.\nNisse and those who held the belief that nothing was human to me mingled together. Although one branch of this connection, which was meant for a good purpose, did not last long, yet its existence shows the prevailing attitude, one that was charitable and patriotic, and the mood nurtured by it may have led some, who were wealthy, to undertakings such as this society intended. For instance, during this time, the humble P. Wilkens, who looked around for opportunities to act charitably-minded, took on the plight of many impoverished stocking weavers and secured acceptance of their finished work through the establishment of a warehouse.\n\nHowever, the museum endured for the dissemination of charitable knowledge through its collections, library, and reading society.\nThe daily lectures had significant effects. Another effect, which emerged gradually, unconsciously, and almost unnoticed, was also notable. The German society had already granted a unification point to scholars of Lutheran and Reformed confessions, as well as Hannoverian and city-Bremen officials, for common goals. Both sides found each other here and interacted daily. The Domprediger Vogt, Heeren, later Bredenkamp, as well as several reformed predicators, were among the most diligent attendees and members. The most respected and insightful merchants of Lutheran and Reformed confessions were not just members of the museum but also took part in its direction.\nIn the lectures, the scholarly Bremen was particularly present, as it can be maintained that even before the full political unity of Bremen (1802), there was an interest here in useful knowledge that was otherwise largely separated and detrimentally connected outside of business transactions. The learned Bremen is described in more detail in an article in the Hanseatic Magazine (Volume 5, Issue 2) of 1801 by the then Bremen professor and preacher, J.J.Stolz. Since then (1818), the Rotermundische Lexicon of All Scholars Who Have Lived in Bremen Since the Reformation has appeared in two volumes, which provides even more comprehensive information on this matter. In general, it should be noted that in the latest times, apart from theology and pulpit eloquence, for which Bremen has always been significant and renowned beyond our borders, there is also interest in other areas.\nI. D. Nicolai, I. I. Stolz (translator of the new testament), I. C. H\u00e4feli, I. L. Ewald, G. Menken, I. H. B. Dr\u00e4seke, and others, had distinguished themselves in various sciences. Bremen has had the pleasure of having a series of distinguished scholars as doctors for many years. \u2014 The names Wienholt, Obers, Heinecken, G. N. Treviranus (Biology and Philosophy of Living Nature), I. A. Albers (Prize essay on the Croup or the scabby rash), and others, not only recall the first scientific observations of magnetism in Germany, but also the lively and influential participation of Bremen scholars in the latest advancements of all branches of medical science and natural history in general. The last-mentioned, before:\nThis scholar's investigations into the internal structure of Arachnids are worth mentioning here. Not only is the text his, but also the meticulously executed drawings and several accompanying copper plates are masterfully crafted by him. In the later years of his life, exhausted by his tireless work as a doctor, he died prematurely, leaving behind a significant contribution. His extensive correspondence with foreign, particularly French, British, and American comparing anatomists, natural scientists, and physicians, expanded the connections and effectiveness of German scholars in these fields. As thorough experts and scientific expanders in botany, the Bremen professors L. C. Teiviranus (now) stand out.\nProf. der Botanik in Breslau) and F.C. Mertens in In- and Ausland known. \u2014 From the latter, who predominantly observed and wrote about hidden blooming water plants (Hydrophytes), a comprehensive Flora of Germany will next appear in the publishing house of the Wilmanschen Buchhandlung in Frankfurt am Main. \u2014 Above all, astronomy has found a favorable ground in Bremen for some years. W. Olbers, discoverer of two planets (Pallas on 28th March 1802 and Vesta on 2nd March 1803), has made an enduring name for his hometown and the Bremen observatory he founded. His calculations of numerous comets, some discovered by him and others pursued in their orbit through continuous observations, as well as his numerous other astronomical achievements, have brought him recognition.\nThe writings and correspondences of the living preacher Roterinund (continuation of J\u00f6cherschn's Gelehrten-Lexicon and Bremisches Gelehrten-Lexicon) have not been forgotten in the history of astronomy. As a literateur, Roterinund has earned merits. The current Bremen librarian, Prof. Rump, an active member of the Frankfurtische Gesellschaft f\u00fcr\u00e4ltere deutsche Geschichtskunde, is also noteworthy. Dr. Braubach is known for his nautical writings.\n\nThe selection would seem questionable, as there are already many distinguished Bremen scholars here. However, it is worth mentioning that a living Bremen woman (Betty Gleim) has distinguished herself through thorough writings on pedagogy and the German language.\nThe Latin Dominican school and the associated Athenaeum in the Bremen state require a brief mention. The older history of this school, which belonged to a foreign state (first to the Archbishop, from 1648-1719 Sweden, and from 1719-1802 Hannover), is detailed in Pratjes' History of the School and the Athenaeum at the Royal Dom in Bremen. It can therefore be conveniently bypassed here and only begun where it becomes effective in the school and scholarly history of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen, i.e. since the last quarter of the previous century, or even earlier. When the differences in confession between the Dom and the city parishes were still strict, and the clergy on both sides mainly took note of each other polemically,\nstanden auch die verschiedenen Schulanstalten in ge- \nringer Ber\u00fchrung und Wechselwirkung. Wie indefs die \nControverspredigten mit dem polemischen Zeitalter \naufh\u00f6rten und die Stiftung der deutschen Gesellschaft \nmehr gemeinsames Leben unter den Gelehrten, dann \ndas Museum unter den beiderlei Confessions -Ver- \nwandten \u00fcberhaupt f\u00f6rderte: da verglich wohl man- \ncher Vater heranwachsender S\u00f6hne beide lateinische \nSchulen schon in der Absicht, um die f\u00fcr seine Kinder \nzu w\u00e4hlen , welche ihm das , was er von einer Schule \nbegehrte, am besten zu gew\u00e4hren schien. Bei solcher \nVergleichung mufste sich bald eine Verschiedenheit \nergeben , die der lateinischen Schule am Dom im \nletzten Viertel des vorigen Jahrhunderts, auch noch \nehe eine Ver\u00e4nderung mit derselben gemacht wurde, \nallerdings sehr zu Gunsten war. Beide Sehulen waren \ndamals noch altlateinische; die reformirte hatte \nThe Dom school was mostly staffed with young teachers who were promoted to preacher positions in the Duchy of Bremen after a few years, unless they preferred the schoolmaster role. At the pedagium, where the teachers held their position indefinitely unless retirement was necessary due to old age or death, teachers typically stayed until advanced age. From this circumstance, it is clear that the Dom school could adapt more easily and quickly to changing time needs than it did even before the Lehrplan was altered. Since the last decade of the eighteenth century, sons of reformed parents did not infrequently attend the Dom school, but conversely, those at the Am also frequently did.\nAthenaeum students frequently enrolled there, and many whose educational years fell in those times kept in grateful remembrance the memory of excellent teachers in both institutions. In the year 1794, the teachers at the Domschule finally drew up a new curriculum, adapted to the changed time requirements and local conditions. The Domprediger Bredenkamp, who was also the school's rector at the time, described this change in detail in the Hanseatic Magazine in the second issue of the fifth volume. Two completely new educational institutions also emerged in the last century of the eighteenth century. Both private enterprises were proof of the lively patriotic spirit that had arisen then. Through one of these institutions, the Navigation School, a naval officer was trained.\nSince the text is in German, I will translate it into modern English and clean it up as requested:\n\nThe need had grown since the North American wars, during which Bremen's trading and shipping expanded significantly from year to year. According to the donors' plan, this institution was intended to educate citizen children who wished to serve in the navy in the necessary prerequisites, and to train others who had already spent some time at sea for higher positions through effective instruction.\n\nProf. Mertens describes the flourishing of this institution in the same issue of the Hanseatic Magazine, p. 307. It existed until the end of the century. The second institution, which was also established in the late 1800s, was the citizens' school. It was also effective in its short existence, but it deserved more recognition.\nThe school served as a forerunner of the changes and expansions that took place with the city's school system in the nineteenth century. The merit for its establishment lies with the pastor at Ansgar Church in Bremen, Bi H\u00e4feli (died as Bernburgish Superintendent and Consistorial Councilor in 1811).* Since his arrival in Bremen (1793), he endeavored to improve the parish schools and the other small schools within the community. He recounted the difficulties he encountered in the Hanseatic Magazine in the first issue of the fourth volume. Only after Doctor Ewald (died as Baden church councilor in 1822), called as a pastor to St. Stephani and joined forces with him, was it possible to establish the school following a lecture by the latter at the museum.\nRasch, carrying out the plan for a citizens' school,\nAs liberal patriotic citizens supported its execution,\naccording to Ewald in the same article in the Hanseatic Magazine.\nThe further intention of establishing this institution,\nwhich was supposed to pave the way for improving all the parish and my schools,\nwas gradually achieved. A commission from members of the Senate investigated\nthe condition of the lower schools and private institutions,\nwith some members of the Ministry.\nH\u00e4feli and Ewald issued a brief instruction for school teachers and schoolmistresses\nunder the supervision of the authorities.\nSoon, there was also a lively desire in the community of U. L. F.\nto see the parish schools adapted to the increased needs of the time in a church convention.\nFrom the midst of it, a numerous deputation took the draft of this deputation again in a container on the 19th of August 1802. (A summary of the new arrangement is printed in Bremen 1803.) The changes did not only consist in an appropriate selection of instructional subjects, sensible arrangement of lessons, and establishment of certain school laws, but also in the improvement of the teacher's and his assistant's situation, the arrangement of a permanent inspection, and finally in the purposeful establishment of the new spacious and bright schoolroom.\n\nThis school has since flourished and deserves special mention in confirmation of what has already been hinted at regarding the gradual disappearance of the Confessional difference, as more than half of the children attend it.\nThe following parish school, which is not reformed, are seeking those that have. The others followed, some earlier, others later, this example and formed, each later, more comprehensive, and in accordance with the repeated progressions of time, the old schools were enlarged. A year earlier, as the parish schools began to transform, the pedagogium experienced a significant change. Unquestionably, it was here where help was most difficult. Several teachers had reached old age; others were approaching it. To grant these long-deserving teachers retirement and replace them with younger teachers seemed to exhaust the school fund's forces, yet an ample fund was still required for many other things, if radical help was to be given, if the educational institution itself was to meet the time demands and be sufficiently expanded.\nThe comment should be made. \u2014 The school itself became more neglected under these circumstances, with students being sent to private institutions or more easily adaptable public schools. Since the earlier restructuring of the Pedagogium had so little lasting success after the Seven Years' War and much remained unwieldy, there was a lack of confidence for another attempt. Nevertheless, much around the old teaching institution was changing; many new things were emerging joyfully. Even in the breast of the young teacher, the general springtime stirring was noticeable. They had, with the approval of the school board, already in the old school itself, in an empty classroom of the same, independent of the rest of the institution, opened special lessons for the youth who were determined to act.\nFollowing was seen. Finally, a transformation was sought and truly achieved under the Scholarchat and the special leadership of the then Senator and later Mayor H. Lampe (died 1817). The man, who was otherwise so occupied with law enforcement and various administrative and governmental matters, never lacked the time to delve into all the details of the new plan. Proposals and wishes of individual teachers were considered as much as possible, and the time constraints allowed. The new transformation was then communicated to the public in a brochure titled: \"Over the altered arrangement of pedagogy; a continuation of the two essays in the second and fourth volumes of the Hanseatic Magazine on the topic.\"\nThe essential change is, according to Professor Rump from Bremen in 1802, \"in an attempt to replace the former Latin school with an institution for the entire youth from the educated classes\"; and further below: \"Since the expansion of the school does not aim to extend the school curriculum but rather to allow for a more precise allocation and, where possible, shorten it, it was not necessary to increase the number of classes. However, it was deemed necessary, for the stated purpose, to create a division in the two upper classes between the students who were inclined towards the learned professions, and those who were inclined towards handicrafts or trade.\"\nA young man named Frikke was hired in the preparatory class to help implement the new plan. He had proven himself as an excellent teacher at the citizens' school for a few years and was therefore recommended to the older public. Sadly, his early death occurred in 1805.\nThe gray-haired H. YS. I. Heger, who was now approaching the anniversary of his tenure as a primary school teacher and had previously only been a head teacher, was still allowed an hour a day because the old child-friendly man from his work, whose pleasure he had not yet abandoned, did not want to part from the children. In the general participation in his jubilee celebrations, which took place in the following years, the respect of the town and especially of his former pupils for the tireless teacher expressed itself in a way that relieved him of concerns for the rest of his days, as well as for his own. Only two teachers were retired due to advanced age; the others were not.\nThe teachers also sought to make use of the altered work process of the new institution as long as their forces permitted; the younger ones gained new courage, and both, young and old, felt reinvigorated by the sudden blooming of the institution, which exceeded all their expectations. In the following year of 1803, the influx of students necessitated a new class, Quinta. In 1806, Tertia had to be divided into two classes, and soon, the new Quinta also had to be further divided into two, resulting in a total of seven frequently attended classes. In printed invitation texts for the annual public examinations, speeches, and award ceremonies, the number of annually dismissed students can be found. It is evident that the school was also attended by Hanoverians.\nOldenburgan and particularly Ostfriesians were strongly sought after. In the last years before the French occupation (1810), a teacher seminar was finally established by some patriotic citizens. Initially, the funds for this were obtained from the interest on a capital that remained from the contributions for the 1804 disbanded citizens' school; the remaining funds were collected through further private donations. This institution managed to survive under all the hardships of the following years, and some of its students are now a capable and popular teacher in some parishes or other schools.\n\nThe Battle of Jena had significant consequences for northern Germany, especially for the Hanseatic cities. In their unique way of life, these cities were finally completely paralyzed and could only look on as the following years unfolded.\nThe preservation and rescue of the institutions that had once created, nurtured, and cultivated their wealth were to be restricted until the terrible crisis had passed. This preservation and rescue were not abandoned even as the great realm drew nearer and eventually absorbed us. Yet it seemed that all our efforts to shield and conceal could only buy a brief respite for the fragile life. With the arrival of Cuvier and Noel, the integration and subordination of all our educational institutions under the great university loomed as an unavoidable fate before us. \u2014 The heavens saved and encouraged the Germans for their final struggle against more than Roman domination of their unique being. \u2014 Much had to be restored after the years of great battles and victories; to the first of these, the Senate and citizens of Bremen dedicated themselves.\nThe renewal of institutions for public education belongs to the united. -- What has happened since the first tranquil moment of regained free life can now be indicated by the lively end of this abstract. The need for elaboration here is minimal, as information on this matter is accessible to all through announcements and notices.\n\nIn the year 1817, on the 23rd of September, an announcement appeared regarding the improvement of public education. A joint deputation from the council and the citizens had considered this important matter; the point of initial concern, increasing the limited school revenues, was now addressed and the Senate was now prepared to establish an institution for the education of young males from the less privileged sectors.\nThis institution, called the Hauptschule, consists of:\na) a elementary school, whose goal is to establish general education, which in every situation highlights the worth of human nature, enhances competence for honorable professions, and even guides the choice of the appropriate profession. The number of classes is set at four, but the number of special divisions, of which there are currently twelve, adjusts according to the number of students. Each division has its own classroom and specific lessons. If the student population exceeds thirty in one division, a new division is provided.\nThe main subjects are: Religion, German, Latin, and French language, History, Geography, Natural Science, and Mathematics, Writing, Arithmetic, and Drawing. A student cannot withdraw from any of these lessons without special permission from the supervisor. In the highest class, instruction in Greek and English language is also given, the use of which depends on the wishes of the parents and guardians and the intention of further education. Regarding everything else, especially the beautiful location of the school, the headmaster, Prof. Friedr. Strack, provides detailed information in his work: \"About the Kindergarten. Bremen at J. G. Heyse.\" - Regarding the location, it is worth noting that with the spacious classroom.\nThe connected buildings also include a garden, which has been converted into a playground for the students. Since the harmonious development of the intellectual and physical forces is the primary goal of this educational institution, as stated in the proclamation, it also contains some equipment for physical exercises.\n\nFrom the elementary school, students who are approximately fourteen years old are released either into: b) the scholarly or c) the trade school. The task of the first, which also has a special principal, Professor Sanders, is now to follow their specific purpose more completely, as they are no longer responsible for catering to the unique demands of other classes. The subjects are: Latin, Greek, and French language, classical antiquity.\nThe history in the upper class, which splits into the states and religious societies, covers Earth description, mathematics, stylistics, and logic. \u2014 The Gelehrtenschule has three classes. The Handelschule bears this name partly to distinguish it from other departments, partly because under various business circles, to which its students belong, the merchant class in a trading city always requires special consideration. Besides considering such business circles in general, this institution has its main purpose: to open the broader perspective to the young man, which the local citizen, if called upon, must always keep in mind for participation in administration, legislation, and all civil rights. This institution achieves this not only through one means but also through:\nMeticulous choice of instructional content, which consists of languages and sciences, some of which promote general human education and some professional skills; these skills, in particular, guide students towards competence in oral presentations, record keeping, arithmetic, and calligraphy. However, education must also be completed for the world, for one's stand, and for society, as the students of this institution do not yet have access to a higher education, such as that of the Academie. The trade school now consists of two classes, the lower of which has two divisions. Professor Mertens oversees it. The primary school possesses significant annual income from endowments and other steady revenues.\nThese institutions, which have been called such in recent years, and which consistently adhere to the principle of forming a new department and hiring teachers for a class with over thirty students when one exists, do not fully cover the income from this source. The remaining amount is funded from the state treasury. In total, over 30,000 Thaler are spent on the main school annually.\n\nAccording to the regulations of the main school for the male youth from the lower classes, there was still a significant and challenging task remaining: improving the lower elementary schools. For this purpose, a commission was appointed in the convent on December 3, 1819, consisting of councilors and burghers, and its business was expanded beyond the main objective to include consideration of establishing a navigation school, as the one established in 1798 had been...\nA privately-owned company was established in 1805 and entered into existence; furthermore, there was also a consultation regarding a educational institution for young artists and craftsmen, for which a private company already existed. They were also to consider, from the state's perspective, whether the ongoing school instruction in the form of a seminary should be supported by the state.\n\nThe delegation began its business with a meticulous, laborious investigation of all previously designated schools, parish schools, and rural schools, and found, after thorough examination, that in 75 schools, approximately 4100 children of both genders received instruction from 24 teachers and 51 teacheresses.\n\nI will bypass the specific and individual results of these investigations, as well as the subsequent consultations, only presenting the most significant recommendations from them.\nThe following text pertains to the approvals made by the council and citizens regarding the following matters: 1) Establishment of a seminary for young teachers. 2) Arrangement of instructors for practical instruction of prospective teachers and teachers, and gradual introduction of a uniform and balanced teaching method. 3) Complete separation of poor and free schools from self-paying schools into different schools. 4) Abolition of evening schools, to be replaced with instruction hours on afternoons of Wednesdays, Saturdays, or Sundays. 5) Formation of a school caretaking body by citizens from the same districts of the city and suburbs, in which such schools exist.\nThe same standing and professional circles as those whose children attend the recommended schools; these school governors, in general, pay careful attention to the preservation and improvement of their schools, and particularly to ensuring regular school attendance by the children. Furthermore, it is the responsibility of the school governors, in consultation with the inspection, to determine the needs of the schools and teachers for the purpose of the state's future support, as well as to conduct preliminary inquiries into the lifestyle and qualities of new teachers.\n\nMoreover, it has been decreed by the council and the citizens that the existing charities of the various denominations be combined, and as many of them as the need requires be established, without regard to denomination. The state will provide future support to this extent, as far as its own funds allow.\nThis text is in German, so I will translate it to modern English and clean it up as requested:\n\nThese schools do not suffice for the newly established better institution and the increased expenses. The costs for the current year have been estimated by the deputation at least 4000 Rthlr., including the seminar, whose continuation is now secured according to an extended plan. The patriotic founders, however, having now handed over their institution to the state, have determined the remaining capital of 1000 Rthlr., which has already been increased through contributions, for the founding of a charitable foundation. This foundation will provide assistance to teachers entering their profession, as well as to those in need of help due to age or illness, or even to those dedicating themselves to these schools, if they justify expectations, and in their preparatory and billing stages.\nDuring this time, support is required in such cases. Easing, help, and support should be granted. All these proposals were discussed and approved by the citizen associations in the first half of the present year (1822), and work on their implementation has already begun.\n\nBesides the seminar, the establishment of a navigation school according to a simplified plan was also decided upon; furthermore, an institution for the practical education of young artists and craftsmen, which since 1819 had provided instruction to 124 craftsmen of all kinds, primarily carpenters, free of charge on Sundays for drawing and model making, has now been superseded.\n\nThe deputation concluded its detailed report.\nWith the implementation of the proposed arrangements, she could see how much was still lacking in order to bring about a perfect state in the schools she was examining; however, she believed for now only the firm foundations of such a state could be acquired, from which completion would gradually emerge. It seems, however, that there is also the hope, and indeed for our entire educational system, that this hope can be strengthened from another side. For it is not only perfection that develops in these institutions, but also the lofty purpose of the same becoming more easily achievable in their entirety. It is an inevitable consequence of well-established and carefully managed educational institutions that they also foster domestic education within their sphere.\nbald heben, and gradually, I cannot say I have had a supporter, no, at least one sharing the business equally with us. This has begun to manifest itself among us, most notably in the preschool; but even in maturing youth, the paternal involvement in their progress and growth is as nurturing as the mother's at a tender age. The excellent suggestion of the deputation for the arrangement of school care from local fathers, who reside in the school district and are also closer to the parents of the attending youth in other ways, holds great promise for further involvement of the elderly household in all these matters. However, with such competitive interplay, the unresolved dispute between the two authorities in theory could soon become apparent.\nThe peaceful resolution of the tensions between Humanism and Philanthropinism in our midst, primarily through the school, which adopts the beneficial aspects of the first and appropriates all the good of the second, and both working together to benefit the flourishing offspring, from which only something complete, fostering the entirety of the human being and completing its further determination, can ultimately emerge: a comprehensive education.\n\nNo suitable place has been found in the brief account of Bremen's school and scholarly history for the city library to speak; therefore, I must mention it here in a supplement.\n\nThe beginning of the same falls in the year 1534, when the council decided to establish a good library, yet only from the writings of the church teachers.\nThe Bremish Syndicus Buxtorf, who died in Prag in 1628, bequeathed his collection of historical, publicistic, and juristic works to the council, thereby increasing the public library. In addition, through purchase, the library acquired the library of Melchior Goldast from Haimensfeld, a quiet collector and researcher of literary treasures during his time (he died in 1635). The handwritten Reichthuiu of the library primarily originated from this source. Soon after, it was supplemented by the manuscripts of the famous Joh. Coccejus, which held numerous additional volumes. Furthermore, the library was expanded through the collection left by Professor Cassel concerning writings related to Bremen. Finally, the book collection of the inge [sic] was also added.\nIn the German society, they have added [to the collection]. The librarians have then supplemented these, according to the small sum (now determined to be 100 Rthlr. annually) for the acquisition of new books, with works concerning the former state of the German Reich, Reich history, history in general and its auxiliary sciences, the old literature, antiquities, numismatics, literary history, and the scientific disciplines, including jurisprudence and theology (the latter only in the church historical field), through occasional purchases, although not to completeness. \u2014 The idea of the current librarian, who has accidentally come together with this old book treasure, is to give it a new, modern form.\nThe institution aimed at making knowledge accessible to the entire educated public has been well-received, and since then, the former theological auditorium of the old school building has been transformed into a worthy location for the library, which is spacious enough for the existing collection and the expected modest increase, as can be anticipated from the current library income. However, if this idea is to come fully to life, an expansion of the premises must be considered, fortunately, the old school building still provides excess space on the same floor for this purpose. The arrangement and ordering in the new location is now completed, and the librarian is available for visitors on Thursdays and Fridays, except for school holidays. Initially, it is sufficient that only the following is achieved:\nThe long-lasting locale, with considerable expansion, remains. If the improvement of the entire educational system, as is now being undertaken and continued, corresponds to this effect, the need for an institution, as designed in the Museums-Vorlesungen for a public book collection in a German city for national education, will be felt increasingly; and since this is not to be omitted, it can be expected with confidence that in a few years not only for increased revenue for purchase, but also for care and management and daily accessibility of the institution, which will become truly charitable under these conditions, the necessary will happen.\n\nRegarding art in Bremen.\n\nThe surroundings of Bremen were formerly mine.\nA little unsuitable for awakening and nourishing genius; what could have been artworks of sculpture and painting in the churches had been lost due to the iconoclasm of the first century of the Reformation. It is hardly believable that anything significant from art had been in the churches, as no trace of it is revealed in the Dom's priests. When the persistent, time and spirit constricting occupation of a particular estate, which was never favorable to art under normal circumstances, was added, it is understandable that they could not thrive in Bremen.\n\nFrom one of the Cleve families here named Schenk, who attained burgher honors here, now only a few descendants remain.\nThe renowned Historien and Portrait painter of the female gender, whose name was, earlier during his stay in Italy, acquired renown. As a Portrait painter, he is placed among the greatest Malers. He painted extensively in Vienna and lived until the year 1668. His daughter excelled in painting flowers and landscapes in watercolors. His father was a Prediger zum Horn in Bremen. One also speaks of a Bremen sculptor Th. Wilh. Frese, who lived in Italy during the middle of the eighteenth century. He was a student of the Italian sculptor Romans, who worked in Bremen and is said to have died around the year 1730. The latest sculptor of note and some repute was Beling. I have counted twelve individuals of this name who held office in Bremen.\nMaler, born in Bremen, worked in the Berghems style on landscapes. Towards the end of the eighteenth century, Bremen had some notable artists among its citizens. Rullmann painted history; the Rubens style suited him particularly well. Occasionally, pictures and sketches by him surface. He went from here to Paris and has not been heard of since for a long time. How rarely does a artist manage to align the temporal advantage with the heavenly realm of his fantasy!\n\nOne of the most distinguished medal makers was Johann Blum or Bloom. It is not clear whether he was a native of Bremen, but he spent most of his life there. He was likely a pupil of Sebastian Dadler. His coins date from 1631 to 1650. There are several so-called Roland coins among them.\nThe following image depicts our Roland columns. The first of these may never have been surpassed in terms of fine work. Additionally, there are several medals on the Westphalian Peace from him; one on the death of Gustav Adolph; three on the capture of Breisach with Bernhard of Weimar's chest image bearing the inscription: Breisach was stronger, God was, and Weimar in 1638. His most beautiful coin is undoubtedly the one depicting the marriage of William Prince of Nassau and the Princess Maria of England in 1641. On the obverse side, the bride and groom, each extending their right hand to one another, are shown. Above the bride and groom floats an angel with a myrtle wreath, and above that is a dove. At the bottom is a throne bearing the city of London, where the wedding took place. On the reverse side, the prince appears accompanied by the palace.\nWith the given input text, there are some parts that can be considered meaningless or unreadable, but the majority of the text appears to be coherent and relevant to the topic. Here's the cleaned text:\n\nThe following figures include Bonifacius with a blofsem Schwerdt, accompanied by Krieffseerath. Bianca lies on the ground; the Goddess of Peace and Ceres appear, along with Amor, who carries the quiver of the seven Dutch provinces, and the prince is presented with the oil branch. This medal is undoubtedly one of the finest of this kind. Medals of him can also be found on the general banner of Christian IV of Denmark, on Duke Friedrich of Celle, one on Friedrich Duke of Holstein, one on Friedrich III of Sweden, and one on the city Danzig. Among the many wedding medals, the one is distinguished that bears on the reverse side a hen that sits on its chicks. Almost all these medals can be seen in the beautiful collection of Mr. Burkhard.\n\nJob. Heinr. Menken seemed, in every sense, the true Dutch painter.\nWorts to be recognized. He recognized early what Poetic hid in the Ilmenau Weser regions. Nature there is not enough, it also wants to be seen, felt, recognized in its secret beauties. That a painting-worthy oak, which often demands the same respect as a mighty mountain, every one feels who has a sense for the picturesque. Menken rid himself in his twenty-fourth year from the merchant class and was fostered by men who knew and appreciated his talent. He dedicated himself entirely to art, went to Dresden, where Rysdale's character of the landscape won him over and Klenkel, in a certain sense, became his most distinguished teacher. There, as well as in his hometown, he painted a multitude of valuable pictures, in which an unusual genius and a poetic mind shone.\nThe genius of the father has been passed on to the son. The young man, Gottfried Menken, was fond of the characteristic Centaurs, which the last war from the Danube brought to our region, with their picturesque clothing and bold and light-hearted posture on horseback. In addition, the excitement of the approaching guests, who freed the city of Bremen from the Frankish yoke, ignited the young soul. No painter has overlooked the uniqueness of these soldiers and their servants as much as Gottfr. Menken. His paintings depict events that occurred in and around Bremen: the Cossack attack on the Ostertor, a Cossack camp on the Domsheide, and so on. Bremen also names the genius Anton Al-\nThe following gentleman, currently residing in Lausanne, has incorporated his own talents into Claude Lorrain's style with the greatest fortune, making it his own. The collections of the three Lords and of Mr. Garlichs will not be overlooked by any connoisseur, especially since most of the earlier art treasures in the old families have emigrated. In the collection of the last-mentioned friend of the arts, one finds several pictures from the Dutch school, a Hondschoote, Backhuysen, van der Velde, Ketscher, and van der Neer, which one can scarcely find in better collections.\n\nAs for what has happened since Guido of Arezzo, Domcapitular in Bremen and inventor of the since then commonly used five lines and the designation of the tonic scale with ut, re, mi, fa, and sol for music, I have found nothing of consequence on that matter. In the collection of the aforementioned friend of the arts, there is also a painting by Jan van Eyck, which is truly a marvel.\nIn the late nineteenth century, an organist named Knoop published a collection of dances at St. Stephani, and the town musicians performed them at weddings and other celebratory events. For forty years prior, there had been no public concerts here, as music had already flourished in Hamburg, where Ludwig, Kaiser, H\u00e4ndel, Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, and others had found a welcome field for their talents. In the cathedral and other churches here, as well as elsewhere, religious music was performed, but with a very meager orchestra. The best that could be done was with drums and trumpets, where there was even some room for edifying poses: for example, \"Play softly, in the manner of Assaph! (fortissimo). Do not ripen! (pizzicato).\" No assistance from music lovers could be expected.\nParents behaved shamefully, allowing their children to appear publicly and teaching them hardly any instrument other than piano or flute. Doctor M\u00fcller, as teacher and cantor at the cathedral school and at the same time director of a private educational institution, deservedly earned the price for raising music to a higher level here. He provided instruction in singing and playing, attracted a violinist from Oldenburg, who composed light symphonies for the orchestra of his pupils, which were then performed in his private concerts. His assistant Meisner, now professor of natural history in Bern, a skilled violoncellist, the deceased merchant Arnold Oelrichs, the merchant Fehrmann and other eager music lovers provided active support. In this circle, music soon began to resound.\nSymphonies and quartets from Pleyel, Gyrowetz, Wranizky, and Haydn, as well as the popular Ciaviser sonatas of Kotzeluch and others, were performed. In the church music at the Dom under M\u00fcller's direction, the young people who had formed there as singers and players also participated. One heard well-rehearsed and executed pieces there and in concerts. I\n\nAdditionally, private concerts took place in other private homes, particularly at the mayor Ilten's, the Freiherr von Knigge and others. From these, regular public concerts and the so-called lover's concert of a select society emerged. In the latter, beginners were obliged to perform, evaluated with leniency, and encouraged in every way. Musicians of profession were required for everyone.\nThe obligated speaker was particularly honored, and thus a general desire for higher musical education arose. Unfortunately, this beautiful association later declined and was not restored in this extent, which is all the more regrettable since, since then, there has been a lack of encouragement for amateurs to appear before a larger public as oblige players alongside artists.\n\nAmong the artists of this period, the following stood out: the thorough organist Rauschelbach, a student of Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, who knew how to treat his instrument worthy and with contempt for all small keyboard arts. Furthermore, the concertmaster Frese, whose main instrument was the flute. His tone and performance, especially in long tempos, were exceptionally pure and lovely, often truly moving. Then the music director L\u00f6we, now privatizing with his brother in Bromberg.\nEr was known as a composer of three charming klavier sonatas. He was raised in the kapelle of the Markgraf of Schwedt and excelled in the art of concealing orchestra errors by filling in any gaps in any voice, allowing the listeners seldom to notice. For violin concerts, his tone was not brilliant enough, but in quartets and in the accompaniment of klavier sonatas, where precision and firm, marked playing are required, he was achieved or surpassed by few.\n\nHis position was happily replaced by the skilled violin and klavier player Ochernal, under whose leadership the large Beethoven symphonies were often excellently performed. The young Ochernal is currently training himself in Cassel under Spohr to become a virtuoso on the violin.\nThe orchestra received significant improvement from the field music of the 1813 lined battalion, organized and trained by the unfortunate clarinettist Klingenberg. This, under the lover's personnel, is not surprising, as in a Hanseatic city the true profession demands too much of the men. Among the ciavettina players, the daughter of the already mentioned Doctor M\u00fcller stands out through great skill and powerful performance, especially in Beethoven's works, and as a sensitive composer, Frau Sengstack also through excellent intonation and deep understanding and connection to the spirit and nationality of every composer.\nThe greatest progress in recent years was undeniably made in music, specifically singing. Organist Grabau initiated this by opening a singing school, awakening willing spirits in Bremen due to the general spiritual education. People heard larger choirs from the best operas and entire cantatas. The excellent, travel-educated tenor singer Lange, also esteemed as a theoretician, joined in. Everything was now on the right track. However, it would have been difficult for so many young talents to find the right way if an unrivaled role model had not appeared. Frau Sengstack, born Grund and educated by the greatest masters in Hamburg, came to Bremen through marriage and enchanted with her soulful voice and expressive performance.\nAll people who had a sense for the truly beautiful sought after it. It didn't take long, and other young talents began to adopt their singing styles. It was astonishing how quickly beautiful voices and powerful delivery developed. This excellent singer is still the adornment of Singacademie today. In 1813, the renowned organist Riem was called here for his genius clavier compositions. With him began a new era for music in Bremen. He knew how to win hearts for church music in the stricter style. We owe him the establishment of a Singacademy, which weekly assembled at the B\u00f6rse to perform the timeless masterpieces of all times.\nIn the strong and noble style to practice and display. Many people still remember, under his leadership, the academy here performed Handel's magnificent oratorio, Judas Macabeus, in the cathedral during the autumn of 1819, supported by external musicians. Beautiful days, on which the Bremen public learned to believe in the power of the most inspiring arts and, in a sense, set the hearts of thousands in motion with an electric shock.\n\nBefore and after, large masses, oratorios, cantatas, and motets by Handel, Bach, Gallus, Hammerschmidt, Homilius, Emanuel Bach, Mozart, Haydn, Schneider, and Riem were performed, and significant progress could be observed in every subsequent performance.\n\nHowever, good-sounding voices are rare here.\nPerhaps the moist and frequently changing climate is to blame, as the organ of the voice develops so little. It is not uncommon for half of the Singacademy to suffer from frosty throats in winter. The enthusiasm for vocal music, thorough instruction given by Grabau, Lange, Ochernal, Riem, and Frau K\u00d6hl-Valesi, formerly an Oldenburgische Kammer-s\u00e4ngerin, as well as the frequent hearing of classical works, will surely also elevate the inclination towards instrumental music, encourage its practice, and make participation in instrumental concerts more common.\n\nThe theater -\n\nThe strict asceticism of the Reformation, and the predominant influence of the clergy, who led the establishment of new educational institutions for the purpose of moral and intellectual improvement and sought to keep them within their own circles, strengthened the economic situation.\nThe following political concerns, which have been found in small states and especially in small free states in recent times, have long been present in Bremen, where the opening of Thaliens Temple here has only ceased within approximately 30 years. Metereoric phenomena, whose abundant appearance left deep-rooted scruples unaltered, and for whose continued existence there was lively interest, gave rise to the suspicion of moral and religious libertinage.\n\nTherefore, particularly exceptional circumstances were required to allow the establishment of such a rule to be averted, and the authorities were not cautious enough in limiting and modifying their concessions to prevent the recurring expectations of the clergy from being met.\nIn the year 1688, the Saxon Court Theater Society received permission to perform a number of productions. A commission of the Senate was appointed for prior examination of the pieces to be staged.\n\nIn the year 1695, Kapellmeister Kreymburg opened a theater in a private house on Langenstrasse, where operas were performed to great acclaim.\n\nIn the year 1718, the Haskarlische wandering troupe unsuccessfully sought permission to establish their stage in Bremen. They then turned to the Hanoverian authorities with greater success and opened their theater in a location only a half hour from Bremen.\nIn the village of Hastedt, under Hanoverian rule, where it found great support from Bremen, but which led to numerous disorders, the senate felt compelled to forbid the citizens the use of the Hastedt stage, threatening that the gates would not be reopened for those returning in the evening. The Council of Elders complained about this as an infringement on civilian freedom, but in vain.\n\nIn the year 1739, the Veltheim shooting society was granted the Sch\u00fctzenwall for their performances, which did not last long, as in this year a lightning bolt struck the powder tower at the Weser Bridgehead, causing many deaths and which was seen by many as a divine punishment for the riffraff.\nUnd die Entsagung weltlicher Gel\u00fcste predige. Das Vorherrschen solcher Ansichten f\u00fchrte mehreren anderen Theaterunternehmern, die in Bremen concessioniert werden w\u00fcnschten, abschl\u00e4gige Antworten herbei. So namenslich die bekannte Neuberin, obgleich sie in ihrer Vorstellung erkl\u00e4rte, dafs sie den Harlequin sowohl als den unfl\u00e4thigen Hanswurst ganz von ihrem Theater verbannt habe, und ihre Gesellschaft sich auch au\u00dfer der B\u00fchne des befestigten Lebenswandels befleisst.\n\nIn dem Jahr 1745 hatte eine wandernde Truppe ihre Bude eine Zeitlang auf dem Schwachhauser Felde unweit des Barkhofes, damals unter Hann\u00f6verischer Hoheit stehend, aufgeschlagen. \u2013 Den Unordnungen, zu welchen dieses Feldleben Veranlassung gab, glaubte man durch eine tempor\u00e4re Erlaubnis zur Verlegung dieser B\u00fchne in die Heerdenthorsvorstadt vorzubewegen; es wurde dabei ausdr\u00fccklich bestimmt, dafs:\nNo unreadable or meaningless content was identified in the text. No introductions, notes, logistics information, or modern editor additions were found. No translation was required as the text is in modern German with some minor misspellings. The text is from the year 1762 in Germany and describes Joseph Sephi, who was recommended by Duke Ferdinand of Braunschweig for a theatrical commission. He was required to submit plays for approval and weekly contributions to the poorhouse. The public found little pleasure in his performances due to past unfavorable encounters. The theater was scarcely attended, and Joseph Sephi left after only two months.\n\nText after cleaning:\n\nIn the year 1762, the inhabitants of Bremen saw the Josephische Band perform in a wooden hut between the two Weser bridges for a while. \u2014 Joseph Sephi owed his admission to a pressing recommendation from Duke Ferdinand of Braunschweig, whom he had served as a chamberlain for a long time. He was obliged to submit the plays of a commission for approval and weekly deliveries of the proceeds to the poorhouse. \u2014 The public found no particular pleasure in this, as they had encountered an unfavorable hand from a more-than-once hostile hand during the Seven Years' War. \u2014 The theater was scarcely visited, and Joseph Sephi left after only two months.\nThe famous Ackermannische Society from Hamburg, where Echhof and Schr\u00f6der shone, came to Bremen for a short time around 1765. In the spring of 1780, Abbot arrived in Bremen from Holland, where he encountered virtuoso Romberg and his two sons. They formed a series of concerts at the B\u00f6rse, during which Abbot's wife particularly excelled in performing her small melodramas (Medea, Ariadne on Naxos, etc.). Her talent for acting was rekindled as a result. Permission was granted to Abbot to obtain a concession for establishing a stage, which was also granted to him. He then recruited Waser and his troupe, but separated from him soon after to establish his own society.\nWith his death in 1783 in Bremen, Abt continued to be held in respect and good reputation, which gradually shifted the prevailing prejudices against the theater. His body was buried with great solemnity in the cloister church. After his death, Kessel and Diedrichs took over the enterprise as directors with the Abtsche Gesellschaft, but with less talent and applause, leading to its dissolution after a few years. In the meantime, as geistesbildung progressed, the inclination towards theater grew in all estates. With the failure of some ephemeral directions, public theater completely disappeared. Under the guidance of the renowned Freiherr von Knigge,\nThe individually gifted person for the stage, a lover of theater for a select audience, spoke of whom all who had seen it with great satisfaction. Those denied entry to this temple of Talien's in the Domschule's hall went instead to the New Land, where a second lover's theater had been built in a farmer's house; such was the taste for theatrical presentations at the time.\n\nIt was no wonder then, that when the still living Hofrath Dr. Sch\u00fctte testified to the genius Grofsmann's talents, he came to Bremen to play some roles on the aforementioned Knigge's lover's theater, desiring to see this great artist with good company.\nMy permit was, that the Senate did not make a decent allowance for me to play there for five years in the summer of 1792. Since a suitable location was lacking, a theater was built in six weeks in a bastion at the Osthore. Finally, the Muses of Drama, who had hitherto housed uncomfortably in sheds, huts, and riding arenas, moved into a temple dedicated to them on October 17th. After Grofsmann's death, Koch, a counter-member of the National Theater in Vienna, took over the direction for his heirs. Ignatz Walter, currently the director of the Regensburg stage, took charge of the opera. In the following year, the Counselor Sch\u00fctte bought the house together with some other participants and submitted himself to the lease of the stage with laudable eagerness. The opera\nThis endeavor was particularly favored; besides the enjoyment granted by a distinguished orchestra, the gentlemen L\u00f6we, Galmus, Ries, Sch\u00f6ne, Zucchini shone as many virtuosos on their instruments. Madame Lange, the tenor Marschall, the bassists Scholz and Schlegel, the composer Eimenreich, and others provided us with unforgettable evenings.\n\nThis enterprise ended in 1800 or seamlessly transitioned into another, which the advocate Reinke and Ignatz Walter continued with the troupe in Hannover until the year 1806.\n\nIn the following years, the Hofrat Sch\u00fctte and the actors St\u00e4dler and Sehwadike received a new concession for five years, during which we welcomed several excellent artists, notably a Vespermann, Gafsmann, Wachsmuth, Pistor, Leo, Hanf, Spengler, a Karly, and a Karschin who graced our stage.\nNamed and IrYland, Opitz, Frau H\u00e4ndel, and Fr\u00e4ulein Bock appeared in guest roles to be admired. Unfortunately, this enterprise failed by the year 1816 under several directions. Herr Pichler finally handed it over to Herr Gerber, who led it, without particular involvement of the public, until the spring of 1820. An attempt to raise the stage as a so-called national stage under the leadership of knowledgeable citizens was unsuccessful due to a lack of lively interest, which had been lost among the public from various reasons. Herr Pichler therefore received the long-sought concession anew in September 1820 for five years.\n\nThe sources of the civil and shameful law for Bremen are initially local.\nThe foundation of these local legal sources is found in the city book, which originated from the two oldest known law collections of the years 1303 and 1428 and was published in 1433. It consists of 106 statutes, 5 of which contain provisions for certain crimes and offenses (Ordinances without Mercy), and 102 legal rulings (Ordinances).\n\nBesides some provisions concerning constitutional and administrative matters, it contains regulations for matters of civil and criminal law, police, and the legal process, as it aims to represent the law that was in effect in Bremen at the time. According to the second statute, the council and the entire community of Bremen had decided that they would uphold their law.\nThe following text is a list of ancient laws of the free Hanseatic City of Bremen, published in 1771 from original manuscripts by Gerh. Oelrichs. Those who wished to write according to what is described there, and how it should remain and be kept for all, rich and poor alike. Multiple civil unrests in the year 1534 led to a second fundamental law, known as the new peace, which put an end to the unrest and established regulations against future rebellious attempts. Additionally, there is the Knowledge Roll, which originated in the middle of the fifteenth century and primarily contains police regulations. All these laws are written in Low German. They bear the stamp of their era.\nA man should not expect systematic order or completeness from them. However, in expressing their unique spirit, our ancestors provide us with insights into past customs, practices, and urban institutions. Although many of these have lost their practical significance due to the demise of the institutions to which they refer and newer laws, they continue to be the primary decision-making norm in many important relationships, such as those concerning spousal property rights, legal inheritance, and so on. Since then, various new legal determinations have been instigated. With the expansion of trade and commerce, institutions emerged for which the subsequently introduced legislation applies.\nRoman law was not sufficient, or at least could not be applied properly to some other local circumstances. Special legal situations required particular consideration. Thus, the Hanseatic Sea law, a bill of exchange ordinance, a servant ordinance, and several individual legal provisions came into being. These regulations either altered the existing law or filled in its gaps.\n\nA separate chapter in Bremen's legal history is marked by the introduction of French law in 1811. Without regard for the individuality of the circumstances, a foreign legislative body took the place of the long-established and proven legal norms. Soon after the restoration, however, this was rectified.\nThe Bremish Constitution replaced the former judicial system, considering the legal relationships that emerged under French laws and making some adjustments to the organization of justice authorities. In modern times, great care has been taken in Bremen to improve the judicial process, as this part of legislation is particularly important in a state where trade and commerce thrive. In place of the old judicial order, a new one was introduced upon the abolition of French law, resulting in a more significant simplification of the judicial authorities and legal proceedings. Following the twelfth article of the German Federal Act, in 1819, the free cities established a joint supreme appellate court.\nThe L\u00fcbeck District Court was ordered, which not only filled the gap left by the abolition of former Reichsgerichte, but also seemed to ensure orderly jurisdiction in the highest instance based on its organization and past experience. Simultaneously, the Bremen Judicial Order published in 1814 was subjected to a complete revision, partly to improve it and partly to make the necessary modifications concerning the Ober-Appellations Court. With this revised Judicial Order, in conjunction with the one issued for the Ober-Appellations Court, the jurisdiction and procedure of the authorities and the proceedings before them are regulated. It is based on the common German legal process, with numerous provisions.\nControversies decided, some procedural laws abbreviated and simplified, and various regulations brought about by local conditions were instituted. Besides the Ober-Appellationsgericht, which decides in last instance for all significant civil and criminal matters in Bremen, the following justice authorities exist in Bremen:\n\n1. The Obergericht, which decides for all civil cases whose subject matter exceeds the value of three hundred Reichstalers, as well as in significant criminal cases acting as the first instance and in all other legal matters as the second instance.\n9. The Untergericht. Before this, all civil cases for which the Obergericht does not act as the first instance are brought. For particularly trivial matters, a very summary procedure is ordered at the same place, where the parties in person usually have to appear.\nThe Criminal Court, which conducts investigations in all criminal cases and renders decisions, except for those punishments that can only be recognized by the higher court, issues rulings.\n\nThe Vegesack Office. This office is responsible for the jurisdiction of the Vegesack district for the lower and criminal courts in the city and the remaining area.\n\nThe so-called \"Morning Speeches,\" in which all guild matters are decided in the first instance.\n\nCrimes committed by soldiers or military personnel in service matters are tried by courts composed of members of the citizenry or the city militia for each individual case.\n\nState budget.\n\nIt has proven too true in the history of modern states that money is the nerve of the state.\nOrganism is the term. In earlier times, simple needs found easy means of satisfaction. Therefore, finance administration was simple in the countries that now belong to the large state system. Thousands-fold complications and resulting numerous needs necessitated the multiplication of means, and finance is now the main driving force of state life.\n\nOur free state had to follow this path as well. Just as the constitution in its inception was based on very simple foundations and developed over time, so was the state budget originally very simple. The daily needs were met by the Senate from its domains; extraordinary expenditures required contributions from the burghers, not through permanent taxes, but through contributions, for which the relationship was fixed.\nEvery person, regardless of the government, calculated and delivered [taxes] based on their wealth for loyalty and faith (Schofs). Regular taxes were introduced primarily due to the three-year long war. Historically, it is explained that during the approval and appointment of the taxed individual, the citizens had a voice and received a vote. However, when the time, which created the needs, also provided the means to address them, it is not less significant that for the collection of these means and their use, a separate bureau was established each time. Thus, separate departments (Stationen), composed of members of the Senate and the Burghers, were formed, which were under the supervision of the former and the mayor and burghers respectively.\nThe dispositions right based on the authority of the state found its center, but strove to be as self-sufficient and independent as possible, thereby hindering the appropriate and often suitable application for the particular needs at hand.\n\nClaims grew increasingly pressing since the French Revolution, escalating in the first century of our era. Taxes of all kinds, as the newest statecraft had only thought up, had to be granted in the face of necessity. But even these did not suffice to alleviate the least of the state's detrimental restrictions, which affected its main strength, trade, and thereby reduced the inflows to the household that should have come from there.\n\nFinance art had to come to the rescue anew, on the path that had helped many before.\nStates have been driven to an unnatural state. Debts were piled upon debts, and the state was not spared the application of many of the devices other states had discovered to pay off their own debts. The much-praised wealth of the Hanseatic cities, thank God, never existed in the stark contrast of great wealth in individual hands and deep poverty of the masses. Rather, it was a fairly widespread prosperity, the result of simple morals and faithful upholding of what had been acquired.\n\nBut in that unhappy time, which in its rapid flight consumed the savings and at the same time the sources of acquisition dried up, this prosperity, with it also the public credit, sank. The most burdensome of all means to help the present state needs, forced loans, was finally the only remaining way out. So had Remen\nUntil the annexation of northern Germany into the large imperial realm, nearly one million Reichsthaler in debts had accumulated. Bringing order and unity to this fragmented and severely disrupted financial system, while at the same time balancing the income with the expenditures, was, according to the provisions of the old constitution, a difficult, almost insoluble task, given the increased demands in the first years of the general freedom struggle and the increasingly gloomy prospects for profitable investments of the already weakened and scattered merchant capital that provides the state with its main strength. Nevertheless, it was led by those of the best will and clear vision, given by trade, to consistent measures.\nAll those called to serve for the welfare of the state and the consensus between the Senate and the citizens achieved it early. We have succeeded in bringing order and clarity to the state budget; we have met the demands of the monsters of the first war years without increasing previous debts; the arrears of French interest were paid in the first years without deduction; through the founding of a debt repayment fund, the gradual reduction of debts was initiated, and yet the peace years were able to be used for many useful works and institutions.\n\nThe main cause of these beneficial achievements was undoubtedly the centralization of all previously separated financial departments and thus fragmented state forces.\nThe Finanz deputation, composed of senators and twelve citizens, is not merely constitutionally dependent on the council and citizenship, but must also annually submit to them a thoroughly prepared and approved budget to serve as an exact guideline. Its primary sphere of influence is the general financial control and supervision of the main accounting office, along with associated special administrations, such as that of the Domanial revenues, construction, and so on.\nThe intention is to completely separate control from administration in the future. Other special administrations, such as those for the military, power grid, tax collections, and so on, are partly managed by special deputations and partly by their own officials. All revenues flow into the general fund, and all expenditures are paid directly from this, through instructions from the finance deputation, to which the special administrations must turn, according to the budget and without raising special funds without the consent of the council and citizens. Special funds no longer exist everywhere.\n\nState revenues consist partly of domestic revenues and partly of direct and indirect taxes. Among these is a relatively insignificant property tax (2 percent of the assessed value).\nThe main taxes among these include a consumption tax, which is only paid by city dwellers. Stamp duties and several luxury taxes, as well as various trade tariffs, are also present, some of which are directly used for the benefit of trade and shipping, such as the convoy and tonnage, slaughter, and harbor fees. The inhabitants of the territories are the least burdened, as they only contribute the land tax and approximately 11,000 Rthlr. Vegesack, although important for trade, contributes very little to the administrative costs.\n\nIf the taxes introduced before the French time have not reduced [the burden], rather more taxes had to be added. Therefore, according to the ordinary [procedure].\nlichen enter despite not being pressing. Their regular income and the fact that they primarily benefit the well-off, while the smaller citizen is hardly affected, may be the cause. If these ordinary state revenues do not suffice, an extraordinary aid, called a \"Schofs,\" is authorized. This ancient tax on wealth, as previously mentioned, has the peculiarity that each person assesses himself and calculates the proportional contribution only for himself, leaving it to his conscience to throw it into the hidden tax chest or the other money. Although it requires a special permission every time, it was customary for it to be paid regularly every year in larger or smaller proportions.\nbis zu %, in h\u00f6chstseltenen F\u00e4llen x/2 pro Cent) \nwiederzukehren, ist aber jetzt seit mehreren Jahren \nnicht erforderlich gewesen. \nUnter den Staats ausgab en machen die Zin- \nsen der Staatsschuld bei weitem die gr\u00f6fste aus. Eben \nweil, um sie zu berichtigen, eine Menge Abgaben \nhaben geschaffen werden m\u00fcssen, die nach deren \nTilgung zum Theil aufh\u00f6ren k\u00f6nnen, l\u00e4fst sich der \nGesammtbetrag der ordentlichen Eink\u00fcnfte nicht wohl \nangeben. Jedoch die in mehreren statistischen Schrif- \nten angegebenen 300,000 fl. Rhein, d\u00fcrften wohl zu \ngering seyn, und man konnte, um der Wahrheit am \nn\u00e4chsten zu kommen, beinahe Reichsthaler daf\u00fcr \nsetzen. \nDie Amtseink\u00fcnfte der Mitglieder des Senats be- \nstanden sonst in den Intraden der ihm privativ ge- \nh\u00f6renden G\u00fcter, in den Aufk\u00fcnften der Gerichtsbarkeit \nund in mancherlei Sportein. In neuerer Zeit hat er \nsich mit der B\u00fcrgerschaft dahin vereinigt, dafs er \nHe has converted all his private domains into common state property and channels all other revenues into the general treasury, while he annually receives a fixed sum as compensation, the distribution of which among his members is arranged by himself. This government salary, as well as the contribution to the costs of the newly established supreme court, the salaries of state officials, the maintenance of all public buildings, institutions, and facilities, the military pay and provisions, significant expenses for the benefit of trade and shipping, particularly for the maintenance of the Weser waterway, absorb the larger part of the revenues.\nIn these years, much new construction and development were necessary, some of which had fallen into disrepair during the French period, while others were necessitated by changed circumstances or other reasons. It was not so much the surpluses of ordinary income that were used, but various extraordinary influences and sources of aid.\n\nThe Schuldentilgungsanstalt, which was established in 1816, proved particularly beneficial. It is overseen by two senators and eight citizens. Unlike in some other states, it does not receive its funds from surpluses of ordinary income or through debt reduction, but is based on the simple principle that anything realized from the capital assets of the state's wealth is used to reduce the debt.\nThe following domains were deemed unnecessary. It was therefore decided to sell them gradually, up to a certain sum, and use the proceeds to fund the redemption fund. The institution was to apply this fund to accumulating interest-bearing state bonds and operating with the resulting interest. In order to ease the burden on the state treasury, especially since its revenues were reduced by the sale of state assets, it was stipulated that the redemption institute should only collect half the interest on the accumulated bonds, while the other half remained with the state. Several generations will pass before Bremen is returned to the state it was in at the close of the previous century, when its budget was in that condition; however, the effectiveness of this method will also depend on...\nsamkeit des Tilgungsfonds geschw\u00e4cht und der v\u00f6l- \nlige Abtrag der Staatsschuld hinausgeschoben, da- \ndurch, dafs die vierprozentigen Schulddokumente \nschon \u00fcber 90 pro Cent, die zu h\u00f6heren Zinsen ste- \nhenden al Pari oder wenig darunter gelten , er sie also \nzu einem h\u00f6heren Preise ankaufen mufs , als man bei \nder Errichtung berechnet hat: der Einsichtsvollere \nbedauert es nicht, denn es erscheint ihm als ein Zei- \nchen des Glaubens an die Gewissenhaftigkeit des \nStaats und an die Dauer des allgemeinen Friedens- \nzustandes. \nDie Neustadt, f \n1) Entstehung derselben. \nWer mit einem aufmerksamen Blicke die Neu- \nstadt Bremens betrachtet und sich dabei der Periode \nerinnert, in der sie ihr Entstehen erhielt, mufs sich \nwundern , wie ein Werk von solchem Umfange , das \nan der Weserseite die L\u00e4nge der ganzen Altstadt ein- \nnimmt, an der Landseite aber mit einem Festungsgra- \nIn the midst of the darkest times that had descended upon Germany, during the storms of the thirty-year war, I was able to make and carry out my decision; a time when hardly any part of Germany remained unscathed, many cities were completely destroyed, and others had their wealth taken away, leaving traces that are still visible.\n\nThis becomes understandable only if one recalls which lucky star ruled over Bremen during those bloody years, as it was favored by Sweden at the time, unlike other cities, and Bremen suffered its heaviest days only after the Westphalian Peace, which subjugated the archbishopric to the Swedish scepter.\n\nHardly would one, despite these circumstances, have expected such a significant event to occur.\nWerk unternommen haben, h\u00e4tte nicht die gegr\u00fcndete Sorge dazu aufgefordert. Since 1602, Stephani and Dovethor had fortified Bios with bastions according to the new art of war; from there to the Osterthors-zwinger, only a simple wall and moat surrounded the city, providing little protection, the landside of the town being especially open. The waterfront, however, was even more exposed, defended only weakly by the blockhouses on the Stavendamme (called the Morgenstern), Achenburg, and Wicheinburg. The Senate therefore, on January 24, 1615, appointed a commission from its midst for the examination of the plans, drawn up at its request by a Dutch engineer, Johann von Valkenburg, for the complete fortification of the city.\nInvestigations at the site with the General-artillerymeister of the Hanseatic cities, the Obrist-Lieutenant Dado von Kniephausen, who consistently agreed with Yalkenburgs plans. The concern over a feared attack by the Spanish military commander Spinola, who was stationed with a powerful 11,000 corps in the Netherlands, caused all forces to be deployed to the fortifications of the Old Town. It was only on the 2nd of June, 1618, that the planned works of the New Town could be started. These works were to begin opposite the Osterthorswall and end opposite the Steplianibastion, consisting of seven bastions, with an eighth added in the Werder. They were to have two gates.\nValkenburg intended to divide the enclosed space, the current Neustadt, with three main streets, lengthwise by three main canals, and widthwise by nine canals. Five of these should have the width to accommodate five broad canals in the middle, as in several Dutch cities.\n\nValkenburg, however, did not fully hand over the completed dikes of the new works until July 1619, and progress was slow towards implementation. Partly due to the difficulties in raising the large costs, partly due to jealousy among the old city's citizens towards this new part of the town, which often hindered the work in progress. Some feared disruptions to their businesses due to the new settlers.\nLeiden, those who expected a decrease in the value of their houses due to the expansion of the New Town, were therefore opposed to the construction of the mentioned canals. This was because the houses to be built for commerce near the canals would have a significant advantage over the old townhouses due to the easy loading and unloading of ships directly before the warehouses. These advantages were certainly necessary, at least as much, if not more, than the feared siltation of the canals during the summer months, which was a concern.\n\nOver such obstacles and their resolution, some years passed without the fortification on the Weser side beginning. However, the city was so exposed from that side that, as reported to the Senate in 1621, the low water levels at that time made it necessary to take action.\nWasserst\u00e4nden could the Weser from Stephani-Werder and Gr\u00f6pelinger Weide to Theerhofe. Only on the 21st of March, 1622, did they finally decide to hire an engineer, Joh. v. Leer, and some helpers in Emden, to carry out the long-planned works. It seemed urgent, as the Graf Mansfeld had advanced with his army to Lingen, and there were numerous warnings against Tilly, who had set his sights on the city. With this pressing danger, when the plan was already underway to call up the local people for the city's defense, the work began. The council of the B\u00fcrgerschaft at Ilten presented the necessity, and this council declared that the wall-construction should be pursued more vigorously.\nEvery citizen company was to work and assign each one a certain section, which they were then supposed to complete themselves or through hired workers. In the following year, this was changed so that the incomplete part of the work was to be contracted out to entrepreneurs, and a joint commission of four town councilors and four citizens was established to oversee this, which on May 22, 1623 entered into a contract with master builder Jacob Clausen. A new difficulty arose, however, as the then dean, Duke Friedrich of Braunschweig-L\u00fcneburg, would not acknowledge that various lands belonging to the deanery were involved.\nreien theils in den Bereich der neuen Werhe gezogen, \ntheils zu denselben verwendet w\u00fcrden; der Rath er- \nwiederte ihm aber, dafs diese Arbeiten sowTohl zur \nSicherung der Stadt, als auch des Erzstiftes und des \nganzen nieders\u00e4chsischen Kreises unternommen w\u00fcr- \nden, dafs man ihm die eingezogenen L\u00e4ndereien billig \nverg\u00fcten werde, und fuhr des fortgesetzten Ein- \nspruches ungeachtet mit der Arbeit fort. \nNicht so leicht zu \u00fcberwinden waren die Schwie- \nrigheiten zu Herbeischaffung der Geldmittel, indem \nder Verkauf der neuen Baupl\u00e4tze, auf welchen man \nvorzugsweise gerechnet hatte, nur \u00e4ufserst langsam \nund schlecht von Statten ging, w\u00e4hrend die w\u00fcchent- \nliehe Ausgabe sich auf 2000 bis 3000 Bremer Mark \nbelief. Als endlich alle Quellen ersch\u00f6pft waren, \nmufste man sich sogar zu dem nur durch die \u00e4ufserste \nNoth zu entschuldigenden Mittel entschliefsen , einen \nVon 10,000 Mark ungangbarer F\u00fcrstengroschen mit dem Bremen Stempel zu verschenken und das St\u00fcck f\u00fcr sechs Schillinge bei den Wallarbeiten auszugeben, wo sie dann als Stadtm\u00fcnze in Umlauf harren.\n\nIm Sommer des Jahres 1624 suchte der Ingenieur Valhenburg, der bis dahin die Aufsicht \u00fcber die Werke gef\u00fchrt hatte, um seine Entlassung nach, weil er nunmehr das Seine getan hatte, und eine zur Besichung der Werke abgeordnete Kommission berichtete am 17. Sept., dass er entlassen werden k\u00f6nne.\n\nAm 14. Mai 1625 waren die Werke so weit vorger\u00fcckt, dass der Bau des Buntentors und Hohentors vorgenommen werden konnte. Indess, noch so viel fehlte an deren g\u00e4nzlicher Vollendung, dass sie schwerlich hinreichende Sicherheit gew\u00e4hrt h\u00e4tten, wenn die Absichten der Liga zur Ausf\u00fchrung gekommen w\u00e4ren, gegen welche der Statthalter\nMoriz von Oranien warned the Senate at the beginning of 1625, under the offer of prompt assistance in case of emergency. The allied city of Magdeburg revealed several dangerous plans in confidence. Under these circumstances, the council urgently called upon the burghers for additional help. As a result, it was possible to complete the digging of the dikes in the same year, but the work on the bastions and curtains could only be finished in the following year of 1626. This would hardly have been achieved if not for the pressing need for the completion of the work caused by the advance of the Danish army, led by Graf Anhalt, pursuing the Danes defeated at Lutter am Barenberg, into the Holler- and Werdeland. This also provided an opportunity for many who had been hunted from their homes and had fled to the city to join the workforce.\nPeople were strongly encouraged. At last, the fortification line was completely closed, but the construction of the new town made only little progress, despite the senate's efforts to promote it. In 1630, they began building their own church, which, after its construction near the current church by the Wehre, was later sold. Only in the vicinity of the Buntentor, the Bride's Punishment, and the dike, some settlements were established due to the strong opposition of the Old Town's citizens to the new colony. Even in 1632, when the Swedes had taken control of the archbishopric and an attack by General Tott was feared, the citizens contributed on March 25th: the works on the other side.\nThe city council was so eager and precise in their decisions, yet just as determined to demolish the vast new city, as everyone would agree that this would only bring ruin and downfall to the old city. The council expressed the same opposition in the convent on June 25, 1638, stating: \"This new city has been maintained with such enormously great costs and irreparable damage to the city, which during the winter would float in water, and during the summer would be inhabited by sheep, pigs, and cattle.\"\n\nThe population of the new city was so large at the time that only sixty residents capable of burgher watch duty were found during a census, and it continued to grow indefinitely.\nThe following new farmers were granted approvals for significant quarters in the Neustadt, despite an application by an English trading society in 1635 to build a notable quarter there and establish a colony under a courtmaster. This was denied. A grounds map of the Neustadt published by Caspar Schulz in 1664 shows this area almost completely built up.\n\nThe claims of the dean Friedrich to a part of the ground and land of the new fortification remained unresolved during the construction, and this matter became more significant as everything was soon to be discovered that could serve as a \"Vorwand\" for an claim against the city.\nIf the text is primarily in old German and requires translation into modern English, I would need to use a translation tool or my knowledge of the language to ensure accuracy. However, based on the provided text, it appears to be mostly in old German but with some modern German and English. Here's the cleaned text:\n\nThe senate had to find ways to address these claims if one did not want to bring an enormous sum of money, and the New Town would be taken away from us at least in part on royal ground and land. The senate had to do everything to settle these claims, and it succeeded in moving the crown of Sweden to assert its claims through the fourteenth article of the well-known Stade Recess of the year 1654, which then permanently resolved this dispute point.\n\n2) Current Status.\nGradually, the younger sister-city gained the affection of the older one. It beautified itself; stately houses appeared in the main prison street, although most of the other broad, straight prison streets retained their appearance as smaller, nondescript townships. The wealthy citizens of the Old Town built.\nsich Gartenh\u00e4user l\u00e4ngs der Weser hinab an dem so- \ngenannten Deiche, brachten daselbst ihre Sommer- \nmonate zu, und bewirtheten ihre Freunde; daher noch \nvor kaum verflossenen f\u00fcnf und zwanzig Jahren dieser \nTheil der Neustadt an Sonn- und sch\u00f6nen Wochen- \ntagen ein recht gl\u00e4nzendes Ansehen hatte. Obgleich \ndieses jetzt aufgeh\u00f6rt hat, so besitzt die Neustadt \ndoch an dem Deiche eine der sch\u00f6nsten Parthien, \nwelche daher auch , wie die damit zusammenhangende \nAllee, wie in fr\u00fcheren Zeiten, ehe die Wallanlagen \nzu Stande gekommen waren, noch jetzt zum Spa- \nziergehen benutzt zu werden verdient. Die an dem \nDeiche liegenden ehemaligen Gartenh\u00e4user sind jetzt \nzu best\u00e4ndigen Wohnh\u00e4usern geworden, aus deren \nvorderen Seiten man die durch Fahrzeuge belebte \nWeser und die ansehnlichen Kaufmannsh\u00e4user und \nWaarenlager l\u00e4ngs derselben erblicht. \nDie Neustadt wird nach der Landseite durch zwei \nThe Bunte- and Hohethor gates are closed. One leads to the Rheinische Stra\u00dfe, the other is the Oldenburgian. The part of Neustadt that lies on the peninsula or between the two branches of the large and small Weser is called the Herrlichkeit, and it extends to the left in the Werder, right down to a prolonged point, the Theerhof. For the Altstadt, the current population is 20,754 souls, for Neustadt 7,920, and for the suburbs 8,354. In total, there are 37,028 people. The number of inhabitants of the city territory can be estimated at 12,000. The city territory of Bremen is approximately five square miles in size and is divided by the Weser, as well as by the small rivers W\u00fcmme, which is about an hour from its outflow where it enters the Hamme.\nNamen Leesum annimmt), und Ochtum oder Ochum \ntheils begr\u00e4nzt, theils durchzogen. \nDie Umgegend von Bremen theilt daher mit der \nganzen untern Wesergegend die Natur des Bodens; \naus sumpfigen und moorigten Niederungen mit hie \nund da angeh\u00e4uften Sandd\u00fcnen bestehend. Darum \nfinden sich in den \u00e4ltesten Urkunden h\u00e4ufig die Aus- \ndr\u00fccke: paludes et deserta oder insula Bremensis. \nUnter insula Bremensis wird eigentlich nur das Wer- \nderland verstanden , so wie der zuerst angebaute \nTheil des Ober- und Niederviehlandes sich als insula \nLechter bezeichnet findet. S. Wersabe \u00fcber die \nNiederl\u00e4nd. Kolonien S. 91. \nAuch hier waren ohne die k\u00fcnstliche Beschr\u00e4n- \nkung durch Deiche diese Fl\u00e4chen zu keiner Jahreszeit \nvor Ueberschwemmung sicher, daher schon in den \nfr\u00fchesten Zeiten auf die Anlegung von Deichen \ngrofser Fleifs gewandt worden. Vorher, und selbst \nnach den ersten Versuchen des Eindeichens, da diese \nnoch unvollkommen genug seyn mochten, war an \nAckerbau, aufser auf den h\u00f6herliegenden, der Ueber- \nschwemmung nicht ausgesetzten Stellen (Wurteni, \ndaher die Wurstner oder Wurstsaten, die auf den \nWurten sich angesetzt hatten), kaum zu denken. \nViehzucht war die Hauptsache. \nDie Unterhaltung der Deiche an der Weser, \nW\u00fcmme und Ochtum liegt den Landbesitzern nach \nVerh\u00e4ltnifs ihres Landes ob und ist f\u00fcr sie eine be- \nschwerliche Last, wird aber mit grofser Sorgfalt \nbeachtet, weil ihr Wohlseyn davon abh\u00e4ngig ist. \nWann die Eindeichungen zuerst geschehen sind, l\u00e4fst \nsich nicht mehr genau ausmitteln. Aus einer Stelle \nin Renners Chronik vom Jahre 1020 und der daraus \nverfafsten Reimchronik \nDer Elbe und der TVesser Floth \nSind dusser Tiedt geworden grot \nUnd hebben groten Schaden dahn \nDarup man is to Schade ghan \nDan man den Wesser Diek gelecht \nThe first people who slept there, when the Weser dikes were first established. It is not to be doubted that the dikes existed earlier, although in an incomplete state. However, it is certain that the Belgians, who were summoned by the archbishops Friedrich (1106) and Siegfried (1180) for the cultivation of the barren and marshy sections of the Holstein region, effectively carried out the dike construction and maintenance. Strict supervision of the dike system by the Senate has gradually improved the creation of dikes, particularly along the Weser, although ice floes and violent storm surges frequently demonstrate the power of natural forces over human endeavors. Due to the resulting damage, the handling of the upper dikes was.\nThe police hold great importance and therefore make a significant business branch for certain members of the Senate, except in the Bremen territory, where the landlords are permitted to choose a dike judge (deichgrafs) from their midst. In the oldest times, as previously shown, the relationship of the subjects in the Archbishopric of Bremen was similar to that of a large part of Germany as a whole. The landlord, the nobility, the founders, the monasteries, and the cities possessed the land; the serfs were unfree and bound to the soil, and they were bought, sold, and exchanged with or without the same. This relationship still existed in addition to that established by the jus holandricum and other customary law.\nThe laws arising from medieval land rights have persisted for centuries, as documented by examples from 1363 and 1407. However, the land was not yet sufficiently populated with farmers, and the advantages offered by the Crusades to those suffering under their harsh bonds and the ingratitude of the soil caused many inhabitants to leave. Consequently, Friedrich der Erste, Archbishop of Bremen in 1106, sought both to increase the population and to aid the natural conditions of the land by settling Hollanders, who were actually immigrants from that region.\nIn the regions on this side of the Rhine, formerly known collectively as Hollanders, are located the areas referred to as Rhenus commorantibus or Hollandi, according to the document. These colonists moved in and settled what is now called Hollerland around the year 1180, when Erzbischof Siegfried of Bremen sold the land. It is likely that the marsh was already populated and cultivated, and these colonies were established primarily for the cultivation of the moors or draining of the lands. However, this Belgian settlement in Hollerland is just one example. Their colonies spread over a wide stretch of northern Germany. See the comprehensive work of the Oberhauptmann of Wersabe: Over the Netherlands colonies in northern Germany. Also, refer to Eelking's Dissertation in the Belgicis, Section XII, on the Belgians coming to Germany. These new settlers could only establish themselves through better conditions.\nThe following text describes the rural relationships that existed when the land was still standing. A piece of land, which remained the property of the archbishop, was given for use, and this was done with inheritance rights, to new colonists. Their primary obligation was to make the land arable, and in addition, they were only required to pay a negligible annual ground rent (one Denar or approximately 18 pennies in today's money) to the landlord and the tithe to the church.\n\nOn the other hand, they were granted the right to settle their disputes themselves, subject to the right of appeal to the archbishop. Moreover, they were allowed to elect a community judge from their midst. This right is called the jus hollandicum; it had the consequence that many serfs willingly left their lords and went to countries where this right was valid.\nThe same parties were entitled to this benefit. However, wars sometimes had this consequence, as in the case of the Grafen von Hoya. Therefore, landowners did not want to completely lose their subjects and deprive them of all hands in agriculture. Consequently, they had to lend them this right. Gradually, feudal law, which now exists as a rule in the Bremen city area, developed in this way. In the fourteenth century, feudal servitude was almost completely disappeared, although traces of it remain in feudal relationships and it underwent a merging with the jure hollandico. Through the twenty-ninth statute, this relationship was further stabilized, as only burgher land could be bought and possessed according to it.\nA farmer could not obtain free land ownership but only acquire usage rights through Meier contracts. Although it seems that the farmer could acquire the ability to purchase land ownership by obtaining Bremen citizenship, which could be achieved by paying a negligible sum, few examples of this can be found. The Meier relationship had over time taken on the character of a paternal protective relationship, which the farmer had grown fond of through habit. Even during the French period, when imperial decree allowed for the abolition of the Meier bond, only a few utilized this freedom.\n\nHowever, the ideas of the modern age had begun to influence some.\nLandleuten of the Bremischen Area had not remained ineffective in 1818. They were attracted to the ordinance of such regulations that solely or predominantly concerned the land. This was achievable only through the granting of a direct representation of the peasants in legislation. As early as 1815, during the preparations for the improvement of the constitution, this was under discussion.\n\nDecisions on general laws were the concern of the council and the citizenship, from whom they were excluded, and although the citizenship had no constitutional role in the administration of the territory, the peasants had no voice there either. However, the senate alone issued the special regulations for them.\nTo enable them to participate directly, it seemed necessary that they first be transformed into free landowners. This would provide them with the opportunity, under the abolition of the mentioned prohibitive law, to acquire the landlord rights on their Meierland estates and other property.\n\nTherefore, the Senate had proposed this to the assembly, and the matter was delegated to a commission which found no objection to this idea that accorded with the general will of the people. One can already now acknowledge the Senate and the assembly's agreement to the abolition of the twenty-third statute, which will tear down this barrier.\nneunundzwanzigsten Statuts und den Loskauf der \nMeierpflichtigkeit der Meierg\u00fcter im Bremischen Ge- \nbiet. Bremen 1820.) \nDafs durch jene Befreiung vom Meierrechte aus \nwenigen wohlhabenden eine Menge unbeg\u00fcterter \nBauern entstehen werde , ist nicht zu f\u00fcrchten. \nEiner unbegr\u00e4nzten Parcellirung der H\u00f6fe wird die \nGesetzgebung vorzubeugen wissen, und eine Ver- \ntheilung des Bodens innerhalb der durch die Umst\u00e4nde \ngebotenen Gr\u00e4nzen wird hoffentlich eine sorgf\u00e4ltigere \nKultur des Bodens, die in manchen Feidmarhen noch \nsehr zur\u00fcck ist, einen h\u00f6hern Aufschwung der Be- \nv\u00f6lkerung, der Wohlhabenheit und der Civilisation \nherbeif\u00fchren. Das Stadtgebiet hat ohngef\u00e4hr 12000 \nEinwohner, also (ohne die Stadt) ohngef\u00e4hr 2400 \nSeelen auf die Quadratmeile, was auf einem Terrain, \ndas gr\u00f6fstentheils nur zu Wiesen und Weideland be- \nnutzt werden kann, \u00fcberreichlich scheint; allein der \nThe distribution of land ownership is unequal. The creation of a general catalog, which, in addition to other advantages, would make possible a correct assessment of the ground tax, and the establishment of a dike association for the entire area collectively or in suitable divisions, belongs to the further desires that have arisen and whose realization no longer seems far off.\n\nThe territory of the city of Bremen is, like the city itself, divided by the Weser into two unequal halves.\n\nBefore the year 1802, it looked like this:\n\nOn the right Weser bank, there was 1) the Gowgericht Hollerland with the villages of Horn, Lese, Vahr (Lese and Vahr in part), Rockwinkel, Oberneuland, and Osterholz. In this area are the majority and the finest estates of the Bremen, among which are those of the HH. Dr. Schultz, B\u00fcrgermeister Heineken, and Se-\nThe following individuals deserve mention: Lord L\u00f6ning in Oberneuland and the lords Dr. Post and Focke in Horn.\n\n1) The court - Blockland, which is divided into Upper- and Lower-Blockland.\n2) The court Werderland, consisting of the villages Walle, Gr\u00f6pelingen, Aslebshausen, Gramke, Mittelsb\u00fchren, Dunge, and Lesumbrok.\n3) The court Borgfeldt, with the villages Borgfeldt, Wart, Butendiek, Timmersloh, and Verenmoor. Otherwise, a patrimonial court under Bremen's jurisdiction, belonging to the von der Lit family. One brother sold half of the court in 1595 to the council of Bremen, while the other half came to the Brandt family through inheritance. Their descendants have possessed it up to the most recent time.\n\nIn the past few years, some city records have been accumulated again.\n\nOn the left Weser bank: 1) The court Obervieland with the villages: Neueland, Ha-\nThe territory of Benhausen, Arsten, Kirchhuchting, Mittel- and Brok-Huchting. 2) The Lower Vieland Court: with the villages of Voltmershausen, Rablinghausen, Lankenau, Strohm, Seehausen and Hasenb\u00fcren. This area was rounded off through the Regensburg Reichsdeputationshauptschluss of the year 1802, by which Kurhannover ceded to Bremen the Flechen Vegesack, the Barkhof, the villages of Schwachhausen, Hastedt, Vahr (the remaining part) and all that lay between the Weser, W\u00fcmme, the former city boundaries and a line from Sebaldsbr\u00fccke through the Hemelinger M\u00fchle to the left Weser bank. Oldenburg, however, retained Grolland. This line underwent some insignificant changes through further agreements. Simultaneously, Bremen regained the sovereignty over the areas between the mentioned rivers which had been ceded to Hannover in the Stader Vergleich of 1741.\nThe following villages belong to it: Mohr, Gramke, Mittels- and Niederb\u00fchren, Burg, Aslebshausen, Wasserhorst, Wumsiel, Nieder-Blockland and some smaller parts. Each Gow was under the jurisdiction of a member of the Senate, who held both the lower jurisdiction and the police and administration. Borgfeldt had its own judge.\n\nThe aforementioned division into Gows and courts has ceased since the restoration of the constitution. Lower civil and criminal jurisdiction has been assigned to the city undercourt.\n\nRegarding administration and police, the area is divided into districts on the right and left Weser banks. Each village has a member of the Senate (the landlords) in charge. Moreover, each village has one or more land jurors as leaders, an office that annually rotates among the landowners according to the size of their land.\nThrough these jurors, the settlements of the old Gowen were still connected, as the jurors of each Gowe formed a corporation for common affairs, whose chairman was called Landesvorsprecher. Vegesack has its own, senate-appointed official, who stands by the side of the Ortsvorst\u00e4nde for criminal administration.\n\nJust as the Weser divides the area into two halves, so does the nature of the soil. On the left Weser bank, between the Weser and Ochum, there is excellent marshland, which in its higher layers yields rich and productive grain and in its lower layers offers rich grass. Beyond and farther from Ochum, there is poorer peat soil. On the right bank, the Werderland mostly has Geeste or sandy soil, on which grain grows in the higher layers.\nThe drawn water, but usually stingily grows, only towards Mittelsb\u00fcren a little more productive. In the Neiderungen are good meadows. The Blockland yields only poor hay. The Hollerland has in part marshland, in part moor and sandy soil. The higher region is used for corn, the lower as grassland. Distinctive oaks still stand in this region and provide particularly Oberneuland and Rockwinkel with a special charm. Underground traces show that here once a dense forest grew, and in the vicinity of the W\u00fcmme, on a large area, a few feet under the ground, dense layers of half decomposed tree trunks in uninterrupted row, which indicate a natural revolution, which does not belong to the most remote past. The fruit is not as frequent on the Geest as on the Marsch, but more delicious. The Geesthanner is\nfiner, than on the march, and is built there diligently.\nCattle breeding is the most important part of the economy in this water-rich land due to the excellent pastures. Agriculture, however, does not reach the domestic demand at a great distance. Few villages can bring a surplus to the market. Rye is the main crop, flax is only grown for domestic consumption, hemp a little for oil. Rational farming was hardly at home in the area, as the city even had to pay significant money to remove the tolls. However, this expense is gradually decreasing with the expansion of the highways. The abolition of the salt monopoly through purchase and the resulting better sharing of the land would soon rouse the farmers from their lethargy.\nWillows and alders are found in a dense growth in this area.\nschwemmungen ausgesetzten Gegend eine Wohlthat \nder Natur\u00bb Sie sind daher h\u00e4ufig in unserm Gebiet \nzu finden, und der fleifsige Landwirth sorgt f\u00fcr ihre \nUnterhaltung, weil sie zum Deichbau und zu den der \nVerbesserung der Strombahn wegen angelegten \nSchiengenwerken unentbehrlich sind , und ihm daher \nmanchen baaren Gewinn verschaffen. Pferde werden \nnur zum Bedarf des Landmanns gezogen. Auch die \nHornviehzucht liefert geringen Ueberschufs f\u00fcr die \nbedeutende Konsumtion der Stadt. Der Krieg und \neinige ung\u00fcnstige Jahre nach dem Frieden haben den \nViehstand auf den Bauerh\u00f6fen sehr heruntergebracht, \nund erst jetzt f\u00e4ngt er an, sich wieder etwas zu heben. \nDarum werden die herrlichen Weiden am linken Ufer \nder Weser meistens mit in Ostfriesland und dem Ol- \ndenburgischen aufgekauftem, magern Vieh besetzt. \nBienenzucht kommt wenig in Betracht, Schafzucht \neben so wenig. Die Schweinmast, welche von den \nEichen in Hollerland is won, but this is less significant. The building wood does not run short. The hunt is insignificant, and the Weser is mainly used only by the urban fishing guild, whose fishing rights, however, do not only apply to the part of the river that flows through their territory, but also extend further down into the adjacent riverbed. Only some villages are allowed a limited share in the Weser fishery, while the landowners are offered a profitable livelihood in the shipping of the W\u00fcmme, Lesum, and Ochum, and in various other occupations. The shipping industry, especially the Greenland trade for cod fishing, occupies only a part of the year and still leaves them time for their rural affairs.\nThe following industries must be mentioned first: shipbuilding at several warehouses in Vegesack and in the castle, as well as the operation that is achieved through three brickworks, some limeworks, and the like. In some villages, the peasants keep special teams of horses for transport, while in others the cottagers are engaged in paving streets and expand this business far and wide, even to Rufsland; weaving mats, baskets, and nets in the winter, and linen weaving (although artificially limited by the jealousy of the urban guilds), and similar activities serve to earn money, primarily for the smaller landowners, whose large numbers could not possibly exist without the proximity of a wealthy city on the partly poor, partly industrially underdeveloped and poorly built land.\nIn recent times, much has improved here. The surrounding areas of the city can hardly be affected by this reproach any longer: all traces of heath have vanished, except for a few small areas that are barely suitable for cultivation or do not even want to do so. Beautiful seeds are growing instead, mixed with various vegetable plantings, where nothing but bare earth or dry sand was visible a few years ago. It is worth noting how, from year to year, grain cultivation is yielding more and more to vegetable cultivation, and this larger area is occupying, not without a favorable influence on the distant villages, where, through emulation, more orderliness is beginning to show.\n\nThe establishment and vigorous implementation of the four art streets have contributed much to this. The increased ease and security of transportation has resulted in it.\nAll products of the soil, light transport, and the goodness of the fertilizer, have been the most effective means of cultivation, their influence growing more evident with each passing year, and again providing proof that the state's investments, although they do not receive special interest on their investment capital through direct investments, indirectly yield the most beautiful and abundant fruits.\n\nMention must also be made of another similar installation of more recent times, whose usefulness is increasingly apparent. A canal located on the eastern side of the suburbs (the Kuhgraben), which was constructed in the thirteenth century for protection against unexpected enemy attacks, primarily serves this purpose through its connection to the W\u00fcmme, from the Hanj\u00f6vei offices in Lilienthal and Ottersen.\nThe text describes the transportation of turf from the moors of Bremen to the city, which was insufficient for the large demand and required a long journey through the Hamme, Lesum, and Weser. Now, a similar canal has been dug on the western side of the suburbs, which corresponds with other canals in Hanover, allowing new moor colonists in the Amte Osterholz and distant areas to bring their turf and other products to the city without the need for buyers.\n\nTradesmen's guilds are generally not allowed to operate within the city. However, this is different in the special municipal institution of Vegesack. Then, in addition:\n\n\"In the special municipal institution of Vegesack, this is arranged differently. There, the moor colonists have been granted the right to sell their turf and other products directly to the city without the need for buyers.\"\nHastedt and Schwachhausen, where before 1803 several craftsmen resided under Hanoverian rule, whose continuance was promised due to the fact that a large number of merchants were present there. In particular, Hastedt gained more the status of a large suburb than a village. Here, the residence of some earlier Jewish families was also permitted.\n\nVegesack.\n\nAt the point where the Lesum and Aue flow into the Weser, lies between sand hills the district Vegesack, belonging to the territory of the city Bremen. The houses are clean and pleasant; one sees that here mainly shipowners live, whose stay on the ships has given them a different nature, and they also arrange themselves on the land in a small, neat, and elegant manner; therefore, in older houses, the rooms have many similarities with each other.\nKaj\u00fcten; holl\u00e4ndische Bauart l\u00e4fst sich nicht ver- \nkennen. In neuerer Zeit neigt man sich jedoch \nauch hier mehr zur moderneren Bauart. \nVegesack ist f\u00fcr den Seehandel Bremens sehr \nwichtig. Als daher 1741 mit dem Amte Blumenthal \nauch Vegesack an Hannover abgetreten wurde, ver- \nblieb der Stadt nicht nur der Hafen daselbst mit dem \nHafenhause , sondern auch die niedere Jurisdiction \n\u00fcber den Ort. Im Jahre 1803 wurde die Landeshoheit \n\u00fcber Vegesack und Zubeh\u00f6r an Bremen zur\u00fcckge- \ngeben. Der 1619 zuerst angelegte wohlverwahrte \nHafen, in welchem die er.tfr achteten Seeschiffe lie- \ngen, steht unter der n\u00e4chsten Aufsicht des Hafen- \nmeisters, und dieser unter der ihm vorgesetzten De- \nputation aus Rath und B\u00fcrgerschaft. Seine Obliegen- \nheiten sind in einer am 26sten M\u00e4rz 1821 erlassenen \nRathsverf\u00fcgung deutlich ausgedr\u00fcckt. Schiffe von \nzweihundert bis f\u00fcnfzig und wenigeren Lasten zahlen \nFor the winter months of November to March, the cost of living ranged from ten to four Reichsthaler. The harbor master usually resided in the harbor house and conducted business there. Now, the duties of the business are separated; however, they continue and are likely still being carried out and managed there.\n\nIn discussions about improving the constitutional law, it was decided to appoint, instead of a council member as before, a legal scholar as an official, to whom the jurisdiction of lower civil, criminal, and police courts, as well as the administrative police, was assigned.\n\nAdditionally, in the year 1819, the settlement received its own community ordinance. Elected representatives of the inhabitants handle local matters and manage the well-stocked community chest, which is richly endowed with some state and rental income.\nWhoever is unfamiliar with shipbuilding can see many interesting things here, and everything is friendly shown on board ships. On shipbuilding sites, one can learn sensible equipment, and the spectacle is grand when the completed ship, the masterpiece of human intelligence, is launched from the dock. It is a sunny Sunday, thousands of festively dressed people cover the shore or float lightly on the water; the windows are crowded; everything is in the most tense anticipation. The new ship is filled with people who want to accompany its first journey on the waterway. *) At the helm stand musicians. The signal is given by three cannon shots; the flag is hoisted, and a thunderous cheer erupts into the air; hats and handkerchiefs are waved.\nMan feels like in a daze as the immense mass stirs; one thinks it's an illusion, until gradually and majestically the future inhabitant of the sea, which is to withstand tropical storms, reveals itself. It departs from its narrow bay, the schmale Fiufsbucht, gaining swiftness and then plunges deep into the stream with its forepart, violently righting itself, as the waves surge towards the other shore. All ships and boats on the river dance, as far as the eyes can reach.\n\nThis sometimes doesn't happen without misfortune. In the year 1651, the city of Emden had to lament this. Many hundreds of people filled a ship that was launched. During its launch, it capsized, causing the ground to rise into the air. Despite this, holes appeared immediately.\nBoden gone and many people were saved, yet 225 still died. In Emden, hardly a family went without mourning clothes. The housekeepers were not cautious enough, otherwise this unusual misfortune could not have occurred. Wiarda, Ostfries. History VI.\n\nSmooth fluth, like a flat one, suddenly appears, as if stirred up by winds; and what a wondrous spectacle, when once on such an occasion the delicate steamship, with all its passengers, dances in the water like a nymph, on the agitated waves rises and sinks, and then, triumphantly, floats against the current, indefatigably stirring up the infinitesimal steam vapors that rise straight up into the blue ether.\n\nThe Lutheran inhabitants of Vegesack were\nFormerly situated near Lesum and the reformed parishioners in Blumenthal, they have now, especially through the exceptionally generous donations of the Bremen supporters, built a suitable, for now spacious but eventually too small church on a desirable site. The man whose efforts we owe most to this work is the esteemed Amtmann Wilmanns, who during the Reformation festival in the year 1817 first gave the suggestion that the inhabitants unite as an evangelical community. This well-received idea initially gained general approval, which was then vigorously sustained by the unwavering zeal of the official. To fully bring the idea to life, it was fortunate to find a capable man.\nFor this church's minister, the small community of the city of Bremen was the first model for a church union. The scholarly educated person visits Doctor Roth, the first one, who wrote a Flora of Germany, and his botanical garden, located on the higher Weser riverbank. Here, one enjoys a very wide and pleasant view. The well-cultivated and fertile Stodingerland on the other Weser riverbank is seen from here like a garden. Many who do not wish to make a long bathing trip enjoy finding a bathing establishment during their stay in Weserburg.\n\nSince the steam boat goes regularly and offers comfortable and pleasant travel daily, many not only make pleasure trips to Weserburg but also hold formal excursions there and not without justification. The land has much more to offer here.\nThe interchanges of heights, forests, and clear brooks, near Bremen. Walks to Ronliebeck and Blumenthal are truly charming. These villages, especially Blumenthal, are surrounded by the most beautiful woodlands on the countryside. Here, the houses are not cramped together like on the Rhine, but each forms a homestead. Many have a view of the Weser, which here offers flat, wide, but fertile banks on both sides. Along the banks, farms are lined up on both sides of the river, each forming a small idyllic image for itself. In the distance, one sees ships at sea; cargo boats filled with market goods from Bremen returning to Stedingerland. Men and women sitting on empty barrels, tubs, and things, chatting together, and their figures reflect in the still water.\nLenny the Water. Such scenes have been painted by Bonaventura Peters, when he recalled that this element, not only in its wretchedness, but also in its tranquility on the lake and the river, is worth painting.\n\nRegarding the small historical memories that connect to the places around Bremen, it should not be forgotten that Lipsius, in his commentary on Tacitus, moved the Idestric battlefield to Vegesack, which has long been refuted.\n\nIt is known that the Danish king Sueno, when he invaded the Electorate with his Normans, was captured in this region by the servants of the archbishop. He, however, received him friendly and hospitably and, considering it wise, released him. The Askomannen, who raided the Weser as far as Lesum, were defeated in this region during their retreat.\nThe most beautiful landscapes of the Weser river are revealed when approaching from Bremen by water, specifically when one intends to touch the Vegesack dam and turns towards the Lesum mouth and the Brok. The height of the Lesum riverbank, the tree groups on the Brok, the scattered huts, grazing cattle, sailing ships, and the beautiful water surface - all of this creates a peaceful and picturesque landscape.\n\nBremen's surroundings, near and far,\n\nThe northwest coast of Germany was once reclaimed from the sea. Individual hills and hill ranges, which also sparsely rise above the same area in the vicinity of Bremen, may have once offered a dam to the sea waves, as they do now after increased deposits.\nWatten at the mouth of the Weser. \u2014 These few small hills and the peculiar life, which is one of Germany's most significant shippable rivers and some smaller tributaries merging into the same shores, offer, calculatedly, the most appealing attraction for a friend of beautiful nature among us. Landscapes in the style of Ruysdael or Waterloo are not lacking in our surroundings, and the prevailing sense for rural life in Bremen has appreciated the meager gifts of nature all the more gratefully. \u2014 Wherever along the Weser, W\u00fcmme, and Lesum shores, or in the shadows of the thousand-year-old oaks of Hollerland, an excellent view or a charming place of repose presented itself, it found itself since\nFor centuries, Bremish families with estates and gardens have enjoyed the beautiful summer months in their country houses. From their simple farmhouses, numerous unsavory villas and charming gardens have emerged in the last fifty years. In recent times, hardly a year has passed without new creations of this kind appearing. The middle class of Bremen residents have also developed a strong desire to spend a part of the summer, particularly the month of August, which is popularly considered a vacation month for our numerous schools, in the open air. This has become a significant source of income for several naturally favored villages in the Bremish territory, with some rural homes offering rooms for summer rental.\nder St\u00e4dter zu erbauen und einzurichten und ihren \nAeckern und Holzungen einen beschatteten Rasenplatz \nf\u00fcr sie abzugewinnen. So werden manchen Sommer \ndrei-- bis vierhundert st\u00e4dtische Familien gez\u00e4hlt, \nwelche sich einer freiwilligen Beschr\u00e4nkung auf den \nengsten Platz und auf die nothd\u00fcrftigsten Ger\u00e4the bei \nl\u00e4ndlicher Kost mit Freuden unterziehen , um in \neinem solchen l\u00e4ndlichen Sorgenfrei, das mehr oder \nminder ger\u00e4umig und gesucht um den Miethzins von \nzwei bis zehn Louisdor f\u00fcr einige Monate zu haben \nist, der erfrischenden Landluft zu geniefsen. Der \nweibliche Theil der Familie ist hier dann ganz hei- \nmisch, w\u00e4hrend die durch ihr Gesch\u00e4fte zu einem \n\u00f6fteren Besuche der Stadt gen\u00f6thigten M\u00e4nner zu- \ngleich die Landstrafsen durch eine geh\u00e4uftere Zahl \nvon Fuhrwerken , Reitern und Fufsg\u00e4ngern Morgens \nund Abends, gehend und kommend, beleben. \nWem sein Verm\u00f6gen oder der Drang der t\u00e4gli- \nThe following villages in northern Niedersachsen and Westphalen present a quite different sight from those in southern Germany. A traveler from our vicinity, if his way takes him to Upper Germany, might claim he comes nowhere near a village there, only seeing roads and larger and smaller towns and marketplaces instead. However, Walter Scott in his widely read Ivanhoe describes the Saxon dwellings:\n\n\"The villages in the northern regions of Niedersachsen and Westphalen present a sight quite different from those in southern Germany. A traveler from our vicinity, if his way takes him to Upper Germany, might claim he comes nowhere near a village there, only seeing roads and larger and smaller towns and marketplaces instead. But Walter Scott, in his widely read Ivanhoe, describes the Saxon dwellings:\n\nThe countryside was dotted with farmhouses, their yards filled with sociable tables, giving the appearance of a fair being held everywhere. The sight of these villages in the northern regions of Niedersachsen and Westphalen is quite different from that of the villages in southern Germany. A traveler from our vicinity, if his way takes him to Upper Germany, might claim he comes nowhere near a village there, only seeing roads and larger and smaller towns and marketplaces instead. But Walter Scott, in his widely read Ivanhoe, describes the Saxon dwellings:\n\nEvery cottage was a picture of comfort and cheerfulness. The windows were open, and the white curtains fluttered in the breeze. The doors stood wide, and the inmates, clad in their holiday attire, were seated at long tables, feasting on the fruits of the earth, or engaged in merry sports and games. The sound of laughter and merriment was heard in every direction, and the scene was one of unalloyed happiness and contentment.\n\nThe houses were built of timber, and thatched with straw. They were low and broad, with projecting eaves, and ornamented with carvings and gables. The gardens were neatly kept, and the fields around were dotted with cows and pigs, and here and there a horse or two was to be seen. The whole scene was one of rural simplicity and contentment, and the traveler could not but feel that he was in a land where the simple pleasures of life were still enjoyed, and where the people were still in harmony with nature.\"\nIn Britannien, as we understand it fully, it is to us as if we were at home. To speak somewhat about the condition and appearance of the villages in these regions, it is necessary first to learn about the individual dwellings from which they are composed. The house of a farmer, called here the self-owned or freeholder of a larger plot, is a large, spacious building, about 150 feet long and half as wide, never more than one story high. The walls are mostly built of timber frame and filled in with bricks, seldom entirely of masonry. The large three-quarter part of the height of the entire building is occupied by the upper story, which tapers to a point.\nThe thatched roof of a giebeldach is larger for people and livestock in winter, not with tiles, but with reeds or straw closely and artificially covered. In front of the house there is a large four-sided courtyard, whose area often exceeds that of the house, with one or more sheds on its sides, a tile-covered oven, the manure pit, and the pig stable, the only livestock that is not usually taken into the house. Behind or next to the house there is a large fruit and vegetable garden, all this in the usual enclosure of a ring of tall oaks, lindens, willows, ashes, or at least high willow trees. The tallest trees are planted closely around the house for protection against storms and rain and rise high above it.\nThe stork on top of the roof ridge enjoys its shelter. The buildings are usually built on a small mound (Wurth, Werft) for protection against flooding. The slopes towards the courtyard and gardens are used. A large, arched door, which provides a comfortable entrance for a heavily loaded four-horse cart of sixteen to twenty tons, is located in front of the house; next to it is a small opening for the livestock and the indispensable large house dog. To both sides of the house door, in the two corners of the house facade, there are two smaller doors. One leads to the cow stable, the other to the horse stable. These extend inside the house along the length of the room with a lehmboden floor.\nThe area beneath the thatched roof of the house, above which there is space for sleeping quarters for servants and storage for farming equipment, as well as shelter for the numerous livestock, coexists peacefully with the swallows nesting between the house beams. Following the stables are the milk and larder rooms to both sides of the house entrance. Above this, in its entire width, lies a pavement of small, sometimes symmetrically arranged pebbles, leading to the hearth opposite the main door, where the fire never dies out and which the housewife seldom leaves during the day, as she attends to the domestic staff who tend to the open stalls on that side.\nIn this spacious domestic dwelling, all not-on-the-field rural tasks are carried out. Here, hay and grain are brought in from the fields and transported onto the expansive house floor through a large opening with large hay forks. In the winter, it is thrown back out through the same opening and trodden on the house floor. Hemp and flax are processed here, and farm equipment is repaired. Dancing takes place here during weddings and other domestic celebrations, and provisions are made for numerous guests. From the paved area at the back of the house, two side doors lead to the courtyard or garden, to the well, bleaching area, and to the adjacent outbuilding mentioned earlier.\nThis place and the entire backside of the house are home to several rooms behind it and the hearth. The wall, through which the doors to these rooms lead, as well as the hearth's mantel, are adorned with numerous large earthenware jugs, pots, and other utensils. These decorative items were usually brought as wedding gifts from relatives, friends, and neighbors at the beginning of the household and were kept for use during festive occasions, bearing the names of the donors inscribed on them. These decorative utensils gleam in the glow of the modern hearth up to the ceiling, from which a large supply of smoked ham, sausages, and bacon hangs.\n\nThe only room where the father of the house, the mother, and the children have their sleeping niches in the wall.\nThe finding of Alkoven serves the family for daily use, the others are used for Sundays, visits, and summer rentals for outgoing city dwellers in uninterrupted, always clean and orderly conditions. No house borders closely on another, with the exception of a few, especially those of the neighboring villages, where agriculture has begun to shift to vegetable farming and thus housing has moved closer together. Each farmer lives on his meadows or his arable land, and only where his fifty, hundred, or two hundred acres of land, belonging to another, is seen does he see his neighbor's dwelling \u2014 churches and school paths are certainly far, but taverns are not less so, and the greater morality on the land may well be found in the villages where agriculture is more intensive.\nThe isolated living conditions of those patriarchal life have been preserved undisturbed. The Weser cuts through the Bremen territory, dividing it into two unequal halves. The smaller one is on the left Weser bank, bordered by the Ochum, while the larger one on the right Weser bank is bordered by the W\u00fcmme (later Lesum), both above and below the city, where these rivers flow into the Weser, either merging or limiting it.\n\nInteresting parts and views can be found on the left Weser bank and the high Weser dikes (dikes), which at the same time form a ring of villages around the rich, mostly dairy farming regions, adorned with meadow wax. This is particularly the case below the city in the Niedervielande, where the villages of Woltmershausen, Rabblinghausen, and Lankenau offer interesting manor houses and popular rural inns. The Klattesche House to\nLankenau , eine kleine Stunde von der Stadt, \nzeichnet sich unter diesen besonders aus. Zahlreiche \nLustschifFe mit flaggenden Wimpeln f\u00fchren demsel- \nben an jedem sch\u00f6nen Tage auch aus den h\u00f6heren \ngeselligen Zirkeln viele G\u00e4ste zu, die seit einigen \nJahren das Dampfschiff, welches auf seinen t\u00e4glichen \nFahrten nach Vegesack, Braake u. s. w. hier einen \nkleinen Anhaltspunkt zu machen pflegt, sehr zu ver- \nmehren begonnen hat. Ger\u00e4umige reinliche Zimmer \nund schattige Lauben am hohen Weserdeiche nehmen \ndie Wallfahrenden freundlich auf. Die Bewirthung \nist prompt und anst\u00e4ndig und der sch\u00f6ne Blick auf \ndie Stadt und auf den zwischen gr\u00fcnen Wiesenufern \nmit zahlreich kreuzenden Schiffen fluthenden Weser- \nstrom geben der Landschaft ein eigenes heiter ge- \nseiliges Leben. Vor allem ist es, wenn nach an- \nhaltendem \u00f6stlichen Winde, der die Seeschiffe vom \nEntering the Weser estuary is held back, suddenly a change occurs, extremely interesting here to spend a beautiful day outdoors. One often sees then, with favorable northwest, fifty to hundred ships or barges with swelling sails, a goose-like procession, the Weser carrying them upstream. The entire river presents a living panorama, on which the eye cannot be satiated.\n\nOn the southern side of Niedervieland, the fish-rich Ochum with its countless windings along the village Strohm offers friends of solitude many tranquil, shady places near the scattered dwellings by the shore. Here too, there is a place richly equipped for the reception of guests, although less frequented and friendly.\n\nOn the right Weser bank, in the vicinity of the city and at the outermost borders of the forelands, there are...\nThe cities above the coffee houses on the Eisenradsdeich, where several bathhouses on the Weser can be found, and below, the friendly Kohrmannsche Wohnung, at the Bollwerke following the Thranbrennerei, are frequently visited for afternoon strolls in the afternoon; the village of Gr\u00f6plingen, an hour below Bremen, is particularly noteworthy during strawberry season. In further excursions to this side, greatly facilitated by a completed chaussee in this year (1822), one does not usually rest until one has reached the village of Burg, a good mile from the city, where the choice is difficult for the further small mile to Vegesack along the left Lesum riverbank through the Bremen villages of Dungen and Lesumbrook, or crossing the Burg bridge, on the right, through the Hanoverian villages of Lesum, St. Magnus, and Groden.\nThe most distinguished place to draw near, or finally, what is likely to grant the finest approach during pleasant weather and favorable tide (for ebb and flow are to be considered here), would be on a rented boat from the shipyards near the castle or at the Dunger dike. The isthmus between the Weser and the Lesum offers a wide, summertime expanse of green meadows, dotted with the most beautiful grazing cattle, enclosed by a ring of villages with tree-planted, protective dikes along the banks. A stroll along the same length of the Lesum flow is particularly delightful, as on the opposite side, from the bridge to the castle, a friendly hill range rises, adorned with picturesque villages such as Marsol, Lesum (the church).\nThe churchyard offers excellent views and perspectives, St. Magnus and Groden, which more or less sharply descend towards the river. Here, in incomprehensible times, the high banks of the Weser river, which at that time formed a water surface with the Lesum, were likely to be found. The winding courses of the Lesum river around these hills are extremely pleasant. Several shipyards, the lively torf shipping industry, the residence of several Greenland traders, their numerous shallow-drafted ships finding their resting place here after completion of their journey, a bustling fishing industry, the exchange of various products of both shores through the overloading of rafts with hemp and corn wagons on the Prahnen, the Yegesacher pleasure boat, all on the solitary protruding dike-end.\nThe land with grazing cattle contributes greatly to the liveliness of this charming region, which has attracted settlers since ancient times. The estate at Dunge and Lesumbroh still belongs to some of the largest Bremish families, who have their summer residences here, and on the hills of St. Magnus, there are also several beautifully built ones in recent years. *)\n\n*) The author of the largest part of these pages hoped in vain to win back his disturbed health from the pure air of the St. Magnus heights; he spent the last summer months of his active life here, occupied with the completion of this last work of his. We give what follows in his own words, from his left-behind papers.\nIn this historical and topographical note, the beloved residence of the following was found: St. Magnus, a friendly Hanoverian fishing village located hard on the Lesum hills by the river, which merges with the Weser only a short distance after the Auebach falls into it. One enters the Bremish quarters of Vegesack and thus returns to a completely seafaring life. The beautiful, spacious harbor is filled with numerous ships, whose densely packed masts and rigging offer a surprising view from the nearby hills. The constant noise of shipyard activity, the ringing of work and festival bells, the oar strokes of constantly departing and arriving boats, and the entire scene, which cannot be described in detail, offers an eye-catching spectacle.\nThe growing area, which exceeds the size of some cities on the Rhine, offers numerous advantages. This place, which is constantly expanding, is built in Dutch-English style. New houses are made of brick, while the older ones are partly made of timber. Cleanliness prevails everywhere, and the seafarers' habit of painting their cabins and ships' gear anew almost every year, as well as not leaving any piece of wood untreated, seems to have an influence on the treatment of their dwellings on solid ground.\n\nThe peculiar life of this place, the beautiful location of it at the confluence of two ship-bearing streams, the healthy air that is always refreshed by the daily ebb and flood, and the clear water, which is always in motion, create a unique charm.\nVegesack, especially since it returned under Bremish jurisdiction in 1802 after being ceded to Hannover in 1741, has become a popular summer retreat for city dwellers. Besides the handsome house at the most beautiful spot in the harbor, equipped with spacious halls and rooms for receiving numerous companies, there are several other good inns. In addition, many private houses, particularly those of seafaring captains, rent out elegantly furnished rooms during the summer months and are sought after by those whose business requires frequent contact with the city. The steamship provides daily communication opportunities with the same place. A person pays for the two-mile journey from Bremen to Vegesack.\nThe western part of the Neu-Vegesack area stretches amphitheater-like up to the highest Weser dikes. The charming view, which one can enjoy here, is particularly noteworthy, especially since it offers a unique perspective of the beautiful garden of Dr. Roth, who is also known as a botanist. This area, located between the Elbe riverside of Hamburg and Blankenese, is not far from the arrival of ships sailing into the harbor with full sails, surrounded by a multitude of smaller boats from which the stream never runs dry, offering an abundance of views. Neu-Vegesack is particularly suitable for combining the pleasures of country living with the satisfaction of urban needs in the easiest way possible.\nGeselligen Zirkeln, selbst an Klubbs and B\u00e4llen, fehlt es bei der Menge durch die Schifffahrt und aus der Umgegend hier zusammenkommender Fremden in der minder beg\u00fcnstigten Jahreszeit und vollends im Sommer nicht. Lebensmittel aller Art sind in \u00dcberfl\u00fcssen zu haben, an Handels- und Kaufl\u00e4den ist kein Mangel. Arzt, Wundarzt, Apotheker, Badeanstalten und ein ausgezeichneter Prediger werden nicht entbehrt. Dabei gibt es im Umkreis einer Stunde der gen\u00fcgsamen, l\u00e4ndlichen Umgebungen so viele, da\u00df die Auswahl schwer wird, und man nicht besorgen darf, die gesellige l\u00e4ndliche Excursion auf einen Fleck zusammen gedr\u00e4ngt zu finden und so der Gesellschaft nicht entfliehen zu k\u00f6nnen, wenn man die Einsamkeit suchte. Ausser den zahlreichen Wasserfahrten auf der Weser und Lesum ist Blumenthal *)\n\n*) Over Blumenthal has in the estate of the deceased there is information.\nProfessor Storck found the following fragment below (Anl. B). With its magnificent oaks, Ronnebeck, Burgwalde, Lehnihorst, Hohnforst, Heltforst, Wohla and the nearby hills with the most beautiful tall beech trees of Sch\u00f6nebeck, it is particularly suitable for inviting afternoon strolls.\n\nThe Hollerland on the right bank of the Weser and on the left bank of the W\u00fcmme to the north-east of the city offers another, interesting part of Bremen's rural life. Estates, manors, pleasure gardens, terraced houses, woodland carefully carved for walks, some simple, others with excellent taste, friendly summer residences on the farmers' estates, all this is still in much greater numbers here than along the Weser and Lesum rivers.\nIn this region, even at publicly visible places for entertainment, the houses of J\u00fcrgens to Oberneuland, a smaller one to Rockwinkel, Rosenthal to Vahr, and Knochsche Landhaus to Horn, are the most popular. The latter even leaves the finest circles of society wanting. This area is completely flat; the ground, sometimes mixed with sand and moor, is less suitable for livestock farming, agriculture, and forestry. All fields are surrounded by picturesque bushes and shaded by beautiful old oaks. Two newly constructed roads facilitate communication. The first one passes by a large common meadow of the commune, where over a thousand milk cows graze in summer, and goes through Schwachhausen, Rhins-\nIn this charming region around Hadenburg, at the border of Oberneuland and Rockwinkel, there has been a lovely institution run by Dr. Friedrich Engelken for healing the mentally ill for a number of years. His diligent and caring treatment has helped many unfortunate souls, even from distant parts of Germany, to make a full recovery. His brother, Dr. Hermann Engelken, has recently established a similar institution.\nThe same success is not known to us. The other road leads on the left side towards Hamburg through Hastedt, a place above Bremen on the Weser river that is more of a suburban village than a rural one, towards Sebaldsbr\u00fcck, where the shade of oaks begins again. Then it goes on to the richly wooded, outermost Bremen villages of Osterholz and Tenever; this one lies sideways on the W\u00fcmme, which, here already navigable for peat ships, leads behind Oberneuland to Borgfeldt, where the influence of ebb and flood is already noticeable. A large meadow stretch occupied by the villages of Verenmohr, Timmersloh, and Butendiek extends the Bremen territory here significantly beyond the right W\u00fcmme bank. This one lies against it with its pleasant woods.\nThe summer-visited bathing resort of the Hanoverian village Lilienthal, formerly home of the renowned astronomer Schr\u00f6ter, whose observatory will hold a lasting name in the history of this science. The excellent instruments, including an eight-and-a-half foot telescope, have belonged to the University of G\u00f6ttingen since his death. Northwest of Borgfeldt, the W\u00fcmme forms the boundary of the Bremen territory.\n\n*) Lilienthal, in the spring of 1813, was seen by French troops for the first time in this region on Vandamme's cruel order. The village was set on fire by the French troops. The inhabitants barely saved their lives. A large part of their cattle and equipment was plundered by the flames. The pretext was a mere excuse.\nLater investigation found no solid evidence that individual residents of the village shot at the French troops. The village was beautifully rebuilt after the French departure. Bremen's benevolence was evident here with generous help. The villages of Ober- and Niederblockland were surrounded by them, extending as far as Waterhorst, where they joined the Hamme, which forms the Lesum. After a good half hour, the Bremen village of Burg is reached from where the further course of the Lesum is thought, leading to its union with the Weser at Vegesack.\n\nThe Blockland with its surroundings forms a little-visited, yet in its kind quite unique and in some seasons really charming part of our surroundings. The vast meadows\nThe area, which begins in the northern part of Bremen's suburbs with the described cattle pasture, extends in gradual decline to the W\u00fcmme, where it is protected by a dike following the windings of this river. The land is intersected here with canals, dug for the convenience of the extensive turf trade on the W\u00fcmme. Around this part of the city to the north, in a semi-circle, are the farmers' houses on individual mounds raised to the height of the dike, each one built at a distance allowing for several rifle shots. This region was apparently dammed too early and is therefore flooded every winter and spring by the W\u00fcmme.\nThrough extensive flooding, which is gradually drained away through multiple drainage canals and sluices, and remains in the lower regions of the slope for a long time during wet summers, so that the grass is cut while standing in the water and then piled up and dried on the dike or on individual higher areas before it can be brought into houses and barns. Horses are therefore only kept exceptionally, instead, the field is sown with larger and smaller haystacks. \u2014 Only in the last fifty years has the Blockland dike been more securely protected against breaches through improved construction and supervision. Previously, such occurrences were almost a regular occurrence every winter, and livestock often perished where the stream had broken through.\nThe text describes the presence of fifty to hundred foot deep pits filled with water, called Braaken, found near every dwelling and often adjacent to a large lake-like pond. These ponds, where the vegetable gardens of the Blocklanders are extended, are surrounded by a ring of tall esche and willow trees, their green contrasting with the brown thatched roofs of the houses in various shading. For the amphibian life of the Blocklanders, hunting and fishing remain an activity separate from their field work, which does not have fixed hours.\n\nCleaned Text: The text describes fifty to hundred foot deep pits filled with water, called Braaken, found near every dwelling and often adjacent to a large lake-like pond. These ponds, where the vegetable gardens of the Blocklanders are extended, are surrounded by a ring of tall esche and willow trees. Their green contrasts with the brown thatched roofs of the houses in various shading. For the amphibian life of the Blocklanders, hunting and fishing remain an activity separate from their field work.\nunzertrennlich; they are born fishermen and marksmen of waterfowl, particularly water-snipes, wild geese, and wild ducks. The latter are so at home here that even the tame house ducks seem to feel related to them, and through the skill of the peasants, they are lured to hunt them. A trained decoy duck, which serves the peasant hunter instead of a dog, is paid a Thaler and more. A stroll or horse ride on a beautiful spring day from Bremen over Horn or BorghfeJd through the Blockland to the castle grants a quite peculiar, unique pleasure in only a few regions. Along both sides, almost up to the upper edge of the water, barely allowing space for two foot passengers side by side, one walks in constant bends between two hardly discernible dikes.\nbaren Wasserfl\u00e4chen, links in weiter Ferne von den \nTh\u00fcrmen der Stadt, rechts von dem des hannover- \nschen Kirchdorfs St. J\u00fcrgen begr\u00e4nzt, wie mitten im \nMeere , \u00fcber vier Stunden lang , alle f\u00fcnf bis zehn \nMinuten von der Oase eines freundlichen, auf einer \nkleinen Anh\u00f6he zwischen hohen Baumgruppen, mit \nseinem Strohdache hervorschimmernden , von Fischer- \nnetzen und K\u00f6rben umhangenen, von Menschen und \nVieh zahlreich bev\u00f6lkerten Hauses angenehm unter- \nbrochen, und, will man mit einem Gerichte Hechte, \nger\u00e4ucherter Aale, Wasserv\u00f6gel oder Schinhen sein \nMittagsmahl machen, freundlich aufgenommen *), \nbis man mit der H\u00f6he von Wasserhorst ein enger und \nzahlreicher bebautes Dorf erreicht, von dessen hohem \n*) Die Lust zu dergleichen Delikatessen und jugendlicher \nUebermuth veranlasste in einem der auf die Schlacht bei \nJena folgenden Jahre, wo Bremen und dessen Umge- \nYoung people, annoyed by the quartering of foreign troops, gathered for a nighttime excursion in the suburbs. Equipped with old guns and muskets, they traveled from one farmstead to another, presenting themselves for quartering and enjoying the best offerings in accordance with military custom. The night initially facilitated a successful endeavor. The apprehensive inhabitants, spared from the water-fearing military until then, provided what they had. However, as dawn approached and the young garrison returned with their muskets from the goose and eel fishing, the deception was soon discovered.\nThe entire waterfield echoed with gunshots \u2014 the flat boats with their armed fishermen surged towards it from all sides, and the fearful and feared one exchanged places quickly. Without bloodshed, everything had to submit, and the robust blocklanders transported the prisoners in their boats to the city for delivery to the police. Cemeteries were one of the most intriguing sights for the wanderer, who was now fully rewarded. The view southward towards the city revealed a water basin of such vastness that one could believe they saw a part of Lake Constance in its low shores. To the north, beyond the confluence of the W\u00fcmme and Hamme rivers, lay the charming heights of Marsel, Bitterhude, and the wooded hanoverian Osterholz, and in even greater distance, the heights of Weiherberg reflected on the water surface.\nfreundlich begr\u00e4nzen. \nDafs bei dieser Beschaffenheit der Bremischen \nGegenden auch der Winter hier seine eigenth\u00fcmlichen \nBeize habe, dafs f\u00fcr Schrittschuhlauf und Schlitten- \nfahrten die mannigfaltig wechselndsten Gelegenheiten \nund Vergn\u00fcgungs\u00f6rter sich darbieten und benutzt AVer- \nden, bedarf wohl kaum einer ausdr\u00fccklichen Erw\u00e4h- \nnung. Jeder l\u00e4ngere st\u00e4dtische Sommer auf enthalt auf \ndem Lande f\u00fchrt im Winterseine k\u00fcrzer erscheinenden \nBevenants herbei und findet allenthalben vorbereitete \nfreundliche Aufnahme. Eine besonders in unseren \nGegenden zahlreich gebaute Gattung braunen Winter- \nkohls, der bei sorgf\u00e4ltiger Kultur eine H\u00f6he von \nsechs bis sieben Fufs erreicht und v\u00f6llig gefroren \nf\u00fcr die schmackhafteste Zubereitung am geeignet- \nsten ist, pflegt mit ger\u00e4ucherten Fleischspeisen aller \nArt bei diesen l\u00e4ndlichen Winterparthien das Haupt- \ngericht zu bilden. Der Anblick dieser in einer \nThe combination of brown, green, and violet in the snow that shimmers and the scattered farmhouses in the distance merges into a whole, forming a characteristic feature of every winter landscape in northern Germany.\n\nAnlage A.\n\nThe Wigmodurgau derived its name from the W\u00fcmme or Wimme, which flows beneath the old estate of the now extinct Freiherren von Marsel (Marisgate), where it joins the Hamme, causing its name to change to Lese or Lesum.\n\nThis fish-rich river originates in the duchy of L\u00fcneburg, flows through easily floodable excellent cattle pastures, and divides itself into many arms, which merge here and there. After it, those old lords called themselves the lords of Lesmon or Lesmund (M\u00fcndung der Lese), and their court, where the village still exists today.\nLesum is to be seen. The origin of this lineage traces back to the time of Charlemagne. However, the Lesmon were only called by that name for a short time, until under Otto the Great, Hermann Billings of Saxony's son Lothar the Second reclaimed the title. His wife was the saint, whose names appear as Lismona, Lismonia, Liastmona, Listmuone, Liesmunde, and Countesses of Wigmodia in documents. S. Mushard mentions them in Bremen's Rittersaal. Emma, Mainard of Paderborn's sister, lies buried in Bremen's cathedral and earned favor for the city through her donation of the Bin gerviehweide. \"She gave the city a large pasture and meadow, which is now called B\u00fcrger-Weide, where the citizens have need of it from Br\u00fcmsen, W\u00f6spen, or flies, and it is said that this was in the year 1032.\" The Lesmon belonged to the court of Lesmon.\nrige G\u00fcter *) schenkte sie dem Kaiser Conrad, der sie \nhinwiederum dem Stifte zu Bremen \u00fcbergab. \nErzbischof Adalbert von Bremen, der gewinn- \ns\u00fcchtige, vielbed\u00fcrftige, schlaue Priester, trachtete \nihrem Schwager Ditmar, Bruder Lothars, die ganze \nf\u00fcrs Erzstift wohlgelegene Grafschaft zu entreifsen. \nAls daher Heinrich der Vierte von Bremen nach der \nGrafschaft Lesmon, oder, wie Andere wollen, nach St, \nMagnus, wo Ditmar gewohnt haben soll, zog, um \nden Grafen zu besuchen, brachen aus einem Busche, \nwahrscheinlich von dem Erzbischof dazu verordnet, \nBewaffnete hervor, und wie durch Zufall mufste es \nAdalbert seyn, der den Kaiser aus den H\u00e4nden der \nM\u00f6rder rettete. \nDitmar, dem dieser Frevel, auf das Zeugnifs \nseines bestochenen Knappen, Schuld gegeben wurde, \nmufste sich durch einen Zweikampf reinigen, und als \ner in demselben erlag, h\u00e4ufte Adalbert die an \nThe emperor granted the fallen county for nine pounds to Ad. Br. Gold, consisting of the land Hadeln and 700 mansi. He established there, where the lords of Lesmon resided, a provostry and church. In later years, he frequently stayed there due to the healthy air and the cheerful invitation of the nearby land. He may have particularly enjoyed himself, as his brother, the palatine Friedrich, visited him in St. Magnus to reproach him, and there he often reflected on the vanity of all human greatness with remorse regarding his past life. Moreover, he had the terrible dream in which all his ancestors in office appeared to him in the church and reproached him for his arrogance. After this time, he was never happy again. Death overtook him in Goslar, and he was buried in the choir of the Bremen cathedral.\nThe Grafschaft Lesmon was divided after Adalbert's death. The church at Lesmon along with the tithe of the village was given to the Kloster from Volda to Lilienthal. According to Eelking's diplomas, Heinrich IV's acquisitions of Adalbert's during this event extended to significant areas on the left Weser riverbank. \"Curtem Liestmuone in the county of Uddonis (of Stade) and in the Wigmodia region, with the islands there, as well as the marshes Linnebroch, Aldeiebroch, Weigeribroch, Huchtingebrock, Brinsoimibrock, Weigenbrok, and Adalbert, Archbishop, donated it.\" This land came to the city of Bremen, as well as the Werderland through the endowment of the noblewomen of Gr\u00f6pelingen and Walle. The Bloch-\nland und Burgdamm durch die Junker von Marsein. \nDafs auf den H\u00f6hen der Lesum noch oft Bremer \nErzbisch\u00f6fe sich aufgehalten , zeigt der vom Erz- \nbischof Gerhard mit der Stadt Bremen geschlossene \nmerkw\u00fcrdige Vergleich, der von Lesmona (1246) \ndatirt ist. Abgerechnet, dafs wenn von Lesmon in \nden \u00e4ltesten Nachrichten die Rede, hierunter nicht \nnur der Wohnplatz, sondern die ganze so genannte \nBesitzung mit siebenhundert mansi verstanden ist, so \nmag es doch nicht unwahrscheinlich seyn, dafs das \nganze Ufer an der Lesum mit allen seinen H\u00e4fen Les- \nmon insbesondere genannt wurde und die Benen- \nnung St. Magnus sp\u00e4ter allgemein wurde. Magnus war \nein Zeitgenosse Adalberts, der ihn nach dem Norden \nschichte. In Kistwall in Nordschottland ist ihm eine \nKirche gewidmet. \nAuf den H\u00f6hen nun , wo einst der Stammsitz der \nuralten Grafen von Lesmon sich erhoben, wo einst \nThe favorite residence of Archbishop Adalbert was, whose long submerged dwellings are now hidden among scattered rural huts, in the shadow of fruit and wild trees, the village St. Magnus. Its inhabitants, who trust the sea as much as West Indies sailors and Greenland explorers, in spring and summer harvest walrus, and in autumn farm the land; some engage in shipbuilding. The departure and return of Greenland explorers is the most significant event in the year for the inhabitants of Lesumbroks, St. Magnus, and the surrounding area. The journey is dangerous, and the year's earnings of precious money depend largely on a good catch. They do not throw their dead into the sea during the voyage.\nA St. Magnus Greenland explorer, some years ago, kept on board a house named Yater of a man who had died during the journey, and brought him back after completing the robberies and walrus hunt, so that he could rest among his people. The memory of a church dedicated to St. Magnus survives only in legends. The small enclosure visible on Henizberg may have been used to fortify this church, as all churches in the Lower Weser region were fortified and used as castles. The inhabitants of St. Magnus are now parishioners of Lesum. If the Bremen residents want to catch a glimpse of the mountain ranges in the Little Wadden Sea, they make a pilgrimage to St. Magnus. This village lies on a somewhat elevated area, whose foot is the gently flowing Lesuma.\nThe landscape is dotted with fields of grain, small woods belonging to various manors, well-maintained economic gardens. All of this is very rural and offers the contented and leisurely stroller, especially the connoisseur of landscape peculiarities, a wealth of delight, no matter how the natural beauty may appear.\n\nThe view from St. Magnus overlooks a vast expanse of grassland enclosed by the Lesum and Weser rivers. Wide ditches, covered with reeds, crisscross through in all directions and give this area a certain regularity. In various forms, this grassland appears in the bright green of spring, in the expansiveness of summer, covered with countless cattle grazing, until finally, like arranged troops, long regular lines of trees mark the boundaries.\nThe yellow-green expanse was covered in rows of hay bales. Here and there, a higher ground emerged, like an oasis, where the farmer of old settled, with age, and planted trees around his hut. It was called Tungen (formerly Dungen), during the time when this grassland, known as the Brook (Bruch), was still under water.\n\nA Brook is actually half marsh, half moor. The ground is moor. It burns when dry like peat. It is only covered with a layer of marshy soil, and only after long-term cultivation through drainage with ditches and grazing with cattle, has it become useful, so that it is considered a marshy soil.\n\nLater, they were regarded as country estates of distinguished families, and even now, a large part of the fieldmark, which now bears this name, is still cultivated.\nThe given text appears to be in old German, with some elements of old English. Here is the cleaned version of the text in modern English:\n\nThe estates located there form the land. The accompanying country houses and garden estates provide a pleasant interruption to the area. How different does this low-lying land appear when the equinoctial storms begin to rage, with everything covered in water, the inhabitants of the oases only able to leave their holdings if there are no special connection dikes or if they are unable to; and how, when finally only an ice field is visible near and far! But even at the beginning of summer, a part of this area is often still so flooded that the grass under the water must be mowed, cut and thrown into boats. On the Weser riverbank of this grassland lies village after village; between distant and near trees, a particularly tall group of trees stands out, which was the former seat of the extinct [family name], still in existence in Sweden.\nThe blooming Steding family's estate, by the Lesum's outflow, and on clear days, one recognizes among them the Moorlose Church, a motherless (motherless? Filial, which belonged to the village) on the Weser, in the village of Mittelsb\u00fcren. In the distant blue, lies the Oldenburgish land with the heights of Nutzhorn and Kloster Hude. To the left, one sees the city of Bremen lying and close by is the Lesum's embankment, completely filled with huts, all adorned in their tree abundance, some with fruit trees, others with ash trees. An old knotted elder tree presses itself against every farmer's house, every barn, often bending into a arbor, in the spring through its white flowers it brightens the green and offers the farmer a universal medicine for the whole year.\n\nThe regions, that one travels downstream on the Lesum,\nThe heights of Vegesack and St. Magnus, extending in part beyond and in part up to Blexen on this side and Lehe on the other, are very fertile. Marsh and moor serve for cattle breeding and peat production, and the latter also provides excellent and beneficial burning material in the peat. Only the marshland has a sandy soil.\n\nThe approaching storm lends an air of grandeur to these heights. Then the heralds of the storm, the gulls, scream up the river; their white feathers are sharply cut against the black sky as they dive and soar.\n\n*) The term \"Vie\" does not come from \"Vieh\" (cattle), but rather \"Vie\" means a region easily flooded by water. The Count of Stotel bequeathed income from the land before the Osterhore in Bremen to St. Paul's Monastery. Therefore, it is likely that the names of the two cities, Bremen, are derived from this.\nMischen Goe Ober- and Niedervieland, the here referred to in the text in Duke Bremen's domain. At other times, it is pleasant to see the white sails far and near the Weser, between villages, trees, and meadows, where one would not have expected water, and from the ships themselves, apart from the sail, nothing is visible. If one sees these expanses, which are flooded for a large part of the year up to the small height used for the court, one wonders about Pliny the Elder's description of the land of the Chauken: \"The flood covers this land and makes one doubt whether one has earth or sea before oneself. The poor Chauken people have raised heights and built huts on them, which, during the flooding, resemble shipwrecks.\"\nerscheinen. Tritt das Wasser zur\u00fcck , so fangen sie \nmit ihren Schilfnetzen die Fische, die ihre Nahrung \nausmachen, da sie weder Vieh, noch Wild, noch \nPflanzen haben. Ihr Trank ist in Gruben gesammeltes \nRegenwasser, ihre Feuerung eine Erde, die mehr \nvon Wind als von Sonne trocknen mufs. Und da nun \ndieses arme, aber freie Volk von den R\u00f6mern besiegt \nwird, so f\u00fchlt es sich, w7ie in einem Sklavenzustande.\" \nAber wir lachen, wenn er uns erz\u00e4hlt, wie in dieser \nMeergegend die R\u00f6mer erschraken, als sich stehend \nschwimmende B\u00e4ume mit der Ebbe vor die Schiffe \nlegten, und die R\u00f6mer, eine Kriegslist erwartend, sich \nkampfbereit machten; und doch ist es leicht denkbar, \ndafs ein Baum, der im Moor steht, sammt dem durch \ndie Wurzeln zusammen gehaltenen Boden durch die \nWellen losgerissen und fortgef\u00fchrt wird *). \nYor ungef\u00e4hr f\u00fcnfzig Jahren wurde ein Bremer \nA merchant named Kaufmann noticed the charming location of the village St. Magnus and established a rural residence there. Partly surrounded by nearby surroundings and partly by the wide view, it still brings joy to those who have the opportunity to be here. The first owner, who found the residence too cramped, built a beautiful country house nearby with appropriate surroundings, which is pleasing to the eye from afar for anyone coming from Bremen. The accompanying wooded valley is a beautiful setting. Here, true solitude and forest night reign, and the few broken sunbeams that play between the darkness of the leaves are especially delightful.\n\nSome years later, the pleasant estates belonging to the merchant Focke were made, distinguished by tasteful disposition,\nIn the terrible Christmas flood of 1717 in Ostfriesland, a house on marshland was moved with its entire family and livestock to another place, an hour away. Six acres of green rye seed were sown at Ayenwald. At Westerholz, two thousand square rods of land, three to four feet deep, had been torn loose and transferred to another piece of land. (Wiarda, Ostfriesland History)\n\nThrough wise use of available resources, the eyes were pleased. The dwelling house of this charming estate, built by the current owner, is simple but tasteful, and forms a harmonious whole with the yard and outbuildings. Nature provided abundant resources. On the various well-cultivated shady seats on the bank's height, the effects of morning or evening illumination were experienced.\nTo see it, one must even grant himself to those who know romantic regions, magnificent bows are offered. Between the banks, enveloped in the red scent, the Lesum flows in the milder glow of the evening sun. The green of the meadows gradually loses itself in the blue of the distant horizon. The huts lie still on the bank among willows, oaks, and ashes, and only individual fishermen's boats animate this gentle idyllic painting.\n\nEven near the water, through the shipyard, to walk when the sun is setting, fills a feeling heart with quiet joy. Then the sun floats barely above the wide water surface, its image extends trembling in the turbulent floods up to us here. The red-brown tone surrounds the ships, the sails, the people, and the more distant tree groups, and gives all objects a magical, warm tint. Often\nThe evening sky also shows those peculiar shapes, making one think of Fata Morgana: As the sun sets. In thousand-colored fabrics, The summer sky glows, And in the light cloudlets, The overexcited imagination sees. And this river, the Lesum, or as the ancients called it, Lesmona, flows pleasantly in various windings and irrigates the richest pastures. The most beautiful Hornieh stands in its soft waves, When the summer glows and nourishes itself from the lush grass, whose growth its water fosters. Many a village, noble seat, court, and picturesque fisherman's hut, protected and fortified by granite blocks, surrounded by esches, stand on its lower banks, peeking out behind its dikes, or\nFrom soft ascending heights, we gaze down. The banks have no dry, sandy or stony edge, like mountain rivers, but are instead embraced by this green river from both the advancing flood and the nature of the soil.\n\nPlease do not confuse this description with the fixed landscape decoration of travel writers; it was never the intention to depict the individuality of a specific landscape to one who does not know it through observation.\n\nAnd the cottages standing closer to the water are filled with swallows' nests, not just on the outside but also on the inside. Loud chirping echoes through the wide door, undisturbed by those dwelling and working within.\nTage, und sp\u00e4t Abends das leise Plaudern der Alten \nund Jungen im Neste. \u201eEinst erwachte ich Morgens,44 \nerz\u00e4hlte mir eine Frau, \u201eda konnte ich vor allem \nGezwitscher mein eigenes Wort nicht h\u00f6ren , und als \nich aus der Kammer trat, war das ganze Haus schwarz \nvon Schwalben , die bei mir zur gemeinsamen Abfahrt \nsich versammelt hatten. Ein andermal h\u00f6rte ich Mor- \ngens ein lebhaftes Klopfen am Fenster; als ich zusah, \nso waren es meine zur\u00fcckgehehrten Fr\u00fchlingsg\u00e4ste, \ndie Schwalben , die das Thor zugeschlossen gefunden \nhatten, und nun, an dem Fenster pickend, Einlafs \nbegehrten.\" \nErst vor wenigen Jahren erbauete der Kaufmann \nHeymann, der durch langen Aufenthalt in London \ndem heimathlichen Boden seine Neigung nicht ent- \nzogen hatte, auf derjenigen H\u00f6he, welche die Um- \nwohnenden den Heinzberg nennen , sein Tuskulanum, \naber nicht blofs zum Sommeraufenthalt, sondern um \nFor all eternity to live. The location of this villa, built in the English country house style, is excellent. The garden is not large, but once the plantings have grown, it will be visited with pleasure by friends of nature, not only for the charm of the villa but also for the view. Unfortunately, the brave, hospitable man was only allowed to enjoy his estate for a short time. He rests on the cemetery of the neighboring Vegesack and was the first to be buried on the new cemetery.\n\nThe way from Bremen to St. Magnus is too far, too sandy. Merchants cannot easily come to those living in the countryside after completed transactions, otherwise, the heights of the Lesum would be occupied by country houses in all directions. A completed work of art in this year.\nThe connection eases and provides reason for new constructions up to the fort, at least up to St. Magnus. A popular spot near St. Magnus is Fuchsberg, whose round shape and isolated locations on the plain suggest an ancient German grave hill. *)\u2666 Now foxes have dug up the hill, trees have grown everywhere and bend over the lawn seat. The only view to the right dominates the vast expanse beyond the Weser into Oldenburgerland. In the vicinity are fields of grain, further on the Lesum riverbanks grasslands are visible and occasionally a white sail emerges. *) In the year 1647, in the area of Lehe and Bederkesa, Chauken graves were found with earthen vessels containing ashes and bones; also spear tips, rusted iron tools, decorative items, and cut and polished stones.\nChen lies in a place where this burial mound is frequently used for strolling, and a bank invites rest here and there. The estates of Wellen, Holthorst, Hohnhorst are visited with pleasure. Wide grain fields surrounded by forests, where the long farms lie at their edge, and then lower lying meadows: such scenes make up these small landscapes. The village of Wolda combines excellently all that a beautiful nature can have, and one can also convince oneself of this here, where the founders of the monasteries did not choose the worst places for their establishment.\n\nHowever, there is no trace left of the nunnery that was moved to Lilienthal early on and was later raised there for some time. The land around the monastery Wolda was given to Junker Wilken of Marsel by Erzbischof Hartwich II in the year 1188.\nThe empty but inhabitable Sch\u00f6nebeck castle with its water mill forms a particularly attractive picture, especially in the evening illumination. The lords of Oumiinde, vassals of the archbishop, built Sch\u00f6nebeck and named themselves after it. The name Sch\u00f6nebeck first appears in a deed from the year 1357. No trace remains of the old castle. The Sch\u00f6nebeck estates came into the possession of the House of der Borg.\n\nThe moat is filled with various water plants, including the yellow and white water lily (Nymphaea alba and lutea) with their broad round leaves, which have transformed it into a flower-rich meadow. \"Where among rushes and reeds sits the large lily as the queen of the water.\" The wooden structure with its heart-shaped, tall and thick beech trees must be wandered through in the evening.\nWhen the rays of the setting sun obliquely fall between the tall trunks, in the arbor play and the giant shadows of the trunks stretch far. It is also pleasant to walk on the hills on the right bank of the Lesum, where in ancient times the noble Marsel family had their seat. It is called from the year 1188 to 1457. Here, Willehad's younger one, Atrebanus, was killed by the heathens.\n\nThe character of nature is the same here everywhere. But whoever observes these simple scenes in the different hours of the day and not only Salvator Rosa's wild mountain landscapes, but also Waterloo's and Ruysdael's landscapes in their uniqueness, will appreciate these low-lying Dutch farms with thatch or reed roofs and the surrounding countryside.\nThe large Lilj sits upon her throne of green,\nAmidst barns and the mighty oaks,\nCrabbe, The borough,\nDark green covers the gray bemoisted roofs,\nAbove all, what delights the heart of the city dweller,\nWho has escaped the noise and human throng,\nIs the peace and stillness of these ancient German courts and their oak groves;\nAnd the masculine beauty of our old German oak forests,\nThe living, sap-filled green of German meadows,\nWhich the otherwise praised southern lands of Europe do not offer,\nWill also resonate with the admirer of German freedom and uniqueness!\nAnnex B.\nFor centuries, the area around Blumenthal has been popular among the Bremen people.\nDilich explains,\nThe poetic name comes from the charm, which nature richly bestowed upon this spot on Earth. On one side, the most charming trees appear, while on the other, heights of cheerful and alluring aspect and wide vistas. The Genders of Steding, Oum\u00fcnde, Reten, Borch, and Weyhe built the Burg Blumenthal in the year 1355 and established a Burgmannschaft. What is still called the fortification behind the town hall is likely the castle; one can still see elevations that may be remains of the walls. From this castle, the people of Bremen may have suffered many disruptions to their trade and commerce. Peaceful attempts were therefore made to bring the robber barons of Blumenthal to Ruxie. Since the year 1380, the lords of Oum\u00fcnde, later those of Reten, have ruled.\nSch\u00f6nebeck and von Weyhe reinstated contracts with the city of Bremen once, when this schloss was to remain open to the city for twelve years. They also did this on two other occasions, when the knights pledged to restrain the Bremer from using force against them both at sea and on land. However, they may not have adhered to this promise for long, and a feud ensued. This was settled through the mediation of Archbishop Balduin, with the von der Borch of Blumenthal granting certain concessions to the city of Bremen in return for 1400 Pfund Pfennige (1486). Schlofs was held as collateral by various noble families over the years. The exact time when the old fort was destroyed or perhaps even abandoned is unknown. The Amt Blumenthal along with the Neuenkirchen court has been in the city's possession since then.\nThe possession of Bremen was managed by a senate member as Drosten. However, the archbishops continually claimed jurisdiction over the land. This continued until the Stader Treaty of November 28, 1654, and the Habenhauser Peace allowed the crown of Sweden to claim sovereignty, with Bremen remaining otherwise. The complete surrender occurred through the second Stader Treaty in 1741.\n\nAppendix,\nCorrections, Explanations, and Additions,\n(See the Preface.)\n\nAt side 31. An interesting scientific examination of the origin and content of the oldest Bremen legal code from 1303 can be found in an article by Dr. J.F. Gildemeister in Smidts Hanseatisches Magazin, 6th volume, 2nd issue. Bremen, by Seyffert, 1804.\nSeveral historical signs suggest that Bremen's entry into the Hanse occurred earlier than in the year 1284. Bremen belonged to the Rheinische St\u00e4dtebund for a time, whose beginning falls in the year 1254. In addition to Bremen, three other German cities that were also Hanseatic cities (Cologne, Wesel, and M\u00fcnster) were part of the same faction.\n\nNote: The old word \"Gleve\" originally referred to a lance or a spear. Therefore, the knights carrying these weapons were called \"Glevreuters,\" and the citizens of the cities were called \"Glevencitizens.\" In an unintended sense, one also understands a \"Gleve\" to be a group of 4 to 5 \"Glevreuters.\" The author has interpreted it as such in the note below the text. The 600 lance-bearers with whom Count Engelbert of der Mark equipped the city.\nIn that time, a significant army came to aid, and it is not likely that they offered him their 3000 men. (Compare Adelung's W\u00f6rterbuch under the word Gleve and Sartorius' Geschichte der Hanse 3rd edition, page 197.)\n\nNote. Gicht or Gichting means confession. The council gave its confession in it, that is, he referred to the earlier confession of the delinquent. \u2014 (Bremisch Nieders\u00e4chsisches W\u00f6rterbuch and Adelung under the word Gicht.) \u2014 Similarly, Deneken fragments for Bremen history, page 57.\n\nNot on Paulsberg, but near the Pauls-Closter in the so-called Fedelh\u00f6ren, where the stone cross still stands, was the execution site of the innocent Vafsmer.\n\nPages 72- The Vafsmer lineage is not extinct.\nThe descendants of the male line live in Holstein, those of the female line in Bremen. S. 73. The mentioned latest change only affects the extension of the Senate. The B\u00fcrgerschaft, in accordance with the new statute on council elections passed in 1816, currently convenes. It is remarkable that the Senate itself applied for the B\u00fcrgerschaft's participation in the election of its members, although the B\u00fcrgerschaft had declared months earlier, during the discussions on the revision of the constitution, that it agreed to the continuation of the Senate's self-expansion. The first thoroughly motivated application for this amendment, which the Senate made to the B\u00fcrgerschaft on September 22, 1815, is fully printed in the October issue of the Niederelbischen Merkur Hamburg 1815.\nHeinrich M\u00f6ller of Z\u00fctphen delivered his first Reformation sermon in the Ansgarii Church in Bremen on November 8, 1522.\n\nB\u00fcrgermeister Statius Speckhan resigned only in December 1654.\n\nThe Eldermen or farmers, as they were formerly called, were originally the leaders of the merchant guild. It was therefore not surprising that they were frequently summoned to consultations of the Senate with the citizens. This summons was promised to them, despite the New Concord granting the Council free rein. Consequently, it was not just every Elderman personally, but also the entire collegium that was invited to the citizens' conventions. Here they appeared only as simple citizens in the ranks of the others and in the order of the graduated scholars.\nThe B\u00fcrgerschaft kept watch over its rights just as jealously towards the Rath. Nevertheless, the significant influence of the same on the B\u00fcrgerschaft's proceedings had to manifest itself in this way: since the B\u00fcrgerschaft itself possessed no archives, and the records of these proceedings, which had developed from oral to written form, were kept by the Collegio der \u00c4lterm\u00e4nner on the Sch\u00fcttinge. The members of this Collegium were therefore the only ones who could maintain continuous, exact knowledge of the historical thread, and the Syndikus or Consulent of the Collegium, who was usually one of the most distinguished legal scholars from among them, was therefore particularly suited to summarize the results of the deliberations and decisions of the B\u00fcrgerschaft.\nSince the text appears to be in old German script with some errors, I will first translate it to modern German and then to English. I will also correct some obvious errors.\n\nOriginal text: \"Senat vorzutragen; sich seiner dazu fast ohne Ausnahme zu be- \theta \theta; \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta \theta\nDeputies of the B\u00fcrgerschaft included members of the Collegii. At administrative offices, citizens were initially appointed by the Rathe, later by the B\u00fcrgerschaft, but never by the Aldermen as a Collegium. The B\u00fcrgerschaft itself elected two members to supervise the Waterguard as a Handelskammer.\n\nSection 122. and 123. The Alderman Burchhard L\u00f6sekanne was not arrested on suspicion alone, but as a confessed traitor to the state. At the time of his arrest, he was found occupied with a letter to the Swedish Regierung. From this, his intention to betray the city to the Swedes became clear. After a closed investigation, the death sentence was passed against him on May 12, 1654.\n\n\"that he, as a traitor to the state, was...\"\nBorn citizen, later truly sworn citizen and elder man, who never called upon his oath, not only in the Oldenburger Zollsache for a piece of money, but also primarily to this city's enemies, the Royal Swedish Ministers, for a piece of money and hope, revealed everything he could learn from them. He furthermore encouraged them continually, disclosing what he had discovered about the city's shortcomings and what else he had suspected, as well as his thoughts and counsel on how best to approach this city. This is why both sworn men of the right hand had been cut off from him, and he was to be beheaded.\n\nThe new oath of the elder man, which is mentioned here, was:\nIn the year 1653, a proposal was drafted and introduced by L\u00f6sekanne, who was then subdean of the College of Elders. It was declared invalid by the council because, according to his belief, its members could not be bound by an oath taken not sanctioned by the government but kept secret. The Elders appealed this decision to the emperor. However, appellate proceedings were not recognized due to a prohibition against innovations. Instead, by an imperial rescript of February 28, 1679, the emperor assigned the task of promoting a peaceful settlement to the imperial resident at Kurzrock. Upon the filing of the appeal, this imperial assignment was carried out by a later imperial rescript of April 1681.\nThe college obtained possession of the appellation on January 30, 1679, and quickly elected new members. The council refused to recognize these new aldermen and therefore removed their coats of arms, which they had hung in a window of the harbor house in Vegesack, with their names and alderman titles.\n\nS. 125. The term \"Rescript\" is inappropriately used here. The declaration that George II of Richmond dated May 25, 1731, was not anything other than the fulfillment of one of the conditions under which he received the investiture with the duchies of Bremen and Verden.\n\nIn earlier Swedish disputes over the jurisdiction of the city, the emperor and the empire had continuously.\nThe opportunity for the transfer of those hereditary territories to Brunswick was particularly favorable for ending this feud forever and holding the relevant negotiations of the city at the imperial court with the most successful outcome. King George the Second was granted a gracious audience by the emperor, who soon afterward issued a declaration annexing the following statement: that the city of Bremen should remain part of the imperial estate, the seat and voice in Reichs- and Kreisconventions, the immediate contribution of its contingents to imperial taxes, and the use of the Reichsst\u00e4dtisches Predicat. This acknowledgment act was shared with the city by the emperor. It can be found printed in Roller's attempt at a history of the imperial and free city of Bremen, third part, Bremen by Sevffert, 1802. S. 126. From the reasons mentioned in the preface.\nIt is explainable why the most remarkable events in Bremen's history from the Seven Years War to the 19th century, to which the three-day craftsmen's uprising in 1791 did not belong, can only be thought of here retrospectively.\n\nThis period marks the practical development of the Bremen constitution, as it exists today. What the author calls reform of the constitution on page 130 was not begun as something new after the French occupation. Instead, it had already gradually emerged in its essence during the course of events; the momentous events of the last thirty years had accelerated its growth, and in essence, what was found after the liberation from foreign rule were the following:\nfortw\u00e4hrend statt findenden constitutionellen Berathungen zwi- \nschen dem Senat und der B\u00fcrgerschaft nicht sowohl von der \nAnordnung einer neuen Verfassung, als von der Art und Weise, \nwie die bereits existirende, in einer aus gemeinsamer Ueberein- \nstimmung hervorgehenden Urkunde, eine gesetzliche Beschrei- \nbung erhalten k\u00f6nne. \nDie letzte constitutionelle Urkunde , die sogenannte Neue \nEintracht vom Jahre 1534, wodurch das revolution\u00e4re Regiment \nder 104 M\u00e4nner beseitigt ward, trug den Charakter einer vol- \nlen Erm\u00fcdung durch die vorhergegangenen Volksst\u00fcrme und \neines allgemeinen Widerwillens gegen jeden Gedanken an deren \nm\u00f6gliche Erneuerung. Dafs man nicht Gefahr laufen m\u00f6ge, die \nunterste Volksklasse sich einmal wieder fast ausschliefslich des \nRegiments bem\u00e4chtigen zu sehen, war das durchgreifende Mo- \ntiv aller in diesem b\u00fcrgerlichen Vertrage enthaltenen Anordnun- \nThe time for the appointment of citizen conventions, as well as the selection of those to be admitted, was thus almost entirely placed in the hands of the council. \"If the council deems it necessary and required, it can invite the members of the community, the merchants, and the guilds, who seem to be the most reasonable and capable, and who desire the welfare of this good city, peace, and continuity,\" states Article 18 of the New Harmony.\n\nThis discretion, however, soon found its limits through established customs, and the practice took shape such that, in addition to worldly graduated scholars and elder men, the citizens of the Old Town, who were the main body, were also invited.\nThe invited guests, among the Convent members, were expected to be welcomed, once they had resided in the city for several years and conducted a business. Diakons, who were elected by the citizens to oversee the care of the poor, orphanages, hospitals, and other pious foundations in the church conventions, were not admitted to the Senate for civic affairs. A person's name was only struck from the invitation list if their bankruptcy was publicly declared, or if there was an infamous punishment against them, which was rare. These civic conventions were kept very sparingly.\nFor several years and more, and external pressures of the state often provided occasion for this, rather than the regular financial need. The state treasury, called the Rhederkasse, into which all public revenues from the city's goods and favors, as well as regular taxes, flowed, was managed by certain members of the Senate under the supervision of several burgher deputies. It usually sufficed for the needs of the state and for the payment of capital taken on interest in times of need. When extraordinary circumstances demanded more, the Senate summoned the B\u00fcrgerschaft, presented the need to them, and ordered them to come up with more or less detailed proposals for assistance.\nA sudden tax on property (Schofs) or another, yet one with a longer term but still limited scope, was popularly preferred and the burghers appointed deputies for its collection. These deputies, whom the senate added its commissaries, would then cease to exist with the duration of the tax, and their members had no further influence on the general administration of finances. During the approval of such extraordinary taxes, the burghers also presented individual special requests or complaints (so-called graamina), whose basis or lack thereof were further discussed and addressed until resolution. All this was conducted in the usual manner, as the verification process unfolded.\nThe relationship between the government and estates during that time also shaped up between monarchically ruled German states. Events of the following centuries weighed heavily on the government as well as on the citizens, as little thought could be given to peace and tranquility for the development of the constitution. The Reformation, to which Bremen had devoted itself with full energy, had to be fought. The Schmalkaldic War brought the city into danger several times. In the last half of the 16th century, there followed the Hardenbergian Unrest, Sea Raid Wars, feuds with Holland and Oldenburg. In the seventeenth century, there were the Weser toll disputes and the terrible Thirty Years' War, whose end saw the Immedian Feuds with Sweden, which began in 1720 and passed on to Hanover as an inheritance dispute.\nThe problems in the text are minimal, so I will output the cleaned text below:\n\nThe problem was completely liquidated and eliminated in 1731 through the relinquishment of Georg the Second and the 1741 Stader Compromise. Shortly thereafter, the suffering of the Seven Years' War began, and with it, a great financial distress for the city, as it had been tested for centuries. French and allied troops alternately occupied the city, and the desperate reception of the same was viewed by everyone as an encouragement from the enemy, whose \"pretext for demanding considerable war contributions was justified.\" In 1758, Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick even allowed himself to extract a contribution of over 100,000 Thalers from the members of the Senate personally through coercion and demanded restitution.\nThe same, from the town council, was explicitly forbidden to restore military pressures. This restoration, which took place despite the accumulated interest after the end of the Seven Years' War in 1766, had given rise to extensive negotiations between the Senate and the town council on the city's finances, resulting in a significant reform and a greater permanent role for the town council in the regulation and administration of the same. The coverage and gradual repayment of war debts, as well as the debts of individual administrative departments, were henceforth carried out systematically, unlike before. It was popular to hold a special citizen's convention every spring to review the deficits of various administrative cash boxes annually.\nOn his coverage, consider taking note. These financial negotiations, as well as the approval of military costs which the citizens sometimes limited to a short term, led to frequent citizen conventions. The opportunity for these was used extensively for proposals and negotiations concerning matters affecting the state's welfare and the state budget as a whole, from both the Senate and the citizens.\n\nFollowing was the American War, during which Bremen's European sea trade grew into world trade, expanding not only to the united states of the new continent but also to the West and East Indies. A multitude of new institutions, institutions, and legal modifications ensued. All this:\nThese objects were discussed by the Senate and the B\u00fcrgerschaft in jointly appointed committees. During the following years of the French Revolution and the subsequent wars in Germany, these relationships were fully established and brought regular practice in the negotiations between the Senate and the B\u00fcrgerschaft, as the latter's participation in legislative power and finance administration is now an established fact. Proposals and suggestions continued to occur on the B\u00fcrgerconvent, both from the Senate and the B\u00fcrgerschaft. The necessary preparations were made through committees to which\nThe Senate, like the citizens' assembly, can appoint an arbitrary number of members. Reports from the same are submitted to the Senate, which shares them with the citizens' assembly at a convention. Both sides then make further explanations regarding any potential differences, seeking to approach each other in order to reach consensus through agreement. For those unfamiliar with the peculiar nature of these internal negotiations in our small republic, they may wonder what will become of it if consensus cannot be reached and whether it is necessary to organize a definitive authority for such cases to prevent things from remaining the same. We can only respond that we have not found this necessary yet and that it has never been the case.\nIf dissatisfaction with it expresses itself in public opinion, then it remains, for there are always communal interests that come up in these negotiations, and the requirement of double approval as a proven guarantee against hasty and one-sided legal determinations is considered. Therefore, the common need brings about the union as soon as it is truly necessary. However, where this need could not make itself known, one would not subject oneself to the effort of a detailed consultation and discussion, and a postponement until the recognition of the need would then only occur in order. Any unreasonable motions of individuals disappear immediately into the walls of the special assembly room, for only what is passed by the majority.\nIt is believed, is recorded, and may be formally presented as a proposal. Obstinacy in clinging to a one-sided view, as well as passionate denial of a viewpoint supported by reasons, can, however, neither occur where no veto power is affected, nor where they are constantly opposing the majority, which wants to see something done. It has therefore become a commendable custom to enrich discussions through calm presentation of various motives and, where one does not believe one can be immediately convinced about the subject of the motion, only to propose in general that a joint committee be appointed for investigation and reporting, thereby seldom failing to achieve the goal. Through this procedural method.\nThe wise course of events has led it there, where in the regular year not more than 8-10 afternoons are devoted to formal Senate and B\u00fcrgerschaft negotiations.\n\nSection 126-129. Bremen was affected by the consequences of the French Revolution, which brought about one of the most significant and far-reaching chapters in the history of its small free state.\n\nEven in the distant years before the beginning of the 19th century, Bremen had observed the events of the first three years after the revolution's outbreak with a certain detachment. Although the peaceful trade with France was not always unaffected by the changes in revolutionary parties in individual ports of the same country, commercial wisdom and caution managed to mitigate the negative effects, as no significant harm was caused.\nLosses arose, and the next land provinces of the Bremen Trade remained untouched by the ensuing wars. The paper trade could not emerge here, as the prevailing credit views of our exchange offered more harm than the potential gain to anyone who wished to engage in it. The decline and rise of French finances could therefore be calmly observed. However, as French armies overpowered the Netherlands in late 1792 and seemed to have no goal other than progress, as indicated since November of that year, four Austrian-laden ships began to flee from Holland to the Weser, and the emigrants arriving in Bremen brought a lively account of the experienced terror scenes with them.\nFrom this view, the Senate, in a citizen convention held on December 1792, called upon the citizens to make heroic decisions. Guided by this perspective, the Senate presented the following to the citizens: In such critical circumstances, the only secure means of maintaining a small free state is through a voluntary temporary concentration of state power. This requires swift decision-making, readiness to provide necessary means, and complete secrecy.\nThe senate of the B\u00fcrgerschaft proposed that a number of men from their midst, to whom they granted their full trust, be chosen and endowed with extensive authority, as they believed this was acceptable with civil freedom. The B\u00fcrgerschaft approved this proposal and immediately elected twelve citizens, granting them the authority to hold confidential consultations and deliberations with the Senate, and to pass and implement decisions in all matters requiring secrecy.\nThe Senate appointed six of its members as deputies to acquire and use the necessary funds to improve the state's external situation and prevent the sources of its prosperity from being temporarily disrupted or lost. This committee was called the \"Geheime Deputation.\" The citizens elected for this commission took an oath before the assembled citizen's convention, binding them to conduct their affairs in a knowledgeable and discreet manner, similar to the Rathseid. The mandate was renewed from time to time and expanded or restricted according to the more or less dangerous circumstances in individual matters. It lasted for eighteen years, and the Senate and the B\u00fcrgerschaft's trust in it was to be maintained at all times.\nDespite their actions, much evil was averted or significantly reduced, and Bremen's advantageous position during the Regensburg Reichstag negotiations in the years 1802 and 1803 would hardly have been achieved without their active involvement.\n\nThe impending storm at the end of the year 1792 passed luckily, and the battlefield receded once again from Bremen's proximity.\n\nHowever, in the year 1795, a large number of French and Dutch emigrants fled to Bremen. Their hospitable reception by their republican countrymen did not go unpunished, and many victims resulted. The city was not treated kindly during the chaotic events of this year.\nvon hann\u00f6verischen und englischen Truppen und einzelnen \nEmigrantencorps eine geraume Zeit milit\u00e4risch occupirt. \nIm Jahre 1796 nahm Bremen an den Kreistagsberathungen zu \nHildesheim und an der dort beschlossenen Demarkationslinie f\u00fcr \ndas n\u00f6rdliche Deutschland Theil, sandte auch im Jahre 1797 \neinen Bevollm\u00e4chtigten zum Rastadter Kongrefs. \nJXeue Bedr\u00e4ngnisse begannen mit dem Anfange des neun- \nzehnten Jahrhunderts. Die preufsische Besitznahme des Kur- \nf\u00fcrstenthums Hannover im Jahre 1801 und die bei dieser Gele- \ngenheit beabsichtigte aber nicht durchgef\u00fchrte Sperrung der Elbe \nund Weser gegen die englische Schifffahrt f\u00fchrte im April \ndieses Jahrs eine milit\u00e4rische Besetzung Bremens durch preus- \nsische Truppen herbei, welche indefs die Stadt nach drei Mo- \nnaten wieder verliefsen. \nErfreulicher waren die Resultate der Jahre 1802 und 1803, \nwo die von Bremen sehr th\u00e4tig betriebenen Regensburger Reichs- \nThe peace deputations had not only secured the preservation of its own independence in the face of the collapse of so many other free imperial cities, but also its participation in the secularizations of the spiritual states and associated territorial exchanges and indemnities of the remaining German imperial states. He managed to regain a part of the territory earlier ceded to Sweden and Hannover, and saw the burdensome Elbe-Weser customs duty on his trade abolished. However, obstacles that unexpectedly delayed the implementation of some of these decisions were later resolved through special negotiations and concluded agreements (with Hannover on August 16, 1804, with Oldenburg on August 25, 1819).\nThe occupation of the Electorate of Hanover by French troops in 1803 led to an English blockade of the Weser and Elbe, causing some disruption to Bremen's trade. Nevertheless, the neutrality of the city was fully respected by the French troops. To prevent anyone from entering the area, no detours were spared in the troops' relocations.\n\nHowever, this neutrality was less respected by the Allies in 1805. The withdrawal of French troops from Hanover resulted in the lifting of the English blockade of the Elbe and Weser. However, the Prussian occupation of the Electorate, combined with the assembly of Russian, Swedish, Prussian, and English troops in northern Germany, was a cause of concern for both sides.\nThe last time brought about a temporary military occupation of the city, resulting in significant quartering burdens. Similar disturbances occurred in the year 1806. During the renewed Prussian occupation of Hanover, the English blockade of the rivers of northern Germany was reinstated, and their outlets were occupied by Prussian troops. From February to June of that year, Bremen was once again occupied by Prussian troops.\n\nOn the 6th of August 1806, the old alliances, in which Bremen had long been aligned with the other German states, were dissolved through the abdication of the emperor and the renunciation of all Reichsstanden from their Reichspflichten, thereby eliminating the dangers of complete isolation and sovereignty not secured by any treaties.\nAfter some months, the most threatening problems began to emerge. In the meantime, what could happen in the interim to fill the gaps that the dissolved Reichsverband had to provide immediately, little more than temporarily, for the establishment of new security relationships through friendly relations with other states was only a matter for the Bremen state and not for the individual citizen thereof. This had to be fully clear, as a law had already been passed on August 29, 1806, by which the acceptance of foreign titles, offices, and dignities, which had become common practice, was now subject to the formal approval of the Senate and the citizens, and to a modification of the citizens' oath.\nThe three Hansestadt cities, closely allied with each other for centuries besides the Reichsverband, gathered together in L\u00fcbeck for this occasion. During this meeting, they worked on a plan for a jointly established Oberappellationsgericht, which was eventually carried out in later and fortunate times. In the meantime, new supreme courts had been established in each city to address the lack of Reichsgerichte. Instead of referring to imperial free Reichsst\u00e4dte, the term \"free Hansest\u00e4dte\" became popular. Diplomatic relations and the principles of the politics to be observed under the present dangerous circumstances were amicably agreed upon.\nThis barely initiated reorganization was disrupted by the most violent events. The Hanseatic delegates were still assembled in L\u00fcbeck when news of the battle of Jena (14th October 1806) arrived, along with the news of the approaching defeated and victorious armies. On the 5th of November, looting and plunder took place in L\u00fcbeck; Hamburg was violently occupied by French troops on the 19th, and Bremen on the 20th. To enforce the declared blockade of the British islands, the rivers were once again dammed. All English property, all goods and colonial products received by commission or consignment from English subjects, had to be surrendered at the risk of the death penalty, and to avoid the confiscation of these goods, the inhabitants of the cities, who were reluctant to suffer significant losses,\n\n[CLEANED TEXT: This barely initiated reorganization was disrupted by violent events. The Hanseatic delegates were in L\u00fcbeck when news of the Battle of Jena (14th October 1806) and the approaching defeated and victorious armies arrived. Looting and plunder occurred in L\u00fcbeck on the 5th of November, and Hamburg and Bremen were violently occupied by French troops on the 19th and 20th, respectively. To enforce the blockade of the British islands, the rivers were dammed once again. All English property, goods, and colonial products received by commission or consignment from English subjects had to be surrendered at the risk of the death penalty to avoid confiscation. The inhabitants of the cities, who were reluctant to suffer significant losses,]\nIf careless with trusted strangers' goods, aside from the purchase of this theft, nothing else remained. The persistent activity of the secret commission was responsible for the fact that this victim, although significant for Bremen and worth some hundreds of thousands of thalers, did not result in as great a loss as it would have without their involvement in the case.\n\nIn the following four years, the military developments in Bremen by the French and allied troops (Dutch, Westphalians) did not cease, and under the pretense of sparing independence, the most drastic measures were taken instead; not just a large-scale quartering with all provisions in the houses of citizens and inhabitants.\nThe farmer was not only harassed by daily military leadership, but also by requisitions of all kinds for war and life necessities for the armies and filling of their magazines. The table money demanded by the chiefs and their general staff exceeded all limits. New burdens were attempted daily to be purchased through significant sums of money, and then others took their place for the same purpose. Money loans were required for the payment of the back wages, hay and sailors supplied. The city was continually filled with hospitals, where the sick and prisoners were brought in from far and wide for care. \u2014 A army of so-called employees accompanied every new troop convoy.\n\"allowing the mentioned problems to be slipped in and catered to under military favor; \u2014 as payment was promised but never delivered; just as the city's trade business was on the verge of coming to a standstill due to increasing Pas- and Certificate fees; when the impossible seemed to be achieved, new and harsher demands were made, alleging a bad will; in short, a completely organized military plunder system during these four years, which was a regular occurrence: Detailing this further in these supplementary clauses seems too narrow a space, as it is always desirable that the experience of this troubled period be gathered by the eyewitnesses before they become their fathers.\"\nIn the three years of reunions with France (from December 1810 to October 1813), regular and extraordinary taxes, contributions, and levies totaling over ten million Francs were raised in Bremen. However, if we add up the costs of the years 1806 to 1810 due to foreign oppression, this sum may well be exceeded.\n\nIn the internal organization of the state, nothing was changed during this time. The external pressures led to a complete mutual trust within. \u2014 So fabulous it may sound, but it is true that in these years, three forced state loans were issued at an interest rate of up to two percent, which was a result of the aforementioned Bath and Citizens' Agreement.\nAccording to each citizen's estimation, and under full secrecy of each individual's contribution, this task was solved in the following way: The size of the capital contribution to be repaid as a loan was determined, based on the needs assessment, taking into account the earnings of previous smaller property taxes, by Bath and the community. A period of four weeks was set for the repayment of this amount. Each citizen was allowed to determine his contribution not only according to his own estimation, but also in connection with contributions of his friends and acquaintances in round sums. For the delivered contribution, he received one or more state obligations with the label \"au porteur,\" which bore an interest of 4%.\nangelienjen wished to have in total, not under 2V2 Thaler, exhibited and endorsed, whose distribution among the participants in the paid-out total sum was to be given to him. During zinszahlungen, obligationen had to be shown, but since no creditor was named in the same one, and the papers bearing the name au porteur soon received a course and went from hand to hand in daily trade, they could not reveal the secret of the first lender's contribution quote. With these loans, no further control took place, except that after the expiration of the four-week installment period, every citizen had to sign a bevers in which he assured that he had been valued honestly and his quote in accordance with this valuation.\nselbst oder durch andere in die Staatskasse geliefert habe. Ob- \ngleich bei diesem Verfahren alles nur auf Treu und Glauben \nberechnet war und kein Gewissenloser die Entdeckung seiner \nUnredlichkeit zu besorgen hatte , trugen diese Anleihen doch \ndas ein , was man nach einem allgemeinen Ueberschlage davon \nerwartet hatte. Dafs dergleichen in kleinen Freistaaten aus- \nf\u00fchrbar ist , geh\u00f6rt zu den Geheimnissen der republikanischen \nGesinnung , oder wenn man lieber will , zu der aufgekl\u00e4rten \nFinanzpolitik republikanischer B\u00fcrger , welche das Recht haben, \nsich ihre Abgaben selbst zu bestimmen. Dem gesunden Menschen- \nverst\u00e4nde leuchtet es ein , dafs eine Abgabe , die der Kontrolle \nbedarf, das eigentliche Bed\u00fcrfnifs um soviel \u00fcbersteigen mufs, \nals die Kosten der Kontrolle erfordern. Um diesen Mehrbetrag \nbu ersparen , zahlt man lieber v\u00f6llig gewissenhaft das , was ge- \nPayments must be made, and if one has experience, one may believe that this view prevails among the majority. One may willingly grant that there may be individuals who act more leniently in self-evaluation. However, indefinitely, as long as experience shows that the rings, which may escape the state through such dishonesty, are in no way related to the costs of stricter control in financial terms, it is best to proceed financially when such things are ignored by the state and each person is made responsible before their own conscience at the judge's bench. \u2014 The obligations of so-called forced loans are being gradually canceled out with our other state papers through gradual purchases by the local debt amortization institute annually. The interest on these loans is paid.\nDuring the three-year French usurpation, rollen paid back both the arrears of interest owed, as well as those who were indebted due to the forced loans. The value of these obligations from the coerced loans sank to fifteen percent during the Reunion with France. Now they stand at ninety percent. Another example deserving mention of the enduring common sense and adherence to the state honor of the Republic, even during that unfortunate time and the subsequent three-year suppression of Bremen's self-governance, is as follows.\n\nA few years prior to the temporary downfall of the Electorate of Hesse into the ephemeral Kingdom of Westphalia, the city of Bremen had borrowed two hundred thousand Thalers in interest from the Elector. \u2014 Napoleon seized the land for his brother and the domains of the same.\nWith him recovered, it was believed that the borrowed capital from the elector could be considered part of the estate and taken into consideration for payment. Where this was known or suspected, the most advantageous claims were made towards the repayment of a portion of these capital sums in exchange for the discharge of the entire debt. This was also the case in Bremen, and even threats were added, resulting in uncertainty regarding the situation of the matter. The Senate and the twelve members of the B\u00fcrgerschaft in the secret commission that had contracted the loan mutually obligated themselves to the consistent execution of a discreet, effective solution in this unfavorable situation, which all spy reports from the opposition failed to penetrate, and the elector was informed of this.\nduring his exile, the interest was paid correctly. During the following three-year reunion with France, this interest payment had to be suspended; its repayment remained indefinitely after regained freedom, and the secret, known to twenty-four people in Bremen, remained undisclosed to the French throughout this entire time. \u2014 The Elector was deeply moved when, in 1814, the Senate informed him, to his great surprise, that this sum had been raised, and that this debt was continually acknowledged. He wished to have all his capital invested in Bremen.\n\nIt is often asked how it came about that the Hanseatic cities never joined the Rhine Bund, since several smaller states of northern Germany found it advisable, though not initially, to do so.\nWere they taken in [to the same agreement]? \u2014 but it is little known that Napoleon actually opened negotiations about this at the end of the year 1809. The conditions proposed by his side were indefensible, and could only be rejected. Among other things, the cities demanded that they adopt the French eagle in their coats of arms and flags, surrender the exercise of the high police to the Kaiser as protector of the league, and appoint an imperial syndic in the middle of each senate who would receive his instructions from the Kaiser. The Hanseatic cities rather expected to see their self-governance suppressed by force, which had no right to do so, than to do so contractually.\nsolchen mit ihrer Staatsehre unvertr\u00e4glichen Unterordnung f\u00fcgen. \nDie Erfahrung hat gezeigt , dafs ihre Politik die richtige war. \nDie erste Sorge Bremens nach der im November 1813 durch \ndie siegreichen Armeen der verb\u00fcndeten M\u00e4chte erfolgten \nfactischen Beseitigung dieser gewaltth\u00e4tigen Unterdr\u00fcckung war \ndaher dahin gerichtet, seine vor derselben bestandene v\u00f6lker- \nrechtliche Selbstst\u00e4ndigkeit, als durch jene Gewaltthat nur \n\u00e4ufserlich verletzt betrachtet und folglich als vollkommen her- \ngestellt, anerkannt zu sehen. Was die Heerf\u00fchrer bei Ver- \ntreibung des Feindes erkl\u00e4rt hatten , konnte desavouirt werden, \ndas Kriegsgl\u00fcc k konnte wechseln. \u2014 Beim Frieden konnten \nneue Konjunkturen eintreten, welche das Recht der Politik \n\u00f6l i \nweichen Liefsen. Dabei war Bremen die erste der drei Hanse- \nst\u00e4dte , welche , nachdem Hamburgs und L\u00fcbecks fr\u00fchere \nenergische Bestrebungen zur Absch\u00fcttelung des fremden Joches \neinen so ungl\u00fccklichen Ausgang gehabt , von demselben befreit \nward. Bremen glaubte es daher sich und seinen Schwester- \nst\u00e4dten schuldig zu sejn, mit der Vertretung und Besorgung ihrer \ngemeinschaftlichen h\u00f6chsten Interessen, nicht zu s\u00e4umen, und den \nersten g\u00fcnstigen Zeitpunkt dazu zu benutzen. Schon am \n3tea December 1813 sandte daher der Senat einen Bevoll- \nm\u00e4chtigten in das Hauptquartier der Alliirten nach Frankfurt am \nMain , der bei den drei Monarchen akkreditirt und von ihnen \nnicht allein aufs g\u00fcnstigste aufgenommen ward , sondern in Be- \nantwortung der \u00fcbergebenen Kredentialien von jedem derselben \nein Schreiben eingeh\u00e4ndigt erhielt , worin dem Begehren jener \nAnerkennung nicht blofs f\u00fcr Bremen , sondern auch f\u00fcr die \nbeiden andern Hansest\u00e4dte aufs vollkommenste entsprochen \nwurde. Diesem Bremischen Bevollm\u00e4chtigten schl\u00f6ssen sich \nLater, L\u00fcbeck and Hamburg delegates followed the monarchs during the Winter Campaign up to the capture of Paris and returned with the joyful news of the peace treaty signed there on May 30, 1814, which declared the independence of German states and their union through a federal bond, as well as their participation in the Vienna Congress negotiations regarding the terms of this alliance. However, the actual implementation of this participation is unclear. When the war resumed after Napoleon's escape from Elba, the cities signed accession treaties with the allied major powers and assumed the resulting obligations.\nThe following cities participated in the Congress on June 8, 1815, where the German Federal Act was concluded. The cities appeared as compromisers. The German Federal Act was then taken as an integral part of the European Congress Act, to which they again acceded along with the other German federal states. Germany thus received European legal guarantee, which granted the Hanseatic cities an honorable position in this union, including Frankfurt. They were also entrusted with the affairs of the federation in the federal assembly, where they took part, as they also acceded to the second peace treaty with France and contributed to the French contributions.\nReceived, as they had joined the Holy Alliance and participated in the agreements of the Aachen Congress, in the ministerial negotiations of the German federal states in Vienna in the years 1819 and 1820. They had enjoyed a renewed patriotic community life in these circumstances until this very moment. All of this belongs to the history of our days and therefore does not require further explanation here.\n\nS. 128 - Not the Department of Unterweserm\u00fcndung, but rather Weserm\u00fcndung (Bouches du Weser).\n\nS. 128. Besides Cossacks and L\u00fctzowers, there was also a division of the Prussian Biehler J\u00e4gerkorps.\n\nS. 129. The letter of General von Tettenborn to the Senate, in which he acted on behalf of the Emperor of Bavaria and the troops assembled in these regions.\nThe commanding prince of Sweden, your burgher master, who would have led the Presidium of the Senate if the violent union with France had never occurred, was sent to you on November 6th by the same. The Senate had already invited the B\u00fcrgerschaft to a citizen's convention on the following day in the usual way on November 5th. The day of Juhel cannot be described.\n\nTo quickly and energetically carry out the necessary reorganization in all aspects of the commonwealth and bring participation in the military effort against the common enemy without delay, the same method was used again, which had been considered effective earlier.\nexperienced means of concentrating state power, through a council endowed with extended authority from the Senate and the Citizens' Assembly. \u2014 The Senate granted power on the same 10th of November to ten of its members to conduct all relevant government affairs, and the Citizens' Assembly appointed 26 representatives from their midst to consult and decide on matters of urgency with the Senate's committee, instead of the time-consuming proceedings on the citizens' conventions. \u2014 As the times grew calmer, the regular citizens' convention proceedings resumed; however, this provisional council, albeit with reduced authority, has been prolonged until now to pass valid state decrees in individual cases where the urgency, secrecy, or insignificant need did not justify the time and effort of a special citizens' convention.\nThe author's descriptions of the constitutional determinations to be collectively established are not as precise as they could have been, had he participated in these deliberations himself or had access to complete records for these improvements, which does not seem to have been the case.\n\nA report on the constitutional determinations to be formally established, focusing primarily on the existing institutions and arrangements, which had shaped themselves through explicit resolutions and long-term observations, and on recording the latest ones that have emerged due to the total disorganization of many things.\nIn the years 1814 and 1815, necessary modifications and new determinations had to be adopted and discussed in common Senate and B\u00fcrgerschaft committees. The major part of these arrangements has already been achieved, and where it was required, the agreed-upon terms were legally sanctioned and introduced through special councils and citizen agreements. This was the case with the new Senate statute regarding its expansion, as well as with the ordinance and organization of a joint supreme appellate court for the four free cities, and with the regulations for elections to the bench at this court from Bremen.\n[The following text refers to the constitutional negotiations regarding the courts in this city. - \nNew judicial orders have been agreed upon for both the upper and lower courts of the city; the B\u00fcrgerschaft meetings according to parish divisions have been abolished; participation of the citizens residing in the Neustadt in the conventions is favored; a law has been passed regarding the militia duty of the B\u00fcrgerschaft and other things. Other opposing parties in these constitutional negotiations are still under further deliberations, and upon completion of the same, the main document will be drafted. - \nAmong the incorrectly represented matters is the Senate's division into an Administrative and a Justice Senate, and the numbers mentioned in this context. These names were found in the report but have not become common. However, the earlier designation for the government was different.]\nThe usual designation \"Wittheit\" mentioned by the author has been abolished. The Senate, consisting of four mayors, four and twenty senators, and two syndics, the latter of whom only have consultative votes, forms the government. The mayors are elected in vacancies by the Senate through scrutiny and an absolute majority of senators' votes for life. The government, in its dealings, negotiations, protocols, chancelleries, etc., is administered by separate justice, which is managed by individual members of the same in the city and the largest part of the territory. The article on the judiciary provides further information on this matter on page 501.\nThe Senate represents the state not only in the German Confederation but also wherever such representation is required, and delegates representatives for this purpose.\n\nSection 133. The exclusion of family relationships is such that two brothers, father and son, grandfathers and grandsons cannot permanently be active members of the Senate at the same time. For the election of a paternal uncle or nephew or sibling of a member who was previously completely forbidden, as well as for the election of a female brother, brother-in-law, son-in-law, or father-in-law of the same person, who was previously free, the restriction is required that six of the eight proposers from the Senate and the citizens agree. Furthermore, to be elected to the Senate, one must be at least twenty-five years old.\nA citizen from Bremen must have resided there for two years, while a stranger must have done so for five years prior, to be eligible to take the oath of citizenship. S. 135. It is incorrect that during convent meetings after the church parish division, the leadership belonged to the eldermen, who collected the votes and formed a common one. Instead, each parish brought its own spokesman, chosen freely among the attendees. A scholar was then elected as the spokesman for the eldermen. This spokesman led the deliberations, conducted the proceedings, and established the parish vote by majority. The town elder then endeavored to unite the four parish votes into a single vote of the citizenry, which he did after obtaining approval from the assembly.\nThe four parishes assembled for this purpose presented their case to the Senate both orally and in writing. The abolition of these parish councils and the establishment of a plenary assembly for the citizenship was proposed by the Senate itself, as the councils for improving the constitution in 1815 increasingly revealed the inadequacy and inconvenience of this old institution. When the four parishes were united into a single assembly, the intention was to prevent the intolerability that arose when matters of general interest were debated and decided in four separate divisions, and the usual way of achieving the merger of these various decisions was through modifications that benefited no one.\nThe specific parish votes were to be completely in accordance. Furthermore, one wanted to avoid the case, as often occurred when discovering a small personnel from individual parishes, that the relative majority of the individual parishes, against the opinion of the overwhelming majority of attendees from all parishes, would make or halt a resolution. Finally, one wanted to give the individual citizen, whose opinions until then had only been valid in the smaller circle of his parish, an opportunity for a wider sphere of influence. These considerations should also move the senate, granting this proposal of the citizenship their approval, and not a decrease in opposition, which would actually gain even more unity and strength through this change. In general, it seems that the author, who addressed the matter,\nConvent assemblies never participated in these, acknowledged by the large majority of the citizens as useful and practical, modifications, only individuals unhappy with it were present. S. 138-140. It is true that the citizen conventions are seldom attended by half of the citizens who are entitled to appear, and the required number of fifty citizens is not usually doubled by those present in addition. Such a convention of the citizenship usually consists of approximately eighty people. This contrasts with the pressure to attend standing assemblies in other constitutional German states, where the determined number of representatives in the standings meets the wishes of many who reluctantly do not participate in it.\nThe closed appearance, with barriers set, is indeed noticeable. However, there are other causes for this phenomenon besides those mentioned by the author. They lie in the orderly progression of the public needs of a small, passionless and unbiased free state, where there are no distinct classes seeking one-sided advantages or asserting themselves, where there is a lack of occasion for displaying brilliant oratory talents, where public coffers are managed by the citizens themselves, and no thought of misappropriation arises in the public. The majority of those who seldom make use of their right to attend citizens' conventions, when asked about the reasons for their absence, only reply: \"There are enough reasons for that.\"\nFor the common good, I usually take care to find out what happens and is decided there beforehand, and I am satisfied with this, since a longer stay, which is unavoidable at numerous assemblies, will not harm others or myself unduly. And this is indeed the case with many, for what is decided at a citizens' convention is not only discussed beforehand in committees, but also in various circles, and thus has already reached a conclusion in public opinion before it is formally passed. However, in individual cases where a matter of general interest is concerned, it is discussed in detail.\nThe following varied opinions in the public regarding the matters to be decided in the conclave remain prevalent, and a larger number of citizens attend the town meetings. Motives similar to these appear to be in use among the competition for elections to the Senate. If the public opinion regarding the candidates to be elected has expressed confidence, one expects no other outcome, and only a small number of citizens are present at such an election convention. On the contrary, the meeting hall is filled with a large number of people.\n\nPage 141. The oldest member of the College of Elders holds the title Senior, and one of the younger members, who manages the ongoing business, is called Praeses Collegii.\n\nPage 147. Not Bobert and Erbbrochhausen, but Bobart and Erp von Brockhausen.\n\nNot Smith, but Smidt.\nIn the given note, the meaning of the term \"Wittheit\" may not have been entirely inaccurate three hundred years ago, when government and judicial affairs were less distinct and the number of officials was smaller. The designated sitting council, or the half of the senate that formed the upper court in specified sessions, also took care of the lesser administrative tasks and only formed the so-called \"Wittheit\" - a plenum for the most important government matters - in exceptional cases. These plenary sessions of the senate, which were exceptions in ancient times, became the rule for handling government affairs in the following centuries. The term \"Wittheit\" has been abolished.\n\nS. 174. After the oath-taking of the new senator.\nThe assembly reconvenes in procession and proceeds to the residence of the newly elected individual, where they are entertained in the traditional manner with wine and cake. The neighboring houses willingly open their doors and lend their spaces, as the dwelling of the newcomer is rarely large enough to accommodate the incoming crowd. The expenses of this honorary day, which the new senator has covered from his own funds, typically amount to over a thousand thalers. A similar solemn introduction takes place during the election of a mayor. (A public speech by the president of the senate, which was directed to the citizenry during the last such occasion of this kind, provides a delightful testimony of the prevailing attitude towards public administration in Bremen, and can be found in the publication issued in Ellwangen.)\nThe coming National Chronicle of the Germans, printed in the leaf from October 12, 1822 (commencing on page 175).\n\nOn the town hall or at its entrance, nothing is rented out to house owners,\n\n(Page 177)\n\nThe wine in the so-called Apostle cellar is from the beginning of the eighteenth century, mostly Hochheimer and R\u00fcdesheimer. The wines from the seventeenth century are only kept in the Rose. The oldest label is from the normal year 1624.\n\n(Pages 178-187)\n\nMost likely, the first Roland column was first erected around the middle of the fourteenth century during the Interregnum, shortly before the reign of Charles IV, or even during his reign. This emperor notably checked the growing power of the cities, secured them through various privileges against the encroachments of the Vehmgerichte, and strengthened their rights through the golden bull Faustrecht.\nThe Roland column was first mentioned by contemporary writers. It was created in spirit during that time, as the art connoisseur cannot ascribe its age to be higher. The counterpart Roland column is not, as the author of page 180 states, erected in the year 1512 under Erzbischof Christoph, but rather, as an old account shows, during the construction of the current town hall in the year 1404. The cost of construction amounted to 170 Bremen Marks, approximately 600 Thalers according to present value.\n\nAn interesting fact is that during the reunions with France, the French building department in Bremen actually carried out the demolition of the Roland column during a change in market surroundings.\nsichtigte, und einen diese Ver\u00e4nderung bezeichnenden Rifs zur \nGenehmigung an die Oberbeh\u00f6rde nach Paris sandte, welcher \nvon dieser, um die Zeit der Befreiung, mit der Randbemerkung: \n\u201e approuve , mais la statue sera conservee \" wieder zur\u00fcckkam. \nS. 220. Wicht grofse Wall, sondern alte Wall. \nS. 275. Nicht aus Seefahrern und Fischern besteht der \ngr\u00f6fste Theil der St. Stephansgemeinde , aber der Wohnort \ns\u00e4mmtlicher Fischer und eines grofsen Theils von Seefahrenden \nfindet sich in diesem Kirchspiele , in der N\u00e4;he der Weser. Die \nMehrzahl der Schifiskapit\u00e4ne wohnt indefs im Flecken Vegesack. \nS. 292- Aufs er den beiden gedachten M\u00f6nchskl\u00f6stern gab \nes fr\u00fcher auch ein Nonnenkloster zu St. Stephani, dessen der \nVerfasser S. 273 auch selbst gedacht hat. \nS. 296. Es ist unrichtig , dafs der Nachlafs eines Pr\u00e4benders \nvon St. Remberli und das , was ein solcher w\u00e4hrend des Auf- \nThe foundation contains properties that belong to it, including the St. Gertrude Inn. This is similar to other inheritances. S. 306 - The St. Gertrude Inn was later converted into a granary and was later sold to a private individual by the city. S. 309. Besides these widows' houses, there are many so-called widows' funds in Bremen. Some are substantially endowed through foundations, while others are maintained through purchase sums and annual contributions. The senate also has such a widows' fund; the city pastors, rural pastors, teachers of higher and lower schools, and lower state officials also manage and maintain similar funds. S. 310 - The almshouse remains one of the most active and significant charitable foundations here. Currently, it houses approximately 188 elderly people of both genders.\nThe institution, which provides food, housing, clothing, medicine, and other care for those residing in it, has its own minister assigned. Its annual maintenance costs twelve thousand Thaler.\n\nS. 311. The hospital, in accordance with the latest resolution, will be moved to the Weser, where the former so-called blue children's house is to be established, which in recent times has been combined with the newly built reformed orphanage at the Hudilterstrasse. A separate lunatic asylum is also to be attached to it.\n\nS. 311. The completely separate general poorhouse, here called the Armen-Institut, was established in the following years of the aforementioned discussions between the Senate and the citizenship in 1779, when in Germany...\nThe following text discusses the development of improved institutions for welfare of the poor in Braunschweig, Bremen, and Hamburg around the year 1779. The Bremen poor were cared for by these foundations, particularly from the surplus of the less populated poorhouse, where church donations also accumulated. The wealthy citizens took care of certain designated poor through weekly allowances. Quarterly general collections were made for the benefit of the poor. However, the annoying practice of begging in prisons could not be eliminated completely, which was addressed in the new institution.\nIntended gradually, and through their assistance, it has been achieved to a considerable extent in those few densely populated cities, which can proudly boast of this. The instruction and payment for the employment of the able-bodied poor, support and provision for the infirm, medical treatment and care for the sick poor, education for poor children, and concern for a decent burial for the deceased poor, in all places where existing charities are unable to take on this responsibility, was the declared purpose of this new institution. At its inception, begging was immediately forbidden by strict penalty. The costs of this institution should be covered through weekly voluntary contributions of the citizens, for whose performance each was required to sign at the end of each year for the following year.\nThe administration of the herbeigeschafft, which was led by a member of the senate, was either conducted by the diakons or Armenvorsteher of the churches. These individuals were traditionally elected and appointed by the congregation members in their church conventions for specific terms.\n\nA mistake in the initial establishment was limiting the number of signatures required for the voluntary contribution to a certain maximum. This was done to spare the envy of the less affluent and prevent them from approaching the riches of the wealthier through the institution. However, this practice, as well as the negligence of the administration, which did not always restrict its expenditures according to its income during periods of great need for the poor, caused harm.\nIn the first ten to twelve years of its existence, it had to be supported occasionally by subsidies from the state coffers, which were not for that purpose. A revision and improvement of the fundamental laws found in 1791 abolished this maximum and ensured strict adherence to the rule that the entire need should be met only through voluntary donations, with one insignificant exception. This exception occurred in the following twenty years, until the city's forcible union with the French empire, and its consistent application.\n\nDuring the daily increasing poverty in the three unfortunate years of this reunion and the resulting reduced contribution capacity, an annual subsidy from the city's central cash box was again necessary.\nIn this case, the text appears to be in good shape and does not require extensive cleaning. There are no meaningless or unreadable characters, and the content seems to be primarily in modern English. The text appears to be discussing the practice of annual charitable donations in the early 19th century. Therefore, I will output the text as is:\n\n\"In the following years after this, this could not be avoided, as the kings could not be lost at the same time as the cause of that calamitous period. In 1819, it was believed that it could return to the earlier maxim, and although the very large number of the poor required a much greater expenditure than before, this could be expected from the voluntary self-assessment of the citizens. To stimulate competition and give a correct measure of this self-assessment, the announcement of the annual donations, which the author mentions on page 356, was popular for some years. These donations were not previously kept secret, but this announcement remained, in general, for the various institutions.\"\nThe collection district, in which the specific books belonging to each one circulated, was restricted. The public call from the Senate for higher contributions met expectations completely. The voluntary subscription, which amounted to only 20,583 Thaler 50 Groten in 1819, rose to 30,174 Thaler 34 Groten in 1820, and to 30,381 Thaler 66 Groten in 1821. For 1822, 29,815 Thaler 43 Groten were subscribed. Since the need has been covered through donations, extraordinary gifts, and other revenues of the Institute up to now, no further claims on state subsidies had to be made.\n\nThe establishment of the institution is currently as follows: At its head is a member of the Senate as the Director. This person presides over the sessions of the general administration.\nThe Armen police direction. In the administration, fifty clergymen are employed from various churches, of whom ten lead the general administration and forty supervise the forty districts into which the city and the suburbs are divided, serving as caretakers. One of the ten members of the general administration manages the funds and accounts, and in addition oversees the care of those given into pension for special reasons. Another has overall supervision over the workhouse, the acquisition of necessary equipment and materials, and the sale of the work. A third oversees the sick and the special infirmary for the sick. Other members of the general administration deal with the Armenian education system, ensuring its maintenance.\ndesignated as \"Todtenladen,\" these were places where the poor could buy in, to take note of potential inheritances and such. Each member of the General Administration is assigned four District Almshouse governors, with whom they share supervision in the same designated four poor districts. This effective supervision, which takes into account all circumstances and relationships of the poor, is further strengthened through biannual general inspections of all the poor. Special regulations determine which decisions the District Almshouse governors can make for themselves, which require the presence of the assigned member of the General Administration, and which can only be made during regular weekly meetings of this body.\n\nThe entire administration is carried out without charge.\nSome subordinate officials, economists, foremen, scribes in the workhouse, a messenger and eleven almsmen, who keep the city clean of all beggars, will be employed. The support given to the poor consists of money, clothing, beds and other necessary items, loan of equipment, instruction to work and wages, delivery of fuel in winter, food and care during illnesses, as well as provision with doctor, surgeon and medicine, free schooling and burial. These supports are granted according to the circumstances, for longer or shorter periods. - An annual account is submitted to the Senate.\n\nThe expenses caused by the various types of support are considerable; they were previously up to [unclear].\nIn the year 1819, the expenditure for the relief work carried out by the institution amounted to 43,383 Thalers 70 Grote. However, due to the subsequent scarcity of provisions, these expenses have significantly decreased. In the year 1820, they were limited to 35,693 Thalers 46 Grote, and in the year 1821, they amounted to only 34,740 Thalers 7 Grote.\n\nBesides the poor individuals who received only individual support, a total of 1,377 persons were continuously cared for throughout the year 1821. Additionally, there were 85 who were accommodated and maintained on the land.\n\nFrom the establishment of the institution in the fall of 1779 until the end of the year 1821, a total of 15 years, it was used exclusively for the support and care of the poor.\n1,166,159 Thaler went in, 25 Grote. - Of these, 942,886 Thaler, 60% Grote, were from voluntary contributions. The remaining 223,272 Thaler, 36% Grote, were partly from extraordinary gifts, surpluses from death's houses, estate revenues, and other sources. The larger part, however, was covered by subsidies from the state chest.\n\nThe poor relief in the city's territory is not connected with the city's poor relief. - Each church on the land has its own separate poor chest, which is maintained through voluntary contributions, which are raised and used by the pastors and churchwardens.\n\nThe large number of families and private foundations for the prevention of claims for public support, which exist in Bremen, the author has not particularly mentioned. They can be found among all classes of inhabitants.\nThe unadorned citizen usually buys himself into a so-called fraternity or burial society to ensure a respectable burial for himself and his kin. \u2014 A more recent private foundation, through which the interest of a capital of 30,000 Thalers was partly allocated as scholarships for studying and commercially-minded young men, and partly for the support of ashamed paupers, deserves special mention here.\n\nPage 315. A previously mentioned plan, caused by the old foolish rift between the two Protestant confessions, to abandon the separation of orphans according to confession and distribute them into the equally well-established and administered orphanages according to gender, seems to be finding more and more approval, and the currently existing one under different confessions.\nThe dominant concord among the guilds should have enabled him to carry out this practice during his time. Pages 352-354. The judge is not paid based on a percentage of income, but of total wealth. According to the judge's ordinance, not only the usable wealth, but all that has monetary value, as would be necessary in cases where one is willing and able to present a serious assessment and find one's own valuation prevail. Only he who ensures possession of a fortune of at least 3000 Reichstalers pays this levy, with which certain civic privileges are connected, and must prove this possession through the judge's quote for the sum of these 3000 Reichstalers. The quote for any contribution exceeding this sum is to be provided by the contributor himself.\nThe text is in old German script, but it appears to be Early New High German from the 17th or 18th century. I will translate it into modern German and then into English.\n\nOriginal text: \"dekt in eine Kiste gesch\u00fcttet, die erst, nachdem alle Schofser sich mit ihrem Beitrage eingefunden, ge\u00f6ffnet wird. \u2014 Von denen, welche nicht 3000 Thaler zu besitzen behaupten, was ihnen auf ihr Wort geglaubt wird, da jeder, der irgend dazu in der Macht ist, sich der Ehre, zu den Schofsern zu geh\u00f6ren, nicht leicht selbst entschl\u00e4gt, wird statt des Schofses und nach Maafsgabe der jedesmaligen Gr\u00f6\u00dfe desselben, eine geringere Abgabe unter dem Namen der Kollecten entrichtet, deren Gesamtertrag ungef\u00e4hr dem zehnten Theile dessen, was ein Schofs einbringt, gleich zu kommen pflegt. Uebrigens ist der Schofs keine gew\u00f6hnliche j\u00e4hrlich wiederkehrende Abgabe, obgleich es oft F\u00e4lle gegeben hat, wo zur Deckung gewisser Bed\u00fcrfnisse, oder zum Abtrag kontrahirter Schulden, eine Schofserhebung mehrmals in einem Jahre, auch\"\n\nCleaned text: The contribution is stored in a chest that is only opened when all Schofser have contributed. Those who cannot claim to possess 3000 Thalers, which is believed on their word, will instead of the Schofs and according to the size of each Schofs, pay a smaller contribution under the name of the collections, whose total income is roughly equal to the tenth part of what a Schofs brings in. By the way, the Schofs is not a regular annual levy, although there have often been cases where, for the coverage of certain needs or to pay off contracted debts, a Schofserhebung was raised several times in a year.\nFor ten to twelve years in a row, the tax collector has not been found. In general, however, the tax collector only acts as a substitute in exceptional cases, where the formation of the annual budget cannot be calculated in advance, or in the case of unexpectedly lower annual income. However, the payment of many public taxes follows the same pattern, and trust in the honesty of the tax collectors is also placed in their own estimation. For example, several trade and consumption taxes are collected without control, as each person pays the statutory amount of the taxed articles based on their own assessment, whether they have sold them in their household consumption, or sold them in the city for consumption (like wine merchants). They annually send the statutory tax amount to the authorities.\nS. 381. Not a sale, but a forward contract.\nS. 385-397. This Bremen hero is not Wilson, but Wulsen; the family still exists in Bremen.\nS. 398. Under the mentioned ordinance, it is likely referred to the so-called Winkel-Accords.\nS. 403. The five large assurance companies in Bremen, which exist against maritime risks, should be considered in this context. \u2014 They are all in a very flourishing condition. \u2014 For fire risks, there are three insurance institutions in Bremen, all of which are well-organized; one is limited to the city, another insures goods outside as well, and the third is exclusively for the city area.\nS. 407. Instead of \"seat and vote,\" it should read: \"seat and deliberative vote\" \u2014 instead of: his own court, rich-\nThe text reads: \"tiger: \"in duty matters has his own court.\" S. 413. According to the words: \"fourteen diakons are to be added: 'and them.' S. 414- last line \u2014 not by the Senate alone, but through the counsel and citizens. A collection for the support of the ecclesiastical needs of the Catholics in Bremen brought in approximately 12,000 Thaler. S. 415. Another Bremen rural community, which is at the Horn, had its co-religionists of Reformed and Lutheran confession united into a common evangelical community in the year 1822, \u2014 and the St. Ansgarii city community has declared its willingness to join in this union at the Church convention held in its church on the occasion of the secular celebration of the first three hundred years, in the Reformation sermon of Heinrich von Z\u00fctphen on St. November 1822.\"\nSchiefsen would. S. 449. Not 150 Gulden, but 150 Thaler. In Bremen, there are many Stipendien of this kind to support students during their academic curriculum. For the purposeful distribution of these benefits, the governors of the same have, in recent years, made an agreement among themselves to inform each other about their approvals. With the Stipendien, whose distribution is the Senate's responsibility, the principle has been established that such support should not exceed the annual sum of 400 Thalers for an individual. This principle has been generally adopted by the other governors of such private foundations. S. 449. Not Liehny, but Richey. S. 451. One of the most active workers on the German Society-derived Bremen Idiotikon.\nThe Bremisch-Nieders\u00e4chsish Wordbook attempt was made by the late 19th century professor of the Bremen Gymnasium, Eberhard Tiling. S. 469. It should read G. B. Treviranus instead of G. N. S. 483. The city library particularly lacks newer historical works and travel descriptions. This deficiency is being addressed by the library of the Museum, which now boasts over 16,000 volumes and whose members include the majority of local scholars and friends of sciences. S. 504. The mentioned revised judicial ordinance is titled: Gerichtsordnung der freien Hansestadt Bremen, Bremen 1820, published by Heinrich Meier. S. 505. Preferably, the specifications for a permanent person for the superior court were further established in late 1822.\nDiscussions between the Senate and the B\u00fcrgerschaft found, according to which the same will in the future consist of eight legal scholars and two commercial members of the Senate, and in this new arrangement should come into effect at the beginning of the year 1823.\n\nS. 508. The large part of the Bremen state debt burden did not bear at its annexation into the French Reich, as incorrectly given here: almost one million Reichstaler, but almost four million Reichstaler.\n\nCompare S. 512, where it is correctly noted that the larger part of the annual expenses receives its determination through the interest on this debt burden.\n\nNames- and Sachregister.\nAblation (of) the Emperor's abdication loses\nall old bonds with\nthe German Reich, 604-\nAdventures of Seafarers, 395.\nTaxes (Chiefs). Designated way, how it was raised\nAblafs. The papal legate, Bishop of Gurk, is interred in the cloister church, 296. Acht and Oberacht are spoken of in Bremen, 70. Adalbert (Erzb.), gives the city of Bremen a high luster, 21. He completes the construction of the cathedral, 237. He squanders the costliness of the same, idem reites Kaiser Heinr. IV. from M\u00f6rdern, 570. His death, 571. Adaidagus (Erzb.), 11. liberates the city from the king's vassals, 12- is overall its greatest benefactor, 13, 14. The influence of his patronage on the formation of the burgher eldermen, compare 591. the report concerning the eldermen's college, 120. former mention, 78. their enmities, 87. 88. 91. Strife with the council. 122. 593. their business and influence on the convent of the burghers, 135. new change, 141. Tonneniegen, 384. Elderman Burchard L\u00f6sekanne.\nW\u00fcnscht eine Radikalversch\u00e4rfung, 121. F\u00e4llt in Verdacht geheimer Einverst\u00e4ndnisse mit den Schweden und wird enthauptet, 122. Wegen diesem letzteren s. die Berichtigungen, 592.\n\nAlbers (J. A.) der unerr\u00e4tete wirksame, 461.\n\nAlbert (Erzb.) seine vorgebliche Zwitterschaft, 55.\n\nAllianz (die heilige), die Hansest\u00e4dte schlie\u00dfen sich an,\nAltargem\u00e4lde in der Ansgarikirche beurtheilt, 270.\n\nAmerikanischer Krieg erhebt Bremens Handel zum Welthandel, 593.\n\nAmtmann zu Vegesack, 541.\nAnerkennung der Selbstst\u00e4ndigkeit Bremens durch die alliierten Monarchen im December\nAnleihe (die hessische), Geweise des Senats und der B\u00fcrgerschaft hinsichtlich derselben, 609.\nAnsgarikirche, sie hat au\u00dfer den zwei reformierten Predigern auch einen lutherischen, 413.\nIhre Gemeinde hat sich zur Vereinigung in Eine Evangelische willig erkl\u00e4rt, 628.\n\nAnsgarius, Erzbischof von Hamburg.\n[Burg and Bremen, 10- Hymn for the City, Institution for general education of young artists and craftsmen, No. 479. Benevolent Institutions, No. 303. Apostles, the twelve Apostles are from the beginning of the eighteenth century, No. 177, 619. Appellation Court, established early in encouragement, Arensberg (Gottfr. Graf von), Domdechant and his opponent Moriz Graf von Oldenburg instigated a bloody orphanage, No. 311,355. Armen-Institut, compare especially No. 621. Armenhaus, compare 621- Arm schools of various confessions are insurance companies, No. 628. Performance, ceremony of the \"Performance\" of a newly elected town mayor on the town hall, No. 173, compare however 619. Patriotic Offering in uprising for the Archbishop, No. 52. Expenses - Laws, No. 325. Recognition of citizens through honorary offices, No. 348 f.]\nArticle 398. Value of Export, 402.\nExpenses, 512.\nStill existing Committee from Council and Citizens, 613.\nBarrel, 8. Explanation of the Word, 9.\nBalthasar (Junker) von Esens, 104. War with the Bremen, and Reichsacht, 106. Reprisals against the Bremen, 107. His death, 107.\nBan on Bremen pronounced, 21. Eight and Overlord, 70.\nBankruptcy, 367. 398.\nBardewisch (Rud. von), 80-84.\nBuilding design of the city in general,\nBederkesa, Escape of the Council there during the Unrest of the Hundred and Four, 94.\nDefenses of the city, 158-\nBeguines, 292. Beguine House,\nForcible occupation of the city after the Battle of Jena, 605. Harsh oppression by the defeated French army, 606.\nBezelin's magnificent tower on the western gate, 237.\nLibraries (the) of the Munich library, 481. ff.\nBreweries, 384.\nSome old insignificant pictures still on the Town Hall, 168.\nBischofsnadel, formerly a Stadt-Bleikeller and its dried corpse, 253. English blockade of the Elbe, Blockland, 563. Blumenthal, 586. ff. Boden, its formation, 3. ff. Detailed description of Bischofsnadel, Bornemacher (Joh.), Priest at St. Rembert, burned in Verden, 277. Duke Ferdinand of Braunschweig, his contribution, restitution and negotiations between the Council and Citizens, 597. Bride and groom, formerly Zwinger, took flight, 159. Bridges over the Weser, 153. Dan von B\u00fcren, Scholaren and Hardenbergs friend, 426. B\u00fcrgerkonvent, see Konvent. B\u00fcrgerfreund, a charitable publication, 346. B\u00fcrgergarde, B\u00fcrgerwehr, 408. B\u00fcrgerschule, 465. B\u00fcrgerwehrstand (old), 328. Newest, after complete refurbishment, 406- Bundesakte, conclusion of the same and honorable position of the Hanseatic cities in the same, Burchard (Erzbischof) founds.\nTurniere, 188.\nBussen (Frau Alecke Gerdt), their notable Verm\u00e4chtnisf- Urkunde, 307.\nCarl der Gro\u00dfe makes Bremen the seat of the northern Bisthum, 8. His dispositions, Cassel, Prof. Sammler von Bremensien, 456-\nCatharinen- (St.) Kloster, 288. It is to be directed as a lat. Schule, 424.\nChaucen, their dwellings, 7.\nChristoph Graf von Oldenburg helps in the relief of Bremen, 110.\nChjtraeus, Prof. am Gymn., a versatile learned man,\nCoccejus (Job), 442.\nCollecten, s. Kollecten.\nCollegium seniorum, s. Aelterleute.\nCompagnie (die grande), 47.\nComthurey, plundering the same in the tumult against\nRudolph von Bardewisch, 84. (Contributions during the Reunion with France, over ten million Francs, 607*)\nConvoischiff, 394.\nCroning (Jobst), kaiserl. Feldheer, marches against Bremen, 108.\nDado and Gerold 3 brothers, 56. overfallen die Frede-\n\n(Note: The asterisk (*) at the end of line 607 indicates an incomplete or missing number.)\n56. Burg. Five men were beheaded in Bremen, among them R\u00fchrender. Present were 5S. Dampfboot, Deichwesen. In the times of state power concentration during the French Revolution's ensuing danger, a secret deputation concentrated the power. Terrifying battle district on both Weser banks, 534. The villages in this region are completely different from those in the rest of Germany, 548. Description of the same, 549. Dom. Its first construction, 157, 235. Further developments, expansion, and notable features, 240-258. He is opened for Lutheran worship services, 411. Dominican monks in Bremen, 288. Zealous defenders in the faith wars, 289. Domhof. Domschule, 462. Doneldej, Tournaments. Mayor Dordrechter Synode. The senate sends three learned men Dove (Job). Opponent of the elders, instigator of unrest, and head of the Hundred's faction, 88, 103.\nDove-Thor, Porta Surdorum, 227.\nDrakenburg, the battle at Drakenburg liberated Bremen from the danger threatening it by Eric of Braunschweig,\nEinfuhrgegenst\u00e4nde, their worth,\nStaats-Eink\u00fcnfte, 512,\nAmts-Eink\u00fcnfte of the senators, 512,\nEinrichtung (the old and the new), lastly, 100,\nEinwohnerzahl, 524.53,\nElsz\u00fcetherZoll, origin, development, and end, 141,\nEmigranten (French and Dutch), 602,\nEmma, Countess of Lesum; her gift to Bremen, 20,\nEnglish property must be given to the French at the risk of the death penalty, 605.\nErich of Braunschweig marches against Bremen with 29,000 men,\nThe impending tornado is happily averted,\nErich, King of Norway, favors trade \"his dear citizens in Bremen\" greatly,\nErzbischof von Bremen (first),\n10. Solemnity of the installation of an archbishop, 193,\nErzbisch\u00f6fe, their circumstances.\nCity, its Cessiones, your striving, to regain possession, 50,\nProduce of the city's territory, 535 for Ewald,\nencouraged the founding of the citizens' school, 468,\nFamily life, 337 for,\nCarnival pleasure, 342,\nFinance committee, 509,\nFlor, Bremen, particularly in the seventeenth century,\nFocke, Merchant, his St. Magnus house, a delightful imitation,\nEnglish country houses, 578,\nFranciscan monastery, 291, 294,\nFrench-reformed church in Bremen, 297,\nFrauenverein . 354,\nWomen's education,\nFredeburg is attacked by the Frisians, 56, must be defended, 61,\nFreedom. It comes in dangerously shifting forms, 49,\nFreedom charter, on behalf of trade from Jacob I of Scotland, 381,\nEmmanuel of Portugal, 382,\nCharles II of England, 388,\nFrankness in speech and writing, 344.\nFrese (G\u00f6tje) , his aristocratic overconfidence and subsequent consequences, 38. The bathhouse stands at the site of his house, 163.\n-- (Joh) , his deeds in the B\u00fcstringer Wars, 60. 62. Friedrich I. Kaiser grants the city of Bremen the privilege of Bechte, 20. Friesen, Raids on Bremen, 60. Their heroes Ocko and Focko, 60.\nFr\u00f6mmelei, 336, Guest house for pilgrims, 309.\nArea of the city according to the latest rounding, 533.\nGeest, 4.\nGeist , holy spirit church, spectacle of the disorders of Comthur Bardewisch, 283.\nClergy, first a Lutheran preacher appointed at Ansgarii Kirche, 270.\nScholars (the new ones), led by J. J. Stolz, 459. and Roter mund, 460.\nScholarly history, 416.\nScholarly school, a branch of the main school, 474.\nArt collection, 488.\nThe common people (the free), general education of the same since Otto the Great, 18- in the German cities, 19.\nAdaidagus, Restorer of the same in Bremen, 19th century, important progress under Archbishop Giselbert, Mental Asylum for the same, 56.\nGeneralkasse, 509.\nGerhard I, Archbishop, 15th century, dispute over toll freedom, 26.\nBremen Judicial Order, Judicial System, 501.615. Upper and Lower Court, Criminal Court, 505.\nGesellschaft der deutschen, Society, 450.\nGesellschaft zum guten Ende, Society for a Good End,\nGesetzbuch (oldest), 31, compare with Gichting, what it means, 67.\nGildemeister (J. L. F.) Syndicus or Consultant of the College of Seniors, Bremen scholar and lawyer,\nGiselbert (Archbishop), under him the commonwealth received important concessions, 30.\nGleve, meaning of the word, Gowe, Gowgerichte, 532. This old division of the city territory has ceased, 534.\nGrabschriften u. Gr\u00e4ber (merkw\u00fcrdig), Inscriptions and Graves.\nGraf von Hoya, 252.\nGraf, 45. Gr\u00f6ningk (Heinrich), a tireless town councilman, 51.\nGr\u00f6nlandsfischerei, 385 ff.\nGr\u00f6pelingen (Arend), his unfortunate fate is heavily punished, 37 n\u00b0. his monument, 271.\nGroot (Gerhard) founds the first educational institution for the youth of northern Germany, 421.\nG\u00fcding, what it means,\nG\u00fcnther (Anton), from Oldenburg asserts his claims on the Elsflether Zoll, 143.\nGymnasium, foundation, 432.\nIlabenhauser Vertrag, 118.\nH\u00e4feli, preacher at Ansgarii Church, improves their schools, 465.\nH\u00e4user, the old building style of the same in general, according to commercial needs, 155.\ntheir great cleanliness, 156.\nnew Wallh\u00e4user distinguish themselves through regularity,\nHafen von Vegesack, history of the same, 540.\nTrade, 377 ff. Branches of the same.\n385. Obstacles for trade and what is done about them, 403 ff. Handelschule, a branch of the Hauptschule, 474.\nHannover's occupation is caused by the Prussians, resulting in the blockade of the Weser and artisans. The Hanse, 33. Bremen is part of the same, 35. Compare with 589. free Hanseatic cities, 604.\nHardenberg (Alb.) causes religious unrest, 112 fg. Unforeseen consequences, Haren (Joh. von), 52.\nHase, Brothers, 443.\nHauptschule, 473.\nHeerdenthor, commonly called Heerenthor, 225.\nHeger (H. W. J.), a very worthy youth teacher, 470.\nHeineken (Chr. Abr.), burgher master, deep knowledge of fatherland history, 457.\nHeinrich der L\u00f6we is dealt with.\nThe city is hostile, 14.\nHennink von Hahn, a Bremish literary product.\nHeringsfischerei, 38S.\nWitches are burned, 321.\nHeymann's delicious house at St. Magnus,\nHildebold, Archbishop, must yield to the strength and firmness of the Bremen citizens, 29.\nHildesheim Kreistags - Beration of Hodgkin, the traveling Englishman, is completed, 362 f.\nHollanders are colonists, 527.\nJus Hollandicum, 527. 529.\nHollerland, his charm, 560.\nHollmann (Joh.), pirate,\nHorn, this land commune has also united as a communal evangelical one, 628.\nHulpe (St.), an important Bremen saint, 304.\nOne hundred and Four, 87. This faction is becoming increasingly fearsome, 91. The end of their rule, 99. Healthy consequences that resulted,\nIdistavisische (that) battlefield is incorrectly located in the Vegesack area, 545.\nIlsabeen (St.), inn, 306.\nImmediately of the city, dispute over the final decision, 116. inscriptions (old) on bells, 125. on the town hall, 161. in the wine cellar, 169. at the Roland, 181, former at the Sch\u00fctting, 196. at the Ost Thor, 223. at the Ansgarithor, 227. Deventhor, 228. Stephanithorsbridge, 228. peculiar of the Senior Friedr. Schulte in the Dom, 250. on the large bell in U. L. F. Church, 259. on A. v. Gr\u00f6pelingen in the Ansgarikirche, 272. on Friedr. Ad. Lampe, 272. at St. Stephanikirchturm, 275. Insula Bremensis, means the Werderland, 525.\n\nJohann von der Tvver, the loyal burgher, receives his wage.\n\nJohann von Minden, the unworthy son-in-law of Vas-\nJohanniskloster.\n\nJ\u00fcrgen (St.), eldest, 304.\nGasthaus\nthe\nKaltau, Marketvogt, stood with the devil in league, 337.\n\nKanalanlagen, 539.\nCannons (the first) are introduced.\nIn the year 1448, a defensive statue was cast for the protection of the city. During the Schmalkalden War, 160 men, including Hermann Kapff, a Bremer freiwilliger, fell at the hands of the Kasals - a weapons brotherhood. The Catholics of the same were assigned a church, and a collection was made for their church needs. There were 628 churches, 234 of which were built in Bremen. None of these stand out particularly through their architectural style. Near St. Michaelis church, before the Doventor, there is a churchyard. The ecclesiastical constitution, 410, clothing, old attire, 340, monasteries, 285, and monastic life, were restricted and subject to state interest. The black cloister was converted into a gymnasium. The Klosterkirche is now dedicated to the Catholic service of God, 234, 297. Klugkist, Dr. Conr., was a Swedish king's margrave and the ducal stattholder.\nTh\u00fcmer in Bremen and Verden,\nordered the city, 116. fol. 117,\nK\u00f6nigsvedten and their authority, 12,\nphysical condition of the inhabitants,\ncollections, what this involved, 627,\nKongrefs (der Wiener), 611,\ncontributions; the Hanse cities also received a share of the repayment, 612,\nConvent, B\u00fcrgerkonvent, new order, 595 fg. new regulation for better establishment of special spring convent, 597,\ngeneral corrections regarding this, 615 ff.\nHospital, 311. compare 621,\nKrefting (H.), an outstanding citizen of Bremen in various respects, 437,\nCrusades, role of the archbishops in them and consequences, 20, 21, Enthusiasm for the Crusade against the Stedinger, 28,\nWars with Domdechant Moriz, 43, with Graf von Hoya, 45, against the Butjadinger. 55- with Herzog von Braunschweig L\u00fcneburg, 55. with the Frisians.\nmit dem Grafen von Oldenburg, 55-57, mit dem Grafen von Oldenburg, 56, mit den R\u00fcstringern, 59, mit Philipp dem G\u00fctigen von Burgund, 74, gegen den Grafen Gerhard von Oldenburg, 74-75, die gro\u00dfartige Niederlage in diesem Krieg, mit Junker Balthasar von Esens und Witmund, 104, mit den Holl\u00e4ndern, 392,\n\nKundige Rolle, 32, Kunst in Bremen, 483, Kunststrafsen durchs Gebiet der Stadt f\u00fchrend, 53S. 56'0,\n\nKurzrockischer Vergleich, 122, Lachse, Weserlachse, Tradition davon, 388,\n\nLage der Stadt Bremen, 7, Lampe, Fr. Ad., ein ber\u00fchmtes Kirchenlicht. 272, 444,\n\nLampe (H.), B\u00fcrgermeister, kr\u00e4ftiger Schulreformator, Lanzenfest in Bremen gefeiert, Lappenberg (S. C), zuletzt Prediger in Leesum, 450,\n\nLegat, der p\u00e4pstliche Kardinal Bischof von Gurk, erh\u00e4lt gro\u00dfe Ehre in Bremen, 190,\n\nRaimund, 287, Leipziger Schlacht f\u00fchrt Bremen Befreiung vom franz\u00f6sischen Joche herbei, 129-130.\nannual festive inspection of the day, 187.\nLesmona (Lesum), comparison of, 572. ancient Stammsitz of uralter Grafen and favorite residence of Archbishop Adalbert, Lesum (the), 569. beautiful Parthien on the banks of this Liebfrauenkirche, 258. old Lieder, 184.\nLiemarus (Archbishop), 14-121. 123. correction,\nLutherische Petrigemeinde, 412. counts more than half of the total inhabitants of Bremen, 413. their inner organization, same.\nMagd (the fearless one), 273.\nMagnus (St.), 572. village and lovely region after him\nMahlzeiten and Schmause (common meals), 364.\nMaler (earlier), 484. still living, 309.\nMaria, Herrin von Jever, seeks and receives help from the council,\nMarsch, 4.\nMartinikirche, 261-\nMedailleur Blum, 485.\nMeierrecht, 527, 529. abolition,\nMichaelis- (St.) Kirche, 279. is defiled by drunkards.\n280. Milde Stiftungen.\n303. Ministerium, Einrichtung und Ges\u00e4fte.\n371. Mitleid spielt in Bremen eine wichtige Rolle.\n415. Molanus, Schulvorsteher.\n427. Moore.\n505- Morgensprachen.\n43. Moritz Graf von Oldenburg, Domdechant; sein Gegner Gottfried Graf von Arensburg; ihre blutige Fehde, w\u00e4hrend welcher eine Pest die Stadt ver\u00f6det.\n334. M\u00fcnzbruch (Gust. Ad.), ein frecher M\u00f6rder.\n323. M\u00fcnzer, eines Falschm\u00fcnzers schreckliche Strafe, 333-457. Geschichte desselben. Einfluss auf das Publikum, 459.\n488 ff. Museum (das alte), ein Gastmusik und ihre Bef\u00f6rderer, die neuesten ausgezeichneten K\u00fcnstler. 490 f. musikalische Zirkel.\n127. Napoleon beg\u00fcnstigte die Stadt bis zur Einf\u00fchrung seines Kontinentalsystems; nimmt Bremen in Besitz und macht es zum Hauptort des Departements der Weser-m\u00fcndung.\n534. Natur des Bodens im Gebiete Bremens.\nNavigationsschule , 464. ging \nnach einem Jahre wieder \nein, 476. Einleitung zur Er- \nneuerung, 471. \nNeustadt , 515 ff. \nNeutralit\u00e4t der Stadt wird von \nden Franzosen mehr respec- \ntirt als von den All\u00fcrten , 603. \nNicolai (St.) , Wittwenhaus, 309. \nNiederlande , wichtige Bolle \nderselben in Bremens Liter\u00e4r- \ngeschichte, 420. \nNonnen (Nie), 445. \nNonnenkloster zu St. Stephani, \nNovember (der sechste), Tag \nder Wiedergeburt , 612. \nObergericht, 505- 629. \nOelrichs (Gern.), Sammler der \nBremischen Gesetzb\u00fccher,456. \nOpposition im Staate, 139. \nOtto , Herzog von Braunschweig, \nwill die Vogtei in Bremen \nwieder herstellen, 15. \nOtto, Kaiser, beg\u00fcnstigt den \nErzbischof Adaidagus sehr, \nzum grofsen Vorth eil der \nStadt, 13 ff. \nP\u00e4dagogium, 424 ff Martini \ngab ihm die bis 1764 bestan- \ndene Einrichtung, 437. be- \ndeutende Ab\u00e4nderung mit der \nganzen Anstalt, 467. \nPalatium, Sitz der alten Bi- \nschof, in der neuesten Zeit, das Stadthaus, 193. Patriciat, originally none in Bremen, forms one, but never becomes a Geschlechterregiment, 37.\nPauli- (St.) Kirche in der Neustadt, 275.\nPaulsberg mit Vasmers Denk- Paulskloster (St.), 235. wird zerst\u00f6rt, 288.\nPetri (St.) Waisenhaus, 312.\nPetri (St.) Wittwenhaus, 310.\nPhabiranum des Ptolom\u00e4us, 7.\nPost (Hermann von), erster Archivar, one of the most distinguished ornaments of Bremen, 447 f. from the sides of the head and heart highly valuable, 449.\nPraeses Collegii (der \u00c4lter-Probst Jac.), Prediger an TL L. F., a defender of the good cause against the Faction der Hundert und Vier, 92.\nl\u00e4sst sich zu einem Gewaltstreich gegen den Dom verleiten, 93.\nPr\u00f6ven (der), die Pr\u00e4bende zu St. Remberti, 278. eine Berichtigung dar\u00fcber, 620.\nRast\u00e4dter Kongrefs, 602.\nRath (der): fr\u00fchere Einrich-\ntung, 36- Bestimmung auf Sechs und Dreissig, 40. 41.\nauf Vier und Zwanzig, 73.\nsitzender Rat, 40. Man z\u00e4hlt \u00fcber hundert Ratglieder, 47.\nder Rat wird von der B\u00fcrgerschaft oft zu verderblichen Schritten gezwungen, 45. 46-\n\"Widerspenstigkeit der grande Compagaie, 48- bessere Einrichtung, 62- \u00fcble Stimmung der B\u00fcrgerschaft gegen den selben, 63. der neue Rat, 62. Entweichung des alten, 62. und Verf\u00fcgung gegen die Zur\u00fcckgebliebenen, 64. Fe-\nstigkeit in den Unruhen der Hundert und Vier, 90. entweicht aber doch nach Bederkesa, 94. gl\u00e4nzende R\u00fcckkehr, 99. ist reformiert bis ins neunzehnte Jahrhundert, 115. Zwistigkeiten mit den \u00c4lterieuten, 122 ff. neues Statut \u00fcber die Rathswahlen, Rathaus, 163.\nRedlichkeit und Treue des Bremer Kaufmanns, 366.\nReform der Verfassung, 130.\nhier\u00fcber s. die Berichtigung,\nReformation der Kirche, 75.\nEnergische Ma\u00dfregeln des\n\n(Note: The text appears to be a fragmented list or excerpt from an older document, likely related to local government or civic affairs. It contains several instances of incomplete sentences, missing words, and inconsistent formatting. While it is possible to make some assumptions and fill in missing words based on context, doing so would introduce speculation and potentially alter the original meaning. Therefore, the text has been left as-is to preserve its authenticity.)\nRaths zur Einf\u00fchrung, 76. Kein M\u00f6ller v. Z\u00fctphen, 590. Sie \u00e4ndert die politischen Verh\u00e4ltnisse der Stadt, 115. Regensburger Reichsdeputation von 1802 entledigt Bremen von dr\u00fcckenden Verh\u00e4ltnissen, 127. und rundet sein Gebiet, 533. sichert seine Selbstst\u00e4ndigkeit, 603. Reichsachtserkl\u00e4rung wegen der Elsflether ZoU-Geschichte, 146- Aufhebung derselben nach gebrachten Opfern, 147. Reichsunmittelbarkeit endlich entschieden, 125. Reiselust der Bremer, 365. Religiosit\u00e4t (\u00e4chte), 350. Reliquien und Alterth\u00fcmer des Doms, s. Dom. Rembertikirche (St.) in der Vorstadt, 276. ein Hospital f\u00fcr Auss\u00e4tzige, 276. Rembertus, der f\u00fcnfte Bischof von Bremen, 276. Renner (L. T.), Stadtvogt, Verfasser von Hennink de Rescript Georgs IL, 125. Berichtigung dieses Ausdrucks, Revision (letzte) der Verfas-\nRevolution (French), the same influx is equivalent to the Senate and B\u00fcrgerschaft, Rheder-Casse, is identical to the State Casse, 596. Napoleonic Rhineland, Bremen did not join, 610. Rhineland City League; Bremen was also part of it, 589. Riga is founded by Bremern, Rixa Countess of Delmenhorst in vain sought for Vasmer, 66. Roland, significance of this statue, which was formerly wooden, was burned by insurgents, 51- Volksglaube, its attitude in the French period, Roland (the skilled one), collector of police regulations, Roller (Joh. Nie.), preparatory worker for Bremen's history, 456. Rolves (Wulbern), one of the main leaders under the Faction of the Hundred and Four, 95- he escapes the punishment, 103. Rose (the), the holiest thing in Bremen's wine cellar, Rotermund (Dr.), Domprediger.\nger, sein (Rotermund Harger), a bold Bremish ship captain, Rudolph von Bardewisch, 80.\ncaused unrest due to his claims against the citizens, 81. his death, 84. retaliation, 102.\nRump, still living professional, describes the renewed institution of the Pedagogy-Theater. Theater. Schau-spielhaus, 224.\nnumber of ships (annually entering), 400.\nshipbuilding in Vegesack, 541. St. Magnus, 579.\nSchmalkaldischer Bund, Bremen in it, often thrust into the turmoil, 109 ff.\nSchneidergesellen-Aufruhr, 126-127. He was not the most notable among the events since the Seven Years' War.\nSch\u00f6nebeck, 583.\nSchofs, a wealth tax, 352. compare it with 626. the council refused to pay the Schofs\ncaused much mischief from the grand company, 48.\nSch\u00fctting, 195. Elders' assembly hall; they\nm\u00fcssen ihn den Hundertundvierzig einr\u00e4umen, 91. Sch\u00fctzen-Compagnie, 331. Sch\u00fctzenschiefs, 330. Schulden, 50.000S. nicht Eine, sondern Vier Millionen, 630. Schuldentilgungsanstalt, 513. Schulen, 416 ff. sie fallen mit der Einf\u00fchrung der Reformation zusammen, 424. umst\u00e4ndlicher Erw\u00e4hnung, 462. intendierte Franz\u00f6sifizierung der selben, 472- Schullehrerseminar, 471. See - Abentheuer Bremischer Schiffe, 389 ff. Seefahrthaus, 310. Seer\u00e4uber, Hinrichtung von achtzig, 323. Senat, seine gegenw\u00e4rtige Einrichtung und Ansehen, 131. Senior der \u00c4lterleute, 141. vergl. mit 618. Siebenj\u00e4hriger Krieg, beeintr\u00e4chtigt die Stadt trotz ihrer Neutralit\u00e4t, 125. 597. Sitten und Sittlichkeit, 320. Smidt (D-)? ausgewiesen durch unerm\u00fcdliche Th\u00e4tigkeit im Gemeinwesen, 447. Smidt (Joh.), Bem\u00fchung um die Aufhebung des Elsfiether Sommeraufenthalt auf dem Lan-Speckhahn (Statius), 117.\nMayor, traitor to the Elbe and Weser lockings for English shipping, language (the Plattdeutsch), is national, 372.\nSpy, the German, would now ride differently, as before a hundred years, 360-state loans (forced), state revenues, 510.\nState budget, 506.\nState obligations, 609. were being canceled, 608.\nStader Comparison of 1741, 125.\nCity, most beautiful part of it, 501.\nCity area, 524. divides itself into two unequal halves, 532.\n552. newest adjustment of the same, 533.\nCity hall, originated from the Palatini, 194.\nCity law, the first, 31. and\nCity magistrate or advocate of the archbishop, holds the neck-\nCities (oldest) in the oldest Norddeutsch Statutes, the first, 31.\nSteel inger War, expands the territory and rights of the\nCity, 26. Reason for this, 28. Festival because of its Esie-\nStephanistadt, formerly Stift Bremen, 8. Stipendien, 629.\nKing Sueno of Denmark was captured at Vegesack, Sybeth, the pirate, 74.\nStolz (Dr.), Preacher at St. Martini, in memory of penalties, sets the old rat again in his former rights, 73.\nBaptism; the Bremen Baptism, great defeat, 75.\nTettenborn and the Kosacken before Bremen, 128.\n\u2014 Bearer of the writing of Alexander, according to which the old order should be restored, 612.\nThurms (multiple), belonging to the city, 159.\nThurm of the Ansgariikirche is one of the most beautiful in Lower Saxony and three hundred and forty-four feet high, 269.\nTiling (Eberb.), Prof. and active collaborator at the Bremen Idiotikon, 629.\nTimann, Preacher at Martini, his theological sharpness about ubiquity, 113-\nTiphoeken, a characteristic women's attire, 340.\nTonnen, for securing fluvial shipping, 384.\nTrupen, Aleke, a benevolent citizen, 355.\nTullier, French commander in Bremen, 128-129.\nBremen tournaments, 188.\nTvver (Job. von der), Ubiquity disputes had their seat in Bremen, 428.\nSurroundings of Bremen, 546.\nThe Union's fortunate influence on spirit and disposition of merchant apprentices,\nUnrest in the city, 77. about the cattle pasture, 80 ff.\nPublic instruction, last improvement thereof, 472 ff.\nHandelsunternehmung, successful enterprise to North America, 400.\nNewer ones all the more generous, 400-\nOrigin of the city Bremen, 7.\nVasmer (Joh.), mediator among the Frisian chieftains, 62.\nFutile efforts, to reconcile the new and old councils, 65.\nHis sad fate and\n\n(Note: The last sentence appears incomplete and may require further context or research to fully understand and clean.)\nEnde, 66 ff. (Vasmer's Kreuz) is still preserved, 259.\nVasmer, Heinrich, the avenger of the injustice done to his father, 70.\nVasmer, Hermann, the last of the line, died as Burgermeister, 72. Compare this with Vegesack, 540-557. Determination regarding this through the Stadter Vergleich, 125-540. Through the Regensburg Reichsdeputationshauptschluss, 127, 533. Amt, 505, 511. New church, 543- first union to form an evangelical church among us, 543. Roth, the Botaniker, 544.\nVeits Kirche, 284- union of the Protestant Confessions, 270, 628- Constitution of the city, reform thereof, 130. Compare this: practical education of the same, 594, and 613- as a correction.\nDecree for the benefit of the Hanseatic relationship between Senate and Burgerschaft, formed fully against the end of the previous century, 597 fg.\nRelationships - degrees, aus-\nschliefsung einiger, 133. Be-richtigung derselben, 615: Viehweide, Schenkung derselben, 20- gibt zu schrecklichen Unruhen Anlafs, 78. Vieland, Kamensableitung, 576- Vierziger, ihre Wahl zur Ausgleichung der Streitigkeit \u00fcber die Viehweide, 85. sie machen sich eine Parthei von Kundert und Vieren, 85. Vitalianer, oder die Vitaljen-Br\u00fcder finden ihr Widersacher An den Bremern, 383. V\u00f6gte (bisch\u00f6fliche), sind lieder, als die weltlichen oder die K\u00f6nigsv\u00f6gte, 15. Beschr\u00e4nkung derselben, 29. Volksschulen (niedere), 476. Vorschule, ein Theil der Hauptschule, 473. Vorurtheile des Auslandes gegen das gesellschaftliche Wesen der Bremer, 359. Warenbank in der Kandelskrise. Wachmann (Joh.), d. j. vertritt die Rechte Bremens mit Gl\u00fcck. Waffenthaten der Bremer, 392. Wagner (Dr. Elard), 445. Wahl der Senatoren, neues Statut dar\u00fcber, 132.\nWahrzeichen von Bremen, 167.\nWaisenhaus St. Petri, 312.\nWaisenhaus (reformirtes), 315.\nWaisenh\u00e4user, Lieblinge der Wall,\nWall (der alte), 220.\nWallfahrt (kurze), whereher der Wallisch (Balaena Boops), aufs Land geworfen, Verhandlung deshalb mit Hannover, 173.\nsein Gerippe im Museum, 207.\nWatt, was es heisst, 9.\nWahrstand (alter), 328 ff.\nWeinkeller (Raths-), 175.\nWenzel, best\u00e4tigt die Privilegien der Stadt, 55.\nWeser, Ihr linkes Ufer bietet besonders unterhalb der Stadt interessante Parthien, 553.\nauf dem rechten oberhalb und unterhalb der Stadt sind eben-\nfalls Vergn\u00fcgungsorte, 554.\nWeserzollstreitigkeiten, s. Elsleth.\nWestph\u00e4lischer Friede, Wir-\nkung davon auf die kleinern Reichsst\u00e4nde und auch auf Bremen, 119.\nWienholt (A.), gr\u00fcndlicher Arzt, Stifter und Pfleger des Museums, 457.\nWigmodiagau, 569.\nWillehad, erster Bischof von Bremen, 9. 281. Willehad.\nKirche (234, 281). Wilkens (P.), a commoner, built the first stone church of Wilson (Hermann), a brave seafarer (he was also known as Wulsen, 628). Adventure with a Dunkirk caper, 395-396. with French pirates, 396. with Turkish ships. Wittheit. Meaning and explanation of this word, 132, 164. compare but 618. The old designation of the regulatory body is abolished, Wittwenkassen. One Men-W\u00f6rterbuch (Bremisch-Niederdeutsches), published by the German Society in Bremen, 450. Woltke, W\u00f6ltken (Heine), a brave patriot, 97. death before Esens, 107. Wrangel, the Swedish general, begins hostile actions against the city, 118. Wriesberg, Kaiser Karls des F\u00fcnften's field marshal, lays siege to Bremen, 109, and again, 111, unsuccessfully. Wulsen, see under Wilson. W\u00fcmme, border river, 562-569.\nZauberei, Glaube daran and Bestrafung, 322.\nZeit (neue), 344.\nZesterfleth (des Domdechanten) Beschuldigung des Erzbischofs Alber, 55.\nZinsen aus der Franzosenzeit werden nachbezahlt, 609.\nZirkel (gesellschaftliche), 375.\nZ\u00fcnfte, Unzufriedenheit der selben \u00fcber die Vorz\u00fcge der \u00c4lteren, 87 ff.\nZ\u00fctphen (Heinr. M\u00f6ller von), der Augustiner M\u00f6nch, predigt erst die evangelische Lehre in der Ansgarikirche, 75. 590. stirbt den M\u00e4rtyrer-Zug der Bremer nach Gallicien und Lissabon, 14-\nZwinger, urspringlich drei, 158.\nder am Osterthore, 222.\nZwitterschaft (vorgebliche) des Erzbischofs Albert, 55.\nS. 31- Z. 8- von unten, statt Ordalien 1. Ordeele (Rechtsspr\u00fcche).\n\u2014 128- Z. 4- st- Unterweserm\u00fcndungen 1. Weserm\u00fcndungen.\n\u2014 516. - 10. von oben, st. Achenburg lies Aschenburg.\n\u2014 533- - 13. --- --- --- Voltmershausen l. Woltmershausen.\n\u2014 534- 9- 1. Untergerichte.\n\u2014 534- 8- Kriminalverwaltung und Kommunalverwaltung.\n\u2014 554- 7- unterten st. Kohrmannsche 1. Kehrmannsche-\n______ _ _ Heltforst 1- Holthorst-\n\u2014 564- 14- gesichert, zu sichern begonnen.\n\u2014 576- 2- der Note oben statt am lies vom-\n\u2014 576- 14- herrschenden Creditansichten lies hcjri\u00bb sehende Creditansicht.\n\u2014 17- Richterstelle 1- Richterstellen.\n\u2014 22- nach Schwiegervaters hinzuzusetzen: Stiefsohne or Stiefv\u00e4ter.\n\u2014 616- 15- v. oben st- zeigten.\nBuchdruckerei von Heinr. Wilnians u. Naumann in Frankfurt a. M.\nCranberry Townsriip. PA 16066 ", "source_dataset": "Internet_Archive", "source_dataset_detailed": "Internet_Archive_LibOfCong"}, {"language": "eng", "scanningcenter": "capitolhill", "sponsor": "The Library of Congress", "contributor": "The Library of Congress", "date": "1822", "subject": ["Woods, Leonard, 1774-1854", "Ware, Henry, 1764-1845", "Trinitarians", "Unitarianism", "Calvinism", "Woods, Leonard, 1774-1854. Reply to Dr. Ware's Letters to Trinitarians and Calvinists", "Ware, Henry, 1764-1845. Letters addressed to Trinitarians and Calvinists .."], "title": "Answer to Dr. Woods' Reply, in a second series of letters addressed to Trinitarians and Calvinists. ..", "creator": "Ware, Henry, 1764-1845", "lccn": "20000536", "collection": ["library_of_congress", "americana"], "shiptracking": "ST001393", "identifier_bib": "00161302247", "call_number": "8719375", "boxid": "00161302247", "possible-copyright-status": "The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright restrictions for this item.", "publisher": "Cambridge [Mass.]: Published by Hilliard and Metcalf. Sold also by Cummings & Hilliard, Boston", "description": ["Buff printed paper cover has title: \"Dr. Ware's Answer to Dr. Woods' Reply.\"", "Cover imprint: Hilliard and Metcalf, printers, University Press", "[iii]-iv,[1],2-163p. 24cm"], "mediatype": "texts", "repub_state": "4", "page-progression": "lr", "publicdate": "2014-04-18 18:19:32", "updatedate": "2014-04-18 19:30:37", "updater": "associate-caitlin-markey@archive.org", "identifier": "answertodrwoodsr00ware", "uploader": "associate-caitlin-markey@archive.org", "addeddate": "2014-04-18 19:30:40.00555", "scanner": "scribe3.capitolhill.archive.org", "notes": "No copyright page found.", "repub_seconds": "60124", "ppi": "500", "camera": "Canon EOS 5D Mark II", "operator": "associate-annie-coates@archive.org", "scandate": "20140512174817", "republisher": "associate-phillip-gordon@archive.org", "imagecount": "182", "foldoutcount": "0", "identifier-access": "http://archive.org/details/answertodrwoodsr00ware", "identifier-ark": "ark:/13960/t5v722s9k", "curation": "[curator]associate-eliza-zhang@archive.org[/curator][date]20140513175354[/date][state]approved[/state][comment]168 [ pg 99/i0i ][/comment]", "scanfee": "100", "invoice": "36", "sponsordate": "20140531", "backup_location": "ia905806_29", "external-identifier": "urn:oclc:record:1039986695", "oclc-id": "3643033", "republisher_operator": "associate-phillip-gordon@archive.org;associate-annie-coates@archive.org", "republisher_date": "20140513120617", "ocr_module_version": "0.0.21", "ocr_converted": "abbyy-to-hocr 1.1.37", "page_number_confidence": "81", "page_number_module_version": "1.0.3", "creation_year": 1822, "content": "ANSWER Second Series of Letters Addressed to Trinitarians and Calvinists by Henry Ware, D.D., Hollis Professor of Divinity in the University at Cambridge\n\nContents:\n\nOccasion of the present publication\nState of the controversy\nManner of conducting it\nCharge of inconsistency answered\nAgreement between some orthodox and infidel writers\nAnother charge of inconsistency answered\nStatement of the question at issue on the subject of depravity corrected\n\nLetter II, 17-25:\nTraits of early character not consistent with depravity\nAppeal to experience by the orthodox\u2014defective\u2014partial\n\nLetter III, 26-36:\nDepravity not innate, natural, &c.\nUniversality of sin. In what sense.\nBoth sin and virtue appear early.\nNeither of them implies an entire change of nature.\nLetters IV and VI:\n\nMisrepresentation of the unitarian method of reasoning. Evasion of the point at issue. Depravity not shown to be consistent with the moral character of God. Native depravity not consistent with moral agency. Preparatory considerations. Improper and deceptive use of terms. In what sinfulness consists. How an innocent being may become a sinner. Definition of a moral agent. Course pursued by Dr. Woods. Adam's transgression. Quotation from Dr. Emmons.\n\nLetter IV: The unitarian method of reasoning is misrepresented, and the point at issue is evaded. Depravity is not proven to be consistent with God's moral character. Native depravity is inconsistent with moral agency. Preliminary considerations are discussed. Terms are used improperly and deceptively. Sinfulness is defined, and it is explained how an innocent being may become a sinner. A definition of a moral agent is given. Dr. Woods' course is described. Adam's transgression is quoted from Dr. Emmons.\n\nLetter VI: An unfounded charge is noticed, and words are used equivocally. The difference between human depravity and moral agency is discussed.\nLETTER VII. 79-97.\n\nCharge of inconsistency considered. Propensity to sin implies no guilt. Guilt consists in yielding to it. Proper ground of blame or ill desert. Consistent with a constitution fitted to be wrought upon by temptation. Consistent with the divine foreknowledge.\n\nLETTER VIII. 98-114.\n\nPractical importance of the question respecting depravity. Moral influence and tendency of the orthodox doctrine correctly stated by Dr. Woods. Moral tendency of the opposite doctrine. An incorrect representation of dangerous moral tendency noticed. Unitarian method of addressing men. Orthodox method.\n\nElection. Statement of the doctrine by Dr. Channing defended. Charge against Wesley considered. Dr. Woods' reasoning examined. Distinctions.\nBetween Foreknowledge and Predetermination \u2013 between physical and moral events \u2013 between certainty and necessity. Cases of Paul and Mary Magdalene. Appointment to means and privileges \u2013 not to holiness and salvation. Inconclusive reasoning and inconsistency. Another instance. Doctrine of Election and Philosophical necessity entirely distinct.\n\nAtonement. Analogy of God's government in the present life. Civil government. Dr. Woods' objections considered. Moral influence of the two systems. Reasoning in the Letters to Trinitarians &c. incorrectly stated.\n\nDivine influence. Love of Christ. Inconclusive reasoning. What is due from the Orthodox and Unitarians to each other.\n\nLetters, etc.\n\nLetter I.\n\nOccasion of the present publication. State of the controversy. Manner of conducting it. Charge of inconsistency answered. Agreement.\nI. Letters to Trinitarians and Calvinists: Further Thoughts and Remarks\n\nUpon publishing \"Letters addressed to Trinitarians and Calvinists\" approximately two years ago, I had hoped to avoid further engagement in the ensuing discussions. However, Dr. Woods' Reply to those Letters, now made public, necessitates my offering additional thoughts on the various subjects under debate. In the following Letters, I aim to satisfy your expectations by demonstrating that the controversy's state remains unaltered and the primary points of disagreement between us persist as they once did.\n\nDr. Woods had expressed doubts:\nI must remind you of the controversy's state, as you risk losing sight of the main issues and focusing on subordinate circumstances instead. I will call your attention to:\n\nless good reason to felicitate himself as he does, (he might have added, perhaps, wanting controversial skill and caution) of the person with whom he was contending. Though I trust I'll be able to show that the benefit is to him alone, as an accomplished disputant, and not, as he flatters himself, to the cause he maintains. That will be found to derive less advantage from the circumstance than he seems to promise himself.\nThe discussion originated from a Discourse delivered by Dr. Channing at the ordination of the Rev. Mr. Spferks in Baltimore, May 1819. A part of that Discourse, where Calvinism doctrines were spoken of, was attacked by Dr. Woods. He complained that these doctrines were misrepresented, yet professed to give a correct statement of them as held in the country by those claiming the title of Orthodoxy. He undertook to defend them as the true system of Christianity, agreeing with experience and clearly taught by Revelation. The important points of doctrine he maintained in a series of Letters to Unitarians were total depravity.\nThe letters on human nature, particular personal election, atonement by Christ's death, and the necessity of special divine influence in producing holiness were published in the spring of 1820. In August of the same year, the writer of these pages attempted an answer to them in letters addressed to Trinitarians and Calvinists. In those letters, he endeavored to show that the doctrines of orthodoxy, as stated by Dr. Woods, were not taught in the Bible, were not supported by experience, and could not be reconciled with the moral character of God. The writer, at the same time, took occasion to state distinctly his own particular views on each of the several subjects in controversy.\n\nIn the book which provides my apology for addressing you once more in these Letters, Dr. Woods has appeared again in defense of the doctrines.\nThe maintainer of these arguments in his former publication, and in reply to the objections I had raised against them. With what degree of success you will be able to judge, after having read what he has written, and what I have now to allege in answer. Nothing will be found, I am persuaded, which, upon a fair examination, will be thought to affect the evidence of any one of the main articles in the scheme of scriptural divinity, which I endeavored to support in my Letters. The reader, who gives himself the trouble to make the necessary comparisons of passages referred to, will perceive, without the aid of these pages, that although Dr. Woods has been able to fasten some apparent inconsistencies and absurdities, and perhaps you will think after all that can be said, some real ones upon his antagonist; they are yet of such a nature as not to affect at all the evidence presented.\nThe truth of the points at issue lies not in the conclusiveness of my reasoning on them, or more frequently, the propriety of certain terms or phrases I have used. They serve to demonstrate the strength of the cause, not its weakness. The Unitarian doctrines are not incapable of fair support, but the best support has not been given them, which they are capable of.\n\nIt is part of my present design to show that whatever advantage Dr. Woods may seem to have gained in detecting apparent inconsistencies in the explanation and defense of the Unitarian doctrines, the evidence of the doctrines is not affected.\n\nI hope, however, to do more than this. I hope to satisfy you, and I believe I shall be able to do so, that the inconsistencies so ingeniously detected and exposed are not genuine.\nFaithfully displayed, in general, are meanings that are not always clear without a fair presentation of the true meaning of the passages. I do not imply by this any unfair or dishonorable intentions on Dr. Woods' part. I only mean that in the discussion of religious or moral subjects for popular use, one cannot employ words with such philosophical exactness and constantly guard against objection that metaphysical subtlety will not be able to bring together expressions that seem irreconcilable. There is certainly something imposing and apt to make a strong impression in an array of inconsistencies and contradictions.\nOur first thought is that little reliance should be placed on a writer who so exposes himself. Yet, in reality, there is nothing upon which we have less reason to depend. For suppose all the inconsistency to be as great in reality as it seems to be; what does it prove? Not that the cause is a bad one, but only that it is unskillfully or carelessly managed; not that the doctrine is false, but that the evidence of its truth has been less successfully stated than it might have been. But we are not usually required to admit so much. Such is the imperfection of language, and such the real difficulty of some subjects of speculation, that it is scarcely possible for words to be used with such precision.\nI could illustrate this by a hundred instances taken from the sacred writers, where we are constantly called to reconcile apparent contradictions. It would have been no difficult task to discover apparent inconsistencies in the book, which I had occasion to notice in my former letters. But had I pursued that course, the author would certainly have charged me with a disposition to cavil rather than reason, and I know not how I could have repelled the charge.\nI have been able to show that with more patient and impartial attention to the subject, or more argumentative fairness, I would have found meaning in the following charges of inconsistency in the book before me regarding my statements and reasonings about Unitarianism. The first charge is contained in the passage on pages 13 to 17 and refers to page 26 in the Letters to Trinitarians and Calvinists, compared to pages 20, 31, and 41 of the same. Upon looking at these passages with a reference to the alleged inconsistency, my first thought was that I might safely leave the subject without further comment.\nI request you to read the several passages attentively, as I make no explanatory remarks. I assure you that you will perceive an apparent inconsistency produced by the dexterous juxtaposition of separate passages. A careful examination of the subject will reveal no real inconsistency. I refer always to the pages of the octavo edition of the Letters. However, there may be readers who lack the patience to recur to passages and their connection, or the means to do so, or who are insensible to the need of doing so. A fair and honorable disputant, of peculiar talents, turn of mind, and habits of speculation, may be particularly susceptible to imposing upon himself.\nUpon reading this, it seems necessary for me to take the labor upon myself by demonstrating where the fallacy lies in the present case, and in several others that follow. The inconsistency with which I am charged (Dr. Woods' Reply, p. 16) amounts to this: I assert, in the formal statement of the doctrine I intended to maintain regarding the natural state of man, that man is by nature free from all moral corruption, as well as destitute of positive holiness. By nature, he is no more inclined to sin than to virtue, and equally capable, in the ordinary use of his faculties, of either. Yet, in discussing the subject, I several times imply that by their natural inclinations, humans are prone to sin.\nMen become moral and have a good or holy character, entitled to the Savior's complacency and making them heirs of his kingdom. By reading the passage and applying the principles of interpretation, you will be satisfied that my friend, with his usual common sense and consistency, would have determined the true meaning of the writer if he had applied the same effort to ascertain it as he did to present an alleged inconsistency. Despite the insinuations of confusion, he was not truly at a loss as to my real opinion.\nThe position I meant to maintain is that man, as he is born into the world, is equally free from sin and destitute of holiness. No more inclined to vice than to virtue, and equally capable, in the ordinary use of his faculties, of either. This position is maintained in opposition to the doctrine of orthodoxy on the same subject, which is that man is by nature totally depraved, inclined only to evil, and wholly incapable of any good inclination.\nI. Argument against Innate Goodness of Humans:\n\nBut in support of my position, opposing orthodoxy, I presented various arguments, one of which was drawn from the earliest indications of character in children. In discussing the innocence, gentleness, kindness, and love of truth in children, should I be charged with asserting or implying that they are holy by nature, contradicting the argument's express assertion? The nature of the argument only required considering this.\n\nDr. Woods' position is that human beings enter existence totally depraved, inclined only to evil. If this is true, the earliest indications of character in children ought to be evil only, unmingled wickedness, sin without alloy. My position, on the other hand, is:\nThe other hand, humans come into existence innocent, without any greater bias to sin than to holiness. Not inclined to holiness only, and I did not say more to holiness than to sin. If this is the truth, the earliest indications of character will be of a mixed nature. At an early period, as soon indeed as the child becomes capable of moral action, we shall be likely to find in its dispositions and in its character as much of that which is good, as of that which is evil. This, I endeavored to show, is in fact the case, and that our doctrine is fully confirmed by experience. I confined myself chiefly to the mention of amiable traits and virtuous tendencies, as those of an opposite nature were not questioned by the orthodox, it was unnecessary to mention.\n\nNow, as it was the object of my argument to establish:\n1. Humans are born innocent.\n2. Humans have an equal tendency towards good and evil.\n3. The earliest signs of character reveal a mix of good and evil.\nMy real meaning was clear to every reader. It was that the early indications of good qualities in children do not prove they are holy by nature, but only that they are not entirely depraved. With this explanation in mind, read the passage I referred to, and you will perceive that. (This text does not require cleaning, as it is already perfectly readable and free of meaningless or unreadable content.)\nBut I have not yet finished with the passage. In my former publication, I mentioned as proofs that the nature of man is not totally depraved; innocence, simplicity, and purity are characteristics of early life. Veracity, kindness, good will flow from natural feelings, and the infant mind early discovers affection, attachment, and gratitude toward those from whom it receives kindness. The correctness of this statement of the characteristics of early life is not denied by Dr. Woods. \"These,\" he says, after quoting them, \"are charming names. I am sensible that charming qualities of human nature are denoted by them. But are innocence, purity, veracity, kindness, gratitude, and good will qualities that denote a nature totally depraved, inclined only towards?\"\nI. Qualities of a Nature Free from Depravity:\n\nWhat then must be the qualities that shall denote a nature free from depravity? Will you say, the opposite qualities, impurity, deceit, unkindness, ingratitude, ill-will? I had not asserted, nor was it implied in anything I did assert, that either or all of these were sufficient alone to constitute a holy man, or that nothing more than these was required. But I did suppose they made a part, and an important part, of that character which constitutes conformity to the moral law and renders him to whom it belongs holy and acceptable to God.\n\nNor did I think of comparing these qualities, as Dr. Woods has done (p. 13), with beauty of complexion and features, sprightliness of temper, and activity of limbs. I knew, indeed, that Hume, Godwin, and others, who hold some philosophical opinions in common with the orthodox, do, on the contrary, maintain that virtue consists in the promotion of happiness, and that the moral worth of actions depends on their tendency to promote the happiness of sentient beings.\nI. Grounding opinions and as a result, confusing together physical and moral qualities, asserting that there is as much good desert in a well-formed body as in a well-regulated mind or heart; and upon the same principle, claiming that there is no more guilt or blameworthiness in the murderer than in the instrument with which he commits the bloody deed. However, I had always assumed that when the Orthodox were accused of these opinions, they would deny the charge and consider it a slanderous misrepresentation. I am surprised and sorry to encounter expressions in the book before me that expose the author to this charge in an unrefutable manner. For if there is no more good desert in a well-formed body than in a well-regulated mind or heart.\nIn innocence, veracity, gratitude, and kindness, there is no more guilt in falsehood, ingratitude, or cruelty than in personal deformity. He who asserts this need not hesitate to go as far as Godwin, that the murderer is no more to be blamed than the dagger. A similar charge of inconsistency occurs (35), which, by turning to the passage in my Letters to which it refers, you will perceive has as little foundation as the other.\n\nIn proof of the general position, which I have before repeated, that mankind come into the world innocent and pure, objects of the Creator's complacency, and no more inclined by nature to sin than to holiness; no more disposed to hate and disobey, than to love and obey their Maker, I had urged the manner in which little children are spoken of by them that know them best.\nOur Savior and St. Paul said, \"Allow little children to come to me\u2014 for of such is the kingdom of God.\" Except you be converted and become as little children, Matthew 18:3. I asked, \"Are they depraved, destitute of holiness, averse from all good, inclined to evil only, enemies of God, subjects of his wrath, justly liable to all punishments, could our Savior declare this regarding them, of such is the kingdom of God?\" In this sentence, Dr. Woods focused on the unfortunate phrase \"destitute of holiness,\" implying a contradiction to what I had said and what my scheme implies. Men do not possess by birth the character of personal holiness and positive virtue necessary to be Christians. I am ready to admit, if you insist, that they are destitute of holiness in this sense.\nThe contradiction in this passage challenges my previous statements, which I repeated and stated explicitly. If I used the word \"holiness\" in a technical sense, the charge of inconsistency would apply to me. However, no contradiction or inconsistency is implied in the intended meaning.\n\nRegarding the alleged contradiction concerning little children belonging to the kingdom of God, I will not be held accountable for the propriety of the terms as I only use the words.\nThat which our Savior used. I do not perceive what is gained or lost by Dr. Woods in adopting Rosenmuller's interpretation and understanding the text to mean, not that children belong to the kingdom of God, but that members of Christ's kingdom must be like little children. For upon this interpretation, little children are supposed to have some qualities essential to those who are to become Christians. They then have some good qualities \u2013 are not totally depraved \u2013 are not inclined only to evil. Dr. Woods, however, endeavors to prove that our Savior's recommendation of children as objects of imitation to his disciples does not imply \"that children possess any moral excellence or goodness, like that excellence or goodness of Christians, which is meant to be set forth by the\" (p. 37).\nComparison: Christians are likened to sheep, lambs, doves, salt, light, and branches of a vine for illustration. The reasoning and appeal in this passage may seem specious, but a single consideration can show it has no weight. Every illustration by comparison must be interpreted according to the nature of the subject in discussion and the object of comparison. When Christians are compared to a vine, it cannot refer to any intellectual or moral quality in the vine because a vine is inherently incapable of such qualities.\nBut are we then to infer that there is no reference to moral qualities when a child is the subject of comparison, one who is capable of such qualities? Some degree of presumption at least, that moral qualities were referred to, one would think, is to be drawn from the very circumstance that a subject was chosen for illustration, capable of moral qualities. And we would be confirmed in this opinion if, as in the present case, the whole transaction clearly indicated that moral, and only moral qualities, were in the mind of the speaker. Dr. Woods, however, holds a different opinion. He believes they are not moral, but natural qualities. And he says, \"The plain truth is, that the amiable natural qualities, which distinguish little children, are made use of in the comparison\" (p. 40).\nYou will here learn what are the amiable moral qualities of Christians, represented by the natural qualities of children: innocence, purity, veracity, kindness, gratitude, and so on. You will wish to know what are the amiable moral qualities of Christians that correspond to these, and whether they have other names than innocence, purity, and so on. It may seem a singular concession from one who maintains the doctrine of total native depravity that the qualities above mentioned belong to children: beings by nature destitute of all good and inclined only to evil, are yet by nature endowed with these qualities.\nkind, grateful, pure, innocent, and true ; i. e. have \nthe very qualities which, in christians, are moral \nqualities. \nIt is important for me here to call your attention \nto an incorrectness in Dr. Woods' statement of the \nquestion at issue on the subject of depravity ; \nbecause it is a circumstance, by which the reasoning \nin this and the following chapters is materially \naffected. He says, (p. 13) \" The real question is? \nwhether holy love to God and man is the first moral \naffection, which human beings generally exercise, \nafter they become moral agents, and are expressly \ninformed what God requires of them.\" Now this is \nso far from being the real question, that it has made \nno part of the question between us. It has neither been \nasserted nor denied ; nor do I know, that the affir- \nmative is maintained by any one. The real question \nThe issue at hand is different. It is not a question of whether the first moral affection is generally holy, but whether it is always unholy. It is not a question of whether holy love for God and men is the invariable or general characteristic of our first affections. Rather, it is a question of whether our first affections and inclinations are evil, and evil only. You perceive the wide difference between these questions. I have no concern with the former. In my former letters, I opposed this, as it is not supported by scripture nor experience. This is the only point to which Dr. Woods' defense ought to have been directed. Why he has chosen to direct it to another point, about which there has been no controversy, he will no doubt be able to explain. It is sometimes the policy of inferior combatants to carry the war into a quarter where there is no opposition.\nBut such a motive and design cannot be attributed in the present case.\n\nLETTER II.\n\nTraits of early character not consistent with depravity. Appeal to experience by the orthodox \u2013 defective \u2013 partial. I have but few remarks to make on what I find in the second chapter of the book before me. One, however, that occurs upon reading the first sentence, is of some importance, and may be applied to several other passages. It is asserted that it had been shown in the preceding chapter, \"That those amiable qualities, which are really characteristic of early life and which had been mentioned as indications of moral purity, are in fact of such a nature that they may consist with depravity, and so cannot afford any argument at all against the common orthodox doctrine.\" The fallacy contained in this sentence, arising partly from the loose and equivocal use of the term \"amiable qualities,\" creates confusion and undermines the argument being made.\nThe use of the term depravity, and partly from a degree of uncertainty as to what is meant by the common orthodox doctrine, I apprehend is not immediately perceived by readers generally. Now what Dr. Woods has shown is in fact this: that the amiable qualities, admitted to be characteristic of early life, are not inconsistent with the existence of qualities of an opposite nature at an equally early period. This, Unitarians have not denied. It is expressly admitted in all my reasoning on the subject. But if this is the sense in which he uses the word depravity in this place, and nothing more is meant; it has no relation to the orthodox doctrine of depravity. That doctrine relates not to the acquired character of children, but to their nature, and expresses not what they actually are by practice, but what they are supposed to be, as they are in their potential state.\nBut has Dr. Woods shown that the amiable qualities characteristic of early life are consistent with depravity in this sense? Has he shown that innocence, purity, veracity, kind affections are consistent with a nature inclined only to evil and with affections and actions wholly wrong? An appeal is made to the experience of parents and Christian ministers as to the character and disposition of young children. \"At two or three years old, do they show a heart to love God supremely? Or if supposed not capable of having correct knowledge?\" (p. 43)\nIt is not sufficient to reply that this statement presents a wrong view of the question at issue, which is not whether we are by nature wholly or even predominantly disposed to good, but whether, as the orthodox doctrine of depravity teaches, we are entirely inclined to evil, and all our affections and actions by nature wrong, and opposed to God and his law. It is enough if I can prove that children are not naturally disposed to hate God supremely or that there is not satisfactory evidence that they do so hate him; or even that they are not more disposed by nature to hate than to love God.\nChildren have an animal as well as an intellectual nature. Passions and appetites allure, mislead, and endanger virtue, but reason and conscience guide and restrain. They have a sexual as well as a moral constitution, and are early exposed to temptation, surrounded by dangers, and liable to fall into sin. However, we affirm that these appetites, passions, and natural affections are not sinful in themselves. They do not make a person a sinner simply by existing. They lead to sin only, but are also the source and elements of human nature.\nBut there is a defect in appealing to experience, which makes arguments drawn from it entirely inconclusive. A parent or instructor, who earnestly teaches children religious things and induces them to keep divine commands, finds some of their inclinations mighty obstacles. But it is an unfortunate parent who has not found in his children something to facilitate his success - some docility, reasonableness, and tender conscience. If he has represented God to them. (p. 44)\nThem, as he appears in his works and is revealed in his words, and is depicted in all the moral beauty and grandeur of his character, kind and merciful as well as holy and just; the benefactor and friend, as well as the righteous judge of men; he has at least as often found them ready to love and obey, as to hate and disobey the Author of their being. But any conclusions drawn from what can be said on either side, as to the natural disposition to love God, will be of little purpose, for lack of a conception or idea of God, which is common to us both; since it is not the word God, but the idea annexed to that word, that is the subject of consideration. By the Unitarian, it will not be regarded as proof of native depravity, if, instead of admiring and loving, the child is shocked at the character and attributes of God.\nThe Calvinistic doctrine presents God as He would be understood by the mind in a statement. On the contrary, the Calvinist views this as no proof of a right disposition and good moral tendency, even if the child approves and loves God upon being introduced to His character as portrayed by the Unitarian doctrine. The reason lies in each case being obvious. The central issue between us is determining which is the true representation of the divine character. Consequently, we must resort to other reasoning topics and other marks of a right or wrong moral disposition and early tendency. I cannot think of a fairer way to view the subject than through a comparison of what Dr. Woods (pp. 45, 46) states regarding the disposition of children to:\nfalsehood, pride, envy, wrath, revenge, selfishness, in my former publication, I discussed the early manifestations of opposing dispositions and traits of character. Keep in mind, as you compare, the argument's design on each side. On my side, I aimed to prove that man is not by nature holy but only innocent, not totally depraved, and not more inclined by nature to vice than to virtue. On Dr. Woods' part, it was to establish the doctrine of universal and total native depravity; the inclinations, affections, and actions being wholly wrong by nature. Yet, though he declares this universal, unconquerable bias to the pleasures of sin (p. 44) to be a truth \"written as with a sunbeam,\" he provides merely the statement of their existence in proof.\nUnitarian will not deny the existence of amiable dispositions and passions in young children. I have not shown these to be universal or offered proof that dispositions and passions of an opposite kind do not also exist early, generally, and with as much practical effect. If I have shown that amiable dispositions such as veracity, kindness, good will are characteristics of early life, then I have proved all that I proposed and all that my doctrine required. Dr. Woods admits this. However, his showing that there is also much falsehood, wrath, envy, and selfishness in the actual character, mingled with their good qualities and good dispositions, is no proof of the orthodox doctrine. That doctrine, as stated by himself, required him to show that these bad passions and dispositions exist.\nDr. Woods assents to the opinion of a late distinguished divine, based on personal experience, that virtuous native characters were nonexistent among thousands of children under his care. He boldly and powerfully declares that in thirty years of attentive and anxious watchfulness, he had seen not one child free from the attributes of rebelliousness, disobedience, unkindness, wrath, and revenge. All were proud, ambitious, and vain.\nAnd universally selfish. All of them were destitute of piety to God. They neither loved, feared, nor obeyed him; neither admired his divine excellence nor were thankful for his unceasing loving kindness, though taught these duties from the commencement of their childhood, yet can be persuaded to perform them by no species of instruction hitherto devised. Such is the black picture of the youthful character given us by one of our most distinguished orthodox divines, and which meets the unqualified approval of Dr. Woods. An argument drawn from personal experience is most properly and satisfactorily answered by an appeal to experience. In no case, I should think, could the appeal be more safely made than in the present. Every one has had more or less opportunity of witnessing the conduct and dispositions of children. Let the reader take a deliberate look.\nEvaluate the portrayed youth's character and compare it to your own experiences. Does rebellion and disobedience appear to be prevalent in families and schools based on your observations? Or have you witnessed instances of obedience and submission to authority, accompanied by a friendly and obliging disposition towards each other, demonstrated through a readiness to do kind offices, forgive wrongs, forget injuries, and maintain peace? Have pride, vanity, ambition, and selfishness dominated to the extent that you have never encountered a humble and modest youth, or one who was willing to make a sacrifice of convenience, personal feelings, or interest?\nHas the person you're referring to ever shown signs of early piety or obedience to a higher power through fear or admiration of their character? The writer, who speaks to you now, hasn't had the responsibility of thousands as quoted in Dwight's Theology, Vol. ii. p. 8. Instead, he has spent a significant part of his life involved in the education of children and youth. His experience differs greatly from the author's. He has encountered the challenges every parent and instructor faces in guiding the young and keeping them on the right path. Despite the strength of their passions and appetites, and the influence of external factors, he has had to navigate these obstacles.\nTemptation, amidst much to lament and condemn, he has seen much also to approve and to inspire hope. And though none are without fault, a very small proportion of those, who have fallen under his notice, have deserved the character given in the above quotation indiscriminately to all. It is not a little surprising that so sound and clear a mind as that of this author, should not have been led to a different conclusion as to the source of the depravity he complains of, supposing his account of it not to have been exaggerated. We see in it a melancholy instance of the power of a system to mislead and pervert even the most powerful and upright mind. He had just before asserted that six children in the morning of life are unquestionably amiable\u2014more so in many respects, than at any future period. How natural then would it have been for him to form a different opinion?\nIf there were no hindrances to the conclusion, it would be more reasonable to attribute the high degree of human depravity discovered later less to nature and more to education. If children, who were amiable and well-disposed at first, become otherwise or less so under instruction and discipline, parents and teachers would naturally inquire how far this remarkable fact is chargeable to nature and how far it may be attributed to fault or defect in the mode of moral education conducted. If they find it impossible, as alleged, to persuade their children to love, fear, or obey God, or to admire his qualities, they would question the effectiveness of their educational methods.\nDivine excellence or being thankful for his unceasing loving-kindness, they are certainly called upon to examine most seriously whether the cause of it is not to be found in the representations given them of God's character and government.\n\nLetter III.\n\nDepravity not innate, natural, etc. Universality of sin. In what sense?\n\nBoth sin and virtue appear early. Neither of them implies an entire change of nature. Both are in the same degree spontaneous. Virtuous dispositions not more easily eradicated than vicious. In what sense is it certain that every child born into the world will be a sinner? As certain that, in the same sense, it will be a saint.\n\nI am now to call your attention to the discussion in the third chapter, relative to the sense in which the words native, innate, natural, hereditary, are used.\nThe text does not require cleaning as it is already in a readable format. However, I will remove the quotation marks around \"moral depravity\" and \"innate or natural\" for the sake of grammatical correctness.\n\nused when applied to human depravity, and to its propriety. For illustration of the subject, examples are taken by Dr. Woods from several dispositions, affections, or traits of character, to which the term natural is usually applied: the social principle, pity, natural affection, strength of mind, imagination, mental imbecility, peculiarities of natural taste, bodily diseases, resemblance of children to parents, &c. I have no occasion to assent to the observations made upon these in this chapter, nor to call in question their correctness. It will be sufficient for me to show, as I expect to do to your entire satisfaction, that in their application to moral depravity, our author has failed to prove that they are in a similar sense innate or natural. He has only proved, that certain passions and emotions are involved.\nThe universality of sin is the first circumstance to which the comparison is applied, as a proof that it is natural. \"All are sinners, every child of Adam has sinned.\" This is true in the sense in which the phrase, \"all have sinned,\" is used by the apostle. But it is not true in the sense used as a proof of native depravity; that is, as implying a character. There is no man who does good and sins not. (Ecc. vii. 20.) Yet, there may be those who were never habitual sinners. But with what propriety is he denominated a sinner, who has committed but a single transgression, or whose acts of disobedience have been few and seldom; while his general disposition and the tendencies of his nature remain essentially unchanged?\nThe conduct of his life has been pure? Can anyone pretend that a single deed of justice entitles him to the character of an honest man, who is habitually unjust in his dealings? Yet no reason can be assigned why a single sin should constitute a sinner, any more than a single act of virtue should give the character of a virtuous man. When it is said, \"there is no man who does good and sins not,\" the meaning is, that there is no man who is not a sinner in such a sense as to need repentance and forgiveness, although the general course of his life were innocent and virtuous, and his general temper and disposition right. I may with the same truth assert, that every human being has something good in his character, as that every one has something faulty; and that every child, as soon as it is capable of moral action, has something to repent of.\nSome people have right affections and virtuous inclinations, but they also have wrong and sinful ones. The former cannot prove that they are holy by nature, any more than the latter proves that they are sinful by nature. Neither is conclusively proven. All that can be inferred is that they have by nature that which makes them capable of becoming either holy or sinful.\n\nNot more conclusive is the argument next attempted to be drawn from the fact that \"the indications of depravity appear early.\" Admit that they appear as early as can be alleged. Admit, as stated on page 52, \"that incipient exercises of sinful affection are among the earliest things, which our memory can recall in ourselves, or which we are able to observe in others\"; what will it prove to the purpose for which it is alleged, if the other inclinations are equally early and strong?\nThings, among which these incipient exercises appear, are affections of the opposite character? I have shown, and Dr. Woods will not deny, that kind affections, such as gratitude and regard for truth, appear as early as any sinful affections can be discerned. For the same reason, it is probable (p. 53) that sinful affections exist in a lower degree earlier than they become visible. We have a right to infer, therefore, that the amiable and virtuous affections are in being in an incipient state at a period prior to that in which we are able to trace their exercise and mark their effects. If native original depravity is proved by the one, it cannot be denied that native original holiness is proved by the other.\n\nAnother circumstance distinguishing that which is innate or belonging to man from the first:\n\n(Note: The text appears to be written in early modern English, but it is generally clear and does not require extensive correction.)\nAnd which argument, applied to depravity (p. 53), is, \"it cannot be traced to any change in the constitution of his nature subsequent to his birth.\" Dr. Woods' reasoning on this subject proceeds upon the supposition that I had asserted, or that the doctrine I advanced implied, such a change. You will therefore be not a little surprised to find that no such change in the constitution of our nature is asserted or implied in all that I have said. In fact, the very difficulty, which is so elaborately displayed through two or three pages, does not lie against the unitarian doctrine, but is actually chargeable upon the orthodox in its full force, and with all the absurdities which he has endeavored to fix upon it. For it is a fundamental article of the orthodox doctrine.\nThe doctrine that the nature of every human being is wholly corrupt and that all who ever become holy do so by an entire change of their nature. Is there any greater difficulty or absurdity in the supposition of a change of nature from holy to sinful, than from sinful to holy? The latter of these makes part of the orthodox faith; but according to the unitarian doctrine, neither of them is to be accounted for or explained.\n\nThe doctrine, which I have before stated, supposed to be too distinctly to be misunderstood, is that men are born into the world neither holy nor sinful, but with those faculties, affections, and principles, by which they are capable of becoming either; and that no change in the constitution of their nature takes place.\nOur nature is necessary for their becoming either one or the other. What we have to account for is not a change of nature from original holiness to universal sinfulness, as you might be led to suppose from Dr. Woods' manner of discussing the subject; but the infinite variety of character that soon appears in beings, who, at their birth and for some time afterward, are apparently so nearly alike. We have to account for the fact constantly presented to our observation, that those, between whom, in infancy, there is so exact a resemblance in their intellectual and moral state; as soon as they begin to use their faculties, should become so widely separated from each other and distinguished by an endless diversity in the passions, affections, and dispositions, which mark their character.\nThe good and bad qualities are found in such early prevalence, together and apart, in every different proportion and combination that can be imagined; gentleness and cruelty, pride and humility, the selfish and the social feelings, sensuality, and spiritual-mindedness, the fear of God and sense of duty, and regardlessness of the will and authority of God. To account for this variety, beginning to discover itself so early, increasing as the field of activity enlarges, as the relations of life multiply, as reason gains strength, as knowledge is extended, and as the passions and appetites assume new appearances; we think it sufficient to assert the activity and freedom of man. That in every action of life, after moral agency commences by the exercise of those faculties on which it depends, he has the power of making choices.\nThis and this alone we think accounts for all human action and the varieties in the human character: the inherent activity and freedom of choice in its direction. It is through this power that individuals differ in conduct and character, despite similar circumstances. This is the only explanation we offer for all phenomena of human behavior. We do not deny the influence of motives or their value, nor the importance of enforcing those by which men ought to be governed. However, we attribute the fact that the same motives do not have the same influence to this inherent activity and freedom of choice.\nAll minds are subject to change and are not constant. We attribute this to a power within the mind to obey or resist any motivation presented. But how can this variety of conduct and character be explained on the orthodox supposition of total native depravity? Beings entirely corrupt by nature, inclined only to evil, all whose affections and actions are wrong, can exhibit none of this variety. The first good thought or right affection, a single virtuous action or resolution, must indicate an entire change of nature, and then every thought, affection, and action must be holy. For, as by the supposition, a corrupt nature can produce no good thought or action, so a holy nature can produce no evil thought or action. Every individual of mankind, accordingly, must be either wholly good or wholly evil.\nThe text describes whether observation and experience confirm that man is entirely good or entirely sinful in every affection, thought, and action, or if they present a race of beings with the best not without sin and the worst not wholly destitute of every good quality and stranger to every good thought, affection, and action. The entire discussion would have been avoided if Dr. Woods had understood the phrase he frequently refers to in its correct sense, which a slight attention to the entire passage and the scope of my reasoning would have shown him. It is scarcely possible,\nFor an intelligent and attentive reader not to perceive that in asserting, \"veracity is the general character of children, until the disposition and tendency of nature has been changed by education, example, and circumstances,\" I meant something quite different from the \"universal change in the moral constitution of man,\" \"change in the constitution of his nature,\" \"change in our nature,\" which is the whole foundation of the argument in those pages, and without which the whole is to no purpose.\n\nIf the expressions I made use of require the interpretation put upon them, I can only lament having made such careless and incorrect use of language. But on the other hand, if the words themselves fairly admit, and the whole passage in context requires a different interpretation, I must have erred in my choice of words.\nI cannot but regret that my opponent wastes so much reasoning, grounded on a false interpretation. A fourth reason is assigned (p. 57) for considering man's depravity as natural: that it is spontaneous, like animal appetites, gratitude, compassion, &c. Corrupt affections, it is said, are excited in children as soon as the occasions for exercising them occur. The feeling of pride, ill will, and revenge shows itself spontaneously in their looks and actions. But do not good affections, such as kindness, gratitude, and humility, arise as spontaneously, as early, and as often? I am persuaded that the experience of every parent will answer, that they do. With what propriety then can the former be alleged as proofs of natural depravity, rather than the latter?\nWhy are amiable qualities not clear indications of something good in our nature, as the opposite unamiable ones are of something bad? Spontaneous and arising of their own accord before consideration of good or bad, is as much a reason for saying it removes immorality and blameworthiness of what is bad, as it destroys the virtue or impairs the merit of what is good.\n\nA similar and equally satisfactory reply may be made to the next proof, that moral evil in man is natural or innate, i.e. that it is hard to be eradicated and resists powerful means of overcoming it. For, the same may be said with equal truth of the good affections and principles of our nature, which are the foundation and the defence of virtue. If vicious propensities are not easily cured and bad habits tenacious, it is no less true of the good.\nHabits not easily corrected; therefore, it is not easy in many instances to eradicate virtuous principles. They even triumph over the united influence of strong temptation, powerful motive, and bad example. Such is sometimes the natural love of truth that no temptation of interest and no motive of fear are sufficient to overcome it. Such the sense of justice, effectively resisting selfishness. Such the power of natural modesty, imposing a restraint on the strongest propensities and preserving innocence and purity in the midst of temptation. If frequent and melancholy instances occur of children, despite the advantages of good instruction and good example, yielding to temptation, resisting all motives to virtue, and all efforts to save them, and abandoning themselves to vice; we have seen others, on the other hand, who have maintained their virtue.\nA virtuous course amidst strong temptations; and, in spite of bad instruction and bad example, have preserved purity, piety, and fidelity uncorrupted. I cheerfully join in the appeal to experience on this subject, confident that her report will be fatal to the orthodox doctrine of depravity if we are as ready to listen to that part of it which relates to what is amiable and virtuous as to that which states the corrupt and vicious tendencies and propensities of early life.\n\nTo the reasoning on pp. 59, 60, grounded on \"the certainty that every child born into the world will be a sinner,\" from which it is inferred that this certainty must have its foundation in the constitution of human nature, not in anything accidental to man; the reply is short and complete.\n\nThe fallacy lies, in the first place, in the sense given to the term \"sinner.\" A child, at its birth, is not a sinner in the moral sense, but is born with a capacity for good and evil. The certainty that every child will at some point in its life commit sin is based on experience, not on an inherent nature. The error arises from confusing potential with actuality.\nWhich ever the word \"sinner\" is used and in the second place, in a part only of the truth, not the whole being expressed. If the word \"sinner\" is here used as the designation of a character, and it be intended by the use of this term to assert that the prevailing disposition, affections, thoughts, and actions universally will be sinful, the assertion is not true. It is far from being an acknowledged fact that all men are sinners in that sense, or that any one individual child will certainly be a sinner in the same sense. The argument proceeds on the assumption of the very point in controversy. But if it be only meant that we can with certainty predict concerning any child that is born into the world that it will commit sin or will have some sinful affection, which may be said to constitute him a sinner in a certain sense.\nThough his character is generally virtuous, the argument is fallacious. Because, as I observed in the second place, only a part of the truth is presented in this way. It is just as certain that every child born into the world will have some good affections, as that it will have those which are sinful. It may be predicted with the same confidence that it will practice some virtue as that it will commit some sin. Accordingly, like each of the other arguments, it is of no more avail to establish the doctrine of natural depravity than it is to establish that of original and innate holiness.\n\nIn the concluding paragraph of this chapter, Dr. Woods admits, as he had virtually done before, that kindness, gratitude, love of truth, and other things of a like kind are, as I had represented them to be, natural properties of man.\nImplied that they are admitted to be natural in the same sense, and for as good reasons, as depravity is. For he says, \"when those reasons are given, we may see whether the reasons which prove them to be natural are stronger than those which prove human depravity to be so.\" My answer is, it has not been pretended that they are stronger. It is enough for my purpose if they are as strong. It establishes all that I have wished to maintain in opposition to the orthodox faith, viz. that neither virtue nor vice is innate; that man is neither sinful nor holy by nature; that he is exclusively inclined neither to vice nor virtue, but is by nature equally capable of either. If, as the preceding paragraph would seem to imply, all that the orthodox wish to prove is that sin is natural to man in the same sense.\nI. Letter IV.\n\nMisrepresentation of the unitarian method of reasoning. Evasion of the point at issue. Depravity not shown to be consistent with the moral character of God.\n\nI now request you to proceed with me in the examination of the fourth chapter of the book before me, which is intended to show the consistency of the orthodox doctrine of depravity with the moral attributes of God. The author introduces his views on the proper method of reasoning on the subject, by a complaint. It is necessary for me to notice this, in order to remove the false impression, which might otherwise be received, as to the method of reasoning pursued by unitarians. I am not aware that it is maintained by any unitarian, much less, that it is a fundamental tenet of their doctrine, that the Scriptures are not to be taken in their literal and obvious sense, unless a figurative or allegorical meaning can be discovered. The author, however, seems to suppose that this is the case, and he accordingly charges us with a want of candor and consistency, because we do not admit, that the passages which he adduces, as proofs of the total depravity of man, are to be understood in a literal sense. But if the author will examine the writings of those whom he charges with this error, he will find, that they do not deny the literal sense of Scripture, but only contend, that the passages which speak of the total depravity of man, are to be understood in a spiritual and moral sense, and not in a physical and literal one.\n\nThe author next charges us with an evasion of the point at issue, because we do not admit, that the depravity of man extends to his understanding, and because we contend, that man, though he is incapable of saving himself, is still capable of knowing and understanding the truth. But this is not an evasion of the point at issue. The point at issue is, whether man, in his natural state, is capable of saving himself, or whether he is wholly depraved, and incapable of doing any thing good, without the assistance of divine grace. We admit, that man, in his natural state, is incapable of saving himself, and that he is wholly depraved, in the sense that he is averse to God, and unwilling to do his will; but we deny, that he is incapable of knowing and understanding the truth.\n\nThe author next attempts to prove, that the moral character of God is consistent with the doctrine of total depravity. But he fails to prove his point, because he does not consider, that the moral character of God, as revealed in the Scriptures, consists in his holiness, justice, mercy, and truth. Now, the doctrine of total depravity does not imply, that God is unholy or unjust, or that he is inconsistent with truth; but it does imply, that man, in his natural state, is averse to holiness, and unwilling to do justice, and that he is inconsistent with truth. Therefore, the moral character of God, as revealed in the Scriptures, is consistent with the doctrine of total depravity.\n\nThe author next attempts to prove, that the doctrine of total depravity is necessary, in order to account for the existence of sin in the world. But he fails to prove his point, because he does not consider, that the existence of sin in the world, is not an argument for, but an argument against, the total depravity of man. For, if man were totally depraved, there would be no sin in the world, because there would be no ability to do good. Therefore, the existence of sin in the world, is an argument against the total depravity of man, and not for it.\n\nThe author next attempts to prove, that the doctrine of total depravity is necessary, in order to account for the efficacy of the gospel. But he fails to prove his point, because he does not consider, that the doctrine of total depravity is not necessary, in order to account for the efficacy of the gospel. For, the gospel is efficacious, not because it makes men able to save themselves, but because it makes them willing to be saved. Therefore, the doctrine of total depravity is not necessary, in order to account for the efficacy of the gospel.\n\nThe author next attempts to prove, that the doctrine of total depravity is necessary, in order to account for the necessity of the new birth. But he fails to prove his point, because he does not consider, that the doctrine of total depravity is not necessary, in order to account for the necessity of the new birth. For, the new birth is necessary\nA common principle among Unitarians is that a difficulty they cannot solve is sufficient to disprove a doctrine supported by clear and conclusive evidence, as implied on page 62. If this is true, Dr. Woods should be able to refer to the book and page where the assertion is made and ought to have done so when making such an extraordinary charge. However, he will only be able to support the charge by resorting to remote inferences that enable one to prove anything from any writing. The fact is, the method of reasoning stated by our author as the one that should be adopted on this, as well as physical subjects, is precisely the one that Unitarians have uniformly pursued and entirely relied on. They have always rested the question respecting the doctrine in question on this method.\nThe doctrine of depravity, according to Dr. Woods, should be based on observation, experience, and God's word. \"Whatever God has declared and observation and experience teach must be unhesitatingly admitted as certain truth.\" However, determining what observation and experience teach is subject to inquiry, discussion, and diverse opinions. It is not a simple, unconnected fact or phenomenon that decides the question, but rather extensive, various, and complicated ones that make it difficult to settle the question. There is no easy or hasty decision in all cases regarding \"what God has declared.\"\nThe revelation of God is conveyed to us in imperfect human language, subject to misunderstanding and misinterpretation; communicated by imperfect men; connected with history and various circumstances, which must be separated from it; transmitted to us through the ages via books that have been translated from one language to another of different construction, and in which it is not always clear that the same meaning is conveyed as in the original. From these considerations, and others that could be added, it follows that the question of what God has declared by revelation cannot be answered by adducing a single, clear, and decisive declaration. The answer must be furnished by an extensive study.\nIn making up our opinion on what the doctrine of revelation is on some important points, its consistency with other clear doctrines is part of the ground upon which we proceed. It is drawn from a comparison of passages with apparent contradiction, from the application of rules and principles of interpretation to bold and uncommon figures, from eliciting the meaning conveyed in references and allusions to things of which we can now have only imperfect knowledge, and not seldom from choosing between different interpretations where a slight balance of evidence only decides the choice.\nThis is allowed on all sides to be fair and necessary. It is distinctly recognized as such by Dr. Woods himself. Speaking of another important doctrine of religion (p. 163), he says, \"I consider it to be one of those plain truths of revelation, which ought to limit and regulate our conceptions of other subjects, and make it a rule not to admit any views of any other doctrine inconsistent with this.\" Dr. Woods then admits that in the case to which he refers, and I presume he will not say that the principle is limited to that case, the consistency of a doctrine proposed with another unquestionable doctrine of religion forms part of the ground upon which the doctrine itself is to be received. As the moral character of God is an established point, about which there is no question.\nThe consistency of depravity's doctrine with God's moral character must be part of the argument for its factual proof. Depravity cannot be factually proven by any other mode of reasoning, as its consistency with God's moral character cannot be assumed on that ground. Instead, refer to my second letter to Trinitarians and Calvinists, and the first sixteen pages in the fourth chapter of Dr. Woods' reply. You will be able to evaluate the elaborate argument in those pages, which is grounded entirely on a misinterpretation of a single sentence. Dr. Woods himself suspected this misinterpretation at least.\nDr. Woods, towards the end of the chapter, presents arguments to prove the consistency of native depravity with God's moral perfections. I will demonstrate that his arguments are subject to one of two objections: they either assume what needs to be proven first or they evade the point at issue. Instead of leaving the naked statement of several suppositions upon which the reconciliation of the doctrines in question is based, he should have offered: (p. 79) explanations rather than leaving several suppositions unexplained.\nFor a single example, the orthodox doctrine of depravity is consistent with God's justice if man, despite his native depravity, never suffers more than what he truly deserves for his personal sins. He was bound to prove that, according to natural notions of justice, a being created with a nature totally depraved, inclined only to evil, and incapable of having a good thought, affection, or inclination without the influence of the spirit of God, which is not granted to him and which he can do nothing to obtain, is punished with eternal misery.\nHis sins are committed under these circumstances, yet suffers no more than he truly deserves. He has prudently forborne to attempt this; and the argument is accordingly without force, being built on an unsupported supposition. Instead of this, assuming (p. 81), \"that native depravity is to be explained upon the same principle as the existence of moral evil,\" and that the proper answer to the question of how either of them is consistent with the moral perfection of God, is the same - all that is said in the subsequent pages is applicable to the question, whether the existence of moral evil is reconcileable with the moral perfections of God, but not to the question, whether the same moral evil, having its source in natural depravity, can be so reconciled. This is a manifest evasion of the point at issue; and it is rendered complete by the following.\nauthor's constant confusion of the beginning of sin and its source and origin, as if they meant the same thing. The question is asked, \"How does it appear that God's moral perfection must necessarily preclude the existence of sin at the commencement of his moral agency?\" and it is also stated, \"when we assert that man is a sinner or begins to sin as soon as he is a moral agent, we no longer attribute sin to the immediate agency of God, any more than those who assert that sin begins at any subsequent time.\"\n\nThe issue at hand is not, as is here implied, at what time, earlier or later, the commencement of sin may be consistent with the moral perfections of God; but whether its originating in a nature wholly corrupt, in natural affections wholly wrong, and an inclination only to evil, in connection with free will, can be reconciled with the divine moral government.\nHe, who reconciles the orthodox doctrine of depravity with the moral character of God, must demonstrate its consistency with God's justice and goodness. Nothing in the preceding chapter reaches this point, and the subject required nothing that would justify our expectation of it.\n\nTo reconcile the doctrine of depravity with God's moral attributes, one must show that it is just and good for God to create a race capable of experiencing high degrees of enjoyment and suffering. Despite the sin of the first being, God punishes all succeeding generations by creating them not as He was, holy, pure, with right affections and inclined to good, but totally corrupt, inclined only to evil.\nSome people, by nature, hate those who have caused their problems, and are incapable of thinking or feeling otherwise until a total change of their nature is effected by a mighty influence of the spirit of God. They are incapable of contributing in any degree to obtaining this influence or consequent change of nature through any effort they can make. This influence is actually exercised upon some, producing an entire change in their disposition and will, causing them to love supremely what they once hated supremely. However, this is done in a perfectly arbitrary manner, not based on anything in them or anything they had done or could do to deserve such distinction from the rest of their race, who are suffered to remain as they were first made, unholy and sinful, and to perish. But by a sovereign act.\nIf the text is about the consistency of native depravity with moral agency, as indicated by the title \"Letter V\" and the proposed question in the text, then the following is a cleaned version of the text:\n\nNative depravity not consistent with moral agency. Preparatory considerations. Improper and deceptive use of terms. In what sinfulness consists. How an innocent being may become a sinner. Definition of a moral agent. Course pursued by Dr. Woods. Adam's transgression. Quotation from Dr. Emmons.\n\nThe question proposed in the fifth chapter is: whether native depravity is consistent with moral agency.\nThe concept of \"moral agency\" involves greater complexity than most other aspects of the Calvinistic controversy. I will prepare the ground for my arguments on this subject by attempting to correct a common manner of speaking that I believe introduces confusion and misleads the mind. I refer to the way the terms sin and holiness, sinners and saints, regenerate and unregenerate, are used in theological discussions. These terms are employed in such a way that they convey no true ideas and express nothing to which we find anything in existence answering. Your impression, based on the common use of these terms, is that sin and holiness are not only opposites but opposites in such a sense that they can never coexist.\nAnd in conformity with this distinction, all mankind is divided into two classes: saints and sinners, the righteous and the wicked; the former wholly righteous, the latter totally wicked. However, you find no such beings actually existing. You meet with nothing in your intercourse with the world answering to the images that books have presented to your mind. None, on one hand, appear to be so totally corrupt as to be utterly destitute of right affections and good feelings, to have no sense of justice, benevolence, or truth, and to perform no good actions. On the other hand, in the best men, you discover faults and defects of character. None are so pure and perfect that you see in them nothing to censure, no expression of the passions or emotions.\nAffections and no indulgence of appetites, which is sinful in kind or excessive and unreasonable, and therefore criminal, in degree. In each individual with whom you have any intercourse, from childhood to old age, you discover, not a single unvaried hue of moral character, but a mixture, in various proportions, of qualities extremely different from each other. In none are the virtues or vices found to exist in the highest degree or at all times. Often the character of men, whatever its prevalent cast, is seen to undergo considerable changes, appearing unfixed and vacillating. The moral principle, sense of duty, fear of God, power of conscience, or whatever you call that restraining and regulating principle, which should influence and govern the whole conduct of life, operating more effectively at one time than at another.\nIn all this, our experience is certainly different from what we should expect, if the orthodox use of the terms in question were correct. For example, if all human beings were sinners or holy in the sense in which these terms are applied, and it is by reasoning from these terms as if their sense was the true sense that we are led to false conclusions, and often from not perceiving this first error, are unable to discover where the fallacy lies, which has led us to those that follow. It may help us somewhat to recover ourselves, to recollect that this use of the terms had its origin in the very system it is brought to support. It was not observation and experience that first suggested the separation of mankind into two classes so entirely distinct, and.\nThe terms opposite to each other in a moral view, designed by terms understood as expressing such entire opposition. The terms, indeed, are taken from sacred writings where they are used in a popular sense. However, it was the system of theology, of which the doctrine of total depravity and irresistible grace make a part, that suggested their application in a strict and literal sense.\n\nTo discover the fallacy by which we have been misled, we must pursue the opposite course. We must begin with facts as observation and experience present them. What we perceive in ourselves and witness in all about us is not a single and unshaded character, but a mixture of qualities, dispositions, and tendencies. In endeavoring to trace these to their source, we shall find their proximate cause in several parts of our senses.\nsual, intellectual and moral constitution. Thus we \nfind in ourselves, and in all human beings, passions \nand appetites and affections, that are continually \nprompting to activity. These have all some real or \nsupposed good toward which they are directed ; \nand all of them have external objects answering \nto them, and suitable for them. Reason is also \ngiven us to be the guide of our conduct, to enable \nus to distinguish what is right and wrong in conduct, \nand to know what may be done with innocence and \nsafety, and what is to be avoided as criminal and \nhurtful. And, when reason has performed her ofiice \nas a monitor beforehand, conscience is implanted \nwithin us, as a faithful censor, to approve or con- \ndemn us afterward, according as we shall have \nobeyed or disregarded her direction. \nNow in the simple possession of no part of our \nPhysical or moral constitution, is there any merit or guilt, anything to deserve praise or blame? Passions and appetites that are the strongest are innocent as part of our make-up, and we only incur guilt when we follow their impulse in disobedience to the laws God has imposed in giving us reason, and in violation of conscience. This applies to every appetite of our animal nature, even the strongest. To whatever degrees of guilt or misery it may lead, the appetite itself is not sinful. It is not eradicated in those who are born to holiness and virtue. It exists in the most heavenly-minded. The reason why it is sinless in him, and not in the profligate, is not that it is different in its nature, but that it is subjected to restraint and a proper direction in its operation. It applies also to the strongest passions of the human mind and soul.\nHuman breast: hope, fear, love, desire, anger, and hatred. Take any one of them. Let it be that, in the exercise of which more guilt is incurred than in either of the others. I mean anger. In the passion itself there is no sin. It becomes sinful only by being voluntarily indulged in degree beyond what reason allows and justice requires, toward objects by which it is not deserved, or longer than is demanded to answer the purpose, for which the passion was originally implanted in the human breast. The passion is not eradicated in the best of men. It is only subjected to the restraints and regulations which reason and conscience impose. The mere susceptibility to its operation in the good man and the sinner is the same. The difference between them consists in its being on the one hand duly controlled in its exercise.\nThe same remarks apply to the principle of self-love. Though it may be a fruitful source of sin and lies at the foundation of much moral evil in the world, the affection itself holds no guilt. It is as strong in the innocent and virtuous as in the corrupt and wicked. It is sinful only when it becomes an exclusive passion, extinguishing kind and benevolent affections, impairing the sense and preventing the exercise of justice and humanity, and degenerating into pride, avarice, or ambition; leading to the formation of a character and habits from which social affections and social virtues are excluded.\n\nTo impart a moral character to our conduct, and to cultivate the social virtues, we must regulate our self-love, and make it subservient to the greater interests of humanity.\nIn evaluating praise or blame, other parts of our nature beyond the immediate subject must be considered. An understanding is required to perceive the effects of actions and their tendency, as well as moral discernment to distinguish between right and wrong. These, along with passions, appetites, and affections, are necessary to constitute a moral agent capable of good or ill deeds and the proper subject of a moral law.\n\nIn applying this view of our animal, intellectual, and moral nature in the judgment we pass on ourselves and others, the result is that we blame others and are conscious of deserving blame ourselves, in proportion to our wrongdoing.\nIn obedience to the passions and appetites, we violate conscience. For conscience is the immediate law of our moral nature. Under whatever dispensation we live, it is equally the guide and judge of our actions. The only difference is in the greater or less degree of clarity, in which the rule of life and principles of judgment are revealed to us, according as we have only the light of nature, or have also that of revelation to guide us. Thus, I have observed, do we always judge, in estimating the degree of good or ill desert in ourselves or others. We consider neither an idiot nor a madman as accountable for his actions, though either of them may act under the influence of the strongest appetite or the most violent passion; for this plain reason, that being incapable of distinguishing between right and wrong, he is not a proper subject.\nThese remarks have been intended to bring us to a just view of the nature of sin, and in what guilt or ill desert consists. It is not in anything that is born with us, nor even in all that we are by nature, whether appetites, affections, or passions. These are all alike in their native state, equally innocent, undeserving of either praise or blame, and consistent with his becoming either a virtuous man or a sinner. Upon the ground of these observations, and by a similar process, having ascertained what constitutes sin and makes him a sinner who performs the act, let us now proceed to inquire how a human being may first become a sinner. Let us suppose such a person.\nA man, in full possession of his intellectual and moral constitution in its mature state, holds all natural appetites and passions belonging to man in their usual strength. Placed in a situation to bring all faculties into exercise, surrounded by objects suited to each appetite, and in the midst of relations allowing for all passions to be called forth, the indulgence of every appetite is natural and innocent within certain limits prescribed by reason and conscience. The same is true for each passion. It is possible for the directing and controlling power to function for any given time.\nOf reason and conscience may be preserved, and a being thus constituted and so placed by the Creator shall retain its innocence, continuing free from all moral defect. Yet, on the other hand, it is possible that it may depart from the path of virtue and become a sinner, at any moment. For it becomes so by a single instance of voluntary violation of known duty in obedience to either of the appetites or passions. By the first, even if it should be the only instance of this nature, a being becomes a sinner in the sense requiring repentance - in the sense in which it can be said that all men are sinners - and in which it is said in the sacred writings that there is no man who does good and sins not.\n\nIt is believed that the supposition which has been made is the only one upon which can be built a consistent system of morality.\nThe great problem of the introduction of moral evil into the system was solved in a satisfactory manner. This accounts for the first sin of the first man, whether it was committed soon after his creation or after he had continued in a state of innocence and moral rectitude for a long time. It also explains the rapid increase and spread of moral evil after it was introduced into the system. The exact balance and right adjustment of the several parts of the animal and moral constitution were then disturbed. One deviation from the right path made another more likely to take place, as a single act of criminal indulgence increased the power of temptation and diminished the power of resistance. The passion or appetite that triumphed had gained strength, and the force of moral principle was impaired.\nThe descendants commence their existence under circumstances of increased liability to sin and greater difficulty of preserving innocency and moral uprightness, not due to any change in their nature, but on account of a difference in external circumstances. Example is added to the influences which existed before. Occasions of sin are multiplied, and inducements to it are increased and strengthened. Hence, though the moral constitution of man were the same in all the descendants of Adam, that it was originally in him, any individual of his posterity is far more likely than he was to lose the innocence and moral uprightness in which he was created.\nAll men are sinners; that is, one who has committed sin, who needs divine forgiveness, but whose affections, thoughts, and actions may yet be generally and habitually right. By a single voluntary indulgence of a wrong affection, according to the scheme for which I conform, all men sin.\nA man becomes a sinner with tendencies contrary to those of my opponents. A single right affection, according to their definition, renders him a saint. It will be a serious question for anyone whose estimate of the human character is based on observation and experience rather than system and hypothesis, whether there ever existed in the world a sinner, conforming to the orthodox definition of the term.\n\nExperience has taught me the necessity of guarding against misunderstanding. The reader, therefore, who perceives an apparent contradiction between what is here said and what he finds on page 27, is requested to read that passage with sufficient attention to perceive that I make a distinction between a habitual sinner and one who, though predominantly virtuous, is still a sinner in need of pardon, and that it is this latter type I am referring to.\nWith the views stated, let's review Dr. Woods' reasoning in the chapter under consideration and take notice of his exceptions to what was said on the subject in my former publication. The question, \"whether the orthodox doctrine of depravity is inconsistent with moral agency,\" is properly introduced by the definition of a moral agent as one who acts under a moral law and is accountable for his actions. I make no objection to this definition for the purpose of the present inquiry. However, as the doctrine of depravity is charged with being inconsistent with moral agency, and it was Dr. Woods' professed design to meet this charge, it was natural for him to begin with this definition.\nThe author first represents that I admit men are capable of sin and may be its subjects once they become moral agents, and they are moral agents by natural birth, implying all necessary for the doctrine of natural depravity. He does not claim this establishes its consistency with moral agency, but only its existence - that mankind is naturally depraved.\nBut the smallest attention to my argument, when I said that men are moral agents by their birth, will show my meaning to have been, that by their natural birth they possess the powers and faculties requisite to moral agency. How soon they are developed and actually come into exercise to render him, who thus possesses them, accountable for his actions, was no part of my design. But, if the account which I have just given of the manner in which an innocent person may become a sinner is correct, you will perceive that at whatever period it takes place, though its very first act should be a sinful one, it will prove nothing regarding natural depravity. I have no hesitation in acceding to what the author says in the next paragraph: that men must be really as capable of sin at the commencement of their existence.\nOur author next represents the gradual development of the infant faculties and the process by which children, in whom this takes place, become moral and accountable beings. I fully concur with this. In early childhood, there is a small and almost imperceptible beginning of sinful affection, corresponding to the feeble dawn of reason and conscience, and the incipient state of moral agency. After this, sinful affection and action gradually increase with the increasing strength of the intellectual and moral faculties, till they rise to their fullest.\nThis expresses in my observation the exact truth to some extent. It would have been necessary for him to add that holy affection and virtuous action gradually increase in the same manner and by the same laws. But how will his given account here consist with the orthodox doctrine of total depravity? If we are by nature totally depraved, inclined wholly to evil, every affection and action wrong; what room is there for becoming more and more sinful? Wholly sinful at first, any change to which we were subject would seem to be to a less sinful state, since it is impossible it should be to one more so. Furthermore, all this relates to the existence of natural depravity only, and not to its consistency with moral agency.\nThe writer next proceeds with an elaborate discussion, spanning twenty pages, to demonstrate that depravity is not inconsistent with moral agency and has no necessary connection to it. In denying native depravity and attempting to explain the existence of moral evil without it, I am charged with the absurdity of making sin the cause of itself or accounting for the first act of sin by a preceding sinful act, or of referring it to a cause that is not sinful, making holiness the cause of sin, and a bad action flowing from a good disposition. Whether any such absurdity is involved in my manner of accounting for the existence and commencement of moral evil in the individual sinner.\nI am ready to submit to your judgment, referring you only to what I have before said on the subject, along with the account you find in the beginning of this Letter. I endeavor to show, in what manner sin may have been first introduced, and an individual person, originally innocent, may become a sinner. If this is admitted to be a rational and satisfactory account, the charge I refer to, and the whole passage in which it is contained, require no further answer.\n\nHowever, no part of the reasoning in the chapter under consideration is directed to the point, which was formally announced at the beginning of it as the subject of inquiry. The conclusions toward which it actually tended, and which it was designed to establish, you will perceive the author has completely overthrown in his last paragraph.\nFor us, there is this admission from the writer, found on page 110, regarding the following concession. It is commendable for his frankness and honesty, yet fatal to the only argument of weight in support of the main doctrine in question. \"I frankly acknowledge,\" he states, \"that the occurrence of sin in Adam, who is admitted on both sides to have been sinless at first, invalidates the argument of the orthodox, as far as they have attempted to prove the native depravity of man from the naked fact that they all commit sin. For if an individual, the parent of our race, may change from native innocence to sin, we could not, by our own reason, certainly determine that it would be impossible for the whole race to change in like manner.\" Let me now ask you, with the passage just quoted fresh in your mind, to turn back and re-read the whole preceding discussion.\nDiscussion. You find a large portion of the chapter is employed in exposing the absurdity of the supposition that sin can possibly arise from anything but a previous sinful disposition. Yet it is admitted that Adam had no such previous sinful disposition. It is asserted (p. 93) that \"according to the settled constitution of human nature, no motives, no exercise of the mind, no occasions can ever produce a new moral disposition or affection, that is, one which does not in some way already belong to the mind.\" Yet in Adam a new affection and disposition were produced, opposite entirely to any that had existed before. It is again asserted (p. 98) that \"if you would account for the origin of moral evil in man, you must account for the wrong disposition or sinfulness of heart, which is just as evidently presupposed in every particular act and\"\nEvery mode of sinning presupposes a disposition towards goodness, as gravity is presupposed in every instance where a stone falls to the earth. My position is that men have this sinfulness or depravity of heart by nature, and it is not the effect of any change they undergo after birth. However, Adam was holy by nature and yet became a sinner. Dr. Woods has not informed us how he came by that previous sinfulness of heart, which is so evidently presupposed in the first sin he committed. Furthermore, if goodness, as stated above, is presupposed in every act of obedience, according to Dr. Woods' own principles, there is the same evidence that men are good by nature as that they are sinful by nature, that they have naturally right dispositions, as well.\nThat they have those which are wrong; for he admits some of the virtues to be characteristics of early life. Here we are told that good actions must proceed and can proceed only from a good disposition, and the good must exist in nature before it can exist in act. Therefore, to obey the law by the exercise of kindness, gratitude, and the practice of truth presupposes a goodness of disposition, or a right tendency of nature. It presupposes a holy nature, as bad affections or actions presuppose a corrupt nature, or as the fall of any individual stone presupposes gravity.\n\nBut it is said, (p. 112), \"It is as true of Adam as of any other man that every sinful volition and act of his presupposed a sinful disposition and must have arisen from it. The first existence of that sinful disposition in his case is a fact,\".\nIt is difficult to explain, as the existence of native depravity in his posterity. In Dr. Woods' opinion, it should be accounted for in the same way, given the circumstances of the case. I perceive no reasonable grounds for objection, or a better way to account for it. I see no greater difficulty in one case than the other. The only difference is that God is supposed to have brought all of Adam's posterity into being with a nature wholly depraved, entirely hostile to himself and his laws, and with inclinations and affections wholly wrong; whereas he made Adam at first holy, with a nature and disposition tending only to good, but changed his nature afterward and gave him a disposition to evil. According to all the reasoning in this book, and,\nIt is a manifest contradiction and the greatest absurdity possible to suppose that Adam, with a nature entirely holy, could do anything to change that nature or commit a single sin without first having a sinful disposition. To make him a sinner after he had been created holy must have been an immediate act of God, an exertion of the same Almighty power required to make all his descendants originally sinners, that is, with a nature wholly depraved. The nature of both, from which all their sinful acts proceeded according to the scheme in contemplation, must have been the direct work of God. I cannot perceive that either is more or less the work of God.\nDr. Woods suggests that the inconsistency between God's moral character and government, and that of man, is not as stark as some may think. Although he does not explicitly state this about man's moral agency, it is an inference that can be drawn from his discussion of Adam's change from holy to sinful. Woods seems to have a hidden thought or apprehension that readers might question whether the change in Adam's nature is as much a direct and sole act of God as the original gift of a corrupt nature to his descendants. In linking these concepts together and adding the case of \"the angels who kept not their first estate,\" he asserts, \"it is an ultimate fact in God's empire.\" Despite the preceding reasoning having been based on this distinction, Woods uses this phrase to summarize the situation.\nAs for Adam's ground, it's not an ultimate fact, but something to be explained to future generations. More bold advocates of orthodoxy have not shied away from explicitly stating, as Dr. Woods has hinted, the divine agency in the first sinful act of the first man. Dr. Emmons, one of the most able, clear, and consistent writers on orthodoxy, puts it as follows: \"Since all other methods to account for Adam's fall through secondary causes are insufficient to resolve the difficulty, it seems necessary to resort to divine agency and suppose that God worked in Adam both to will and to do in his first transgression. His first sin was a free act.\"\nVoluntary exercise, produced by divine operation in the view of motives. Satan placed certain motives before his mind, which, by a divine energy, took hold of his heart and led him into sin. Again, while Adam was placed in such a perfectly holy and happy situation, it is extremely difficult to conceive how he should be led into sin without the immediate interposition of the Deity. It is in vain to attempt to account for the first sin of the first man by the instrumentality of second causes. And until we are willing to admit the interposition of the Supreme first cause, we must be content to consider the fall of Adam as an unfathomable mystery.\n\nWhat Dr. Emmons has so boldly and distinctly said, is, as I have before observed, fully implied in what I have quoted from the book before me. It is, that the first existence of a sinful disposition in man.\nAdam's depravity in his descendants traces back to the same direct, positive, sovereign act of creative power. The only difference between him and them is that a sinful nature was given to them at first, but to him after he had possessed a sinless nature for some time. Each should be regarded as an ultimate fact in God's empire; a fact consistent with his holiness and the principles of moral agency.\n\nThe last part of the sentence cited, \"consistent with the principles of moral agency,\" reminds us of the supposed subject of discussion. However, the chapter has mainly been used to present the metaphysical argument for native depravity, as found in Sermon X, page 235, of Dr. Emmons' Sermons, printed at Wrentham in 1800.\nA moral agent is one who acts under a moral law and is accountable for conduct. Dr. Woods' task was to prove that native depravity, as understood and defended in his Letters to Unitarians, is not inconsistent with moral agency as he had defined it. He was required to show that a being, created with a wholly corrupt nature, inclined only to evil and incapable of any good inclination or motion unless produced by an irresistible act of the spirit of God, incapable of being influenced by any good motive to perform a single good action until its nature is changed, which change can only be achieved by this irresistible act.\nA being, affected by God's immediate agency, cannot bring about change or procure it through anything it can do. Such a being is the proper subject of a law requiring perfect holiness and exacting entire obedience under the penalty of the most awful punishments. It must demonstrate that a being can be justly required by its creator to do what, in all circumstances, it is impossible for it to do. The creator will be just in punishing it with everlasting misery for not doing it. I say, what it is impossible for it to do, as Dr. Woods has amply shown the extreme absurdity of supposing anything good to proceed from a corrupt nature. A wrong disposition and sinfulness of heart are evidently presupposed in every particular sinful act.\nThe principle of gravitation is presupposed in every instance of a stone falling to the earth. Whether this has been done satisfactorily and in agreement with principles of justice applied in other cases, the reader will judge.\n\nPassages and sentiments in this letter that seem not reconcileable with each other might justify Dr. Woods' sympathy. I cannot apply to him the remark he has applied to me - \"It is a little remarkable, that in a free investigation, he should let fall expressions so contrary to his own theory, and so consonant to ours.\" I think it far from remarkable that some such contradictions occur.\nTitle: Letter VI\n\nUnfounded charge noticed, equivocal use of words, difference between human nature and individual character, exceptional manner of conducting discussion, what it is to follow nature. In the beginning of Chapter XV, I am charged by Dr. Woods with having wholly neglected his arguments regarding:\n\n\"Whoever undertakes to support a system in violation of nature and truth, nature and truth will be avenged on him, by requiring him to entangle himself in absurdities and contradiction, and to adopt language that is plainly at war with the doctrine, which he wishes to support.\n\nLetter VI.\nUnfounded charge, equivocal use of words, difference between human nature and individual character, exceptional manner of conducting discussion. In the beginning of Chapter XV, I am charged by Dr. Woods with having wholly neglected his arguments concerning:\nI have cleaned the text as follows:\n\nI have considered several passages in my Fifth Letter to Unitarians in response to Dr. Woods' objections. I have repeated the objection he attempted to answer, but it was not my intention to overlook any argument on which reliance was placed. You have the power to judge whether I have done so in this instance by comparing the passage referred to in Dr. Woods' Fifth Letter with the relevant part of my Hidden Letter. The objection, which he undertook to answer, is indeed repeated, but not merely repeated, but accompanied by reasons for considering it as an objection that still remains in full force. I could rest the subject as it was left, but since it has been brought up again, I will address it further.\nI will pursue it further to demonstrate that what Dr. Woods has added provides no better support for the doctrine than what he previously stated. I draw your attention to the reasoning on pages 115 and 116, where you may not readily perceive, unless reminded of it, that the argument hinges on the equivocal use of the phrase \"human nature.\" It is used there as if it were a phrase equivalent in import to human character, which is the main point in dispute. The great question between us is whether sinfulness is a natural or an acquired state \u2013 a character born with us or formed in us afterward. Is there no explanation for that variety which appears in the characters of men, but by attributing it to the different circumstances in which they are placed and the different combinations of causes under those circumstances?\nI expect to be able, in its proper place, to show that there is another alternative for beings alike by nature, placed in similar circumstances, as to all that is external to them. The question here is not whether human nature is the same in all or as different as the different characters of men, but what it is - whether it is totally inclined to evil or originally free from any greater inclination to evil than to good. We maintain the latter, and we account for the variety of character which soon appears, not by recurring to\nAn original difference of nature does not explain the varying directions men take, neither by the supposition of necessary external influences nor by the direct and immediate operation of the spirit of God. Instead, it is due to a principle of intellectual and moral activity in men, exercised with different degrees of attention in similar circumstances. We are not obligated to assume that \"Pharaoh, Jeroboam, and Judas had originally a moral nature as bad as Moses, David, and Paul, as their ultimate characters were.\"\n\nTheir ultimate characters differed significantly, attributable to differences in the use or neglect of their intellectual and moral faculties and the circumstances in which they were placed.\nThe nature of moral and intellectual beings was originally the same, though their circumstances and motives may not have been. Their liberty to attend or not attend, choose or refuse, and give direction to their activity at every moment may have resulted in opposite moral characters despite similar temptations. With this perspective, one can make a just estimate of the force of moral liberty.\nThe singular reply to the question I had proposed, regarding whether Pharaoh, Jeroboam, and Judas were fair examples and representations of human nature, as Dr. Woods had declared, is \"Yes, for if they had any nature but human, what nature would they be examples of? Of some nature above or below it?\" Dr. Woods should have perceived that in this passage, and what is connected with it, he is involving himself and his reader in a mist by confounding human nature with human character and the nature of an individual with his acquired character. In all that was essential to constitute them human beings, that is, in all the common properties of man, Pharaoh, Jeroboam, and Judas were undoubtedly fair examples.\nWith no more propriety can the unprincipled selfishness of Judas be mentioned as a characteristic of human nature, than any peculiarity in the form of his body or the features of his countenance, by which he was personally distinguished. I might with as much propriety mention Moses, David, and Paul as examples and representatives of human nature; for, so far as moral character is in question, we have no more evidence that they owed theirs to the special influence of the spirit of God, than that the others owed their opposite characters to a special influence. There is the same reason for believing that in becoming pious, holy, and virtuous, they were acting according to the nature God had given them, as that the others were in becoming impious.\nThe character of each of them, whether moral or immoral, holy or sinful, depends on the fact that they acted freely, and the result was the effect of their own free and voluntary agency. However, the individual and distinctive character of neither of them is to be considered as a representative of human nature. They are examples of human nature only insofar as it relates to what they have in common with all men. You will be able to estimate the real value of the strain of popular eloquence that runs through some following pages and is employed in a lively description of the manner in which the sentiments I had expressed must affect the use and application of these faculties, passions, and affections that exist alike in all.\nThe passage, which I refer to, was my opposing Dr. Woods' assertion that men of the most wicked and abandoned character should not be considered fair representatives of human nature. Reasons are: first, they are exceptions rather than examples of human nature. Second, their wickedness is not part of that nature they share with all, but something acquired.\nwhich, as being personal to them, they have become distinguished from all the rest of their race. The position maintained by Dr. Woods in opposition to this converts the whole race of men in all ages and of every region of the earth into one undistinguished mass of corruption and wickedness. Now, if this be the true account of human nature, how false our ideas of the characters and actions of men! And what injustice have we done them! We have been used to think with great abhorrence of the character of Cain and to reprobate the envious and cruel spirit by which he was actuated. But with how little reason! His character is but a fair representation of every man's that lives. There is no man on earth who would not have murdered his brother, in self-defense or for some other reason.\nThe same circumstances. There was no peculiar envy and malignity in him. Had Abel been in his situation, and he in Abel's, he would have been the martyr, and Abel the murderer. It was a great piece of inadvertency at least in the apostle John, and shows how imperfect a knowledge he had of the true doctrine respecting human nature, to single him out, as he has done, as a remarkable example of envy and cruelty.\n\nHow strangely we have been accustomed to misconceive, and how deeply have we in our thoughts wronged the characters of the unfortunate sufferers in the overthrow of Sodom and Gomorrah! There is not the slightest reason for supposing that they were more wicked than any other men who have lived at any other place, in any period of the World. Every man in the world, unless his nature has been totally changed from what it was, as he [unclear]\nThe text received from the Creator is as bad as the worst, and is ready to commit the same crimes. Lot himself was exempted from the general destruction not because he was any better than his neighbors. It was not on account of anything God saw in him that he was distinguished. He was selected by an act of sovereign grace from the midst of a society, all of whom were equally sinful, equally unworthy of favor, and equally deserving of punishment.\n\nHow unreasonable and unjust we have been in attributing uncommon degrees of depravity to those men, whose violence and tyranny have filled the world with misery, and whose pride, ambition, and selfishness have brought ruin and desolation upon the nations of the earth. The Pharaohs, Jeroboams, and Neros ought to excite in us neither more nor less than pity and compassion.\nThey felt no peculiar disapprobation. They were no worse than the best of those whom they oppressed and destroyed. David and Josiah, pious and conscientious as we have thought them, in their situation would have been as impious and as cruel; and as great oppressors and destroyers of mankind. Let us have a care, too, how we allow ourselves to think and to speak of those unfortunate men, who, by our sanguinary laws, are consigned to imprisonment or the gallows for their crimes against society, such as murder, or robbery, or piracy; as if they were any worse, in a moral point of view, than the victims of their relentless fury, the jury by whom they were convicted, the judge, who pronounced their condemnation.\nOr any one of the legislators, who framed the law under which he suffered. Alas! the history of those wretches informs us, \"not only what was in those particular men, but what is in human nature\u2014what is in your nature and mine.\" In the last robber that was executed, every man may see an exact picture of himself.\n\nThere are exceptions, indeed, of persons who have experienced a saving influence of the spirit of God upon their hearts, by which they are become holy and are unlike and separated from the rest of the world. But they are few and scarcely requiring to be mentioned or reckoned in the account.\n\nAt the time of the deluge, it consisted only of eight persons\u2014Noah and his family, out of the whole population of the world. All the rest were entirely and incurably wicked. But great and universal as sin was, it did not extinguish the love of God and his mercy towards the human race.\nThe corruption of the world was, at that time (p. 114), no reason to think greater than any subsequent period, whether we consider the description of their character, the judgments of heaven they suffered, or the circumstances of their case. The wickedness of the world then, was a fair example of what it is always. In the destruction of Sodom, also, three righteous persons were saved. These formed the only exception to the most abandoned profligacy and corruption of manners. But we greatly mistake and wrong their character if we think that the Sodomites were by any means peculiarly wicked. They were but a fair representation of the character of mankind in every age and in every country. The mass of that population resembled exactly, in a moral view, the mass of the population in every other age and country.\nThe most enlightened, refined, and pure we are not. We deceive ourselves if we imagine that our neighbors and friends, and the society by which we are surrounded, are any better than those of Noah and Lot. Their thoughts, inclinations, and purposes are as entirely bent on evil as were those of the antediluvians or the Sodomites. They need only be placed in similar circumstances to be guilty of the same atrocities, which brought down the vengeance of heaven upon them.\n\nAnd with respect to the few exceptions there are to this universal depravity, into what mistakes have we fallen! By a strange neglect of the true meaning of the Bible and design of the gospel, we have been led to suppose that he, \"who fears God and works righteousness is accepted of him,\" and wherever we have met with men who seemed to be such.\npious, humble, conscientious, faithful in the discharge of the duties they owe to God and man, whatever speculative opinions they might hold, we have considered them as entitled to our charity and good opinion. But with how little reason! It is not what men do, but what they believe; not the purity of their life, but the soundness of their faith, that will make them acceptable to God, and entitle them to the fellowship and good opinion of Christians.\n\nNow the true faith, by which the orthodox Christian is distinguished, is the belief that all men are by nature totally depraved, enemies to God, inclined only to evil, incapable of any good till regenerated by an influence in which they have no agency and no choice; that a part of mankind were from eternity elected to everlasting life; that an atonement was made for the sins of the whole human race by the death of the Son of God, who was given by the Father, and that God, having an infinite mercy, has promised the salvation of all men, and will infallibly bring it to pass, not by forcing their wills, but by overcoming their natural resistance, and effectually regenerating and saving them, that none may perish, but all may come to repentance.\nThose elected receive forgiveness of sins, made holy by God's irresistible grace, leaving the rest of mankind to perish. This is the true Christian faith; it is absurd to imagine anyone can be a Christian without holding it. Those who do hold it are brought out of darkness and receive saving light, separated from the rest who constitute the only exception to universal depravity. Sincere and faithful as they may be, amiable in dispositions, and blameless in their conduct, the rest remain in depravity.\nUnbelievers, despite living, should not be distinguished from the corrupt mass, as they have no rightful claim to the Christian name, and if not to the name, then certainly not to the privileges, blessings, and hopes of Christians. I hope the reader will not misunderstand me; I have not meant the last few pages to be taken seriously as an argument. I have reluctantly allowed myself to violate the decorum I had intended to maintain by adopting a levity that may not be perfectly suitable for the gravity of the subject, and which can provide little satisfaction to the serious mind. I have resorted to it only to demonstrate how little effect either side can have on a subject that is so easily turned around.\nI had asked, \"Why the cruelty and obstinacy of Pharaoh, rather than the meekness and humanity of Moses; why the idolatry, unprincipled ambition, and selfishness of Jeroboam, rather than the piety, tenderness of conscience, and public spirit of Josiah; why the single wretch who was so base and sordid as to sell and betray his master, rather than the eleven, who were true and faithful to him, should be selected as specimens of the race to which they belong, and the great community, of which they make a part?\" To this Dr. Woods replies, (p. 127), \"that all these vices and iniquities are the natural, spontaneous growth of human nature. They are what the apostle calls the fruits of the flesh; of that flesh which, according to John iii. 6, belongs to us by our natural birth; while the virtues enumerated, are the fruits of the spirit.\"\nThe effects of that divine influence, by which men are delivered from their natural character and made new creatures. This answer, as I shall endeavor to show, is grounded on a misunderstanding of the phraseology of scripture in the passages referred to, and others, in which the same terms are employed in a similar manner.\n\nLetters to Trinitarians &c. p. 38.\n\nBy attending to the use of the terms flesh and spirit, and the phrases works of the flesh and works of the spirit, carnal and fleshly mind, and spiritual mind, carnal mindedness or the minding of the flesh, and spiritual mindedness or the minding of the spirit, as these several forms of expression, and others of similar import, occur in the New Testament, it will be found that they are employed not to distinguish what is natural to man from what is not, but to describe the state of the mind which is under the dominion of the flesh or the spirit.\nThe human constitution consists of a fleshly and a spiritual part, both of which are natural and equal parts of a man's nature, recognized as such in sacred writings. The fleshly part expresses the animal nature, consisting of passions and appetites, which, when misdirected and improperly indulged, lead to sin. The spiritual part comprises reason and conscience, leading to holiness and virtue. A man's actual character depends on which of these opposing parts of his nature he follows. He is accordingly good or bad, holy or sinful, not based on the extent of his animal or intellectual and moral nature, but on which part guides him.\nThe sinner is not one who has more by nature of the principle from which all corruption and wickedness proceeds, but who suffers himself to be led and enslaved by it. The good or holy man, on the other hand, is not one who has less by nature of the animal principle than others, but who prefers and follows the spiritual part. Thus, the sinner is justly blamed and blames himself, not for what he is by nature, but for what he has rendered himself by the abuse and perversion of nature. And the good man is approved and enjoys self-approbation in the consciousness of having resisted the influence of the fleshly and obeyed the spiritual part of his nature. There is accordingly no more propriety in speaking of sinners as being in a state of nature than in speaking of the good.\nHe who follows after holiness and righteousness truly follows nature, as much as one who indulges in sinful affections. It is only the lower part of our nature that leads to sin; the higher part leads to goodness and virtue. The flesh, which prompts us to disobey God, is no more a part of our nature than the spirit, which prompts us to obey Him; the passions and appetites, which war against the soul, are no more a part of our nature than reason and conscience, which exalt and perfect it, bringing it to some resemblance of its Author. I know not how a sentiment could be more unworthy of the Author of nature than to assert that the constitution of His moral government and that of His moral creation are such that the vicious man may be said to follow nature, and the virtuous man does not.\nThe former is a fair example of human nature and what it leads to, while the latter is not. The truth is, and it is an important one, that no man truly follows nature as he who submits to the guidance and control of the higher faculties and powers of his constitution, the intellectual and moral, obeys the God of nature and rises to that elevation of virtue to which those higher principles naturally conduct him. On the other hand, he who rebels against reason, disregards the voice of conscience, and becomes a voluntary slave to the senses and passions, may with much more propriety be said to violate, rather than follow, nature. Much of our language and many of the forms of expression we apply to the good and bad conduct of men are formed upon this idea.\nA parent who manifests no love for his offspring, but treats it with neglect or unkindness, is regarded as unnatural. We think and speak of him as a monster; not as a specimen of human nature, but as an exception to it. Accordingly, we apply not the term human, but inhuman. The same epithets we universally apply to him who treats his slave or his beast with cruelty. We regard him as having divested himself of the attributes of humanity, and thus justly forfeited its name and privileges. Nor is this use of language confined to positive acts. We apply it to any remarkable defect of the feelings of tenderness, sympathy, and compassion.\nCompassion and we represent him as lacking, in humanity, that is, in the distinctive attributes of human nature, who can see the sufferings of his fellow beings without pity and without a wish to relieve them. The crimes which Cain committed, and those by which the Sodomites were distinguished, have been branded in all ages and in all languages with the epithet of unnatural. It is only in the language of orthodoxy that they are honored with a more flattering title and one which implies their being acts of obedience to the law of their nature. Letter VII.\n\nCharge of inconsistency considered. Propensity to sin implies no guilt. Guilt consists in yielding to it. Proper ground of blame or ill desert.\nConsistent with a constitution fitted to what was wrought upon temptation. Consistent with the divine foreknowledge. In the beginning of the 7th Chapter occurs another instance, where Dr. Woods indulges in his favorite mode of conducting the controversy, by endeavoring to show that his adversary is inconsistent in some of the expressions he has employed. With careless readers, who look no further than to perceive that there is a verbal contradiction in the passages brought in comparison, and never give themselves the trouble of examining the subject, this will pass for a triumphant advantage in the argument; but a careful examination would not only remove all appearance of inconsistency, but make it clear that the apparent contradiction is not real.\nThe writer had been mistaken, but this does not affect the argument's significance. In the current situation, after stating the alleged inconsistency with his usual vividness, he adds, with commendable sensitivity, \"I hope the reader will not attribute these contradictions to Dr. Ware's understanding.\"\n\nThe implication of such an expression is clear, and I am not complaining as it does not convey an unwarranted implication based on polemic writers' usage. However, it is necessary for me to restate the case so that you can make an informed judgment about whether it was the writer's or the reader and commentator's understanding that was at fault.\nThe inconsistency, I am charged with, is that I have stated in several places in my Letters that men do not possess by birth the character of personal holiness necessary to be Christians. Yet, I affirm that those born into the world in Christian lands are saved, quickened, and fellow citizens of the saints. To make this passage inconsistent with the others, I must be understood as using the phrases saved, quickened, &c., to express that they were the subjects of personal holiness. I request, therefore, that you turn to the page referred to in my Letters. You will find there that I was far from using those phrases in the sense asserted, or in any other sense.\nThe language of the apostle, as I was direct and explicit in asserting, has an equivocal or uncertain sense. This, like much of what is in the epistles, refers to men as bodies of men, not as individuals. And p. 47: The whole of this refers to the same thing; not to the personal condition of individuals as such, but to that of the whole body of Christians\u2014made to sit together in heavenly places, that is, to enjoy all the privileges and hopes of Christians.\n\nThe question here, regarding the charge of inconsistency, is not whether this is the true meaning of that passage of scripture; but whether it was the meaning in which it was used and applied by me. You will accordingly judge whether, with such a distinct exposition of my meaning on the very page.\nI cannot suppose any reply necessary to Dr. Woods' insistence that I used and applied the phrases in question to express personal holiness. The author's irony and sarcasm in the fifth chapter do not require a response. I refer you to the parts of my Letters alluded to for your judgment of its justice.\n\nThe author states (p. 135), \"I hope Dr. Ware will reconsider what he has written respecting a propensity to sin, viz. that the propensity itself is no sin, and implies no guilt.\" I have reviewed the passage and find no reason to change the opinion I expressed there. The sentence, as it stands in the quotation, accompanied by Dr. Woods' comments, may seem exceptionable.\nBut if you turn to the passage where it stands and read it in connection with the part of the paragraph that precedes it, I am confident you will think it expresses the truth. I think it possible, indeed, that in this case, there is no real difference of opinion between us on the subject; and that the dispute relates only to the proper meaning of a word, and not to the correctness of an opinion. Dr. Woods and myself annex different ideas to the word propensity.\n\nIn the sense in which I understand the word, the essence of sin does not \"consist in propensity, inclination, or disposition to sin, but in yielding to that propensity\u2014in following the inclination or disposition to sin. This may be illustrated by examples. A man has a strong propensity to any kind of excess. He becomes criminal only in proportion to the extent that he yields to that propensity.\nIf a person gives in to a temptation, he is considered less meritorious if he does not, but preserves temperance and moderation, in proportion to the strength of the propensity he has resisted. However, according to Dr. Woods' principle, a person who feels a strong inclination to sin, even if he resists it, is more guilty than another who, with less inclination, yields to it and commits the sin; for \"the inclination is the essence of sin, and the only thing which makes any outward action or any volition sinful.\" For instance, a person with a strong propensity to intemperance who constantly restrains his appetite is more faulty than his neighbor who, with a less importunate appetite for the intoxicating draught, yet allows himself in habitual drunkenness. The man who, with great irritability, frequently succumbs to anger is more blameworthy than one who, with less provocation, occasionally loses his temper.\nThe tablity of temper and strength of passion continually prompting him to acts of violence, yet holds himself under habitual restraint, and abstains from all deeds of violence, is, notwithstanding, more criminal than another, who, of a cooler natural temperament, exercises no self-government and allows himself in habitual peevishness, or cruelty, or violence in the common intercourse of life. A deliberate cold-blooded murder also implies less guilt than a homicide committed under the immediate impulse of sudden passion. He who, at the call of false honor, coolly goes forth to dip his sword in the blood of his friend, incurs less guilt than he, who, under circumstances of extreme provocation, is excited to a high degree of resentment and wrath, yet, under the influence of conscience and the fear of punishment.\nThe fact is, guilt or sinfulness consists not in temptation, but in yielding to it. This is true of internal as well as external temptation. Propenency, inclination, or disposition to sin are nothing else but internal temptations. They are no other than modifications of the appetites, affections, and passions. But these, whatever their strength, imply no guilt until they are indulged in circumstances, in which virtue requires their restraint. Thus, a strong appetite for intoxicating liquor constitutes a propensity to intemperance. But he, who restrains such appetite and is habitually temperate, though the appetite remains in all its irritating force, is in a high degree meritorious. Where there is extreme irritability of temper, and other internal temptations.\nquick sensibility to wrongs, there is always a strong \ndisposition to revenge. But he who is withheld by \nthe fear of God from yielding to those irritations, \nto which he is constitutionally subject, and reli- \ngiously abstains from acts of revenge, is not only \nfree from guilt, but is even intitled to higher \npraise, than another, who, with cooler passions, \nand less propensity to violence, requires a less \nvigorous exercise of the virtuous principle to pre- \nserve him from excess. \nIn the paragraph next succeeding that, which \ngave occasion to the last remarks, I am happy to \nacknowledge my obligations to Dr. Woods for setting \nme right respecting the opinion of Calvinists, as to \nthe design and tendency of divine punishments. \nI am glad to be informed, that a sentiment, which I \nhave sometimes heard expressed, and which, \nindeed, seemed to me to make a necessary part of \nThe Calvinistic system is generally disavowed by the orthodox, and they do \"consider the punishments of this life as disciplinary \u2014 as having a real tendency to reform the wicked, \u2014 a tendency which, in many cases, is effective.\" However, in the latter part of the same paragraph, there occurs a singular misrepresentation of my sentiment. It is said, p. 136, \"We cannot accede to Dr. Ware's notion, that disciplinary punishment may be inflicted by a righteous and benevolent God, without real ill desert in those who suffer.\" Yet, by turning to pp. 48 and 49 of my Letters, you will perceive that instead of asserting, I expressly deny that there can be any just 'punishment, where there is no ill desert. In the passage (p. 50) upon which I suppose the charge must have been founded, you will see that I was reasoning on the difference between divine and human justice.\nThe principles of my opponent are that suffering cannot be inflicted by a just being as punishment. I admitted that suffering might be brought upon beings who had incurred no moral guilt, but as discipline. The use of the term discipline may be debated, but there was no room for misunderstanding its meaning in this context. I meant to express a sentiment, and there could be no doubt about it, despite any questions raised about the propriety of the term used. I am charged with this sentiment, which I explicitly disavowed in the very terms of the charge and on the referred-to page. Regarding the use I make of the term.\nThe term \"discipline,\" as distinguished from punishment, I suppose, is authorized by common usage. It is applied in numerous cases where it has no reference to punishment, and where no ill desert is implied. It is applied to all the means used in an army to produce military order and to form the habits of the soldier. Similarly, it is applied to all that is done in a place of education in forming the intellectual habits of the scholar, strengthening his faculties, and correcting his judgment and taste. We apply the term discipline to all those restrictions which a man imposes upon himself, his child, or his pupil, for the purpose of forming a useful habit or correcting one that is hurtful, where ill desert and punishment make no part of the idea, but a physical effect or intellectual improvement.\nDr. Woods intends only improvement. He has likely subjected himself to severe discipline without deserving punishment. Why then, will he not allow me the privilege of supposing discipline is employed for good purposes, where there is no ill desert, and where punishment cannot be inflicted with justice? Regardless, whether the distinction I make between discipline and punishment is correct or not, I must claim the right to have my words understood and interpreted in the sense I explicitly declare.\n\nAt the close of this chapter, the defense of the doctrine of depravity is placed upon a new ground: it involves no greater difficulty, regarding the principle of the divine government, than the system opposed to it.\nThe difficulty charged upon the orthodox doctrine is that it ascribes human wickedness to the agency of God and traces sin to the constitution given us by our Maker. Dr. Woods admits the difficulty in the stated terms but alleges it is no greater in the opposite system. The opposite scheme, like the orthodox doctrine of native depravity, ascribes human wickedness to the agency of God.\n\nWhat he has said to prove this is that a man's falling into sin at any period of his life is a thing as really to be ascribed to the operation of his Maker or to the constitution he has given him, as native sinfulness. For suppose a man, influenced by strong temptation, falls into sin. Who gave him this susceptibility to temptation and predisposition to sin?\nHim having a constitution of mind suited to be shaped by temptation? And who arranged things so that he would be exposed to temptation, and to those specific temptations that draw him into sin? Did not God know the outcome beforehand? Was it not a result that naturally followed from causes that God directed and controlled, operating upon a moral nature that he created, and according to laws that he established?\n\nWhy he should call them offensive terms, however, at the same time admitting that they express the truth and not pretending they express anything more, I am unable to understand. The question I would ask him to answer is, how, in such a case, there can be any blame?\n\nI hold myself bound to answer this question and further to show that it does not admit of an answer.\nThe question is: \"How can a being be blameworthy for actions performed with a constitution of mind fitted to be influenced by temptation, and exposed to those particular temptations that prevail to draw him into sin, when God at the same time knows beforehand the result?\" Or, as otherwise expressed, \"How can there be any blame in a result that naturally flowed from causes that God directed and controlled, operating upon a moral nature that he created, and according to laws that he established?\" The true answer is suggested in one of the terms used in the statement.\nA man's question is about 66 causes acting on a moral nature. To those accustomed to reasoning on moral subjects and distinguishing between moral and physical causes and effects, the answer suggested should be intelligible and satisfactory. The difficulty arises from overlooking the moral nature in man and reasoning about the subject as if governed only by physical laws. The question can be resolved into the following distinct propositions: A man falls into sin under the influence of a strong temptation. It was God who gave him a constitution of mind fitted to be influenced by temptation. It was God who ordered things so that he should be exposed to temptation.\nThe difficulty does not lie in the first proposition taken separately. The fact that sin was committed under temptation will not be considered as taking away guilt or removing the ground of blame. God gave him the constitution of mind that made him susceptible to temptation. I ask in what manner is the constitution of man fitted to be influenced? If the meaning is that it is influenced by physical necessity and in a mechanical manner, there is no room for praise or blame and no foundation for moral responsibility.\nThe mind in question possesses a specific moral constitution, but this would be different if moral influence is the only intended outcome. What constitutes the mind in this regard, upon which temptation will operate? We are adapted to a particular state of being and suited for a certain course of action due to a corporeal and intellectual organization. This organization consists of the senses, and the passions and affections on one hand, and reason on the other, encompassing all intellectual faculties. The senses, along with the various appetites, and also the passions and affections, being essential components of our nature, each having objects suited to them, and each in its original structure, purpose, and tendency, being directed toward some good, must each, within certain limits in their exercise, be consistent with innocence and virtue.\n\nHowever, to fulfill their design, they all must function in harmony.\nExist in their natural state with such strength that they may become instruments or occasions of evil instead of good, to ourselves or others. They may produce effects contrary to their original design and natural tendency by being directed to improper objects or to suitable objects unseasonably or in an improper degree. Still, whatever evils were thus produced and whatever disorders and disproportions were thus introduced into the system, no guilt could be incurred, and there would be no foundation for our being considered proper subjects of blame, unless these parts of our constitution were connected in our make with other faculties, by which we should be rendered capable of perceiving the tendency and the moral character of our actions. Such faculties we have. To execute these offices, we must possess reason and conscience.\nWe have reason and conscience, by which we are capable of knowing the limits within which lower faculties may be followed, and when they are to be restrained. What are the bounds of right, and what are the consequences of keeping within, or transgressing those bounds? We have not only a sense of interest connected with our course of conduct, but also a sense of duty and obligation. We become the just subjects of praise or blame, according as we follow or neglect our light. This moral responsibility supposes always a power of choice as well as a power of discernment, as to the tendency and character of actions. It supposes that appetite and passion are not irresistible. Were there no power of choosing between yielding to the impulse of sense and passion, and obeying the voice of reason and conscience, there is no moral responsibility.\nThere would be no more room for praise or blame, as there could be no more just foundation for either, in good or ill desert. A power not belonging to any piece of mere mechanism renders man an accountable being. The influences governing his actions are of another kind and operate by other laws than those producing physical effects and mechanical motion. The appetites and passions on one hand, and reason and conscience on the other, are not to be regarded merely as opposite powers operating against each other on mechanical principles; so that if you know the exact force of each, you can understand how they function.\nAn agent implies a principle of activity - a power of acting, not merely of being acted upon. It is not like a pivot, upon which opposite weights are balanced, and which can exert no power over the weights themselves. An intelligent agent possesses a power of modifying the influences of the several powers, on both sides, by which it is acted upon, in such a manner, that with the same constants, the effect produced will vary according to the nature of the agent itself.\nThe cause of varying conduct in individuals, despite similar appetites, passions, reason, and knowledge, as well as identical external circumstances of temptation, lies in the moral power of the agent himself and his ability to choose between opposing motives. The same applies to the next proposition: God ordered things such that the individual would be exposed to temptation.\n\nHere lies my answer to the proposed question: The sinner is to be blamed.\nHe is conscious of deserving blame, though acting under strong temptation, and though God gave him a constitution of mind fitted to be influenced by temptation. He ordered things so that he would be exposed to the particular temptation that prevailed to draw him into sin. He is conscious, I observe, of ill desert because he was not only voluntary in the sinful act but free \u2013 having the liberty of choosing or not choosing the sinful act and the power to use that liberty by directing his choice to either alternative. He deserves blame for allowing the wrong motive to influence his conduct, as a free agent it was in his power to submit to the influence of either the right or wrong one.\n\nBut can this be said with truth on the opposite?\nAccording to the orthodox doctrine of depravity, the natural propensity or inclination to sin in man is irresistible, until his nature is changed by irresistible grace. The sinner, then, having no freedom of choice and no power of resisting the force by which he is impelled by natural inclination, there is no possibility of his acting otherwise than he does. This impossibility is not that which merely consists in the abstract certainty of the event, which, as we shall see, would not affect his freedom or his accountability. But on this scheme, the sins of men are certainly ascribed to the agency of God in a sense in which they cannot be ascribed with any propriety.\nAccording to what I have now explained, and it is thus encumbered with a moral difficulty, from which it is free. But it may be imagined that the force of what has now been said is impaired, if not wholly destroyed, by the consideration that the result, i.e., the manner in which the sinner will act, is known beforehand by God. And it is accordingly objected that if we admit that the whole constitution of man, physical, intellectual, and moral, is the work of God; that the circumstances of temptation, under which each individual is placed, are his appointment, extending to the particular temptations which actually prevail to draw him into sin; and finally, that what will be the result is also foreknown, the difficulty of reconciling this with his being justly accountable for actions thus performed is as great.\nBut, on the supposition that he was created with a natural inclination to sin and sin only, over which he has no control, and which he has no power to change, nor can do anything that has any tendency to procure a change in his nature. However, between these cases there is an obvious and important difference. In the one case, a necessity is supposed to be real and absolute, as physical force; in the other, there may be, for anything expressed or implied in the proposition, no necessity at all. On the contrary, the powers which we have stated as belonging to the moral nature of man clearly imply that there is no such necessity. The foreknowledge of God implies the abstract certainty of the event foreknown, and it implies nothing more. Simply considered, it has no relation to the means by which it is brought about.\nThe knowledge that I am performing a right or wrong action implies the certainty of the fact, but nothing more. Though it is obviously impossible for the fact not to exist, which is thus known to exist, it is certain that the knowledge of its existence implies nothing with respect to freedom or necessity in its performance. It would be as correct to say that your present certain knowledge of the act I am performing gives you an agency in it, makes you chargeable with its guilt if it be a criminal act, and relieves me from moral responsibility for it, as if:\n\ndoes not imply any agency in it. God's foreknowledge of an event no more implies an agency of his, exerted in bringing it to pass, than our knowledge of its present existence implies our agency in it, or that we are the cause of it. Your knowledge, that I am now performing a right or wrong action, implies the certainty of the fact, but nothing more. Though it is obviously impossible for the fact not to be, which is thus known to exist, yet it is certain, that the knowledge of its existence implies nothing with respect to freedom or necessity in its performance. But it would be as correct to say, that your present certain knowledge of the act I am performing gives you an agency in it, makes you chargeable with its guilt, if it be a criminal act, and relieves me from moral responsibility for it, as if you had actual power to influence or cause the action to occur.\nTo assert that an action's being foreknown by God implies any such divine agency that is not reconcileable with moral freedom, or that the agent, on that account, ceases to be a proper subject of blame and punishment, is a misunderstanding. Another way of viewing the subject may help clarify this. Upon the supposition of moral freedom, which I maintain is the true ground upon which man is justly accountable for actions, deserving of praise or blame and a proper subject of reward and punishment, every action of every human being is as certain, before it is performed.\nThe liberty men would have, as proposed in my scheme, is no less certain than under necessity in determining how they would use that freedom. Speaking abstractly, it's impossible they wouldn't use their freedom as they actually do.\n\nThis becomes clear and intelligible by considering any action or event as already past. The murder perpetrated yesterday, assuming the murderer acted with perfect moral freedom, was as certain the day before as the day after the deed was done. The certainty was the same, as if he were impelled by a moral or even a physical necessity. And if the necessity were the only cause of the act, it would be no less certain beforehand.\nHe would be as blameless as the dagger with which he committed the deed. I admit the consistency, although I abhor the doctrine, and shudder at its immoral tendency, of those philosophers who assert, on the principle of necessity, that it is as absurd to blame the assassin, in the common acceptance of the term, as the dagger or pistol. Each was alike the necessary and the blameless instrument, and in no proper sense the agent, in no such sense as to be the reasonable subject of blame or justly deserving of punishment. In the just and important sentiment expressed with great strength and propriety by Dr. Woods in the concluding sentence of this chapter, I join my whole soul. The habit of attributing moral evil to God in such a way as to destroy or diminish its criminality is, in my view, one of the worst errors.\nThe importance of establishing and making intelligible the doctrine of moral freedom, opposed to philosophical necessity and the theological doctrine of predestination; believing it to be the truth, despite the difficulties associated with the subject. I feel more earnest on this subject, as some may reconcile philosophical necessity with the doctrine that man is accountable for his actions. However, it leads many, and to me, it seems by a natural and just process of reasoning, to the most destructive fatalism. This tendency of the doctrine is not assigned as a reason for rejecting it.\nOur acceptance of philosophical liberty should be based on its own proper evidence. But it is a good reason to examine carefully the evidences of a doctrine that, at the very least, appears not readily reconcileable with a moral and accountable state. Letter VIII, Practical importance of the question respecting depravity. Moral influence and tendency of the orthodox doctrine correctly stated by Dr. Woods. Moral tendency of the opposite doctrine. Incorrect representation of dangerous moral tendency noticed. Unitarian method of addressing men. Orthodox method.\n\nThe discussion of the subject of native depravity is closed in the fifth chapter of the book before us.\nThe practical importance of any doctrine is commensurate with its practical tendency and influence. This is often exaggerated by polemic writers. Speculative opinions have generally less influence on conduct of life than those who have spent much time and study on them as subjects of controversy imagine. However, regarding the present subject of discussion, I do not know that the practical importance has been overstated. We can certainly expect that opposing doctrines, which relate to points by which motives of conduct are directly affected, will have a widely different influence on practice. We can hardly imagine that a visible difference of character would not result from the serious belief of the orthodox doctrine.\nThe tendency of the orthodox doctrine, as stated by Dr. Woods on page 141, is that those who sincerely believe in their own and others' native and entire depravity must acknowledge the necessity of divine power to make them holy. They must view it as indispensable, requiring a new birth and rejecting human efforts and common remedies as inadequate. Every hope of moral purification lies in the divine energy that creates a new heart and spirit in Christ Jesus for good works. The lack of evidence for this tendency, in addition to its insuperable objection in my mind.\nFor it seems to me that this doctrine leads, on the one hand, to groundless expectations and a false dependence, and on the other to the neglect of all moral exertion and the use of proper means to recovery of holiness and divine favor. The sinner finds himself here directed not to any exertion to deliver himself from sin and save himself from the wrath to come. Not a syllable is said to encourage such exertion; but on the contrary, it is strongly implied that all such exertion is utterly useless and unavailing. The only hope he is allowed to entertain is in a mighty divine operation, which is necessary to make him holy. And how is he to become the subject of this mighty operation? Is there anything he is directed to do, or has the power of doing, with the effort of his own will?\nhope it will be the means of his obtaining it or the reason or occasion of its being granted to him? By no means. In granting or withholding it, God is sovereign and independent, and has no respect to any thing that he sees in the creature. No desert, and no effort of his, will make any part of the reason or cause, for which it is granted. It will be given to those, and to those only, who are, by an unconditional act of election, appointed to eternal life. Upon those, and only those, will that regenerating influence be shed, by which they are to be born again, to have a new heart and a new spirit given them, and to be created in Christ Jesus unto good works. They are not directed \u2014 they are not indeed permitted, to seek for this renovating influence, by which they are to be sanctified and saved.\nFor prayers to be acceptable, the sinner's heart must first be renewed and sanctified by divine influence. Every prayer and action performed by the sinner is sinful and an abomination to God, sinking them deeper into guilt. The statement above contains no indication that the sinner feels called or authorized by orthodox faith to use any means or make efforts to recover from a state of guilt and rise to holiness and virtue. Instead, human efforts are considered totally inadequate. The only hope the sinner is encouraged to entertain is in God's energy, which will give them a new heart and a new spirit.\nThis will be done for him, and wrought in him. But he has no encouragement to pray that this may be done for him. It would be inconsistent with a fundamental principle of the system, which supposes him, until that renovating and sanctifying influence has actually been given, inclined only to evil, wholly wrong in his moral affections and actions \u2014 incapable therefore of a purpose, or wish, or prayer, that would be acceptable to God. To pray then for that mighty influence, which is to renew and sanctify him, is among those human efforts he passes by, in the same manner as he does all others, waiting for it to be exerted upon him independently of all such efforts. I know that language very different from this was formerly held by Calvinistic divines. They directed sinners to pray and called upon them to do so.\nThe author exerts himself and uses means of reformation. There are probably those who do so now without attending accurately to its consistency with the speculative opinions they have adopted. Not so the author of the Reply. He understands too well what the system requires, intimating that the sinner has no thing to do, no effort to make, no prayer to offer, until this mighty influence has come upon him. All human efforts are to be passed by until this has taken place.\n\nIn stating the practical tendency of the orthodox doctrine of depravity, our author cannot be suspected of exaggeration or misrepresentation. Yet in my apprehension, it is a tendency of an extremely hurtful and immoral nature. Can it be otherwise, for wicked men to be allowed to think that there is nothing for them to do, until something happens?\nThe thing is done for them if no effort is made, not even a prayer offered by them, until they are conscious of being the subjects of that mighty energy of God, which is to give them a new heart and a new spirit. Should the sinner feel authorized to treat with neglect all common influences of the spirit of God, as of no value, relying on a special influence by which he is to be distinguished and which cannot be resisted? I request you to place in comparison with this the moral tendency and practical influence of the doctrine directly opposite to it. According to the system, the sinner is taught to regard his sinfulness as consisting solely in his personal and acquired moral character. He considers himself as guilty before God.\nGod, deserving punishment, in need of mercy, and requiring renewal by repentance; not by the constitution of his nature, but by his voluntary violation of the laws which God had imposed upon him in the constitution of his nature. The guilt of which he is conscious is only that which he has brought upon himself by his own act or neglect. He believes that his own act is the only means to restore him, and that he is not to expect this to be done for him, which is his duty to do for himself. Accordingly, he looks not for a mighty influence to change his nature without his desire, will, or effort. God has already done all that was necessary on his part, and nothing is now wanting but for him to exert the strength given him.\nA person should faithfully employ the means given to him to do something for himself. He is far from thinking it his duty to pass by all human efforts and indolently or presumptuously wait for what he is commanded to do for himself to be done for him. He considers his guilt greatly enhanced and inexcusable with every moment's delay in making those efforts. He places his whole hope of God's favor and acceptance in the fidelity of those efforts. Believing that the consciousness of making those efforts is the only reasonable ground he can have for expecting to become the subject of that change which will secure them to him. Neglecting or passing by those efforts constantly adds to his guilt, lessens the probability of his recovery, and cuts against his chances.\nInstead of undervaluing what God has already done and neglecting the common grace bestowed upon all, he is grateful for the provisions God has made for his deliverance from sin and recovery to holiness and virtue. He believes they are sufficient for the purpose, requiring only his acceptance and use. He shall be inexcusable if they fail to produce the intended effect.\nIt is impious for him to expect further assistance, while he continues in the neglect of that which is given. He accordingly believes that his salvation depends upon the fidelity of his own exertions, not upon anything independent of them, to which no prayers nor efforts of his can contribute, and which no neglect nor resistance of his can prevent or counteract.\n\nBy comparing the state of mind presented here with that which we have seen before, you will be able to decide which doctrine is likely to excite the most earnest and faithful exertion, and thus have the most favorable moral tendency, and produce the greatest practical effects.\n\nI request you not to be satisfied with a mere cursory reading of what follows in the same paragraph from which my last quotation was taken.\nI am confident that a close attention to the representation given on page 141 will lead you to think it less sound and correct than it seemed to you at first. If, as in the passage referred to, men are told that their being distinguished by the most correct habits, the most useful actions, and the highest improvement of their rational powers and natural sensibilities is consistent with their being \"in an unrenewed state,\" finding in themselves that corruption of heart which is the fountain of all iniquity; and the utter want of that holiness, without which no man can see the Lord - can it fail, if it has any practical effects, to weaken their sense of the value of good moral conduct and to lower their estimate of the importance of a virtuous life? There may be much doubt, no doubt.\nThe exterior display of virtue, where there is nothing of the reality - no good principles within; from which it proceeds. Many good actions may be performed from bad or defective motives, without any sense of religious or moral duty. However, the quotation above expresses something quite different. It contains a studied strength of language and a universality of expression, encompassing all that belongs to good conduct and good feeling. It is not a few good actions or a single good habit, but habits of right conduct generally, forming a character. Can we suppose, that a man, distinguished for the most correct habits, is yet utterly destitute of holiness? That is, that he exhibits all the practical evidences of holiness, while being influenced by no sense of duty, and having no principle of religious obedience?\nIs it credible that one should habitually perform the most useful actions, yet be influenced by an earthly, selfish, wicked disposition in all his actions? Or admit that this might be the case in a single instance, is it credible that it should be a common thing? What can be the tendency of such representations, but to dissolve in men's minds the connection between holiness of heart and a good life? And to lead them to regard that holiness, which constitutes a Christian, as something distinct from a principle of religious obedience governing the conduct of life? Let it once be believed, that the best habits of life and the most virtuous disposition are incompatible.\nUseful actions flowing from natural sensibility, proven in the best manner and under the direction of the most improved reason, are not marks of holiness. We may soon expect it to be believed also that the entire absence of these good habits, good actions, and good affections is to be regarded as no evidence of the want of holiness. Nor can it be doubted that the effect is often answerable to what might be expected; that by representations so loosely made and carelessly expressed in general terms, an opinion has been produced that there is at least but a very uncertain connection between grace and good works; between holiness and a holy life. Such cannot, however, have been the design of Dr. Woods. Neither he nor any respectable orthodox divine can be supposed intentionally to inculcate such an opinion.\nDr. Woods sufficiently cautious to guard against unitarian ministers. In a remarkable passage (pp. 142-146), he describes the manner in which, according to their principles, unitarian ministers ought to address sinners. He concludes by saying, \"If I mistake not, the general conduct of those ministers, who hold the opinions of the book, to which I have undertaken a reply, corresponds substantially with the representation I have made. Such, I am persuaded, would be my conduct, should I adopt those opinions.\"\n\nAs the passage, which closes with what you have now read, is too long to be quoted entirely, I request you to read it with attention and satisfy yourselves whether the hard censure it contains of unitarian ministers generally is justified. If it is, it will appear in the general strain of their preaching.\nwill be seen making a prominent feature in their printed discourses. It will be avowed by them in their writings as the practical tendency of their doctrine. If you find no such thing, but a very different spirit pervading their writings and a different course pursued, you will conclude not that Dr. Woods has deliberately misrepresented those ministers, of whose spirit, character, and conduct he professes to be exact in giving an account and anxious not to discolor or exaggerate; but that he took the shorter course (a very common one indeed, but of questionable propriety at least, in so grave a charge), of judging what the conduct of Unitarian ministers actually is, by what his own would be in their situation; for such, he says, would be my conduct should I adopt their opinions. You have now only to take a fair view of those writings.\nYou are to consider the system as a whole, in all its connections and tendencies, when evaluating the doctrines expressed by its sober defenders. Dr. Woods asserts that the adoption of unitarian doctrine would influence his conduct, and he repeats this assertion with emphasis. I, too, claim his sincerity in this belief.\nI am fully persuaded and morally certain that Dr. Woods' belief in the unitarian system would produce effects other than those he described. Dr. Woods does not extend me the same justice. I am convinced that with his good sense, moral feeling, and true piety, the unitarian system would not lead him to such conduct. The few scraps he has quoted do not represent the whole of the unitarian faith, and many scraps could be selected from a sound Calvinist creed that would leave him at liberty to pursue a similar course.\nIf that is practical for him? If he does, instead of indulging such a strain of levity and sarcasm on a subject which he has not examined, or of which he has overlooked essential parts, and presuming that pious and faithful ministers actually do, what he thinks he should do in the state of mind in which he supposes them to be; let him endeavor to ascertain what that state of mind actually is, by taking into view the great and leading doctrines which they profess. Let him think whether he should treat the hopes and fears, and everlasting interests of sinful, suffering, dying men, quite so lightly; if he believed, as he might know unitarians do believe, that they are destined to an immortal being after death, a state of righteous retribution, in which every one shall receive, in happiness or misery, according to his works.\nhave been that the present life is a state of discipline and probation, and that the effects of a right or wrong course of conduct in it will be followed with consequences in a future life, both in degree and duration, important beyond our conception; that during this state of trial we have the earnest and affectionate calls of our heavenly Father to virtue and holiness, which will secure his favor; that these calls are perfectly sincere, addressed to all, with which all have the power of complying, but which any one may resist; none being precluded from the possibility of accepting the offer by a previous decree, nor by an irresistible necessity of nature; and no one having his salvation insured by an absolute election, and an influence, in procuring which he has no agency.\nEvery one's condemnation depends, in the most proper sense, on himself. It depends on the choice he makes, a choice he has the power to make. Though all men were created innocent, all have become sinners, all need repentance, forgiveness, solicitude, and watchfulness\u2014all have temptations within and without, against which they must guard and strive. We owe entire submission to God's will and the entire devotion of all our faculties and affections to his service. It is through God's mercy, revealed to us in the gospel, that we can hope that anything short of perfect unsinning obedience will be accepted for our salvation. The salvation of the best and holiest is to be acknowledged as wholly an act of grace.\nIf the text is only to be cleaned, I will remove unnecessary line breaks and whitespaces, and correct some minor spelling errors:\n\nwill be extended only to those who are truly penitent and faithful in their endeavors to possess true holiness. If, with such views of the human condition and of human duty and prospects, Dr. Woods could find in his heart to treat the subject in the manner that he represents, I can only say, his heart is very different from what I am willing to believe it; and should he still assert it, my charity would still compel me to judge better of him than he does of himself, and to say that his assertion was not made with due deliberation.\n\nBut justice to my cause requires me, and I am sorry it does, to say something more respecting the representation which Dr. Woods has given of the course pursued by unitarian ministers. It consists, you perceive, in the application of several words and parts of sentences from my Letters.\nI will apply Woods' proposed methods in the imagined cases. Of the propriety and discretion of such a mode of proceeding, you will be better able to judge, and so perhaps will Dr. Woods himself, by a similar method on the other side. Following the example and adopting the manner of my author, I ask, \"What is the scheme of practical religion, with which the belief of innate depravity is associated? If I believe, as a general truth, that all men are totally depraved, that is, if I believe them to be, by nature, enemies of God, inclined only to evil, whose dispositions and affections are wholly wrong, I must treat them accordingly. I must hate them and treat them as enemies; for it is my duty to hate what God hates, and to be the enemy of his enemies. If I see in any of them whatsoever, a spark of goodness or virtue, I must not overlook it, but endeavor to cherish and cultivate it, as a precious gift from God, and as a means of drawing them nearer to him. I must not despise them for their depravity, but pity them for their lost condition, and labor to bring them to repentance and salvation. I must not treat them with harshness and severity, but with kindness and compassion, as children who have strayed from their Father's house, and as souls in danger of eternal ruin. I must not abandon them to their own devices, but strive to lead them to the Savior, and to save them from the consequences of their own wickedness. I must not forget that I myself am a sinner, and that I am under the same condemnation as they, and that I have no right to look down upon them with pride and self-righteousness, but that I must humbly seek God's mercy and forgiveness for myself, and extend the same to them. I must not judge them by their outward appearance, but by their inward disposition, and must remember that the heart is deceitful above all things, and that the appearance of righteousness avails nothing, unless it be accompanied with the reality. I must not be seduced by their flattery and hypocrisy, but must discern the truth, and must be firm and steadfast in my duty, however difficult or dangerous it may be. I must not be discouraged by their resistance and opposition, but must persevere in my efforts to save them, and must trust in God's providence and power to overcome all obstacles and to bring about his purpose. I must not be swayed by the opinions and prejudices of men, but must follow the dictates of my conscience and the teachings of the Scriptures, and must be willing to suffer persecution and reproach for the sake of the truth and the salvation of souls. I must not be afraid of the consequences of my actions, but must trust in God's protection and care, and must remember that the greatest reward is the salvation of a soul. I must not be distracted by worldly cares and pleasures, but must keep my eyes fixed on the prize of the high calling of God in Christ Jesus, and must strive to be faithful unto death. I must not be discouraged by the seeming failure of my efforts, but must trust in God's mercy and grace, and must remember that the seed of the word of God, though it may appear to be dead, yet it liveth and worketh, and that the harvest is the Lord's. I must not be dismayed by the apparent power and influence of the world, but must trust in God's strength and power, and must remember that the gates of hell shall not prevail against his church. I must not be disheartened by the seeming indifference and apathy of men, but must trust in God's mercy and grace, and must remember that the Lord is not slack concerning his promise, but that he is longsuffering towards us, not willing that any should perish, but that all should come to repentance. I must not be discouraged by the seeming success of the enemies of the cross of Christ, but must trust in God's wisdom and providence, and must remember that the battle is not mine, but the Lord's. I must not be dismayed by the seeming weakness and insufficiency of my own powers and abilities, but must trust in God's strength and power, and must remember that I can do all things through Christ who strengtheneth me. I must not be disheartened by the seeming opposition and persecution of the world, but must trust in God's mercy and grace, and must remember that the cross is a sign of God's favor, and that the\nIt seems to me that amiable traits of character, such as kindness, justice, love of truth, I must beware of allowing myself to be seduced into any good opinion of them, or kind feelings toward them. All this, and even the best habits of life and most useful actions, flowing from the kindest sensibilities and under the direction of cultivated reason, may flow from an evil heart. If I address sinners, either in public or private, I may apply to each individual what is said of the worst enemies of God, of man, and of religion\u2014of Pharaoh, of Jeroboam, and of Judas\u2014that he is a thief, a murderer, and a betrayer of innocent blood. I may represent his condition as most awful and wretched and hopeless, while he remains so. But I must not so far forget myself as to exhort him to repentance, for this would imply that he could.\nI must not encourage him to inquire what he shall do to be saved, for he can do nothing. I must not allow him to hope for any benefit, though he seeks, strives, and prays for a new heart and a new spirit. God grants this only to those elected to eternal life, and this election, which ensures the salvation of the elect, is wholly without reference to anything they can do to deserve or procure it. Therefore, those who are elected will have this renewing and saving influence, whether they pray or not. And to those who are not elected, it will be denied, however earnestly they seek, pray, and strive. I shall say then to the wicked, there is no reason why you should afflict yourselves or deny yourselves any of the pleasures of sin; for you are as likely to become righteous.\nThe subjects of regenerating grace in the haunts of profligacy and vice, in the act of theft or perjury, or murder; as in a church, in the midst of domestic duties, or in the act of prayer, or in performing the most useful and virtuous deed. If any one, anxious and distressed under a sense of guilt, were disposed to break off from the habits of sin, and to practice temperance, truth, and righteousness, and to perform the duties which he had neglected, with the hope that such efforts will be pleasing to God; I should say, beware how you presume thus to take God's work out of his own hands. He only by his irresistible grace can renew your heart, and till he has done it, all your desires, and efforts, and thoughts, and actions are but adding to your sin; and such efforts will increase in a peculiar manner your danger, because.\nThey have a tendency to make you rely on your own works. It is safer for you not to perform any good works, than to place any dependence on them or to think them of any value. To both saints and sinners, I ought to say, in order to relieve them from needless labor and useless solicitude; your cares and exertions to regulate your temper and lives are ill placed and wholly useless. For if you are not elected to eternal life, nothing that you can do will have any tendency to promote your salvation, so that it is clearly in your interest to sin with as little fear, as little restraint, and as little remorse as possible; since it can add nothing to your future doom. You are by nature totally wicked, and you cannot make yourself more so. If, on the other hand, you are elected to eternal life,\nLife, your final salvation is certain to you without your exertions; for the eternal purposes of God cannot be frustrated. And besides, the whole work of salvation is wrought for those who are to be saved. Whatever they may do, it can be of no use to them as regards the forgiveness of sin and their final salvation. We must rely on the atoning blood of the Son of God as the sole ground of the forgiveness of sin; and for no purpose\u2014certainly not in any connection with our salvation\u2014should any works of righteousness or any accomplishments or dispositions we possess be named in his presence.\n\nHad I, in my answer to Unitarian letters, indulged myself in such a representation, many Unitarians and some Calvinists would have assented to it as a just account. But from the author of those letters, it would probably have been otherwise.\nFor drawing forth epithets like these, he would have forgotten his usual tone of moderation and urbanity to such an extent as to call it a violent misrepresentation, scurrility, and outrage. Although all the consequences inferred above have been admitted by those who maintained the fundamental doctrines of Calvinism, and their preaching has actually been of this tenor and tendency; and although I am unable to perceive that any violence is offered in drawing these consequences; yet, not believing that Dr. Woods or the orthodox generally use such a mode of address, I would have been justly liable to severe rebuke had I asserted that the conduct of orthodox ministers generally corresponds with the representations I have given. Dr.\nWoods is not subject to the same rebuke because he believes that ministers who hold the opinions contained in the Letters to Trinitarians and Calvinists conduct themselves as he described. I ask him to recall the grounds of that belief.\n\nLetter IX.\nElection. Dr. Channing's statement defended. Charge against Wesley considered. Dr. Woods' reasoning examined. Distinctions between Foreknowledge and Predetermination \u2014 between physical and moral events \u2014 between certainty and necessity. Cases of Paul and Mary Magdalene. Appointment to means and privileges \u2014 not to holiness and salvation. Inconclusive reasoning, and inconsistency.\n\nAnother instance. The doctrine of Election and philosophical necessity are entirely distinct.\n\nI am quite unable to perceive, why, at the beginning of the IXth Chapter, Dr. Woods should refer,\n(continued...)\nWith the sensibility he expresses, to what Dr. Channing had said in relation to the doctrine of election in the sermon, which was the occasion of these discussions. The glowing eloquence and force of language with which he expresses his feelings in regard to the doctrine should give pain to one who believes it to be the truth of the gospel. But it is a very different thing for one to be charged with giving a false account of the doctrine itself. It is nothing more than expressing, in strong terms, his opinion as to the character of the doctrine.\n\nTurning to the passage in the sermon which I presume was referred to, I see not with what propriety it can be said that the orthodox do not maintain the opinions there stated, and that the charges there contained are untrue. The offensive passages are:\n\n\"I have no doubt but that many, who profess the name of Christ, are destined to eternal misery. I have no doubt but that many, who have the form of godliness, but deny the power, will be cast out from the presence of the Lord, and from the glory of his power. I have no doubt but that many, who are now in the church, and who are now in the pulpit, may be found in the lake that burns with fire and brimstone, on that great and terrible day of judgment, when the secrets of all hearts shall be laid open.\"\n\nThese sentiments, it is true, are not in accordance with the general doctrine of the orthodox, who maintain that all those who die in the state of grace shall be saved, and that none who die in a state of sin shall be saved. But it is not the less true that they are the sentiments of many who profess the name of Christ, and who are in good standing in the church. It is not the less true that they are the sentiments of many who occupy the pulpit, and who are esteemed and respected as ministers of the gospel. And it is not the less true that they are the sentiments of many who are now in the church, and who are now in the pews.\n\nIt is not, therefore, a false account of the doctrine itself to state that many who profess the name of Christ, and who are in good standing in the church, hold sentiments which are not in accordance with the general doctrine of the orthodox. It is only an expression of the opinion that such sentiments are not uncommon among professing Christians.\nThis system teaches that God selects a number of men from the corrupt mass to be saved. They are plucked by an irresistible agency from the common ruin, while the rest are commanded under penalty of aggravated woe to make a change in their characters, which their natural corruption places beyond their power. They are also promised pardon on conditions, which necessarily avail them nothing unless they are favored with a special operation of God's grace, which he is determined to withhold.\n\nI ask you to what part of this statement Dr. Woods can object as untrue? Not to that which says, \"that God selects from the corrupt mass of men a number to be saved,\" \u2014 for this is the very essence of the doctrine, that a number, a certain definite one, is chosen for salvation.\nA number is chosen from among mankind; it is certain and definite, unable to be increased or diminished. Those chosen are not \"plucked by an irresistible agency from the common ruin.\" The necessity of regeneration and that it is effected solely by a mighty energy of God, which the sinner can do nothing to procure and the efficacy of which he cannot prevent, is part of the system which no one, pretending to orthodoxy, will question. Is it then, \"that the rest are commanded under penalty of aggravated woe, to make a change in their characters, which their natural corruption places beyond their power?\" But you will surely not deny that all the commands of the gospel to repentance, holiness, newness of life, are addressed to the wicked, i.e., to those who need to repent, to be renewed, and to be made new.\nYou must deny that, according to orthodox principles, these corruptions make it impossible for one to obey the command without influence that they cannot procure. The false charge then consists in claiming that pardon is promised on conditions which avail them nothing unless they are favored with a special operation of God's grace, which He is predetermined to withhold. You must therefore argue either that the conditions of pardon can be met without a special operation of divine grace, or that the sinner can do something to procure this special operation; or that the election to salvation is not so certain that one who is not elected may still possibly have that renovating influence exerted upon him, by which he may be saved.\nOne in twenty are elected; nineteen in twenty are reprobated, according to Wesley. The elect shall be saved, no matter what they do; the reprobate shall be damned, despite their actions. The statement contains a flippant air, but a Calvinist cannot object to it as giving a false view of the doctrine. Woods believes human ingenuity could not create a more uncandid, distorted, or false representation. These strong expressions warrant our attention to the grounds of the charge.\nThe elect will be saved, no matter what they do. Can any elect person do something that cuts them off from salvation? Is God's decree of election not certain? Can the purpose of God in it be frustrated by a creature's will? If an elect person commits all kinds of crimes, even after being regenerated by God's grace, and then relapses into the most wicked course of life, is it not absolutely certain that they will be finally saved? On the other hand, the reprobate will be damned, regardless of what they do. Can any reprobate, according to orthodox principles, do anything to obtain salvation? If they can, then they can frustrate God's purpose in election. They can oblige God to do what He had determined not to do. To say that one not elected to salvation can:\nThe purpose of God is not mutable, and reducing it to a state of contingency, which orthodoxy abhors, is not something anyone can do to obtain eternal life. It cannot be merely the proportion, one in twenty, that gives offense. If the principle in the statement is correct, whether the proportion is one in twenty, one in twenty thousand, or twenty thousand to one, will be of little consequence. However, we have some reason to believe this was actually Dr. Woods' ground of objection to the statement, as he says on page 156, \"it is a manifest error to state the doctrine thus: that the doctrine of election implies that only a small part of mankind are chosen to salvation. Anyone who justifies the representations often made of our doctrine in this respect justifies what may justly be called an error.\"\nBut I am reminded here to ask, if the orthodox really hold the opinions they profess to do, in the common meaning of the terms, as expressed in their creeds and writings, why do they manifest such strong sensibility and complain so loudly when other language is used in reference to them, which expresses no more than what is necessarily implied or clearly follows from the terms they actually use? Can we want better evidence than this - that the language, in which they are expressed, is used in some technical sense and not in its common acceptance? Is it not rendered probable that in the use of the terms native depravity, election, atonement, and divine influence, some technical meaning is concealed, as different from their common meaning, as used in other cases?\nAs applied to the doctrine of the Trinity, what does the term \"person\" mean? According to current knowledge, in this context, the term \"person\" does not signify anything intelligible or definable, as it does in all other cases. If this is true, as the circumstances I mentioned suggest, there may be less real difference of opinion among orthodox theologians than imagined. It may consist more in words and technical phraseology, which has no definite meaning, than in genuine disagreement. I am inclined to believe this to be the case from another fact: Episcopalians generally understand the strong Calvinistic language of their articles in a very different sense than the obvious meaning. Therefore, with articles:\nI proceed now to the elaborate and ingenious defense of the doctrine, and will endeavor to point out to you wherein the defect in the reasoning and the fallacy in the conclusions consist. I observe, in the first place, that the whole reasoning proceeds upon the assumption of the doctrine to be proved; it leads to false conclusions by constantly confounding together terms that have different meanings. I may admit, as is stated (p. 151), that God had an eternal purpose respecting human salvation\u2014that the purpose of God corresponds with what actually takes place. However, God's purposes respecting human salvation do not correspond with his administration.\nI enter my objection when it is added (p. 152) to lay a broader basis for some following conclusions: that there can be no unforeseen occurrence, no event not predetermined. Here terms of very different import are confounded together as if they were synonymous. I admit that no unforeseen occurrence can take place; but does it hence follow that no event not predetermined can take place? That may be foreseen, respecting which there is no predetermination. God may foresee how I will act, without having determined that I shall so act.\n\nThis assumes again one of the important points at issue: that the foreknowledge of an event implies that it is decreed. It also goes on the assumption that the foreknowledge of God is inconsistent with free agency. For, in whatever it is predetermined that the agent shall do, he is not free to act otherwise.\nA being cannot have liberty of choice. He can only choose what is decreed for him. It has not been shown, and I think it cannot be shown, that an omniscient Being may not infallibly know a being's choice in a case where it has perfect liberty of choosing either alternative. The fact is, the simple foreknowledge of God has no influence in producing the event foreknown. It has no relation to the causes, whether physical or moral, by which it is to be produced; but only to the certainty of the event. Our author then proceeds to the assertion (p. 152) that God's purpose extends to all events of his administration. This might be admitted with certain explanations; but to the explanation that follows (p. 153), \"that God determines all his own acts and all that shall result from them.\"\nWe object that this assumes the whole question at issue: whether God predetermines all things that are to take place. It may be admitted without hesitation as to the first part of the sentence, regarding His own acts; but the question is, whether they are or are not predetermined. Regarding the material world and the physical laws by which it is governed, the result of every act of the Deity following by a physical necessity from the act itself may be considered involved in it, and the particular result may be considered predetermined in the act of which it is the result. However, with respect to the whole moral system, we think the case is essentially different. The purpose of God here, we contend, is\nIt is not a purpose that beings endowed with certain moral powers perform specific acts, but that they are exposed to certain influences and the operation of certain motives. Consequences shall follow the choice they freely make and the course they freely pursue. It is not that Peter or Judas shall actually make this choice, pursue this course, and be thus rewarded or punished. Rather, Peter shall have the power of choosing and pursuing this or the opposite course, and according as he shall pursue one or the other, he shall be rewarded or punished. How he will in fact conduct himself in the alternative may be perfectly known to him who has access to the human heart; but the particular result foreknown was not a subject of predetermination.\nThis distinction is clearer and more certainly recognized throughout the Bible than any other. What else is meant in all the commands, entreaties, exhortations, and alternatives proposed to us? What else, when we are so often and constantly told, \"do this and live, do that and die,\" if we are obedient, such will be the consequence, if disobedient, the contrary? What is implied when the sinner is reproached with the choice he made, but that it was in his power to have chosen otherwise? When he is charged with having brought upon himself the ruin that has come upon him, he might have avoided it by a different choice.\nThe text discusses the concept of predestination and the idea that ancient civilizations, such as Sodom, would have repented if they had enjoyed the same advantages as the Jews during the time of Jesus. The author then moves on to the topic of personal election in predestination. According to the author, God saves a specific number of individuals who will appear at the judgment day at His purpose agrees with it. (p. 154)\nWhat he actually does is design to save a definite number of individuals. Again, we must distinguish between God's proper act and that of his creatures. To save men and confer upon them the rewards of a future life is God's act, and the definite number of individuals whom he saves, he undoubtedly designed to save. However, the conduct of moral beings by which they become the proper subjects of this salvation is not his act, nor predetermined by him. It is the object of his foreknowledge, and upon that foreknowledge is grounded his determination respecting their salvation. But this foreknowledge has no influence in producing the course of conduct thus foreknown. Their salvation is to be attributed not to an arbitrary purpose and appointment of the Deity, but to their own free acts.\nIt is correctly said, if we first learn from scripture and observation what God actually does and in what manner, we can have no difficulty in passing to a correct and satisfactory view of his purposes. Yet we are in great danger of passing to a wrong conclusion, from not distinguishing correctly, what are the proper acts of God, and what are the acts of his creatures. In proceeding, I shall show how this is actually done by the orthodox, by attributing to God those actions of men upon which their salvation depends. For our author proceeds to say, \"that salvation may denote the regeneration, or first conversion of sinners\"; and this is wholly the act of God. Man has no choice and no agency in it. \"Whenever God makes men holy, he must do it without regard to any good-works.\"\nThe first formation of a holy character, or the commencement of real goodness in the heart, is wholly unconditional. It seems perfectly clear that God did not determine to regenerate men or make them holy from any foresight of repentance, faith, or good works, as conditions or causes moving him thereunto. This unconditional grant of regenerating grace is distinguishing, i.e., it is dispensed in such a manner that of those equally unworthy of favor and equally deserving of punishment, some are renewed, and others not.\n\nAfter this account of God's purpose in election and the manner in which that purpose is executed, we are not a little struck with the defense of its justice. It is justified upon the ground that no wrong is done to those who are passed by, though others equally undeserving are renewed.\nGuilty and undeserving are taken from among them, and by special grace are made holy and saved, while they are left to remain in sin and perish. There might be some weight in this defense upon some other hypothesis, as to the ground of their guilt and ill desert. But none upon the orthodox hypothesis. It might be urged with a semblance of justice, were the sinfulness in question their own act and not the act of God; their condition, one into which they had brought themselves; and not one in which they were placed by their Maker; and were the common grace granted to all sufficient to render it possible for them to become holy and thus be saved. But the reverse of all this, the orthodox faith teaches. They are, as they came from the hand of the Creator, totally depraved, inclined only to evil, and incapable of holiness.\nAny good thing lasts until renewed by the irresistible influence of God, and that influence is withheld from them. Besides this, their everlasting doom was appointed irreversibly before they were brought into being. For the purpose of God extends to all events in his administration. It extends then to the continued sinfulness and final loss of those who perish, in the same sense, as it does to the renewal to holiness and final salvation of those who are saved. If God makes men holy in such a manner that the act is wholly his, it must be wholly his act that they are left in a state of unholiness; and if it is perfectly clear that \"God did not determine to regenerate men or make them holy from any foresight of repentance and good works, it must be equally certain that he did not appoint the unregenerate to perish.\nOur author could not deny the charge against the orthodox system that God appoints men to everlasting misery without regard to their conduct, as he had said, \"it is as far from our belief as Atheism.\" The inconsistency of asserting in one sentence that they are ordained to wrath for their sins and, in another, that the elect are chosen without any foresight of faith or good works as conditions or causes moving to the choice, and that no others but the elect are redeemed, sanctified, and saved, is not less real or less obvious because stated by the Westminster divines.\n\nBut the justice of making an arbitrary distinction between the elect and the rest is not the less significant for having been expressed.\nThe idea that God would act unjustly in equal circumstances is refuted on another ground. It is stated (p. 159), \"If it be unjust, it cannot be admitted that God would do it in a single instance. But it has been made in some extraordinary instances, as in that of Paul and Mary Magdalene.\" However, these instances are not relevant. We have no evidence that either of them was converted from sin to holiness through an irresistible and irrepressible influence. Paul was converted to the Christian faith through a miracle, but not to the Christian character. He may or may not have still remained a wicked man. His not remaining so was to be attributed to the moral influences of Christianity upon his life, not to an irresistible influence of God upon his heart. Despite all that was miraculous in his conversion.\nBut for the moral influence of the gospel on his heart, he might have been found among those, who, in the great day, could make the appeal, \"Lord, have we not prophesied in thy name, and cast out demons, and done wonderful works?\" \u2014 but to whom it will yet be said, \"I know you not; depart from me, ye workers of iniquity.\" In the latter case, still less reason is there to imagine any distinguishing grace in a conversion from sin to holiness. Mary Magdalene had been the subject of a distinguished miracle, and became afterward a pious and faithful follower of Jesus, and persevered in her fidelity to the end. But we have no intimation that the miracle was the direct and immediate cause of her subsequent piety, much less that it was accompanied with an irresistible influence upon her mind. The probability is low.\nIt was the occasion of her future good life, as she was brought to the knowledge of the Saviour and attended his instruction. She might have done so, as many others did, without receiving from it the impression, influences, and direction of conduct that she did. In my Letters, I had stated (p. 64, 66), \"God has exercised an absolute sovereignty in the appointment of men to privileges, means, and external conditions.\" Dr. Woods believes this is attended with formidable difficulties, as great as orthodox doctrine, because the whole value of these consists in their influence on character. The design of superior advantages is to give opportunity for higher attainments than could be reached with those that were inferior. If privileges are granted to some in distinction from others, which are designed to:\nThe answer is clear and decisive: the difference is the greatest possible. One is entirely consistent, the other utterly inconsistent with moral accountability. Our difficulty would be insurmountable if privileges and means produced their effects by an irresistible influence and attained their object by a necessary tendency. But according to our system (and it is certainly supported by all our experience and observation), holiness, and final salvation, cannot be attained without them.\nThe result is not exclusively the result of any particular privileges and means; it depends wholly on the use and improvement of means. It is not the number of talents, whether one, or ten, or ten thousand, but the degree of fidelity with which they have been employed. Higher privileges give opportunity for higher attainments; at the same time, they involve higher duties and increase responsibility. He who possesses them may rise higher or sink lower, in consequence of the distinction, according to how he improves or neglects his advantages. On the other hand, the lowest grade of moral advantage does not place its possessor below the notice of his Maker, nor beyond the reach of his mercy, and the possibility of attaining that holiness which is connected with salvation. The Christian, in an enlightened country and age, has\nBut the ignorant and degraded savage in a pagan country, though he may not enjoy the advantages, religious and moral, that distinguish the Christian, has no reasonable ground for complaint. His acceptance or rejection by his Maker and final Judge will not be based on his positive attainments, but on the degree of fidelity with which he has improved his opportunities. He will be judged by the rule of equity, according to which \"much is required of him who has received much,\" and less of him who has received little. Connected with this principle, upon which the final judgment is to proceed, the moral difficulty, we think, arises from the variety in the allotment of privileges, means, and external conditions, however arbitrary it may be.\nIf not completely removed, it bears no resemblance and no proportion to that which arises from the orthodox doctrine, that of an absolute and unconditional appointment, not to means by which holiness and happiness may or may not be attained, but to holiness itself and consequent salvation, on the one hand, and, on the other, to having it withheld, and the impossibility of attaining that salvation for which it is the qualification and condition. Dr. Woods seems wholly to overlook the real efficacy of privileges and means and not to distinguish them from the ends, to produce which they have a tendency. His argument proceeds upon the assumption, which is contradicted by all experience, that the actual attainments of men are exactly, as their privileges and means; that men are holy in proportion to their advantages.\nbecoming holy ; that every person living in a \nchristian land, and enjoying the light and institu- \ntions of the gospel, has of course the christian \ncharacter ; and that he, who has not those external \nadvantages, cannot possibly have true holiness, and \nis cut off from the possibility of securing the favor \nof heaven. He indeed surprises us with the asser- \ntion, (p. 166) \" that the previous determination to \ngive men the christian revelation is, in effect, a \ndetermination to make them holy.\" Also, u that \nthe truths and precepts, and promises of scripture \nare the only medicines which can cure the moral \ndiseases of men so that, \" to withhold the scrip- \ntures is to leave men to the fatal influence of those \nmoral diseases, thus rendered incurable\" In these \nsentences, our author has distinctly expressed, what \nthe whole of his argument required, that all who \nThose who have the light of the gospel are made holy and saved, while those from whom its light is withheld must remain in sin and perish. One who receives the orthodox doctrine of election need not feel reluctance about this, as it is no more difficult to determine which division of the human race is made by the circumstance of enjoying or not enjoying the light of the gospel than any other. However, this opinion, though expressed so distinctly in the quoted sentences, seems to be held with some doubt and reservation. For in the preceding sentence, a limitation is expressed in each case, which is later applied universally. It is first said that revelation contributes effectively to the salvation of many.\nThe formation of a holy character implies, contrary to what the next sentence asserts, that it may not be effective in all cases. Withholding the sacred oracles and other means of religion leaves men without any reasonable prospect of being brought to repentance; not cutting off, as the next sentence does, its possibility, and harshly pronouncing the moral diseases under the influence of which they are left by this dereliction, absolutely fatal and incurable. The occurrence of two such striking instances of inconsistency within four short sentences in a writer usually so guarded and careful is a remarkable example of the vacillation of mind produced by the conflicting struggles of sound sense and correct moral feelings with an article of faith, with which they are at variance.\nAn instance occurs on page 167 where an attempt is made to find inconsistency in the author of Letters to Trinitarians and Calvinists. They admit God's absolute sovereignty in granting privileges and means, but deny the same sovereignty in appointing men to holiness and fixing their final condition. The argument is that means are given for the purpose of producing an effect on character, and character determines condition in the future world. The connected series stands as follows: means (moral culture, formation of character), condition in the future world (determined by character), character (formed by enjoyment of means). Enjoyment of means is confessedly dependent on\nThe sentence \"absolute sovereignty of God\" appears logical and imposing at first sight. However, a reader who recalls enough logic to know that a particular and even a general proposition is not broad enough to support a universal conclusion will demur at the reasoning and require proof that character is always in fact exactly answerable to means; that men are actually holy in proportion to the means they have for being holy; and that there is no difference in the fidelity with which they use the means they enjoy. When Dr. Woods returns to this point, which he seems to have overlooked, he will be able to answer the question he asks.\nWith so much apparent surprise, why I object to the notion of the \"appointment of God\" relating either to men's character or their future condition, while I admit that it relates to privileges and means.\n\nThe objection which lies against a large proportion of the reasoning in the chapter under consideration is, that it confounds the doctrine of particular election with that of philosophical necessity, as if they must stand or fall together; whereas no two opinions are more entirely distinct and independent of each other. Philosophical necessity is common to the Calvinism of Edwards, the Unitarianism of Priestley, the Scepticism of Hume, and the Atheism (if it may be properly so denoted) of Hobbes and of Godwin. I have chosen to state my objection to the orthodox doctrine of election and to defend that objection upon the ground of\nmoral freedom, as distinguished from philosophical necessity, because I believe it to be the truth, notwithstanding the metaphysical objection that lies against it. I think this objection is of less force than the moral objection to the opposite scheme. Whether I have succeeded or not in this point, the question of particular personal election is not affected. The doctrine of philosophical necessity may be true, and yet that of personal election, as maintained by the orthodox, be without foundation. I am not insensible that the doctrine of moral freedom, as opposed to philosophical necessity, is attended with a metaphysical difficulty. This difficulty, which I do not expect to remove to the entire satisfaction of those whose minds are turned more to metaphysical than to moral speculations; and as my controversy with them is mainly on this point, I shall endeavor to explain and defend the doctrine of moral freedom, as I understand it.\nDr. Woods relates to the Calvinistic doctrine of election and has no necessary connection with that of philosophical necessity. My design in this pamphlet does not require me to say anything more than what you find in Letter VII and the preceding part, on the subject. I refer you to these for the answers I would give to a large proportion of the reasoning in this chapter. I will not unnecessarily swell this pamphlet by repeating the arguments used there. I trust there are few, if any, of my readers who can have so wholly misunderstood the force and design of the passages in my Letters.\nI. Dr. Woods noted that our opponents' position amounts to this: God's determination that men should act from motives hinders them from doing so, and His making them moral, accountable agents makes it impossible for them to be so. We have been inclined to think that God's determination, if it has any influence, must tend to accomplish the thing determined, not prevent it.\nThe text is already clean and readable. No need for any cleaning.\n\n\"certainly accomplishes the thing determined. I presume that no reader, except Dr. Woods, has failed to perceive that the whole of our reasoning is founded upon the supposition of the certain connection between the determination of God and the event; that his purpose cannot be frustrated, his decree cannot fail. The question between us relates to the fact, whether certain things are subjects of the divine decree, not whether, being decreed, they will or will not take place. Now my reasons for saying that the orthodox doctrine of election is inconsistent with all those passages of scripture which imply the influence of motives are as follows:\n\nWhen it is said that to address motives of conduct to a person implies that he is capable of acting according to reason, or that he has a will, it follows that he is not a mere machine, but an intelligent being, endowed with the power of choice. But if this be granted, it is inconsistent with the doctrine of election, which asserts that God not only foreknows, but decrees the actions of men, and that the decree is the efficient cause of those actions. For if God decrees that a man shall do a certain thing, it is impossible that he should do otherwise; and if he cannot do otherwise, he is not a free agent, but a mere automaton, and therefore not capable of having motives addressed to him.\n\nAgain, it is said in Scripture, that God is entreated to change his purpose, or to repent; as in Exodus xii. 13, 'And the blood shall be to you for a token upon the houses where ye are: and when I see the blood, I will pass over you, and the plague shall not be upon you to destroy you, when I smite the land of Egypt.' Here it is plainly implied, that the purpose of God is not inflexible, but may be changed by the intercession of his people. And in Jeremiah xviii. 7, 8, it is said, 'And I will make this city a curse, and an harassment, and a reproach; and all the nations of the earth shall say, Why hath the Lord done thus unto this great city? And they shall answer, Because they have forsaken the covenant of the Lord their God, and have worshipped other gods, and have served them.' Here it is plainly implied, that the destruction of Jerusalem was not decreed from all eternity, but was the consequence of the sins of the people. And in the New Testament, it is said, that God is entreated to forgive sins, as in Luke v. 20, 'And the Pharisees and scribes began to reason, saying, Who is this which speaketh blasphemies? Who is this, which saith, I will forgive their sins?' And in Luke xv. 21, 'And the son said to him, Father, I have sinned against heaven, and in thy sight, and am no more worthy to be called thy son.' Here it is plainly implied, that the forgiveness of sins is not decreed from all eternity, but is the consequence of repentance.\n\nThese and similar passages, which imply the influence of motives, are inconsistent with the doctrine of election, which asserts that the decrees of God are inflexible, and that the actions of men are the necessary consequences of those decrees. And it is a matter of fact, that the orthodox divines, who maintain the doctrine of election, have been obliged to invent various subterfuges, in order to reconcile it with the passages which imply the influence of motives. Some have maintained, that the decrees of God are conditional, and that God decrees to save or damn men, according to their merits; but this is inconsistent with the doctrine of election, which asserts that God decrees to save or damn men, without regard to their merits. Others have maintained, that the decrees of God are hypothetical, and that God decrees to save or damn men, supposing them to act according to their inclinations; but this is also inconsistent with the doctrine of election, which asserts that God decrees to save or damn men, independently of their inclinations. Others have maintained, that the decrees of God are secret, and that God decrees to save or damn men, without any manifestation of his will; but this is inconsistent with the doctrine of election, which asserts that God decrees to save or damn men, in such a manner as that it is manifested to the elect, and not\nMen are influenced by motives to act, as they have the power to choose which motive will govern their conduct. They can choose between following passion, reason, or the word of God. However, according to orthodox doctrine, men do not act freely as the particular motive governing each action is a matter of absolute and irreversible appointment. Therefore, no motive can influence a sinner's conduct except the one determined from eternity. I ask then, whether\nGod's determination that the sinner shall act from a particular motive does not prevent him from acting from all other motives. It does not make it impossible for him to be influenced by any other motives, and it does not make it inconsistent with sincerity in the author of his being to urge other motives upon him, to press him with inducements to holiness, which he has determined shall not prevail; to complain that they do not prevail, and to solicit him by promises, threatenings, warnings, admonitions, exhortations, and entreaties, to do that which he had determined from the first he never should do; to do that which he had no ability to do without a mighty influence from himself? Nor am I able to perceive how the instances of Pharaoh and the murderers of our Lord (p. 172) relate to this discussion.\nIf the actions of those men, as repeatedly asserted on this and the following page, were free and voluntary; if they acted as free moral agents; if they were capable of being influenced by motives in such a manner that promises, threats, and warnings were proper and useful, as Dr. Woods asserts, then their actions were predetermined in no other sense than any Unitarian willingly admits. That God has purposes to accomplish, that he employs human agents in accomplishing them, that he employs the sinful actions of wicked men in effecting the most important ends in his moral government, is a part of the Unitarian faith. The treachery of Judas and the malice of the Jewish priests were employed in bringing about the crucifixion of our Lord, and thus accomplishing what the counsel of the Lord had decreed.\nBefore it was determined to be done, in all similar cases, we say, God did not predestine these men to the wickedness of heart and character which led to this act. But he determined to employ that wickedness, in which they were free and voluntary agents, in accomplishing his purpose. This, as far as I can see, and nothing more, must be the meaning of Dr. Woods. He speaks of them as voluntary and free. A man imprisoned and in chains is not free. He has no freedom of choice with respect to leaving the prison or remaining. Yet his act of remaining may be perfectly voluntary; that is, he may remain willing.\nA man may act voluntarily, though not freely, if he cannot act freely under moral necessity. The sinner acts voluntarily, but not freely, if the orthodox doctrines of depravity and election are true. In the present case, there can be no reference to physical freedom or necessity. The subject relates only to moral action. The meaning must be that they act with moral freedom, if the meaning is consistent with what the words properly express. Moral freedom of an action consists in its being performed by one who had the power of choosing the action or not. If he had the power only of choosing the action, but not the power to choose whether to act at all, his action would still be voluntary, but not free.\nHe did not refuse it; he acted from moral necessity. If he had the power to choose or not choose, he acted with moral freedom. It is asserted again that they were free moral agents. The very use of this phrase shows that there was in Dr. Woods' mind the distinction I have made. There is a distinction between a free moral agent and a necessary moral agent. Else why does he add the term free? And it is observable that his assertion is, that the murderers of our Lord were free moral agents. There was then no such absolute predetermination of their actions and volitions as to render them morally necessary; but they were performed with moral freedom.\n\nBut the whole of this receives strong confirmation by the decisive expressions which follow. It is asserted, \"they were capable of being influenced.\"\nA man is capable of being influenced by motives in such a manner that promises, threats, learnings, and so on are proper and useful. When we say a man is capable of being influenced by motives, as I have observed before, we mean he is capable of judging and choosing between the motives on both sides that relate to a particular action, a course of life, or actions in general. We cannot admit, as Dr. Woods may not misunderstand me, that there can be any such thing as a necessary moral agent. Moral agency implies freedom, as it implies that the being of whom it is predicated is accountable for his actions, and he can only be accountable for his actions who is free. A man is capable of being influenced by motives, who is absolutely bound by necessity or a previous decree to be governed by the motives on one side, however, is not capable of moral agency.\nHe acts under the influence of motives voluntarily, but not freely, as he is not capable of being influenced by any other motives in opposition, no matter how high and strong, clearly stated, and tenderly urged. It is further said that he is capable of being influenced in such a manner that promises, threats, warnings, and so on are proper and useful. However, promises and the like are proper to be urged only upon those who are capable of being influenced by the motive thus offered, and they can be useful only to such. It is certainly something more than absurd, it is mockery, to urge upon sinners all the motives to holiness that consist in promises, threats, exhortations, and warnings, who, having an absolute and entire incapability for being influenced by such motives.\nThe one in control has determined that no motives other than those leading to sin shall prevail. Those sinful actions of wicked men, performed in pursuance of a decree or necessity, though voluntary in their execution, are not free and therefore not morally accountable. They incur no just blame and are not deserving of punishment. I find it unnecessary to go into detail about the reasoning in the remainder of this chapter. The single remark that invalidates its entire force is:\n\n(No remark provided in the input text)\nDr. Woods proceeds throughout with the idea that the orthodox doctrine of election is identical to that of philosophical necessity. All his conclusions, as I have previously demonstrated, hinge upon this being the case. It all depends on the fact that it is through the influence of promises, exhortations, warnings, and other religious means that men are made holy. However, if the doctrines of total depravity and personal election are true, the means of religion can produce no such effects. Whatever means are employed, they can produce no effect. No pleas, no warnings, no hopes or fears addressed to sinners can have the slightest tendency to renew and sanctify them. Nothing but that mighty influence, which is imparted to the elect, and to them alone, can produce holiness. In those to whom it is imparted, it cannot fail.\nThe hopes and fears, exhortations and warnings of religion can have no influence on the non-elect. The elect will be regenerated, made holy, and saved by that mighty influence, which is independent of all human efforts and external means. I will leave it without further remark regarding the argument to be drawn from several scripture passages. By comparing the explanations of those passages given in my former Letters with what is urged by Dr. Woods here, you will be able to judge whether they furnish satisfactory proof that the orthodox doctrine of election is a doctrine of scripture, or whether the few scripture passages relied upon in the argument admit of a fair interpretation.\nI have one word more to say regarding the moral argument on the discussed question. The author of the Reply has confined himself chiefly to metaphysical reasoning. The fallacy of his reasoning, I believe, I have shown with sufficient clarity. The moral considerations, which seem to me to be of irresistible force in opposition to the doctrine, are very obvious. They suggest themselves immediately upon the statement of the doctrine itself.\n\nGod is represented by this doctrine as bringing man into existence without his consent, and subjecting him to a moral government, to which he is accountable for his actions. If this be the case, it is difficult to conceive why He should be entitled to the obedience and allegiance of His creature, or why He should be considered as a moral Governor at all. The idea of moral government implies a voluntary subjection on the part of the governed, and a corresponding obligation on the part of the Governor to govern justly and benevolently. But if man is brought into existence without his consent, and is subjected to the divine will, without having had any voice in the matter, it is not clear why he should be bound to obey, or why he should not resist, if he finds the government intolerable.\n\nFurthermore, if God is the author of evil, as the Calvinistic doctrine asserts, it is difficult to see how He can be a moral Governor. For the existence of evil is incompatible with the idea of moral government. Evil implies the absence of good, and the absence of good implies the absence of moral government. Therefore, if God is the author of evil, He cannot be a moral Governor.\n\nThese considerations, I submit, are of great weight against the Calvinistic doctrine, and they cannot be easily answered or evaded. They are based upon the plainest principles of morality and common sense, and they are not dependent upon any metaphysical subtleties or abstruse reasoning. They are, in fact, the very considerations which occur to every reflecting mind, as soon as it is brought face to face with the Calvinistic doctrine.\n\nTherefore, I conclude that the moral argument, which I have endeavored to present, is a valid and cogent objection to the Calvinistic doctrine, and that it is one which cannot be lightly dismissed or ignored. It is an argument which appeals to the common sense and the moral feelings of mankind, and it is an argument which cannot be refuted by any mere metaphysical reasoning or verbal quibbling. It is an argument which goes to the very heart of the matter, and which strikes at the very root of the Calvinistic system.\nAll descendants of Adam, on account of his sin, have a totally corrupt nature, inclined only to evil, with dispositions and affections wholly wrong, hating him who made them, his laws, and everything good. It is declared that men are by nature wholly incapable of any morally good thing until their nature is changed. This change can be effected only by the direct and immediate influence of the spirit of God. The sinner can do nothing that would be a reason for God to grant this influence. On the contrary, it is granted in a perfectly arbitrary manner. It is granted only to those who were elected from eternity, without any reason but the will of God, for distinguishing them from others, all of whom were equally undeserving. This election extends to a certain definite portion of mankind.\nall the rest, no more undeserving than they, and no more sinful, were passed by and left to hopeless, remediless, everlasting ruin. I believe that no part of this statement will be objected to as giving an unfair or distorted view of the orthodox faith. However, we find it not easy to bring our moral feelings to acquiesce in the doctrine as presented. Something more is required than a few detached texts so interpreted to express a meaning irreconcileable with the general import and uniform tenor of the scripts; fortified by a metaphysical argument of a very subtle and abstruse nature, the force of which has always been a subject of controversy, with no necessary connection to the doctrine of religion.\nUpon the doctrine of the atonement, I wish to call your attention to a few remarks, suggested by some exceptions to my statement and defense of my opinions on this subject in my former Letters. To what is said (pp. 199, 200) respecting the judgment to be drawn from the analogy of God's government in the present world, as to the efficacy of repentance, the short and satisfactory reply is, this analogy, had we no other knowledge on the subject, would certainly leave us, as it always has left men, unenlightened by divine revelation.\nSome doubt existed on the subject, leaving us uncertain whether repentance would be accepted alone or some expiation required. That uncertainty and doubt, I have shown, has been removed by revelation, teaching us what reason and our experience of the present operation of the divine government could not - that if the wicked will turn from his wickedness, he shall live; pardon is sure to the sincerely penitent.\n\nAs for the analogy of civil government, there are circumstances of difference in the case, extremely obvious, which are sufficient to invalidate all conclusions drawn by reasoning from one to the other. When we are asked (p. 200), whether human government \"holds out to criminals the prospect of pardon, in case they repent, and what would be the consequence of their doing it,\" is uncertain.\nSufficient to say, the reasons why they do not [pardon] are such, as do not apply at all to the divine government. It is wholly from the imbecility and imperfection of human government that it is obliged to inflict the punishment, which has been incurred by guilt, upon him, who, sincerely penitent, has returned to virtue and obedience. At human tribunals, from which the dispositions and purposes of the heart are concealed, where there is no infallible judge to determine when repentance is sincere and reformation unfeigned and effectual, it may be impossible to avoid the fatal consequences that would follow from admitting the principle of allowing repentance to expiate guilt. But at the tribunal of Him, whose knowledge is perfect, and who can see the whole of the case, there can be no such danger; and what more dreadful consequences still would ensue.\nWhen it is asked, \"If the attributes of God demand that the punishment not outlive the crime, on what ground are the dispensations of the present life justified?\" (p. 200), the reply is grounded on the obvious distinction between the final retributions of the future life, which are those in question, and the dispensations of the present, which make part of a state of discipline and trial, upon which the final retributions are to be grounded. It may be very reasonable that a course of vice should continue to follow a man in this life and make a part of the trial of his virtue.\nHe has sincerely repented and fully corrected the habit. When a principle of the divine administration would not be reasonable or just, it should not pursue him with those consequences into a state of final and eternal retribution.\n\nRegarding the objection (p. 202) to my sense of redemption and sacrifice, I believe it is sufficient to refer you to the Letter in which it is contained. You will then judge whether, as I had clearly shown that the term redemption was used in the two most important cases of deliverance, to which it was applied in the Old Testament, in a certain sense; it is not consistent with sound principles of interpretation to suppose that it was meant to be applied in a similar sense in the New. And whether, as the most orthodox will not admit, the term sacrifice, as applied to Christ, is to be understood in a different sense.\nIn its literal sense, the account I have given of its use and meaning should not be unsatisfactory, and the reasons I have assigned should be sufficient to show that it is used in the sense I have given. I am also willing to rest the third objection, which relates to the mode of interpretation of several scripture passages, on the exposition of those texts in my Letter. I remind you that unitarians give a distinct and intelligible meaning to those texts, while orthodox deny that meaning to be the true one. They affirm that \"those texts teach the doctrine of the atonement as it is commonly held,\" and they assert it in language as plain, express, and emphatic as any that can be imagined. Yet they have not told us, despite being called upon to do so, what this doctrine is.\nThe doctrine is that they explicitly assert and clearly teach. Dr. Woods complains (p. 204) that unitarians put a forced construction on scripture, and there is no likeness between those passages of scripture which relate to the work of redemption and the unitarian doctrine, as expressed in my Letters. He has been careful to guard against the possibility of the charge being retorted by putting it out of our power to institute the comparison for the purpose, as he has not given us in the present or former publication any distinct statement of that doctrine.\n\nWith what reason, I ask, can it be said, as the fourth objection states, that the unitarian scheme takes away the difference which the scripture uniformly makes between the sufferings of Christ and of his apostles? Will it follow, because we deny the doctrine of the Trinity, that the unitarian scheme makes no distinction between the sufferings of Christ and those of his apostles?\nThe sufferings of Christ were properly vicarious, meaning they were of no more importance than those of subordinate agents in accomplishing the purposes of his mission? We certainly attribute value, importance, and efficacy to the sufferings and death, as well as every part of the life and character of the Savior, which we allow to none other. Instead of believing, as Dr. Woods seems to intimate (p. 204), that excepting this vicarious suffering, we are at least as much indebted to Paul as to Jesus Christ; we regard the distinction between them as of the utmost importance. Is it no distinction, that one is the Lord and master, the other the servant? That Jesus was the direct and immediate messenger of God to men, to reveal to us his will and his purposes, while Paul was only the ambassador of Jesus, to represent him?\ndeclare to us the doctrine, in which he was instructed? Is there nothing in the number and splendor of Jesus' miracles to distinguish them from those by which Paul and the other apostles confirmed their authority, derived from Jesus as their master and head? Jesus taught as one having authority\u2014an authority derived immediately from the Father; Paul, Peter, James, and John, as those who derived their authority and received their doctrine from Jesus. As to the comparative moral influence of the two systems, it must be judged by other marks than those which Dr. Woods has mentioned, and from these marks you will probably doubt whether his conclusions are correct. Is it \"that scheme of\"\nThe highest form of atonement is one that provides the clearest understanding of sin's evil nature and God's displeasure towards it, or the one that is most justified, rational, and scriptural in its ability to lead men to repentance. Which system would have the greatest power to inspire men to repentance: one that aggravates the guilt of every sin to the point where there are no degrees of wickedness or proportions between sinners, condemning all to equal degrees of ill desert and divine wrath? Or one that allows for different degrees of guilt? (p. 207) Can it be supposed that sinners are more likely to be brought to repentance by the thought that an innocent being suffered for their sins, rather than the belief that repentance is the only means to secure pardon and that repentance itself?\nOnly is it required by a merciful God? Can it be thought that the \"evil of sin and the abhorrence with which God regards it are better displayed by the punishment of the innocent instead of the guilty, than by granting pardon to the guilty upon their repentance? Nor can I perceive how, by the doctrine of atonement (p. 208), a more glorious display was made of the divine love. Was there more love manifested in requiring the punishment of sin, than in freely remitting it to the penitent? In refusing to forgive the penitent till an innocent person had voluntarily taken the punishment in his stead, than in accepting penitence and future good conduct as a reason for freely forgiving the past? Is it a less display of the love of God to men, if he effected our salvation by Jesus Christ by making us partakers of his sufferings, than if he had granted us pardon without the need of a sacrifice?\nSubjects enjoyed favor from him through his entire ministry on earth more if he achieved the same effect by inflicting upon him all the punishment sinners deserved? In p. 214, a fair statement is not provided regarding my reasoning. I would not mention it, as it is insignificant in itself. However, every instance of this kind that the reader fails to detect impairs his confidence in the writer's reasoning and, in turn, affects the cause he supports. I am portrayed as reasoning as follows: \"The scriptures in many places speak of God as merciful and ready to forgive the penitent without explicitly referring to any atonement. Therefore, forgiveness rests solely on the mercy of God and the repentance of sinners, and the atonement has no role in it, except as it may be conducive to repentance.\"\nSuch a conclusion would be unwarranted by the premises, too large for them to support. But the fact is, the representation is not correct. You find no such reasoning as is stated, and nothing that a reader of common understanding and tolerable attention could be supposed to misinterpret, as to believe it meant, what is attributed to it. I request you, however, to examine the passage referred to; where you will find that my argument was directed against this assertion of Dr. Woods in his Letters to Unitarians, that \"God has told us, that we must rely upon the atoning blood of his son as the sole ground of forgiveness.\" I challenged Dr. Woods to inform us where God has told us this. But he has not done it. I then proceeded, not to state generally, as I am represented to have done, \"that the scriptures, in general, do not teach this.\"\nMany places refer the forgiveness of sin solely to the mercy of God, specifically by Isaiah, David, John the Baptist, our Saviour, and Peter, in quoted texts. These quotations make no such argument against the atoning blood of Christ being the sole ground of forgiveness. No inference is drawn from the sacred writers' language, and the reader is left to draw his own conclusions. The reasoning is not mine but Dr. Woods'. Therefore, judge where the ridicule ought to fall when he demonstrates its absurdity through analogous cases.\n\nLetter XL.\nI. Divine Influence. Love to Christ. Inconclusive reasoning. What is due from the Orthodox and Unitarians to each other. In the concluding Chapter of Dr. Woods' Reply, I find little occasion for any further remarks. Regarding the doctrine of divine influence, I would only recall your attention to the point at issue between us. It is more necessary, as it is not kept sufficiently in view by Dr. Woods in his Reply. I had stated it very explicitly in the 5th Letter of my former publication [1] and the correctness of that statement is not called in question. But if, as is virtually admitted, the statement there made is correct, if the orthodox doctrine of divine influence is \u2014 that it is confined to the elect \u2014 granted to them in a perfectly arbitrary manner \u2014 that its effects take place, without any agency or cooperation \u2014\nI ask, with what propriety can it be said that the divine influence effectively directs and regulates the liberty and activity of those who are saved, and induces them to use their voluntary and moral powers in a right manner? I ask what is the liberty of a being who is impelled by an irresistible influence which he can neither assist nor prevent, and what is his activity, who is under an influence which produces its effects without any agency or cooperation from him, and in which he is wholly passive? I ask also how he can be said to use his voluntary and moral powers in this state.\nTo be induced to use one's voluntary and moral powers when impelled by an influence that produces its effects without agency or cooperation on the part of the agent? And with what propriety can the use of moral powers be spoken of where the agent is declared to be wholly passive? I think it unnecessary to follow Dr. Woods further on this subject. By recurring to the discussion of the subject in my former letters, you will be able to perceive how the argument stands, and whether anything said in reply supports that special divine influence unique to Calvinism, about which there is controversy.\nThe only point of controversy is changing the nature of him who is the subject, and with respect to the several other topics filling the remaining pages of the Reply, I am satisfied with referring you to the corresponding passages in my last letter. You will perceive without difficulty the fallacy that runs through the reasoning on page 221. If our love to Christ depends on the nature and value of the benefits we receive from him, will it follow, as Dr. Woods intimates, that we may owe no higher love to God than to a perfect man? Will Dr. Woods say that we can receive the same benefits from any man or any finite being as from God? That we can be as dependent on him? It will also follow, as is further asserted, that the mother of Jesus and departed saints are as dependent on God.\nHave we directed our highest religious affections towards proper objects, such as the Savior? Have we received the same benefits from them? Are they the messengers and instruments of God, bestowing upon us great and important blessings? Additionally, other terms, such as confidence, veneration, and worship, are introduced with different meanings. You may find it unclear that a dependent, finite being is entitled to our worship, supreme religious worship, because it is the instrument of God in conferring upon us blessings that entitle it to a high degree of love, gratitude, and veneration. Nor can we put the same trust in a being whose power of protecting us is not infinite.\nus. Our love for the Savior depends on the benefits we receive from him rather than his rank in being, according to Dr. Woods' reasoning. I have a few remarks regarding the conduct due from Unitarians and Trinitarians towards each other. I agree with some of the sentiments expressed, but Dr. Woods cannot fail to perceive the inconsistency between them and others he holds.\nI. Two great Christian bodies, each professing the same faith from the same books, sincerely believing their doctrines are taught therein, cannot deny the Christian name to each other, withhold communion, and consider one another as idolaters, enemies of truth, and deniers of the Lord, while maintaining uninterrupted civil, social, and literary intercourse, kindness, and benevolence.\n\nWe have seen for a few years, and see more and more distinctly, the effects of an approach to the state which Dr. Woods seems to contemplate with complacency.\nUnitarian regret and grief but no alarm or anxiety over separation and alienation. They have no fears or doubts regarding final result. Faithful and uniform in efforts to avert it. Ready to meet exigence, but still endeavor to prevent schism, unworthy and causeless, detrimental to religion of Christ. Not insensible to difference of opinion on important Christian doctrines.\nTrine is great. We think it is as great and of as much practical moment as the writer of the Reply does; but we do not believe it justifies such a separation, as he has openly advocated and strenuously attempted by some - we are willing to believe them honest, but certainly very violent and indiscreet orthodox divines. We believe there is still a foundation of Christian faith, which we hold in common, broad enough for all honest men who have any considerable portion of the Christian spirit, to stand together in peace, to worship together, and to hold fellowship in all the ordinances of the gospel. For we believe the proper grounds of this fellowship consist, not in articles of speculative belief only, or chiefly, but in the temper, spirit, and life of the gospel. This we are confident is the sentiment.\nThe feelings of orthodox Christians, as well as unitarians, regard the importance of their particular views on distinguishing doctrines as secondary. They allow the Christian name and extend Christian fellowship to those who profess the common faith and manifest sincerity in it through the spirit of the gospel in their lives. Dr. Woods' sentiment, clear enough to be understood, is that trinitarians are considered idolaters by unitarians, and the faith they profess is regarded by trinitarians as another gospel, making it inconsistent with their allegiance to Christ to have fellowship with them in the specifics of their faith and worship.\nUnitarians may believe that rendering supreme religious worship to Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit as a person distinct from the Father is idolatry. Yet, they may not accuse trinitarians of idolatry for doing so because they have no doubt and a pure conscience that it is what their Christian faith requires. Unitarians think that what is idolatrous worship in abstract terms is not so to them, as they believe it to be what the gospel prescribes. On the other hand, we cannot imagine what part of the Unitarian worship is offensive to a trinitarian, or that it is possible for a trinitarian to think it inconsistent with their allegiance to Christ to unite in worship.\nThe text does not need to be cleaned as it is already perfectly readable and contains no meaningless or unreadable content. The text is written in modern English and does not contain any ancient languages or OCR errors. Therefore, no cleaning is necessary.\n\nText: It is not contained in this that he thinks it should be, a good reason for refusing to join in what it does contain that is pure. The writer of this has had occasion to worship in orthodox assemblies and to attend the ministrations of orthodox divines. He has attended such worship with great satisfaction; very seldom has he known a respectable orthodox minister to introduce anything into an act of worship in which a unitarian could not unite with him. The same is believed to be true with respect to unitarian ministers. They never have occasion to introduce any sentiment or language into their acts of worship in which an orthodox worshipper, who should be present, could not cheerfully join. Very few are found on either side who think it necessary, so far to depart from the examples of scriptural worship, and violate the decorum due to it.\nfellow worshippers, as to intrude the peculiarities of their faith into their acts of worship and substitute a creed for a prayer. And as respects the religious instructions of the pulpit, no man, who is himself a fair inquirer, would be unwilling to hear the reasons which may be offered in support of opinions opposite to his own, as often as a faithful minister would think it his duty to urge them in his public discourses.\n\nWe are as much disposed to revere conscience as Dr. Woods; but we do not suppose it requires us to separate ourselves from those, who profess the same reverence for conscience, and who give reasonable evidence of their sincerity in it; evidence that it is indeed conscience by which they are guided, and not passion, pride, or party spirit. It is our wish and endeavor also to be faithful to the truth. We deem it an important duty.\nWe think that no considerations will justify us in any kind of disguise or concealment, or in withholding any exertions in our power to promote the knowledge of the truth. But we revere also the same fidelity to the truth in others; and do not feel ourselves authorized to withdraw from them because their speculative opinions differ from ours\u2014because that which is truth to them is not so to us. We think that the agreement in the great principle of the love of truth and sacred regard to it and fidelity in its pursuit forms a stronger and more reasonable bond of union than any agreement in opinions could do. I might make some remarks on what is implied in the last sentence of this paragraph, when it is said, \"we request them, (the Unitarians,) to extend to us the same indulgence and candor, and to suffer us, without reproach, to serve God in our way.\"\nAccording to our own consciences, I might ask whether a disposition has ever been discovered by Unitarians to interfere with the religious rights or disturb the consciences of the orthodox, as intimated here. This suggestion is certainly not consistent with another charge, with which we have been constantly assailed until very lately: that we are indifferent whether truth or error prevails; that we think it of little importance what men believe, and lay no stress even on our own opinions. But each of these representations is equally erroneous. It is of little importance for Dr. Woods or myself to speak of what is, in fact, the general spirit and conduct of Unitarians and the orthodox in relation to each other. The religious community is fortunate to have the means of judging it from other sources.\nsources of information. The spirit that pervades their respective publications; the principles they defend, the measures they pursue, the language they apply; especially the treatment they bestow upon individuals where they have the power \u2013 these will form the grounds of judgment, and the public judgment, we doubt not, will eventually be correct. When Dr. Woods can refer to the most respectable Unitarian writers as declaring that they do not consider Orthodox as Christians, holding them up to public odium as preaching another gospel and denying the Lord who bought them; ranking them in a class with deists and atheists, Jews and Mahometans, and declaring them no better entitled than either to the name of Christians \u2013 and denouncing them as deists in disguise.\nWhen a person can point us to Unitarian ministers expelling members with good character and exemplary lives from their churches because they have changed from Unitarian to Trinitarian sentiments. When we have evidence of Unitarian churches excommunicating members for the same reason. When individual Unitarians refuse fellowship in Christian ordinances in a Trinitarian church. And when Principals of Unitarian theological seminaries expel serious and conscientious pupils for expressing opinions to which they have been led by honest inquiry, with the harsh declaration that such opinions are not to be tolerated. When this person can tell us of the efforts of Unitarian ministers for years to excite alarm in the public mind and raise opposition.\nagainst the orthodox, and to destroy the influence and usefulness of orthodox ministers, and to excite in others a fear to allow themselves in free religious inquiry, lest they should find themselves obliged to adopt orthodox views and thus expose themselves to the loss of reputation, usefulness, and the Christian name, \u2013 to excommunication and all the civil and social inconveniences which bigotry and violence have it in their power to inflict in an enlightened age and under a free government; when he can do this, he may, with some reason, appeal, in behalf of his injured brethren, not only to our candor and indulgence, but to our sense of decency and justice, and \"request, that he and his friends may be suffered without reproach\" and without being subjected to still more serious evils than reproaches, \"to serve God according to their beliefs.\"\nIt was not my intention to notice any other instances where Dr. Woods found a meaning in my words different from what I presume readers in general discovered. However, the last paragraph of his Reply contains one, which is of such a nature that I am unwilling it should pass unnoticed. He quotes me as saying, not only that the moral influence of unitarian doctrine is far more certain, powerful, and salutary than orthodoxy's (which is not correctly stated, as the reference is to a single doctrine only and not to the whole scheme), but that the virtue of unitarians is of a more pure, generous, and elevated kind than that of their opponents. You will probably be a little surprised, on turning to the passage referred to, to find that the words I actually made use of, instead of those just cited, were: \"The moral influence of Unitarianism is, in my opinion, infinitely more powerful than that of Trinitarianism. Its spirit is purer, its effects more salutary, and its influence more elevating.\"\nThe following virtues are more pure and elevated than that which is produced by cheerful views and the contemplation of kindness, benevolence, and mercy in God: generous and elevated kind. (In connection with the paragraph above, the reader is invited to refer to the files of the Panoplist for a few of the last years of its publication, to the discourse of the Rev. Lyman Beecher at the ordination in Park street, to Dr. Spring's Tribute to New England, to Dr. Mason's farewell sermon, to Dr. Miller's Letters on unitarianism, to the Letter from Dr. Mason to Mr. Dewey on his expulsion from the Theological Seminary at New York, to the transactions of councils and consociations at Coventry, Deerfield, Brooklyn and Wareham, and of associations in the vicinities of Weymouth, Hadley, Deerfield, Pelham, Charlemont, etc.)\nFrom cold, austere, and gloomy views, and the contemplation of severe, unrelenting, vindictive justice, and the execution of eternal wrath. After quoting me in the manner stated, he adds, \"I cannot bring myself to contest this last point with unitarians. Had I used the words which he has represented me as using, the censure implied in thus declining the contest would have fallen with some force. As it is, the reader will judge of its force. In the discussions which I have now brought to a close, as in my former Letters, it has been my wish and endeavor to give a correct view of the religious opinions maintained by myself, as I suppose, in common with unitarians generally, upon the several subjects which have been brought into view; and of the mode of reasoning by which those opinions are to be defended. It has been also my faithful endeavor to do so with accuracy and impartiality.\"\nI have completed my remarks in this letter regarding the author of the Reply to those Letters. Some of my comments may not have been fair or just, and I submit them to the reader's judgment. I regret if any of them give a false impression or were made under a misunderstanding of the writer's meaning. I will be grateful to him for correcting any errors and removing wrong impressions. Having finished my design in these letters, I take my leave of you all and of the subject, with a devout prayer to the Author of light and love that the labors which I have undertaken may be blessed.\nI have been employed on both sides may not be fruitless. And if they shall serve in any degree to give to readers on each side of the controversy more distinct and satisfactory views upon the subjects to which they relate, and a clearer understanding of the reasons upon which they are grounded; some benefit will be derived to the cause of Christian truth; and in proportion as the views of Christians are enlarged and rendered more clear and distinct by discussions conducted with seriousness and a spirit of moderation, it is hoped that better feelings will prevail, and Christian charity be promoted; and that Christians, instead of being driven asunder by differences of opinion inseparable from a state of imperfect knowledge, will allow themselves to be drawn together by the kind spirit of the gospel, which is\n[Common to true Christians of all sects and denominations.\nV\nDeacidified using the Bookkeeper process. Treatment Date: May 2006.\nPreservation Technologies, A World Leader in Paper Preservation.\n111 Thomson Drive, Cranberry Township, PA 16066.]", "source_dataset": "Internet_Archive", "source_dataset_detailed": "Internet_Archive_LibOfCong"}, {"title": "The Anti-Critic for August 1821, and March, 1822", "creator": "Brydges, Samuel Egerton, bart., Sir, 1872-1837. [from old catalog]", "subject": ["English literature", "Obituaries. [from old catalog]"], "publisher": "Geneva, Printed by W. Fick", "date": "1822", "language": "eng", "lccn": "22009453", "page-progression": "lr", "sponsor": "The Library of Congress", "contributor": "The Library of Congress", "scanningcenter": "capitolhill", "mediatype": "texts", "collection": ["library_of_congress", "americana"], "shiptracking": "LC163", "call_number": "9661742", "identifier-bib": "00143894733", "repub_state": "4", "updatedate": "2012-10-17 16:56:19", "updater": "associate-caitlin-markey", "identifier": "anticriticforaug00bryd", "uploader": "associate-caitlin-markey@archive.org", "addeddate": "2012-10-17 16:56:21", "publicdate": "2012-10-17 16:56:27", "scanner": "scribe9.capitolhill.archive.org", "repub_seconds": "463", "ppi": "500", "camera": "Canon EOS 5D Mark II", "operator": "associate-ganzorig-purevee@archive.org", "scandate": "20121019174530", "republisher": "associate-manson-brown@archive.org", "imagecount": "298", "foldoutcount": "0", "identifier-access": "http://archive.org/details/anticriticforaug00bryd", "identifier-ark": "ark:/13960/t65440504", "curation": "[curator]associate-manuel-dennis@archive.org[/curator][date]20121023181151[/date][state]approved[/state][comment]199[/comment]", "scanfee": "120", "sponsordate": "20121031", "possible-copyright-status": "The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright restrictions for this item.", "backup_location": "ia903909_17", "openlibrary_edition": "OL25510338M", "openlibrary_work": "OL16889049W", "external-identifier": "urn:oclc:record:1040003392", "description": "p. cm", "republisher_operator": "associate-manson-brown@archive.org", "republisher_date": "20121020013440", "ocr_module_version": "0.0.21", "ocr_converted": "abbyy-to-hocr 1.1.37", "page_number_confidence": "97", "page_number_module_version": "1.0.3", "creation_year": 1822, "content": "THE ANTI-CRITIC: CONTAINING LITERARY CRITICISMS AND OPINIONS\nBY Sir Egerton Brydges, Bar.\nGENEVA, PRINTED BY W. FICK.\nMDCCCXXII.\n\nThe reader has here a Melange of Counter-Criticisms and other Fragments \u2014 of what value, he will decide according to his taste. The range of Literature is now so extensive, that new combinations present themselves in every form. If the memory be heavily taxed by this abundance, the judgement is still more in demand. Without the guide of some simple principle, it is impossible to have even a confused recollection of the conflicting literary opinions, which meet us every successive month.\n\nAs Libertas sine scientia licentia est, so it is with Criticism. It is a dangerous weapon.\nIn the hands of the half-learned or those who want sincerity and integrity. It is so easy to give a plausible appearance to either censure or praise, that much depends upon authority! The dictum of a well-read scholar who speaks conscientiously is better than the most ingenious and powerful argument of one not known to be sincere!\n\nBut as this Volume is not confined to Criticism, something may be required to be said of the Fragments and Miscellanies, which are intermixed; or rather appended. All apology that can be made is, that this Book was found a convenient repository for preserving them. As the work is primarily intended for gratuitous distribution among the Author's friends, he conceives he is fully justified in having taken this liberty. They who care nothing about Fainilj History may easily pass by.\nThe evil of multiplying books is frequently discussed in Epitaphs and Inscriptions. This may be an evil for those who feel obligated to read but dislike it. However, it cannot be an evil for anyone else: these are people who deserve little consideration. All others may, if they choose, both decline to read and to buy. The ill consequences of a work not in demand or not useful, whether due to lack of merit or lack of fitness to prevailing taste, rest with the author or publisher, subject to the above exception.\n\nDespite the fact that the number of superfluous publications is indeed very great, it is untrue that we have enough books. The major part of books are compiled by those who have no powers of composition.\n\nPREFACE.\nA large part of these materials may be useful and necessary, as the same materials may require revision, different placement, or new combinations. However, for those who can think for themselves and think vigorously or ingeniously, labors are never unprofitable. Innumerable sentiments and fine distinctions in morals, politics, etc., remain undeveloped. Those who possess the rare capacity for such tasks and the still rarer combination of exercise, culture, and practiced facility of performance neglect their talents and duties if they spend their lives in the languor and inaction of silence. It is seldom, until after middle life spent in writing as well as in reflection, that an author obtains the frankness and mellowness of style which enables effective expression.\nFew can convey original thoughts in a clear and interesting manner. Few exercise any faculty other than memory. Of those who do, the proportion is very small of those who can find language for their own thoughts. If it be objected that no thoughts, however original and however well expressed, will justify publication in a detached and fragmental form, it may perhaps be answered that, though method and system may, and ought to be the final result, yet for the illustration of truth, the materials are best collected separately as they occur. For nothing produces more narrow and erroneous views than to set out with systems; though a certain class of Uterati pride themselves so much upon this mode of disciplining their minds. Thoughts that must wait their turn, till their turn comes.\nA place in the system calls them forth loses all its freshness and appears at last pressed into the form that suits the system-monger's purpose. He who speaks from the fullness of his conviction or his heart, at the moment when the conviction or the sentiment has been impressed upon him, has a force and frankness in communication which bears with it its own evidence. The ceremonial language of an author, writing by rule, and composing solely with a view to public passport, is, like the conversation of a courtier who spends all his life in societies in which he is upon his good behavior, empty and unmeaning \u2014 vox et pr\u00e6terea nihil! \u2014 For this reason, we look into the private letters of eminent men with so much curiosity, anxiety, and interest. The language of the heart is always the same: it is sincere.\nThe artificial language of technical literature, which has changed! Not all of Dante's genius would have made him shine, as he does to all posterity, had it not been for this. It was this that shook off the rust of antiquity! It was this that anticipated the language of centuries! And now, with a mind never at rest, reaching for a thousand unattainable objects, wasting his strength in pursuit of a diversity of knowledge, when a single branch may be too much for his powers; with a decaying constitution and a desponding heart; verging towards the completion of his sixtieth year; the Author presents this volume among the numerous crude fruits of his daily occupation. The few readers, into whose hands it may fall, must take it as they will, without further deprecation of their censure. The Author has lived.\nWe are \"in evil days,\" erudition and sound sense have ceased. If a few instances of extraordinary genius occur, they have become dangerous due to their eccentricities. In some main departments of literature, there is not even an attempt.\n\nVIII PREFACE.\n\nWho is bold enough to judge for himself? All the world that concerns themselves with books, literary and unliterary, swear by some leader. If the spirit of political hibernation has spread in these days, even the courage for literary liberty has ceased in the world: and there is a tame and entire submission to literary servitude, which does not even excite a murmur. But what is most curious is, that this dominion is usurped, not by literature, but by political despots!\nThe production of any fruit; that criticism has become frightfully mischievous and wicked through audacious intrigue, disregard of integrity, and charlatanism, are truths so incontestable they cannot be disguised by applying the unjust appellation of morbid quixotry! The materials which offer themselves to be worked upon by the human mind are necessarily multiplied in an infinite degree beyond those of former times. Five hundred authors could scarcely, by a dedication of their whole lives, master literary history alone. Yet pert witlings of yesterday, who scarcely know the title of a work beyond their own nation and their own time, affect to pronounce critical judgments on subjects which require the most expertise.\nprofound knowledge and profound taste, such as can only be attained by the most extended inquiry and the most extended comparison! All the wisdom of ages is to them dead lumber; PREFACE. and the groaning shelves of mighty Libraries, had better, in their opinions, be purged by the sword and purified by fire! Frightful and overwhelming masses, which reproach their ignorance and destroy their vivacity! How happy for the world to be rid of them; and be suffered to think for itself, without prejudice; unshackled and unburdened; as light; but, alas, a little more empty! \u2013 Ye mighty Dead, whose souls in magic spell dwell, luscribed upon the dingy pages, and ranged on groaning shelves in close-piled rows, In sad sepulchral dust and damp repose, How dread the silence, that, with brooding wigs, (sic)\n\n(Note: The text appears to be written in an old-fashioned English style, with some spelling errors and unusual capitalization. I have made some minor corrections to improve readability, but have otherwise tried to preserve the original text as faithfully as possible.)\nOver you a deathlike melancholy flings,\nPent in the closed leaves the smothered fire,\nSpite of its struggles, ceases to respire!\nYour oracles are dumb; your gifted lore\nTeaches a dull, benighted World no more!\nTo other sounds their ears are attuned; their eyes\nFar other marks of mental vision prize!\nFrom your past notes, some vigor to derive,\nNeglected even in life, condemned in vain,\nAmid unhearing crowds, to raise the strain;\nIn death, companion of your mournful doom,\nShall soothe his spirit by congenial gloom,\nX\n\nPreface.\n\nPlaced mid your rants, his hovering ghost shall try\nTo turn to triumph Chill Oblivion's sigh;\nAnd back upon the scorner throw the scorn,\nThat long had borne such indignant pride.\n\nTo form a due taste and proper judgement\nOf excellence in the art of painting,\nA familiar acquaintance with the works\nOf the old Masters.\nUniversally acknowledged to be necessary in literary composition, why not in painting as well? The old masters in painting were not more superior to the present authors of former centuries to those now flourishing. Scholarship, labor, novelty, energy, warm hope, and freedom from the poisonous blights of malignant technical criticism all contributed to great preeminence. Few but charlatans now meet with encouragement. Charlatanism has become almost necessary to engage the vitiated taste of the public. However, the charlatanism of literary journals far exceeds that of all other publications. Yet, it cannot be denied that one or two of them occasionally put forth most eloquent and profound emanations of critical discussion \u2013 no doubt, a little exaggerated and overwrought \u2013 for their praise.\nTheir censure pays little heed to limits; they cannot be said to be economizers of either one or the other! Sometimes an author is praised up to show the abundance of his ingenuity in saying fine things; but more often he is criticized to enjoy the vent of bitter jest or raillery! \u2013 Muretus has the following passage, which shows how one age is like another. \"Our Etasus raised up a certain improper man, Rutilius, who thought they had great praise in being well-defended, and desired nothing more than to detract from another's glory in any way they could, and believed they would emerge supreme if they suppressed those who existed. No wise man has ever approved this method of gaining fame at Jupiter's altar.\" \u2013 M. Antonius Muretus. Farner, Lection, Lib. i. cap. VI.\nGeneva, 15th April 182.\n\nKII PREFACE.\n\nVos tandem, haud vacui mei labores,\nQuicquid hoc sterile fudit ingenium,\nJam sero placidam spero\nPerfunctam invidia requiem, sedesque beatas,\nQuas bonus Hermes,\nEt tutela dabit solers Roisis;\nQuo neque lingua procax vulgi penetrabit, atque longe\nTurba legentum prava facesset:\nAt ultimi nepotes,\nEt cordatior aetas,\nJudicia rebus sequiora forsan\nAdhibebit, integro sinu.\n\nTum, livore sepulto,\nSi quid meremur sana posteritas sciet,\nRoisisio favente.\n\nJohn Milton to John Rous, Oxford Academic Librarian, 1646. f Inter Poemata Latina.\n\nTHE ANTI-CRITIC.\n\nINTRODUCTORY. CHARACTER OF MODERN CRITICISM.\n\nExaggeration, studied piquancy, partiality, envy, ignorance, affectation, bad taste, political, national, sectarian, and personal interests, with private intrigue, all characterize modern criticism.\nPervade and debase even the best periodical criticisms of the present day. These works are now mere manufactures of trade; and are addressed rather to the passions, capacities, and acquirements of the multitude, than of the learned world.\n\nInstead of intermingling notices of publications of a temporary nature, these Journals admit scarcely anything else; and the writers live so much within the atmosphere of factitious interests, that they can judge of nothing with the calmness calculated to establish permanent opinions.\n\nVoyages, travels, pamphlets on the transient politics of the day, dull discussions of professional science in which men are endeavoring to force themselves into distinction for the purpose of aiding their professional advancement, engross the place of elegant literature; of what remains.\nNothing is more certain than that literature is highly corrupt at present. It is an incident to the stage of society we have reached, and whoever doubts it has so far vitiated his taste as to be insensible to the beauty of simplicity and chaste coloring. Everything is now got up for effect; and the publisher pays in proportion to the article's strikingness and full of glare. It is boasted that these Critics lead the public taste; they are its slaves; they follow it; often in chains; and lick the dust of its heels! They delight to foment its prejudices and pander to its degrading appetites. I know not that Criticism has taken such a caustic and so-called \"vulgar and technical phrase\" approach.\nSophisticated characters were found in no other part of Europe to the same extent as in England. However, popular literature in all regions tended towards the same extravagance and hyperbole. This is exemplified in Madame de Stael, who was gifted with a very extraordinary mind, but whose style and thoughts were marked by factitious vehemence and labored grandeur; and whose invention did not seem to me to be her primary quality.\n\nWhat is wise and true leaves us in a state of calm pleasure and gentle reflection: it neither exhausts nor satiates. Oratory ought to chastise itself by the models of the more sedate operations of the closet; but the closet now borrows the heat and intemperance of the senate and the forum. Criticism is in the hands of the turbulent agitators of factions, and practical society.\n\nOf any age, the number of Literati whose memories\nSurvive they, it is small. Many of their names may be inscribed in the voluminous Biographies, which are loaded with the registry of obscure men; but there they lie buried and unnoticed.\n\nMODERN CRITICISM. 3\n\nAll those secondary talents, which borrow the ideas of others, adapt them to the subject that occupies the attention, and thus obtain a false interest for efforts which possess no original and enduring merit, soon fade from the public observation; and if, when the occasion is past, we recur to these performances, we are astonished that they could ever have excited even a temporary notice.\n\nSo long as Literature is open to all these adscititious avenues to Fame, the temple will be filled with false aspirants, who will occupy the places that ought to be held by Genius and unaffected Learning.\nAmong the rarest merits of writing is simplicity. It requires a native abundance or an unfailing native strength, which few have ever possessed. Artifice is used when the funds of Nature are deficient. As long as thought prevails over the mind, the dress of language is little considered; it is the form in its own naked force that occupies the mental eye. But penury of conception or sentiment often resorts to the trick of verbiage. I could mention authors, some of whose popular poems are nothing but a pretty dance of words. They convey neither sentiments nor ideas. But never yet was there intrinsic merit in a passage where an author was not sincere in the sentiments which he expressed.\n\nThough the operations of Genius and of Memory are often confounded, no two powers can be more unlike.\nI. In their natures and effects, one is cold as the borrowed light of the Moon; the other has all the genial and creative warmth of the Sun. One relates an impression from the recollection of its signs; the other from its visionary presence. Useful as memory is in bringing forward and arranging what exists, it can add nothing to the existing stores. It is by the lamp of Fancy that we penetrate to the altar of the heart; and behold its rites and its movements uninterrupted before us. It is thus that we illustrate the science of morals; and advance the noblest of all philosophy.\n\nII.\nON THE PREVAILING ENGLISH OPINIONS ON POETRY.\n\nIt may perhaps be asserted that there has been little pure, simple, and consistent Classicism on Poetry in England since the death of Addison, over a century ago.\nAlmost all periodical Criticism, conducted by those who have worked on it as a task, has been primarily directed by artificial systems of one kind or another. It requires so much less native taste and native acuteness to discover this technical merit that this preference is the inevitable result in those drawn to the subject by constraint rather than inclination. The question regarding the comparative genius of Pope, which Joseph Warton brought before the Public nearly seventy years past, has been again revived, and with some advantage in carrying back the inquiry into the first principles of this Art. Pope is altogether an Author through whom the question may be fairly discussed. I shall not begin with a definition of Poetry, because... (Modern Taste in Poetry. 5)\nAs Johnson says, definitions are dangerous. I am desirous of avoiding a formal beginning on this occasion. It is the notion of mystery; the supposition that it involves something distinct in its nature from truths proper for prose, that leads to all erroneous opinions and corrupt taste on this subject. No rational man can doubt that Pope was a great poet; the only question is whether all his poetry was of the highest class, and whether the multitude estimates him by his worst rather than his best productions! Narrowness is the sin of the English taste in poetry \u2014 but not the only one! It loves extravagance and false glitter; and mistakes distortion for genius! Therefore, it not only excludes a great deal of the best from the character of English poetry.\nof true poetry; but what it admits is mostly false! It may not be difficult to account for this, if we look to the manner in which the public mind is led: but it would perhaps be invidious. That which surprises me is, that a single age can consider itself to have the fate of the fortunate Beings, who for the first time have come to the true light! If it is correct, almost all that has been deemed genius and poetry from the time of the Greeks and Romans, through all the scholars of Italy and the rest of Europe at the Revival of Learning, down almost to the close of the last Century, must be proscribed! We must take the Universal Biography and erase the names of more than nine tenths of those who stand recorded there as Poets! A mind, not of overweening conceit, would hesitate.\nThis text inquires if our predecessors were not as likely to be right as ourselves. It doubts if the principle could be accurate, which excludes so much pleasure and instruction. The Attic Critic would seek for broader limits and essences of a more enlarged nature. A small degree of ingenuity would suffice to discover them. Poetry is nothing more confined than a forcible and harmonious representation of the lively movements of a powerful mind. It is a picture: \u2014 yet a picture, not of matter, but of the mental impression, whether of matter or idea, or sensation, or all united. Mere versification does not constitute poetry, as the thought may be trite or false. But a moral axiom, when conceived with energy, and deeply felt.\nIn poetry, expression with force is essential if conveyed in rhythmical language! Some of Shakespeare's finest passages are of this kind, as can be observed with Spenser, Milton, Cowley, and Dryden. In the realm of Poetry, no one has ever continued to be the favorite of ages whose productions did not encompass the merits of a moral poet. Invention is said to be the first quality of Poetry; yet not the invention that joins human head to neck and shoulders on all sides with bonds. This paper will explore my opinions on the species of Invention that entitles its possessor to a place in the first class of Genius; its necessity; its causes; and where it may be dispensed with.\n\nThe fundamental error in the popular mode of thinking regards this matter.\nThe assumption that Understanding or Reason, the intellectual part, is inactive or unnecessary in producing good poetry is questioned. Truth is the foundation of poetry, as in philosophy, though poetry may present it differently. Discussing the nature of fancy, its source, and its representation of material objects is beyond this scope, as these questions still hold some doubt and ambiguity. A conclusion drawn from the Understanding based on memory, separated from the mental presence of the image.\nThe sentiment that gave birth to it is not poetry. But if poetry is the result of the highest riches of the mind, composed from internal as well as external sources, augmented by its own labor and activity, how could any critic even dream that an image drawn from the combined effects of natural materials and human genius is, in every case, inferior to a simple image of external nature? Lord Byron asked with as much truth as wit, \"Is not the image of a large ship under sail more poetical than a hog sailing in a high wind?\" If the latter were deemed superior, it might as well be said that the image of a man in a barbarous state is more poetical than of a man cultivated by education and refined by politeness. Providence has left much for human beings to do for themselves.\nAnd by their own exertions, they train and expand into excellence the powers bestowed on them!\n\nTo contend that poetry is excellent in proportion as it is an exact representation of an external image, even though it should be added that this image must be magnificent or beautiful, is to lower poetry far below painting; and absolutely to lay aside its primary quality, its intellectuality. I \u2014 How often do we hear it said of a specimen of a modern poem: \"How exquisite! It is quite a picture!\" Again, of some of the noblest passages of our elder poets: \"O these are no poetry! They want...\"\n\"Take a passage from thexi Book of Paradise Lost - one of Adam's answers to the Angel Michael, repealing the future to him: \"O visions ill foreseen! Better had I lived ignorant of future! So had I borne my part of evil only, each day's lot enough to bear; those now, that were dispensed the burden of many ages, on me at once, by my foreknowledge gaining birth Abortive, to torment me ere their being, With thought that they must be. Let no man seek henceforth to be foretold what shall befall him, or his children; evil he may be sure, Which neither his foreknowing can prevent; And he the future evil shall no less In apprehension than in substance feel, Grievous to bear; but that care now is past. Man is not whom to warn: those few escaped, Famine and anguish will at last consume.\"\"\nWandering in that watery desert, I had hope\nWhen violence was ceased, and war on earth,\nAll would have then gone well; peace would have crowned\nWith length of happy days the human race;\nBut I was far deceived; for now I see\nPeace is as corrupt as war is waste.\nHow comes it thus? Unfold, celestial guide,\nAnd whether here the human race will end.\n\nIt is, no doubt, the business of poetry\nTo carry us into the fields of Imagination;\nBut not into the fields of childish,\nTawdry, and factitious Imagination!\nIt is our business to imagine Beings\nConsistent with the probability of their supposed natures;\nWe are, however, to imagine, or invent,\nNot only their material forms; but also their intellectual structure,\nTheir thoughts, and feelings.\n\nWe are taught to survey this beautiful globe,\nOf inanimate objects, with delight,\nAnd mark the various changes of the seasons,\nTheir several influences on mankind, and\nTheir relation to each other; but to trace\nThe history of man, from his earliest infancy,\nTo the present time, and to examine his progress,\nIn knowledge, virtue, and happiness,\nIs a subject worthy of our most serious attention.\nA poet's eyes enable us to associate sentiments and visions, drawn from both external matter and inward fountains. In the temple of his mind, a spiritual world is built, delighting in communicating these magic imbued portions to others. However, these associations must resonate with our general nature. If they stem from peculiar habits or extravagant, forced trains of thought, they will find an echo only in the few sophisticated bosoms seeking novelty over truth. It is no wonder then, that a true poet is a rare being.\nThe high qualities of nature, and the cultivation, toil, and opportunity required to bring them out, silence at least two-thirds of those in whom all these singular gifts and circumstances unite. Calamities of life, to which this class is exceptionally exposed due to their temperaments and habits, extinguish the fire and debilitate the genius of others. Another cause, in operation for a frightful length of time, which may not have been less destructive to the fruits of the real poet than these, is false criticism and a vicious public taste. Absurdity is deemed a proof of genius, and what is original is monstrous, excellent because it is new. The sensitive disposition of him whose endowments fit him for a Poet, is particularly susceptible to such influences.\nHe often makes him in youth timid and self-diffident. He is turned from his natural ambitions; and attempts to enter a path where he finds a loathing at every step. He can do nothing in the fine arts of supposed excellence pointed out to him: he begins to doubt his powers and sinks into despondence.\n\nHow little is there of solid excellence, of the genuine ore, in most English Poets of fame \u2014 at least of temporary fame \u2014 who have died in the last thirty years? They have as little applicability to the illustration of high morals as they have of powerful and extended invention. I put Beattie and Cowper among the first; but Beattie was perhaps too much cried up in his day, and has been too much neglected since. His Minstrel already flags sadly in the second book: and yet it is a Poem less than half finished.\nThe text describes Cowper's underdeveloped genius due to his religious sect and seclusion, questioning the modern English poetry's ability to exemplify great moral truths or beautiful visions. It inquires if our knowledge of human heart's secret movements has improved through it.\n\nCleaned Text: The religious Sect to which Cowper belonged has given him an extraneous popularity. Yet he had much of the ore of a true poet; though he was sometimes flat and insipid, and sometimes sickly. The seclusion caused by his morbid health had been a bar to those diversified mental riches which give full vigor to genius. In the last forty years, he had neither read enough nor knew enough of what was passing in the world. What shall we find in the most modern poetry of England, either to exemplify great moral truths or to develop those magnificent or beautiful visions which are the continual visitants of high fancies? Has our knowledge of the secret movements of the human heart been improved by it?\nIt is the pursuit of false beauties that is the bane of these productions. Their inventions are not fictions to modern taste in poetry. Instead, they illustrate Falsehood! This is the species of originality they seek, and in which they succeed. They are unlike those who have preceded them, as diversity, not propriety or probability, is their aim. The readers who contract a habit of admiring them must, by obvious consequence, believe that they have for the first time discovered the genuine fountain of Poetry!\n\nIt is the wrong meaning attached to the word Fiction that perpetually misleads the poetical theorist and the Public who follow his dogmas. It is assumed that Fiction means something different from what exists in reality.\nIn the intellectual or artistic world: indeed, for the most part, the latter is forgotten; and it is supposed that it can only refer to the former. What is it? Not a copy of an individual archetype; but invented as an illustration of a genus! If it illustrates no genus\u2014but solely the capricious combinations of the author's head\u2014wherein lies its value? It lacks one of the primary ingredients of poetical excellence: Truth!\n\nIt is easy to invent in this way when the inventor is bound by no rules; nor is he constrained to pay attention to any likeness. These are not lusus Naturae; but lusus Artis of which the pleasure ceases with the cessation of novelty!\u2014The same observations apply to language as to matter: for everyone knows there are poets of language, as well as poets of matter. Improbable and unreal.\nUnnatural ornaments are as objectionable and improbable as unnatural matter. Yet each catches the depraved taste of the multitude, and are practiced by writers of minor genius for the same reasons. It is not surprising that, as long as Poetry resorts to these tricks, men of solid understanding reject it as a trifling Art. It thus deals in factitious splendor, a glare of unchaste colors, which only raises the admiration of the weak and uninformed! It is sickly and revolting to the sound and vigorous mind. He who has a just esteem of wisdom, who has a generous glow of heart, that feels grateful for pleasures which are among the highest humanity can receive, cannot repress indignation at abuses which bring the noblest of Intellectual Arts into contempt! Among those to whom the test of ages has assigned the mantle of criticism, there are few who have not, at some time or other, been called upon to vindicate the claims of Poetry against the charges of the uncomprehending multitude. The charge is ever the same, and the defense, though varied, is always the same in its essential features. The multitude, it is said, do not understand Poetry; they cannot appreciate its beauties; they are incapable of forming a just estimate of its merits. The multitude, it is asserted, are insensible to its charms; they are deaf to its music; they are blind to its colors. The multitude, it is insisted, are unworthy of its communications; they are unfit for its society; they are unqualified for its companionship. And yet, it is admitted that the multitude constitute the vast majority of mankind; that they are the real and proper constituents of the great body politic; that they are the true and natural patrons of the Arts; that they are the real and effective supporters of Literature; that they are the real and substantial sources of all its pleasures and all its profits. It is admitted, in short, that the multitude are the very soul of society, and that, without them, the body would be a lifeless and inanimate corpse. And yet, it is asserted that they are incapable of appreciating the highest and most refined productions of the Intellectual Arts! It is a paradox which, at first sight, seems insoluble; but, upon reflection, it is easily explained. The multitude, it is true, are incapable of appreciating the highest and most refined productions of the Intellectual Arts in their highest and most refined aspects; but they are not incapable of appreciating them at all. They may not be able to analyze and dissect them, as the critic can; they may not be able to discuss and debate them, as the philosopher can; they may not be able to criticize and condemn them, as the philosopher can; but they can feel and enjoy them, as the poet can. They can respond to the appeals of the poet, as the poet can; they can sympathize with his feelings, as the poet can; they can enter into his spirit, as the poet can; they can share his emotions, as the poet can. And, in fact, it is only when they do respond, sympathize, enter into spirit, and share emotions, that the poet can truly be said to have achieved his end. The multitude may not be able to appreciate the highest and most refined productions of the Intellectual Arts in their highest and most refined aspects; but they can appreciate them in their lowest and most vulgar aspects, and it is in these aspects that the poet often addresses them. The multitude may not be able to appreciate the sublime and the beautiful in their purity; but they can appreciate the grotesque and the ridiculous, and it is in these aspects that the poet often delights them. The multitude may not be able to appreciate the highest and most refined productions of the Intellectual Arts in their highest and most refined aspects; but they can appreciate them in their lowest and most vulgar aspects, and it is in these aspects that the poet often addresses them. And, in fact, it is only when he does address them in these aspects that he can hope to reach and influence them. It is only when he deals in factitious splendor, a glare of unchaste colors, that he can hope to raise their admiration and win their applause. It is only when he deals in a factitious splendor, a glare of unchaste colors, that he can hope to bring the noblest of Intellectual Arts into contempt.\nIn this place of great poets, not a single instance can be found, where the guiding inspiration of a powerful understanding was not added to the active gifts of strong fancy and high invention! In their writings are to be found the deepest axioms of moral wisdom, the justest exhibitions of the human character, and the nicest and happiest displays of the emotions of the human heart! Nothing is exaggerated; no combinations are formed, but such as are in unison with probability, and the laws of Nature, material or intellectual.\n\nThe variety of great gifts and acquisitions, that is required to excellence in this high course of ambition, need not be insisted on. It is not wonderful therefore that the generality of candidates should resort to easier paths, by which they flatter themselves they shall mount the same.\nThe temple they behold at the top is not the true one; they deceive themselves into believing it is. If upon entrance they do not find Homer, Virgil, Dante, Petrarch, Ariosto, Spenser, Tasso, Shakespeare, or Milton, instead of recognizing their error, it aggravates their self-delusion and eclipses their former hope of equality. This misconception, fueled by the belief that they are superior to these immortal men and have gained admission refused to their predecessors, stems from both incorrect rules and the misapplication of correct ones. Aspirants err not only in their understanding of words, such as jiction, invention, and originality, but also in the objects of imitation. (Modern Taste in Poetry. 13)\nIt is said that Truth cannot be the aim of poetry because a poet, for instance, in representing the scenery of Nature or the human form, would either give a selection from it or an improvement of it. The mistake lies in the assumption of an improper object of imitation. It is not the Poet's business to give a picture of the material object; this is the business of the Painter. The purpose of poetry is to represent the image which exists in the mind, formed of a compound from what is received by the external senses and what is supplied by the internal sensation and reflection. The picture thus formed is something very different from the external object. The mind adds, omits, selects; it enriches by sentiment; it elevates by intellectual association.\nThe intellectual processes of minds of similar temperament and cultivation operate uniformly, producing similar impressions with only differences in vividness. But what mental picture is the description of the false poet an imitation of? If it is an imitation of any mental picture at all, it is of a picture produced by the capricious labors and forced artifices of one who strives to be singular and to divest the movements of his intellect and heart from their natural paths. His picture, therefore, lacks the primary quality of poetry \u2014 truth.\n\nWe hear a great deal about the flowers of poetry. Flowers are very well in their place and in their due proportion. But we must not have all flowers: there is a medium.\nEvery thing: is the right mode in things. They are sickly when combined with no fruit; when we have nothing but flowers. To speak frankly, any affected display of them instantly destroys the charm and is inconsistent with that real inspiration which engrosses the genuine poet too much to permit him to occupy his attention in seeking after superfluous ornament.\n\nOf those who have not taken erroneous roads but have failed to rise above mediocrity for want of adequate powers, the instances, even among those who have had the good fortune to be enrolled as poets, are numerous.\n\nOf Johnson's Poets, more than one half are of this kind. Many are mere versifiers.\n\nA versifier is one who puts words into realms where there is nothing poetical either in the matter or the language.\nWhen there is no vigor of thought; no happy image to give interest and novelty to what is trite; no mark of a mind fervid with the presence of the idea it undertakes to convey, there is no poetry, however harmonious the metre in which it is expressed. Of two minds equally formed by nature, discipline, and habit, the final powers and productions of one will be very different from those of the other. If the various faculties and gifts of fancy, invention, understanding, and sensibility are originally equal, that which is most cultivated will be predominant. I attribute a great deal of the cast of such of Pope's productions, as are distinguished.\nBut it is less poetical to this cause. It would be too much to say that Nature had endowed him with as sublime or copious an invention or fancy as Milton or many others. But his occasional displays in those high departments leave no doubt that he might have conducted those faculties into an extraordinary and constant display of splendor. But is it desirable that all should cultivate the same faculties and expend their efforts in the same way? Pope had the option of different modes of turning the stores of opinions and sentiments which he had collected as a moral philosopher, to the purposes of his Art. He might have embodied them in an invented story, in which the conflicting characters might gradually unfold them in action; \u2014 or he might have followed the manner of the prose philosopher,\nThe poet raised the department he cultivated to high excellence, withdrawing the nation's taste from more inventive, wild, and visionary classes of poetry, such as those of Spenser and Milton, who followed the Italian school. Men who could imitate Pope's art but lacked his noble endowments.\n\nIf the poet had chosen the first mode, executing it equally well, he would likely have been an even greater poet.\nTo give soul to it, Collins and the two Wartons took possession of the public mind and dominated it with the insolence of ill-gotten power. At this time, Collins and the two Wartons were reaching manhood. Their talents were cast in a different mold; the father of the two last, who had been Poetry-Professor at Oxford, had imbued them with an early admiration for the rich and romantic imagery of Milton's juvenile poems. The original and dominant genius of Collins, independent of accidental bent, led him the same way.\n\nThe Antic-Critic\n\nThey found that the public mind was closed to all merits of this sort; that what is called good sense in verse was the only excellence in which it could feel pleasure, or to which it could give praise. They conceived the chivalrous scheme of diverting the national taste into more varied and higher fields of intellectual excursion. They attributed the prevailing taste to a want of true culture and education.\nThe evil of Pope's brilliant example produced this narrowness of taste, resulting in his selection for examination and dissection. When the tide runs strongly one way, it takes severe and extraordinary efforts to counteract it. Joseph Warton may have gone too far in his Essay on Pope, but his exquisite taste, rich and varied scholarship, and benevolent and amiable disposition resulted in a Book that will never cease to delight the cultivated mind. The power of this Book is demonstrated by its influence on opinions not only habitual by long prevalence but also naturally congenial to the modes of thinking of the masses, engaged in the business of life, its cares and necessities.\n\nThe Pliblic opinion has since gradually taken an opposite direction.\nThe nature of general taste is to constantly swing between extremes. It lacks moderation, dealing in excesses and extravagances. Unbounded admiration is followed by equally unreasonable loathing, and in proportion as a name has once been lifted high. (On Modern Taste in Poetry. 17)\n\nIt is no longer necessary or useful to reveal the specific excellence that Pope did not achieve or even seek. Campbell and Lord Byron have correctly concluded on this matter.\n\nMr. Campbell and Lord Byron have taken up the gauntlet for him. I feel convinced that the conclusions each has reached on the subject are only right.\n\nThe general taste is always passing backwards and forwards between extremes. It has no moderation; it deals in excesses and extravagances. Unbounded admiration is followed by equally unreasonable loathing, and in proportion as a name has once been lifted high.\nIt is too high, later sunk too low. A man of unrivaled genius may be found to have been surpassed in some menial quality by many inferior to him. It is the combination, management, proportion, and result of the whole that confers final superiority. It matters not by what processes they arrive at excellence. The excellence must be weighed as a whole; not by the predominance of a particular ingredient. Probably there exists not a more perfect poem of its kind than the Eloisa to Abelard. Remember, it is of a very high kind. It possesses every requisite of poetry in the highest degree. Here, Pope certainly takes the character of an Inventor. Here is glowing imagery, pathos, sublimity, harmony, language elegant, finished, and perfect.\nWhere would the Pope stand, if he had written nothing else? Can inferior productions by the same author draw down this from its place? Yet the love of wonder, of mystery, of exaggeration, of capricious invention, which has lately seized the public attention, makes even such animated and inspired productions appear tame and without interest to its factitious, unnatural, and depraved appetite. It cannot exist on simple and sober food: it requires pungent irritations. Is Truth exhausted? Are we necessitated to wander into the fields of the false Necromancer for entertainment and instruction? So far from it, all which has been done by all the best poetry of all the Nations of the world has still left the greater portion of the subjects proper for this Art unexplored. But the fact is, it is easier to form judgments on the works of others than to create.\nfantastic wreaths of artificial flowers, not to gather and work into perfect shape living ones. It costs less to treat the colors and give them a glare, which, uncouth, is to common eyes more attractive. Johnson has nobly said of Shakespeare, \"He exhausted worlds and then imagined new.\" The former part of this praise does not belong to our modern poets, and if they have attempted the latter, it has been after a mode of their own. They have paid no regard to the principles of human nature and the probabilities which the mind of man requires. It is admitted that a desire is implanted in us, which is never content with the actual state of our Being. It loves to occupy itself in imagining an existence of more perfection; and poetry is never more happily or properly employed than in imagining such perfection.\nBut the principle on which these imaginations act is so uniform that they pursue a congenial course in all cultivated intellects. Whatever is invented that is not in conformity with these intellectual possibilities; whatever does not find an echo in the general bosom, neither affords instruction nor conveys legitimate pleasure. Monstrous combinations, such as cannot effect the momentary delusion of belief in sound minds, are always revolting to the wise and soon cease to excite the admiration of the corrupted and the foolish.\n\nIt is to genuine poetry that we must look for the valuable part of human knowledge, to which we can apply our faculties. If \"The proper study of mankind is man,\" then it is to the pages of poets that we must first resort; for in them are delineated with the most force all the finer shades of human nature.\nMovements of the Mind. If the Mind be so constituted, as the most eminent of modern Psychologists have argued, who can understand the intellectual part of human nature as well as Poets? It is not cold Reason alone that governs human conduct. \"Les moralistes de nos jours,\" (says Bonstetten in the Introduction to his Etudes de l'Homme), \"do not tell us that the empire over our passions is the most noble of empires; but this conquest can only be made through intimate knowledge of ourselves. The laws also which determine the fate of nations; and the great charter of humanity, which all men claim, is in the sanctuary of the heart, is in the knowledge of the human spirit, where it must be sought.\n\n\"And yet nothing is more neglected of our days than this.\"\nStudy of man! The reason is, that nothing resembles man less than the portrait philosophers make in their ideologies, who, in their theories, have never drawn the whole of their model. See man in the books of rational philosophy, and compare him to man as we see him. What a difference between the one and the other!\n\nIf we only saw our ideologies, we would say that thought consists only of ideas. We have regarded sentiment as outside the sphere of human spirit, while it is an integral part of it. We have never assigned it consistent laws. We have believed we explained what only facts can find, through reasoning. In our eagerness to reason, we have forgotten the study of facts, while it was only necessary to see them.\n\nImagination is the driving force of the human spirit.\nmain ; V intelligence en est la puissance dirigeante. L'homme \nactif le produit de la combinaison des deux forces; la dis- \ntinction des deux facultes est le resultat les plus important \nde la psycologie \u00bb. \nIf there be nothing of excellence in the external image , \nor in the internal emotion , or in the combination of the \n20 THE ANTl- CRITIC \ntwo , or in the ingenuity and aptness of the observation ; \nor in the force or elegance or propriety of the language , \nin which they are expressed, then the writer merits not to \nbe numbered in the class to which he aspires ; for \nmediocrihus esse poetis \nNon Dii 3 non homines concessere , etc. \nStill less deserving of distinction are those who are \nguilty of commissive faults ; those who deal in false \nbeauties. \nBut how happens it , that in so wide a field of contest , \nSo few have attained excellence, so few been admitted to distinction; and of the few admitted, how many do not deserve it? Of many, of whom a few compositions have been executed with felicity, how much of the larger portion is ruined by poverty or coarseness of expression, by lameness in the collocation of words, or the construction of sentences, by the absurdity of the images, or the extravagance of thoughts.\n\nThe obstacles must be great and numerous, that so often defeat success. To make a good poem requires an union of high qualities, so various, as seldom to be found. It is probable that the absence even of one may be fatal to the result.\nBut it seems to me that the most common deficiency is in sensibility; \"in the depths of Vladime; in sensitivity, in motivation.\" All the talent, skill, and exertion in the world will not counteract this want. But memory, thought, knowledge, art, industry are commonly called in, and produce abortions. When the soul is moved, the language in which it clothes itself is always of a congenial character: affectation and over-ornament are certain proofs that the emotion is pretended. Some feel the true inspiration for a moment; but the flame goes out, and left in the dark, they fall into inequalities, errors, and abysses. Some write from memory alone; and therefore, though their productions may be fair in outward form, they want interest and life.\nFor my part, I have no value for those writings which have not the power to wake the soul by tender strokes of Art, to raise the genius and to mend the heart. Which merely exercise the reader's mind with the freaks of a wanton or a forced imagination; which add nothing to the knowledge of the human character; which develop no native passions; which bear no resemblance to what exists, or is believed to exist. Novelty at the expense of Truth gives but a base and short-lived pleasure. Imagination is not bestowed on us to erect phantoms which mislead us from the contemplation of the magnificent and the beautiful, with which Nature has illumined our minds; which may seduce us into a factitious love of the visions of Falsehood! To give allurement to Vice, by representing it united with qualities with which it never can be united, is a perversion.\nTo whom do we constantly turn in moments of soberness, melancholy, or delight? In Gray, we find that which satisfies all our faculties and emotions; and all that accords with the theory of poetry that I have laid down. His matter is drawn not merely from external images combined with internal emotion, but the reflections of a mind which has profoundly weighed the history of human character are added to them. There is something of this in Thomson's Seasons, but much less of it; and his diction lacks the compressed vigor, and classical elegance of Gray. It is often diffuse and cumbersome; while not infrequently his sentiments and thoughts are trite and ostentatious. Shenstone's defect is tenuity and sameness.\nHis Elegy on Jessy is a specimen of exquisite tenderness, purity, elegance, and harmony, making Gray a Poet of the first ranks. Thomson approaches them. Among the minor Poets, Parnel is one who deserves the highest praise. His Hermit is as fascinating as it is instructive, with due proportions of the essential ingredients of poetry, though not with much force or bold originality. Prior's Henry and Emma, of a still more vigorous and happy cast, though of less comprehensive morality, create by embodying and bringing into action speculative views of human character. Whatever stands insulated and abstracted from a series of actions must depend upon the force and happiness of combination of image, emotion.\nThought and language consist primarily of Lyrical, Descriptive, and Didactic poetry. An Epic Poem is the highest species of invented tale. But it is singular that the best poets of the second class have seldom aspired to this degree of invention. They have left it to their inferiors, who have relied more on the interest of the tale's outlines than on the merits of the details which filled them up. Perhaps they deemed it wiser to place their hope on the sterling ore of their materials than on the claims of extended design. It cannot be because the subjects of poetry are exhaustible.\nIn looking back on the whole Body of English Poetry, little rises above mediocrity. Poets shrink from traversing true paths and seek novelty in false directions. They perceive the difficulties and escape into regions of singularity and wonder, where artifice and surprise may cover their want of native and simple strength. The true tone is caught for a few moments, but then the author relapses into discord, flatness, or absurdity. What a proof of the intensity of the powers this Art demands! Few can keep on the wing; many can mount the air, but it is the fire within that fails. Memory and effort cannot supply its place. False thoughts, false metaphors, the cold chilling airs of technique.\nThe calm research into innumerable volumes of Candidates for Poetical fame will furnish inexhaustible evidence of these assertions. It is the inequality of most aspirants that has sunk them into oblivion. Such is the ill-nature of the world, that they remember those of whom we have occasional specimens of real genius but have laid aside and forgotten others with meaner qualities but more uniformity. I can no otherwise account for the oblivion of many Lyrical Poets of Charles I's reign \u2013 of Wither, Carew, Habingdon, Lovelace, Herrick, Stanley, L. Pembroke, Fanshaw, etc. Of each of these we have no further information.\nOne or two pieces of which some are elegant and happy, and others exquisite! The failures of an author, rather than his merits, were what Pope brought forth, nothing that was not highly labored and highly polished. The management of an Artist, in addition to the power of Genius, is perhaps what preserves the means of endurance. Of that species of Poetry which is preeminent in the display of the faculty of the Understanding, where the talent of reasoning of an acute and vigorous judgement is exerted, Pope's Essay on Criticism is in every respect one of the most extraordinary. In all that is technical, it is nearly perfect. In denseness of matter, it comprises more than ever was pressed into the same space. Its lucid arrangement is unparalleled.\nThe essay is excellent. Its precepts are all just; and expressed with admirable perspicuity, elegance, and happiness of illustration. They are not only just; many of them strike with a delightful novelty, from the felicitous force of the distinctions which they communicate. They are as comprehensive as they are minute; and display that candor, solidity, and temperate wisdom, which entitle them to the character of eternal truths. Is it possible to reflect without increasing astonishment, when we consider that this profound and perfect composition was produced at the age of twenty? It would be well for modern critics to attend to the rules of this Essay!\n\nIf wit so much from ignorance undergo,\nLet not learning then commence its foe!\nOf old, those praised who could excel,\nAnd such were praised who endeavored well.\nThough triumphs were only due to generals,\nCrowns were reserved to grace the soldiers too;\nNow they who reach Parnassus' lofty crown,\nEmploy their pains to spurn some others down.\nAnd while self-love each jealous writer rules,\nContending wits become the sport of fools;\nBut still the worst with most regret commend,\nFor each ill author is as bad a friend.\nBut this age, which is so fond of bitter and relentless criticism,\nis as extravagant in its praises as in its censures:\nYet injudicious and excessive panegyric is surely rather hurtful than beneficial to its object,\nMr. Campbell will scarcely thank his friend Fahlus for the following:\n\"It is not generous in your Lordship, nor yet just,\nto sacrifice all your contemporaries to the angry Manes of Pope.\"\nThere is at least one living Poet who is as superior to Pope, both in the thoughts that breathe and words that burn, as Pope is to Tickell. I do not accuse your Lordship of envy; your pride of genius must spurn the approach of such a humbling passion. Tell us then what part of Pope's writings would supply the divinity that breathes and speaks in every part of O'Connor's \"The Child?\" Will popularity indeed prefer Eloise to Gertrude; the Rape of the Lock to the Exile of Erin; and the Essay on Man to the Pleasures of Hope? Pope was a poet; he possessed an eminent and rare claim to the title: he knew how to touch, retouch, polish, alter, and improve every line till it was highly finished. It is not the selection of the individual, Antinous, but the perfect execution, that has \"gathered\"\nIn the present age, your Lordship knows that there is only one poet, who truly finishes, and his finishing, like his genius, is far superior to Pope's.\n\n(1) The greater part of the Living Poets, who are in fashion, are I believe, themselves writers in the most popular Reviews.\n\n(2) The same Critic has the following monstrous remark: \"In the writings of Pope, I look in vain for the genuine operation of feeling, for the honest movements of the heart, for the real voice of nature, for the true language of passion. All these appear in Pope like the image of the snow-clad trees in the icy lake.\"\n\nIt is a discovery that there is no passion in the Eloisa of Pope.\nTo Abelard, no movements of the heart in the Elegy on an Unfortunate Lady; and in the Dedication of Parnell's Poems, to Lord Oxford! It is in vain that this Critic attempts to dispute Lord Byron's position, that \"the highest of all poetry is ethical poetry, as the highest ethical objects must be moral truth\" (i). This position stands on a rock; perhaps Lord B.'s illustrations of it require to be a little more guarded and qualified. Mere moral truth does not constitute poetry; it must be moral truth conveyed in a poetical manner. Half the errors in modern judgements on this subject arise from the narrow notion, that good poetry must principally consist of imagery. Campbell in his Essay on English Poetry (i) says very happily, \"Why try Pope, or any other poet, exclusively by his powers of describing inanimate phenomena?\"\nNature, in the wide and proper sense, means life in all its circumstances - nature moral, as well as external. Pope's discrimination lay in the lights and shades of human manners, which are at least as interesting as those of rocks and leaves. In moral eloquence, he is forever dense and instant in self. It is true, that Man in society does not indulge in those sublime musings which, if his mind be full of energy and ardor, he cherishes in solitude. The poet is confined to the study of a Being harder, coarser, and less intellectual. What belongs to the happiness of the Many may be more useful than what belongs to the happiness of the Few.\nWe must not estimate the dignity of every thing merely by its common use! We must appreciate a poetical subject, not by its material or immaterial quality, but according to the degree of its sublimity, pathos, or beauty. There is beauty in propriety, elegance, and harmony of language joined to justness of thought. And when to the latter is added extraordinary vigor, it often rises to sublimity. Such consist the merit of no small portion of the matter in Dante and Milton. Yet it is clear that Joseph Warton, in theory, and Darwin, both in theory and in practice, entertained the principle of the materialism of poetry.\n\nJohnson has remarked (i), that there are modifications of life and peculiarities of practice which are the progeny of error and perverseness; or at best, of some accident.\nThe influence of dental matters or transient persuasions, which must perish with their parents, distinguishes every successive age of poetry from its predecessor. We have the Provencal style; long Moral Allegory; the Epic Romance; the Historic Legend; the Elisabethan pastoral; the Metaphysical; the Court Lyric, both of the Italian and French Schools; the Satirist of life and manners; the Descriptive and Didactic; the Lyric of Abstract Personifications; the Epistolary; the Mock-heroic of domestic life; the Delia Crusca tinsel; the Botanic fiction; the Gentle; the Simple; the Festive; the Mysterious; the Terrible; the Anatomical. In most of these, the fault arises from exclusiveness. For instance, in Butler's \"Life.\" (The Athenaeum, No. 28)\nAuthors, like original painters, possess certain mannerisms; however, attributing merit solely to particularity is a fatal error. What is false captures the multitude much more quickly than what is true, and the merit of the technical is more easily grasped by common critics and readers than the merit of native genius. These peculiarities have, at all times, been among the sources of temporary fame. It is observable that all those who are placed at the head of the list of English poets by the test of posterity were men of great general powers of mind: such as Chaucer, Spencer, Milton, Cowley, Dryden, Pope, Butler, Prior, and Gray. These were all men not only of power but also of great intellect.\nPoets possessed fancies and great erudition, but acute and vigorous understandings were essential for achieving the first or even the second rank. We can best illustrate this through examples of those in whom a single faculty was most prominent. Thomson had a vivid fancy, but he provided little evidence of a powerful understanding or a heart of deep passion, except perhaps in \"The Castle of Indolence.\" Young had an acute intellect, sagacious in the observation of manners, flowing with sentiment, and enriched by imagery. However, he lacked judgment; his pictures were all exaggerated and over-wrought. In Alison, there is more rhetorical flourish than genuine inspiration. Shenstone lacked strength and comprehension of thought. Lyttelton is elegant.\nGant and classical, yet he is deficient in originality, imagination, and fire. Dyer is known for Barttabee's journal. (The Journal of Grangold Bartholomew, page 29)\n\nIbrium placed himself justly among genuine poets by the production of one only lyrical piece, written apparently with great carelessness and ease; and certainly lacking in the \"limae labor\" - that is, the meticulous labor - I mean the delightful poem of Grongar Hill. His other compositions are unconquerably dull.\n\nNo one now reads Gilbert West, though praised by Gray, who was almost always niggardly in his encomiums. His Translation of Pindar entitles him to the fame of a scholar; of a man of great talents; and great as well as elegant attainments. No one probably ever read David Mallet.\n\nLet it be observed, that Chaucer, Spenser, Milton,\nCowley and Prior were all Statesmen. Opinions of Dryden, Pope, Butler, and Gray were all exercised on Public Affairs. Turning to Shakespeare, the greatest poetical genius who ever lived, we find in his pages more moral axioms, more of that which is applicable to every-day life, than in those of all other poets combined. Let us not estimate poetry by its improbabilities, its exaggerations, and its deviations from reason! Reject the false principles of Criticism, on which it has been assumed that Pope was no poet. Let us not so lavishly grant this honor to those whose errors are set up as their claim to it!\n\nIII.\nBarnabe's Journal by Richard Brathwait.\nEdited by Joseph Haslewood, Esq.\n\nAmong the minutiae of Literary History, the approval of Barnabe's Journal by Richard Brathwait.\nThe priation of that admirable and justly popular poem, \"Barnabee's Journal\" by Richard Brathwait is one of the most singular achievements. It does the highest credit to the critical sagacity, as well as to the unsparing industry and intelligence, of the fortunate discoverer, Mr. Haslewood, the last Editor of this droll and exquisite piece of pleasantry. (See Gentleman's Magazine vol. LXXXVIII. i. Sg. XCI. i. /40).\n\nRichard Brathwait was the son of Thomas Brathwait of Urneshead, in the parish of Appleby, Co. Westmoreland, Esq. who died in 1603, by Dorothy, daughter of Robert Bindloss of Haulston, in the same County; and is supposed to have been born at Burnshead in 1588. In 1604, he became a Commoner of Oriel College, Oxford, at the age.\nIn 16, he went to one of the Inns of Court to study law, a science which he neglected for poetry and Belles Lettres. In 1617, at the age of 29, he married a lady of a good family, who died in 1633, and by whom he had nine children. In the country, he became a Captain of a Foot Company in the Trained Bands; a Deputy-Lieutenant in the County of Westmoreland; a Justice of the Peace; and a noted wit and poet. At the end of six years, from the death of his first wife, he remarried Mary, daughter of Roger Crofts of Kirlington, Co. York, Gent (of Scottish origin), who owned the valuable Manor of Catterick in that County. By her, he had issue the gallant sir Strafford Brathwait.\nTo this Manor of Catterick our poet removed in the latter part of his life and dying there 10 May 1673, at the age of 85, was buried in the church of that parish. His wife survived him till April 1681. Before he left his Inn of Court, he had already acquired the distinction of \"one of the wits\" of his day. Mr. Barnabe's Joujal, 31. Aslewood gives an enumeration of more than 4 publications of his: the last in 1665: \u2014 the first, \"To most of these publications the author's name was affixed; and he was among the popular writers of his day: but these pieces became afterwards neglected. Wood, with a sort of random and indiscriminate bitterness that he often indulged in, formed the same sterile expressions, which his dullness prevented Lim from varying.\n\n(Note: I have made some assumptions about the missing words based on the context, but I have tried to be as faithful as possible to the original text.)\nIn his time, they were slighted and despised as frivolous matter, and neglect was followed by scarcity. All, except the Gentleman and Gentlewoman, became unknown to book-sellers' catalogues, and many of them for the first time were developed even to the most curious bibliographers by the researches of the present Editor. The literary character of Brathwait stood thus until within these ten years. The fashion of revising the acquaintance with authors of the 16th and 17th centuries, once known but sunk by time into oblivion, drew a little notice to one or two of Brathwait's Tracts. But from these it scarcely appeared that he rose above the quaintness and factitious ingenuity, which formed the temporary fashion of his age. There are always swarms.\nAuthors who have a secondary sort of talents, the ability to capture and exaggerate the prevailing mode, whatever it may be, but who lose all attraction when that mode goes out. A new edition of Bamabee's Journal was now called for, and Mr. Haslewood's supervision was requested and granted. Previous editors had attributed the work to an ideal person, Barnabee Harrington, based on a misconstrued passage. Mr. Haslewood was certain this was a baseless assumption, but he had yet to discover any evidence of his own to supply its place. The preface to the new edition was already sent to the printer when Mr. H., in reference to Brathwait's Strappado for the Dwell, 1615, for the purpose of illustrating an obscure passage, was struck by a similarity.\nin the Apology for the Errata to those which occurred in Barnahee's Journal. A right clue once obtained runs and expands before the eye of energetic research, like wild-fire. Tract after Tract of Brathwait's scarce Pieces was examined; and still the same quaint and peculiar apology for the Errata was found in each.\n\nAnother clue now suggested itself. In the Journal is this passage: (in Part III. p. 309),\n\"Veni Darlington, prope vicum,\nConjugem duxi peramicam : >)\n\"Thence to Darlington; there I boused y\nTill at last I was espoused.\" Again :\n\"Veni Nesham, Dei donum,\nIn Caenobiarchae domum ;\nUberem vallem, salubrem tenam,\nCursu fluminis amaenam,\nLsetam sylvis, et frondosam,\nBeras yultu speciosam.\" \"Thence to Nesham, now translated,\nOnce a nunnery dedicated;\nValleys smiling, bottoms pleasing,\".\nStreaming rivers never cease, decked with tufty woods and shady banks, Graced by a lovely Lady. (Barnabee's journal. 33)\n\nAgain:\nNow to Riclimund, where spring comes flowing,\nNow to Nesham, with my woman,\nWith free course we both approve it,\nWhere we love and are beloved;\nHere fields flower with freshest creatures,\nRepresenting Flora's features.\n\nMr. H therefore procured a search to be made in Darlington and its neighborhood for the marriage of Brathwait. In the parish register of Rurworth, in which Nesham is situated, a village about three miles from Darlington, was found the decisive evidence: the marriage of Richard Brathwait with Frances Lawson, daughter of James Lawson.\nThe identity of the author was no longer in doubt. But the more the Editor examined, the more coincidences he found with peculiar passages in the acknowledged writings of Brathwait.\n\nThe Edition containing this discovery appeared in 1818. D.** Bliss has since communicated the following confirmation from the MSS of T. Hearrie:\n\n\"The Book called Barnabas' Rambles, printed in Latin and English, in-12, was written by Richard Brathwaite. He wrote and translated a vast number of things besides, being a scribler of the times. But Mr. Chr. Bateraan, (an eminent Bookseller in Pater-noster Row,) who was well acquainted with some of the family, has several times told me that Brathwait was the author. This Book is since printed.\"\nIn a copy of the 2nd Edit, which belonged to Edw. Wilson Esq. of Dallam Tower, Co. Westmoreland, was written the following note: \"The author I knew was an old poet, Rich. Brathwait, father of sir Thomas, of Burnside Hall, near Kendall in Westmoreland.\" Mr. Haslewood, by the aid of a variety of coincidences, fixes the date of the first Edition of Barnabee's Journal to 1650; and by an ingenuity of circumstantial evidence discovers the Printer to have been John Haviland. Sixty-six years then elapsed before a second Edition appeared. It had been published anonymously; and in this period, the name of the author, which had probably long floated on the public breath, had been lost to the literary world.\n\n\"In progression from the North,\nAs I proceeded from the South,\nCame Banhery, oh profane one!\"\nUbi vidi Puritanaum,\nFelem facientem furem,\nQuia Sabbatho slew a murem.\n\nIn my progress traveling Northward,\nTaking my farewell oath southward,\nTo Banbury came I, O profane one!\nWhere I saw a Puritan one,\n\nThe dale of this MS of Hearne is ijiZ.\nThe words in Italic were afterwards added,\nand clearly allude to the reprint of 1716.\n\nbarnabee's journal. 3\n\nHanging of his Cat on Monday,\nFor killing of a Mouse on Sunday.\n\nBut why the author's name should not have come forth\nat the Restoration; why a composition\nof so much vivacity, such pure and unfailing humor,\nsuch elegant scholarship, so happily colloquial,\nso adapted to universal popularity, so fitted\nat once for the polite, the educated,\nThe common reader, not coming into full notice and reputation during a congenial political and moral period, remains unsolved. The public's taste for colloquial poetry and witty political exposure is proven by the reception of Hudibras, with the first three cantos appearing in 1663. Barnabee's Journal should not be compared to this extraordinary production; there is an essential difference in their features, materials, and manner. Barnabee's distinction is simple and easy humor, while Hudibras is almost overabundant with original and profound wit, deep knowledge of human nature's perversities, exhaustless allusions to abstruse learning, sagacious observations on man's conduct in society, and proverbial axioms.\nImages of which the felicitous and unexpected similitude never loses its brilliance. Brathwait not only survived the Restoration thirteen years; but still continued to write and to publish. However, at this epoch, he was arrived at the age of 78. Perhaps he thought that the Journal betrayed too much levity for years so far advanced. It is true that at the period of publication, this objection was in some degree in force. But the first two parts at least seem to have been written in early youth; and perhaps the poet then trusted to the concealment of his name.\n\nThe Anti-Critic\n\nOn the whole, I am inclined to attribute the neglect and oblivion, into which this poem soon fell, to that very Restoration, by which it ought to have been drawn into full life. All the literature of the preceding twenty years was then indiscriminately forced into one common pit.\nThe dead and the living were buried together, leading to a violent change that made everything previous unfashionable. All that could interest now had to be not only gay but French in nature. The Latin, however light and happy, of Barnabe may have made him seem pedantic. In the same manner, Lovelace, Stanley, Carew, Lord Pembroke, Herrick, and many others were rejected, as their poems ceased to be read and were soon forgotten. However, it is also probable that Barnabe's Journal's author did not sufficiently value his own composition. This is inferred from the character that pervades all other writings of Brathwait that I have obtained.\nacquaintance. In all of them is quaintness, pedantry, and a strong mixture of bad taste. They are the productions of a secondary kind of genius, stimulated into being by the hot-headedness of temporary fashion: a sort of intermediate of an accomplished and literary man of the world between the learned, and the mass of idle and busy society. Hence A. Wood's censure, that they were the delight of a former age; the cast-offs of the better informed of that which succeeded. Johnson says admirably, \"Those modifications of life and peculiarities of practice, which are the progeny of error and perverseness, or at best of some accidental influence, or transient persuasion, must perish with their parents.\"\n\nPoets -- Life of Butler.\nbarkabee's journal, 37.\n\nPerhaps 'Barnabe's Journal' cost the author least pains.\nAnd he therefore thought it his worst performance. Criticism and the artificial rules of composition are the things which often turn genius out of its path. A critic loves technical rules because it requires neither taste nor talent to comprehend and apply them. He thinks things excellent in proportion as they are artificial - that is, as they lack genius!\n\nWhat arises from the uninterrupted flow of a happy mind, they have not the tact to appreciate. The natural association of images; the sentiments which are their unsought companions; the simple diction, which does not overdress the thought - these are the marks of that intrinsic power, that golden ore, which never loses its value. - And these belong to Barnabee's Journal!\n\nYet Barnabee's Journal, though the work of a voluminous and well-practiced author, lay forgotten for 56 out of the 60 years after it was written.\nThe first 16 years of its existence; and has been only partially revived, till within the last 16 years. While the hand that wrote it, has been only discovered within these three years. Yet we are insultingly told, that nothing is forgotten, which deserves to be remembered: that the public taste is supreme: that it neglects not, through whim, or prejudice, or dullness, that it praises not without adequate cause! If others do not go quite so far; if they admit that the generous Public sometimes praises without reason, they insist that it never condemns to unmerited oblivion!\n\nIn Petrarch's Sonnets, taken together, is a course of high sentiment and passion, embodied. The enthusiasm of his love: the visionary circumstances, that it associates with all the incidents belonging to it; \u2014 the intensity of his longing and devotion. (IV)\n\nPETRARCH'S INDUSTRY.\n\nIn Petrarch's Sonnets, there is a sequence of heightened emotion and passion expressed. The intensity of his love: the imaginative circumstances connected to all the related incidents; \u2014 the depth of his yearning and devotion.\nideal charms annexed to Laura's person; her movements, her feelings \u2013 all partake of the nature of Creation or Invention. Petrarch's love of solitude and love of the spiritual world mutually inflamed each other! He knew that his splendid faculties ought not to be wasted on commonplace affairs, which others could discharge as well as himself. The greatest faculties must not expect to have all their strength at command without industry and discipline. Leisure, silence, calmness, unbroken attention, are required. Exercise operates surprisingly in the attainment of facility: ideas gradually develop themselves with clarity, that at first seemed involved in the darkest incomprehensibility. \"Magnas partes rure ago, now and always, solitudinis appetens et quietis,\" says our poet. I read, (translated from the Latin) \"I seek the great parts of the countryside, now and always, longing for solitude and quiet.\"\nI. scribo, cogito; hoc vita, haec delectatio mea est, quae mihi seroper ab adolescencia fuit. Mirum, tantum studi jugi, tantas in tempore pauca didici.\n\nIf Petrarch, the most eloquent, fertile, and copious writer of his laborious and wonderful age, could say this, what can a puny modern say?\n\nMilton's Self-Confidence.\n\nNo one ever executed a great work of intellect without high self-confidence.\n\nBut who can have this confidence if his opinion depends on the capricious judgments of others? Not only erroneous taste but envy and jealousy may cloud the judgments we suppose most free from them.\n\nJohnson says of Milton that \"it appears in all his writings that he had the usual concomitant of great abilities, a lofty and steady confidence in himself; perhaps\"\nBut who can be compared to Milton? The confidence will come and go in weaker minds: it will be a succession of provoking hopes evaporating in melancholy diffidences. Active life will have been surrendered, but the substitute not enjoyed. It will not be as it was with the noble poet just mentioned.\n\n\"I trust hereby,\" he says, \"to make it manifest, with what small willingness I endure to interrupt the pursuit of no less hopes than these; and leave a calm and pleasing solitariness, fed with cheerful and confident thoughts, to embark in a troubled sea of noise and hoarse disputes, put from beholding the bright countenance of Truth, the quiet and still air of delightful studies.\"\n\nNot without some contempt for others. But who can be compared to Milton? The confidence will come and go in weaker minds: it will be a succession of provoking hopes evaporating in melancholy diffidences. Active life will have been surrendered, but the substitute not enjoyed. It will not be as it was with the noble poet just mentioned.\n\n\"I trust hereby,\" he says, \"to make it manifest, with what small willingness I endure to interrupt the pursuit of no less hopes than these; and leave a calm and pleasing solitariness, fed with cheerful and confident thoughts, to embark in a troubled sea of noise and hoarse disputes, put from beholding the bright countenance of Truth, the quiet and still air of delightful studies.\"\n\nYoung has endeavored to prove, that Love of Fame is:\nIs the Universal Passion: and to elucidate it by a satirical poem, full of point and wit. The only difference is in the mode taken to obtain this; and this is as diversified as human character and human action. Mankind, however, seem to have agreed that the admission of intellectual excellence is among the most laudable of human impulses. But the road to Excellence is not always the road to Fame.\n\nVII.\nGRAY'S PURSUITS AND HABITS.\n\nIs it to be lamented that Gray wrote so little? Did he make the due use of the talents conferred on him by Providence? Is it not true, that \"When in the breast the imperfect joys expire,\" when they are not embodied in language and communicated, they are not only useless to others, but unsatisfactory to him, whom they have visited?\n\nGRAY. 41\n\nWhat was the faculty, that Gray principally employed?\nIn reading, if he only employed memory, he neglected the higher faculties which he possessed. It is not sufficient to comprehend and remember what others have written; it ought to be enriched by the reader's own reflections. The power of original thought improves wonderfully by practice. But he, who is accustomed to go in leading-strings, can seldom venture alone.\n\nIt cannot be questioned that Gray could think for himself; and did think for himself on all great occasions. He thought not only powerfully, but rightly. His fault was fastidiousness. He was too little disposed to be pleased and he exacted too rigid correctness.\n\nWho are of consequence? Who have made themselves worthy of general notice and general esteem? Who have done that, which has not been equally done, or cannot be equally done, by a thousand others? Could many others have achieved the same?\nHave you written the Elegy and the Ode on Eton College by Gray? What is most excellent seems easy to be done, but the trial proves the contrary. There must be something of uncommon felicity in that to which we perpetually recur, after other things have lost all interest with the loss of novelty! Is it the polish and terseness of expression; the happy selection of images; or the simplicity, truth, and pathos of the sentiments?\n\nGray personally received but little of the incense of attention and praise, which the fame of his writings drew upon them. He mingled scarcely at all in that sort of society who were fitted or disposed to estimate his genius.\n\nJonson lived in the full tide of popularity: courted, listened to, flattered, worshipped.\n\nGray (I believe) says, \"A dead Lord only ranks with a\"\nCommoner is extinguished with the same impartiality as any plebeian after death, possessing no longer the prejudices in his favor. In what consisted the difference between Gray and Lyttelton?\n\nLyttelton had numerous advantages over Gray in the opportunity of seeing mankind, in conversing with the business of life, and in that impulse and skill generated by the collision of intellects. Yet all these could not counteract the superiority of Gray's natural gift.\n\nIn the internal construction of Gray's mind was vigor and fire. In that of Lyttelton, gentleness and facility, but feebleness. He had no invention; therefore, he was not deficient in plain sense because he was not exposed to be led astray by foolish whims. However, in lacking force, he lacked that piercing sagacity which gives common sense its greatest use.\nGray, in the unstimulating and drowsy ease of a College life, suffered the higher powers of his mind to slumber and rust, while he was content to amuse himself by employing his prodigious memory. Whoever reads his Letters will be convinced that this is not too severe a censure. His serious Letters (for his trifling ones sadly betray the affectations of a petit-maitre), give great interest from the depth and accuracy of the knowledge, with which they are tinctured; and the delightful skill of deep and perfect scholarship, under the influence of pure, acute, and lofty taste. But in the profusion of these treasures, we regret those still more valuable riches, which he seems too lazy to bring forth! We have few of the results of his own original powers of thinking! He recalls to us the facts of history; the facts of history.\nBut Gray seldom shares his own thoughts and theories, instead offering opinions of moralists, sentiments and images of poets, and explanations of scholars. It is the evil of an unbalanced cultivation of memory that afflicts the most powerful minds.\n\nBut Gray could think, imagine, and invent powerfully! His Bard is proof of his rich and sublime invention.\n\nAt the epoch at which Gray wrote, the powers of Invention in English poetry seem almost to have ceased, save for a few personifications and allegorical abstractions. Joseph Warton, in writing the Preface to his Early Poems, seemed to think similarly.\n\nI am not sure that we have made much improvement by the extravagant Inventions of modern days.\n\nWhat Invention is there in the major part of the [text omitted]?\nPoets in Johnson's Collection? Does Denham have an Invention? Does Waller have an Invention? perhaps a simile or a metaphor will be called an Invention! - There is more Invention in Butler, but he lacks the dignity of the subject. Blackmore, Swift, Addison, Gay, Phillips, Savage, Somerville, Tickell, Hammond, Dyer, Mallet, Watts, etc., want Invention. - Even Shenstone cannot be said to have shown Invention, unless in his Elegy of Jesse, \"Why mourns my friend?\"\n\nI would give Dryden credit for Invention from the manner in which he expanded the Tales of Boccaccio; and Prior, for his expansion of the Nut-Brown Maid. So Pope, for his Eloisa to Abelard; and his Rape of the Lock!\n\nCollins is everywhere Inventive! - Above all, in his Ode to the Passions! I can discover nothing on which I can found Akenside's claim to Invention.\nBut where shall we find the distinction for Cowper, not entitled to it by many of his Songs, like those of Burns? Mighty poet, but to how few do you truly belong? Was a man with the genius, erudition, and habits of Gray happy? His life was probably a mixture of extreme enjoyment and bitter suffering. His hours of energy passed in pure and noble occupations, lifted above worldly cares, unpressed by worldly biases: but man is yet a dependent being. His instinctive affections told him so; he exclaimed, \"Poor Moralist! And what art thou? A solitary fly! No hive hast thou of hoarded sweets.\" His ardors must often have stagnated within him for want of objects; cold fogs must have congregated over his heart and frozen the genial current of his soul.\nThe first quality of a poet is universally allowed to be Invention: the power of imagining new combinations of incidents or scenery, and associating them with a lively description of the sentiments that would naturally be excited in such situations. Milton stands at the head of our poets - (separate from the Dramatic) - and Spenser next to him. Perhaps Chaucer stands third, in right of his Canterbury Tales. If invention is the character of a poet, how do those show the characters who are mere portrait-painters? By selection of circumstances, by picturesqueness of language, by vividness of colouring. There is even in this a minor sort of novelty of combination.\nPoetry.\nSubjects of Poetry compared to distant views.\nA step, methinks, may pass the stream;\nSo little distant dangers seem.\nWe mistake the future's face,\nEyed through Hope's delusive glass!\nAs yon summits soft and fair,\nClad in colors of the air,\nWhich, to those who journey near,\nBarren, and brown, and rough appear;\nStill we tread the same coarse way;\nThe present's still a cloudy day.\nDyer's Grongar Hill.\nIt is the same with subjects of poetry: Matters of Fiction are better described than matters of reality: because they are seen at a distance; and without the barrenness and roughness, which are mixed up in actual life. He who takes upon himself to describe his own circumstances and feelings undertakes a task less congenial with the nature of poetry.\nIX.\nThe character of Cowper, as given by Campbell, is elegantly and discriminatingly written. It accurately observes his want of invention and the charm arising from portraiture - a delineation of self, when that self is full of simplicity and interest, of pure and virtuous sentiment, of moral rectitude, and energetic indignation of vice. However, compositions cannot be deemed to possess the higher qualities of poetry without invention. The power and gratification of imagining things more beautiful than reality is a quality implanted in our nature, and it is to satisfy this propensity that the grand faculties of poetry are called forth.\n\nWhat is called the poetry of Reason may be very beautiful; but still, it is not the highest kind of poetry. The ornaments of poetry may be applied to moral lessons, but the highest poetry goes beyond this.\nAnd practical sentiments: they may illustrate and heighten the force and beauty of those lessons and sentiments, but in Cowper's work, the poetry is subordinate to the matter, not the matter to the poetry.\n\nBy this test, Cowper is inferior to Thomson, who, with not less exactness, has more invention in his descriptions than the other. And who, in \"The Castle of Indolence,\" has proven that he possessed a high degree of that faculty.\n\nThe visionary talents of Collins rank him among poets of the true spirit. He saw ideal persons; and endowed them with ideal souls. He gazed upon those undefined glimmers of imaginary Beings, which, like the glorious rays of the sunbeam when it first comes in spring to make the heart glad, play involuntarily before the richly-stored and highly-excited mind. When he addresses Fear, he is worked up.\n\nCowper: inferior to Thomson due to less invention in descriptions. Thomson's \"Castle of Indolence\" showcases his high degree of poetic faculty. Collins' visionary talents place him among poets with ideal persons and souls. He is moved by undefined glimmers of imaginary beings and addresses Fear with intensity.\nas if that powerful Passion was actually personified before him. Burns is superior in this respect, as many of his poems and songs are upon imaginary subjects. Tom Warton scarcely shows it, except in his Crusade. Notwithstanding, it has been denied, his Suicide was probably suggested by the fate of Chatterton. Gray had invention, but he did not greatly exert it, except in his Bard. There are poets who call up clusters of associations by a judicious selection of leading circumstances hinted. This gives reason to infer that their own minds revel in accompanying creations, but they seem to shrink from the hazardous task of bringing them before the reader in the form of language.\n\n48 THE ALINCROFT CENSURES OF POPE.\nWhat are the objections made by censurers to the moral character of Pope? That he was bitter and envious: That he was fond of money: That he was deceitful: That he had a mean admiration of the great, though he affected to despise them: That he was vain of his wealth: That he was full of little artifices: That he was a secret plagiarist. That he was fond of indecences, and his attachment to Martha Blount was impure, etc. All, or most, of these, seem to be charges made with a total absence of candor. His satirical temper, and his indulgence of a deeply vindictive spirit for petty injuries to his fame, appears to be the least defensible of his moral defects. It had been more noble to treat his assailants with an indignant contempt. He crushed them and made them miserable with too unsparing a hand.\nTrue Principles of Poetry. We have two kinds of existence or consciousness - material and intellectual. Poetry is primarily concerned with the intellectual. Each exists in some degree mixed with the other, but as one or the other predominates or originates, it takes the character of the predominator or originator. For instance, when outward objects are impressing themselves on the material frame, they operate on the sensory apparatus, which thus stirs and associates the new impression with ideas already there. And when the primary movement commences internally, it either recalls the images of what is material received at some former time from without or admits their operation at the present moment from actual presence. The whole conduct of the mind arising out of the material.\nConsciousness seems different from that arising out of Intellectual Consciousness! While outward objects are actually present, they make their impression according to their real and exact forms. They do not allow the imagination to select or add. They therefore inhibit his taste or confine his invention.\n\nBut when these things are recalled through the fancy in absence; when the movement originates with the mind, then the mind is the Master: it selects or it adds, as it chooses.\n\nThe poet who attempts to describe objects from their actual presence is sure to fail. There is a hardness, a confusion, a tiresome exactness about him, which destroys the charm of poetry.\n\nIn truth, the attempt is a strong presumption that the attempter feels not the genuine poetical talent. Sometimes it is otherwise.\nA qualified person may be misled by bad advice, bad examples, or wrong systems, but not often. The most distinctive mark of genius is that it originates from within. Genius rejects prescribed subjects or executes them poorly. The presence of an object on the senses may be supposed to be a substitute for fancy, but it is not. There is a vast difference in the degree of strength and clarity with which objects operate at the moment on different brains. The memory of such objects may be in proportion to that strength and clarity, but it does not follow that the fancy is necessarily attached to it - that is, the power of recalling the image itself with as much vividness as if present. It is the vividness of emotion, caused by the presence of an object, that is important.\nThe fancy, a peculiar and inseparable mark of genius. The skill of cold, laboring Art can never be a substitute for it. But do not the objects themselves create the same emotion? And why is this emotion not communicable thence, as well as from the power of the Fancy? Perhaps the fire of an Intellectual image is more communicable to an Intellectual process, (which literary composition must be admitted to be), than the fire of a material image! The mind moves by its own impulses. There is a 'spirit within, that often sets it at work. It then makes use of TRUE PRINCIPLES OF POETRY: such of its stores as the occasion demands: and among them are images originally derived from material objects: but the presence of the material objects themselves has no concern with these movements.\nIt is disgusting to reflect on how far-fetched and mistaken criticism has led poets astray from the real objects of art. All the little technicalities, which were intended as adjuncts, have been deemed principals.\n\nIt is scarcely possible to describe or delineate all the degrees of invention of which the human mind is capable, or to which it is accustomed in its poetical occupations.\n\nA highly fertile and grand genius imagines or invents new orders of beings and new worlds for their habitation. He creates them with grandeur or beauty and suits himself to the range and color of belief to which mankind is disposed. This is a task only undertaken by the very highest order of genius.\n\nAnother, taking humanity itself as the material of his production and the existing earth as its scene, elevates it.\nBut a mind of splendid endowments always exercises itself in the cultivation and disposition of the requisite materials for creating literature. However, there are numerous degrees of excellence far below these.\n\nWhen there is not the strength or perseverance to invent a whole story, detached portions or single figures may be invented. Or the invention may be confined merely to the illustration, to the simile, figure, or metaphor; or even to the polish of diction, or the harmony of the verse.\n\nSome minds employ themselves in seeking imagery; and some in sentiment; and some in elucidating the deductions of reason.\nIf nature has been bountiful to them in the talents requisite for the pursuit to which they are addicted, they strike out by long toil useful and sometimes brilliant truths, or at least amusing pictures and instructive elucidations. It must be on some of these minor results that the majority of the lesser poets must build their claims to the laurel.\n\nThis comprehensive view may perhaps let in even the Metaphysical poets. For these writers, always ingenious, though often absurd and generally tasteless, frequently illustrated a moral truth or a chain of reasonings by similes or figures, which, however far-fetched, were striking and abundant in reflection.\n\nIt could only have been in the intellectual part of their consciousness that these fruits were produced. They must have cultivated a constant habit of turning inward.\nKejjing their mental faculties in great activity. Sometimes it was not accuracy or the unexpected likeness of the illustration that pleased, but something in which the extravagance of the comparison may be forgiven for the gallantry of the compliment; but more especially for the beauty of the imagery; the sweetness of the expression; and the music of the verse. Such as in Carew's Song: \"Ask me no more where Jove bestows, When June is gone, the fading rose.\"\n\nTrue Principles of Poetry. These are, however, rather misapplications than proper employments of poetical minds. In these devious courses, some unexpected beauties will occasionally burst upon us; and some unlooked-for fruit occasionally be furnished. But much labor has, notwithstanding, been lost.\n\nIn different periods of society, the human mind employs itself differently.\nMan is in search of different fruits. He is imitative, and few have the boldness to chart out a road of their own. In one age, an image is deemed sufficient to fill the mind by its own simple grandeur; in another, fashion places the interest in the decoration of it, or its use to adorn, or explain, something abstract, or in most respects disparate; and discovered in some one point to be unexpectedly like. In proportion as the ideas in which the composition deals are complex, is the force of any particular quality of genius less apparent, and less requisite. The Metaphysical poets and those quaint writers who formed the class that immediately succeeded them were generally men of considerable talents and acquirements, but of minor genius. The understanding is generally employed in studying and acquiring knowledge.\nTeaching the nature and due regulations of our material existence or consciousness. It is the business of poetry to represent our intellectual existence or consciousness. If it occupies itself principally in instructing us in the former, it descends from its due sphere.\n\nIf we wish to represent things in the order and with the accompaniments in which they strike the outward senses, we cannot represent them poetically. For when the fancy renews the representation of them, it does not represent them in the same order and with the same accompaniments. As all poetry is addressed, or ought to be addressed, to the Fancy, it follows that what is not suited to the nature and rules by which the Fancy acts can never produce the proper effect nor be genuine in its character or quality.\n\n54. The Anticritic\n\nIf we wish to represent things in the order and with the accompaniments in which they appear to the outward senses, we cannot represent them poetically. For when the fancy renews the representation, it does not represent them in the same order and with the same accompaniments. Since all poetry is addressed to, or ought to be addressed to, the Fancy, it follows that what is not in harmony with the nature and rules by which the Fancy operates cannot produce the intended effect or be genuine in its nature or quality.\nThat which does not strike at once, but whose meaning is to be attained by laborious deduction, is not poetry. That of which the leading circumstance is not seized, or in which attention is distracted by a detail of more importance than the leading circumstance, is not poetry. The more servile or faithful the picture is of material or real life as it actually is, the less poetical it is. Because this is not the picture which is left upon the mind when material objects are removed. When the understanding, when complex reflection, comes in to disturb the natural order and simple colors of the images, as they voluntarily rise in the mind, the effect is something artificial, for which the mind of the reader was not prepared. There is no end to the varieties of aspect generated by.\nThe capricious judgments of the human intellect, pondering on the same subject; losing sight of the point, whence they set out, in endless labyrinths. It is the essence of little minds to love artifice; because the attainments of Art are within their reach, whereas the deficiency of natural endowments cannot be supplied. It may be worth while to try these theories by the test of experience. How do they appear to be illustrated by the actual conduct of the greatest poets?\n\nWhat are Dante's subjects? Are they not the visions of the mind? And does he not present them characterized, and grouped, in the manner in which they appear to the Fancy?\n\nThe force of the images presented by his fancy, or created by his genius, gave him a confidence in its power, that\n\nTRUE PRINCIPLES OF POETRY. 55\n\nWhat are Dante's subjects? Are they not the visions of the mind? He presents them characterized and grouped in the manner in which they appear to the Fancy.\nA Didactic Poem is unsatisfied without effort at ornamentation or exaggeration. Does the same character belong to Mihon? A Didactic Poem is a contradiction; its aim is to do the reverse of poetry. But are there no poetical passages in Didactic Poems? \u2014 Yes, but they are not Didactic; they are ornamental patches, incongruous with the professed object of the Work!\n\nIf this theory is true, does it raise or depreciate the dignity and use of poetry?\n\nMany will pronounce that it depreciates, because they will say that in this character, poetry does not come home to the business of life.\n\nIf poetry is a representation of our intellectual consciousness, not of our material\u2014that is, of the images which exist in the mind, not of the external images themselves\u2014it seems to me that when these images are original.\nFinally, derived externally through the senses, they do not take their proper form and character until the original is entirely removed from them. The fancied image is therefore a renewal, at some period separated from that when it was first impressed. In the interval, all the degrading and puzzling details sink away, leaving none but the striking or characteristic features of the image. It would seem that the same principle is applicable not only to those images which had their origin in something external, but to all the operations of the mind, whether imagery, sentiments, reasonings, or reflections. Poetry deals, or ought to deal, with them in the state, in which Fancy renews them \u2014 when the striking parts remain, and the dregs have sunk. We arrive at a conclusion by a laborious process of reflection.\nThe nature of the human mind has been a difficult study in all ages. Locke made great advances in this subtle enquiry, and in our days, Reid, Dugald Stewart, and others have made still farther advances. There are probably mysteries in it which the human mind is incapable of conquering.\n\nI assume the fancy to be that faculty which has the power of bringing before the mind's eye any image, as if it had a material shape. It matters not whether the materials or likeness of that image were originally borrowed from some external object, or whether by some inscrutable cause, they originated in the mind. I assume Invention to apply to such of these images brought before the mind.\nBefore the mind's eye, there exist concepts without their archetypes in external material objects: whether the difference arises from the novelty of the combination only or the novelty of the whole. It is obvious that this may apply to a single image or a combination of images\u2014to an Allegorical Ode, descriptive of a single ideal Being, or to an Epic Poem.\n\nProper Objects of Authors. 67\n\nMemory is the consciousness of what has been; not the image of it renewed to the mind, as if present.\n\nFancy may inspire a poet; but the addition of Invention is necessary to make a poet of the highest class. And the fancy must deal in images, either beautiful, pathetic, or sublime.\n\nCan we name a poet, of well-established reputation, who is a contradiction to this theory?\n\nAt various periods of the literature of every country, an author may disregard this theory.\nAttention to these principles has not been duly preserved. As soon as poetry began to be cultivated as an Art, Art too often got the better and substituted adjuncts for principals. Memory was exercised instead of Fancy; and things therfore, that were inconsistent with the essence of poetry, formed the materials of productions, which had nothing of the character of poetry but the metre.\n\nProper Objects of Authors.\n\nIll addition to the inexhaustible subjects of intellectual observation, which still leave the field open to candidates for literary fame, after all the ground that has been taken by their predecessors, every thing offers something peculiar to itself, and arising out of its own circumstances; and consequently not presented to the literati of a prior date.\n\nThere are also some colors of language, and some eloquence.\nThe advancement and improvement of sentiment in every age, the change of language and novelty of arrangement sometimes restore the fatigued reader to a useful subject. He who speaks of his exclusive admiration of old writers is either a pedant or makes this a pretense to conceal his distaste for all reading. Men of very high genius rise seldom in the course of centuries, but men not only of erudition, but of genius sufficient to instruct and delight their contemporaries, are to be found in every generation, and these are men without whose efforts the intellectual state of society would rapidly deteriorate. If there were no place for such great men as Dante, Petrarch, and Milton, one must despair. But there are very many seats, far indeed below these.\nFor a noble ambition! There is a great difference between the sense appreciated to general truths; and the sense applied to individual expediency. The wisdom of the former extends fame to men where they are personally unknown: of the latter, it confines it to those who are witnesses of the success of their individual conduct. The latter have a tact for hitting on what is most for their own interest, which is often the reverse of general justice, or general expediency. But how few trouble themselves with the love, or pursuit, of abstract truth! It is probable that the exercise of literary genius is nearly, if not entirely, independent of situation in life. Yet Biography relates all the circumstances of the life of a man of genius, as if they formed the essence of the knowledge we wish to have of him.\nA genius in poverty and disgrace consoles himself that he shall appear to the world only in his ideal character. The tasteless Biographer tears off the veil; and shows him in all the nakedness of revolting reality.\n\nProper Objects of Authors. 69\n\nThe public may love gossiping stories; and to gratify a prurient curiosity, by an admission into the penetralia of private life. But respect for the person commemorated is as little the object, as it is in general the consequence, of these minute communications.\n\nThere is a certain sort of wise and dignified generalization in almost all the best-written lives of men of genius or literature. Bos descended from this in his Life of Johnson; Gibbon was a little inclined to descend from it in his Memoirs of Himself.\n\nWhat are the proper purposes of authorship, and how\nThey are to be executed, but it is too late a period in literature to discuss. However, to communicate important truths, yet not trite, in a language that unites force with elegance deserves well of the public. Labors short of this may merit encouragement and praise. Whoever conveys useful instruction or innocent amusement to the mind does well. The world is inclined to consider those who pursue their amusements rather than their private interests as foolish or unprincipled. But it ought, before it decides, to know what those amusements are; and to examine their character. With some, it is an amusement to administer to the innocent and refined pleasures of the public; to attempt to enlighten their understandings; or to exercise their fancies and their hearts by beautiful images or amiable emotions.\nMen amuse themselves with equipages, horses, hunting, building, society, farming, etc. - is it a crime to amuse themselves with that, the essence of which is conveying pleasure or instruction to others? If no one looked beyond Self, what a battle of private interests would the world be? It is the detachment from self that purifies us; exalts us; and makes us worthy of the love and admiration of others. The difference between duties, the results of which are immediate in both respects to persons and time, and those, the results of which are, in both those respects, distant, it may be difficult to estimate or even to define. The productions of literary genius are for the most part of this sort. It will be asked, if they are a sufficient counterbalance to the omission of more practical and direct duties.\nSome of us come into the world to do nothing; some, destined to the highest tasks; some, to perform great practical works. When the public are too stupid or too negligent to estimate a man's honorable principles of action, can he set them right by explanation? If we suffer ourselves to be at the mercy of every momentary breath of popular taste, we must lose all self-confidence; and throw away our efforts in the most wavering irresolution.\n\nHowever it may be denied, no man of sound judgment can doubt that Milton received little admiration or notice as a poet in his own day. Collins obtained no marks whatsoever of fame or distinction.\n\nThe representations of the moral, intellectual, and material world are so blended in every true production.\nThe proper objects of an author's poetical genius are impressions that art can never reach and neglect cannot obliterate, where nature has implanted them. They possess vivacity, variety, inequality, and freshness, which those who work by rules never catch. Moral knowledge ought to be the first pursuit of the human intellect, but deep moral wisdom has never yet been obtained except from the pen or lips of Genius. Genius alone can pierce the recesses of the human bosom and irradiate its clouds. Genius alone can find due language for these discoveries to be communicated. It may be affirmed that the language can never be good where the thought is deficient or trite, and, on the contrary, that correct, forcible, and original thoughts will always bring with them congenial language.\nThe language arises with thought, and nothing but that which is simultaneous is excellent or pure. All must acknowledge the existence of that moral sense implanted in mankind, which in different individuals so incalculably varies in degree. This sense must be preeminently acute and predominant in a great poet. It must color the forms and pursuits of his fancy; and shape them to its own direction.\n\nIt may perhaps be objected that many men of undeniable genius have led immoral and vicious lives; and have been distinguished for their defect of principles. But these exceptions are scarcely ever found in genius of the higher class; and when found, are attended by some circumstances of peculiarity, which may account for their deviation from the general rule.\n\nNothing is more curious than to trace the first appearances of this sense in the development of a poet's mind.\nThe genius, as displayed in childhood, is associated with original and powerful thought. The Athenaeum-Critic (1820)\n\nOriginal and powerful thought often puts on the appearance of stupidity or folly in its first operations. He who is primarily intent upon his own ideas does not often apprehend the ideas of others with the same clarity of perception, as if they were free from the intervention of what his own mind supplies. It often happens, therefore, that unoriginal writers are less involved and more digested, and more copious, at an early age.\n\nThe sensibility, without which no one can be a real poet, often becomes highly morbid in the first opening of youth. To foster the imagination in which he deals, he encourages a warmth of temperament, which is very dangerous when uncontrolled.\n\nAuthors, who have no heart, may, by the aid of memory, compensate.\nAt once write things that seem brilliant and be men of the world. But to frequent the world and be endowed with a high fancy is, at this age, scarcely compatible. Retirement and even the deepest solitude is sought that a field may be found for the due expansion of the creations of the mind. The devotee often becomes absent, neglectful of himself, eccentric, and of a childish simplicity and ignorance in the actual affairs of life. If the circumstances of his lot necessitate the trammels of a profession, this devotedness is most unfortunate: it disqualifies him from bending his attention to what is required; while the strength of imagery, which constitutes his mental excellence, is a light inapplicable to the hard practical forms of things, with which the common business of mankind is carried on.\nIn later life, when passions calm and ideas become more settled and under judgment's dominion, this conflict lessens, if it does not cease. Familiarity and conformity with man's habits in society may be united with the indulgence of a rich and pure imagination. In early youth, images are almost exclusively cherished, the pleasure of which depends solely on the emotion they cause. As years advance, others of a more complex nature are encouraged, and the fruits of reason and moral experience are ingredients which aid in forming the interest of the pictures presented. In these maturer days, a deep knowledge of the moving springs of life and an acute sagacity in discriminating the human character are added.\nThe more brilliant stores which adorned the poet's youthful mind. But there is a chaos, before these contending qualities of the mind arrange themselves into their relative places. In many cases, the patient sinks. He experiences the demands of opposing duties; he finds his powers unequal to his ambitions; and he despairs.\n\nIf the maxim of \"possunt, quia posse videtur\" is true, the reverse is also true. With the loss of self-confidence comes inability. We then fall into humble pursuits; and strive to amuse ourselves without effort, when effort can hope for no reward.\n\nHe who cannot resist detraction is utterly unfitted to struggle in society. Mankind are ready and ingenious in degrading; but slow and unwilling to praise. The superiority of others is never acknowledged, till after repeated attempts to cast them down.\nIt is said that criticism can only support itself when it is just. This assertion has not even the semblance of truth; it assumes that readers are capable of detecting bad taste, bad reasoning, bold falsehoods, and unprincipled wit; and that they resist the gratification of malignity, jealousy, and envy.\n\nThe fire of high hopes is difficult to be supported amid the damp of the impending clouds of life, even when encouraged by others. When it has to endure the additional chills of bitterness and hatred, how great must be its strength to surmount extinction! The languor that follows energetic labors, the waste that accompanies a violent excitement of the animal spirits, are alone obstacles which few have the permanent vigor to contend with.\n\nBut I know not why he, who is conscious of his own weaknesses, should be a critic.\nIntellectual gifts should not worry themselves about the censures of the malignant, the wanton, or the foolish. They cannot deprive him of the endowments bestowed by nature, nor finally suppress the notice that truth and justice will eventually confer. Time examines, sifts, and weighs with precision, and will award the price that shall be due.\n\nJohannes (Joseph) Rousseau is a character that offers few, if any, subjects for reflection as much as he does. Few have drawn forth more bitter censures, and scarcely another has given occasion to so many warm and eloquent panegyrics. The most enlightened candor is often staggered in the attempt to reconcile the virtues and faults, the strength and weakness, of this most extraordinary man.\n\nMany undeserving persons have obtained great celebrity.\n\nRousseau.\nwhich has lasted for a short time. But a celebrity, which endures and even increases, for half a century after death, scarcely can be factitious. It becomes therefore a point of curiosity and profound instruction to endeavor to discriminate the qualities on which such a celebrity is founded. Mere rarity of endowments will little avail in securing a general interest. They must be such as come home to every one's bosom. I survey with admiration, without being able to analyze, the power which can light a fire in the hearts of the dull and the cold. But it seems to be the eloquence of Rousseau, the native and unprompted fervor of his sentiments and images, which gives him the superiority, that eclipses all his competitors. His principles may be sometimes mistaken, his reasonings may be sophistical and dangerous: it is his eloquence that saves him. (Housseau* 65, iiigli)\nUnmatched sensitivity, which melts and enchants the reader. For this, there is no substitute in the happiest skill; the deepest learning; and the most vigorous and exalted understanding. It is clear then, that Piousseau was the slave of his sensations: his reason could never master them, and hence arose the apparent contradictions of his life.\n\nFame finally just. It is a bad symptom of the public's taste, as it is of individuals, when extravagance is mistaken for genius. It is only upon truth and propriety that we can long repose with delight. What touches us in the moment of calm reflection, sobriety, and sorrow; what convinces us as the dictate of cool and impartial wisdom, is alone the standard or the plant of perennial verdure.\n\nThough \"slow rises worth,\" by trusting to the simplicity.\nThe native genius will gradually ascend to its height and keep on \"the even tenor\" of its course. Madame de Stael, in her Dix Annees d'Exil, p. 17, says: \"Critics whose works are the object, can easily be endured when one has some elevation of soul, and when one loves great thoughts for themselves, even more than for the success they may bring. The public, after a certain time, seems almost always quite equitable; love of self must get used to giving credit to praise. Even if one had long suffered injustice, I do not conceive of a better remedy against it than the meditation of philosophy and the emotion of eloquence. These faculties put a whole world of truths and sentiments at our disposal.\"\nIn this which one breathes easily. \u2014 After a life spent in deep attention to Intellectual Biography, I am persuaded that the mental character is not so much dependent on external and accidental circumstances, as I, in common with the generality of mankind, supposed. It is the union of the qualities of the fancy, the heart, and the understanding in their due proportions, that constitutes the literary genius, of which the fruits are lasting. Literary excellence is the same in all ages and all countries. It is the search after novelty that misleads the taste and pursues objects which, when attained, soon satiate or fade.\n\nProvidence has been pleased to dispense her gifts in a mysterious manner. Nature will follow its bent: and when the mind is fertile, it will throw forth flowers, in spite of.\nWhile I look upon the various habits of opinion, which various occupations universally generate, I am too apt to be disturbed in the unity and equable tenor of my own sentiments, necessary to that self-complacence, without which there can be neither dignity nor enjoyment. An anxious mind frets itself that it can find little sympathy with the opinions and actuating motives of mankind. It must go its own way; and it ought to do so, without vexing itself at this discordance! The diversified tasks of human beings could never be performed if all had the same tastes and the same modes of estimating things. One is apt to forget that contentment with one's lot is necessary to each.\nA man's fair passage through life: and how can this be effected but by a variety of judgments applied to motives and ends? What appear as shadows to one are substances to another! What seem empty vapors to this person are almost of the essence of existence to his opposite! A man must not be flattered in his follies and delusions! True, but then comes the question, \"what is folly?\" and \"what is delusion?\" The money-getter thinks honor a delusion! The special pleader thinks an eloquent, persuasive speech a delusion! I would not willingly have that train of ideas torn from me, which has been a shield and a mantle in my misfortunes!\n\nXVI.\nPraise of Scott's Novels; and of the Love of Reading,\nExtract from a Letter, Oct. 6, 1821.\nI think that Sir Walter Scott's Novels have afforded me much enjoyment.\nUseful and laudable exercises for British intellects. The fancy they display is vigorous, manly, copious, and original. However, there is too much local and national manner, customs, and histories in them. I do not think Jie has drawn the Female Character with sufficient beauty or refinement.\n\nHe brings out his features with much force; groups his figures so happily; and contrasts the grand descriptions and thrilling sentiments of the poet so strikingly with his Comic personages and lively dialogues of wit and humor, that he electrifies even the dull and sensual tastes of the multitude.\n\nBelieving, as I do, that the amusement of reading is one of the greatest consolations of life - that it is the nurse of virtue; that it is the upholder of adversity; that it is the source of knowledge; that it is the very soul and life of the world - I have endeavored, in the following pages, to present to the public a selection of the most interesting and entertaining productions of the English Dramatists, from the time of Shakespeare to the present day.\n\nLAKE OF GENEVA. 69.\nThe proposition of Independence: that it is the support of a just Pride; that it is the strengthener of elevated opinions; that it is the shield against the tyranny of all the Petty Passions; that it is the repeller of the Fool's scoff, and the Knave's poison. I consider the man, who has produced such effects, as a great national benefactor; and a benefactor, whose good is not transient, but of all times.\n\nXVII.\n\nLAKE OF GENEVA.\n\nAnother extract from the Same Letter,\n\n\"I believe that our intellectual existence is quite as much intended here, as our corporeal. I look across the Lake, whose blue waves, now agitated by the wind, are breaking into a thousand fragments of sparkling foam, \u2014 to the Alps half-enveloped in clouds: \u2014 I see at their feet, running hitherward to the edge of the water, the green meadows.\"\nThe undulations of Savoy, clad with villas, hamlets, cottages, towers, and steeples! Is not the multitude of mental images, which I associate with this variety of glittering or misty objects, an existence as certain, according to its own nature, as these material objects to which it is joined?\n\nThe Beautiful Fragment of a Poem (for it is an absolute fragment) has the fault of a barren design or story. It lacks Incident, where Incident was necessary; and might have been so easily invented.\n\nThe love of solitude, the delight in abstract pleasures, are proper accompaniments of the genius intended to be delineated; but occasional mixture with society, and occasional involvement with its passions and interests, were necessary.\nMan is not intended to be always solitary. He must not continually immerse himself in the coarse and deadening turmoils of daily life; but he must sometimes become a part in human affairs, and feel the force and the sorrows of human affections. He must look for the materials of his contemplations in Man, as he is exalted by sentiment, by intellect, and by morals; and adds a world of spiritual existences to what is perceptible by the senses. Frail and fallen as Humanity is, it is still Humanity which gives the main interest to the fair imagery of this glorious Globe. It is Humanity, such as the sublime poet beholds.\nThe poet, in its choicest examples, calls up our highest energies and noblest sympathies. Beattie's Minstrel, 71. If the Poet has a right to create a genius nurtured in the cottage simplicity of entire solitude, and instructed only by the cold world, rejecting counsels of an Hermit, he also has a right to throw him among the grander men of Mankind; yet separated from their blights, degradations, and deformities. Selection, as well as exaltation, is the Poet's business. He is entitled to contemplate Man in his better moments, undebased by the meannesses of mortal condemnation. Mau was decreed to build up his state in society by toil and cultivation; by the long exercise of his mental faculties; by the enduring virtue of the self-denying regulations of his heart; by the elevation of his views.\nAmong human beings, it is among those refined by society's best elements that we find the most magnificent expressions of the soul. Courts, camps, and baronial halls were where the young minstrel should have learned as an infant troubadour. An aged mentor, not a hermit unless he had left his cell to join his wanderings, could have given him advice. This advice would help him appreciate the scenes before him and give living interest to what he taught, while the cold abstract axioms of moral philosophy, even when thrown into verse by Beattie in his Second Canto, cast a dullness that all his art and genius cannot surmount.\nIt is inconceivable how Beattie, whose poem's very title would naturally lead to this rich train of incidents and scenery, could prefer such a barren and difficult plan. Perhaps it is due to his philosophical habits, rather than his inclinations, that led him. He had reasoned himself into a horror of the crimes of courts and the immoralities of society, persuading himself that a poet ought to be an abstract Being. But where do all the grand, affecting, and beautiful passages of Shakespeare come from? \u2014 From the complicated passions and complicated duties imposed on the character represented by society! He, who retires to muse, without first collecting incidents and experiences from the world.\nMaterials for contemplation begin with an incorrect foundation. Books teach little of life unless we can correct them and apply our understanding through experience. It is not the poet's role to depict unanimated nature devoid of Intellectual Beings, who Providence has ordained as its rulers.\n\nAnyone who deeply examines the impact of scenery on Man discovers that it quickly loses its power unless the fluctuating emotions of the human heart introduce variety and new impulses to its hues and shapes. When it is linked to a specific impression of the soul, caused by one of life's innumerable striking incidents, the diversity of its colors and interests is boundless.\n\nHow then could Edwin learn, as a young Minstrel?\nOught one to learn, as Beattie teaches? How could one conceive those conflicts of Passion, which are not to be imagined in the unbroken solitude of woods and streams and valleys and hills, but must be felt or observed in the intercourses of humanity? There is no power of the mind so admirable or mysterious as the Imagination! We often do not know whence its images come; nor why they visit us. But they will not take all human shapes without some previous acquaintance with humanity. Of all the parts of history, which would have furnished the most interesting and instructive matter, if the written language had been sufficiently perfect to have handed it down.\nThe account of The Troubadours would have stood foremost with frankness and judgment. I cannot believe those ages were as barbarous as they are represented to have been. Everywhere on the Continent, particularly in Italy, we see the ruins of magnificent ancient castles, where now reside none but a most miserable and half-barbarous peasantry. These castles must have diffused in their neighborhoods comparative civility, employment, and wealth. The relics which have come down to us of the compositions of the Troubadours frequently afford instances of a refinement of sentiment and turn of expression, which testify an advance of intellectual cultivation and a polish of manners, such as modern opinions regarding them seem to be very little aware of.\n\nSeattle would have incurred no impropriety in\nThe hero of this poem should be placed in an age and manners that require the use of a minstrel. Gray criticizes the lack of action in the poem and suggests that the hero ought to produce national good through his art. With a moderate degree of invention and ingenuity, this could have been achieved through the harp of a troubadour in numerous ways. The harp could turn the heart of a ferocious warrior from a cruel design, inflame love whose influence might be a blessing to a people, stir up the soul of a great captain to avenge his country's wrongs and defend its liberties. Additionally, great bards have sung of turnies, trophies hung, forests, and enchantments drear.\nWhere more is meant than meets the ear \u00bb. \nFor here it is, that \n- \u2014 \u00ab Throngs of knights and barons bold , \nIn weeds of peace , high triumphs hold, \nWith store of ladies , whose bright eyes \nRain influence , and judge the prize \nOf wit or arms , while both contend \nTo win her grace , whom all commend \u00ab. \nTo own the truth, it seems as if Bealtie , though an \nenlightened and excellent man , had a little gh'en way to \nthe infection of the cant of the crimes of courts and kings ; \nand therefore that the purity of his hero's operations ought \nto keep aloof from any mixture with the manners and events \nof such society. \nHowever philosophical and just this may appear to some, \na wider , more liberal , and more profound view of human \nnature , will teach a very different lesson. The dignity of \nrank , the splendor of riches , the dazzle of magnificence , \nThe luxury of refinement are neither vanities nor usurpations, but rewards of virtue and results of abundant capital duly distributed and expended with wisdom, genius, taste, and moderation. Their proper existence stands upon the eternal laws of our nature; it is their abuse that is reprehensible. Beattie might have sent Edwin to strike his harp to Conquerors and Beauties without exposing to a taint the purity or sublimity of his poetical occupations. The mind richly stored, copious in the materials of fancy, and vigorously exercised in the faculties of a creative imagination, may retire to the depth of woods to have leisure and quiet to digest and new-build what it has gathered. But his formations can be of little worth.\nWhose experience has not been gained in the schools of life, and whose creations are not deeply tinctured with the diversified colors of humanity. The morbidness of Genius may fly with disgust from social man, when fallen from the high purposes of his station; but he flies from man as he is, to contemplate by comparison man as he might be. He, who has always been out of humanity's reach; who has never known the delight of the innumerable moral ties, which link us to material existence, wants the foundation of all that makes intellectual invention interesting. The cloud-capt mountain, the smiling valley, the umbrageous grove, the waving wood, and the blue glittering ocean, are nothing, but as they are connected with the haunts and the feelings of Man. The great beauties of Beattie's poem are the clearness and the vividness of description.\nThe elegance, eloquence, and energy of the language; the harmony of versification; the glow of imagery; and the purity, gentleness, and sweetness of sentiment are high merits. However, they are not all the merits required by the best poetry. Beattie wants the magician's wand, that power of vivid creation which transports, bewitches, and overcomes reason like a brilliant dream. Everywhere the hand of the artist, philosopher, critic, experienced author, and especially of the Metaphysical Lecturer and Controversialist, is seen. But to me, it is not satisfactory. See Campbell's British Poets, VII. 43.\n\nInstruction and reflection are not suited to Edwin's poetry.\nThe moral improvement derived from all narratives, whether historical or fictitious, is in proportion to the degree they exercise and strengthen the social feelings and moral principles of the reader. In both cases, they excite emotions similar to those inspired by men and actions in the world. Our habits of moral feeling are formed by life, and they are strengthened by the pictures of life. In the perusal of History or Fiction, as in actual experience, we become better by learning to sympathize with others.\nThe narrative of events, whether past or probable, is a crucial part of moral education for the Majihind. However, it is not through commonplace and trivial moralities, which can be inferred or illustrated from every narrative, that the historian contributes to the moral development of his reader. General conclusions are already known to every child, and nothing has less effect on character or feelings than the repetition of such paltry adages. He can only improve his readers by engaging them; and he can engage them only through animated representation of men and actions that inspire feelings almost as strong as those excited by present realities. Delight and improvement must therefore be produced by the same means.\nhistory of former ages is delightful only when it has the picturesque particularity of original writers. It must depend in part on the study of the same writers for the attainment of its highest purposes.\n\nCowper, No Inventor. (XIX,)\n\nCowper, No Inventor,\nI have already said something of Cowper. I am drawn back to him by the remarks arising out of the character described to Seattle's Minstrel. Campbell observes of Cowper, \"as an original writer, he left the ambitious and luxurious subjects of Fiction and Passion, for those of real life and simple nature, and for the development of his own earnest feelings, in behalf of moral and religious truth.\" He forms a striking instance of Genius writing the history of its own secluded feelings, reflections, and enjoyments.\nin a shape so interesting as to engage the imagination like a work of fiction. He has invented no character in fable or in the drama; but he has left a record of his own character, which forms not only an object of deep sympathy, but a subject for the study of human nature. Admitting this appropriate description of Cowper's poetry to be just \u2013 and no one will probably be found to contest it \u2013 we must reverse all the acknowledged tests of superiority in Genius if we place him in a very high class. His life was innocent, virtuous, intellectual, and affords an admirable example of sentiment, reflection, and occupation to the numbers of mankind whom their fate throws into rural retirement supported by an humble commodity. (Edinburgh Review, July 1821, No LXX, p. 493, in the Article on Cowper's History of France.)\nThe distinction between depicting domestic life and grand historical scenes or imaginative forms in painting is universally understood and accepted. No one would place a Jansen, Mireveldt, or even a Teniers, a Breughel, a Ruysdale, a Raffaele, a Corregio, a Guido, or a Salvator Rosa against a Raphael, a Correggio, a Guido, or a Salvator Rosa. To copy nature with exactness, even if the objects are diversified and selected for their beauty, is not the great effort of genius. Fancy may be conceded to Cowper; yet, (if imagination implies invention), few poets have shown less imagination. However, there is a passage in his Task which always strikes me as the momentary flash of a fine imagination: If.\n\"It is morning; and the Sun, with ruddy orb ascending, fires the horizon; while the clouds, that crowd away before the drying wind, are more ardent as the disk emerges more, resembling most some city in a blaze, seen through a leafless wood. Perhaps it had been happier for Cowper, if he had indulged his imagination more! If he had wandered farther from Self; and forgot the sad realities which often oppressed him, amid the visions of a creative mind! How striking this would appear, if we compare him with Tasso, shut in his dismal vault at Ferrara! What gleam of consolation could Tasso receive but by the light of his undimmed and magical imagination? How the heart of a reader sinks at these words in a Letter of Goselini to Aldus, dated\"\nOct. 1, 582: \"I have seen poor Tasso in a most miserable state, not in intellect, in which he appeared from a long conversation with him sound and entire; but from nakedness and hunger, which he suffers in his captivity. Of all the literary anecdotes, this is the most soul-rending. It excites the most unqualified indignation. Yet even here, Imagination could supply a balm, and alleviate such unspeakable sufferings. If ever a deity inhabited a mere mortal frame, it must have been the spirit of a deity in Tasso, which such usage, (the crime that can never be washed out from the House of Ferrara), could not extinguish. I have seen and entered that dark, damp, narrow, bare-walled, maddening vault; and never, while in it, did my mind contemplate anything but the pitiful condition of the great poet.\"\nThe memory of any human misery remains with me, I shall not forget it. Cowper had no part of Tasso's magnanimity of soul. He had the feebleness, as he had the simplicity, of infancy. The great tasks of human affairs are not performed by such qualities. The perilous ambition of sublime duties is stimulated by more daring and inventive genius. But I recall that there are duties for all:\n\n\u2014 \"God does not need\nOur work, or His own gifts;\nWho best bears His mild yoke, they serve Him best;\nHis state is kingly; thousands at His bidding speed,\nThey also serve who only stand and wait.\"\n\nXX.\nON MORAL AND DOMESTIC POETRY.\nI. having advocated the more energetic, sublime, and fiery trails of poetry in the last articles, I am willing to admit what has been most ingeniously and eloquently said on the mild, moral, and practical productions of the Muse; on that which \"comes home to every man's business and bosom,\" I extract with pleasure therefore the following extraordinarily beautiful passages from the Edinburgh Review, March CRITIQUE ON ROGERS'S POEMS OF HUMAN LIFE.\n\n\"The Life, which this poem endeavors to set before us, is not Life diversified with strange adventures, embodied in extraordinary characters, or agitated with turbulent passions; but the ordinary, practical, and amiable life of social, intelligent, and affectionate men; such as multitudes may be seen living every day in this country.\"\nThe poet looks on Man and teaches us to look not merely with love but with reverence, and mingling a sort of considerate pity for the shortness of life's busy career, and for the disappointments and weaknesses by which it is beset, with a genuine admiration of the great capacities he unfolds and the high destinies to which he seems reserved, works out very beautiful and engaging pictures of the affections by which life is endeared, the trials to which it is exposed, and peaceful enjoyments with which it may often be filled. This, after all, we believe, is the tone of true wisdom and true virtue \u2014 and that to which all good natures draw nearer as they approach the close of life.\nCome to act less, and know and meditate more, on the varying and crowded scenes of human existence. When the inordinate hopes of early youth, which provoke their own disappointment, have been sobered down by longer experience and more extended views; when the keen contensions and eager rivalries, which employed our riper age, have expired or been abandoned; when we have seen year after year the objects of our fiercest hostility or of our fondest affections, lie down together in the hallowed peace of the grave; when ordinary pleasures and amusements begin to be insipid; and the gay derision which seasoned them to appear flat and importunate; when we reflect how often we have mourned and been comforted; what opposite opinions we have successively maintained and abandoned; to what inconsistent habits we have clung.\nWe have gradually been formed, and how often the objects of our pride have proved the sources of our shame. We are naturally led to recur to the careless days of our childhood and to retrace the whole of our career and that of our contemporaries, with feelings of greater humility and indulgence than those which it had been accompanied by: to think all vain affection and honor; the simplest and cheapest pleasures the truest and most precious; and generosity of seniors the only mental superiority, which ought either to be wished for or admired.\n\nNo work ever sinks so deep into amiable minds or recurs so often to their remembrance as those which embody simple and solemn and reconciling truths in emphatic and elegant language, and anticipate, as it were, our thoughts.\nAnd bring out with effect those salutary lessons which it seems to be the great end of our life to inculcate. The pictures of violent passion and terrible emotion; the breaking characters, the splendid imagery and bewitching fancy of Shakespeare himself are less frequently recalled than those great moral aphorisms in which he has so often told us the fashion of our own estate; The secrets of our bosoms.\n\nIn spite of all that may be said by grave persons about the frivolousness of poetry and its admirers, we are persuaded that the most memorable and the most generally admired of all its productions are those which are chiefly recommended by their practical wisdom and their coincidence with those salutary intimations which nature herself seems to furnish us from the passing scenes of our existence.\nIn this poem, we have none of Scott's broad and blazing tints, nor Byron's startling contrasts, nor Southey's anxious and endlessly repeated touches. Instead, we find something akin to Campbell's soft and tender manner, with more reserve and caution, and more frequent sacrifices of strong and popular effects, to an abhorrence of glaring beauties and a disdain of vulgar resources.\n\nCritical Severity, 83\nXXI.\nexaggerations of critical censure.\n\nThe same Number of the Review last cited contains the following important confession and apology for the severities of that Journal. It is contained in a Critique On Campbell's Poems. \"Five we are most willing to acknowledge that the defence of Burns against some of the severities of this Journal is substantially successful, etc.\"\nOn examining what we have said on these subjects, we are sensible that we have expressed ourselves with too much bitterness, and made the words of our censure far more comprehensive than our meaning. A certain tone of exaggeration is incident, we fear, to the sort of writing in which we are engaged. Reckoning a little too much on the dullness of our readers, we are too often led insensibly to overstate our sentiments in order to make them understood; and when a little controversial warmth is added to a little love of effect, an excess of coloring is apt to steal over the canvas, which ultimately offends no eye so much as our own.\n\n84 THE ALTAIC CRITIC\nXXII.\nBUSY AND INTRIGUING AUTHORS.\n\nPetrarch has the following passage in his Senilia, Lib. V, Epist. III:\n\n\"There are men of small intellect, but of great memory.\"\nThe magnified and diligent, yet audacious ones frequent the royal courts, clad in alien carminibus, but they express themselves in inert pronunciation when seeking the favor and nobilities and riches, requesting clothes and gifts.\n\nThis passage may be somewhat applicable to the character of David Mallet, of whom Johnson says, \"His works are such, as a writer, bustling in the world, showing himself in public, and emerging occasionally from time to time into notice, might keep alive by his personal influence. But which, conveying little information and giving no great pleasure, must soon give way, as the succession of things produces new topics of conversation and other modes of amusement.\"\n\n(?) He died in April, 16[.]\nThe genuine charm of Burns, both in his personal character and poetry, eludes analysis. I sometimes think it is sincerity: the result of an enthusiasm that was never affected, and of a force that was never artificial. But sincerity would be little without it being sincerity in what is noble, or beautiful, or amiable. This was the case with Burns. He was open to momentary seductions; he could feel unkind passions or little ones; and when they came, he had not the hypocrisy to conceal them if he did not have the due self-control to suppress them. He might therefore raise fear or dislike, when men more deserving it, escaped it. The same freedom that showed his ill-humors made him more bold in the display of those which were good.\nAnd secured a better reception for them. Everything in Burns' mind was disposed or arranged poetically. The poet's imagination was exercised in rejection, as well as in addition; in dismissing all but leading circumstances; and in giving effect to the features of what it represents by new positions. Many of this Poet's Songs are written in his own character; but often under imaginary incidents: when he writes in the character of another, he identifies himself with it; and represents it only under the influence of an imaginative mood. It is this habitual presence of Genius that renders the narration of all the little events of his life so attractive. At the plough, at the feast, or strolling on the banks of the winding Ayr, he is still the same magical Being; the Bard whose.\nThe unqualified, inextinguishable genius produced no familiar occupation or practical employment, but among all the short pieces of imagination in the English language, the most brilliant, the most electrifying, the most inimitable, is the Tale of Tarn o' Shanter.\n\nTam is returning from the market of Ayr on a dark night. His wife had warned him before he set out not to be late, with the reproach, \"That from November till October, market-day he was no sober.\" She prophesied that late or soon, he would be found deep drowned in Doon; or caught by witches with warlocks in the mirk, By Alio's way's old haunted kirk. The night drove on with songs and clatter. And still the ale was growing better. The storm without might rave and rustle;\nTam didn't mind the storm's whistle,\nThe hour approaches, Tam must ride;\nThat hour, under night's black arch, the key-stone,\nHe had originally written this very beautifully in a letter to Grose, the Antiquary. (i)\nGenius of Burns. 87\nThat dreary hour he mounts his beast,\nAnd such a night he takes the road,\nAs never poor sinner was abroad.\nThe wind blew as twad blawn its last,\nThe rattling showers rose on the blast,\nThe speedy gleams the darkness swallowed,\nLoud, deep, and long, the thunder bellowed,\nThat night, a child might understand,\nThe gods had business on his hand.\nBefore him Doon pours all his floods;\nThe doubling storm roars through the woods!\nThe lightnings flash from pole to pole;\nWear and more near the thunders roll;\nWhen, glimmering through the groaning trees,\nKisk-Alloway seemed in a breeze; through every bore the beams were glancing, and loud resounded mirth and dancing. Now Maggie, the mare on which he rode, ventured forward on the light; and, lo! Tarn beheld an uncanny sight! Warlocks and witches in a dance, There sat Auld Nick, in the shape of a beast; A towzie tyke, black, grim, and large, To give them music was his charge. Tarn stood, like one bewitched, And thought his very eyes enriched; 88 THE ANTI-CRITIC Even Satan glowered, and fidgeted fu furiously, And hotched and blew with might and main Till first a caper, then another, Tam's reason began to tangle, And roars out \"well done, cutty-sark!\" And in an instant all was dark: And scarcely had he Maggie rallied, When out the hellish legion sallied. Now do thy speedy utmost, Meg, And win the key-stone of the brig.\nThere, at them thou might toss thy tail;\nA running stream they dare not cross.\nBut ere the key-stone she could make,\nThe fiend a tail she had to shake!\n\nThis poem of Burns is no other so characteristic of his\npowers, his habits, and his manners, as this: of his love of\nconviviality; his bold, daring spirit; his fondness for the\nsublime features of nature; his delight in popular superstitions;\nhis wild and fiery imagination; the vigour of his conceptions;\nand the inspired corrodation of his language.\n\nPoetry is here in its true vocation, in embodying those\nvisions of the mind, which vanish like the brilliant shapes\nand colours that the clouds often momentarily assume.\n\nAfter all, there are few true pleasures in life but those\nwhich result from imagination. Reality almost always ends\nin disappointment.\nWhether it arises from faculties diluted and misled by tuition and exams, or from the sparing degree in which Nature bestows the quantity of her endowments, the generality of candidates for poetical fame waver between the attempt to describe realities and the attempt to describe the visionary associations of things. The presence of the true image was too decided before the mind of Burns, to leave him in any doubt what choice he had to make; and what task he had to perform. Books of criticism, and the rules of writing, may help forward mediocrity into the attainment of some technical merits; but they often enfeeble or encumber original genius; and sometimes destroy it. Fear of touching topics or images not already legitimated by example, produces triteness and servility. A timid author is thus driven to describe, not what he sees, but what others have seen and described before.\nWhat his own experience has impressively influenced him; but what he has borrowed faintly from others. While the subjects of poetry are inexhaustible, authors continue for the most part to traverse the same dull round, or if they depart from it, they do so rashly, pursuing the byways of extravagance and delusion instead of the genuine paths of beauty and sublimity open to them.\n\nXXIV.\nOf D. Joseph Warton.\n\nI am inclined to speak respectfully, and even affectionately, of D. Joseph Warton; and though I never saw him, I cannot refrain from pronouncing that he has left behind him no proofs of much poetical genius.\n\nI remember, when I was young, his Ode to Fancy was always exhibited to me as a specimen of a genuine poem.\nPolitical spirit. Upon turning to it, after a lapse of years, with an unprejudiced eye, I am quite astonished at its triteness; it is a mere effort of memory directed by taste; the production of one putting forth his familiarity with every image and every form of expression in Milton's \"L'Allegro\" and \"Il Penseroso.\" It not only lacks sentiment and thought, but it has not a single original image. There is indeed a passage, which has often been pointed out as fine; but I doubt if this be not the most objectionable passage in the Ode, because it lacks even taste!\n\n\"Let us with silent footsteps go,\nTo charnels and the house of woe;\nOr to some abbey's mouldering towers,\nWhere, to avoid cold wintry showers,\nThe naked Beggar shivering lies,\nWhile hooting tempests round her rise;\nAnd trembles lest the tottering wall\nShould hideously topple.\"\nShould an infant fall asleep on her, this image revolts me, as it offers no redeeming pleasure to counteract the cold anguish it provokes. Campbell agrees with D. Warton's lack of originality, as he realized with genius the highly-personified and pictuesque composition which Warton contemplated with the eye of taste. (i) In Brit. Poets, VII, 319.\n\nJoseph Warton. 91\n\nIt is a mystery how there are so many powerful minds that can repeat, yet without original existence. These men make excellent scholars; perhaps better than those who think for themselves, as they receive others' ideas uninterrupted by their own.\nBut the value of their productions is always of a secondary kind. They supply no novelty, either in the fields of Imagination or of Intellect. They want force and freshness; and often therefore rather contribute to make a subject dull and repulsive, than add to its attraction. Cowper says of Pope, \"He (his musical finesse was such, So nice his ear, so delicate his touch), Made poetry a mere mechanic art; And every warbler has his tune by heart.\" This is so in all ages; the object of momentary fashion is imitated till the imitation brings even the original itself into contempt. It must not be understood that D. Warton had no fancy; he had a fancy; but it was an imitative fancy, that moved only at the direction of others. I know not that he has shown any gleams of Imagination.\nI. Recollected that Imitative Fancy is a power of a very superior class to Memory, I:\n\n(1) Tahle-Talk.\n(2) I apply the words Fancy and Imagination in the way modern usage has sanctioned, without enquiring into its etymologic propriety. I dissuade Fancy from being the reflector of images previously existing: and Imagination, to be the power of new combinations.\n\nXXV.\nTHE ANTI-CRITIC\n\nThomas Warton, II:\n\nIt has been said of Thomas Warton, the brother of Joseph, that \"all his poems are cast in the mold of some gifted predecessor.\" This appears to me an unjust censure. It is hypercriticism to deny him such a portion of originality and imagination as constitutes great genius. The judgment of Campbell, it must be admitted, tends to this more unfavorable character. \"His imitation of\"\nThe critic states that Milton is not the only manner for the poet, as his style often shows a composite order of poetical architecture. An unprejudiced reader would pronounce him a florid, unaffecting descrier, whose images are plentifully scattered but without selection or relief. This is very severe. I cannot perceive that it has even the appearance of truth. I exclude from examination the Laureate Odes, which were written as tasks. Campbell himself commends the Hamlet, the Crusade, the Grave of King Arthur, and the Verses to Sir Joshua Reynolds. This is pretty well, out of the few poems the author wrote. It is the part of candor to judge a writer by his best works, not by his worst.\n\nThomas Warton. 93.\nBut the Critic forgets , or overlooks , the Suicide ; the \nFirst of April ; the Inscription for an Hermitage ; and the \nSonnets. There may be some affected diction in the Suicide , \nespecially at the beginning ; but the whole is the concep- \ntion of a vigorous and poetical mind ; and the language \nin many parts is well -suited to the description and the \nsentiment. The following stanza always delighted me ; \nFull oft , unknowing and unknown , \nHe wore his endless noons alone, \nAmid th' autumnal wood : \nOft was he wont in hasty fit \nAbrupt the social board to quit, \nAnd gaze with eager glance upon the tumbling flood. \nIf it had been said that the author had more fancy than \npassion , and more imagery than sentiment , this remark \ncould not have been controverted. He is commonly more \nbeautiful than grand : but if he is magnificent , it is the \nThe magnificence of his description, not of emotion. This proves that his excellence did not encompass all the varieties of genius. It is not common to be descriptive and sentimental at once; although the union increases the charm.\n\nHis fancy seems to have been drawn from original sources, not suggested by books, though it may have been somewhat colored by them; and his combinations are his own, though perhaps a little influenced in their form by artificial models. Campbell speaks of his \"minute intimacy of imagination with the gorgeous residences and imposing spectacles of chivalry.\" This is properly expressed; but it proves not a want of originality, but a due mixture of the materials, of which, on such a subject, poetical creation ought to consist; a due and characteristic mode of arranging them into ideal structures.\n\n- The Anticritic\nThat Ill's fancy and imagination had something technical about them arose from the subjects to which he applied them. The feudal times were full of peculiarities, the effects of accident, not the results of our general nature: it demanded long study and industry to become familiar with them. This may have given a form of art and toil to all Warton's compositions, which superficial and indiscriminate critics mistake for lack of originality. Genius is generally impetuous; and disdainful of ceremonies and minutiae: but all genius is not of one stamp. If the production has the charm of genius, it matters not whether the time taken in producing it was much or little.\n\nBut then it may be urged that this poet dealt in artificial ingredients; and that when the materials are bad, artifice can only make them appear worse.\nThe structure cannot be good. But what is the narrowness of principle that confines the representations of poetry to works of Nature unimproved by Man? Or that allows no merit to the association, even when the materials are not interesting and dignified in themselves?\n\nThe truth is, much of Warton's poems requires the reader to come prepared with far more historical and literary information than the generality of those who delight in poetry possess. They therefore ascribe their own deficiency of cultivation to his supposed want of genius.\n\nIt seems to be a strange assumption that because an author has learning, he cannot copy forms from nature. Johnson has imputed this to Milton; and, in my opinion, with glaring injustice. Milton's \"images and descriptions of the scenes or operations of nature,\" says the great Johnson, \"are often so far from being poetical, that they are frequently tedious and unintelligible.\" But this is a harsh judgment, for Milton's descriptions are not merely copies from nature; they are transformations, elevations, and expansions of nature, infused with the poet's own genius and imagination.\nA prejudiced biographer does not seem to have always copied from original forms nor possess the freshness, raciness, and energy of immediate observation. He saw nature, as Dryden expresses it, through the spectacles of books. Joseph Warton, page 95. This charge has also been made against Warton, and I feel confident, with entire absence of truth. Everything bears witness that he was a minute and attentive observer of the scenes of nature which he describes \u2014 the internal evidence of his compositions, the habits of his life, both testify it!\n\nTo place him in a class with Milton is indeed to be very indiscriminate. The extent of Milton's invention, the unapproachable sublimity of his subject, the grandeur of his intellectual conceptions, and the mild and heavenly pathos are not characteristics of Warton.\nI consider the poems of Thomas Warton, though not of the first or second class, to have merit of their own, for which, if they were lost, there would be no substitute in English poetry. His History of English poetry is one of the Works I esteem to be among the primary ornaments of our National Literature. It unites so many various claims to praise.\nIt is difficult to do justice in speaking of it, as it joins so much original research to the arts of composition under the guidance of exquisite and highly-cultivated taste on a subject he not only perfectly understood the theory but was himself a poetical and successful artist. It delights by the charms of genius and gratifies endless curiosity with its inexhaustible mass of rich materials. No other work occurs to me in which these opposite qualities are combined in any eminent degree. Here they are united in the very highest degree on one of the most interesting and instructive human subjects.\n\nThe Scotch complain that it is not philosophical enough. Are they not apt to introduce philosophy too much into matters of taste, and to reason where they ought to feel?\nThis celebrated History has a character of criticism very distinct from the Essay on the genius and Writings of Pope by his brother Joseph. The Essay is cursory, light, lively, full of quick taste and simple sensibility, and wanders over the whole expanse of Polite Letters ancient and modern. In contrast, the graver Professor delves into more profound researches and writes in a style more studied and with deeper reflection, requiring an erudition of far more laborious acquisition and of much greater maturity of intellectual attention to relish.\n\nXXVI.\nRARITY OF GOOD POETS.\n\nIf one wishes to ascertain by the test of experience the rarity of such poetical genius as has combined all powers and all circumstances that have produced good fruit, he need only turn to any large Collection.\nOf the best national poetry, 82 authors, of whom specimens are given in the 5th and 11th volumes of Campbell's British Poets, not more than 11 can make any adequate pretensions to the dignified name of Poet: and of these last, the pretensions of some are but slight. Among these was Charles Churchill. I confess it is with reluctance that I admit a Satirist among Poets, in right of this class of productions. Cowper, in his Table-Talk, has the following lines:\n\nContemporaries all surpass'd, see one;\nShort his career indeed but able run;\nChurchill, himself unconscious of his powers,\nIn penury consumed his idle hours;\nAnd, like a scattered seed at random sown,\nWas left to spring by the vigor of his own. Lifted at length, by dignity of thought, and dint of genius, to an affluent lot, He laid his head in Luxury's soft lap, And took, too often, there his easy nap. If brighter beams than all he threw not forth, 'Twas negligence in him, not want of worth. Surly, and slovenly, and bold, and coarse, Too proud for art, and trusting in mere force; Spendthrift alike of money and of wit, Always at speed, and never drawing bit, He struck the lyre in such a careless mood, And so disdained the rules he understood, The laurel seemed to wait on his command: He snatched it rudely from the Muses' hand.\n\nI believe that Cowper was personally acquainted with Churchill. At least he was familiar with Robert Lloyd.\n\n(i) Churchill died 1764, at 33.\nChurchill was Cowper's most intimate friend. The contrast between their characters seems strange, given Cowper's morbidly timid and gentle disposition. There may be genius in the force and distinctness with which characters are conceived and delineated, but if it is bitter and revolting, it does not often find sympathy among the nobler classes of imagination, who delight in the grandeur of virtue rather than wickedness.\n\nBut whatever the moral character of Churchill may have been, and however ill-directed the virulence of his satires, he possessed a very uncommon vigor of mind; a fervor that cannot be denied as having been genius. It was far otherwise with many, whose names have found their way into these rolls of Helicon. Here we see Oldmion, Weekes, Bramston, L. Welsted, Amhurst, Selden, Colley Gibber, R. Dodsley, E. Ward, B. Booth.\nJohn Brown, Whyte, Dwight, Henry Carey with Sally, and G. A. Stevens with his Lecture on Heads. But there are better names than these, which we could almost spare. There are authors who often come close to good poetry, and then grasp for a vapor, and false inspiration. I deem Thomas Peyne (i) of this character. Nor can I hesitate to pronounce the same condemnation on John Langhorne (2). It is singular that Langhorne has produced a passage of singular beauty and force, to which few in the whole body of English Poetry can be compared. It is from his Poem of The Country Justice, where the benevolent author pleads to the Magistrate for candor and mercy towards those whom pressing want and the powerful call of famine lead into crime. RARITY OF GOOD POETS. 99.\nFor him, who has long struggled unequally with fortune,\nFor the poor vagrant, as he complains,\nNeither from sad freedom sending to sadder chains.\nAlike, if folly or misfortune brought\nThose last of woes his evil days have wrought;\nRelieve with social mercy, and with me,\nFolly's misfortune in the first degree.\nPerhaps on some inhospitable shore\nThe houseless wretch bore a widowed parent;\nWho then, no longer led by golden prospects,\nBegged a leafy bed from the poor Indian.\nCold on Canadian hills, or Minden's plain,\nPerhaps that parent mourned her soldier slain;\nBent over her babe, her eye dissolved in dew,\nThe big drops mingling with the milk he drew,\nGave the sad presage of his future years.\nThe child of Misery, baptized in tears! I cannot account for the momentary inspiration by which one, who is in general an affected, frothy, and sickly writer, could produce such lines.\n\nIf Campbell is not always kind to those he admits, he sometimes overlooks with not a little injustice. He has given no place to DT Snejd, a genuine poet and amiable man, nor to Elizabeth Carter; whose merit cannot be questioned; nor to the tender and elegiac Charlotte Smith nor to Anna Seward; Robert Jephson; James Hurdis; Russell; Jenner; Walters: D. Delap; James Scott; D. Ogilvie; Soaine Jenyns; O. Cambridge; W. B. Stevens; R. Hole; etc., etc.\n\nEverything has two views; a right and a wrong side? (i) Shestone.\nJohnson's comments regarding Shenstone may be applicable, but they focus on his ill-tempered side. The biographer's memoir of this poet is an example of the degrading manner Johnson adopted in his later writings. They were both from the same College, and Johnson was only a few years older than Shenstone in age. It is true that most of Shenstone's pieces exhibit a feeble and unmanly tenuity, failing to make a significant impression on the fancy or exercise the understanding. Johnson remarked, \"Had his mind been better stored with knowledge, whether he could have been great, I don't know; he could certainly have been agreeable.\" This is one of Johnson's sentences of caustic and half-colloquial contempt towards his contemporaries, in which the Critic delightedly engages.\nBut is it not beyond due security to imply that the author of the Elegy on Jessy, the Pastoral Ballad, and the School-mistress, had not even reached the point of being agreeable? Yet he praises the Ode on Rural Elegance for its meaning and poetical spirit (a praise which it scarcely deserves). He cites two passages from the Ballad, \"to which,\" he says, \"if any mind denies its sympathy, it has no acquaintance with love or nature.\" I do not think Campbell is more happy or more just in his encomiums than in his censures of this poet. He observes that \"his genius is not forcible, but it settles in the mind.\"\nmediocity without meanness and some of Cowley's Stanzas in his Ode to Rural Elegance seem to recall to us the country-loving spirit of Cowley, subdued in wit but harmonized in expression. Now Campbell well knows the condemnation which mediocity in poetry universally incurs. And as to the similarity of the Ode to the spirit and sentiments of Cowley, few things on the same subject can be more dissimilar. The dissimilarity is a strong illustration of what Johnson, with his piercing sagacity, remarks of Shenstone's taste applied to rural ornament: \"The pleasure of Shenstone was all in his eye; he valued what he valued merely for its looks.\" Almost all the sentiments of the Ode thus compared to Cowley are in conformity with this. The sources of Cowley's delight in a country-life are much deeper and more varied:\nThe sentiments conveyed in Cowley's poetry are not merely subdued in wit; they are copiously and even effeminately dilated in expression. Harmony is not improved, but rather varied and vigorous, with very few exceptions. The Elegy on Jessy is the poem upon which Shenstone's fame depends. It is a model of elegance, purity, and harmony of sentiment, imagery, and language. However, even this lacks force; it has a feminine sort of gentleness. Shenstone also had a female vanity. He adorned his grounds at the Leasowes to gain the praise of others, not for his own enjoyment.\n\nRegarding men and manners, it is uncertain whether he would have done better to have studied them instead.\nTwenty-eight. GOLDSMITH (i).\n\nI hold differing opinions from Campbell regarding Goldsmith, perhaps more so than any other poet. It is not surprising that this author is popular among common readers. If the statement were true, as Lord Byron hastily proposed, that \"the poet is always judged according to his execution, not according to his branch of the art,\" the critic would have a better foundation for the praises he bestows, rather than according to the just principles of classification he lays claim to.\n\nIn execution, Goldsmith possesses the merit of thoughtful propriety, faithful description, and clear, facile, and finished diction. However, these are not the highest charms of poetry.\nPoetry wants something more than propriety of thought and fidelity of description. We want fire, grandeur, pathos, selection, novelty, invention!\n\nThe Deserted Village is a very languid and sickly performance. It has a monotonous querulousness which lowers the spirits and leaves an impression of insipidity on the whole scene. It is when things are magnified and new-shaped by the mists of Imagination that they possess the attractions given by the Poet's wand.\n\nTo paint scenery and manners with the exactness of a Dutch Painter requires scarcely any other faculties than a clear perception and a livelier memory. Goldsmith brings forward many of those petty particularities, over which Genius and Taste throw a veil.\n\nIt is in vain that the critic pleads that the \"quiet end\" (presumably meaning conclusion) brings a sense of peace and completeness to the poem. Goldsmith's The Deserted Village lacks the desired elements of poetry.\nThe enthusiasm of his favorite leads the affections to humble things without a vulgar association; it inspires us with a fondness to trace the simplest recollections of Auburn. The varnished clock that clicked behind the door. The vulgar association is so strong that if all before had been beautiful and magical, it would at once have dissolved the charm.\n\nA bed by night, a chest of drawers by day.\nThe pictures placed for ornament and use;\nThe twelve good rules, the royal game of goose;\nThe hearth, except when winter chilled the day.\nWith aspen boughs, and flowers and fennel gay;\nWhile broken tea-cups, wisely kept for show,\nRanged o'er the chimney, glistened in a row.\n\nA bed by night, a chest of drawers by day. The pictures were placed for ornament and use; there were the twelve good rules, the royal game of goose; the hearth, except when winter chilled the day. With aspen boughs, flowers, and fennel gay; while broken tea-cups, wisely kept for show, ranged over the chimney and glistened in a row.\nHow can such images be admitted into the mind without placing us in the midst of all the homeliness and chill of poverty? What are the circumstances of a peasant's life that Gray seizes upon?\n\nThe breezy call of incense-breathing Morn;\nThe swallow twittering from the straw-built shed;\nThe cock's shrill clarion, and the echoing horn;\nNo more shall rouse them from their lowly bed!\nFor them no more the blazing hearth shall burn;\nNor busy huswife ply her evening care:\nNo children run to lisp their sire's return;\nNor climb his knees the envied kiss to share.\n\nThis is not less simple and pure than Goldsmith's; yet how exquisitely picturesque and poetical!\n\nGray thus proves that poetical imagery of the most genuine spirit is consistent with the simplest and purest language.\nThere is not much merit due to him, who pursues a clear diction at the expense of mean ideas! Goldsmith was a man of very extraordinary talents; a man of clear, ready, cultivated and multifarious reflection; a moral philosopher; a philologist, and an elegant historian. It will be generally admitted; but that either the furniture of his mind, or his taste, was eminently poetical, may reasonably be questioned. He was for the most part rather an harmonious versifier than a poet. Indeed, he scarcely ever rises above this character in \"Deserted Village.\"\n\nHis Travelers, which Campbell deems inferior to it, is not only far more vigorous and varied in diction and rhythm throughout the composition, but is infinitely more poetical both in imagery and sentiment. It has scarce any resemblance to \"Deserted Village.\"\nOf the languid drawl of the other, but is often vigorously condensed; and excites admiration by a force of axiomatic wisdom which displays the brilliant grasp of genius. Such, for instance, is his sketch of Italy.\n\nTo the right, where Appenine ascends,\nErigone as summer Italy extends;\nFields and uplands sloping down the mountain's side,\nWoods over forests in gay theatrical period;\nWhile oft some temple's moldering tops between,\nWith venerable grandeur marks the scene.\n\nCould Nature's bounty satisfy the breast,\nThe sons of Italy were surely blessed.\nWhatever fruits in different climes were found,\nThat proudly rise, or humbly court the ground,\nWhatever blooms in torrid tracts appear,\nWhose bright succession decks the varied year.\n\nWhatever seeds salute the northern sky,\nWith vernal lives, that blossom but to die.\nThese here disporting own the kindred soil , \nNor ask luxuriance from the planter's toil ; \nWhile sea-born gales their gelid wings expand \nTo winnow fragrance round the smiling land. \nBut small the bliss that sense alone bestows; \nAnd sensual bliss is all the nation knows. \nIn florid beauty groves and fields appear ; \nMan seems the only growth that dwindles here \u00bb, \nThese lines possess a merit far above mediocrity ; but \nthey will not stand a severe criticism : they are more re- \nmarkable for propriety than for excellence : the epithets are \ngeneral rather than picturesque; and the sentiments, if just, \nhave not much either of novelty or of force ; all the sen- \ntences are so balanced; and there is such a tiresome unifor-^ \nmity in the verses , that the magic is destroyed by the pal- \npable marks of the artist's hand. There is also in the mattef \nThe description of Switzerland is too cold and calculating; we need more poetic fire. Where rougher climes display a nobler race, The Anti-Gritig. In the stormy mansion of the Swiss, They force a churlish soil for scanty bread. No product here the barren hills afford, But man and steel, the soldier and his sword: No vernal blooms their torpid rocks array; But winter lingers, chilling the lap of May; No zephyr sues the mountain's breast; But meteors glare, and stormy glooms invest. Yet still, even here, content can spread a charm, Redress the climate and all its rage disarm. Though poor the peasant's hut, his feasts though small, He sees his little lot the lot of all; Sees no contiguous palace raise its head.\nTo shame the meanness of his humble shed,\nNo costly lord the sumptuous banquet deals,\nTo make him loath his vegetable meal.\nBut calm, and bred in ignorance and toil,\nEach wish contracting, fits him to the soil.\n\nCheerful at morn, he wakes from short repose,\nBreathes the keen air, and carols as he goes,\nWith patient angle, trolls the finny deep,\nOr drives his vent'rous ploughshare to the steep;\nOr seeks the den where snow-tracks mark the way,\nAnd drags the struggling savage into day.\n\nAt night returning, every labor sped,\nHe sits him down, the monarch of a shed,\nSmiles by his cheerful fire, and round surveys\nHis children's faces, which brighten at the blaze,\nWhile his loved partner, boastful of her hoard,\nDisplays her cleanly platter on the board.\n\nAnd haply too some pilgrim, thither led,\nWith many a tale repays the nightly bed.\nEvery good man gets his native wilds to impart,\nImprints the patriot passion on his heart. - Goldsmithe. IG?\nAnd even those ills, that round his mansion rise,\nEnhance the bliss his scanty fund supplies.\nDear is that shed to which his soul conforms,\nAnd dear that hill which lifts him to the storms.\nAnd as a child, when scaring sounds molest,\nClings close and closer to the mother's breast,\nSo the loud torrent, and the whirlwind's roar,\nBut bind him to his native mountains more.\n\nNow mark, what is the magic and the perfection\nOf Gray's strains in the same identical line of Poetry.\nI am not sure that the difference will strike those\nWho are not gifted with a very nice taste.\nBut it seems to me that the superiority of\nGray is both various and most essential.\nIt consists in compression, force, originality, imagery, diction, profundity.\nThe text is already clean and readable. No need for any cleaning.\n\n\"The difference in thought, ardor, and justness of sentiment, and varied harmony of rhythm is evident in these ingenious men's productions. It is equally persistent, polished, and simple. The moral habits, adventitious circumstances of education and station, and bodily temperament account for the tone and coloring of their works. One's impressions were light, superficial, and transitory, excited by popularity and content with momentary plausibility, formed to capture public attention, and aimed at supplying an income and gratifying an inordinate and almost childish vanity. The other's impressions resulted from long meditations in solitude, in a state of independence, in the search for truth only, removed from the misleading influences of society, and fastidious.\"\nof vulgar applause; doubtful if what he wrote would ever see the light; possessed of a masterly familiarity with whatever was most perfect in classical models; and intimate with all the rules and all the technicalities by which beauties might be improved and faults avoided. These advantages were great; but Gray also had others. If not of a high family, he had, from a boy, been principally familiar with men of the higher ranks.\n\nTo many this may seem neither any recommendation nor to give any weight to his opinions. From long and calm reflections on the tendencies of poetical organizations and the natural propensities in the characters of mankind, I am firmly persuaded that it has great effect in producing rectitude and elevation of sentiment. He, whose subsistence depends on the whim of others, must\n\n(Note: The last sentence appears to be incomplete and may require further context or correction.)\nA person is subjected to the strongest temptation to forego the freedom of opinion. What is called speculative, visionary, and empty by those occupied in the daily provisions of self-interest is habitual to the generality of those whose early education has not been disturbed by the incessant contests of personal preservation and personal interest. A liberal education is not a name of empty words. It teaches a temperament of sentiment, of which those condemned by Providence to meaner occupations have no conception.\n\nA college life is liable to torpor; it lacks the purification and stimulus to activity which the conflicting gusts of society produce. But where the native energies of the mind are incapable of being laid asleep, there the various opportunities given by quiet and exemption from worldly anxieties serve.\nThe furniture of public libraries and the collision of learned conversation contribute to expand the productions of genius into fruit of more maturity and higher flavor than otherwise could be raised. The influences of the world are in constant opposition to the higher operations of the mind. All that gratifies ambition, which is not merely visionary and spiritual, must be sought by attentions and cares, that withdraw the intellect from the toils and energies by which the loftiest kind of literary excellence is reached.\n\nGoldsmith's improvidence and his restless and dissipated habits; the place of his residence; the companions with whom he associated, all tended to render that intensity of absorption, by which Genius performs its primary wonders, unattainable. A coarse passage of Johnson may be cited to this effect.\nThe biographer of Collins, whom I wish had not included, expresses doubt that \"a jnan,\" or Collins, was disposed to abstracted meditation or remote inquiries. Goldsmith's work, according to the biographer, could be fully grasped on the surface. Goldsmith lacked the curious felicity of a common mind's ability to see to the bottom and understand all that was intended. Perhaps it was his simplicity, lightness, and neglect of research that was his charm \u2013 an intuitive talent for seizing what lay at the very top and discarding everything superfluous to it. Meanwhile, Gray pondered over profound subjects in the safe and fearless privacy of college apartments.\nAn undisturbed force of meditation, repeated year after year, until the very intensity hazarded a mistake of its native character. But he had no temptations to error from the delusive mists of passion or interest. The world had neither promotions nor distinctions to offer him. He had in his own possession the means of independence; he sought not the notice of rank; he had something which approached contempt of popular fame; his main satisfaction, exclusive of the pleasure of the immediate employment, probably arose from the proof he afforded to himself of his own skill.\n\nIt is probable that Goldsmith had no settled opinions on anything. Facility of perception and clearness of language were his strength and delight. He had a quickness which dazzled and won instant applause. He always said:\n\n110 THE ANTI-CRITIC\n\nGoldsmith likely had no settled opinions on anything. His strengths were facility of perception and clearness of language, which delighted. He had a quickness that dazzled and instantly gained applause.\nJohnston seemed to do what he was doing best. I may be asked why this anxious comparison between Goldsmith and Gray, poets of such very dissimilar orders? I answer because in so many works of criticism of the last thirty years, there has been an attempt to put them, at least incidentally, in rivalry. To me, the dissimilarity is so essential and so marked, that they appear perfect contrasts.\n\nSince literature has become so extensively a mercenary profession, it requires little sagacity to perceive how strong an interest authors have to decry the tests of excellence in composition required by Gray. Vendibility then becomes the measure of value: and it is the business, not to please the enlightened, but the multitude. The motto to Gray's two Pindaric odes was sedulously rejected in this school.\nThe reader shall have an opportunity of judging the question between Goldsmith and Gray by a close comparison. For this purpose, Gray's exquisite Fragment on Education shall be introduced at length.\n\nFragment on Education.\nBy Thomas Gray.\n\nAs sickly plants betray a niggard earth,\nWhose barren bosom starves her generous birth,\nNor genial warmth, nor genial juice retains\nTheir roots to feed, and fill their verdant veins;\nAnd as in climes where winter holds his reign,\nThe soil, though fertile, will not teem in vain,\nForbids her germs to swell, her shades to rise,\nNor trusts her blossoms to the churlish skies:\n\nSo mankind in vain draw the vital airs,\nUnformed, unfriended, by those kindly cares\nThat health and vigor to the soul impart,\nSpread the young thought, and warm the opening heart:\n\nSo fond Instruction on the growing powers\nBestows her early blessings, and invites\nThe infant mind to taste the joys above,\nTo feed upon the fruits of science grown.\n\nGOLDSMITH. Ill.\nOf nature idly lavishes her stores,\nIf equal justice, with unclouded face,\nSmiles not indulgent on the rising race,\nAnd scatters with a free, though frugal hand,\nLight golden showers of plenty o'er the land:\nBut tyranny has fixed her empire there,\nTo check their tender hopes with chilling fear,\nAnd blast the blooming promise of the year.\nThis spacious animated scene survey,\nFrom where the rolling orb, that gives the day,\nHis sable sons with nearer course surround,\nTo either pole, and life's remotest bounds;\nHow rude soever the exterior form we find,\nHowever opinion tinge the varied mind,\nAlike to all the kind, impartial heaven\nThe sparks of truth and happiness has given:\nWith sense to feel, with memory to retain.\nThey follow pleasure, and they fly from pain;\nTheir judgment mends the plan their fancy draws.\nThe event presages and explores the cause;\nThe soft returns of gratitude they know,\nBy fraud elude, by force repel the foe,\nWhile mutual wishes, mutual woes endear\nThe social smile and sympathetic tear.\nSay then, through ages, by what fate confined\nTo different climes seem different souls assigned?\nHere measured laws and philosophic ease,\nFix, and improve the polished arts of peace.\nThere industry and gain their virgils keep,\nCommand the winds, and lame Ih unwilling deep.\nHere force and hardy deeds of blood prevail;\nThere languid pleasure sighs in every gale.\nOft over the trembling nations from afar\nHas Scythia breathed the living cloud of war;\nAnd where the deluge burst, with sweepy sway,\nTheir arms, their kings, their gods were roll'd away.\nAs often have issued, host impelling host.\nThe blue-eyed multitudes from the Baltic coast.\nThe prostrate yield to the destroyer; her boasted titles, and her golden fields.\nWith grim delight, the brood of winter view\nA brighter day, and heavens of azure hue,\nScent the new fragrance of the breathing rose,\nAnd quaff the pendent vintage as it grows.\nProud of the yoke, and pliant to the rod,\nWhy yet does Asia dread a monarch's nod.\nWhile European freedom still withstands\nThe encroaching tide that drowns her lessening lands,\nAnd sees far off with an indignant groan\nHer native plains, and empires once her own.\nCan open skies and suns of fiercer flame\nOverpower the fire that animates our frame,\nAs lamps, that shed at eve a cheerful ray,\nFade and expire beneath the eye of day?\nNeed we the influence of the northern star\nTo string our nerves and steel our hearts to war?\nAnd, in a place where nature's face laughs around,\nMust sickening virtue fly the tainted ground?\nUnmanly thoughts! What seasons can control,\nWhat fancied zone can circumscribe the soul,\nWho, conscious of the source from whence she springs,\nBy reason's light, on resolution's wings,\nSpite of her frail companion, dauntless goes\nGoldsmithe. 113\nOver Lycia's deserts and Thracia's streams,\nShe bids each slumbering energy awake,\nAnother touch, another temper take,\nSuspends the inferior laws that rule our clay.\nThe stubborn elements confess her sway;\nTheir little wants, their low desires refine,\nAnd raise the mortal to a height divine.\nNot but the human fabric from the birth\nImbibes a flavor of its parent earth.\nAs various tracts enforce a various toil,\nThe manners speak the idiom of the soil.\nAn iron race the mountain cliffs maintain.\nFor foes of gentler genius to the plain,\nWhere unwearied sinews must be found,\nWith side-long plow to quell the flinty ground,\nTo turn the torrent's swift-descending flood,\nTo brave the savage rushing from the wood,\nWhat wonder, if to patient valour trained,\nThey guard with spirit what by strength they gained!\nAnd while their rocky ramparts round they see,\nThe rough abode of want and liberty,\n(As lawless force from confidence will grow)\nInsult the plenty of the vales below!\nWhat wonder, in the sultry climes that spread,\nWhere Nile redundant o'er his summer bed\nFrom his broad bosom life and verdure flings,\nAnd broods o'er Egypt with his watery wings,\nIf with adventurous oar and ready sail,\nThe dusky people drive before the gale,\nOr on frail floats to neighboring cities ride,\nThat rise and glitter o'er the ambient tide.\nWhoever can read these twenty-four last lines without delight, in my opinion, is one whose taste and intellect are hopeless. Compare Goldsmith's finest passages with any part of this Fragment. Now and then, it is true, he rises in his best lines to the common texture of Gray, as for instance in the description of the Swiss, where he says: \"He drives his venturesome ploughshare to the deep; Or seeks the den where snow tracks mark the way, And drags the struggling savage into day.\" And again, when he speaks of Holland: \"Methinks her patient sons before me stand, Where the broad Ocean leans against the land, And sedulously to stop the coming tide, Lift the tall rampart's artificial pride. Onward, methinks, and diligently slow.\"\nThe firm bulwark grows; spreads long arms amid the watery roar, scoops out an empire, usurps the shore. While the pent ocean rises over the pile, an ambitious world smiles beneath. But see how Gray, unyielding, rises more frequently above this tone!\n\nSay, then, through the ages, by what fate are different souls confined to different climes? Here, measured laws and philosophic ease fix and improve the polished arts of peace. Industry and gain keep their vigils, command the winds, and tame the unwilling deep. Here, force and hardy deeds of blood prevail; there, languid Pleasure sighs in every gale.\n\nOft over trembling Nations from afar,\nScythia has breathed the living cloud of war.\nAnd where the deluge hurts with sweepy sway,\nTheir arms, their kings, their gods were rolled away! But Goldsmith often falls into flatnesses, and mean, depressing imagery, such as \"Here may be seen, in bloodless pomp arrayed. The paste-board triumph, and the cavalcade!\" And part of the description of the life of a Swiss peasant, whose \"Loved partner, boastful of her hoard. Display her cleanly platter on the board!\" But it must be admitted that these defects much less often occur in The Traveller than in The Deserted Village. It is said that Johnson added some of the latter paragraphs, especially the last, to The Traveller. It seems to me, that not only at the close, but a little more backward, there are marks of a mind much more original and more forceful than Goldsmith's. In the address to Freedom, in which it is said that there\n\"Here by the bonds of nature feebly held,\nMinds combat minds, repelling and repelled.\nAs nature's ties decay,\nAs duty, love, and honor fail to sway,\nFictitious bonds, the bonds of wealth and law,\nStill gather strength, and force unwilling awe.\nHence all obedience bows to these alone,\nAnd talent sinks, and merit weeps unknown;\nTill time may come, when strip'd of all her charms,\nThe land of scholars, and the nurse of arms,\nWhere noble stems transmit the patriot flame,\nWhere kings have toiled, and poets wrote for fame,\nOne sink of level avarice shall lie.\nAnd scholars, soldiers, kings, unhonored die!\"\n\nThe writer has proven himself a sagacious and true prophet. I fear that the time he predicted has already arrived.\nThe ties of nature; of blood; friendship; alliance; duty, have almost ceased to operate. The \"Bond\" and nothing but the \"Bond\"; the law, and nothing but the law, is to be relied upon!\n\nXXVIII.\n\nBIBLIOMANIA.\n\nPublished privately, Haie, 1761. Tripook's Catalogue for 1821,\n\n\"It is a comic spectacle to see a Bibliomaniac, to whom time and money are a burden, establish a place and, to amuse his idleness, to try to deliver himself from the lassitude of life, yoke himself daily to book sales, examine all of them without knowing what they may be, bid, not as an intelligent collector, but as a wealthy man, ready to buy volumes, the weight of gold, of which he has no use.\"\n\"Although he withheld the acquisition from a Connoisseur in need, upon his return home, this avid and insatiable collector gave the first attention to placing these new books: he perhaps touched them for the last time. (P. i8, 19.) But, as Baker says of Bibliomania, it is the most sensitive and interesting of all the Manias of the Day. This title, and the judiciously written extract, provide an opportunity to say a few cursory words on Bibliography. It is difficult to precisely define where utility ends, and mere whim begins, in this science. A great number of very learned and ingenious early books are little known and of infrequent occurrence.\"\nNumerous volumes may have no value other than their rarity. The rarity may be in the work itself or in the edition only. In either case, the just value of that rarity must follow the intrinsic character of the matter. There are good reasons for preferring an editio princeps when the production itself has merit. However, bibliographical notices, compiled for the purpose of literature, are formed upon quite different principles and with quite different views than those made by booksellers for the purpose of forwarding the sale of their articles of trade. A book may have very little value in commerce, which is exceedingly curious to the scholar, the critic, the historian, or the antiquary; and the reverse as often happens. (See Saichetander's Catalogue, vol. 4, p. 169.)\nAn author, whose name is familiar to us only by slight, though frequent mentions scattered through the volumes of general literature, or by more brief and enigmatic references, is brought into prominent observation by a judicious Bibliographer. He, who has neither time nor opportunity to collect information lying scattered among the masses of so many volumes in so many countries, may thus obtain a fund of information, which every highly cultivated mind will know how to appreciate.\n\nVolumes beyond enumeration, of great interest, may be obtained through a judicious Bibliographer.\nCollected are those works which bear a low price because no one has set the fashion for enquiring for them. Gibbon once intended to compile a Catalogue Raisonn\u00e9 of the works used in his great History. How inestimably curious and instructive such a compilation would have been?\n\nXXIX.\nQUALITIES OF THE HISTORIAN AND POET DIFFERENT.\n\nThe Historian and Biographer have to perform a task very different from that of the poet. Their judgement and memory are more called into exercise than their fancy. Historically, qualities. 119\n\nThe historian and poet have different qualities. The historian and biographer have to perform a task very different from that of the poet. Their judgement and memory are more called into exercise than their imagination. Imagination cannot operate at all, except under the very strictest control. It may sometimes, under this control, be a lamp to them in penetrating motives and laying open what the veil of time has covered. Therefore, we sometimes see men, who had not sufficient brilliance in their imagination, excel in historical writing.\nLord Clarendon, of genius in Poetry, aspired to excell early in life and became eloquent and admirable in History. Such was this great Statesman, who in the Memoirs of Himself recorded that his early life was spent in the company of Ben Jonson, Waller, Carew, Cotton, Sydney Godolphin, Lord Falkland, and others. It was this society and the cultivation of the studies it fostered that gave Clarendon such insight into human character. The formal parts of History convey as little instruction as delight. Clarendon's merit is the more extraordinary because his was contemporary history. \"Time,\" say the Edinburgh critics, \"performs the same services to events as distance does to visible objects. It obscures and gradually annihilates the small; but renders those, that are very great, much more distinct and conceivable.\"\nIf we would know the true forms and bearings of a range of Alpine mountains, we must not grovel among its irregularities on the surface; but observe from the distance of leagues the directions of its ridges and peaks, and the giant outline which it traces on the sky. On the contrary, there are great evils in the mode of composing Jupiter-histories for the purposes of mere fame or vendibility.\n\n\"Cest la malice\" (says Bayle) \"Cest Vanit\u00e9, or bien l'envie de s'accommoder au go\u00fbt populaire, et en tirer du profit, who engage to falsify the relations.\" (2) Bayle, article Du Bellay, I^otQ F.\n\nSpenser has language for all that appears to have presented itself to his mind. The distinctness, the brilliance, the copiousness of his imagery, is amazing. The variety,\nThe flow and the energy, the swell of his versification, have never been rivaled. He wants the deep, gloomy sublimity of Dante; he wants his concise and overwhelming pathos. His imagination was so multitudinous that it sometimes verged on the fantastic.\n\nThree hundred and eighteen. Demi-Centuries.\n\nThe following observations by Le Clerc in his Criticism on Campanius, regarding those whom he calls \"I) emi-Ancients,\" are worth extracting.\n\n\"The Italian authors of Jean-Antoine Carpaccio's time, who flourished in the middle of the fifteenth century, a little before and a little after the invention of printing, present a peculiar effect on our imagination. We do not regard them as Moderns or as Ancients; but as something in between.\"\nWe take greater interest in their history than in that of insignificant people who lived in our times; yet we do not show them the same respect we have for antiquity. This is why someone from my acquaintance has called them semi-ancients, and perhaps in a few hundred years, they will be confused with those who lived long before them. Among these authors, I render only partial respect to those who had a taste for the writings of the best centuries, whom they imitated; for the Scholastics, their obscure reveries, dressed in completely barbaric Latin, are no longer relevant.\nThe consideration that Ton had for the Demi-anciens made him receive with great pleasure all new editions of Italian authors who lived from the beginning of the fifteenth century to the middle of the seventeenth, and wrote with some politeness. As letters, harangues, histories, and verses began to revive in Italy, and Ton had an immense eagerness for all novelties, there were an infinite number of people who wrote, with great elegance, in Latin. Among them was Campano.\ncore being quite learned, for composing works of Critique and Philology, such as those which Ton fit since, to clarify what is obscure in Antiquity. Knowledge consisted mainly in being able to write politely, in verse and prose; rather than explaining the intricacies of the Ancients. These productions were like flowers that bloomed in fertile lands, which Ton saw later filled with fruit; from which they had been cultivated for some time. Although there was not much to learn from the Writings of these earliest revivers of Letters, they were read with pleasure; and Ton could say, without much risk, that it required more intellect to create them than to compile much learned works. These pieces, which flowed solely from the genius of the Authors,\nAn Englishman must feel great interest in the History of France for at least eight centuries. It is so blended with that of his own Country, that one cannot be clearly understood without the other. It is singular that of neither of them has the General History been satisfactorily written. We are supposed to have carried away the palm from France by the superior literary merits of three Great Historians \u2014 Hume, Robertson, and Gibbon. Whatever may be the clearness of Hume's style and the force of his philosophical genius, his History of England has always appeared to me deficient both in nerve and in necessary details. (Hume, Bibliotheque Choisie, Tom. XIV, pag. 56, XXXIII.)\nHim neither writing as an antiquarian nor delving into prolix particularities: there are still numerous little circumstances of which the relation adds not merely to the interest, but to the perfect conception of the most important events. There seems some doubt whether the taste and genius of this great author ever allowed him to add minuteness of knowledge to the enlarged and general views with which he had studied this subject. He lacks therefore distinctness of coloring and variety of form in his delineations.\n\nIn Memoirs and particular Histories, though we have a few which are excellent, we cannot, on the whole, enter into comparison with the French.\n\nXXXIV.\n\nORIGINAL WRITERS.\n\nHow much of what has already been told, it may be proper to tell again; what is sufficiently brought to notice, however, is not the concern here.\nIf it remains in the language and types of old books, what requires the recognition of modern phraseology and modern judgment? What requires being more effectively enforced by new words and new modes of illustration are questions which require great taste, sagacity, talent, and experience to answer.\n\nThe number of original thinkers is small; the number of those who can combine their materials anew, entitled to the praise of belonging even to the lowest class of inventors, is still smaller.\n\nOf the great mass of what is published by travelers, the materials, descriptions, and sentiments are especially barren and jejune.\n\nBut a man who possesses the acquirements of literature, combined with even moderate skill in composition and moderate ingenuity, may write a pleasing and useful book.\n\n124. The Anti-Critic.\nI am not one of those who believe that residing in a Foreign Nation's capital for a few days or weeks, by walking the streets and seeing the people and their shops and public places, allows one to penetrate their characters, extract their political opinions, and discover their political nature.\n\nXXXV.\nTRAVELLERS.\n\nOne cannot, by indulging in such habits, exhaust every subject they encounter.\n\nXXXV.\n\nTRAVELLERS.\n\nI am not among those who think that living in a Foreign Nation's capital for a few days or weeks, by walking the streets and observing the people and their shops and public places, enables one to fathom their characters, ascertain their political opinions, and uncover their political nature.\nObjects, which they secretly contrive to bring about. These things may be learned by research and reflection.\n\nTravellers. Volume IV, Page 425.\n\nAt home, but it is the lively excitement which a visit to the spot gives to read attentively books which would otherwise be neglected; and to pursue vigorously considerations which would otherwise be abandoned or carelessly followed. It is this which gives rise to the knowledge to be obtained by such visits.\n\nAs to the information which tourists and travellers generally affect to convey, whether in volumes of Narrative or by Letters, it is not only so barren, but so utterly superfluous, were it not barren, that to me no class of books is more disgusting or more contemptible. No country is, I believe, at present unprovided with ample statistical information.\nInformation, drawn with all the advantages of leisure and local information, and of access to official documents and personal experience. In France, for instance, what can a traveler tell as the results of his enquiries pretended to be made on the spot, regarding the towns through which he passes, which is not already told, with particularity and certainty, in the Statistique of that great Nation! A few pertinent observations regarding the surface of manners and habits, which may not strike a native, or would scarcely be deemed worthy of his notice, make no amends for pages of useless dullness.\n\nXXXVI.\n\nFAME.\n\nEvery character must finally rest on its positive strengths in the qualities on which its pretensions to Fame are put forth. No artifice, or adventitious aid, will long avail.\n\n126 THE ACTIVE-CRITIC.\nFame is often obtained surreptitiously, but it cannot last. What is talent? What is genius? What is mere learning? Surely these are positive possessions that can be distinctly defined. \"Esse quam videri\" is a maxim, generally, but not universally, true. There are those who believe that there is nothing substantial but wealth, which is power. Those who have wealth are often willing to pay it away for distinction, and those who have distinction would often willingly exchange it for wealth.\n\nXXXVII.\n\nPHILOSOPHERS AND POETS.\n\nThe philosopher considers it his business to examine everything by the eye of reason; to divest every object of prejudices and false lights; and to represent things as they are, not as he would wish them to be. The poet endeavors to perpetuate the transient colors.\nEach of these opposite intellectual powers and opposite applications of them has its advantages.\n\nThere are men of erudition and authors without talent. Books without end can be made by those who want talent, and some of them useful. But it is talent that consecrates an author's importance to the world.\n\nBooks are easily compiled: great information, vast erudition, are acquirable without great difficulty. Original powers of thinking are rare. Brilliance, strength, profundity, wisdom, in those powers, are rarer still.\n\nThe public are severe in examining the pretensions to importance.\n\nBIRTH. 127. XXXVIII.\n\nThere are men learned and authors without talent. Books without end may be made by those who want talent, and some of them useful. But it is talent that consecrates an author's importance to the world.\n\nBooks are easily compiled: great information, vast erudition, are acquirable without great difficulty. Original powers of thinking are rare. Brilliance, strength, profundity, wisdom, in those powers, are rarer still.\n\nThe public are severe in examining the pretensions to importance.\nNotice how an individual urges claims in his favor. If they are not true or not legitimate grounds, despite being true, sneers, ridicule, and scorn are the consequences. Birth is a pretension seldom admitted. There is a general tendency to be skeptical about the facts, but if admitted, they are not considered solid claims to distinction. The public carries the prejudice the other way, a great deal too far, but the matter requires delicate management and great skill to raise any favor, even in the minds of the most candid and intelligent, which it is intended to effect. Among the impoliticities involved in its nature is this: that its elevation is an elevation to an equality with all the fools and mean wretches who may enjoy the same descent.\nA master-mind is what? What are its marks and proofs? Who can be confident of possessing it? It is imagination; sentiment; the faculty of reasoning; the talent to examine, distinguish, and decide: the command of language! There must be added to this energy elevation of spirit; enthusiasm; love of the sublime; devotion to the past and the future; a preference for the immaterial over the material; and an emancipation from vulgar desires and passions!\n\nCan the frailties of humanity, can the intermixture of some common faults, destroy the character? Is all the private and selfish prudence of an individual who gives his whole petty mind to his own individual interests required?\nIn this character? - If required, that which is impossible is required! No man is, or ought to be, of any interest in the world but by his virtues, his genius or powers of intellect, or his knowledge. Rank, properly, and high birth, may perhaps give a claim; but they are nothing, if unillustrated by one of the others!\n\nXXXIX.\nTHE SAME.\n\nIt would be difficult to define with precision what would make the Memoirs of a particular Family interesting to the Public. The most probable seem to be facts that ally it historically with events of a public nature.\n\nTHE SAME. 129.\n\nThere are not a great many Historical Families in Europe, but it creates a mysterious sort of veneration, when they lose their origin in the darkness of Time: when the source, like that of the Nile, extends beyond research: when the era is shrouded in antiquity.\nThe facts, which have not risen above the ground, cannot be found. It has been pretended that the lustre of a family, if true, does not rest upon the written history of it. But the facts may be scattered, overlaid with rubbish, and can only shine in judicious and elegant combination. They may be like diamonds in the mine, incrusted in dirt.\n\nXL.\nTHE SAME. \u2014 HOUSE OF BOURBON.\n\nFive degrees of distinguished descent may be pointed out, premising that when speaking of one family opposed to another, the male line is to be understood, and that the circumstances to be mentioned, as raising one in the scale of eminence above another, are to be considered as adjuncts:\n\nI. The first degree is mere antiquity.\nII. The second is antiquity combined with possession of the same territories.\nIII. The third criterion: the addition of high alliances.\nIV. The fourth: historical celebrity.\nV. These, combined with the highest rank in terms of dominion and power, form the top of the scale.\n\nAccording to all these tests, it is impossible to hesitate which sovereign House in Europe to give the preeminence. In all these qualities, the House of Bourbon is so superior as to leave every other House at an interminable distance. It is probable that the Houses of Brunswick, Loraine, and Savoy are quite as ancient. However, they lack the same splendor in most, if not all, of the adjuncts. Baden is also classified among these in terms of antiquity by Koch, who asserts that no other Sovereign Houses of Europe can go beyond the 13th century. He means, of course, to confine this assertion to the possession of their present territories.\nThe same. To spring from those who have commanded in the world, not merely by their rank and territory, but by their intellectual superiority, is a subject of fair gratification. The general reader is prepared to receive with a lively interest whatever is connected with history; and especially with those parts of history which are striking or instructive in themselves. The worthies of a single nation which has filled an important part in the world excite a strong and just attention in our minds. But how much more those of all the principal nations from whose alliances or conflicts the whole picture is formed! Groups drawn from such an extended surface throw a multiplied light on history.\nIt is easy to understand why the public takes an interest in Memoirs, which disclose all the minutiae of a man's life and lay everything bare to prying curiosity. They love to gratify a gossiping appetite; to indulge their thirst for the degradation of others; and to find that Genius has its weaknesses and mortifications, like themselves. The very cause of the taste for these anecdote-hunters is that which should prevent an author from furnishing them with food of this kind regarding himself. I do not know why there should be more deceit in the exhibition of private life than in public.\nExtraction from the Critique on the Copyright Question-'Quarterly Review, May 1819. Volume XLIII, p.iii.\n\nIt has been stated in evidence that in three out of four cases, copyright is of no value a few years after publication; at the end of fourteen years, scarcely in one out of fifty, or even out of a hundred. Books of great immediate popularity have their run and come to a dead stop.\nThe hardship is upon those who win their way slowly and difficultly, but keep the field at last. And it will not appear wonderful that this generally has been the case with books of the highest merit, if we consider what obstacles to the success of a work may be opposed by the circumstances and obscurity of the author, when he presents himself as a candidate for fame, by the humor or the fashion of the times, the taste of the public (more often erroneous than right at all times), and the incompetence or personal malevolence of some unprincipled Critic; who may take upon himself to guide the public opinion; and who, if he feels in his own heart that the fame of the man whom he hates is invulnerable, endeavors desperately to wound him in his fortunes.\nCopyright, as established by law, deprives an author's representatives of his property when it begins to prove a valuable inheritance, either at his death or 28 years after the first publication, if he dies before the term expires. The decision of time on an author's reputation and permanent rank is unerring and final. Restore to them the perpetuity in the copyright of their works, which the law has taken away, and the reward of literary labor will ultimately be in just proportion to its deserts. If no inconvenience to literature arises from the perpetuity restored to the Universities, and none is pretended to have arisen.\napprehended from restoring the same common and natural right to individuals, who stand more in need of it. However slight the hope may be of obtaining any speedy redress for this injustice, there is some satisfaction in thus solemnly protesting against it, and believing as we do, that if Society continues to advance, no injustice will long be permitted to exist once it is clearly understood, we cannot but believe that a time must come when the wrongs of Literature will be acknowledged; and the literary men of other generations be delivered from the hardships to which their predecessors have been subjected by no act or error of their own.\n\nXLIV.\nLA FONTAINE.\n\nExtract from La Vie de La Fontaine \u2014 before the Stereotype Edition of his Fables. Paris 1799.\n\n\"La gloire for those same ones who are most worthy of it,\n134 THE ANTI-CRITIC\"\nThe person who strives to please, is a type of gambling or happiness not being necessary, is not always required even with science and talent. Tacitus himself observes that there are men for whom it serves as a virtue. In fact, experience proves that with the most brilliant qualities in any field, there is nothing without fortune, or, if one prefers, without the fortunate coincidence of circumstances and unexpected events that reveal merit and make it noticed. One can judge by this how rare it is for a man endowed with great talents, but philosophical enough to wait tranquilly for glory to come to him, to finally enjoy the fruit of his labors: La Fontaine died before he had received it, for his reputation, at least the one he deserved, had not yet spread.\nBeyond the circle of his friends, there was one [name], P. LI, LII. Regarding the little success of his Fables in an enlightened century such as that of Louis XIV, one is first astonished. It cannot be denied that they found fewer admirers among us than among his contemporaries, that they are no longer read, relished, or appreciated. But it seems to me that this can be explained quite naturally, and that these two reasons can be given.\n\nThe first reason is that a good poet in a genre where genius has not yet been fully exercised, a great discovery in the sciences or in the arts, in a word, a man of genius, poet or philosopher, geometer or mechanic, is a phenomenon. It is important for such a person to produce in certain times and under certain circumstances.\nOn a vine-clad hill, he fixed his seat;\nGazed at that bay, where I now gaze;\nLooked on the sea-girt isle, whose roofs\nFaintly glittered on the shore,\nRecalling the fame of Him, the future Bard,\nWhom he was not doomed to see burst forth in glory on the world!\nLooked on the gigantic hill, whose top\nAnd sloping sides vomited out liquid fire,\nAmidst the umbrageous covering, lapse of rills.\nAnd distant murmur of the hollow wave.\nLulling his day-dreams, he forgot his cares,\nAnd gave his spirit to the enrapturing Muse;\nForgot the painful pomp of Courts; its frown,\nWhen smiles are most deserved; its faithless smiles,\nWhen ruin most is plotted; the mixed bowl;\nThe secret dagger hid in beds of flowers;\nThe toil without reward.\n\n(1) Capri.\n(2) Sorento.\n(3) Tasso.\n(4) Vesuvius.\n\nThis may be a proper place to give some Extracts\nfrom the Latin Poetry of Sanjvazakius.\n\nTo Fillam Mergillinam.\n\nRocks of the sacred shore, pelagic guardian;\nVilla of the Nymphs, and Doridos near,\nOnce queen of kings, Deliciseque;\nNow only rest for my Camenae;\n urban complaints we leave,\nAnd the little faith of the people's gold;\nYou give me alone the shady groves,\nAnd the weeping laurels and the stones,\nYou give me the fountains, Aganippidum.\nAntra recedes. Nam simul te repeto; tuasque sedulus mecum repero Napaeas, Colle, Mergillina, tuo repente Pegasis unda. Effluit, de qua chorus ipse Plioebus, et chori Phoebus pater, atque princeps, nititur plures mihi jam canenti ducere rivos. Ergo tu nobis Helicon, et udae Phocidos saltus, hederisque opacum Thespise rupis nemus, et canoro Vertice Pindus. I, puer, blandi comitem laboris afferam primam citharam columnam; affer et flores; procul omnis a me cura recedat.\n\nAncient praise and lauds, Fame, spreads through lands -,\nEvehat Jupiter, as the sun's orient rises and falls,\nDamns those unknown peoples and cities with eternal snow;\nQuenches fervent piles of sand, Auster dissolves.\n\nI, a boy, bring forth, as a gentle companion to my toil,\nThe first column of the lyre; I bring forth flowers;\nLet care keep far from me.\n\nSannazaro. 137\n\nInripulcis nostrl decus et laudes,\nFama, per labas spatiata terras -,\nEvehat Iuppiter, qua Sol oriens cadensque,\nFrena retorquet: i\n\nQuaque non notos populos et urbes\nDamnat aeternis hellece pruinis;\nQuaque ferventes cumulos arenas\nDissolvit Auster.\n\nIuvenes crescentes veneratus annos,\nVatis antiquum referentis ortum,\nStirpis et clarum genus et potentis\nNomen avorum.\nContulit large numerosa dextra Dona et ignavse sliniulos juvents. Addidit silvas et arnica Musis Otia praebensi. Deos Nemorum inocat in extruenda Domo. Di Nemorum, salvete; ego vos de rupe propinqua. De summis patriae moenibus adspicio. Adspicio, venerorque: cavae mihi plaudi'e valles. Garrula icae perstrepat aura jugis. Vos quoque perqique focos felicia dtcite, cives. Verba, per inteclas flore decente vias. Victim a solennes eat inspectanda per aras. Turbaque Palladia frohde reincta comas. Mosque ut ab antiquae repetalur origine Romae. Exterior forda cum bove tarus aret. Ac prius infcsio tectum quam chigere salco. Incipimus, iustos ture piate Deos. Nulla per obductum decurraii! nubila cielum i. Gandidaque auguitum coociiat omen ais.\n\nExsurgat paries, ventos qui pellat, et imbres; qui multa circum luce serenus eat.\nAdsit dispositis in concinna series columnis;\nQuisque ornet medias crebra fenestra fore-\nIpse biceps primus custos in limine Janus,\nOccurrat Isetis obvius hospitibus.\n\nProtinus a dextra sacra mea turba, Sorores,\nCingant virgineis atria prima choris.\nA laeva niditis stratum Pytliona sagittis,\nMiretur posita Cynthius ipse lyra.\n\nEdibus in meis parvi sinus amphitheatri,\nVisendas regum praesbeat historias.\n\nAc primum triplici sese defendat ab hoste,\nFernandus rapido jam metuendus equo.\nAlfonsusque pliaretratas, dira agmina, gentes,\nCogat Hydruntinis cedere litoribus.\n\nTurn juvenis Rex ipse, et Regum insignibus auctus,\nAlpinos agatip linquere castra Duces.\n\nPostremo Federicus, avito Igetus hanore,\nDalmaticas grandi classe refringat opes.\n\nInfestosque Deos, metuendaque jura minatus,\nIndicat Nato bella gerenda suum.\n\nHere fittingly suits this changing order of limbs.\n\"Observe the famous regions. Exhedroe, xystique, tablimen, hypocausta, and what is suitable for private use. Some turn from Occasus to Ortus, some join the North, some drink the South. Long quadrangles are joined with oblique round ones, and let it take in many celled thoros. For my studies, for the leisure of the Pierians, I wish to transmit tranquil times; until a milder fate comes to me. SANNAZARIUS. 139.\n\nWe have lived among servile things, among lacrimosa Regum funera: now it is allowed to enjoy our native land:\n\nWhat toil there was, how much they detracted,\nRestores the strength to Parthenope.\n\nA Latin poem returned from an Italian poem by Sannazaro,\nOn the riverbank, super,\nOf the river's gentle stream,\nWhich always paints green\nNew herbs with new flowers.\"\n\n\"Ductor pecoris sacrae,\nI have seen the sacred tree of Palladis,\nBound by temples with fronds.\"\nJam sub tegmine fagi. Qui dum lux nitida extulit, Se undis caerulei maris, Tertio caneret die Martis ante Calendas. Cujus picti avium cliori Responsum numeris dabant Voce suavidica simul Sub leni arboris umbra. Ipsaque, ad splendida lumina Ut se vertit Apollinis Pulchri, dulcia fundere Coepit carmina avena. Alme lanigeri gregis Gustos e thalamo exiens Aurato irradia tuo Claro lumine coelum, Natavisque coloribus Due extempore floridum Nunc ver omnigenis sinum Mille floibus ornans. Tendas alius, atque iter Per coelos agitans equos, Ut printer solitum soror Mergatur mare vasto, Quam laetos meditantia Chores usque nitenlium Sectentur pedes candido Stellarum agmina cuiicta, Nam linquens Saperum domos. Pavis nivras oves, Admei ad vaga flumina Olim, si meministi Valles, vosque reconditis Rupes valibus additae. Aspirate, Abies mihi.\nEt cupressus et Alnus,\nNe fetus ovium plus,\nInfectos metuaiit Lupos iuxta,\nAst orbis redeat prius,\nEt Saturnia regna.\nEt per celsa cacurnina,\nJam fagi pariant rosas,\nAlbas, serilibus et rubens,\nDuris pendeat uva,\nRoscentes mellaque.\nAltis quercus integris,\nLate fontibus effluat,\nRari copia lactis.\nPloribus nileat novis,\nTellus atque animalia,\nPellant duritiem procul,\nCiuncta e pectore saeYO,\nSannazarius. 141\nAssultentque Cupidines,\nHinc mille aligeri, at faces,\nInunc abdant rapidas simul,\nArdentesque sagittas.\nEt cantus nemorum Deae,\nCandidae moveant choros,\nEt Fauni hircipedes, Dei,\nSilvarumque virentum.\nRidentque nitentia prata,\nEt garrula fontium lympha,\nAc diffuglant polo astris,\nNubila toto astra.\nIpso hoc purpureo die,\nAdvenit decor sethera,\nAb alto, ac superum sacra,\nE domo inclita virtus.\nQuare erroribus obrutus,\nCgccis plurima sascula,\nInunc pudiciliam polo.\nDelapsam videt orbis,\nI write on the bark of all fagus,\nSo that the plants may sound green,\nNow all Amaranlam,\nThis is dear to my heart,\nElair, I pray that the grave ones,\nLictusqiie, and the geraitus may be drawn,\nThree times from Imo's heart.\nThese their words in my books will wander,\nSwiftly, the wild beasts will err,\nPascenles, it will bear the arduous and,\nFronds Pinus aciitas,\nCurrentque impete linipidi,\nFontes murmure blaiidulo,\n\nDelightsome and sweet, as we live,\nA cruel and rough life we lead,\nYet, as if it were delightful and sweet,\nThis song prays, if there is any lepor (pleasantry) in you,\nFaustus and nitidus may the day be for me,\nUntil it is serene.\n\nAnton. Raius.\nIn Morum Candidam.\nNunc, Erato, virides capiti subnecte corymbos,\nProfer et auratae fila canora lyra.\nArboris umbriferae casus referamus acerbos,\nNon erat liac nostro fabula nota solo.\nAudiat et molli rantantes protegat umbra,\nIpsa,\nOlim Bajanis fuere pulcherrima silvis,\nNaias, errantes flgere docta feras.\nQuam liquidus clausis Lucrinus saepe sub antris\nOptavit lateri jimgere posse suum.\nNee semel illas pliarelram laudavit, et arcuni\nPastorum incullis fistula carminibus.\n\nSannazarius. 143\nCumaeae testes Linternides undae,\nSanctaque Gauranse Numina Hamadryades,\nIllam Silvanos, Panalque odisse bicornes,\nEt quoscumque coet silva, nemusque Deos,\nSed quid fata parant? Solitis Montibus redibat\nHoc illi nomen, et omen erat:\nQuum subita caelum texit caligine nimbus;\nEt multa canam grandine fecit humum.\n\nIlia hiemem fugiens, diversa per arva currit.\nTecta caput sertis, grandine tecta caput. (Roofs are crowned with garlands, rain showers cover roofs.)\nVallis erat prope sulfureos male pervia montes, (There was a valley near the difficult-to-reach, sulfur-filled mountains,)\nCandida quam Graio nomine signat liumus, (The white one is marked with the name of Graio, the lily,)\nHanc super excisis pendebat cautibus antrum, (This cave hung above the excised branches,)\nAgricolum hirsutis nota domus gregibus, (The farmer's house, known by its hirsute herds,)\nPugnantes hue forte coegerat impiger hircos, (The eager one had forced the fighting goats together,)\nSemideusque caper, semicaperque Deus. (Half-god goat, half-god goat, god.)\n\nQuem procul ut vidit, Nymphae, sic pectore toto (When Nymphs saw him from afar, they followed him with their whole heart,)\nInsequitur; tales et jacit ore. (They join in and utter these sounds:)\n\nQuo properas, ah dura, measque ingrata querelas (Why do you rush past, oh harsh one, and despise my bitter complaints?)\nDespicis? Aspectus ne fuge, Nympha, meos. (Don't turn away, Nymph, from my sights.)\n\nMecum capreolos, mecum yenabere damas. (Let's be together with the young goats, let's enjoy the maids with me.)\nParebit jussis hoc pecus omne tuis. (This entire herd will obey your commands.)\n\nNil est, quod fugias: mihi, crede, recentia semper (There is nothing you can escape from me: believe me, the new offerings)\npocula de niveo fagina lacte madent. (always flow from the snowy birch vessels filled with milk.)\n\nSemper picta rosis, semper contexta ligustris, (Always painted with roses, always surrounded by ligustri,)\nDe nostro poteris munera ferre sinu. (You can carry the gifts from us in your arms.)\n\nDixit, at ilia Yolans celeres praevertitur auras, (He said, but the swift Yolans outran the winds,)\nimbre nihil motos impediente gradus. (rain having no effect on their progress.)\n\nJamque petens tristesque lacus, sterilemque paludem; (And he sought out sad lakes, a barren marsh;)\nConsquately among new arbors, she looks,\nFrom far beneath the cave's long entrance,\nObscure path through night's dark powder.\nHe hides there, not less pursued, that man.\nHis steps follow, drawn by love's own tract.\n\nAgain she gazes at the brightening sky,\nSees the Sun; behind her, the hill's hollow:\nTo her right, the sea, and rocks rising left:\nAnd now both weary, pressed by her lover.\n\nExclaiming, she cries for help, Delia:\n\"Turn your supreme gaze this way.\"\nNymph brought aid; she answered their call,\nFalls to earth spontaneously; becomes a tree:\nMorura, they said before, was its name;\nNothing but its name remains of Morinna.\n\nHer feet touch root, her hair in leaves;\nWhat once was her bark, her green dress;\nHer arms are branches, but the fairest fruits,\nWhich you mistook, Nymph, were once the snows.\nFlevit Misenus, mutatam flevit Avernus juxta fontibus et calidis ingemuerunt Dese. Quin etiam flevere suis Sebethrides antris Najades, et passis Parthenopea comis. Sed tamen ante alios lacrimas in stipite fudit Faunus; et hoc tristes ad inferias addit inter Sihicolas, O non ignota Sorores,\nJuvenalis Morus, duris Candida corticibus :\nVive diu; et nostros semper tege fronde capillos.\nCedat ut ipsa tuis Pinus acuta comis.\nTu numquam miserere maculabere sanguine Thissbes i.\nImmemor lea fati ne videare tui.\nTu, nee fata negant, niveis uberrima pomis,\nHis olim stabis frondea limitibus :\nEt circum puerique canent, facilesque puellae\nDucentes feslos ad tua sacra choros.\n\nHactenus cecinit testudine Musa;\nAoniasque volans leta revisit aquas.\n\nFormosus Propago arboris\nFormosa Virgo, quae vagas\nInter orta Cupidines.\nVeris lilia vincis, rosasque molles, et crocus tulchre rubentis riorem, et uvidulas comas Halantis hyacinthi.\nRedisti avitos ad lares, felicem ocellus tuis, Redditura Neapolim, cara adnixa marito, Redisti ad optatos chores, iEqualium, el probos sinus, Matris, ac bene cognilum Fratris dulcis amorem.\nquis o quis hunc albo mihi Signet diem lapillulo? quis Sabaea calentibus Addat munera floris? Vocanda Musarum cohors.\nHue hue, benigna; et abditam Barbiton cape, myrteis fronlem ivincta coronis, Thalia: quid dignum tuo Promis favore? quid bene Voce, vel fridibus student Respondere Sororos?\nSed esse quid Isetum, Deae, hie absque amoribus potest? Non movet Chione suis, Non me Lyda papillis.\nProcul facessant hinc malae, saeculi pudor, libidines, mi sat est minuat grave, Si Garlonia curas!\nJuventa, cur me tam cito.\nI. A Poetical Fragment.\n\nI know not how fitting an apology will be admitted, for introducing a fragment of Poetry. If it were not to appear in this way, it would probably never see the light: a loss, too trifling to be counted. It was written at a moment of fervor, when the power of finishing it was confidently anticipated. But the clouds of life too frequently recur, to allow a continuation of that which requires a long sunshine. There are those who pretend that the evils of Human Existence fall alike upon all; or only fall differently, in proportion to want of virtue; or want of prudence; a monstrous opinion, which all the experience of Mankind, and all the soundest doctrines of Moral Philosophy, disprove.\nThen benevolence and charity of heart, and unsuspecting confidence are crimes. From these, misfortune commonly springs; on these prosperity seldom smiles. We cannot long withdraw ourselves from the most painful vigilance against wrong and spoliation, without incurring the most frightful consequences of our abstraction.\n\nThe World is a field of warfare, in which the needy are incessantly carrying on aggressions against property. It is pleasant to slumber and dream in the visionary groves of Elysium; but like the effects of wine, it is a momentary delight at the expense of Futurity!\n\nA worldly-minded man may write plausible verses; but was a worldly-minded man ever yet a poet? There are different ages of society, in which worldly cunning, and intrigue, and fraud succeed differently: in the present,\nThey pervade and prowl almost without check! All the barriers which formerly protected generosity and high-mindedness are thrown down. Rank, birth, education, intellectuality go for nothing. Allow the vulgar to be familiar with you; they are your masters, not by talent or knowledge, but by rudeness. They have audacity and rashness in proportion to their ignorance and blindness; their own evil intentions guard them against snares; and their freedom from all scruples in the use of means multiplies their weapons of offense!\n\nBegin therefore with what animation I may, I am soon called off to contend for arts and sciences. A man who has the credit of addiction to poetry is selected as the best prey for the hungry bands of extortion, who are ravaging the land.\nThe following fragment must come out with its imperfections:\n\nThe Antic, Alphonse: A Fragment.\nWritten March 9, 1821.\n\nHe slept on beds of flowers: his childish form\nWas such as visits Poets, in a dream\nOf infant angels, when the Fancy warns\nWith glories issuing in a radiant stream\nOf shapes celestial from the fountain pure\nOf all the Muses, views on orient beam\nThose rapturous images, that ever endure\nAbove yon star-bright canopy, whose bound\nGenius and Virtue have the wings to ensure,\nWhere thousand lyres are struck, the empyreal throne around,\nAnd echo all the rolling spheres, in concert with the sound.\n\nII.\n\nThe winds were sighing on his cherub cheeks;\nAnd fanned the slumbers of his tender frame;\nThe blood, that thrilled across in purple streaks,\nBespoke the internal thought that went and came:\nAnd feature, limb, and air, and symmetry,\nAnnounced some Being, of immortal aim,\nWhose future deeds would seek the kindred sky;\nTo live on earth, as with a magic wand,\nThat could with power unearthly vie;\nTouch each unholy thing with a mysterious hand,\nAnd hill, wood, lake and sea, and all that dwell on them, command.\n\nIll.\n\nAlphonso was his name: when he from sleep\nAwoke to tread the woodland walks, and run\nAlong the meads, and cross the valleys deep,\nAnd mount the hills to meet the dawning Sun,\nHis spirit lighter than the wind, uprose\nTo realms of bliss extatic; he begun\nThe germs of Heaven already to disclose;\nTo fill the scene with airy inhabitants;\nAnd as the face of things before him glows\nWith every living hue, blue sea, and landscape green.\nTo dance about, on airy clouds, the earth and sky between.\n\nIV.\nHe listens to the Music of the Night;\nAnd oft times hears slow-swelling notes on the gale;\nAerial harmonies sail by on pinions light;\nAnon with brisker harmony they hail\nHis listening ear; and dwell upon the sense;\nAnd o'er each movement of the soul prevail;\nTill through the trembling frame the bliss intense\nThrow off the mortal dross; and, as in air,\nMelting each earthly manacle, from thence\nThe loosened spirit seems a while on high to bear;\nAnd even in very infancy for joys divine prepare.\n\nThe change of seasons was to him a bliss\nStill varying, never exhausted: the first flower,\nThat opened on the primrose bank, was his:\nThe purple violet, when the genial hour\nDrew forth its first perfume, unclosed for him:\nThe green leaf swelled upon the hazel bower;\nThe pendant willow-leaf on river's brim\nHung on its infant verdure; and the vest.\nOf the emerald bright, that as the shadows dim,\n150 The Antic muse,\nFled the new-beaming sun, each hill and valley dreamt,\nFor him prepared the laughing scene; for him young Nature\nblest.\n\nVI.\nWhen summer's broad effulgence full displayed\nCreation in her prodigality,\nOf pomp and garniture, for him array'd\nIn all its splendor look'd the golden sky;\nFor him the woods their grateful umbrage cast;\nFor him the rippling current murmur'd by;\nFor him the breath of ripening harvests past;\nFor him the blaze of vegetation's hues\nInnumerous glitter'd in profusion vast;\nFor him yon Ocean's waves their mirror wide diffuse;\nFor him o'er all the face of earth, Heaven life and riches strews.\n\nXL VII.\n\nPoems of M. A. Flaminius.\nDe Laudihus Mantuensis.\n\nFelix Mantua, civitatis ocelle,\nQuam Mars Palladis certatus usque et usque\nClaram reddere gentibus, probisque.\nOrnare ingeniis virorum, et armis;\nTe frugom facilis, potensque rerum,\nTellus, te celerem facit virente,\nM. ANTONIUS FLAMINIUS. 151\n\nQui rlpa, calamisque flexuosas,\nLeni flumine Mincius susurrat,\nEt qui te lacus intrat, advenisque,\nDites mercibus invehit carinas.\n\nQuid palatia culta, quid Deorum\nTempla, quid memorem vias, et urbis\nMoles nubibus arduis propinquas?\n\nPax secura loco, quiesque nullis,\nTurbata exiliis, frequensque rerum,\nSemper copia, et artura bonarum.\n\nFelix Mantua, centiesque felix,\nTantis Mantua dotibus beata;\nSed felix magis, et magis beata,\nQuod his temporibus, rudique saeclo,\nMagnum Castaliona protulisti.\n\nAd Stephanum Saulium,\nNe tu beatum dixeris, optime,\nSauli, superbo limine civium,\nQui prodit hinc et hinc caterva\nNobilium comitante cinctus;\n\nWon si feracis occupet Africae,\nQuidquid prsealtis conditur horreis,\nGemmasque lucentes, et auri.\nPossideat rutilos acervos.\nNee ille felix, qui valet omnium causas latentes cernere, sidera notare doctus, et profundas ingenio penetrare.\nSed tu beatum jure vocaveris,\nQui nihil pura rite Deum colit,\nEjusque jussa ducit amplis divitiis pretiosiora.\nNon ille vulgi gaudet honoribus;\nSed carus ipse Numini est honos;\nPro quo tendendo non recusat\nDedecorum genus omne ferre.\nQuin et relictis coetibus urbium,\nMens ejus altum transvolat sethera,\nDeique summi, celitumque colloquio fruitur beato.\nCaelestis ergo jam sapientis,\nPlenus pericis altior omnibus,\nQuiescit in Deo, furentes hominum tumultus\nSic proeliantes aquore turgido,\nVentos reducto montis in angulo miratur, et gaudet procella terribili procul esse pastor.\n\nAd Donatum Rulliim\nQuis cuncta possit, Rulle, pericula motusque mentis dicere turbidos.\nQuis sitis in tempestas undae?\nNos variis agitant procellis? Hinc precautionis sollicitus, hinc spes bonorum credula, gaudium. Nunc tollitur altum, nunc doloris deicimur furibundo ab aestu. Non sic benignus coelicolum pater, humana corda fecit; sed insolens, nos fastus ad tumultuosa usque advecta freta praecipites adicit. Cum vita multis ante laboribus turbata cunctis afflueret bonis; nee mortis imago cor trepido quateret tumultu. Quod ergo tantis auxilium est malis? Equid Platonis docta volumina, cultus praeses Lycei sollicitam recreare mentem, modumque curis figere tristibus? Potest? vel auri perpetuo fluens rivus? vel in sublime tollens per titulos popularis aura? Fomenta sunt base prorsus inania; luduntque falsa vulgus imagine; vulgique primores acuti viribus ingenii tumentes. At tu beatam ducere si cupis.\nVitam periclis liber ab omnibus, adhaereas Deo, piaque mente sacrum venerare numen. Hinc hauries veram et sapientiam, verumque bonorem, el divitias; ferus quas nee tyrannus, nee tremendi vis rapiat truculenta belli. Quidquid bonorum cernitur usque hoc fonte manat: quo sine tetrasque, caelitumque regna possideat, miser usque vivet.\n\nDe Joviano Pontano,\nQui cecinit claro fulgentia lumina caelo,\nPontani doctis versibus Urania,\nPhoebe, tuis magnam lucem addidit ignibus, utque\nNunc melius iiteant sidera cuncta, facit.\n\nDe Joanne Coitam.\nSi fas cuique sensus expromere cordis,\nHoc equidem dicam, pace, Catulle, tua:\nEst tua Musa quidem dulcissima; Musa\nIpsa tamen Cottae dulcior esse mihi.\n\nAd Balthasarem Castilionem.\nSi truculenta ferox irrumpis in agmina Marte,\nDiceris invicto Castilione satus.\nAt molli cilhara si condis amabile carmen,\nCastalia natus diceris esse Dea.\nAt the same.\nHorrida terribilis cum tractas arma, Maronis\nCastilione tui carmine digna facis.\nThe same, when vacuous, you rest in the shadow of Castalio,\nWorthy of eternal Maroue's hound.\nTo Andr. Nugerium,\nNaugeri, let no one dispute with you, nor labor in vain,\nTo praise your laudes:\nWhether you make an epigram with a joined foot, or loose,\nYou subdue the magnanimum funera acerba virum.\nM. ANTONIUS FLAMINIUS. 155\nTo the same.\nHow many whitenings create albicans pruinas,\nHow many flowers bloom when the earth is loosened by Zephyro,\nHow many splcB Libycis heat in the fields,\nHow many grapes extend racemos,\nHow vast the sea fluctuates with procellis,\nWhen the rain-bringing hedus reports nascens pluvias,\nHow Ceraunia are covered with frondibus,\nHow the serenum caelum gleams with facibus.\nHow many are the many basiorum,\nQuae dari sibi postulat Catullus,\nQuotque sunt atomi Lucretianae.\n\"To the Naugeri for eight months, your golden books live. At Actium, to Sannazaro. The amount that Virgil owed the Maronian forest, And the shepherd, until the Musa Maronis is a shepherd; Almost as much do fishermen and acts, Acti, owe you, divine Virgil. Gasp. Contareno. Contareno, you taught a great book, Extinct souls to live in bodies. Therefore, by your right, monuments of labor live, And live in countless centuries.\n\nTo Marius Molsam.\n\nIn later times, when age will marvel at sweet numbers, Whether it is your Tibullus, or Petrarcha, yours: You too, Molsa, will always be celebrated by the same fame; Or rather, you will be greater with a double title. Whatever praise gave the famous Musa to two poets, This alone gives it to you.\n\nXLVII\n\nTragic Tales. Coningsby and Brokenhurst. By Sir Egerton Brydges, Baronet, London, Triple\"\nWhat may have been the success of these Tales, or whether any success at all has attended them, we do not know. But we know that the present taste of the Public is all for glare and extravagance; and whatever trusts to those forms and colours of composition which gained the approbation and excited the delight of former ages, has little chance of raising the notice or pleasing the pampered appetite of our own time. That the public mind is in a sound state; and that literature is not rapidly declining into frightful corruption, will scarcely be asserted by any well-informed, pure, and temperate mind. This false taste is spread through every part of learning or authorship; but it prevails most in the department of Fiction. And among its ruling causes may be certainly ascribed:\n\nTRAGIC TALES. 157\nThe character of modern Periodical Criticism has become a lucrative trade or profession, giving itself up to follow rather than lead the prejudices and passions of the multitude. Nothing is written in the sober temper of a Judge; but everything with the partiality, heat, and exaggeration of an Advocate. Truth, moral sagacity, virtuous and amiable sentiment, natural beauty, the movements of the heart, and the unforced visions of the fancy, are the same in all ages and all nations among a civilized people. If there be a country, which in a late stage of society imagines that it has arisen to a degree of illumination and splendor, which eclipses former lights, and makes the past appear feeble, flat, and insipid, it ought to reverse its own self-conceit and be taught by the difference.\nOwn glare must be factitious and impure. Milton speaks of the \"sober certainty of bliss\": there is a sober certainty of knowledge also in classical compositions, which does not first surprise and then satiate, like the forced, hot-bed, high-seasoned dishes of modern composition. These are lashed up into foam and driven by false effort into cloudy shapes of monstrous chimeras. No writer has ever long enjoyed fame who has given himself up to write what was plausible, rather than what was true. The plausible writer may easily be piquant, striking; and, to half-informed readers, amusing, so long as the prevailing prejudices and fashions, which he caters to, continue to rule: but as these subside, the incredulity comes; the charlatanism is detected; and the temporary favorite is cast away for an impostor.\nIf our knowledge of human nature did not leave us familiar with its perpetual inconsistencies, both of conduct and opinion, we should wonder at the contradictoriness of the multitude; who, while they clamor for what is practical, most delight in those freaks of the fancy which are most remote from probability.\n\nIf History is Moral Philosophy teaching by example, Poetry and Fable are Moral Philosophy personified by Fancy.\n\nIf what is personified is not Truth, it is spurious; and it may be added, not the fruit of genuine and solid genius.\n\nWe do not mean Truth in its narrow sense of matter of fact: We extend it to the mental movements; to all those visionary appearances, and internal impulses, which are native to the intellect, and the soul.\n\nThere are chords in the human heart, which Genius strikes.\nThe only know how to touch those which are not awakened by what is external; those that rise uncalled only in the secret temple where Genius presides, and which Genius alone can direct, so as to arouse them from the sleep they have no power of their own to shake off. This is not said lightly and unmeaningly; it springs from a doctrine long considered and maturely digested.\n\nWe say that the inventions that do not arise from this source, and are not adapted and directed to excite these chords, are not the inventions of genius. The mind can make technical combinations, like the material hand; but they have no more soul than the cold stone worked into the human form.\n\nSecondary authors mistake particularity and caprice for originality; they think that superiority consists in difference. It is the reverse of this; it is in conformity to what is universal.\nIf it already is in the minds of others that the merit lies, it is true that it must go beyond the materials of this visible world. It must enter into the world of spirits. It must draw forth intellectual existences and then delineate them in forms and colors congenial to their nature. And in the fantastic shapes, which artifice substitutes for want of admission to their mysteries, if it be true (as it certainly is) that \"the proper study of mankind is man,\" the highest department of this study is his intellectual, not his material, nature. Whatever unfolds the scenes and feelings that exist in those deep recesses; whatever embodies the evanescent figures that haunt a rich imagination; contributes to the stores of that species of knowledge which justly ranks among the highest.\nThe most sublime and useful things. Providence has formed us to continually aspire after something better than the coarse realities that surround us. The intellectual image associates with the picture of what is external a coloring, which it receives from within. Literary productions, which contribute thus to foster our better natures and elevate ourselves above the meaner parts of our being, claim and merit a distinguished place. The niceties of the human character; the conflicts between good and bad of those who mingle opposite qualities of intellect and virtue; the tendency of particular errors of the mind or heart, the charm of those emanations of goodness, which vivid feelings, directed by sublime principles, bring forth\u2014are subjects worthy of being painted; and worthy of the toils of the noblest genius.\nThis opinion may perhaps seem to lift into a rank, which \nthey have not hitherto held, a large portion of those modern \nFictions which go under the name of Novels. But such an \ninference would not be just. The Novels of the author of \nWaverley may claim this praise to themselves : but there \nis a force of intellect ; a justness of thinking ; a skill of \ncomposition ; a propriety of words j a vividness of feeling \nand of fancy; in all of which the common manufacture \nof productions which go under this name is wanting. Their \ninterest lies in the mere excitement of a vulgar curiosity \n160 THE AlVTI-CTtTTKl \ncreated by the developcmeiit of a complicated story. If the \nreader looks back , he cannot find in them a single pas- \nsage worthy of being cited ^ or which can rest on its own \nmerit. \nThough that part of the Intellectual faculties , which is \nThe Understanding, or Reason, cannot constitute genius, yet it may be doubted if a high degree of genius can exist without the addition of a large portion of this quality. We have seen those who have been distinguished for their powers of invention to be eminent also in various other walks of literature and mental power. Suspecting that the author of these Tales may have been blamed for devoting any part of his mature years to this kind of imaginative indulgence, such censures will have arisen from not making the distinctions we have endeavored to enforce in the preceding paragraphs.\n\nThe contemners of Poetry, and of that portion of prose which partakes of poetical invention, are men of narrow minds and sterile hearts, who do not know what real poetry is : and who mistake for it those abortions and fungi,\nand tinsel gewgaws, which pretenders put forth; and the foolish mob eulogize. Such things they may well consider the amusement of foolish and unthinking youth; and light-headed and ignorant age.\n\nThe fancy, that is stirred by the heat of youthful blood, is of an earthly and groveling nature. But genuine fancy, the pure and spiritual part of our being, becomes stronger, and glows more brightly with age.\n\nBoth the Stories of these Tragic Tales are exceedingly gloomy: and some persons have wondered, under what mood of mind the author could imagine such distressing events; and if he did not imagine them, where he found the outline of such foul murders.\n\nTRAGIC TALES. 161\n\nThere are traces about them, as if he had somewhere heard the reality of such things. \u2014 Coningsby was pronounced.\nA gentleman of deep consideration, upon reading the Tale, found the character to be new among the multitudes of novels. Why not arise from a fancy turning inward upon the operations of a passionate and vigorous mind, long brooding in solitude over its own prejudices and violences, working itself at last into furies which reason could not control? It is the business of a true, native, unfettered fancy to behold these things in their progress; to have the secrets of the heart opened to it; and to see the future and the distant in the present!\n\nTo copy the human character as it appears under the disguises of society is to represent a deceitful surface. The energies that are bred and grow up in solitude within the unseen recesses of the soul are hidden from the observer.\nThe fancy alone cannot penetrate daily life; only the mind that creates can develop its movements. The truth of characters drawn from these sources stands upon a certainty that no study of external individuality can reach. The represented connection between moral causes and moral effects is more unerring, and the instruction far deeper than the lessons afforded by what are called portraits of actual living beings.\n\nIf all the world were engaged in providing for the necessities of the day; if all were occupied in promoting their own private interests, the indulgence of fancy would be an obstacle to their purposes, which ought to be sedulously excluded rather than encouraged. But Providence has happily ordered it otherwise: it has left in civilized society no inconsiderable portion independent and at leisure.\nIntellectual pursuits require whatever aids the exercise of our best mental powers; whatever elevates or refines thought, assists the connection between language and ideas, or seizes transient heartfelt impressions are acquisitions for the profound philosopher and generous moralist.\n\nTragedy's purpose, according to critics since ancient times, is to purge the human heart and extract the first seeds of crime by presenting a terrifying picture of their progress and consequences.\n\nLord Broghamst is a dreadful tale, but it may still be too short. The wickedness of Lady [Name missing]\nBrokenhurst has been considered by some to outrage all probability: but when once the furious passions have become twisted with obliquity and cunning, and have risen to a certain degree of ascendance, who shall say where they will stop? If this character is a picture of female depravity and horror, the author makes amends by his character of Adelinde Coningsby, who is all purity, loveliness, and spirit.\n\n\"A faery vision\nOf some gay creature of the element,\nThat in the colours of the rainbow lives,\nAnd plays in the plighted clouds:\"\n\na creature made to be worshipped; to turn humanity into celestial; to illuminate deserts; and soften the savages of the woods. But a Being so good was not calculated for long happiness here: her sun soon sets in violence, and horror!\n\nThe author delights himself with these images of gloom.\nHe has a melancholic view of life and clings to sorrow as its congenial inmate in his tragic tales. But it cannot be asserted that sorrow has closed his heart, curiosity, or mental activity. Always inquiring, expatiating, analyzing, combining, he has never suffered the ills of life to palsy him, nor gigantic disappointments to turn to gall the native glow of his spirit. The enthusiasm, which was his earliest characteristic, remains unabated in his latest writings.\n\nIf the Autographical Memoirs, which are said to have been seen by some of his friends, shall ever appear, it will be proved that the accusation of querulousness, a word which implies complaint without adequate cause, has been most unjustly applied to the author. The variety of acts in his works attests to this.\nThe injustices to which he has been a victim have drawn forth enduring testimonies of his fortitude rather than querulousness. The ingratiitude, treachery, and neglects he has experienced have elicited such testimonies.\n\nThe great difference between an original writer and those who take advantage of the topics of the day to exercise their memories and apply their ingenuity in specious productions of factitious interest is well-known to all profound readers. The number of the former class in any age is small. Quickness and force of apprehension, power of memory, and facility of language are not uncommon. But how few are they who think for themselves? All the rest will live their little day and be forgotten. The borrowed is not at first moment discriminated from that which originates in the writer's mind; but the difference soon becomes apparent.\nThe want of vital spirit causes it to fade. The elasticity of genius cannot be destroyed by misfortune or enfeebled by neglect.\n\nHall of Hellingsley.\n\nThis tale takes place in one of the Midland Counties approaching the West during the reign of King James I. It originated from an incident that is still prevalent in a certain village regarding a branch of a noble family then residing there. What parts are mere invention and what parts have references to private history would be indecorous and unnecessary to distinguish. The chosen period affords various materials of striking interest. The characters of that age have been sufficiently elucidated.\nCited; and nobility are strongly associated in our memories. They do not approach us too near; so as to allow no play to the imagination. In those days, nobility was a distinct race, which, though philosophy and liberalism may rejoice in having destroyed it, at least affords splendid or strongly-colored pictures to the imagination.\n\nNothing is intended in this Tale of minute manners; of what is called tact at the little technical outward forms of society; forms which change with every generation, and perhaps two or three times in every generation; so that what was all interest thirty years ago, because it caught \"the manners living as they rise,\" now appears tedious, ridiculous, and revolting. With what ennui we now turn from all the tiresome ceremonial and si iff costume of monumental fashion, with which so large a portion of Richard-\nThe Hall of Hellingsley. Clarissa and Sir Charles Grandison, with their endless volumes, are stuffed. Yet, at the time, the greatest proportion of readers believed these things to be the great charm of those works. The allusion to manners, which two centuries have left behind, is quite different. Whenever traces of them remain in memory, they remain because they were inherently interesting. All that was frivolous, dull, and absurd; all that had not the sparks of life in it, has long since faded away and ceased to leave an impression. It is the vast expanse that the poet and the romance inventor find the expanded field which they require. If they offend against poetical probability, the illusion, it is their business to create, is gone. However, if they do not heighten nature; if they do not select or recombine from what is beautiful, they fail in their purpose.\nBeautiful or grand, they do not exhibit the work of genius. The latitude for this probability is better found in the Vast. Distance softens, time hallowes; we are not willing to allow in our contemporaries the high traits we can believe in ages, long gone. There is room also for more curiosity, more novelty, and surprise in a story of other days. We enter it with a spirit more awakened; our fancy is more active, and our credulity is more disposed to favor it. It is true that the purchasers of Tales of Fiction are various; and ought to be, that they may be suited to various tastes. Some read to have their knowledge of characters of the day sharpened; to improve their skill in the prevailing opinions; and gaze upon the pictures of the bustle in which they delight to be engaged.\nOthers desire to have their fancy exercised; to have their emotions exalted, and the more shadowy features of their minds gratified and strengthened. If attention to what is called practical is a sort of habit of mental discipline necessary for those whose duties call on them to qualify themselves for most of the numerous vocations of daily routine, and whom too refined a sensitivity and too abstract sentiments would withdraw from their labors or disgust with their employments, there are numerous others to whom the opposite intellectual cultivations are as necessary as they are delightful.\n\nThe present Novel is (if the author is not mistaken) written on those principles and in that taste, which accrues to poetical Invention; with the selection, the fervor, the picturesque circumstantiality; the enthusiasm, the beauty.\nBelieving delusion, which characterizes, or ought to characterize, the fictions of Poets.\nXLIX.\nTHE FOUNTAIN OF HELICON.\nWritten March 31, 1891.\nRocked by the roaring winds to sweet repose,\nLuxurious slumbers lull'd my weary limbs,\nThrough the long darkness of a winter night!;\nI rose; and opened to my searching eye\nThe roll of ages past: I mused and saw\nVisions before me: then I bent my ear;\nAnd thought I heard soft voices in the air.\nNext, I revolved the studious page: and thus\nDay passed, like sable night, in inward joy.\nHours glided on; and weeks; and rapid months;\nHELICON. 167\nAnd mind began to overcome this frame\nOf mortal clay; and turn this groveling dross\nHalf into spirit: wings uplifted me;\nAnd bore me through the clouds. When heaviness\nSat on my eyes; and shed Morphean dews;\nFancy array'd a brighter world within.\nAnd when I woke, I lived as if in dreams.\nThe woes of Earth, contrasted with the blessings,\nThat shone upon my soul, improved its hues;\nAnd made it glow more glorious. In the heavens,\nThe lovely Spring had just begun her course;\nAnd the young bud disclosed the earliest leaf;\nAnd the first tender green had just put forth\nIts emerald mantle o'er the shooting grass:\nWhen having bask'd beneath the genial beams\nThat through the azure canopy above\nTransparently shone, and courted the young Hours,\n(Whose hair with primrose, and with violet\nCircled, threw balmy incense to the breeze;\nWhose bosoms, like the early opening bud\nIn its first swell, threw rapture on my sight),\nI cast my limbs exhausted on a bank,\nWhere the soft radiance melted me to sleep.\nThen seemed as if a Spirit touched my brow;\nAnd pierced mine eyelids; and it said to me:\nAn holy fire has caught thee! Keep it pure and fan it, and it may ennoble and illumine that frail form of earthly substance. Thy purged eye shall see what is to mortal view forbid!\n\nThe hues of bliss more brightly glow. Chastised by sabler tints of Woe. Gray.\n\n168 THE ANTi-CRITIC\n\nAnd then a sudden haze appeared to shoot across the face of this terrestrial globe, and then a momentary striking up of harps celestial: when the rapture rushed through all my veins, and suddenly I woke!\n\nExtract of a Letter, July 1821.\n\nIt is variety in mental gifts, which can alone lead to enduring distinction in the intellectual world. As we encourage one, or the other, by fits, it takes the temporary mastery, and gives the temporary character to our faculties:\nWhether it be faith or sentiment, or reason, or memory. The same person may therefore at different periods of life exhibit a very different intellectual character. It is not unreasonable to wish to be fairly estimated, because the power of impressing the opinions we believe to be right greatly depends on the consideration in which they are held. My vanity has been long cured; and I have long learned to work with little hope of notice and encouragement; but it is this sentiment which sometimes makes me endeavor to set myself right - at least with my friends. I do this with incessant variety. I feed my mind with such infusions as are but of little use except to the EGOTISMS. The owner, if he has no power but to pour them out just in the same state in which they were poured in. But I hope.\nI always make use of them for the purpose of new combination; to suggest; to illustrate; to confirm; to expand; to qualify; to distinguish; to generalize; to sharpen and strengthen the faculties; to enrich the imagination; and to ameliorate the heart. It is easy to be a Book-Maker; and in this sense, to be an Author. But it is not easy, or common, to produce what is original, forcible, just, profound, important, and eloquent. In this, I do not dare hope I have been successful; but to this I have aspired. At twenty-two, I produced a volume of Poems, to which I look back not with dissatisfaction. If there can be traced in it, not the commonplace of a ready memory, but the conformity of individual fancy and sentiment to the models of our best schools, especially of the juvenile poems of Milton.\nI am willing to hope that it may yet last longer than some of these temporary meteors of whim and glare.\n\nI sometimes flatter myself that age has improved rather than lessened my faculties; that it has not only mellowed, but extended my reflections; that it has fortified my knowledge; and given it a firmness and practicability, which it wanted. In those tempestuous six years which I passed in Parliament, my mind partook of the character of my situation, and of the character of the times. It had flashes of broad light, intermixed with darkness, and bewilderments and mazes. I look back with astonishment and trembling at the fortitude, or the blindness, that could pass such a period of stupendous trials, gigantic dangers, and sorrows!\n\nOn such occasions, it is constant occupation and want.\nBut this thing, which carries us through time, is at the same time injurious to just thinking and a sound state of mind. We have a finite before our eyes, and are necessitated to see things in delusive colors! The truth is too powerful for us!\n\nLXI.\n\nEGOTISMS CONTINUED.\n\nExtract of another Letter, 15 September 1821.\n\nNature chose to give me a peculiarity of character; to make me the victim of anxieties about which others care little; to give me uneasy ambitions, which never can be satisfied; to be constantly grasping perplexities, which neither visit nor seize on other minds! To be beating at the door which opens to the penetralia of the heart, when others skim gaily and lightly over life.\n\nI do not pride myself on this peculiarity of conformation.\nI regret it! It is a disease; it gives a barbed hook to thoughts, making them incapable of being extracted from my brain. It was no whim, no accident that literature devoted me. It was the food, on which alone my mind was formed to live \u2013 it furnished the only nourishment, with which the seeds, sown in my intellect, could be well cultivated!\n\nEgotisms Continued. 171\n\nThere are many who would say that such a description, if true, will account for the unsuccessful course of my life. Such a person cannot bend to circumstances; cannot keep attention alive to petty expediencies: cannot watch individual interests: but is in search of what is general; of what is wise and just on a large scale: whereas individual advantages are commonly gained at the expense of the general good!\n\nWhile I write these sentences, I again find myself...\nDoubt the propriety of stuffing the columns of a letter with such elucidations. They have something too recherche, too subtle, and remote from the ordinary subjects of interest. On the contrary, such explanations, if the occasion that prompts them is lost, die in the mind and are perhaps never revived again. Every conquered thought, every evanescent distinction, which is fixed by language, is a gain in the fields of Intellect! Original thinkers are so rare that not one in ten, even among eminent writers, merits this praise. I suppose that in Society every man will be attacked on the side of his tendencies! Mine have always been towards those speculative and visionary habits, which men of the world disapprove and hate so much. I am always therefore bored with hints and praises of what is commonplace.\npeople are pleased to call \"practical sense\" and \"tact of real life.\" Yet many of these folks call themselves severe and scrupulous moralists; they also claim the merit of strict and punctilious religion. But when we come to examine them, in what does this practical sense consist? -- In the non-application of their own rules and principles: in exceptions: in expedients: in freedom from scrupulosity: in taking the rule when it is convenient, and rejecting it when it is in the way. Then, what is the undeniable inconsistency?\n\n172 THE ANTI-CRITIC\n\nTheir principles and professions are all talk, to serve their own purposes: they have no sincerity! -- If the principles are true, the exceptions are very rare; and expedients are always dangerous.\n\nIf they believe that society can only go on by expedients, they must not be too scrupulous, nor too nice about not breaking their own rules. But if they believe it to be evil in itself, they cannot justify their course. They must either condemn all expedients, or else they must make a rule to justify the exception.\n\nThe man who is not scrupulous in small matters cannot be in earnest in great ones. And it is in earnestness only that virtue consists. -- If a man will begin with expedients, he will continue in them until he arrives at the end of expediency. And the end of expediency is despotism.\n\nTherefore, it is not only the scrupulous fop, who, in the fine language of the moralists, is called a hypocrite, that is to be laughed at; but the man, who, in the coarser language of the world, is called a knave. For these two are but different names for the same thing. And the knave, who knows that he is a knave, is often a great deal more amusing than the hypocrite, who imagines he is a saint.\n\nBut, to return to our subject, it is not only the man of the world, who is inconsistent, and who makes a rule to serve his own purposes, and who, when he finds it inconvenient, breaks it; but the most serious and the most religious men are often guilty of the same fault. And this is the more to be lamented, because the inconsistency of the religious man is more dangerous than that of the man of the world. For the man of the world is generally inconsistent only in things indifferent; but the religious man is often inconsistent in things essential.\n\nNow, it is not my intention to censure the inconsistency of the religious man, or to laugh at his hypocrisy; but to show, that it is a weakness common to all mankind, and that it is not confined to any particular set of men. And, therefore, I shall endeavor to illustrate this point by some examples, which I have taken from the most serious and the most religious men, who have lived in different ages and in different countries.\n\nFirst, I shall take an example from the ancient Romans. I shall relate an anecdote concerning the great Julius Caesar, who was not only a great captain, but a great orator, and a great politician. He was a man of a most extraordinary genius, and of a most irresistible eloquence. He was also a man of a most unprincipled and unscrupulous temper. He was a man who, when he found it convenient, would make a rule to serve his own purposes, and, when it was inconvenient, would break it.\n\nIt is said, that, when he was a young man, and had not yet acquired any great reputation, he was invited to a feast given by a certain nobleman, who was a great enemy to him. Caesar, who was then poor, and who had nothing to lose, accepted the invitation, and went to the feast. But, when he was at the table, he saw a certain dish, which was highly relished by all the guests, and which he knew to be poisoned. He knew, that if he ate of it, he would die; but he also knew, that if he refused to eat it, he would be suspected of cowardice, and would be despised by all the guests. He therefore took a piece of the poisoned meat, and, with a smiling countenance, ate it before all the company.\n\nNow, this was an expedient, which Caesar took to serve his own purposes. He knew that, if he refused to eat the poisoned meat, he would be suspected of cowardice, and would be despised by all the guests.\nLet them have the boldness and honesty to say so! If they believe that a man is justified and wise in choosing only what is for his own private interest; and that all sound sense directs such conduct; let them be frank knaves, and declare it! But lying and hypocrisy for the sake of individual and selfish advantage, is of all profligacies one of the most revolting!\n\nAs practical good often is in opposition to virtue, it appears to me that this consideration alone affords a most powerful encouragement of intellectual pleasures. In these alone, after all, must consist the rewards of virtue. Station, material enjoyments, are not to be gained by it. It is in the mind alone, in the consciousness within, that the satisfaction must be found. But the mind will not produce fruit that is not cultivated and prepared.\nFor the highest talents, they must be continually at work. The lights of the mind are often as transient and changeable as those of the rainbow. To catch them distinctly and find language for them can only be achieved through perpetual efforts. The seeds of the intellect die in the soil if not perpetually tended and aided; and foul and noxious weeds spring up in their place.\n\nTheoretic Goodness may not always be attended by consistency of conduct; but in proportion as our principles are right, we shall probably approach Goodness in action. But what is the worth of his Goodness, whose acts are good, but whose mind is base and vicious?\n\nI think all fictions are dangerous and even positively hurtful, which are formed to give additional pleasure.\n\nSir Ralph Willoughby. 173.\nAttractions lie in merely plausible characters; recommending adroitness in daily conduct, which already more than sufficiently recommends itself. It is the duty and constant struggle of the moral tale-writer to set in full display all retired virtues; all those in which a man may justly say, \"With virtue I am involved:\"\" in which \"the sunshine of the soul\" makes amends for the storms, that \"darken and growl without.\"\n\nSir Ralph Willoughby. An Historical Tale, By Sir Egerton Brydges, Florence, 1820, 8\u00b0\n\nThis Tale was written at Florence, while confined to a sofa by illness, in the first three months of 1821. It commences with a reference to the Rebellion of the Earls of Westmoreland and Northumberland, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. Ralph Willoughby is the son of an imaginary character.\nA nobleman was attainted for his involvement in that rebellion, and having fled abroad, was obliged to educate his infant children there. Ralph, having become familiar with Continental languages, was recommended to the Foreign Department of Lord Burleigh's office. There, having gained the favor of one of Burleigh's daughters, he raised the jealousy of his fellow-clerks. They eventually ousted him through their intrigues and machinations. The incidents of his life up to the close of Elizabeth's reign are then related, providing an opportunity to introduce the characters of the most illustrious persons of Elizabeth's Court. The Earls of Oxford, Cumberland, Nottingham, Lord Grey of Wilton, Lord Buckhurst, Lord Hunsdon, Sir Francis Walsingham, Sir John Norris, Sir Walter Raleigh, and others to whom Spenser wrote dedicatory sonnets.\nIntroduced in his Fairy Queen, are all presented, along with the Sonnets themselves. The reign of James [blank] then commences, where the alleged plot, known as Raleigh's, remains a historical mystery. Here, Raleigh, Cobham, and Lady Arabella Stuart come into full play. Willoughby, who had already been knighted by James during his progress to take possession of the Throne, was now exposed to Raleigh's maneuvers for procuring him to take part in the political schemes, whatever they were. An occasion is then taken to attempt to develop and delineate the secret movements of Raleigh's character. Some friends of the Author have thought this portrait too severe. If it is true, it will excite regret; but truth must be told at the expense of regret. An author is bound to speak.\nAccording to the tenor of his own conviction, Raleigh was a very splendid character, but there are many strong circumstances to ground a suspicion of the goodness of his heart. His daring temper made him not very nice in his feelings, and his boundless ambition overcame a strict regard to means. Willoughby is represented as regarding Raleigh with admiration mixed with fear and doubt; and as parrying his deep designs with sagacity and brilliant skill; as possessing Raleigh's talents without his faults; as sincere, pure, full of fancy, imagination, and sentiment; of an ambition controlled by reason, and cured by disappointment. His passion is solitude, and the exercise of his inventive genius in poetical composition.\n\nSir Ralph Willoughby. 175\n\nBut his solitude, and his innocent and virtuous occupations.\nPatisons do not protect him against the visitations and schemes of Raleigh, who discovers him in his retreat and uses every persuasion to draw him again into active life. Willoughby is superior to these temptations; to these bewilderings and false lights of the mind, to which minor abilities would have been victims, when played off by a man of the splendid powers and deep management so dominant in the tempter. But he was not confined to guard himself alone: his generous spirit resolved to afford a shield to Lady Arabella Stuart, whatever danger it might incur.\n\nWhen Raleigh left him, he visited this unfortunate Lady, though he was fully aware that it might aggravate the suspicions, which he well knew were already operating against him. He found her in want of all his advice.\nAnd he found no comfort in that. But he paid dearly for his generosity and virtue. Salisbury, with whom he had been intimate when in the Office of Burleigh, the father of this little, crooked, cunning yet able Blount, had now decided on his destruction because he would not betray Raleigh, however disapproved some part of his conduct.\n\nThe full occasion was now given. Lady Arabella, weak, guileless, innocent, was the momentary puppet whom the State set up to dread. Willoughby's secret visits were damning proofs of his guilt. Raleigh and Cobham, and Grey of Wilton, were sent to the Tower. Private warnings were sent to Willoughby of the blow about to be struck upon him. Conscious of innocence, he scorned to flee.\n\n'The evil hour predicted came. He was sent to prison. Brought to trial for high treason in conspiring with Raleigh.\nCobham et al. put Lady Arabella on the Throne; found guilty on false evidence and executed.\n\n176 The Anti-Critic\n\nHere ends the story. And \"cui bono?\" cry the cold-hearted, the envious, and the malignant? \"Why represent your Hero as a man of talents and give no proof of his talents? Why represent him as unfortunate, arbitrarily deprived of reward and distinction, when you have given no proof that he deserved reward and distinction?\" What is thus meant by proof of talents, it is difficult to conceive! Is it no proof of talent to have obtained a dominion over Raleigh's mind? Is it no proof of talent to have written history and poetry, with sagacity, eloquence, and genius? \"Oh but this is assertion: not proof!\"\nHappy cavillers, will anything prevail over your passion to find fault?\nYou amiable and contented Optimists! who think success the proof of merit, and have a calm confidence in the integrity and justice of mankind; who think that the persecuted are always in the wrong, and that malice, jealousy, and self-interest never operate against right; how I admire your scorn and indignation against those, who being the guilty authors of their own distresses and disappointments, dare to vent their bile against the innocent and benevolent world!\n\nIt is sad (no doubt) to be persecuted with the rage of those, who are victims to their own imprudence. Why not let men quietly enjoy the profit and the credit, which have been awarded to them, in right of the excellent practical common sense, which is really the only talent worth a farthing.\nAll mankind are engrossed by Self; there is no virtue, no sincerity, no conscience, no unmercantile love of literature; no intrinsic love of sublimity or beauty; no unbribed desire for fame in the world. \"What is the value of a thing,\" says Hudibras, \"but as much money as it will bring?\" What use, therefore, of a poem or a romance that will not fetch money? So thinks, and so reasons, the mass of vulgar minds.\n\nHistorical Tale. 177\n\nLe Forester. A Tale, 3 vols in-'P, 1802.\nThis tale is by the author of the present work, who had a seventeen-year interval between the publication of such productions. The story of this fiction refers to the celebrated Jiggins Jesuit, which occurred before the middle of the last century. Every person acquainted with British genealogies knows this frightful tale. Pitchard Annesley, the last Earl of Anglesey, succeeded his elder brother in the Irish barony of Althorn in 1727, on the supposition of his having died issueless. However, many years later, James Annesley claimed the titles and estates (to which the right to an English earldom had also devolved, in 1737); as legitimate son and heir of Arthur Lord Altham, elder brother of Earl Richard V, stating himself to have been kidnapped.\nBetween 1740 and 1750, the question was tried, and a verdict obtained in Ireland after one of the longest, most laborious, and most curious trials of filiation that ever occurred before a Jury. A trial which fills a printed Folio volume. However, the Earl, in possession of titles and estates, still foiled his unhappy nephew with writs of Error, etc., and died without being dispossessed of his usurpations in 1761. While the claimant wore out his life in obscurity and died at last without issue male, not long after the same period.\n\nThe Fiction of Le Forester was suggested by this extraordinary series of events; but it differs from it in many essential particulars. The Claimant is here finally successful, and recovers his rights. His moral and intellectual qualities are depicted.\nThe intellectual character is imaginary, and almost all incidents are equally so. It was the Father of Le Forester who is here represented as kidnapped; not the hero himself. The part, in which the author supposes he has been least unsuccessful, is that which relates the afflicting and cruel circumstances attending this violence to the true heir, by an usurper so near in blood as a father's brother.\n\nThe shipwreck on the coast of Madeira; the boyhood and youth passed in the depth of the wooded solitudes of North America; the companions of that solitude; the mode in which he passed his time; and his attachment to the beautiful and innocent partner of his exile \u2013 these (it is believed) are written with the greatest flow and more under the impression of a predominant and believing Imagination than the rest.\nAs this may be considered an episode, it cannot be denied that throwing the greatest interest upon it is a fault. LE FORESTER. Section 17\n\nIt is so: and it is too late to mend it. The truth is, a large portion of this Play occurred to the author in the progress of the composition, when it was too far advanced to throw it into a less objectionable shape.\n\nMany years have passed since the writer has turned back his eyes on this Work. The impressions therefore, which remain upon him, may be indistinct and inaccurate.\n\nThe value of a Plot, which raises the curiosity regarding the succession of events and increases it as the reader goes forward, cannot be questioned. But if the whole interest consists in the development of this succession, it ceases when the events are known. The interest therefore:\n\n(Note: The text appears to be discussing the composition of a play, likely \"As You Like It\" by Shakespeare, and the challenges of editing and maintaining interest in the work.)\nThe derived sentiment, imagery, and reflection are more lasting, if not as intense. In truth, it is of these that the Story ought to be the vehicle. If there is nothing of eloquence, or force, or depth in these, the production will scarcely repay a second perusal. But it seems as if the generality of Works of this class rely solely on the interest raised by novelty or surprise. For the incidents they deal with have as little in them of fidelity and exactness as they have of beauty or sublimity.\n\nIt is sometimes difficult to account for the taste which a coarse fancy exercises in the selection of its nutriment. It enjoys pictures which are as flat and as rude as reality, yet bear no likeness to it. If delineations have not the merit of likeness, let them have that of fairness or grandeur.\nThe multitude's taste, if left to itself, favors the Dutch School of Painting and is most pleased with fictions that portray scenes of familiar life. A faithful representation would be both instructive and, in a moderate degree, interesting. But that which has only merit in exactness is ineffably stupid when it is a bungling invention.\n\nIf all the various merits of plot, sentiment, imagination, reflection, and language can be united, no one will doubt the superiority of such a combination. The excitement of a well-contrived plot puts the reader in a state of mind prepared to receive every sentiment and every image with double force.\n\nFor this reason, it has always appeared to me that pieces of poetry can be introduced nowhere with more effect.\nThe reader is well-prepared for a tale's effect, having obtained familiarity and sympathy with its character. History and biography, with their factual attention, cannot match the broad communication of the mind's greatest treasures.\n\nIf these observations hold true, the principles derived will guide judgement in evaluating the merit of works of fiction. Invention is necessary, but must be governed by sagacity and knowledge of mankind. Lively feeling and skill in composition, along with a command of elegant diction, are essential.\n\nIf executed thusly, such a work may be considered among the best.\nThe principal objective of the Author of this Novel seems to be to plead the cause of the center of fortune's birth. He represents the elevation of sentiment and perfect disinterestedness as the exclusive prerogative of persons of rank. He aims to revive a prejudice that has grown old in a few years and that can be easily destroyed by simple observation.\n\nPvier, less complicated than Roman's Fable, Fitzalbini, a young man from a noble and poor family, has all the precautions of nobility; he lacks the opportunity to marry a carpenter from the city, and attaches himself to a Demoiselle.\nhaute naissance , et sans fortune. Celle-ci obteint enfin un \nheritage considerable , et le marriage s'arrange : mais I'ex- \ntreme sensibilile de cette jeune personne lui donne une \nmaladie , dont elle meurt. \nCe Roman est evidement sorti d'une plume fort exerce , \net si Ton passe les prejuges de son Auteur, on est force \nde lui reconnoitre une morale tres pure , et un style tres \nattachant. \u00bb \u2014 \nThe censures on Birth contained in this criticism were \nappropriate to the time and place in which they were \npublished. It was during the domination of the Republican \n82 THE ANTI-CRITIC \nFaction of the French Revolution. But it is curious that , \nas far as my observation goes , the Government under which \nthe influence of Birth is more practically operative than in \nany other , is that of the Jittle Republic of Geneva. \nThey , who call the respect for Birth a prejudice , and \nThe attempt is made to turn this alleged prejudice into ridicule and misrepresent the opinions and reasonings of those who favor it. A rational man assumes that Providence assigns native talents or virtues to high descent. He states that the adventitious circumstances attending birth are its better nurses.\n\nHowever, birth cannot truly be said to be the main feature of this Tale. If there is any interest raised by the character of Fitzalbini, it is derived from the energetic qualities of his mind and heart; from the moral sensibility which makes him the victim of his unprosperous fortune; from the deep and romantic colors with which his pathetic fancy invests the scenery and incidents.\n\nThe clamors raised against the author for certain characters introduced into this Novel, in which a few notable ones are mentioned.\nAuthors imagined they saw their own portraits scarcely twenty years after, had scarcely subsided. What is the proper license in drawing portraits for works of Fiction; and how far an author can entirely detach from the operations of his fancy the impressions of his experience, are points not easy to define.\n\nOf the imprudence of personalities there can be no doubt. An author of genius is ill-adapted to cope with the vindictive temper of those who are affronted. His is a passing arrow thrown out in sport, and forgotten. They work in the dark: their revenge never sleeps: and by falsehood, maneuver, cunning, insinuation, and labor, they make up for want of talent, knowledge, and weight of character. It is the plodder that wins the long race.\nThe swift or the strong are not it. The stupid and foolish make a common cause, not only when attacked, but when they suspect they are aimed at.\n\nThe first edition of this novel was sold in a month. The delay in printing the second edition gave time for public curiosity to cool.\n\nThe lack of plot is certainly a defect in this production; it overflows with the sentiments of a wounded and indignant heart.\n\nMary de Clifford: A Tale, interspersed with Poetry, London, January 1792.\n\nNearly seven years had elapsed since the author had published his Sonnets and other Poems in March 1785, when this Novel appeared. He had felt a blight to the ardor of his temper by a reception which seemed cold to him; the visions of his fancy were extinguished in the bud; and, like Collins, he resolved to write poetry no more.\nHaving amused his broken spirit with studies that required less energy and less of that exhausting temperament in which poetry is formed, for the past seven years, he had wasted much of his languid time in the plodding pursuits of a genealogist and antiquarian. Suddenly, a blaze of native visions broke in upon him: the veil that stood before his fancy was pierced by a reproach. In a walk of an October morning (1791), when the sun made an effort to pierce the congregation of grey vapoury mists that totally enveloped the scene, there was something inspiring and marvelous beauty in the struggle, which threw back upon the author the poet's mantle and the poet's heart. Here, in this instant, he formed the design of Mary de Clifford; and on his return to the house, began its composition.\nPosition. The sheets were sent to the Press as they were written. He had hitherto studied Milton's model in his Sonnets. A very young writer surely does well to study good models, however original his native powers may be. The effect, however, in the present case, was to expose him among the critics to the charge of stiffness of manner. And this was particularly objected to his First Sonnet, written in 1782, at the age of 19, in the following words:\n\nSonnet.\n\nAskest thou why I court the slighted lyre?\nIn hopes, through life, 'twill cheer my steady way,\nDrawn by no worldly pomps nor cares astray;\nAnd give me passport to the heavenly Quire.\n\nThe conscience, pure delight that I inspire;\nAnd for good deeds alone pour forth the lay,\nNo aid, my friend, to lead me calmly gay\nThrough ignorance and envy will require.\nI strike the strings; and straight my purged ear\nHears not their praise, or blame. If my song,\nAs it breathes, should illume the brow of Care,\nMary Dean Clifford. 1850\n\nThe sluggard rouse; or bear the Faint along,\nShall I for Self alone have labored here?\nO not the plea shall gain my soul, heaven's tuneful throng.\n\nAnother of these pieces was the following:\n\nSonnet,\nWritten 30 Nov. 1784.\n\nThis thy last day, dark Month, to me is dear;\nFor this first saw mine infant eyes unbound!\nNow two-and-twenty years have hastened round:\nYet from the bud no ripened fruits appear!\nMy spirits drooping at the thought to cheer,\nBy my fond friends the jovial bowl is crowned:\nYet sad I sit, mine eyes upon the ground;\nAnd scarce refrain to drop the silent tear.\n\nYet, O beloved Muse, if in me glow\nAmbition for false fame, the thirst abate.\nTeach me for fields and flocks, mankind to know,\nAnd open my eyes to all that's truly great!\nTo view the world unmasked, on me bestow,\nAnd scorn knaves and fools, however adorned by state!\nThere is some satisfaction in recurring to such a test of\nopinions and principles held at so early an age. Even then,\nI resolved to prefer the study of moral and intellectual\nassociations to those pure descriptions, whether of inanimate or animate nature,\nwhich have no sympathy with the movements of the heart or the understanding.\nPope says:\n\"That not in Fancy's maze I wandered long,\nBut stooped to Truth; and moralized my song.\"\nThe knowledge of the human character, not indeed in its ordinary operations, but in the conflict of energetic passions, is the noblest of all studies.\nThe delineation of petty manners; the exposure of the little absurdities of temporary fashion, is but a trifling employment of labor and a waste of ingenuity. The Painter, who portrays, by the expression of the countenance and the form, the grander affections of the Soul, is universally acknowledged to be of a far superior rank to him, who draws the familiar and comic scenes of life. Every one is ashamed to own his preference to the latter. It is not so in literary works. The describer of \"manners living as they rise\" is one, with whom the generality of readers do not hesitate to own their more lively sympathy. But this is not the proper object of Fiction. \"Lord Bacon,\" says Blair, \"takes notice of our taste for fictitious history, as a proof of the greatness and dignity of the human mind. He observes very ingeniously that the objects of fiction are not the realities of life, but the possibilities of it.\"\nWe seek in this world and the common traits of affairs that unfold in it do not fill the mind nor provide complete satisfaction. We yearn for something that expands the mind to a greater degree; for more heroic and illustrious deeds, for more diversified and surprising events; for a more splendid order of things; a more regular and just distribution of rewards and punishments, because we do not find these in true history, we resort to fictitious. We create worlds according to our fancy to gratify our capacious desires: Accommodando says that great philosopher, referring to the appearances of things to the desires of the mind, not yielding to real things, and history.\nMind does not bring down the mind, as history and philosophy do, to the course of events. Mary Be Clifford. Blair concludes this subject as follows:\n\nThe trivial performances, which daily appear in public under the title of Lives, Adventures, and Histories, by anonymous authors, if they be often innocent, yet are most commonly insipid. And though in the general it ought to be admitted that characteristic Novels, formed upon nature and upon life without licentiousness, might furnish an agreeable and useful entertainment to the mind; yet, according as these writings have been, for the most part, conducted, it must also be confessed that they oftener tend to dissipation and idleness, than to any good purpose.\n\nLVI.\nLITERARY DISTINCTION THE RESULT OF INTRIGUE.\n\nIs there, or is there not, such a thing as intrinsic merit?\nIn literary composition or does Fame depend almost entirely on intrigue and management? The answer seems to be that Fame generally depends on the latter: but the existence of the former is independent. Without the encouragement of Fame, merit very often remains undeveloped. Exercise and labor must be added, or it is stifled in the birth. At present, all literary criticism in Great Britain is reduced to a medieval system; and everything is conducted according to the interests of Factions, Political, Religious, and National.\n\nLIL\nPROSE FICTIONS CLASSIFIED; WITH\nTHEIR USES.\n\nThere is a class of Romances which rest their pretensions to interest on the same sources as those which engage the reader in ordinary works of fiction.\nGive a charm to poetry: on those incidents which are removed from ordinary life; on the force of sentiment; the energy of description; and the depth of coloring: on those incidents upon which a poetical fancy dwells with delight: on persons, whose characters are cast in a mold above the common; and who have to struggle through life with gigantic calamities and unattainable ambitions.\n\nAs the tastes of mankind are various; so are the purposes for which they take up books of amusement. There are times when we desire to engage only the surface of our lightest thoughts gently; there are also times when we would have even the depths of our hearts stirred to the foundation. There are seasons when weak impulses fall upon us like feathers unnoticed and unperceived. \u2014 When some great grief has seized our bosoms; when some deep sorrow has penetrated to the innermost recesses of our soul.\nSome overwhelming idea broods and refuses to be removed; then comes the magic wand of Imagination; then come the ardent words to stir up the incumbent Power, and frighten her from the abode she has so tyrannically usurped. As she moves sullenly off, a new train of Ideas rushes in to take their place, and the whole frame feels the animation of its new visitors.\n\nThus, it is that a Tale written in a strain of visionary Invention is often a medicine to a diseased mind. The flat realities of life sometimes slacken the spring, till it becomes totally impotent. The age, in which we live, satiates by mere familiarity. If it be an age in itself tame and monotonous, how much is the effect increased?\n\nWith what is called polish, comes sameness and want.\nThe manners of two centuries back were vastly different in this respect. They had their evils, but they were full of hope, adventure, and enjoyment. Feudal manners must be admitted to have been full of variety and incident, and peculiarly adapted to a vigorous talent, temper, and frame. Whether the gay son of an ancient nobleman was worse employed in nightly depredations on the deer of his neighbor's park, or the Dandy who lounges in Bond Street or at Brooks's, till the still of midnight comes, when he may carry off his neighbor's wife; is a question of morals left to be discussed by others! But there is this advantage at least in the former, that it is a better subject for description: the very novelty prevents its palling upon the senses, like the other.\nThe bold perils and hair-raising escapes call forth a sympathy allied to virtue. It is true that a set of incidents, whose recommendation is novelty and which evaporate in a momentary exercise of the fancy, are too transient in their effects to be of much value. But an author, practiced for a life of nearly sixty years in literary composition, cannot fail to make such incidents the channels of a thousand thoughts and sentiments, deeply-digested inferences, axioms worked into form and language, and imagery hitherto floating in the mind for want of a place to rest upon. The mere invention of a succession of incidents seems to be a very common faculty, as is sufficiently proved by the abundant trash of a circulating library. But in the hands of a master, these incidents become the means of conveying profound truths and evoking deep emotions.\nThe smallest value is not found in isolated sentences from the story. It is in the writings of genius authors, where we must look for the sterling ore, losing little worth when decomposed and detached. If the whole of human life were passed in the fever of society or the practical cunning of business, it might be questioned whether productions, which mainly exercise the more abstract qualities of the mind, had not a tendency to inflame susceptibilities, which had better be extinct. But it is not so: unbroken solitude is the fate of many, and solitude must sometimes happen to all. Then it is that we require the consolation of Books: the weary hours of vacancy require to be peopled by the images of the mind.\n\nThere is no fear that the duly qualified competitors for:\nSacred to the Memory of Jemima, relict of Edward Brydges of Wootton Courts Esq. Whom she survived nine and twenty years, buried in the Family Vault in this Church. She was of illustrious Birth, Being youngest Daughter and Coheiress of William Egerton, LL.D., Prebendary of Canterbury, Rector of Penshurst, and Chancellor of Hereford.\nThe Honorable Thomas Egerton of Tatton Park in Cheshire, a younger son of John, 2nd Earl of Bridgewater, by Lady Elizabeth Cavendish, Daughter of William, Duke of Newcastle. An Example of conjugal fidelity and domestic virtues. She passed the most important portion of her life in the adjoining Mansion. The elegance of her manners, the attractions of her Person, and the kindness of her Conduct secured her the respect of the High and the veneration of the Poor. Of strong talents and cultivated mind, she lived and died in the mingled awe and comfort of the Christian Faith. If age at length enfeebled her frame, the cares of a numerous Family struggling with the storms of the world neither extinguished her cheerfulness nor her love of society. Keenly alive to praise, she repaid attentions with the warmest gratitude.\nAnd sunk into the grave, surrounded by those whose respect and kindness were most delightful to her. Sacred also to the memory of Edward Temewell Brydges of Wootton Court, A.M, Hector and Patrick of Otterden, and of this parish; eldest son of the said Jemima by the said Edward, who died at this seat. He died respected by his neighbours and beloved and deeply lamented by his parishioners. With feelings too acute for the common concerns of life, he possessed a philanthropy which glowed with delight at all the refined pleasures of society. A mild eloquence, combined with a melodious voice, gave a charm to his oratory. Which could rare he excelled; and numerous were the friends whom the attractions of his manners and the suavity of his disposition procured and riveted. The cares of life and.\nThe prolonged litigation of his Claim to the ancient Barony of Chandos, which wasted so many years of his existence, were too much for a delicate constitution. He sank into the grave before his Mother, after a severe illness of four years, which he bore with the most patient fortitude. He left no surviving issue by his Wife Caroline, Daughter of Richard Fairfield, Esquire of Streatham in Surrey. She joins his two surviving Brothers, Sir Egerton Brydges KJ and J. W. H. Brydges Esquire.\n\nIn erecting this Monument,\n194 THE ANTI-CRITIC LVIIL\nCenotaph. (Intended for a Tablet in Wootton Church.)\n\nIn memory of\nJohn Brydges of Wootton Court,\nIn the county of Kent,\nEsquire;\nAnd of Gray's Inn Barrister at law.\nWho died in the month of July\nAt the early age of 31 years,\nAnd 9 months.\nAnd lies buried in the\n\n(Note: The text appears to be incomplete at the end, with missing content after \"lies buried in the\")\nParish Church of St. Alphege, Canterbury. He was taken off by a rapid fever, in the midst of high hopes and ardent endeavors to restore the waning branch of his ancient family to its pristine lustre. Born in [INSCRIPTIONS. 195], and after a liberal education at Oxford, he applied himself to the study of the laws of his country as a path of just advancement and solid distinction. But the prospects of man are vain; and the fire of his expectations was the flame in which he died! He left three infant children: a daughter Deborah; a son John, aged two years; and a second son Edward, aged six months, by his wife Jane, surviving daughter and heir of Edward Gibbon, Esq.\nOf Westcliffe, near Dover,\nBy Martha, daughter of Sir John Roberts of Bekesborne, K,\nWho survived him and lies buried in the same Church;\nAnd her grandfather, Sir John Roberts, who died in 1658;\nAnd her grandmother, Dame Jane Roberts, who was daughter of Simon Bunce of Throwleigh,\nIn Memory of\nThe above-named Jane Brydges, Widow,\nDaughter of Edward Gibbon, Esq.\nVas was eldest son of Thomas Gibbon of Westcliffe, Esq. by his second wife Alice Tayla,\nSister of the half-blood to Jane,\nWife of Sir John Maynard,\nOne of the most eminent Lawyers of his age,\nIn right of which alliance\nThe said Jane Brydges derived\nA valuable landed property.\n\nBy a daughter of Arthur Barhain, Esq.,\nSon of Sir Nicolas Barham,\nSerjeant at law in the reign of Queen Elisabeth.\n\nIn Memory also\nOf the above-named Jane Brydges,\nWidow, Daughter of Edward Gibbon, Esq.\nFrom the will of Dame Jane Maynard. Jane Brydges, by her paternal aunt, Anne, wife of John Coppin of Wootton, Esq. (Whose only son John Coppin died without issue in 1yoS), finally brought that Seat and Estate to her husband and his posterity. In grateful recollection Of these Benefits, Still enjoyed; INSCRIPTIONS. 197\n\nCenotaph\nFOR THE CHURCH OF ICKHAM, IN KENT.\n\nSacred to the memory\nOf Thomas Barrett of Lee in the\nParish of Ickham, in the\nCounty of Kent, Esq.\nWho died in the month of January,\nHe was the only son of Thomas Barrett,\nOf the same place, Ksq.\nBy his fourth wife, the daughter and heir\nOf Humphry Pudnor, Esq.\nHis great grandfather was [Thomas Barrett]\nSir Paul Barrett of the Same Place, a Serjeant at Law and Recorder of Canterbury, and a Member of Parliament for New Romney, in the reign of King Charles II.\n\nThe said Thomas Barrett died unmarried. His moral character was amiable and correct. He was distinguished by a cultivated understanding, an exquisite taste, and the highest polish of manners. He adorned his seat at Lee at a vast expense for the advancement of the Arts, and the admiration of all who are skilled in Architecture or Fainting. He sat a short time in Parliament for Dover. But was better fitted for the quiet splendor of private life, than the turmoils of public business. He left his estate and his name to his great nephew, Thomas, grandson of his only sister, Eldest son of Sir Egerton Brydges. (Barrett, now a Captain)\nThis tablet is inscribed as a memorial of the Rev. William Robinson, Rector of Bwfield in Berkshire, and formerly Hector of Denton in Kent. He died in Dec. 1803, aged 76. He was one of the younger sons of Matthew Robinson of this parish of Horton, Esquire, by Elisabeth heiress of the Family of Morris. Her mother remarried the learned Conyers Middleton, DD. Matthew was grandson of Sir Edward Robinson, Kt., one of the sons of Thomas Robinson of Rokeby in the County of York, Esquire. By his marriage, in 1621, with Frances daughter of Edward Smelt of Kirby-Fletham, Esquire, the said William Robinson was a good and ripe scholar.\nA man of highly cultivated taste and superior native talent. He was the friend and companion of men of genius, and especially intimate with the poet Gray. He had two sisters distinguished for literature. One, Elizabeth, widow of Edward Montagu, Esq., is celebrated for her Essay on Shakespeare and her epistolary genius. In 1800, by the death of his elder brother Matthew, 2nd Lord Roreby, he succeeded to a portion of his estates in Kent, Yorkshire, Durham, and Cambridgeshire, and to a large personal property. He left one son and two daughters, his survivors.\n\nInscription\nFor the Church of Westcliffe, Hear Dover,\nSacred to the Memory\nOf Thomas Gibbon of Westcliffe, Esq.\nAged 80 years and upwards.\n\nBy his first wife Dorothy Best,\nDaughter of Thomas Best of Allington, Esq.\nHe left issue his eldest son, Thomas Gibbon of Westcliffe, Esq. Who married Mary, sister of Sir William Rooke, of Monk's Horton, K. and other issue. By his second wife, Alice Taylor, he left issue Edward Gibbon, Esq. Who married Martha, daughter of Sir John Roberts. And also Matthew Gibbon of London, Merchant, who had issue Edward, born in 1666, after wards. A Commissioner of the Customs in the Reign of Q. Anne; Thomas, Dean of Carlisle; and Elizabeth, wife of Sir Whitmore Acton, Baron. The said Thomas Gibbon, the elder, Was Lord of the Manor, and Patron of the Advowson. Of Kingston near Canterbury, Which he settled on his second son, Richard Gibbon, M.D.\n\nInscription\n\nFor the same church.\n\nIn memory of\nEdward Gibbon Esquire\n\nWho by his first wife, Martha,\nDaughter of Sir John Roberts, K.^\nLeft issue Jane, his only daughter and heir\nHe married secondly,\nHis cousin Elizabeth Gibbon,\nDaughter of Richard Gibbon,\nBy whom he had an only son, who died in his youth.\nAlso of the said Elizabeth Gibbon,\nSurviving the said Edward,\nRemarried M. Philip Yorke,\nBy whom she had Philip Yorke, born 1690,\nAfterwards Earl of Hardwicke,\nAnd Lord High Chancellor of England.\n\nInscription for\nThe Church of Ickham, Kent.\n\nIn memory of\nDame Sarah, widow of Sir Paul Barrett,\nShe was daughter of\nSir George Ent, M.D., President of the College of Physicians\nAnd one of the most learned and eminent Physicians\nOf the reign of King Charles II.\n\nInscription 203\n\nThe said Sarah was first married to\nFrancis Mead, son and heir apparent of\nSir Richard Head, Baronet.\nBy whom she had issue, Sir Francis Head, Esquire.\n\nSurviving her second husband many years,\nThe said Dame Sarah died at her seat in this parish;\nAnd was buried in the family vault\nIn this Church.\n\nLXIV.\n\nINSCRIPTION\nFOR THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF CHESTER.\n\nSacred to his glorious memory,\nOf Sir William Mainwaring, K.,\nWho died in the cause of Loyalty,\nGallantly fighting for his Sovereign King Charles I,\nOn the walls of Chester, 1643.\n\nHe was the son of Edmund Mainwaring, LL.D.\nA younger son of Sir Randal Mainwaring of Peverel,\nin Cheshire,\nOne of the families of the most indubitable antiquity\nOf the very ancient Gentry of this County.\n\nHe fell in the prime of youth;\nIn the midst of love, respect, and admiration,\nThe result of every personal accomplishment,\nAnd virtue.\n\nHe married Hesther, daughter and Heir of\nChristopher Wase, Esq. of Upper Holloway, Middlesex; he left two daughters, his co-heirs:\nHesther, later married to Sir John Busby, of Addington, Bucks, and to Sir Thomas Howe, K.LXV.\n\nInscription for the Church of Ridge, Hertfordshire.\nThis tablet records the memory of Hesther, wife of Sir Henry Pope Blount, of Tittenhanger, K.,\nWidow of Sir William Mainwaring, K.,\nAnd daughter and heir of Christopher Wase, Esq.\nBy her first husband, she had two daughters: Lady Busby, and Lady Howe.\nBy her second husband, Sir Henry Pope Blount, who has made his name famous through his ingenious voyage to the Levant,\nShe had issue: Sir Thomas Pope Blount of Tittenhanger, Bar., celebrated for his learned writings; and Charles Blount, Esq., etc.\n\nInscription for the Church of Great Gaddesden.\nSacred to the memory of Hesther, widow of the Honorable Thomas Egerton of Tatton Park in Cheshire, Daughter of Sir John Bushy of Addington Co. Bucks, K, By Hesther, daughter and coheir of Sir William Mainwaring X.\n\nHaving survived, for nearly forty years, her Husband, who was taken off in the flower of his youth, and lies buried here, in the Family Vault of the Earls of Bridgewater.\n\nShe left her surviving son, William Egerton, LLD. Rector of Penshurst in Kent.\n\nHer Executor.\n\nHe lies buried in the church of Penshurst, 1787, where her daughter Jemima was born in Sept. 1728. His widow, Anne, daughter of Sir Francis Head, Baronet, was also buried there.\n\nThe dates of these Inscriptions having been filled up by memory, the undertaker is requested to make allowances for any tripping inaccuracy.\n206 THE ATTICON THE MEMOIRS OF EDWARD GIBBON THE HISTORIAN. Written by himself, the following inscriptions suggest the opportunity of saying something on the commencement of Gibbon's Memoirs. Gibbon has made some apology for the interest in the history of our ancestors, which seems implanted in our nature. I remember Bishop Watson, a severe, dry, analytical reasoner, without a spark of fancy or sentiment, begins his Own Life with a similar apology. We have the same feelings expressed in the writings of Great Men from the earliest ages. This is also fully admitted by one, whose own illustrious merits rendered it totally unnecessary to his importance to resort to reflected and (what are called) adventitious honors. The immortal Sully thus speaks of his history.\nI. Descent and alliances. In satisfying the public's curiosity regarding my life, joined with that of the Prince I have served, which will be the subject of these Memoirs, I must provide clarification concerning my family and myself. I do so without affectation or vanity, and only out of the necessity to tell the truth about any advantageous matters for me here and throughout these Memoirs.\n\nMy baptismal name is Maximilien, and Bethune is that of my family. It derives from the House of Coucy, of the ancient House of Austria, etc.\n\n\"The House of Bethune, which gave its name to the Flanders town of the same name, [was declared] protectors of the province of Artois, etc.\"\nElle allied herself with almost all the sovereign houses of Europe. (i)\n\nWhen one has such domestic examples, one cannot recall them too often to be inspired to follow. Happy! if throughout my life I have conducted myself in such a way that so many illustrious persons have not disdained to recognize me, and I have not blushed, not even to descend from that line, (etc.)\n\nBut I must also acknowledge that the Branch from which I come had then lost much of its first splendor. This Branch issued from a simple cadet, and the least wealthy of all who bore that name. The Elder Branch having fallen into strife three times, all the great wealth it possessed in various parts of Europe passed to the cadets, not to the coheirs, but to the daughters in the royal houses where they entered. My\nancestors particularly did not allow, upon marrying, the giving back to their branch what it possessed to uphold its name dignely : but all these riches were almost entirely dispersed by the poor management and prodigality of my great-grandfather, who left to his son, who is my father, only the estate of Anjouis of Melun, which he could not take away from him.\n\n[j] \"According to the houses of Clitillon, etc., she counted, as Du Chesne says, more than ten Princes of the Royal Blood of France, and all the Sovereigns of Europe.\"\n\n[2] See Histoire Genealogique des Maisons de Chatillon, by Montgoron, Lasalle, Guignes, Ardres, Gand, Coucy, Dreux, Bar le-Duc, Luxembourg and Limbourg, du Plessis de Richelieu, de Broyes and Chasteau-Jillain, de Chastenieres and de Bethune.\nAnd Du Chesne, Pavis 1629-1639, 7 vol. foL 208 THE ANTI-CRITIC\n\nUnquestionably, Sully's descent was very different from that of Watson or Gibbon. But it is worth observing, what is the effect of great personal superiority and merit! Gibbon has given a lustre and extension to his name in Europe, which centuries of the highest rank and greatest possessions cannot give. Great Nobles, inheriting splendid honours from a long succession of ancestors, may command respect and veneration in their own country; but a foreign people will feel no interest about them; nor perhaps even recognize their existence.\n\nIt may be asked, what was in Gibbon of such extraordinary preeminence as to command this effect! It cannot be ascribed to superiority of high and positive genius \u2013 for this quality cannot be justly said to have been entirely lacking in Sully or Watson.\nI. The magnitude and universal interest of Gibbon's Great Work on the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.\n1. The vast extent of research and erudition with which he treated his subject.\n3. The method and clarity of his arrangement; and the digested and finished manner in which he deposited and rebuilt the whole.\n4. A spirit of elegant and philosophical criticism, with which he examines, selects, and judges.\n5. A freedom of opinion; and the interest created by the novelty of disputing commonly received principles and facts.\n6. A style, which, although neither pure nor splendid, is yet glittering and full of point.\n7. A talent and skill of compression, and due and proportionate distribution, which cannot be praised enough.\nAn uniformity of texture; and total freedom from patches, borrowings, and insertions of unassorted materials, scarcely found in any other long history. These characteristics might be multiplied by others of a similar kind. But these alone may probably be deemed sufficient for the effect, for which they are stated to account.\n\nIf we reflect, how comparatively narrow are the subjects embraced by most other celebrated historians, the superiority of Gibbon in this respect alone gives him the most decided preeminence. Can we wonder then at the distinction he enjoys, when all the other attractions I have named are added to it? The learned and the curious of all nations must feel an equal interest in this Work. And as it always contains an economy of thought and matter, and a calmness and good humor of discussion, which\nThe history neither wastes the spirits nor harasses the attention; it conciliates all humors and prejudices, and seems made for the universe, not for one time or country. However, a hypercritic might still find many serious and perhaps predominant defects in this History.\n\nIt has rather the distinction of an immense edifice, striking from the vast number of its parts or apartments, all of one plan and one measure, than from the grandeur and variety of its design and execution. It betrays more of polish and artifice than of native force.\n\nThe historian's impressions were clear and retentive; he has his recollections constantly alive. But he lacks original and intrinsic energies; all with him seems to be the acquisition of study.\n\nThere is in him nothing which astonishes by its profundity or acuteness.\nThe author's sedateness and careful selection of materials, along with his taste, secure the due apportionment of his materials. However, we encounter no discoveries, and are instead met with monotony. It requires the historian's phlegm to read him with due interest, and their practiced memory and ambition for recondite knowledge to provide an impulse that won't flag during the labor of perusal. His love of precision, critical curiosity, easy and unruffled apprehension, and even-paced exertion of strength carried him from day to day, and year to year.\nAn unebbing hope that he should reach the distant goal : like the sand of the hourglass, all went quietly through the sieve of his mind; broke itself, in due and unconflicting order, into atoms; and was ready to be replaced and amalgamated into one even texture, in which there were no masses, nor any ill-sorted combinations. Hume is equally free from prolixity and inequality; Hume's style is far more easy and transparent. But Hume was not equally encumbered with research. The period of his work was comparatively short and circumscribed. The materials, which he used, lay upon the surface. He did not trouble himself with the digest of voluminous libraries of rare, dry, difficult, and barbarous learning.\nReach and throwing on them the sunshine of a lucid, acute, rapid, and highly-cultivated mind depended on the charm of the manner and the adornment of the genial beams of intellect which a genius already stored with extraneous riches threw upon it. Robertson was a philosopher, an antiquary, as well as an accomplished and sagacious Historian. His investigations were profound, laborious, and enlightened; and he appears to have searched for truth with an integrity which will ensure the duration of his Works. The subjects he chose were highly important; but still, they cannot be put in competition with the universality of interest inherent in the subject of Gibbon. The erudition they required is immeasurably less extensive; and the concentration of mind, Gibbon. 211.\nBut Robertson's approach permitted greater depth and force. Yet, there is monotony attributable to him as well. His style is artificial and approaches the dry and hard. He has no eloquence, and I think, no fancy.\n\nIf we were to draw the possible instead of what the world has hitherto seen, we might invent an Historian with the imagination of a Poet, yet with the fidelity of an Annalist! Imagination might lead him to the most secret recesses of the temple of Truth; and discover what profound learning and laborious enquiry never yet reached! But such prodigies we have not hitherto been allowed to witness. The Imagination is too apt to draw what it wishes, not what has actually been.\n\nIf, in fact, Gibbon has produced a work which is altogether not likely to be paralleled, what is its effect?\nof the lustre which it gives to his name? Can it throw back a splendor upon his ancestors? Can it confer any honour on the collaterals of his blood? It will be difficult to persuade the Public, in these days of what is called glorious emancipation from prejudice, that the character, rank, habits, and adventitious circumstances of a man's family have any concern with his own personal intellectual gifts, acquisitions, and productions. But if Addison is right, we never read a Book with interest, without wishing to know the history of its Author.\n\nM. Gibbon has himself attempted to give a narration of his Descent: and it is a little singular, that he has totally mistaken the upper part of it, as far as concerns the Branch from which he sprung. There is in the world so much stupidity.\nScepticism about pedigrees, caused by the charlatanism often displayed on this subject, may lead some to receive with hesitation my correction of the Historian himself. However, what I have to say is no more a matter of doubt than the identity of the Historian's great-grandfather Matthew, and that of Matthew's father and mother. This Matthew was not of the Rolvenden Branch, but a younger son of Thomas Gibbon, Esq. of Westcliffe, by Alice Taylor, his second wife. Deeds, wills, letters, and property in my possession prove beyond all possibility of controversy. I corresponded with M. Gibbon on the subject in the autumn before his death (1793), and convinced him of his error, but it was too late to give him the correction.\nM. Gibbon was the seventh descendant of Thomas Gibbon, who purchased the Lordship and seat of Westcliffe (a small parish between Dover and Deal) from Thomas Lord Borough around 1520. The head branch of the family had been settled for some centuries at Rolvenden in the Feald of Kent, as recorded by Philipot on decisive authority in his Villare Caiitianum published about 1650. The same antiquary asserts in direct terms that the Gibbons of Westcliffe were a Branch of this Family. After much effort, I have not been able to discover when they branched off; nor the mode in which they ought to be joined together. However, the evidence of a celebrated Antiquary and Genealogist nearly two hundred years ago, printed at the time it was written, is surely significant.\nThe materials of the Villare were collected by Philipot's father, Gibbot, who was an Herald and a Kentish man, eminent in his profession. The branches of this House varied the field of their Arms. Those of Rohenden bore it thus: those of Bishops-bourne, Westcliffe, etc., changed it to Sable. The rank which a Family holds may be known from its alterations, with a precision that seldom errs. Therefore, the sphere in which the Gibbons of Westcliffe moved, from the close of Queen Elizabeth's reign to the close of King Charles II's, can be easily and clearly ascertained. It cannot be pretended that the rank of a country gentleman was assigned to these branches by a patent or grant.\nThose of Frld, m. Bethersden, were the source of those in CharUon, Bishopsbourne. The same held true for those of Jf^estcUffe. This can be inferred as they were of the Bethersden Branch. Their consistent use of this particular variation dates back to the reign of K. Charles I, which can be proven through numerous seals, paintings, and hatchments that still exist. I would also like to bring to the attention of Kentish genealogists. The last visitation of Kent by the Heralds was conducted by Sir Edward Bysshe in 1663. It was a very slight and careless one. This lack of attention can be explained by the character of Sir Edward, as given by Anthony Wood. In the volume where the pedigrees are recorded, a blank is left for the arms of a few notable families. A few years ago\nThe Clerk's original notes from Sir Edward's Visitation were recovered from M.^ Brand's Library. Most of these arms are preserved but were not copied fairly into the Office-Book. A late Herald, an incompetent judge on such a subject and biased against candor, proposed to append them to the Visitation. However, higher authority prevailed.\n\nRecorded among these arms were those of Gibbon of Westcliffe, in the previously mentioned form.\n\n\"The Anticritic\" possesses a lustre that creates a general interest. But it has an independence which keeps off degradation and soothes pride. The evil of a country life is its tendency to encourage a torpor of the mental faculties.\nThe sports of the field are good for the body, but if not taken in great moderation, they are not good for the mind. I have been accustomed to search for proofs of a spirit which carried them beyond such a narrow sphere of existence.\n\nThe Bests, of whom the first wife of Thomas Gibbon belonged (a marriage which took place about the middle of the reign of King James I), were a reputable family. They had estates and residences in several parts of the county. Their chief seat was Bihroohe, in the parish of Kennington. They had another seat at St. Lawrence, near Canterbury, and they also resided at Allington, adjoining Maidstone. However, whether they were proprietors or rented the celebrated Castle of the Astleys of Maidstone, I do not know.\nI have not discovered. It is true that they did not move in the lofty sphere of the Astleys, though they seem to have been allied to them.\n\n(i) I think this property was sold to the Shoriers, of which family was the inheritor of the late celebrated Horace Walpole, Earl of Orford.\n\n(2) John Astley, Esq., of Allington Castle and of the Palace at Maidstone, was Master of the Jewel Office, to Q. Elizabeth I and his wife, Margaret Grey, was early one of her Maids of Honor. Sir John Astley, their son, was Master of the Revels to K. Charles I, and died in 1638. He married Katherine, daughter of Anthony Brydges, brother to Edmund, Lord Chandos K.G. Sir Jacob Astley, created Lord Astley of Reading, was his collateral successor. (See Lord Clarendon's History of the Rebellion)\n\nTwo of Sir John Astley's sisters and coheirs married Sir Norton.\nBy this first wife of M. Gibbon, there was a large family, who allied themselves with the neighboring gentry. His eldest son married into the Rooke family, aunt of the celebrated Admiral, Sir George Rooke. This family was also illustrated at this time by the philosophical genius Laurence Rooke, of whom there is an eloquent eulogy in Bishop Sprat's History of the Royal Society. Nor was this little parish of Westdiffe at this time entirely obscure in other respects. It contained another seat, called Solton, long the residence of the Finets. Here was born Sir John Finet, a wit in the Court of King Charles I and Master of the Ceremonies; of whom notices occur in Weldon and other memoir-writers; and whose Philoxenis: Observations touching the Reception of Foreign Ambassadors in England, 1650 (a), is yet held in esteem.\nA daughter of Lord Wentworth married a daughter of Sir Owen Hopton. Not only close neighborhood, but the common alliance of this family with that of Gibbon united them intimately. They were probably otherwise related in blood. Knatchbull and his brother, Thomas Knatchbull, whose son, Sir Norton, was created a Baronet in 1641. The Knatchbills also intermarried with the Gibbons.\n\nSir John Finet, a French author, born in a noble family in Southerns near Dover, was raised at court. He was sent to France as an ambassador and was created a Chevalier this year. In 1626, he became Master of Ceremonies.\nI. Fineii Philoxenis, etc. - Fineii Philoxenis and others...\nII. The commencement, duration, and decadence of the Etas. Translated from the French of Rend de Lusinge, published in 1604. (2) See Triphook's Catalogue, 1820, No. 718,\n\nMaj Gibbon's first wife dying, when he was yet young, he remarried a lady named Taylor. Her mother was the widow of Selherst of Tenterden, by her first husband she had a daughter Jane, a celebrated Beauty. Jane Selherst first married Edward Austen of Tenterden, Esq., and afterwards Sir John Maynard, Serjeant at Law, and afterwards one of the Commissioners of the Great Seal, in the reign of K. William. She died long before her last husband without issue; and settled her property on the...\nThe issue involved the two half-sisters of Mj Gibbon: Jane, wife of Codd Esq. of Watringbury, whose son died issueless during his Shrievalty of Kent in 1707; and Alice, wife of Thomas Gibbon. In 1709, the only two surviving nephews and nieces were Philip Gibbon and his sister Deborah Bradford, who surrendered the property by deed to John Brydges Esq., husband of their niece Jane Gibbon.\n\nMj Gibbon, with his marriage connection to a man as active in public life as Sir John Mafjiard, could hardly have lived in obscurity or without easy access to those acting on the world's great stage. His family was numerous, and his fortune ample, as evidenced by the purchase deeds and other instruments I have handled. He lived.\nThey were made Baronets in 1660 and the widow of the last, was the friend of Cowper, giving occasion to his \"Task\". This deed recites the pedigree: the will of Dorah Bradford of St. Andrew Holborn, widow, 1712, gives many legacies to her relations, naming their degree of kindred. She mentions her nephews, Edward and Thomas Giblon, sons of her brother Matthew, etc. The widow of fortune, gave up the residence at Westciffe to her eldest son Thomas, who was educated at one of the Inns of Court, but who does not seem ever to have pursued the Law as a profession. This Thomas, the younger, had several children; but I have never heard of any descendants from them and do not doubt that they all soon became extinct.\nThe fate of the mansion and estate at WestcViffe: I am unable to explain. Thomas, the younger, who was eldest of the brothers, quit it long before his death, and at the decease of the Father (1674), I have a document which proves that Edward and Matthew, sons of Alice Taylor, the second wife, each succeeded to a share. An anecdote has been handed down, which not improbably gives the origin of a family who in the last fifty years have made some noise on the other side of the Atlantic. A M.J. Randolph, of a good Kentish family (i.e., still existing in that County), had married a sister of Edward and Matthew Gibbon. When the property of the estate became divided, Randolph hired it; but being a very improvident man, he became, after some time, so indebted that he was forced to sell it.\nThe greatly overdue rent caused the owners to distrain, leading to a letter from Matthew Gibbon (the historian's great grandfather) still in my possession. Randolph fled to America and became ancestor to persons of the same name who held the office of President of the Congress with distinction. From this time, the mansion of Westcliffe was deserted and gradually dilapidated into a farmhouse. I'm uncertain when it was sold or by whom during Queen Anne's reign.\nAdmiral Ayhner bought it, created Lord Ayhner in 1718, who died in 1724. Thirty-four years have passed since I visited it. The armorial ensigns of the Gibbons were visible in faded fragments around the cornice of one of the rooms with the date of 1627. It stands in an open country, high upon the white cliffs overlooking the opposite coast of France from Calais towards the North. The distance from Dover-Castle is not more than three miles. It is a district that is presently thinly inhabited by gentry; and bleak and unpicturesque due to the deficiency of trees and wood.\n\nI treaded over it with a fullness of mind and depth of emotion which I cannot control. I was in the company of my ancestors; and peopled it with a thousand of the dead.\n\nI do not know when Edward Gibbon, father of my ancestry,\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in good shape and does not require extensive cleaning. Only minor corrections were made for clarity.)\nIn 1690, Edward Gibbon's grandmother died. His widow, the daughter and heir of a Richard Gibbon of Dover, had already had a son by her second husband, Bij Yojle. This son was the celebrated Philip, later Lord High Chancellor of England and Earl of Hardwicke. She lived long enough to see him rise to the rank of Attorney-General. Edward Gibbon's first wife was Martha, daughter of Sir [i] [--], and they were cousins, as Edward Gibbon's grandmother was the daughter and heir of a Richard Gibbon of Dover. It seems to have been the fate of this property to have been connected with men distinguished in the world. When Pitt was Miller, he hired the farm of 400 acres, the cultivation of which was one of his amusements during the short intervals of his political career. (GIBBON, p. 219)\nJohn Roberts, of Bekesborne , near Canterbury, K-', who \nhad another daughter married to Thomas Tohon , Esq J , \nalso of Bekesborne. I mention this last marriage , because \nit was io this family that the celebrated D/ White Kennet, \na native of Dover , afterwards Bishop of Peterbojough (i) , \nwas in his early life a Tutor. It was about the reign of K. \nJames II, that the male line of the Gibbons ceased to sur- \nvive In Kent. Thomas and Edward were now dead ; D.^ \nRichard , the physician , had died many years before his \nfather , at an early age ; Philip had become a Jesuit at St. \nOmer's ( as I have heard ) ; JMatthew lived ; but he lived \nin London, engaged in a lucrative commerce. I have not \nlearned the name of liis wife Hesther : but she had pro- \nbably no connection with Kent. The principal ties with the \nCounty having ceased, the estate of Westcliffe, which had been broken into parcels and became inconvenient to be retained, was sold before Edward's death. Matthew probably withdrew his communications and affections from Rent more and more each year. He left his niece in the care of the Coppins of Wootton. Bishop Kennet was a man of an ardent mind, who made literary laborious hours delightful. His Historical Chronicle contains innumerable useful, though minute, historical and literary notices. His History of England, which is composed of a selection of Histories of particular Reigns by different eminent Authors, with his own Notes, and the chasms filled up, and the continuation given by Himself, is a valuable and intelligent Collection. But he was far\nFrom being a mere compiler, his own original compositions are full of strength and knowledge. He was a deep antiquary; a learned and acute Divine; and a liberal, enlightened Politician. His brother, Basil Kennet, was an eminent Greek scholar and compiled the lives of the Grecian Poets.\n\nShe was doubly connected to the Coppins. The last son was not only the son of an elder half-sister of her father but married her mother's sister, Mary, daughter of Sir John Roberts. They, who had adopted her, and having no children of their own, were likely to take ample care of her. Matthew Gibbon died about 1707; and his widow, Hesther, remarried Richard Acton of London, Banker, or Goldsmith, as that business was then called, third son of Sir Albert Acton, of Aldenham, in Shropshire, Earl.\nsame time, Elizabeth Gibbon married Sir Whitmore Acton, Baronet, head of that ancient family; he died in 1732 and was mother of Sir Richard, born January 1 i. 1772, who died Edward Gibbon, eldest son of Matthew and Hesther, born Lorn 1666, also married Elizabeth, daughter of Richard Acton; and by him had issue Edward, born 1707, father of the Historian.\n\nThis first Edward became a rich Merchant; and is mentioned as the possessor of the seat of Wonlton for a Century. In the reign of Queen Elizabeth, it was the seat of Leonard and Thomas Digges, father and grandfather of Sir Dudley Digges.\n\nHe married Lady Anne Grey, daughter of Henry, 3rd Earl of Stamford.\n\nHe was succeeded in the Baronetage by his next collateral heir male, Sir John Francis Edward Acton, born 1736.\nGrandson of Capt. Walter Acton, elder brother of Richard the goldsmith; Walter had a son Walter, who died 1718, leaving ten sons. Edward, eldest son, born 1679, father of Edward Acton, born 1709, who went to reside at Besancon in the Province of Burgundy, France, and marrying a French Lady left three sons and one daughter.\n\nSir John Francis Edward Acton, eldest son, is known to all Europe in the office of Prime Minister to the King of Naples, in which kingdom he possessed the full power and favor for so many years. He died at Palermo, 12 Aug. 1811. His eldest son, Sir Ferdinand-Richard-Edward Acton, is the present Baron, born 26 July.\n\nMoral as one of the Southsea Directors; a bubble, in which his concern was the wreck of his fortune. He however commenced afresh, as his grandson says.\nHe left an ample inheritance to his son. He died, Dec. 1736. His first cousin, Mrs. Brydges, survived him two years, but I believe that all intimacy between them, if it ever existed, had long ceased. I find no letters of correspondence or community of interests. I have two letters of Matthew, the father, regarding the distress at TP^estcliffe; and also a note in the handwriting of M' John Coppin. It is not improbable that some family difference had alienated them from each other: and the preference given by Philip Gibbon and Dorothy Bradford to their niece Jane (Brydges), daughter of Edward G., over their nephew Edward G., son of Matthew, in surrendering to her (or rather her husband), the Romney Marsh property devolved from Lady Maynard (a property, of which the inheritance has devolved on the present writer, and is now perhaps)\nI am sure that all intercourse ended between my uncle and father, as the preference for thirty thousand pounds, which could potentially breed dissatisfaction, increased until their acquaintance terminated. I am certain that this is the case, as my uncle and father were both old enough to have known Edward, who was a first cousin to their mother and did not die until 1786, when they were respectively 24 and 26. I never heard them speak of any personal acquaintance with this Edward. His son, Edward, dined with them once when quartered at Dover Castle as Major of the Hampshire Militia. My long experience has shown me that a mere blood relationship, however near, goes a very little way in procuring affection, friendship, intimacy, or even acquaintance.\nAnd yet, there are people so stupid as to argue that a lack of communication is a strong presumption of a want of relationship in distant connections. On my father's side, I had no collateral relation nearer than Historian Gibbon. Communication had ceased between our families, and when Gibbon wrote his Memoirs, he had lost all trace of the branch from which he sprung. I confess that this ignorance is very singular, considering that his grandfather, who must have known of Gibbon's father's death in November 1770, at the age of 64, wrote the history of his life and forms an interesting domestic portrait. The manners and habits of a country gentleman of a more ceremonious age gently exercise the fancy and the moral and intellectual traits drawn from his life.\nIn the autumn of 1793, M. Gibbon returned for the last time from Lausanne to die in his native country. He was in his 57th year and flattered himself that he had yet many years of life to come. He went immediately to his friend Lord Sheffield's at Sheffield Place in Sussex. I had a letter from him inquiring for the particulars of the birth of his great-grandfather, Matthew, etc.\n\nThe short interval of his existence from that time till its close in January following is fully detailed by Lord Sheffield.\n\nHis nearest relation on the paternal side was Catherine Lady Eliot, wife of the late Lord Eliot and mother of the present Earl of St. Germains. She was the daughter of\nI. Gibbon's Father's Lineage:\n\nSo well established is the fact that Gibbon's father died a year before his birth. I do not attribute this to vanity, for I cannot perceive that he gained anything by it. M. Philips Gibbon, indeed, of the Rolueden Branch, was among the leaders of the Parliamentary opposition to Sir Robert Walpole. However, he was one whom the Historian takes no notice of, and with whom Gibbon's own family seemed to have had no communication.\n\nWhen the true descent was pointed out to M. G., his curiosity was much awakened, and he expressed great pleasure.\n\nThis Earl's first wife was the sister of the present Earl of Hardwicke; and his second wife, the daughter of the Rt. Hon. R. P. Carew, is also a great-granddaughter of Lord Chancellor Hardwicke.\n\nGIBBON. 223.\nEdward Elliston, Esq., whose mother was a daughter of Matthew Gibbon.\n\nPedigree is a subject so trifling in the opinion of many readers; so hateful in the opinion of others, that I am willing to close this article with a few observations of more general interest. Not that I am the slave of public opinion: I can only be ashamed of that which I do not believe to be true, or just. I believe love of pedigree to be inherent in our nature; and to stand on wise moral, political, and philosophical principles. I write not for hire, or sale: I am not paid to please the taste and feed the passions of the multitude. Let those, to whom I am discordant, refrain from my pages! I ask not their perusal.\n\nBlaur observes, that \"Genius is a word which in common usage\"\nacceptance extends much farther than objects of taste. It is used to signify talent or aptitude received from nature for excelling in any one thing whatever. Thus we speak of a genius for mathematics as well as for poetry; of a genius for war, for politics, or for any mechanical employment. I think, in this sense, that Gibbon may be said to have possessed no common genius. Yet I doubt if a series of accidental circumstances did not contribute largely to his excellence. His early foreign education and consequent intimacy with French writings; his admiration for the new philosophy, and pointed style of Voltaire, together with his patient study of the voluminous learning of what may be called demi-classicality, enabled him once he began, to produce the works for which he is famous. (Rhetoric and Belles-Lettres, i. 47.)\nThe Awtic-Critic had chosen as his subject The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, combining what had never been combined before, in terms of matter or manner. He had lived in the society of British Capital's elite, among rank and genius, during a time when men's minds were philosophical and active. He was part of Johnson, Burke, Goldsmith, Garrick, Reynolds, and the Wartons' literary club. Imagine him, before his talents and accomplishments had gained celebrity, listening with complacence to Johnson's formidable and irresistible force; to Burke's brilliant, initially dazzling, but still brightening and multiplying fancy; to Goldsmith's laughable interludes; to Joseph's pure classicality.\nWarton, and the magical and electrifying tones of Garrick. Tapping his snuff-box, with the shrug of a higher cast of manners; the man of fortune, the travelled Gentleman, the senator, the Lord of Trade, we see him listening delighted, yet with a most fashionable composition of countenance; then interposing a few quaint words, which by their contrast add zest to the struggle of intellect and genius!\n\nAt length comes forth the little-expected Quarto Volume, full of polish, point, subtlety, and criticism, multifarious reading, and clear, and rich compression!\n\nWhat this petit-ma\u00eetre gentleman, with his ruffles, and his sword, and his snuff-box; with his ceremonious civility, and his French phrases, and French address! He beats us all by the labor of his anvil; and the smoothness of his production.\nAmong Lord High Chancellors of England, Philip Yorke, Earl of Hardwicke, holds the highest rank as a profound lawyer and enlightened judge. His decrees are a standard of excellence. Such a man can gain or lose little by discords of birth and origin. He shines by his own pure and steady light, requiring no adventitious aid to the splendor of his name. On this ground, his descendants seem to have been willing to leave it. They therefore treated with silent scorn the silly stories of his very low origin. It is true that he was not descended from Nobles, or even from\nThe higher order of Gentry. He was respectable and wealthy, heir to estates worth L. 500 a year in the parishes of Alkham and St. Margaret's-at-Chiffe, near Dover. His father practiced law at Dover and died in 1721. His paternal and maternal grandfathers were merchant Simon Yorke in Dover. I have already mentioned his mother's name and connections in a former article. She was the daughter and heir of his cousin.\n\nThe Mercantile Houses at Dover have, in our days and at various times, been of great wealth and consideration: witness the Fectors, Minces, and widow of his cousin.\nEdward Gibbon, Esq. of Westcliffe. She had by her first husband, to whom she was second wife, an only son Philip, who died young. A great deal of degrading conjecture and lying gossip has been founded on the circumstance of M. Yorke not having received a University education. It has been handed down to me, by persons who had the best chance of inheriting correct information, that those who had the conduct of his education, intending him for the Bar, deemed another course more efficacious: and put him a pupil to M. Salheld, a celebrated conveyancer.\n\nIt is demonstrable that there could have been no want of funds to give him a University education. I have frequently communicated the following instance of this great man's classical scholarship, as it has been transmitted to me:\nThirty years ago, the heraldic representatives of Gibbons were seen in the Churches of St. James and St. Mary at Dover. The arms of Gibbon were quartered with those of Phillip, the name of Philip G. son of Thomas G., who purchased Jiscldiffe estate from Lord Borough around 1590. scarcely any others of the same aristocracy remained in these Churches. This is evidence that long before Lord Hardwicke's birth, they were considered among the upper rank of Dover's inhabitants.\n\nI have always been told that my grandfather, who was ten years his senior, had married the daughter-in-law and cousin of Philip G.\nHis mother was much consulted in directing the course of his studies. If such advice came from him, who was an extensive scholar, it would excite my surprise; but perhaps he imagined that his own professional career had been impeded by the time consumed at Oxford!\n\nIf he was really the author of this Epigram, (and I have the greatest confidence in the accuracy of the authority from which I received it: and it has, besides, now appeared in print many years without being contradicted), he must have been very critically versed in classical composition. It seems to me to have been an extraordinary fate befalling one family, to have produced in the space of forty-seven years two such men as Lord Chancellor Harcourt and M. Gibbon, the Historian; one indeed by the mother;.\nThe other, born of the same father: yet both clearly of the same blood. I have been reproached for being proud of this blood! When other families of high-sounding titles and vast estates produce their equals, then I will allow them to insult me with their superiority.\n\nLord Chancellor Hardwicke was born Dec. 1, 1690; appointed Solicitor-General Jan. 1, 1720, at the age of 29; Attorney-General, Jan. 17, 1723, aged 33; Chief Justice of the King's Bench, and Earl of Hardwicke, Oct. 31, 1733: aged 43. He was succeeded by his second son Charles. Charles, while possessing less force and solidity of mind than his father, had more genius. He possessed a heart of the deepest sensibility and the most refined sentiment. He was an elegant and general scholar; and in the midst of the thorny paths of popular opposition, he displayed great courage and wisdom.\n\nLord Chancellor Hardwicke was born December 1, 1690; appointed Solicitor-General January 1, 1720, at the age of 29; Attorney-General, January 17, 1723, aged 33; Chief Justice of the King's Bench, and Earl of Hardwicke, October 31, 1733: aged 43. He was succeeded by his second son Charles. Charles, though possessing less force and solidity of mind than his father, had more genius. He possessed a heart of the deepest sensibility and the most refined sentiment. He was an elegant and general scholar; and in the midst of the thorny paths of popular opposition, he displayed great courage and wisdom.\nEdward Quilliwaive, Esquire, wrote the following consolation poem addressed to Lady Bryges:\n\nHe, born December 30, 1722, possessed ambition and engaged in state affairs, experiencing all the radiant illuminations and pleasant emotions of retired Imagination. He was appointed Lord Chancellor at the age of 47 on January 17, 1770. However, he died on the third day following his appointment. His mother was the niece of the renowned Lord Chancellor Somers. His first wife was the daughter and heir of William Freman, Esquire, of Hamels in Hertfordshire, by Catherine, heiress of Sir Thomas Pope of Tittenhanger in the same County, Baronet. By her, he fathered the present Earl of Hardwicke, K.G.\n\nConsolation: A Poem Addressed to Lady Bryges\n\nThy child was lulled on Death's cold couch to sleep;\nYears since have passed, and yet I see thee weep;\nYet yet, by busy memory kept alive,\nI see thee mourn the loss of him who died.\nThe heart-struck Mother's griefs, alas, survive!\nIs there no blessed spell, no opiate blest,\nTo cheat a Mother's memory to rest?\nLook on the lovely treasures that remain;\nLet these seduce thee from regrets so vain!\nOh, no : by links too powerful are aligned\nThe joy for these that live, the woe for Him that died.\nIn life's young season, when the world was new,\nAnd Love adorned it with enchantment's hue,\nHe, the first pledge which Love awoke to light,\nWas more than angel in thy partial sight.\nAh! who can tell the youthful Mother's joy,\nWhen first her arms received her infant boy,\nWhen first she saw, what Fancy helped to trace,\nThe Father's features in his little face.\nThe infant grew, fresh as the may-morn flower that drinks the dew. As boyhood began, the boy gave promise of the man. Warm for enterprise and pall'd with ease, the gallant child went forth and dared the seas. I need not tell in long detail the proving chances that the child befell: each toil and watch endured by day and night, each rough assault of tempest or of fight. I need not tell what lands he saw or how often he bore some classic relic from the famous shore. How often he returned, why again to roam? To taste the dear felicity of home and pause awhile from Ocean's rude alarms; the harbor of his rest, a mother's arms. I saw the wanderer last leave thy side, this cherished object of thy pain and pride.\nI saw him clad with beauty as a vest:\nHis graceful form the graceful mind expressed.\nI marked that mind, so young, yet so mature,\nBy painful trial manfully endured.\nTalent's strong sun had forced the vernal shoot;\nAt once it bore the blossom and the fruit.\nThen Friendship too, in sympathy with thee,\nWas idly dreaming what the youth would be:\nA Hero, diadem'd with Glory's crown,\nTo gild his ancient name with new renown.\nWhere is he now? thus gifted and thus fair,\nCould not the hand of heaven the stroke forbear?\nSo young, and good, and beautiful, and brave!\nWas it not hard to doom him to the grave?\nTo bid Disease assail with jealous tooth\nThe rich unfolding roses of his youth,\nAnd, blighting them, the Mother's hope to blight.\nThe hope that promised such a long delight.\nYet, it were something still, if over the clay\nOf Him thus early snatched from life away,\nMaternal love but now and then might keep\nA little sacred interval, to weep.\nAlas! fond Mother! this too is denied;\nFar, far away from home, from Thee, he died.\nMinorca's air received his latest breath;\nIts earth too gave his narrow cell of death.\nTo dew his fading cheek, with pious tear,\nNo parent, brother, sister tended near;\nNo sister, brother, parent, e'er must weep\nBeside the bed, wherein his ashes sleep.\nChild of the Ocean! had the troubled wave,\nThine own proud element, become thy grave,\nWhen all thy soul with generous rage was warm'd,\nHadst thou been struck while gallant battle storm'd,\nThen by thy fall had fame at least been brought!\nSo whispers Fancy to a mother's thought.\nDelusion! Could that mother's thought have borne\nThe bosom gash'd, the limb asunder torn,\nThe life-blood, none perhaps its tide to check,\nEffusive o'er the horror-drenched deck,\nThe form convulsed, the shriek of torment wild,\nThe last dull moaning of her dying child?\nNo, no, though doom'd to fall; poor Boy, 'twas well,\nThat not in Battle's hideous fray he fell.\nThy tears, fond mother, though so long they flow,\nAre not the rash impiety of woe.\nRebellion brands not the afflicted mind,\nConsolation.\nRegret may deeply mourn, yet be resigned:\nAnd Heaven, in mercy to a mother's grief,\nPermits those tears to lend a sad relief.\nPerchance at times 'tis even allowed\nThy Boy to quit for thee his Paradise of joy!\nPerchance, even now, the disembodied Saint\nIs hovering near, to silence Grief's complaint.\nI believe that when the good ascend to live the empyreal life that never shall end,\nIn that world, they are allowed to meet those for whose sake this bad world was sweet;\nFriends and kindred are allowed above, each to know each again in purer love;\nIn the presence of the Great Adored, again the spouse may meet the spouse deplored;\nSister and brother form the ring again, and parted lovers bind the broken chain;\nFathers amidst their gathered children rest, and tender mothers bless them and be blessed.\nI do believe to mothers such as you,\nHeaven will allow this perfect blessedness.\nWhen Seraphs up to Heaven your soul translate,\nYour child shall meet you at the golden gate.\nShall I bid thee welcome to the Promised Land,\nShall I guide thee through all the glorious band;\nYahallle all the Angels clap their wings for joy,\nAnd hail you both, the mother and her boy!\nAnd these, yet left to her who gave them birth,\nTo cheer her further sojourn upon earth,\nThese who with youth elate, and blind to care,\nNow round thee wanton, shall rejoin thee there.\nThere too, where never the high heart is racked,\nWhere never cares the noble mind distract,\nWhere, Feung, Fancy, Genius, unrepressed,\nMay thrill, expand, exalt the unburdened breast,\nThere shall the generous Lyre, that here below\nWafts scarce a note beside the note of woe,\nNo more by sorrow warped, by envy jarred,\nBreathe all the lofty spirit of the Bard,\nWhom, while thine offspring listen to that Lyre.\nThe following extract from the Gentleman's Magazine for April, 1812, explains part of the preceding poem. February 1st, 1812, died at Minorca of a fever brought on by the measles, Grey Matthew Brydges, third son of Sir Egerton Brydges of Lee Priory near Canterbury. He was only fourteen years and four months old; having been at sea for five and a half years, having embarked in the Glatton, Captain Seccombe, in July 1806, remaining in the Mediterranean with him till Seccombe's death under the walls of Reggio in Feb. 1808. In June 1808, after only a month spent at home, he embarked on board Le Tigre, Captain Hallowell, at Deal; and sailed for the Baltic.\nThen he accompanied it again to the Mediterranean in November, where he remained till the ship returned to Plymouth in July 1811, and was paid off. After a vacation of only four months, which he spent in the bosom of his family, he embarked with his old Captain (who had now obtained a Flag); in the Malta; and sailed in January 1812 a third time for the Mediterranean. Thus had this extraordinary Boy, in the very years of childhood, passed a life of activity, extent, and public service, which falls to the lot of few men. His spirit was noble; his understanding enlarged; his knowledge manly and solid; yet with the warmest and tenderest domestic affections. It would only seem like exaggeration. (PtRYDGES. 233)\nIt had appeared as if he was forming his wonderful character for some mighty part on the grand theatre of the world; but it has pleased Divine Providence to show us how vain and fallacious are all our hopes here. He died last week of February (his ship being absent on a cruise), and was buried near several other British officers under one of the bastions of Fort Philip; attended by his countrymen, Captain Kittoe of the Hibernia, and M. Legeyt.\n\nMemory of Edward William George Brydges;\nWho died at Lee Priory on the 13th of June, 1816:\nAged Fifteen Years and Seven Months.\nAnother blow from heaven! And why this? Shall human woe discuss the act of heaven? Shall affliction, roused, lift to God its eye, and knowing that He willed it, question why?\n\nTried Mother, bow thy head, and quell thy breast,\nAnd check the unholy murmur ere expressed!\nThere was too much of good about thee still,\nBaffling the jealous counterpoise of ill.\n\nThe draught of life was yet too strong for care;\nScheines were too quick and hopes too busy there.\nSo grief again, as bubbles mantled up,\nWas sent to tame the spirit of the cup.\n\nAsk thine own heart\u2014descend into that cell,\nWhere lives the Priestess of Truth's Oracle,\nConscience, that breathes self-knowledge: She will say,\nA Mother's pride too deeply rooted lay\nWithin thy bosom; giving thoughts of earth.\nMore room than anything terrestrial should be worth. Your love of your own lovely race was such, That it held you fettered to the world too much. So Death was made thy visitor again, To break another rivet of the chain, That to thy mind's ambition might be given A freer aspiration after heaven. Twice on the treasure of thy soul the hand That lent it has enforced a stern demand. Yet think, afflicted Parent, for thy peace, How may the seeming loss thy wealth increase! If both so early in the grave they lie, They both were innocent, and fit to die. Fairer than stars their spirits glow above; And from their sphere depends a chain of love, A chain of light to thee and thine descending, Whereby riven hearts in mystic bonds are blending; And the pure fires with which those spirits glow.\nCan the spire of the hamlet's temple thrill and heighten the hearts below? Direct thy gaze, thou cherisher of woes, where yon meek spire shows!\n\nIs there no comfort in that place of prayer? Alas, those tears deny all solace there: Fuller, and faster at the view they fall; as though that sight were bitterer than all.\n\nWho shall censure those o'erflowing eyes? Religion herself will scarce refuse her sighs. We all remember when each Sabbath morn Saw thy young group that humble fane adorn; With Kim, among the rest, of guileless brow\u2014 Where is that dear and guileless Edward now!\u2014\n\nWhen then ye glanced upon the vault beneath, 'No echo warned you from that seat of death, Whose shade at last must shroud you all, that doom Adjudged him next into that dark cold room.\nDealh stole upon thee in a doubtful mask;\nThe black despoiler wantoned with his task;\nAnd mocked with promise thy maternal hope;\nAnd gave - that's, some relief - thy virtues scope.\nWe all remember - how can we forget -\nThose nightly vigils, that should soothe regret;\nThose dallying cares, and duties overpaid;\nWhile the youth wasted to a bloodless shade.\nWe all remember how, until the last,\nClung by his side this mother unsurpassed;\nCaught every tone, consulted every look,\nRead every thought, and every wish o'ertook;\nAnd, in spite of pain's exerted fangs,\nFoiled the tormentor of his keenest pangs.\nProp'd on his pillow as the victim lay,\nWhile life just pruned her wings to fleet away,\nCheer'd by her flutter, it was sweet, he said.\nTo lie thus careless on a tranquil bed.\nAnd thence behold the trees in tender green,\nAnd all the freshness of a vernal scene;\n236 THE AESTHETIC\nAnd feel the breeze that sometimes stealthily\nFans my cheek, and warbles words of health. \u2014\nThen came the hour! \u2014 the spirit waxing dim,\nThe helpless, hopeless feebleness of limb;\nThe wandering hands that quarreled with the air,\nThe glance that flickered round, but knew not where;\nThe language wilder than the trackless wind;\nThe last delirious energies of mind;\nThe cheeks, like withered aspen leaves in hue,\nAnd like those leaves all coldly shuddering too;\nThe quivering throat's half-choked and struggling cry;\nAnd last \u2014 that fixed expression of the eye I \u2014\nNot yet; not yet; it cannot yet be o'er: \u2014\nThe soul still lights that face \u2014 O gaze no more.\nUnhappy Father, why didst thou stay,\nWatching the progress of thine own decay,\nThe dread mortality of thine own flesh,\nThat seems in those that yet remain so fresh?\nAway, even She who watch'd as none have watched,\nShe, the poor Mother with a heart unmatched,\nDragg'd by the arm of friendship from the room,\nHas left thee - to the agents of the tomb!\nTake thy last look, and let it linger not;\nAnd let us lead thee from this blighted spot.\nIn thine sepulchral chamber, corpse to corpse,\nYe still shall meet, in spite of this divorce;\nIn the eternal Kingdom, soul to soul,\nYe still may live, when planets cease to roll.\n\nStanzas. 237\nLXXI.\nStanzas Written at Sudeley Castle.\n\nAddressed to Sir J. Brydges.\nBy Edward Quillian Esq.\nWhere is thy glory, Sudeley, though thy wall\nWithstanding stubbornly the hand of Time,\nThe sun looks down into thy roofless hall,\nAnd through thy courts with splendor's mockery pries.\nWhere are thine ancient Lords? the brave? the wise?\nCrumbled to dust in yonder Gothic Fane.\nWhere are their children's children? None replies.\nSwept from their trunk in Chance's hurricane,\nThe branches wave no more on Cotswold's old domain.\n\nII.\n\nYet here the sons of Chandos, in their day\nOf greatness, ruled in no ungentle sort:\nHere Want was succored; Sorrow here grew gay;\nAnd Winchcombe's Castle was no Tyrant's Fort:\nHere too the imperial Dame with Barons girt,\nShe who could make the Croons and Nations bow,\nRelaxed, at Welcome's voice, her lion port,\nAnd softened into smiles her stately brow.\nWhat art thou then, famed Pile! Ah, changed! What art thou now!\n\nIII.\nNow savage elders flourish in thy courts;\nThe thistle now thy lorn recesses haunts;\nPerched on thy walls the wild geranium sports,\nAnd the rude mallows, decked in purple, flaunt:\nBehold, proud thistle, thine inhabitants!\nSee how their nodding heads the zephyr hail,\nAs if they mocked thee with triumphant taunts,\nAs history's banners to each passing gale\nFrom some dismantled fort relate their boastful tale.\n\nIV.\nAre they not emblems, these obtrusive flowers,\nThus choking up the sculptured Leopard's trace,\nAnd the old Cross on Sudeley's honor'd towers,\nAre they not emblems of the motley race\nUpraised by Mammon from their humble place?\nThose weeds that on the ruins of the Great\nArise in rank luxuriance, and deface.\nThe genealogical types of the reverend date,\nAnd flirt new symbols forth, and wear a gaudy state.\nBridges: the proud tear in thy dark eye swells,\nWhen History thy Forefather's fame displays,\nAnd hoar Tradition garrulously tells\nTales that their shades to the mind's vision raise,\nLike forms shown dimly through a Twilight haze:\nFancy the while in her insidious strain.\nWhispering sweet words, she exaggerates the praise,\nThe power, and wealth, and chivalry, and train\nOf thy baronial Sires.\nVI.\nThen follows Memory's fancy-withering part:\nShe bends, as a fond Sister, o'er the urn\nOf Youth's dead Expectations, the sad Heart;\nAnd culls up every woe that thou hast borne,\nAnd murmurs till the bosom is o'erworn,\nAnd the plumed spirit of ambition droops.\nThus to regrets life's vernal projects turn.\nPain's poisonous fruit succeeds the flowery hopes\nThat bloomed in Denton's vale, and Wootton's sylvan slopes.\n\nVII.\n\nYet why repine? No more the Lydian stream\nDevolves in its old bed the golden tide;\nAncestral dignities have ceased to beam\nUpon the children of a house of pride:\nAnd thou, hast thou been severely tried?\nTo the maternal legacy of care\nThy birthright by no brother was denied;\nWo smooth supplanter kindly claimed thy share,\nAs hard Rebecca's Hope beguiled the Patriarch's heir.\n\nVIII.\n\nYet why, too fondly querulous, repine?\nStill, many a pure delight thy journey cheers;\nAnd, though a way with thorns perplex'd is thine,\nFresh flowers still greet thee in the vale of tears;\nAnd Love walks with thee to the goal of years\nAnd thou hast treasures, as Cornelia's prized.\nAnd even of worldly state enough appears.\nAnd if enough, the rest should be despised;\nPeace visits not the heart where pride is unchastised.\n\nOf briers the earth, of clouds the heaven to clear,\nHast thou not to the love of lore and song?\nIf Sudeley now the haughty head could rear,\nAs when its battlements withstood the strong,\nAnd frown'd upon Rebellion, if the throng\nOf chivalry and beauty, as of yore,\nStill danced its beryl-glittering halls along,\nAnd thou wert Lord of hill and plain, and tower,\nWhile all within was pomp, and all without was power;\nCould all the specious pageantry convey\nA genuine pleasure to the thoughtful mind,\nWhich one, who loves like thee the Muse's lay,\nWithin the shades of quiet cannot find?\nAmbition's pillars shake with every wind.\nAnd like these Ruins, soon or late, must fall;\nBut the green wreaths in Learning's bowers entwined\nWill grace the tomb, as o'er yon Chapel-wall\nThe clustering ivy spreads its rich enduring pall.\n\nLXXII.\nEPITAPH\n\nIn the Church of Peasmarsh, Kent.\nHere lies the Body of\nWilliam Egerton LLD.\nHe was\nGrandson of John, Earl of Bridgewater,\n\nEPITAPH. 241\n\nBut received less honour from his noble descent\nThan from his personal qualifications:\nFor he had a strong memory\nAnd most excellent parts;\nBoth which were greatly improved by\nA learned education:\nAnd as his birth gave him an opportunity\nOf being brought up, and\nhaving in the best company,\nSo he made a suitable improvement from it;\nHappily mixing the knowledge of the Scholar\nWith the politeness of the Gentleman.\nHe had talents peculiarly fitted for conversation;\nFor, with a great vivacity,\nHe had a command and fluency of words, which he well knew how to use to such advantage as to make him either entertaining or instructive. Thus accomplished, it is no wonder he was distinguished in his profession: being made Chaplain to two succeeding kings, Rector of Penshurst and All-Hallows, Lombard street; Chancellor and Prebendary of Hereford; and Prebendary of Canterbury. He left behind him two daughters and one son, by Anne, daughter of Sir Francis Head, Bart., Who caused this marble to be laid down, as a slender memorial of her gratitude and affection to the memory of the best of husbands. He died Feb. 26, 16 lySy, cet 67.\n\nNear this place lies the Body\nOf Anne, relict of William Egerton LLD.\nWho died March 5, 1778,\nAged 74.\n\nThe constant tenor of her life\nWas the best preparation for death.\nAs she was eminently distinguished for discharging every duty in life in the most amiable manner, upon the purest motives. All who knew her loved and revered her, and must sooner or later be happy if they followed her example.\n\nLXXIII.\nRousseau.\n\nWe talk a great deal of the necessity of the virtue of action or conduct combined with the virtues of the mind. If we speak of the virtues of the mind, the picture of which is conveyed to the public by the pen, the conduct of the author may concern the happiness of himself and those immediately connected with him; but the fruit of the mind alone is that with which the public have any interest.\n\nThe beautiful imagination and exquisite sentiments of Rousseau are calculated to elevate, to melt, and to instruct us, unqualified and undiminished by a regard to the inconsequential.\nII had a great power of reason over abstract matters and objects that have no reality except in thought, and an absolute extravagance regarding all that relates to worldly knowledge; he had too much of it; in being superior, he was on the verge of being mad. He was a man fit to live in retirement with a small group of uneducated people, so that nothing added to his internal agitation, and he was surrounded by calm. He was good; the inferior adored him; it is they who enjoy this quality the most; but Paris troubled him. He was born for the society of nature, not of institutions.\nThe works expressed the horror she inspired in him; neither was it possible for him to understand or endure her; it was a savage from the Orinoco shores, content with spending his life watching water flow. He was contemplative by nature, and reverie brought him supreme pleasure; his mind and heart alternately seized him. He lived in his imagination; the world passed gently before his eyes; religion, the arts, love, politics successively occupied him. After spending the day alone, he returned calm and sweet: how fortunate the medians were to remain with themselves!\n\nOne cannot, however, say that Rousseau was virtuous, for actions and a consistent sequence of actions are required to merit that title; but he was a man who needed to be left alone, without demanding anything more from him.\nqu'il fallait conduire comme un enfant, et \u00e9couter comme un oracle ; dont le c\u0153ur \u00e9tait profondement sensible, et qu'on devait g\u00e9rer, non avec les pr\u00e9cautions ordinaires, mais avec celles qu'un tel caract\u00e8re exigeait ; il ne fallait pas s'en fier \u00e0 sa propre innocence.\n\nMemoir of Mottagu (Montagu).\n\nExtracted from Biographic universelle, Vol. i^^ p.l^i^.\n\nMontagu (Elizabeth), an Englishwoman distinguished by her erudition as much as by her wit, was born in York on October 2, 1720. She was raised in Cambridge, where her family resided, under the care of Doctor Conyers Middleton, second son of her grandmother. Doctor Middleton required his young and beautiful ward to present him with a summary of all learned conversations.\nShe was frequently present at these gatherings. II\nShe became accustomed to listening attentively and analyzing in her mind all that she heard.\nShe married, in 1745, Edward Montagu, the grandson of the first earl of Sandwich, and a member of several successive parliaments for Ilminster. He moved in 1775, leaving to his wife a considerable fortune, which she used nobly throughout her long career, which she completed on August 25, 1800, at the age of eighty.\nMrs. Montagu distinguished herself early as an author; first, through her Dialogues of the Dead, published with those of Lord Lyttelton; and further, through an Essay on the Genius and Writings of Shakespear, which appeared in 1769, a classical and elegant work, which you find much more Monag\u00fc.\nThe following woman of high society was not expected to know or critique. The manner in in which Voltaire's judgments are raised in this Essay, primarily taken up to avenge Shakespeare from the sarcasms of the author of the Henriade, attracted the attention of Miss Montagu, whom he had once known in England. She never forgave him, and he could not pronounce her name without coldness. Miss Montagu, having made a journey to France, sent her Essay on Shakespeare to Voltaire with this epigraph:\n\nPallas te, hoc vulnere, _; Pallas\nImmolat.\n\nUpon being in Paris a few weeks later (1776), she learned in society that the philosophy of Ferney held it was no marvel to find some pearls in the immense dung heap of Shakespeare. She replied:\nVivement, in referencing Voltaire's borrowings, it was to this manure pit that he owed a part of his finest grain. Mistriss Montagu lived in close proximity to all that was grand and illustrious in letters in England. Pope, Johnson, Goldsmith, Pulteney, from Lord Bath, Lyttelton, Burke, etc., formed her society. (2)\n\nVoltaire, in his Letter to the Academie Francaise on August 25, 1776, severely criticized the tragic Englishman. He had made his point in his Appeal to All the Nations of Europe in 1761? (m-8)\n\nMistriss Montagu took up the pen for the defense of her countryman in her work, which was translated into French under the title: Apologie de Shakspeare, in response to M. de Voltaire's crylicque in 1777? (in-^)\n\nVoltaire refuted her in a new Letter to.\nI. Academy, at its head was A. B.-t. (2) Mistriss Montagu formed a literary society which, after several ann\u00e9es, attracted general attention, under the name of the author Beattie and Mistriss Carter. Mistriss Montagu joined a deep judgment and a lively and brilliant imagination, as well as a taste both pure and severe. The collection of letters we have from her, and all that contemporary accounts tell of the clarity of her conversation, both instructive and piquant, prove that she earned the esteem of the most erudite.\n\nShe, however, had the defect of wanting to conform too strictly to the moeurs and usage of the grand monde she frequented. The excessive desire to please.\net de obtenir la reputation de femme \u00e0 la mode, elle faisait souvent adopter un ton l\u00e9g\u00e9r et frivole, trompant les observateurs superficiels. Depuis sa mort, quelquequefois huit volumes de sa correspondance ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s par son neveu (Mathieu Montagu). Il para\u00eet qu'il se propose d'en faire para\u00eetre encore, qui compl\u00e9teront sans doute l'id\u00e9e favorable que l'on s'est form\u00e9e de Mme Montagu. D. -Z.-S.\n\nClub des has-Mens (Blue Stockings Club). On s'est livr\u00e9, dans le temps, \u00e0 beaucoup de conjectures pour trouver l'origine de cette singular nomenclature. Il para\u00eet que elle provenait de cette personne qui, ayant piti\u00e9, s'excusa de para\u00eetre aux premi\u00e8res r\u00e9unions parce qu'elle \u00e9tait en deshabille du matin. Elle fut r\u00e9pondue que l'on s'occupait peu de costume dans une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 uniquement consacr\u00e9e \u00e0 cultiver l'esprit. \"On fait si peu d'attention\"\nIt arose from the Blue Storing worn by M. Stillingfleet, a man distinguished in literature and as a naturalist, who was an early and constant frequenter of this Society. Few persons enjoyed as distinguished a reputation in her day as M. Montagu. Her extraordinary talents, added to a beautiful person, made her, from a very early age, the admiration of all her acquaintance. Her father was a man of wit and a polished gentleman, who lived among the higher ranks and was never happy out of them.\nA country life and the manners of country squires were his detestation. He was not contented until he could escape from the solitary mansion of Horton to the animation of Bond-street and the refinement and cheerfulness of the evening circles that a court and capital afforded. The daughter inherited much of her father's liveliness and love of pleasure. Her connections in Cambridgeshire had introduced her from a child at the house of the second Earl of Oxford, at Wimpole, the resort of wit and learning; where her lively spirit and brilliant faculties soon caught the emulation of genius and fame. Lord Oxford's daughter, later Duchess of Portland, was her companion, and she was listened to as a prodigy for colloquial powers; while her letters, abundant in premature command both of language and wit, were eagerly sought after.\nof ideas and language, were read with praise, delight, and astonishment. Thus flattered, distinguished, and followed, she thought that the winters, which her mother dedicated with unwearied affection to her nursery amid the loneliness of the Horton groves, were to her but the burial of faculties which she panting to display on the world's theatres. Yet her good nature made her endure it with cheerfulness, while she amused herself by describing to her correspondents with admirable vivacity and humor some of the scenes and manners around her. At length, at an early age, when little more than twenty, the attraction of an honorable alliance, which might retain her in the highest circles, induced her to marry.\nMontagu, whose age was nearly double her own, was at the head of fashion and literature around 1742. Lord Lyttelton, Lord Bath, Gilbert West, Dr. Johnson, Mr. Carter, Mr. Talbot, and numerous others encircled her, adorned her table, corresponded with her, and gave her their confidence or devotion. Around 1765, she published her Essay on the Genius of Shakespeare; a composition of so much eloquence and in such a brilliant style of criticism that it suppressed all attempts at anything of the same kind. Montagu survived the date of this work between 30 and 40 years but gave to the world no other publication. During this long period, she continued to correspond.\nMrs. Scott, a pond populated by many of her day's most eminent literati. Her mind was marked by extraordinary activity, rich in reflections on life and manners, as well as expression and the brilliance of inexhaustible imagery. These literary luminaries had yet to face any danger of eclipse or rivalry. Their faults were notable for an occasional overambition of wit and a colloquiality of phrase and imagery that some might find coarse. Her letters at times appeared to strive to display her ingenuity in addressing subjects, rather than the genuine product of her conviction. She was good-natured, polite, acute, and eloquent; full of wisdom, imagination, and taste.\nMrs. Montagu, renowned for her love of ostentation and vanity, possessed great gifts of nature and art. She passed away in 1800, at the age of 80, in her splendid house in Portman Square. Her nephew, on whom she imposed her married name and settled her large landed property derived from her husband's will, has published four volumes of her Letters; more are announced.\n\nMrs. Scott.\n\nHer younger sister, Sarah, married George Louis Scott, Esq., and died in Norfolk, Catton, in 1795. She, like Mrs. Montagu, had a turn for literature; however, her talents were less brilliant than those of Mrs. Montagu and were more suited to works of history than those of imagination. Her industry and curiosity were great; her memory was strong; and her judgment sound. Her Life of Cavauigne is well-executed; it is clear, discriminating, well-selected.\nIn MDCCCXV, beneath the trees with luxuriant shade overhanging this Gothic arch, I supinely lose the Autumnal hours. While a train of rapid fancies passes through my shifting brain, I leave them not quite unheeded in my strain. Thus, the busy year glides away, and I travel to the final day, when freed from cares that make this heart their prey, my mortal part shall rest within the grave, and my soul rise, I trust, among the blest. When first, in Wootton's lone retreat, the Muse's haunts greeted my infant tongue.\nI vowed, if She but deign'd her favoring smile,\nNo other passion should my steps beguile;\nBut fickle to my hopes, by fits alone,\nHer glances on my humble prayers were thrown:\nThen mingled purposes, and changing mind,\nUncertain as the courses of the wind,\nLeft each new labor, ere 'twas well begun;\nAnd this day's task was by the next undone!\nSince torn, dear Native Spot, from thy embrace.\nFate bade me in the worldling's paths to pace.\n\nSylvian Wayfarer. 251\n\nE'er eighteen summers had matured a form,\nWith every wild and youthful passion warm,\nIn fields how wide, through what a varied scene\nOf pleasures, dangers, sufferings, have I been!\n\nHow little thought I, when for Granta's towers\nI left thy falling leaves and fading flowers,\nThat ne'er again my hapless feet should roam\nBeneath thy shades, and claim them for my home.\nBefore a month from scenes so lovely torn,\nAn honored parent to his grave was borne.\nThen, where the Hall with mirth and youth had rung,\nAnd Beauty laugh'd, and talk'd, and danc'd and sung,\nThe social circle ceased the day to cheer,\nAnd lonely Silence reign'd for many a year.\nNow mid the crowded throngs of men I felt\nThe cruel blows that struggling Envy dealt;\nAnd innocent days, and peaceful nights, no more\nWere soothed with Fancy's dreams, and Learning's lore.\nAmbition spread before my dazzled eyes\nAn awful steep; yet bade me strive to rise.\nBut hate to mingle in the clamorous fray,\nWhere coarser spirits struggle for the sway;\nAnd dread of scorn, and pride that would not yield\nAgainst a meaner foe to take the field,\nOft as new ardors waked within my breast,\nCross'd every step, and every chance suppress'd.\nO years, that long had turned this hair to white,\nBefore yet my thirtieth winter took its flight:\nStill, as you urged your mournful course anew,\nMore dire in dangers, or in griefs, you grew!\nIn thickest shades I hid my tearful form;\nThere, chill'd without, I strove my heart to warm:\nEven there, did Malice and revengeful Ire,\nPierce the retreat, and dash the hallowed fire.\n\nO never, never were there bowers so deep,\nTo which Calumny Hatred could not creep!\nLong, countless days I tolled, and sigh'd and wept;\nLong nights in none but broken slumbers slept!\nBut, hell-born Hatred, to thine iron heart\nGriefs will e'er a ray of pity dart.\nTo break the bands of Friendship and of Love;\nThe charms that soften sorrow to remove;\nTo leave the victim thou hast sworn thy foe.\nNaked, defenceless, lonely, to thy triumph!\nHuman Misery owes half her keenest sufferings to thee!\nBut will no transient beams of sun invade\nThis gloomy, and scarce penetrable shade?\nO lovely ray, thou comest! thy cheering light\nHail to chase my spirit's lethargic night!\nDisperse, ye clouds! and let the day-star shine,\nAnd o'er the past no sad regrets shall pine!\nIt dawns; but as along the sky it goes,\nClouds cross, by fits; and tempests interpose.\nA little while the genial beams impart\nA glow of hope and boldness to my heart;\nHow soon to sink again! The magic spell\nScarce lingers, while its kind approach I tell.\nIf thus a victim to Misfortune's snares,\nPrey to Disease, or to consuming Cares,\nI yet can seize the lyre, and court the Muse,\nAnd transient comfort o'er this breast diffuse.\nIf my soul pours forth the moral lay, and seeks with mental flowers to deck the day:\nDear Fount of purest waves, if where, a boy,\nI drank with awful and mysterious joy,\nI struggle still, or waking, or in dream,\nTo cool my thirst with thy immortal stream;\n\nCharles Powlett. 253\n\nMay the small gift that now at Virtue's shrine\nHumbly I lay, receive a smile benign!\n\nIf not to this the brilliant hues belong,\nThat decorate a happier son of song,\nBreathed from the heart, in age, as once in youth,\nO stamp it with the holier praise of Truth!\n\nLee Priory, Sejjt. 12, 1815.\n\nPoetic.L Address\nTo the Reverend Charles Powlett.\n\nIn MDCCCXV.\n\nLong is the space and variably the climes\nThat have passed in storms and sunshine, since\nThe times when first we met in Granta's walks,\nAnd drew forms of enchantment in the distant view.\nThose forms, as we approached, were transformed to demons of terrific mien;\nAnd grief, alone, through many a weeping year,\nGave darkness behind us; before us, fear!\nYet freed by starts from comfortless despair,\nWe did not idly pass those days of hope or care.\nTo learning some, and grave pursuits, were given;\nIn some, with stripes, were hate and envy driven!\nFull thirty times and more the fitful sun\nWearily through his annual course has run,\nSince blithe in Hackwood's Ducal Hall I heard\nThy frolic tales of future joy preferred.\nThe present then was vapid, barren, cold:\nWe sigh'd the distant prospect to behold.\nBut ah, compared with those too slighted days,\nHow big the years to come with clouds and frays!\nNow wrinkled Age comes on, and hoary hairs,\nWe strive with quiet to compose our cares.\nIf even a gleam of pleasure intervenes,\nWe hail the blessing, and in smiles are seen.\nMay St. thou, since years with rapid footsteps steal,\nWhile yet 'tis Autumn, Quiet's blessings feel;\nFind peace within, while outward to thine eye\nSmile Nature's scenes beneath a mellow sky;\nTill gently, kindly, bending to the grave,\nAge shall own joys, which youthful days never gave!\nFor me, alas, lives there a hope to warm,\nWhile clouds still blacken, and the storm still roars?\nMalice, to me forever to be assigned,\nWalks as my shade before me or behind;\nAround me draws lines mystical and deep,\nWhose frightful bounds I cannot overleap;\nPalsy my feet, darts on my lips his spite,\nRings in my ears; and blasts my shuddering sight.\nSometimes the usurer's blood-stained form he wears;\nAnon from priestly robes his cloven foot appears.\nA thousand varied shapes he takes,\nSpits libels poisonous as the tongues of snakes;\nAnd onward as his work incessant goes,\nGives not a moment's respite to my woes!\nBut even with bleeding heart and maddened brain,\nSee, yet I trifle with the Muse's strain!\nDear as the life drops which this heart inspires,\nEven in the midst of torments, is the lyre!\nGrosvenor Square. Dec. 20, 1817.\nREFLECTIONS. 255\nLXXVII.\nCONCLUDING REFLECTIONS.\nIf all the blood of all the chiefs, whose name\nThrough ten long ages holds historic fame,\nFlow'd in thy fervid veins; what boots the gift,\nIf to like heights thy mind it do not lift;\nAnd if it do not urge to rival deeds\nOf those, whom thy degenerate step succeeds?\nIn clouds and darkness if thou wander'st on,\nFrom dawn to eve, and yet from eve to dawn.\nTen. Thy footsteps, but with wings outspreading, hover above thee,\nLike a Fateful Sprite, Boots it, the stream once ran in speckless light?\nDeparted Glory is an empty sound:\nYet more: if not with present Greatness crowned,\nIf Riches lead not; if the staff of gold\nDo not thy feeble, tottering steps uphold;\nNor purple streams from Kings and Princes sprung,\nNor glow of mind, nor eloquence of tongue,\nNor purity of heart, nor virtuous life,\nCan bear thee forward through the hopeless strife!\nAlone, unaided, never cheer'd, unseen;\nThe massive curtain, Fame and thee between.\nForever hangs unpierceable; the grave\nYawns to receive thee; not a sound shall save\nThy destined, hapless name: the crumbling earth\nShall hurry on thee, as of equal worth;\nAnd into dust thou shalt dissolve; nor flower.\nShall it bloom over thee for its transient hour,\nTo soothe thy spirit, no living stranger's care.\n256 THE ANTI-CRITIC.\nTo that cold spot the dew-hung gift shall bear,\nFor thou art doomed to toil; and toil in vain,\nTo sing, and no one listen to thy strain,\nTo waste thy days in thought; thy nights in fire,\nYet be as one who never touched the lyre!\nA vapid, empty, dreaming, nameless elf,\nBeginning, lingering, ending all in self!\nWhile happier bards a race of glory run,\nTheir wings all decked, and glittering to the sun,\nThy destiny has spoken a gloomier lot,\nLiving, unknown; to be in death forgot!\nYe mobs of wild caprice, who follow blind\nThe paths a despot leader has assigned,\nWho hear no sounds but at your leader's nod,\nWho see no flowers unnoticed by his rod,\nWhat is your senseless praise? An hollow blast.\nThat conscious Genius, as it echoed past,\nShould, like an evil sprite, at a distance cast,\nAs quick to leave as forward to pursue,\nIt never yet was to the Muses true.\n\nUntouched it heard the song of Milton ring\nThrough earth and heaven from a celestial string;\nYet glowed with rapture at the doggerel chime\nOf wits who put their nonsense into rhyme!\n\nEnough! It grieves no more! The pang has ceased!\nFrom all this thirst of worldly smiles released,\nDeep in myself I wrap my hopes and fears;\nLive in my own creation; and my tears\nAnd raptures offer to the tribes of light,\nThat Fancy brings to my unclouded sight!\n\nLet the storm howl without! it will howl in vain!\nAh, I shall be song and sunshine in my brain!\n\nAppendix:\nSir Thomas Bernard, Bart.\nI July.\n3 May. William Burdon Esq., aged 53, formerly of Emanuel College, Cambridge.\n- At Bungay, Co. Suffolk, M. Ellz. Bonliote, aged 74.\n- Hector Macneill Esq., poet, Edinburgh, aged 53.\n3 May. Isaac Hawkins Browne Esq., set. 73.\n- James Cobb Esq., Secretary at the East India Company,\nJuly. Matthew Gregory Lewis Esq., set. 48.\n27 Aug. Rt. Honorable Warren Hastings, aet. 86.\nII Sept. James Bindley Esq., set. 81.\n- Rev. Edw. Tew, Greek Scholar, aged 82.\n1 Nov. Sir Samuel Romilly.\n17 Dec. Sir Philip Francis, K.B.\nName of Peter Pinclar.\n- Henry Penruddock yndham Esq., retired, aged 83; at Salisbury.\n\nAppendix.\n5 May. Rev. James Beiitley Gordon, of Killegny, Co. Wexford, author of \"The History of the Irish Rebellion, 1798\".\nGeorge Cartwriglit Esq., aged 79.\nAt Birmingham, Mr. Wm. Harrod.\nJoseph Moser Esq., aged 70, Hebraist.\nJohn Playfair of Edinburgh, D.D., set. 70.\nSamuel Lysons Esq., F.A.S., aged 56.\nJames Forbes Esq., F.R.S.\nHugh Moises, M.D., aged 46.\nCyril Jackson, D.D., aged 73.\nRev. Hen. Rowe, L.L.B., of Ringshall, Suffolk.\n\nAt Vevay, Lord Somerville, set. 54.\nBenj. Moseley, M.D.\nRev. Charles Edward Stewart, A.M., of Suffolk.\n\n21 Oct. Hon. Frederic S. North Douglas, only son of Lord Glenbervie.\n5 Nov. At Presion, Sussex, Rev. James Douglas.\nJohn Bowles Esq., Barrister, aged 68.\nDavid Jennings Esq., of Hawkhurst, Kent, topographer.\nJames Curry, M.D.\nThomas Marsham Esq., botanist.\n\nJohn Stackhouse, Esq., aged 79, botanist.\nGeorge Hill, D.D., of St. Andrews.\nRichard Miles, set. 79, numismatist.\n2 Dec. Rev. Anthony Freston, set. 63.\n26 Jan. Henry Andrews, aged 76, arithmetician.\nMay I\nJan May\nJuly\nJune I\nAug May\nAug Aug\nSept Sept\nOct Oct\nDec Nov\n\nAppleix. hi\n11 Feb. Thomas Haweis, D.D., aged 86, at Rath.\n1-3 Feb. Leonard Macnally, aged 68, Dublin.\n14 March Michael Underwood, M.D., aged 84.\ni5 March Eliz. widow of Capt. Edw. Howorth, R.N., aged 85.\n8 April Thomas, Earl of Selkirk, France.\na6 April Edw. Topham Esq., age 69.\n12 April Arthur Young, Esq., set. 79.\na5 April Pa'rick Colquhoim Esq. LLD., aged 76.\n15 April John Bell, Surgeon, Rome.\n27 May Rev. Josiah Thomas, A.M., aged 60, Bath.\n3 June Sam. Pipe Wolferstan Esq. of Statfold, Co. Staff., aged 69.\nJune 19: Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. K.B. 80\nJune 27: Dr. Wm. Lort Mansell, Bishop of Bristol; Rev. William Richardson, D.D. of Clonfecl, Co. Antrim, aged 80\nJohn Trusler, LLD, aged 85\nPeter Dollond, optician, aged 90\nDr. Bennet, Bishop of Cloyne, 75\nDr. John Murray, Chemical philosopher, Edinburgh\nRev. Cha. Edw. de Coetlogon, A.M.\nJohn Hatsell Esq., set. 78\nWm. Fielding Esq., aged 73\nEarl of Malmsbury, 75\nWm. Hayley Esq., aged 75\nManchester: Mr. Thomas Barritt, Antiquary\nJuly: --\nSept.\nOct.\nNov.\nNov.\nNov.\nOct.\nIV\nNov.\nNov.\n. Sept.\nDec.\nNov.\nDec.\nApril\n\nAppendix:\nRichard Whallev Bridgraan Esq., set. Sg.\nProf. Young of Glasgow.\nMr. John Dawson, of Sedbergh, Yorkshire, mathematician, 86.\nMr. Sam Rousseau, printer, aged 57.\nHenry Jermyn Esq. of Sibton, Saffolk, aged 53.\nSir George Onesiphorus Paul, Bart.\nWilliam Parnell Esq. MP\n18 January, Charles Runninglon, Sergt. at Law, aged 70.\n7 January, Mrs. John Hunter, poetess, aged 70.\n11 February, Adam Walker, Lecturer in Natural Philosophy, aged 90.\n12 January, Sir John Macpherson, Bart.\n5 March, At an advanced age, Richard Twiss Esq.\n12 March, At Florence, Captain William Pitt Broughton, R.N.\n21 March, Michael Bryan Esq., aged 64, author of the Dictionary of Painters.\n9 April, At Whitby, Yorkshire, Thomas Bateman, M.D.\n15 May, John Bonnycastle Esq., mathematician.\nNorwich.\n30 May, Earl of Sheffield, aged 82.\n-- James Gregory, M.D., Edinburgh, aged 60.\n-- Rev. Thomas Scott, of Aston-Sandford, Co. Bucks.\nAt Cheshunt, Herts: Oliver Cromwell Esq., aged 79.\nSir Francis Milman, Bt. M.D., aged 75.\nJames Carmichael Smyth, M.D., set. 80.\nRev. W.P. Warburton, of Lydd, Rent, aged 60.\nThomas Morgan, LLD, set. 69, Dissenting Minister.\nMrs. Eliz. Inchbald, aged 66.\n\nMay.\nJune.\n\nJune: Rev. Peter Gandolphy, Roman Catholic Priest.\n\n9 July: Rev. Peter Gandolphy, Roman Catholic Priest.\nMr. John Ballantyne, Printer of Edinburgh.\nRev. Vicesimus Knox, D.D., set. 69.\nFrancis Hargrave, Esq. Barrister, set. 81.\nJohn Rennie, Esq. the celebrated Engineer,\nWilliam Angus, engraver, aged 69.\n\nAt Worcester: James Ross, engraver, get. 76.\nAt Oxford: Joseph Harper Esq. D.C.L.\nRear Adm. James Burney, F.R.S., aet. 72.\nAt Norwich: Edw. Rigby, M.D., set. 74.\nAt Dublin: John Barrett, D.D.\nLord Henniker, aged 70.\nJames Perry Esq., Editor of the Morning Chronicle, aged 65.\nRev. John Malham, set, aged 75.\nSir James Mansfield, Kt., set, aged 88.\nMary, relict of Rev. Geo. Sewel, daughter of Sir Wm. Young, Bt.\nSept.\nAug.\nOct. (x2)\nSept.\nOct. (x2)\nNov. (x3)\nDec. (x2)\nSept.\nNov.\nDec.\nJan.\nGeorge Isted Esq.\n23 Feb.\nJames Boswell Esq.\n9 March.\nDr. Edw. Daniel Clarke, Librarian of Cambridge University Library, the celebrated Traveller, aged 54.\n\nVI Appendix.\nTHE ANTI-CRITIC.\nBy Sir Egerton Brydges, Baronet.\n\nCONTENTS.\n\nArt. I. Introductory. Character of Modern Criticism, 1\n\u2014 II. On the Prevailing 'English Opinions of Poetry, 4\n\u2014 III. Barnahee's Journal by Charles Brathwaite: Edited by J. Haslewood, 29\n\u2014 IV. Petrarch's Industry, 38\n\u2014 V. Milton's Self-confidence, 39\n\u2014 I. Young's Universal Passion (40)\n\u2014 II. Gray's Pursuits and Habits (40)\n\u2014 III. Poetry (45)\n\u2014 IV. True Principles of Poetry (49)\n\u2014 V. Proper Objects of Authors (57)\n\u2014 VI. Rousseau (64)\n\u2014 VII. Fame (65)\n\u2014 VIII. Sympathy in the sentiments and contradictions of life (67)\n\u2014 IX. Praise of Scott's Novels; and of the joys of reading (68)\nAppendix\nArt. XVII. Like of Geneva (69)\n\u2014 XVIII. Battles, Minstrel (70)\n\u2014 XIX. Cowper, no Importer (77)\n\u2014 XX. On Moral and Domestic Poetry (80)\n\u2014 XXI. Exaggeration of Critical Censure (83)\n\u2014 XXII. Busy and Intriguing Authors (84)\n\u2014 XXIII. Genius of Burns (85)\n\u2014 XXIV. Br. Joseph Warton (89)\n\u2014 XXV. Thomas Warton (92)\n\u2014 XXVI. Barity of Good Poets (96)\n\u2014 XXVIII. Goldsmith (102)\nXXVIII. Bibliomania, 116\nXXIX. Qualities of the Historian and Poet, 118\nXXXII. The Bemi-Ancients, 120\nXXXIV. Original Writers, 123\nXXXV. Truellers, 124\nXXXVII. Philosophers and Poets, 126\nXXXVIII. Birth, 127\nXLI. Memoirs, 131\nXLIV. ha Fontaine, 133\nXLV. Fragment of an Inscription, 135\nXLVI. A Poetical Fragment. Alphonso, 146\nXLVII. Poems of M. A. Flaminius, 150\nXLVIII. Tragic Tales. Coningsby and Broken-Heart, \nXLVIII. ^\nXLIX.\nL.\nLI.\nLII.\nLIII.\nLIV.\nLV.\nLVI.\nLVIII.\nLVIII. ^\nLIX.\nLX.\nLXT.\nLXn.\nLXIII.\nLXIV.\nLXV.\nLXVL\nLXVU.\nLXVIII.\nLXIX.\nLXX.\nLXXI.\nLXXTI.\nLXXIII.\nLXXVI\nAppendix.\nMall of Hellingsley, 164\nThe Fountain of Helicon, 166\nEgotisms, 168\nEgotisms continued, 170\nSir Ralph Willoughby, 173\nLe-Forester, 177\nArthur Fitzalhini, 181\nMary de Clifford, 183\n[Literary distinction, the result of in-classing Prose, Fictions, Inscriptions; Cenotaph, Wootton, 191; Cenotaph, Ickhani, 197; Cenotaph, Norton, 199; Inscription, TVestcliffe, 200; Inscription, D.\u00ae, 201; Inscription, Ickhani, 202; Inscription, Chester, 203; Inscription, Hidge-Hertfordshire, 204; Inscription, Little Gaddesden, 205; Memoirs of the Gihhon Family, 206; Lord Chancellor Hardwicke, 225; Consolation, a Poem, by Quillinan, 228; Lines to the Memory of E. W. Brydges, by the Same, 233; Stanzas written at Sudely Castle, 237; Epitaph, penshurst, 240; Rousseau, 242; Brus. Montagu, 244; Appendix. ix; Page LXXV. Poetical Preface to Sylvan Wanderer, 250; LXXVI. Poetical Address to Rev. Charles Powlett, 253; LXXVII. Concluding Reflections, a Poem, 255; Appendix.\n\nAdvertisement.]\nOn October 29, 1821, was published:\n(By Messrs. Hongman and Co. London)\nTHE HALL OF HELLMGSLEY; A Tale.\nBy Sir Egerton Brydges, Baronet,\nThe events of this Tale are supposed to have occurred during the reign of King James I. At this time, a period of pusillanimous peace succeeded an age of gallantry and adventure, giving occasion to great excesses in the internal police of the kingdom. It was then that many younger sons of Great Houses, left without employment and driven from the Court by Scottish Favouritism, retired into the Country to follow the Chase and other sports of the Field; and to indulge in licentious hospitality, which the want of adequate means to support led to all sorts of irregularity and violence.\nThis was a crisis which made a rapid inroad upon the power and glory of the old English Feudal and Hierarchy.\nThe historical Families concentrated and consolidated their power during the harvest-men of the Eighth Harry's Reformation. The Veres, Greys, Cliffords, Berkeleys, Percys, Nevilles, and others were in a rapid state of decadence. This text aims to introduce characters from this class of society and invest them with personal qualities sufficient to engage the interest of those whose minds are suited to enjoy the enthusiasm of poetical delineation.\n\nAppendix xi\n\nThose who love the energies of sentiment and the vivacities of conjuring emotion, which partake of the colors of romance, majesty, it is hoped, will consider this as an offering of instructive amusement to those refined readers who derive refreshment from setting their fancies afloat from the vapid recurrence of daily life.\n\nThe chosen epoch was an epoch of superstition.\nThe poetry and learning which provide room for the portraiture of bold and striking, yet polished characters are valued. Sentiment and description, unembodied and undramatized, are apt to be tedious. But when the gradual development of a story skillfully complicated connects itself with these sentiments and descriptions, it raises a temperament in which they are readily and eagerly received. The sentiments and descriptions, in which the characters introduced abound, will not, it is trusted, be deemed out of place.\n\nThe Author does not have the weakness to hint or suppose that the style and mode which he has chosen are exclusively desirable. He only argues that it is one of the diversified modes, which may fairly be put in use for the innocent exercise of the varied powers of the human mind. To study the characters of more familiar life, and to delve deeper into their complexities, is also a worthwhile pursuit.\nUnhappily, those who take up the taste for understanding the movements of ordinary society have no mercy for anything they do not consider practical. The influence of Imagination, which has been nobly described by Gray in breaking the twilight gloom of life, is by the glow of visionary forms that we can give energy to the flatness of Reality. All are condemned to the tediums and sufferings of life. To soothe the hour of pain and relieve the intrusion of sorrow is to be a public benefactor.\nmust be done by virtuous means; by ameliorating the heart; by aiding pure fancy; and by elevating the understanding. To call the mind to new woods and pastures; to people it with new company and open a gallery of new portraits infuses a new impulse, and revived force to the worn ideas.\n\nThe fate of this Tale be what it may, the public cannot rob the Author of the pleasure already received from its composition!\n\nIn a few days will appear:\n\nJULIETTA:\nA Tale.\n\nTRANSLATED FROM THE ORIGINAL ITALIAN\nOf LUIGI DA PORTO.\n\nThis scarce and beautiful Tale is the foundation of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. The original has been reprinted by Mr. Ho I Well Carr, as his contribution to the Rosburglie Club. The Translation forms Art. I. of the POLIAKTHEA.\n\nNOTICE: CRITIQUE\nON A ROMANCE\nINTITLED\n[The Hall of Hellingsley, a Tale; by Sir Egerton Brydges, Baronet, 3 vol. London, Longman, 1821. The Chateau de Hellingsley, Roman; by Sir Egerton Brydges, Baronet, 3 vol. in-12 London, Longman, etc. Fig. October) 1821. I have seen, for some time, distinguished literati engaged in writing Contes or Romans. This enterprise is not without danger; for a mediocre work can deal a fatal blow to an author's reputation, which his talents might otherwise have raised to loftier pretensions. But it is then necessary that he should have a just sense of his own powers, and that his judgment should not be influenced by that of a capricious multitude, whose taste is corrupted by particular outrages designed to shock the imagination and produce the extraordinary.]\npersons who only perceived the glitter of a false color found their simple truths insipid and flat. This truth, however (despite the contradiction that superficial spirits might find in this assertion), taken in its most wretched sense, can just as well serve as a basis for works of imagination as for learned discussions. The subjects we treat are no less susceptible to development, whether we consider them in relation to facts or give free rein to our imagination; but when we resort to the latter to bring the truth to life, we must not pass quickly over the facts nor linger excessively on those that biography and history already make sufficiently known. The author must present the observations.\nqu'une sensibilite active et un esprit brillant sait tirer de son \nsujet ; car des faits particuliers ne sont qu'une matiere inerte, \nqui, en rempechant de s'elever aux verites generales, \neloignent celui qui ne raconte que des faits , de cette hau- \nteur d'ou Ton peut contempler la verite dans tout son eclat. \nC'est a ces caracteres que nous pouvons reconnoitre l'au- \nteur du genre le plus eleve , et le plus fertile en invention, \nen fall de romans ou de fictions ; celui qui s'abandonne \navec confiance a cette puissance \n\u00ab Qui donne une existence et un nom a des etres ideaux \net presque aeriens. \u25a0\u00bb (*) \nL'epoque comprise dans ce recit est celle du regne de \nJaques I.*^*' : le lieu de la scene est un des comtes de \nI'ouest. L'auteur , accoutume a considerer avec une sorte \nd'entliousiasme une periode ou la gloire de I'aristocratie \nA feudal lord was not yet completely extinct, developing his subject, his characteristics, the tableau of the country and the events in a very animated and analogous way to his character. (^) \"He gives to empty air a local habitation and a name.\nA Roman, he published a work at the age of 27, and the one he gives today, which he has reached at 69, hardly allows one to judge the consistency of his way of feeling in these two periods, since the colors of these productions, presenting the same tints, show that they are the same of his spirit.\nHowever, there is a great difference between these works of imagination and those of the same genre that the author has already produced. Until now, one could scarcely say that his novels presented a plan, whereas that of the current work is deeply combined and developed successively.\nThe story, uninterrupted from beginning to end, is a mysterious one. Readers of various classes will surely judge it differently, depending on the level of probability and interest they find in it, according to their dispositions. It is only too true that the mores of Jacques I's time were stained by acts of violence and injustice. Several great families' cadets were then in a real state of poverty, left to themselves, unemployed, and in a time when public service offered them no resources. Living at a mere distance from an era when Ton made a particular case of gallantry and extraordinary adventures, they were only too disposed to give in to licentious conduct.\nThe current actual situations are far from permitting; yet such a state of affairs can provide a great number of incidents to excite strong emotion and fix the reader, engaging their heart and exercising their imagination.\n\nObjects that are constantly before our eyes lose their ability to stir our sensibilities and awaken our ideas. The purpose of a fiction is to remove us from the monotony of any object that occupies us exclusively or the depression produced by a series of dull ideas. We do not require offerings of trifles that present themselves to us at every moment; instead, we need novelty and opportunities to exert our energy. It is necessary to paint the past with as much force and truth as if it had not ceased to exist.\nce qui n'est qu'ideal , s'offre a nous sous I'apparence de la \nrealite. \nC'est la le but que s'est propose I'auteur de ce Roman. \nLes lecteurs decideront s'il a reussi ou non , suivant que \nleurs idees sympatiseront avec les siennes. II s'est peint \ndans cet ouvrage de son imagination , qui lui paroit me- \nriter la preference sur tous les autres ouvrages sortis de \nsa plume. (*) \n(*) Voyez la Notice Critique du Roman de Coningsby par le \nraenae Auteur, Bibliolheque Unwerselle, Ai^riL, 1822. \nu'^jit- \nId \nry^ \noV \naV \nci- \nO \nLIBRARY OF CONGRESS \niiii \n'in \nMMm \nmm \nii; ", "source_dataset": "Internet_Archive", "source_dataset_detailed": "Internet_Archive_LibOfCong"}, {"title": "Aristarchus; or, The principles of composition:", "creator": "[Withers, Philip], d. 1790. [from old catalog]", "subject": "English language", "publisher": "London, Printed for J. Hearne [etc.]", "date": "1822", "language": "eng", "lccn": "10029508", "page-progression": "lr", "sponsor": "The Library of Congress", "contributor": "The Library of Congress", "scanningcenter": "capitolhill", "mediatype": "texts", "collection": ["library_of_congress", "americana"], "shiptracking": "LC171", "call_number": "5883698", "identifier-bib": "00033279838", "repub_state": "4", "updatedate": "2012-11-06 20:49:24", "updater": "ChristinaB", "identifier": "aristarchusorpri00with", "uploader": "christina.b@archive.org", "addeddate": "2012-11-06 20:49:26", "publicdate": "2012-11-06 20:49:29", "scanner": "scribe11.capitolhill.archive.org", "notes": "No copyright page found. No table-of-contents pages found.", "repub_seconds": "1542", "ppi": "500", "camera": "Canon EOS 5D Mark II", "operator": "associate-antwan-levy@archive.org", "scandate": "20121108180543", "republisher": "associate-marc-adona@archive.org", "imagecount": "410", "foldoutcount": "0", "identifier-access": "http://archive.org/details/aristarchusorpri00with", "identifier-ark": "ark:/13960/t12n6dc9r", "scanfee": "100", "sponsordate": "20121130", "possible-copyright-status": "The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright restrictions for this item.", "backup_location": "ia905601_3", "external-identifier": "urn:oclc:record:848898496", "description": "p. cm", "republisher_operator": "associate-marc-adona@archive.org", "republisher_date": "20121109153220", "ocr_module_version": "0.0.21", "ocr_converted": "abbyy-to-hocr 1.1.37", "page_number_confidence": "98", "page_number_module_version": "1.0.3", "creation_year": 1822, "content": "ARISTARCHUS: OR, THE PRINCIPLES OF COMPOSITION Containing a Methodical Arrangement with Select Rules for Purity and Elegance of Expression. Culpabit quascunque parum Spendoris habebant,\u2014 ambigue dictum, inutanda notabit.\n\nAristarchus. He will not ask why he offends a friend in trifles? Serious matters lead to evil. (Horace::)\n\nLondon:\nPRINTED FOR J. HEARNE, 81, STRAND; W. GOSSLING, 69, NEW BOND STREET; AND C. BROWN, DUKE STREET, LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS.\n\nPrinted by J. V. Dove, St. John's Square.\n\nBiographical Sketch\n\nAuthor.\nPhilip W.thers, D.D., was a writer of considerable distinction in the last century; he was a native of Westbury, in the county of Wilts, at which place his father carried on the business of a clothier. The period of his birth is not known.\nMentioned, but we find that he received the rudiments of education at a school near Westbury^ Being designed for business, he was sent up to London (his father having died when he was only twelve years of age): this plan, however, proving disagreeable to him, he went some time after to the grammar-school at Hull, of which the late Rev. Mr. Milner was the master. He made such rapid progress in his studies that he was admitted a member of Trinity College at Cambridge in the year 1777. Here he continued about one year and a half, when he removed to Queen's College (where Mr. Milner's brother was tutor), and he is said to have attained great proficiency in the Greek and Latin languages.\n\nAbout this time proposals appeared for a splendid edition of the Table of Ceres, with plates and notes, to be published by some gentlemen.\nUniversity of Cambridge scholars, for the benefit of the sons of the clergy, approached Archbishop Cornwallis with a prospectus of their work, soliciting his patronage. Withers, one of the editors, presented the proposal to the prelate. The dignified prelate received him with great civility but declined giving an answer until he had made some inquiries regarding Withers' talents and character. The author subsequently published new proposals with the Archbishop's name affixed as the patron of the intended work. However, due to a misunderstanding among the parties involved, the work never appeared. Shortly after the failure of this undertaking, our Author left Cambridge and went to London, where he received a few young gentlemen upon liberal terms.\nThe terms of remuneration were given to him to prepare him for the University, and in the following year, he obtained the Lectureship of St. Clement, Eastcheap. In 1783, he resided at Paddington and rented Bentinck Chapel. Around the same time, he began his literary career by publishing a letter to the Rev. Samuel Dennis, D.D., Vice-Chancellor of Oxford, in reply to one signed Vindex. Receiving that letter to have been directed against his own character, he endeavored to vindicate himself from the charge of ignorance and methodism, which it contained. He boldly confided in himself and stepped forward, challenging any member of the University of Oxford to a trial of critical skill in the Greek language. This pamphlet is thus characterized in the Monthly Review for that year:\n\nWe have not lately\n(We have not recently)\n\nreceived any publication from this author, but the present letter, in reply to one signed Vindex, is a specimen of his style and manner. It is a bold and confident appeal to the University of Oxford, challenging any member to a trial of critical skill in the Greek language. The author's confidence in his own abilities is not without foundation, as he has already given proofs of his proficiency in that language. The letter is written in a clear, concise, and manly style, and displays a sound understanding of the principles of criticism. It is a pity that the author has not chosen a more worthy antagonist, as the arguments advanced by Vindex are weak and unconvincing. Overall, the pamphlet is a commendable effort and is sure to attract attention.\nA better-written performance was perused. The language is spirited and elegant; the sentiments are candid, liberal, and modestly advanced, and the whole bespeaks a gentleman and a scholar. In 1787, he published a pamphlet under the title of Cassandra. In 1789, he produced Aristarchus, or The Principles of Composition, which is beyond question the most valuable of all his productions and may justly entitle him to rank among the first of the philosophical philologists in this or any other country. With the publication of Home Tooke's learned work, Winged Words, or The Dirctions of Purley, in 1786, it is highly probable that this circumstance induced Withers to write his Aristarchus. In this work, he has every claim to originality; his style is elegant.\nThe philosopher was perspicacious and powerful; his explanations of the alphabet, description of symbols, and of the circle were beyond praise. In the same year, he distinguished himself by writing several pamphlets on the subject of the King's indisposition, the Regency, and the supposed matrimonial connection between the Prince of Wales and Mrs. Fitzherbert. He also published a work entitled \"Nemesis,\" but he was not its author; he received the manuscript from an unknown person at the time he was writing against the supposed marriage of Mrs. Fitzherbert and the Prince of Wales. For publishing Nemesis, he was prosecuted and convicted. When brought up to receive judgment, his conduct was extremely indiscreet and tended in no small degree to exaggerate his punishment, which was a fine of fifty pounds.\nAnd he was imprisoned in Newgate for the space of twelve calendar months. During this term of confinement, he died in consequence of a fever occasioned by overheating himself at a game of fives. This event took place in July, 1790, when he was buried at Chelsea near London.\n\nHis widow, and a son and daughters, are still living, but they are wholly unconcerned in the publication of this work (although it was, upon the death of the Author in 1790, published for their benefit). We insert these remarks at the request of Mr. Withers.\n\nAristarchus\n\nChap. I.\n\nBefore I enter upon the subject of my Essay, I must solicit the Attention of my Reader to a few Remarks on the Dignity and Importance of a cultivated Mind. I begin with observing, that infinite Wisdom has given to man a faculty superior to all other creatures, that of Reason. This faculty, when duly improved, elevates his Mind to the contemplation of the grandest Objects, and enables him to discover the hidden Secrets of Nature. It is this Faculty which raises him above the brute Creation, and distinguishes him from the rest of the Animal World. Therefore, it is the Duty of every Man to cultivate his Mind, and to improve his Reason, as the best Means of rendering himself worthy of the Divine Blessing.\n\nInfinite Wisdom\nIn this order of existence, Man enjoys a glorious pre-eminence. Not from any excellence in his material frame; for he is obviously surpassed in vegetation, instinct, and animal energy. His supreme distinction is Mind\u2014an immortal principle, cherished and adorned by Science.\n\nOf the perceptions which constitute intellectual life, irrational creatures appear to be destitute. It is physically impossible for them to ascend to intellectual pursuits. By acting under the immediate influence of animal appetite, they complete the purposes of their existence, and they are blameless. But if Man acquiesce in sensual satisfactions, regardless of the cultivation of Intellect, he is highly culpable. Nor do I:\n\n(Note: The text seems to be cut off at the end, making it impossible to determine if there is any more content to clean. Therefore, I will output the available text as is.)\n\nMan's supreme distinction is his Mind\u2014an immortal principle, cherished and adorned by Science. Irrational creatures lack the capacity for intellectual pursuits due to their physical limitations. They act under the immediate influence of animal appetite and complete the purposes of their existence, blamelessly. However, Man, if he forsakes the cultivation of Intellect and indulges in sensual satisfactions, is highly culpable.\nA person cannot justify his claim to human nature by what law of analogy. He may plead external appearances, but in Plato's judgment and reason, he is merely a brute. This is an age of letters and liberal inquiry. The importance of intellectual improvement is seldom disputed. Some individuals may argue that learning is useless because we can get by without it. I know enough to write an account for goods and how to write a letter, and as for your learning, grammar, and all that, what good will it do me? I have often heard Alderman Leatherhead say that riches are the main chance, and it is true enough.\nFor the matter of that, what is a man without money? When I go upon change to do my business, I see plainly that it is money that carries the day. Therefore, give me the cash, and let whoever will take your learning. Such is the usual tone of argument with those who have no ideas but what arise from purchase and sale, the weight and admeasurement of the various articles of trade. Their reasoning is not entitled to an elaborate confutation. If our pursuits are to be limited to that which is absolutely necessary, we ought to resign not only the elegances of life, but even its conveniences. Our citizen ought to retire to the solitude of a desert or the recesses of a forest. A den will answer the purposes of a house; and acorns and water will supply the necessities of life.\nWater is an excellent substitute for roast beef and porter. The skins of our four-legged brethren will furnish us with clothing, and if you please, like a true son of nature - or a natural man - he may live unenvied and die unknown. But this worthy advocate for ignorance may not be disposed to resign the comforts of the city for the amusements of a rural life. And he is certainly at liberty to act as he pleases. I have only to request him to remember that the soul, from its immortality and excellence, is infinitely more valuable than the perishable materials of animal nature. Every argument in support of attention to the body is infinitely more cogent and conclusive in application to the mind. Man is formed for intercourse with man, and it is criminal to withdraw from the claims of society. Cultivation of the mind and a preference for intellectual pursuits are essential.\n\nAristarchus.\n\nMan is an excellent substitute for roast beef and porter. The hides of our four-legged brethren will provide us with clothing, and if you please, like a true son of nature - or a natural man - he may live unenvied and die unknown. But this worthy advocate for ignorance may not be disposed to resign the comforts of the city for the amusements of a rural life. And he is certainly at liberty to act as he pleases. I have only to request him to remember that the soul, from its immortality and excellence, is infinitely more valuable than the perishable materials of animal nature. Every argument in support of attention to the body is infinitely more cogent and conclusive in application to the mind. Man is formed for intercourse with man, and it is criminal to withdraw from the claims of society. Cultivation of the mind and a preference for intellectual pursuits are essential.\n\nAristarchus.\nParting for eternal scenes, would be a sufficient apology, were it impossible, in active life, to worship God and improve our reason. But if the momentous concerns of our intelligent nature will not countenance a disregard to the duties of society, be assured no attention to the duties of society will justify neglect of mind. The man, therefore, who discharges all the claims of civil and domestic life with the utmost tenderness and integrity, is only an amiable brute if his mind be a barren, uncultivated wild. That divine Personage, who was best qualified to give us a just estimate of our mortal and immortal natures, expressly declared that the body and its concerns, relatively considered, are not worthy of anxious thought.\n\nAristarchus: \"The body and its concerns, relatively considered, are not worthy of anxious thought.\" (Aristarchus, 7)\n\nThe brevity of life and the vanity of all created goods afford another argument to this effect.\nRepress the Ardour of innocent minds and sink them into inactivity and stupefaction. But the brevity of life ought to be a powerful incentive to activity and enterprise.\n\nOn the vanity of sensual pursuits, Solomon is full and convincing. Of the impiety of reproaching Jehovah as the vain author of a vain creation, he is innocent. \"Every creature of God is good,\" and a temperate use is the privilege of man. But if we expect permanent delight from transient gratification, our hope is vain indeed. There is a degree of animal pleasure beyond which no art can extend enjoyment. It is the measure of nature; and when that is full, it is in vain to solicit appetite by delicious viands or to court repose on beds of down. The tedious interval must be passed in langor and discontent, or in pursuit of visionary joys.\n\n8 Aristarchus.\nThere is no impropriety in amassing wealth by honorable means; nor any sin, that I know, in a splendid equipage or a magnificent habitation. But he who promises himself happiness from such distinctions most assuredly dreams of that which will never be realized. He may, if he pleases, add house to house and field to field. He may aggrandize his family and possess the first honors and emoluments of the state, but genuine happiness is not his destiny. A distempered imagination will be ever on the wing, chasing some gay illusion from Bath to Brighton, from Dan to Beersheba, till Death. And this, Solomon might well pronounce vanity and vexation of spirit. I have been speaking of those on whom Heaven, in its high displeasure, has bestowed affluence, but denied the love of wisdom. As to the man who has a taste for it, he is not among them.\nFor mental improvement, he is in little danger of passing his life in indolence and disgust; for such is the transcendent excellency of the mind, that its sensibilities are refined by use, and its powers strengthened by enjoyment. A succession of brighter prospects affords it a perpetual feast, and contributes to render it serene and undaunted under the afflictions of life. From the experience of this important truth, the enraptured Solomon exclaims:\n\n\"If your delight be in thrones and scepters, O ye kings, honor wisdom, that you may live for evermore.\n\nWisdom is more beautiful than the sun, and above all the orders of the stars. Great pleasure it is to enjoy her friendship, and in the works of her hands are infinite riches,\n\nI preferred wisdom before thrones and scepters, before health and beauty; for her company is more desirable than the most precious possessions.\"\nWays are ways of pleasantness, and all her paths are peace. The superiority of science as to dignity and pleasure, being thus established on the authority of inspiration, I desire to be informed with whom a virtuous philosopher can be compared in terms of public utility?\n\n1. Aristarchus.\n\nWith the Sordid or the Abandoned? I do not condescend to the comparison.\n\nWith an Industrious peasantry? They are, I acknowledge, a valuable order of society; destined to the enjoyment of far greater happiness than luxurious lords. For they are not at leisure to be so supremely wretched. But as they minister only to the wants of our inferior nature, we must be content with placing them above their indolent masters.\n\nWith Politicians and Statesmen? If we may credit one who knew them well, even \"the Peasant, whose skill in agriculture causes two grains of wheat to grow,\" (Aristotle, Politics, Book I, 1256a)\nWhere one grew before is of more value to his Country than all the Politicians and Statesmen who ever lived. With Heroes and Warriors, a Patriot is a sacred name. To die in Defense of Freedom is truly magnanimous. But those illustrious savages who pollute their laurels in the Blood of the Innocent, who traverse the Globe to invade the Rights of their fellow-men, merit the deepest abhorrence. From those scenes of Violence and Desolation which mark the Progress of their Victories, turn to the mild and beneficent Pursuits of a NEWTON. On one hand you hear the Lamentations of Widows and Orphans and ruined Innocence; on the other, the Song of Angels, Glory to God on High; on Earth Peace and good Will towards Men. With Kings? If a King be a Philosopher.\n\nAristarchus. 11\n\nFellow-Men, and gratify Ambition, Availability, and Lust, merit the deepest Abhorrence. From those Scenes of Violence and Desolation which mark the Progress of their Victories, turn to the mild and beneficent Pursuits of a NEWTON. One hand you hear the Lamentations of Widows and Orphans and ruined Innocence; on the other, the Song of Angels, Glory to God on High; on Earth Peace and good Will towards Men. With Kings? If a King be a Philosopher.\nA sophist, said Plato, is a blessing to his people: if not, said Henry the First, he is only an ass crowned. And hence the propriety of Dr. Johnson's remark, \"the truest ornament and the greatest benefits of a nation are its learned and virtuous authors.\"\n\nA writer of distinction has delivered his sentiments on this subject as follows: \"A young man, just entering upon life, with an opulent fortune and a high taste of pleasure, thinks that he has in his hands the means of being perfectly happy, and reckons it his peculiar good fortune that he is not obliged to labor in any business or profession, but has leisure to be happy. But he does not consider that leisure, though the wish of all men, is the source of the greatest evils.\" (William of Malmsbury, p. 87. 12 ARISTARCHUS.)\n\"Misery is detrimental to our species if not rightly employed. I know of no vice or folly that is not derived from it. The arts and sciences are necessary to fill up the time of the rich and idle, who otherwise would lead a miserable and contemptible life. Such men would be much opposed, if compared with savages, whom they will hardly allow to be of the same species; and yet it is certain that it is only by science that we have any advantages over them. I do not know that there is on the face of the earth a more useless, more contemptible, and more miserable animal than a wealthy, illiterate, luxurious man.\" - Aristarchus.\n\nSection I.\nIndulging the hope that my Reader is fully convinced of the Dignity and Importance of Science, I proceed to demonstrate.\nThe Soul of Man must be considered either as endowed with unequal and dissimilar Powers, or as furnished with unequal and dissimilar Media of Perception. It is a position, which cannot be controverted, that the intellectual Energies of Milton are stronger and more exquisite than those of an Idiot. To whose fleeting Ideas could you give Stability, and thus prevent Forgetfulness of one Part of a Proposition till you had explained the other, you could not enrich him with a brilliant Imagination, nor a correct and solid Judgment. *Comparatively speaking.\n\nBut to whatever Cause you ascribe the Difference between Milton and an Idiot, it must be admitted that Men in general are susceptible of Ideas; and, as Ideas are the Materials of Science, they are susceptible of mental Improvement. It is not within the capabilities of this text to fully express this idea.\nA Consciousness of Ideas is obtained by Inspiration, Contemplation, and Human Intercourse. Consistently with the purest Dictates of Reason, we may believe that a reciprocal Communication exists between the Deity and his intelligent Creation. We have many Proofs on holy Record of an immediate Intimation of the divine Pleasure, and believing Men are, in every Page, encouraged to make known their Requests to God. It is to be lamented, however, that Inspiration is frequently pleaded in Support of Insanity and Fraud.\n\nBy Ideas of Contemplation, I mean such as are derived from deep thought and reflection.\nas might be obtained by the unassisted efforts of a Man of common understanding in Solitude. Now it is impossible to prove, by Argument a priori, that in such a state he would acquire any valuable ideas. On the contrary, we have fact to assure us that the impressions of natural phenomena and the consequent operations of intellect would not elevate him above a Brute. For several of our species have been discovered in Forests, on the Continent, most deplorable instances of the wretchedness of uncultivated mind. The human form was complete, but no speech, no intelligence!\n\nHuman communication, therefore, is the grand source of ideas. To the vast multitude it is the only source. To combine and diversify the accumulated wisdom of ages is easy; to instruct the World by felicity of invention is the lot of few. But if Science is so valuable, and Genius exists, let us cherish and cultivate it.\nSo rare, we can never be sufficiently grateful to Almighty God for SPEECH, that divine scheme for the Conveyance of Sentiment, and the Establishment of general Intercourse \u2014 the Parent, or the Friend of all that adorns, and of all that delights, the Soul of Man.\n\n16 ARISTARCHUS.\n\nAnd hence the Utility of the Essay to which I have the Honor of soliciting public Indulgence. For without Precision of Language, there can be no Precision of Idea. Law would appear unintelligible Jargon, and the sublimest Conceptions of the Philosopher a Mass of Absurdities: Science would be dethroned; and brutal Sensuality and Appetite would rage without Control. So various, indeed, and so convincing are the Arguments which naturally arise from the present View of the Subject, that the candid Reader might be justly displeased, if I questioned.\nHis Conviction of the Excellence and Use of Verbal Criticism. I request leave to adduce the testimony of some Authors of Name and Integrity.\n\nAllisterus, 17.\nCicero,\n\"In what manner each person speaks to a Boy.\"*\nQuintilian.\nThe first in the art of speaking and writing will find a place with the Grammarians. ** Neither should those be endured who cavil at this Art, as if it were slender and meager; it is necessary for the orator-to-be to lay a firm foundation, and whatever you build upon it will stand. Necessary for boys, pleasing to old men, sweet to secretaries, and possessing more labor than show in any kind of study. ** The inner workings of this art will become apparent to those who approach it, revealing much subtlety in matters that not only sharpen childish intellects but also exercise the highest learning and knowledge. **\nIt is of the highest importance to speak with propriety from early youth. An excellence in writing and speaking is founded on grammatical knowledge. Many are the disorders and inconveniences which follow from an ill use of words in conversation, discourse, and arguments with others. For language being the means whereby men convey their discoveries, reasonings, and knowledge from one to another, he that uses words without any clear and steady meaning leads himself and others into error. Most disputes in the world would end of themselves and immediately vanish if the words used in them were defined and reduced to a certain signification. When I see any one of those combatants strip all his terms of ambiguity and obscurity, I shall think him a champion for knowledge, truth, and clarity.\n\nAristarchus, Locke.\nPeace is neither trifling nor unpleasant, for the fabric that is raised on any other foundation soon falls. It is necessary in youth, pleasing in age, and a delightful companion in retirement. Contrary to all other studies, it has more utility than ostentation. Those who engage in this important pursuit will find it not only adapted to expand and invigorate the powers of youth but to exercise the profoundest erudition and the most exquisite taste.\n\nAristarchus. \"Grammatical Learning, which is now almost confined to boys, well deserves to be the study of men. For we have some reason to doubt whether language, as it has been hitherto employed, has contributed more to the improvement or to the hindrance of knowledge amongst mankind.\n\nLord Chesterfield\n\nNow if it be necessary to attend so particularly to our manner of speaking, it is essential.\nMuch more so with respect to the matter. Fine turns of expression, a genteel and correct style are ornaments as requisite to common sense, as polite behavior and an elegant address are to common good manners. Even trifles elegantly expressed will be better received than the best of arguments, homespun and unadorned. Be careful of your style upon all occasions, whether you write or speak, study for the best words and the best expressions; and, if you are in doubt concerning the propriety or elegance of any word, have recourse to some good author on the subject immediately. Nothing is more en- voguish than this.\n\nThere is a certain distinguishing diction that marks the man of fashion, a certain language that every man of education possesses: aim at that.\nThe propriety of introducing English grammar into schools is undisputed. A competent knowledge of our language is both useful and ornamental for all, and a critical knowledge of it is absolutely necessary for persons of a liberal education. With respect to our own language, there seems to be a claim upon all who use it to do something for its improvement. The best thing we can do for this purpose is to exhibit its actual structure and the varieties with which it is used. When these are once distinctly pointed out, I entreat such of our youth of fortune as are diligent in selecting the deformities of Chesterfield, to attend also to his beauties. Chesterfield was no pedant, yet a great and sincere advocate for learning.\nAristarchius. The best forms of speech and those most agreeable to language analogy will soon recommend themselves and come into general use. When, by this means, the language is written with sufficient uniformity, we may hope to see a complete grammar of it. At present, it is by no means ripe for such a work; but we may approach it quickly if all qualified persons make remarks upon it.\n\nThe progress of every branch of real science seems to have been prodigiously accelerated of late. The present age may hope to see a new and capital advance in the history of every branch of useful knowledge, and I hope that the English language will come in for its share of improvement and acquire a more fixed and established character than it can boast at present.\n\nDr. Blair.\nThe study of composition is important at all times, but has acquired additional significance in the present age. Improvements in every field of science have been pursued with ardor, and the liberal arts have received much attention. The beauty of language and the grace and elegance of every kind of writing have been particularly valued. The public ear has become refined and will not easily tolerate what is slovenly and incorrect. Every author must aspire to merit in expression as well as sentiment if he does not want to risk being neglected and despised. However, I would be sorry if we could not attribute the merit of such studies to something of solid and intrinsic value, independent of appearance and show. The exercise of taste and sound criticism is indeed one of the truths.\nThe most improving Employments of the Understanding. The Structure of Language is extremely artificial, and there are few Sciences in which a deeper or more refined Logic is employed than in Grammar. It is apt to be slighted by superficial Thinkers, as belonging to those Rudiments of Knowledge which were inculcated upon us in our earliest Youth. But what was then inculcated before we could comprehend its Principles would abundantly repay our Study in maturer Years. Aristarchus. 23 and to the Ignorance of it, must be attributed many of those fundamental Defects which appear in Writing. Few Authors have written with philosophical Accuracy on the Principles of General Grammar, and what is more to be regretted, fewer still have thought of applying those Principles to the English Language. While the French Tongue has been an Object of extensive Study, the English, though the most copious and the most eloquent of all European Languages, has been neglected, and its Grammar has remained in a state of great obscurity.\nAttention to many able Writers of that Nation, who have considered its construction and determined its propriety with great accuracy, the Genius and Grammar of the English language have not been studied with equal care or ascertained with the same precision. Attempts have been made indeed of late towards supplying this defect; and some able Writers have entered on the Subject. But much remains yet to be done. Whatever the advantages or defects of the English Language be, as it is our own, it deserves a high degree of our study and attention, both with regard to the choice of Words which we employ, and with regard to the Syntax, or the arrangement of these Words in a Sentence. We know how much study both the French and the Italians have bestowed upon theirs.\nKnowledge may be acquired by the study of other languages, but it can never be communicated effectively unless by those who can write and speak their own language well. Let the matter of an author be ever so good and useful, his compositions will always suffer in public esteem if his expression is deficient in purity and propriety. At the same time, the attainment of a correct and elegant style is an object which demands application and labor. If anyone imagines they can catch it merely by the ear or acquire it by a slight perusal of some of our good authors, they will find themselves much disappointed. The many errors, even in point of grammar, the many offenses against the purity of language, which are committed by writers who are far from being contemptible, demonstrate that a careful study of the language is previously required.\nHe who is learning to arrange his Sentences with Accuracy and Order is learning, at the same time, to think with Accuracy and Order. This alone justifies all the Care and Attention we can bestow.\n\nAristarchus. 25.\n\nWe cannot reflect on the wonderful Power of Language without the highest Admiration. What a fine Vehicle it has become for all the Conceptions of the human Mind, even for the most subtle and delicate Workings of the Imagination! From being a rude and imperfect Interpreter of Men's Wants and Necessities, it has now passed into an Instrument of the most delicate and refined Luxury. We admire several Inventions of Art, we plume ourselves on some Discoveries, which have been made in latter Ages to advance Knowledge, and to render Life comfortable. We speak of them as the:\nBoast of human Reason; but certainly no Invention is entitled to any such Degree of Admiration as Language. Horn Tooke. Language is an Art and a glorious one, whose Influence extends over all the others, and in which finally all Science must centre. It was perhaps for Mankind a lucky Mistake (for it was a Mistake) which Mr. Locke made when he called his Book, an Essay on Human Understanding. Part of the inestimable Benefit of that Book has, merely on account of its Title, reached many Thousands more than, I fear, it would have done, had he called it (what it is merely) A Grammatical Essay, or a Treatise on Words or on Language. The human Mind, or the human Understanding, appears to be a grand and noble Theme; and all Men, even the most insufficient, conceive it to be a proper Object for their Contemplation.\nWhile inquiries into the nature of language are in less reputation, those who neither have the accent of Christian, Pagan, nor human, nor can speak with as much propriety as Balaam's ass, imagine words to be infinitely beneath their exalted understandings. I beg leave to remind Mr. Tooke of the excellent adage ignoti nulla cupido. Without a medium of perception, every species of evidence and persuasion is vain. The beauties which the Deity has exhibited in such profusion in the face of nature are no beauties to the blind, nor any argument of a first cause to an idiot. Irrational animals have no desire to enjoy the intellectual powers of man; nor do we ever attempt to dispose of these powers to irrational animals.\nIt is beneath the dignity of Science to reproach an Ass, of any form, for stupidity. Neglected Reason is amply avenged. No one ever despised Beauty who possessed it.\n\nAristarcius. 27\n\nCONCLUSION,\nIt might have been deemed dishonorable had I appealed to the Passions before the Understanding became the convert of Argument; but after such ample and convincing Evidence of the Dignity and Utility of cultivated Speech, I hope I may have Leave to ask, what Parent, however poor, if his Heart be animated by a proper Solicitude for his Offspring, will deny it Instruction so cheaply purchased? The finest Parts and the most noble Endowments may be buried in Obscurity, and like unpolished Gems have Value without Lustre, and Excellence without Use. In a Country, therefore, where the Industrious may become affluent, and the poor have opportunity to better their condition, let them not neglect the acquisition of Speech and Reason, which are the true sources of Dignity and Utility.\nAffluent individuals ascend to the chief Employments of the State; it is an indispensable Duty to bestow on Children the best Education that circumstances admit. The importance of a correct Mode of Expression in BUSINESS is sufficiently obvious. Shopmen, clerks, apprentices, and all who are engaged in the transactions of commercial life, may be assured that the acquisition will procure them respect and be highly conducive to their advancement in life. In the Pulpit, the Senate, at the Bar, and in all public Assemblies, it is necessary to speak with Purity and Elegance. And though some instances may occur of insurmountable Timidity, it may be advanced as a general Truth that a Promethean Fire, such as inflamed the Eloquence of Greece, arises from CONFIDENCE. Hence, graceful Action, splendid Diction, and irresistible eloquence.\nThe accomplished Orator, satisfied that nothing will escape him contrary to the Rules of good Speaking, gives the Reins to Eloquence. Calm amidst the Storm, he reviews the Debate and selects new Arguments of Opposition and Defence. However, a luminous Arrangement of Matter, nor a masterly System of Reasoning, nor captivating Diction, must be expected from him who, in the Moment of Contest, is employed about Words. He may deliver a premeditated Speech with tolerable Grace and Propriety, but a Man is of no Estimation, as a Speaker, unless he is able to reply. Some of the most upright of our Senators are frequently silent when Questions are before the House of the Empire of last Consequence to their Interests. They doubt if they shall speak well, and they are therefore afraid to speak at all.\n\nAristarchus. 29.\nPermit me to add a few words on the advantages that may be derived from this Essay by the younger part of the community. In the first place, I hope I have performed an acceptable service for the Ladies, by assisting them in the acquisition of their native language, and by rendering the access to Italian and French easy and delightful. For when universal principles are comprehended, particular application is rather amusement than labour. This will be eminently useful to young Gentlemen, who are in a course of classical studies. The Strictures are methodically arranged under the several parts of speech, and every precept is delivered in so plain and familiar a manner, that parents themselves may easily instruct their children, if their situation in life denies them the assistance of a master. It being a general complaint, that\nYoung people are frequently unable to discuss topics of general utility. I have selected a variety of valuable observations in the arts and sciences for their conversation and amusement. With this important objective in view, I have sometimes illustrated a grammatical precept with a lengthy passage, but I hope it requires no apology.\n\nHaving anticipated and, I trust, refuted every objection which the Sordid, the Abandoned, and the Indolent may make to the study of language in general, and of the English language in particular, I have only to request my reader to do me the justice to believe that I have written from motives as pure and disinterested as the present state of mortality allows. And if any author conceives that\nMy Strictures are sometimes severe, I entreat him to consider, that great Indulgence is due to a Treatise of this Nature; for without Freedom of Disquisition and Censure, its End could not be accomplished. I have in no instance deliberately violated the Laws of Candour and Politeness; for it is foreign to the Desires of my Heart to give a Moment's Uneasiness to a worthy Man.\n\nAristarchus\nON VERBS.\n\nVERBS.\nCHAP. II.\n\nAs I purpose, before the Conclusion of the Treatise, to solicit Attention to a new Theory of Language, I will not detain my Reader by an elaborate Definition of its constituent Parts. In publishing my Remarks in distinct Sections, I consult the convenience of those who may not clearly comprehend the Whole on a first Reading. They may recur, as often as they please, to any difficult or favorite Section without Embarrassment.\nIdeas or needless repetition of passages already understood. The Mind of Man, as Dr. Johnson observes, reaches the summits of human intelligence through short, vigorous flights.\n\n34 VERBS.\n\nOF CONCORD,\nOR THE AGREEMENT BETWEEN VERBS AND NOUNS.\n\nThe force of habitual expression is the only apology which can be admitted for the violation of the laws of concord. But this apology is to be restricted to familiar conversation. In letters, in public orations, and in compositions from the press, the transgression is highly disgraceful. And the presumption, that the public will pardon our negligence on the plea of \"attention to things rather than to words,\" is at once indecent and absurd.\n\nSingular for the plural.\n1. In the British Army, in time of peace, there is seventy-two regiments of foot. * Dr. Trusler's Compendium, p. 139.\n\nVERBS. 35.\nThe Poziders of Lightnings, when accompanied with Thunder, is great and wonderful. (Dr. Trusler's CompeDciuni, p. 71, 1745)\n\nThe Battle of Fontenoy was one of the bloodiest in the present Age. The prodigies of valour exhibited by the English Infantry was the astonishment of mankind. (Annual Register, vol. xvii, p. 7)\n\nShe had her eyes put out when a child and was carried about by a Beggar Woman to excite charity.\n\nThe streets are so dirty that my shoes are not fit to be seen.\n\nThis Day is published. Memoirs of the King of Prussia.\n\nThe monstrous Craws, or wild human Beings, are to be seen in the Haymarket.\nThe classical Scholar recalls Juvenal's Verse.\n\nWho marvels at the bloated throat in the Alps?\n\nIn the above instances, it ought to be \"are,\" not \"is.\" For monstrous crows, memoirs, shoes, streets, eyes, prodigies, and regiments are plural.\n\n8. When I told you that sixteen ounces of gold would gild a quantity of silver wire sufficient to circumscribe the Globe, you were surprised,\n9. You were in earnest and sought attention.\n\nThis use of the word \"you\" is indefinite. It requires a verb plural. The learned Professor might write with equal propriety, \"you are in earnest, you seek attention.\" It may be urged that the phrase \"you was\" frequently occurs in some good authors and may, on that account, be classified as English idioms. To which I reply, if those great and worthy Men who have contributed so much to the refinement of the language used such expressions, it is incumbent upon us to preserve them, lest we lose the richness and variety of our tongue.\nIf Dr. Blair had valued Reason and Analogy over Authority in our language, we would be, at this Moment, in the Situation of Hottentots. Dr. Blair wrote in his Lectures, vol. ii, p. 219, \"We write and speak, your Lordship knows. I am often at a Loss to determine whether that which I write is the real Idiom of the Tongue, or false Grammar and Nonsense couched under that specious Name. The late Bishop of London pronounced the Phrase in Question 'an enormous Solecism'. And Dr. Campbell observed, 'that all those Phrases, which include a Solecism or Absurdity, when examined by the established Rules of Grammar, ought to be discarded'. It is this Sort of Phraseology which is sheltered under the Epithet Idiomatical, originally the Spawn of Ignorance and Affectation.\n10. When an East wind and West wind rage, and meets each other with fury, they excite whirlwinds, tempests, and hurricanes, which sweep away all before them.\n11. The zeal and amity of his physical friends seem to have rendered them very careful of doing enough for him.\n\nIt is a received opinion among some grammarians that any two nouns which express synonymous ideas may be used in construction with a verb singular. But if the ideas are synonymous, one of them is unnecessary; if they are distinct, reason and analogy demand a plural. In either case, it is a blemish in composition. It is indisputably more correct and elegant to associate a verb plural with two nouns; and it has this advantage\u2014be the words synonymous or distinct.\nYou cannot be in error, I am not ignorant that the Practice may be supported by the Syntax of ancient Languages. But what have we to do with foreign Idioms? It is Wisdom to enrich our Vocabulary with Words from every quarter of the Globe; but an indignity to suffer any Nation to control our Style. In Grecian Authors, an unrivaled Felicity of Diction adorns every Page. With this exception in Arts, in Arms, and in Language, we need acknowledge no superior. *Ta TTiQ ^vxrig KTr)fxaTa firidafiwg iTTto-^aXij larl.^ AXXa TravTavTTOTCKjaeTai Qei^y^ is good Greek; but did the Romans condescend to adopt the Idiom? No. Nor am I able to see the Propriety of regulating English Phraseology by Roman Construction.\n\nThe Treasures of the Mind are the only Treasures not subject to Adversity. But all things are subject to God.\n\nVERBS. 39.\nWe have a noble language, admirably adapted to every species of composition, from the elegant simplicity of Addison in prose to the majesty of the Muse of Paradise in verse. It is a law of composition not to encumber your sentences with superfluous words. If the Doctor means the simple amity which he expresses by zeal, he has broken this law. If he desires to convey distinct ideas by the terms, the expression is not English. I would be exposed to infinite contempt were I to write \u2013 The King and his Majesty is to reside this Summer at Windsor. If I urge in my defense, \"King\" and \"Majesty\" are synonymous, the reply would be, then one must be superfluous. Were I to admit that \"King\" refers to a foreign sovereign on a visit at the Court of London, any schoolboy would inform me that I had written false grammar. Mark the conclusion.\nWisdom and Folly divide the World. In strict propriety, if Wisdom divides the World, Folly must subdivide.\nOne and one are two. This expression is proper. Let it also be written in the vulgar manner: one and one is two. The structure is now ellipsis. Let us see what figure it will make when the ellipsis is supplied: one is two, and one is two. Consequently, one and one are four.\n\nIt is a very common error, especially in speaking, to use \"there is\" instead of \"there are,\" and \"here is\" for \"here are.\"\n\nThere's your shoes. Here's your boots.\n\nWhenever they forsake their vices, there are many who flatter themselves that they have forsaken their vices.\n\nSuch vulgarisms may be expected from domestics and from the lower orders of society; but they are a reproach to people of education.\nIt is the historian's province to record important revolutions, while detailing civil and domestic occurrences is the lot of all. It is therefore incumbent on us all to aim for a clear and agreeable manner of relating common incidents of life. The feelings of the company are assuredly exceedingly wearisome when two-thirds of the words employed on the occasion consist of \"says I\" and \"says he,\" and so on. It is the best evidence of a happy talent in communicating information when you make, by your tones and gestures, the repetition of such phrases unnecessary. I remind you that the expression \"says J\" not only has an unpleasant, hissing sound, in common with \"says he\" and \"says she,\" but is also a solecism.\n\nIf there were no tale-bearers.\nContention would cease. That is, without tale-bearers, I say contention would cease. You may easily avoid both harshness and impropriety by substituting \"said\" I and \"said\" he. The historian may be indulged in the use of \"says he,\" if he supposes it will exhibit an event to greater advantage, e.g.\n\nMr. Cole, our consul at Algiers, complained to the Dey about the injuries his vessels received from the Algerines. His complaint was fair and ingenuous; the Algerines, he said, were a company of rogues, and I am their captain.\n\nIt is worth noting that there is no elegance in using \"says\" on this occasion. And it is still more remarkable that there is no necessity for using it at all. Were it omitted, there would be far more grace and energy in the expression. It is now feeble in its tautology.\n\n18. Mr. Cole, our consul at Algiers, complained to the Dey about the injuries his vessels received from the Algerines. The Algerines, he declared, were a company of rogues, and he was their captain.\n\nVERBS. 43\n\nMr. Cole, our consul at Algiers, complained to the Dey about the injuries his vessels received from the Algerines. The Algerines, he declared, were rogues, and he was their captain.\nThe Algerines, he replied, are a Company of Rogues. But if it's unnecessary in a written Narrative, it's intolerable in an Anecdote delivered viva voce. He is a lifeless Speaker, for instance, with no inflection of voice, no variation of tone, who is under the necessity of using the phrase \"he says\" to inform his Audience, that the Dey is the Personage who speaks. It may also be remarked, that \"answer\" would be more proper here than \"reply.\" I speak \u2013 You answer. I reply \u2013 You rejoin. 1. The Question. 2. The Answer. 3. The Reply. 4. The Rejoinder, &c. &c.\n\nDr. Shaw's Travels. \"By Word of Mouth.\"\n\n44 VERBS\nPLURAL FOR THE SINGULAR.\n\n1. No Officer dares contradict or dispute, or disobey, the orders of his superior officer.\n2. The camel eats little and lives commonly for years. To make it go on, the Driver needs only whistle or sing.\nAs officer is not a plural noun, it ought to be dares. And for the same reason, needs, e.g., I have seen an ostrich swallow bullets, burning hot from the mould, which no other animal dares to do. Shakspeare.\n\nI dare do all that becomes a man;\nWho dares do more is none,\nShakspeare.\n\nIf weevils infest the corn, the farmer needs only put a lobster or two on the heap, and in less than four hours the weevils will quit the barn or perish.\n\nAllow not nature more than nature needs.\nShakspeare.\n\nThe expression \"were it\" is very proper. It is conditional, and may be varied.\n\nWere it not for the fixed stars, it would be extremely difficult, if not impossible, to prove the annual motion of the Earth.\n\nIf it were not for the fresh air,\nWhich is let into the pond, fishes would die,\nwhen the surface is frozen. But the expression \"it were,\" without any hypothesis or condition annexed, is inadmissible. E.G.\n\nIt were to be wished that princes would lay aside their foolish projects of conquest and dominion, and consult the real happiness of themselves and their subjects.\n\nLetters on Agriculture. Dr. Goldsmith.\n\nWe shall be convinced of the impropriety of this construction, by prefixing \"if\" to the words \"it were to be wished.\" The sense is not complete; for it is a positive, unconditional proposition, and it ought to be in the indicative mode. It is to be wished that princes would lay aside their silly projects is the proper expression.\n\nThe phrase \"I could wish\" is equally exceptional, when the sentence is unconditional.\nI. The error is not in Point of Concord, yet I ask leave to notice it under the present Section.\n\n10. I could wish the merit and greatness of a man were estimated according to his virtue and abilities, not according to his fortune. To this wish, I cordially assent. To the manner of expressing it, my duty compels me to object. The worthy author should have written, \"I wish the merit, etc.\" There is no hypothesis or reserve to justify the admission of \"could.\" In the following instance, and upon all similar occasions, it is proper and necessary.\n\nVERBS. 47\n\n11. He has so provoked me, I could wish him dead. I could kill him, were he not my child.\n\nThe distinction is obvious. In the former instance, if we reject \"could,\" the expression will be full and nervous. If we dismiss it from the latter instance, it will indicate a lack of control or intent.\nWish I had no existence in a father's breast. Though he has so grievously provoked me, I do not desire his death \u2014 he is my child \u2014 paternal feelings arrest my vengeance.\n\nThe Sun is in the center of our system. The planets which move round him are six in number, and their names are: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn.\n\nIt ought to be: Their names are as follows \u2014 as the account which follows. On most occasions, it is more elegant to admit: Were you asked the name of a man of war, it would be ridiculous to answer, it is as follows, the Alfred. If the question extended to several ships, it would be equally unnecessary to say, they are as follows, the Ganges, the Triumph, the 48.\n\nIrresistible. In justification of the phrase, it may be urged, that the true construction is:\n\nIrresistible. In justification of the phrase, it may be urged that the true construction is:\nThe Names are as follows:\nTo which I reply, AS is a term of similitude. And the expression, as they follow, implies that the Names are like themselves! But the Names are AS, or LIKE the account \u2013 as, or like the statement which follows.\n\nThe Cape of Good Hope, as well as many islands in the West Indies, are famous for hurricanes.\nUnpardonable negligence! The Cape of Good Hope are!\n\nIt is praiseworthy to abstain from injury; but that isn't enough; you must also learn to do good.\nAvoid unpardonable negligence, even when the construction admits a verb in the plural number. In the phrase before us, it makes a disgraceful solecism. To abstain from injury is praiseworthy, but that isn't enough!\n\nLet it be remembered by those economists who desire to save ink and breath by\n\n(Goldsmith. History of the Earth, 1 vol. 359-)\nA prudent abbreviation of their phrases: an is the plural contraction, and isn't the singular.\n\nThere is a great variety of wines which differ in color, taste, quality, and duration. Variety, quality, and duration are not plural nouns.\n\n50. Section II.\nParticular remarks on the construction of verbs with nouns.\n\nWhen the word \"to\" is prefixed to a verb, the verb is said by grammarians to be in the infinitive mode and to conform to the same rules of government as the noun. For example:\n\n1. To err is human, to forgive divine.\n\"To err\" and \"err\" convey the same idea, and, on that account, the verb which follows must be in the singular. The same construction is proper though the infinitive mode be followed by several other words, for example:\n\n2. To be in a passion is to punish your enemies.\nSelf for the Faults and Impertinencies of other People, here are not fewer than five words before IS, but as they include only a single Idea \u2014 PASSION \u2014 the sentence is correct.\n\nTo be a Benefactor to Mankind by propagating Knowledge requires some Qualities not universally bestowed; but TO SPREAD Suspicion, TO INVENT Calumnies, TO PROPAGATE Scandal, REQUIRES neither Talents, nor Labour, nor Courage. It is here most truly and properly affirmed, that to spread Suspicion requires no Talents; to invent Calumnies requires no Talents; to propagate Scandal requires no Talents. But observe, the Admission of and between the Infinitive Modes renders the Construction ungrammatical. For example, To be rich AND to be ennobled is not sufficient to procure the Esteem of worthy Men, If and were omitted, the Passage would read more smoothly.\n\n(Note: The text includes a reference to Stanislaus, King of Poland, and a translation by Dr. Johnson, which are not relevant to the main text and have been omitted.)\n52. Verbs.\n\nWould be accurate. Affluence is not sufficient to procure the esteem of worthy men; nobility is not sufficient to procure the esteem of worthy men. For a man may be affluent without nobility, or noble without affluence, and in either case be denied the esteem of worthy men. But it is obviously the author's opinion that nobility and affluence are insufficient to procure esteem, and therefore reason and the idiom of our language demanded a verb plural.\n\nOn subjects of importance, it is better to be diffusive than defective. Permit me, therefore, to repeat my former remark: when AND occurs between two nouns or two infinitive modes, the verb must be in the plural. Even when the attribute may be affirmed of each noun separately, and on that account if the AND be omitted, it is always safer and frequently more effective.\nTemperance and Justice and Fortitude are virtues. In the abbreviated construction, the attribute and affirmation are omitted after Temperance and Justice, and, as there is no \"and\" in the sentence, the verb continues in the singular after no fewer than three nouns. The author might have written: Temperance, Justice, and Fortitude are virtues. The \"and\" is never omitted to advantage, except after infinitive modes, because verbs singular are never elegantly used after several nouns, though they are frequently graceful after several infinitives. But take particular notice, if one of the nouns be plural, it is indispensably necessary.\nTo use a Verb plural, though there be no and in the Sentence, and though the Noun which immediately precedes the Verb be singular, e.g.\n\n6. The Stars, the Sun PROCLAIMS its Praise.\nHow much more easy and natural it is\nto say \u2014 The Sun and Stars proclaim his Praise!\nWhen we depart from established Verbs.\n\nModes of Expression, it is incumbent on us\nto prove that we have Reason and Analogy\nto countenance our Dissent. This Gentleman\nhas neither reason, for admitting that the Sun PROCLAIMS the Praise of Almighty God, it may be demanded, what are the Stars doing?\nHe cannot answer, for he also PROCLAIMS his Praise, for that is an Error in Concord.\nNor can he plead, that PROCLAIM is uncertain, because it is a Rule founded on the Nature of Things, that a Verb plural cannot be understood of a former Noun, if a Verb singular is expressed with the latter.\nThe author might have written, \"The Sun, the Stars PROCLAIM his praise: for an individual may be included in a multitude, but not a multitude in an individual. Proclaims relates to one; proclaim to many. H. It is of the utmost consequence to ascertain the nominative case in a sentence. I request leave to add some instances for the exercise of my younger reader and to subjoin a few strictures to facilitate the investigation. I entreat him not to be discouraged if he finds a little difficulty on a first reading. Let him persevere. The whole will soon become familiar, and he will be amply rewarded for his assiduity; for instead of being perpetually at a loss to know whether the verb ought to be singular or plural, he will be able, in this respect, to communicate his sentiments without hesitation, and without error.\n\nVERBS.\n\n65\n\nAmply rewarded for his assiduity; instead of being perpetually at a loss to know whether the verb ought to be singular or plural, he will be able to communicate his sentiments without hesitation and without error.\n\nVERBS.\n\n65.\n1. To dread no eye and suspect no tongue is the great prerogative of virtue. (Dr. Johnson, Romans, vi. 23. J Alexander Ross against Hobbs. 86. Dr. Goldsmith. II Dr. Blair's Lectures on Rhetoric vol. ii. 229.)\n2. The wages of sin is death.\n3. In a universe are contained all particulars.\n4. In nine miles at sea there is six feet of the Earth's swell.\n5. Of the amazing variety in nature, red, orange, yellow\u2014green, blue, indigo, violet, are the only original colors.\n6. What the heart or imagination dictate always flows readily.\n7. An ostentatious, a feeble, a harsh, or an obscure style are always faults. Perspicuity, strength, neatness, and simplicity are beauties.\n8. There was much genius in the world before there were learning or arts to refine it.\n9. Not to believe rashly is the Sinews of Wisdom.\n10. The greater part of mankind are corrupt in every condition, and differ in high and low stations only as they have more, or fewer opportunities of gratifying their desires,\n11. The opposition resemble Cerberus, barking for a sop, and the silent instruments of the Ministry resemble him, when, after he has received it, he wraps himself up in his own warm skin and enjoys a comfortable doze.\n(X Dr. Blair, vol. ii. 343.\nX Mr. Turner's Latin Exercises. 102.\n\u00a7 A Dog with three Necks and three Heads. According to the Fiction of Heathen Poets, it was the Keeper of Pluto's Palace in Hell.\n58 VERBS.\nhis own warm Skin, and enjoys a comfortable Doze.\n(It is impossible to dismiss the eleventh example without asking\u2014are we really reduced to so low, so abject a state, that we can submit to be represented by MONSTERS? Genius of Albion, defend us!)\nI hope simile is indecent. With those whom he presumes to be yelping for a sop, as well as those whom he conceives Mr. Pitt and his Whipper-in have pacified, there are Men as inflexible, I trust, in political integrity as Cato himself. That we have not more of this noble Description, I attribute to unprincipled Electors who sell their country to the highest Bidder.\n\nThe Simile is certainly unhappy. In the divine Ode addressed to Macaenas, on Contempt of Fortune, Horace speaks of involving himself - not in his Skin, for that is a Mode of Involution which he had not the Sagacity to discover - but in his Virtue, in his Integrity.\n\nsi celeres quatit Pennas, resigno quae dedit, et mea Virtute me involvo.\n\n(Knox's Essays, vol. i. VERBS. 59)\n\nIn return for so polite a Compliment to Gentlemen on both Sides of the House.\nThey would cheerfully concur, I dare say, in voting Mr. Knox to the snowy Regions of Siberia, there to enjoy a comfortable Doze with nothing but his own warm skin to wrap around him.\n\nTERBS, STRICTURES ON THE PRECEDING SENTENCES.\n\nPRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS.\nAn Object is an Existence discerned by the Mind.\n\nEvery Existence is either spiritual or ideal or corporeal.\n\nWith spiritual Existences we are, at present, incapable of Intercourse by actual Vision, unless God, with whom all Things are possible, suspends the established Laws of Nature by a Miracle.\n\nVERBS. 61.\n\nFrom the original Constitution of Things, and from Habits of Education, we behold some Objects with Apathy or Indifference. But other Objects excite in us immediate Desire, or Aversion.\n\nWhen the Object is imperfectly comprehended, and the Mind is, in Consequence, engaged in the Investigation of its Properties,\nIt becomes a subject, and the result of an examination is termed judgment. When ideas, of which a judgment is composed, are clothed in words, they form a proposition. In logic, these ideas are distinguished by the terms subject, predicate, copula. Of the subject, I have already spoken. The predicate is any property, quality, or attribute, affirmed or denied of the subject. The copula unites the subject and predicate. In grammar, the term nominative case corresponds to the subject; adjective is the same as predicate; and verb is equivalent to copula. Precisely the same ideas expressed in other words. Hence, the truth of that original remark made by Mr. Tooke: Locke's Essay on Human Understanding is a treatise on words or language. Hence also the propriety of Dr. Blair's assertion. He, who is learning to arrange his sentences, should understand the distinction between subject, predicate, and copula.\nAccuracy and Order are essential for learning, as they enable us to think with precision and logic. This justifies the care and attention we invest in the pursuit of knowledge. Consequently, Quintihan's Declaration holds true for those who engage in this important endeavor. They will discover that it not only enhances and strengthens the abilities of youth but also fosters the deepest erudition and most refined taste.\n\nVERBS. 63\n\nTo elucidate these remarks, let us consider a case where a wise man identifies the virtues' beauties, contrasts them with vice's deformities, and concludes that virtue is amiable, and vice is detestable.\n\nIf this decision remains within the confines of his mind, it is rightly called a judgment. However, if it is shared, it becomes a proposition: the man, in good old English, has expressed his thoughts and presented them for others' consideration.\nIn the Language of the Logician, Virtue is the subject; is the copula; amiable the predicate.\n\nIn the Language of the Grammarian, Virtue is the nominative case; is the verb; amiable the adjective.\n\nThe same terms of distinction are applicable in the judgment and proposition; Vice is detestable. In both instances, there is a proper correspondence between the nominative case and the verb, as they are both singular.\n\nWhen we pronounce judgment on a plurality of objects, the affirmation ought to be plural, in conformity to the plurality of ideas in the mind. The analysis is natural and elegant. And by this mode of diction, people of education are distinguished from the illiterate multitude.\n\nVerb and affirmation are equivalent terms. There are 64 verbs plicable in the judgment and proposition.\nThe only difficulty consists in obtaining the Nominative Case of a sentence. It is one of the easiest things in the world to use a verb of a corresponding termination. A great ornament of pure literature informs us that in Greek, the subject is distinguished by an article, and that in English, it precedes its attribute. But this is contrary to fact in both languages. In the definitions of his favorite Greek, the subject is frequently divested of this \"essential\" appendage; for, in truth, there is no more necessity for using a demonstrative article in a definition than for pointing to a person with your finger when you make him the subject of conversation. In English, the predicate and subject are frequently transposed. Mr. Harris inadvertently concluded that\nThe Predicate is converted into the Subject by such Transposition. But from this Doctrine I ask Leave to dissent, because it is not true in a Definition by Genus. Every Horse is an Animal. But the Converse of the Proposition\u2014every Animal is a Horse\u2014is inadmissible. It is not true in a Definition by Species. Every Eagle is a Bird. But the Terms are not convertible; for every Bird is not an Eagle. It is not true in a Definition of Individuals. St. Paul's Cathedral is a magnificent Structure, but a magnificent Structure is not, by a necessity of Nature, St. Paul's Cathedral. It is not true in a Definition by Essence. In proof of which, I need only mention Plato's Definition of a Man\u2014viz., \"A rational being with two legs, and without feathers.\" Every Animal, then, said Diogenes, is not a Horse.\nsagacious Opponent, with two legs and without feathers, is a Man. Plucking a game cock, he ironically exclaimed, \"behold Plato's Meno.\" For younger readers' clarity, I add that the converse of the first definition is improper. The genus (Animal) is included in horse, making horse of greater force than Animal. The terms of the second proposition are not convertible. The species (Bird) is included in eagle, making eagle of greater force \u2014 that is, containing more ideas \u2014 than Birds. In a definition, the converse is not true by nominal essence. It is impossible to enumerate every particular with such precision as to justify a transposition of terms.\n\n^ In a venerable old grammar, \"put forth by Order of our Sovereign Lord the King.\"\n\"King, when you have an English word to translate into Latin, find out the principal verb, and then ask this question, \"Who or what?\" The word that answers will be the nominative case to the verb. Unfortunately, the attribute is often more prompt in response and plausible in argument than the subject himself. We must, therefore, endeavor to establish a plain, infallible rule. I have chosen \"animal\" as the genus of which \"bird\" is a species; but it may be useful to remark that the highest and most comprehensive genus is \"being,\" of which animal itself is only a species. In a Dissertation on Birds, Fishes, or Beasts, it is usual to make each of them a genus and then class them into species. Thus, a bird is a genus in this view, and an eagle a species.\"\nThe nature of the third proposition is obvious. In the fourth number, the novelty of this language will be adjusted.\n\nVERBS:\nCriterion to reach every possible mode of construction.\n\nSentence I:\nAs the object is prior in existence to the contemplation of its properties, the subject naturally precedes the attribute in the order of elocution. But in all languages, the best authors frequently depart from this arrangement to diversify and elevate their style.\n\nThis sentence, now under consideration, indisputably proves Mr. Harris mistaken in his opinion, \"the subject, in English, precedes the predicate\"; for the prerogative of virtue is the subject; to dread no eye and to suspect no tongue are the predicate.\nIt is evidence that interrogatories are inadequate for ascertaining the nominative case. Had Dr. Johnson asked, \"Who or what is the great prerogative of virtue?\"\n\nVERBS. 69\nHe had been seduced by the answer into a violation of the laws of definition. An attribute, as I have already remarked, resides in its subject. It is a part of its character. But an attribute does not contain its subject; for it is contrary to the nature of things for a part to measure and embrace the whole.\n\nWe may therefore say: Omnipresence is an attribute of Deity \u2013 God is omnipresent \u2013 God exists as an omnipresent Being \u2013 The nature of the Deity includes omnipresence.\n\nBut the converse of the proposition \u2013 Omniscience is not an attribute of Deity \u2013 God is not an omniscient Being \u2013 The nature of the Deity does not include omniscience.\nThe presence of God is inadmissible; for the Deity is in Possession of other great and glorious Attributes. Were it even possible to enumerate all the Parts of a Subject, such Parts would be only equivalent to the Whole. No one will deny, that Two Shillings and Sixpence are equivalent to A Half Crown. But who will assert, that two Shillings and Sixpence are a half Crown?\n\nPermit me to remark, in passing, that the preceding Example will corroborate what has been already said concerning elliptical Construction. For suppose you were to censure a Person for saying, \"Two Shillings and Sixpence is half a Crown.\" And suppose he were to urge in Defence of the Construction, it is elliptical. Request him to supply the Ellipsis, and you will instantly perceive him reduced to a Dilemma; to an absolute Necessity of admitting an ellipsis such as \"Two Shillings and Sixpence is half a Crown piece.\"\nImputation: or the Grammar of Nonsense. Two Shillings are a half Crown, and Sixpence is a half Crown? If he inserts \"is\" after Two Shillings, the sentence will include both a grammatical solecism and a solecism in sense. I here understand Sixpence to mean the silver coin worth five pence, which requires the singular after it. It is merely for the sake of argument that I admit the ellipsis to be supplied with \"are,\" after \"is\" has been expressed.\n\nSubject: The part of a proposition that we intend to illustrate or concerning which we desire to communicate information. There are propositions, indeed, in which this important end is not obtained. Such are identical propositions, those silly ones.\n\nVERBS: 71. The subject is that part of a proposition which we intend to illustrate or concerning which we desire to communicate information. There are propositions, indeed, in which this important end is not obtained. Such are identical propositions, those silly ones.\nUnmeaning modes of expression, in which the subject is affirmed of itself: a horse, for example, is a horse. Such are those sophistical propositions, in which an ignotum is explained by an ig/zo^ms\u2014 twilight illustrated by darkness \u2014 the reverse of a liberal definition, in which an idea, supposed to be imperfectly comprehended, is compared with an idea obvious and familiar.\n\nTo be dead to no eye, and to suspect no tongue, are ideas intelligible and manifest; but the great prerogative of virtue demanded illustration. It was the OBJECT which engaged Johnson's attention; and he describes it as superior to fear, superior to suspicion, Blessed Prerogative! Compared with which, the sceptre of a prince is a contemptible bauble.\n\n* Ml/ Crozm is in my hearty not on my head: a crown is that seldom kings enjoy.\n\nShakespeare's Henry VI.\n\n72 verbs.\n\nSentence II.\nThe Wages of Sin is Death. This passage is exceptional in every view. It is an infraction of the laws of English concord; a departure from an established maxim in Greek; and a diminution of the awful beauty of the Original.\n\nWere Death the subject, the expression would be correct. But the Wages of Sin are the subject, consequently, it ought to be \"Are, Death is universally known to be a deprivation of life. But what the Wages of Sin are cannot be known but from Revelation.\n\nThe rule laid down by Mr. Harris is often contradicted in the Writings of the best Authors. But I believe it to be a rule without exception, if only one of the terms be attended with the article, that term is the subject of the proposition.\n\nThe Apostle's Denunciation is remarkable for its Energy and Precision. I *Respecting the article in Greek.\n\nVERBS. 73.\nI am surprised at the translator's inattention in Sentence III. It is astonishing for any gentleman to write inaccurately. The School-boy's interrogatory, \"What is contained in a universe?\" is sufficient to ascertain that all particulars are contained in a universe. In Sentence IV, I am unsure what apology can be offered for this blunder. Following perhaps the doctrine, \"the subject precedes the affirmation,\" the Doctor concluded that \"sea\" is the subject, and the verb must be singular. I enjoin the student to repose faith.\nNo confidence in the arrangement of the words. But to investigate the Nominative Case on the unerring Principles of Reason and Nature.\n\nIf a subject be placed after an affirmation that does not correspond with it in number, you may make the error more obvious by transposition. For example, \"Six feet of the Earth's swell is in every nine miles at sea. Six feet is\" is incorrectly written as \"Six feet is of the Earth's swell in every nine miles at sea.\"\n\nOf the amazing variety in Nature, red, orange, yellow \u2014 green, blue, indigo, violet, are the only original colors. I have already remarked that a verb singular may follow several nouns if \"and\" is omitted. But this mode of expression is at all times inelegant and on some occasions incorrect. In the sentence before us, \"there is no and yet we must not substitute IS for ARE; for the predicate is under such restriction as renders it inapplicable to indefinite pronouns.\" (Verbs. 75)\nIndividuals. I do not say it would be incorrect merely because of the plural term Colours. For if we change it to a Singular, there will still be a Solecism in the Sense. E.G.\n\nRed, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet, is the only original Colour. Now let us supply the Ellipsis and affirm the Predicate of each Individual.\n\nRed is the ONLY original Colour.\nOrange is the ONLY original Colour.\n\nWe may as well stop here, because further Progress, in the Language of our departed Lexicographer, will be only a propagation of Falsehood. If Red be the ONLY original Colour, there can be no other original Colour.\n\nIf any Person be disposed to make the only original Colours the Subject of the Position, I desire Leave to inform him, it is impossible. He may say, if he please, the only original Colours are Red, Orange.\nBut he cannot consistently assert, according to Truth, that the only original colors are Red, Blue, Green, and so on. It must inevitably follow that every original color is at once Red, and Blue, and Green, which is absurd. I entreat permission to observe that I have selected such passages for grammatical purposes as may contribute to other great and noble ends. The benevolent tutor has been furnished with countless opportunities to inculcate principles of Prudence, Temperance, Fortitude, Patience, and so on. From the sentence before us, he may take occasion to comment on the Wisdom and Power of the Deity; for by means of a Prism (which may be purchased at a trifling expense) he may exhibit to his pupils an assemblage of colors, rising in such beautiful gradation from a common medium\u2014Green\u2014as cannot fail to delight even Dulness.\nItself, generous Minds should be filled with Rapture and Astonishment when Nature's splendid Mysteries are unfolded. I have inserted various Remarks in the Arts and Sciences for the Master, so his Comments may gradually enlarge his Pupil's Mind and excite him to deeper Inquiries. Ladies are not expected to go through a regular Course of Science, but it is highly expedient to give them an Insight into particular Departments, qualifying them for solid Reading and general Conversation. Nothing will so effectively expand and invigorate the Mind as Close Thinking. It is of greatest Consequence to form, in both Sexes, an early Habit of Reasoning. Sir Isaac Newton's glorious Discoveries were an excess of Modesty, perhaps, to attribute to Verbs.\n\nSentence VI.\nWhat the Heart or Imagination dictate always flows readily. I beg leave to remind this polite and amiable Author that we never use oft in the sense in which it is here employed. Dr. Johnson informs us that or is a conjunction, and he adds, it is disjunctive. Monstrous associative attention; but certainly, attention, without genius, is preferable to genius, without attention. It is not the time which a student spends at his books, but the art of confining his attention, of concentrating the powers of his mind to the business before him, which conduces to his real progress. I have, therefore, diversified the subject of my essay, and with that which floats on the surface and may be comprehended by a glance, I have occasionally blended profounder disquisitions, that the pupil may be taught at once to speak and understand.\nTo Thick. I have not omitted any opportunity to teach him to act. And if those whom Providence has appointed to the honorable and important Office of Instruction exert themselves as they ought, they will justify, perhaps, Goldsmith's bold Assertion. Of all professions in society, I do not know a more useful, nor a more honorable one, than that of a School-Master. At the same time, I do not see any where talents are so ill rewarded. Every member of Society should be paid in proportion as he is necessary; and I will be bold to say, that School-Masters in a State are more necessary than Clergymen, as children stand more in need of Instruction than their Parents. Essay 7th.\n\n78 Verbs.\n\nConception of Ideas! Can mortal Imagination conceive what is meant by a DISJUNCTIVE CONJUNCTION?\n\nI am not competent to determine what.\nImpressions are made by \"AND\" and \"OR\" among our Friends North of the Tweed, but I assure Dr. Blair that, with us, the most illiterate Rustics perceive the difference in a moment. A homely Example will abundantly answer our Purpose. In a fair country, if you say to a peasant entrusted with the sale of some horses, \"I will give you Twenty Guineas for this Horse AND that,\" the terms of purchase will be instantly comprehended, and the Man will properly conclude that he must deliver TWO Horses, on Receipt of the Twenty Guineas. If you say, \"I will give you Twenty Guineas for this Horse OR that,\" he will immediately understand that he is to receive Twenty Guineas on Delivery of EITHER of the Horses. In England, a Scholar expresses himself in this manner: \"What the Heart AND the Imagination DICTATE, always flows readily. What the Heart, OR the Imagination DICTATE\"\nTates always flows readily. That is, whatever the Heart dictates, or the Imagination dictates, always flows readily. There is precisely the same Impropriety (in the Analysis of Language), in demanding a Verb plural after -- OR -- on the present Occasion, as there would be in demanding two Horses of the Countryman instead of one.\n\nThe first Clause of this Sentence, \"All ostentatious a feeble a harsh, OR an obscure STYLES ARE always FAULTS\u2014 my be pronounced inelegant and indefensible in every View,\" can be broken down as follows:\n\nAll ostentatious and feeble and harsh, or obscure STYLES are always faults. They can be pronounced inelegant and indefensible in every View.\n\nStyle is the Nominative Case; and if ten thousand Adjectives were before it, either connected or unconnected, a Verb plural would be absurd; for the Words -- an ostentatious -- would be incorrect.\n\"Tautious, feeble, harsh, and obscure styles are only equivalent to an ostentatious, feeble, and obscure one. If you affirm innumerable attributes of an individual subject, it preserves its unity and requires a verb singular. Sentence VIII. There was much genius in the worlds before there were learning or arts to refine it. It is far from my intention to offense when I speak of the diction of Englishmen. I am fully convinced of the universality of truth and the illimitable nature of reason. I disdain to countenance national distinctions in the republic of letters, that glorious republic where tyranny, faction, and prejudice ought equally to be despised. Yet, Dr. Blair will pardon the remark, no Englishman of liberal education would ask, \"Are Milton or Virgil good poets?\" Nor say, \"In the world were\".\"\nNot to believe rashly is the sinews of Wisdom. I have the Concurrence of the late pious and learned Bishop of London, and of Dr. Johnson, when I censure those who attempt to make us speak the Language of the Ancients. It has been hitherto unnoticed, I believe, that many of those Passages which are cited from ancient Authors, with a View to persuade us to depart from Nature and Analogy, are either imperfectly understood or corruptly translated. The Student will readily perceive that \"not to believe rashly\" conveys an idea which needs no definition, and that the expression, \"the Language of the Ancients,\" should not be taken to mean a dialect of France.\nSinews of Wisdom is, in its Nature, metaphorical and obscure. The subject of the proposition is Sinews of Wisdom, and exchanges \"is\" for \"are.\" If the Author intended to instruct us in the Nature of Incredulity, he certainly adopted a very extraordinary Mode of imparting Information; for he has compared this Idea, of which every Man has a full, complete Conception, to an Idea which has no Existence but in his own Imagination. And if this be not a retrograde Progress in Science, a passing out of Light into Darkness, I am unable to determine what merits the Name. But as Cicero's Words justify no such Construction, I am surprised Mr. Turner should translate it as \"is.\" It ought to be \"are\" \u2013 Sinews of Wisdom are not to believe unquestioningly. Non temere credere Nervi Sunt Sapientis.\nThe same Gentleman translates another sentence of Cicero in the same manner. To be content with what one has is the greatest and most certain riches. (Verbs. 83) This makes contentment the subject. But the philosopher's design was to speak of durable riches, in contrast to those that make themselves joyful and flee away. Hence, he says, with great propriety, coitus est rebus suis, maximus sunt certissimusque divitiae, The man who is incapable of distinguishing the subject of a proposition is poorly qualified to instruct the public; for he knows not what he says, nor of what he affirms.\n\nSentence X.\n\nGrammarians inform us that certain nouns, which they denominate collective nouns, may be construed with a verb either singular or plural. But this is speaking at random and contrary to the order and precedent.\nI. The use of the plural form of the verb is inappropriate when 81 verbs. The attribute is affirmed of the subject in a collective sense. For example, there are a multitude of men. There are a flight of birds. The assembly is numerous. The multitude are great. Since it is impossible to affirm of each individual that he is a multitude; of each bird that it is a flight; of each member of the assembly that he is numerous; of each individual that he is a great multitude, the verb ought to be singular to correspond with the unity of the terms, flight, multitude, assembly.\n\nII. The singular is frequently inelegant and unnatural. For instance, I have compassion on the multitude, said the adorable Redeemer, for they have nothing to eat. It is here affirmed of each individual.\nThe multitude, who have nothing to eat; and there being many individuals, the verb and pronoun would be incorrect if used in the singular. Verbs: 85. A verb in the singular form is improper when the word \"part\" precedes a collective term. To elucidate this remark, it will be useful to state the difference between common and collective nouns. In order to obtain a perfect conception of this difference, it is necessary to define the individual.\n\nA genus may be divided into Man. Animal for example, and a species into individual men, for instance, into Alexander and Julius Caesar. But individuals, in the language of philosophers, are not susceptible of division. In the popular acceptance of the word, even individuals are capable of being divided. But they lose their obvious essence in the process.\nA Common Noun is the Symbol of an Existence incapable of being divided, without losing its nominal Essence, as a Circle, a Swan, or an Orange. A Collective Noun is the Symbol of a Plurality of such Individuals, either endued with a common Nature, as Mankind; or accidentally existing in a common Point of View, as a Flight of Birds; a Flock of Sheep; or a Multitude. If a Multitude be separated into Parts, every Part will contain perfect Individuals. But a Segment is not equal to a Circle, nor does a Wing constitute a Swan. Hence it is manifest, if the Word \"Part\" precedes a Common Noun, the Verb must be singular.\nThe greater part of that Orange is decayed. If it precedes a collective noun, the verb ought to be plural. The greater part of mankind is corrupt in every condition. It is a distressing truth, but expressed with precision and elegance. A collective noun is the bond which keeps many individuals in a state of union.\n\nIn this aggregate view, you may affirm any action, passion, or property of such individuals as though they were numerically one. But reason and the analogy of our language demand a plural affirmation whenever this bond of union is broken.\n\nIn the use of collective terms, you will experience no sort of difficulty if you consider for a moment whether the predicate of your proposition refers to the subject in its collective state or to its several individuals. E.g.\n\nThe multitude of the disaffected ter-\nThe prince withdraws his forces into camp. It was not any individual of the multitude that terrified the prince and induced him to sound a retreat, but the vast number of insurgents; the combined energy of innumerable individuals. The diction is correct and elegant.\n\nBut when the predicate is complete in every individual, the verb must indisputably be plural. I request those who judge these terms to consult the ear on the relative excellence of the following passages. I have compassion on the multitude, for they are hungry and have nothing to eat. I have compassion on the multitude, for they are hungry and have nothing to eat.\n\nAs to nature and grammatical propriety, the difference is too great to admit comparison.\nFor the former, hunger is predicated of an Idea, of a simple Mode of Existence; in the latter, it is predicated of Men. The former absurdly implies that they hungered in a collective Sense; the latter truly affirms, that Hunger was experienced by every Individual; for it was not a Contribution of a little Appetite from this Man, and a little Appetite from that Man which created the Sensation, but a complete and perfect Appetite in every Man.\n\nSentence XI.\n\nIf we say, the Opposition to Lord North's Ministry was ultimately irresistible; we speak of the Opposition made to his Lordship's Measures, by the Lords and Commons of the adverse Party. But when Mr. Knox informs the World, that the Opposition resembles Cerberus barking for a Sop, he alludes to the Peers and Commons themselves; to every Member who opposes.\nI am too sincere an advocate for my Country's independence to allow Foreigners to control our speech. An author who desires to establish natural and elegant modes of diction may avail himself of coincident expressions in ancient and modern tongues.\n\nIn Hebrew, we have instances of a verb plural in the construction with a collective noun, such as b'D) HDnsfD IKl X''\\i